# Apache Tomcat 7

Version 7.0.106, Sep 16 2020

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# The HTTP Connector

Table of Contents

> - Introduction
> - Attributes
>   1. Common Attributes
>   2. Standard Implementation
>   3. Java TCP socket attributes
>   4. BIO specific configuration
>   5. NIO specific configuration
>   6. APR/native specific configuration
> - Nested Components
> - Special Features
>   1. HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 Support
>   2. Proxy Support
>   3. SSL Support
>      1. SSL Support - BIO and NIO
>      2. SSL Support - APR/Native
>   4. Key store types
>   5. Connector Comparison

Introduction

> The HTTP Connector element represents a Connector component that supports the HTTP/1.1 protocol. It enables Catalina to function as a stand-alone web server, in addition to its ability to execute servlets and JSP pages. A particular instance of this component listens for connections on a specific TCP port number on the server. One or more such Connectors can be configured as part of a single Service, each forwarding to the associated Engine to perform request processing and create the response.

> If you wish to configure the Connector that is used for connections to web servers using the AJP protocol (such as the `mod_jk 1.2.x` connector for Apache 1.3), please refer to the AJP Connector documentation.

> Each incoming request requires a thread for the duration of that request. If more simultaneous requests are received than can be handled by the currently available request processing threads, additional threads will be created up to the configured maximum (the value of the `maxThreads` attribute). If still more simultaneous requests are received, they are stacked up inside the server socket created by the Connector, up to the configured maximum (the value of the `acceptCount` attribute). Any further simultaneous requests will receive "connection refused" errors, until resources are available to process them.

Attributes

> Common Attributes

> > All implementations of Connector support the following attributes:

> > Attribute | Description
> > --- | ---
> > `allowTrace` | A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable the TRACE HTTP method. If not specified, this attribute is set to false.
> > `asyncTimeout` | The default timeout for asynchronous requests in milliseconds. If not specified, this attribute is set to 10000 (10 seconds).

> > `discardFacades`

> > A boolean value which can be used to enable or disable the recycling of the facade objects that isolate the container internal request processing objects. If set to `true` the facades will be set for garbage collection after every request, otherwise they will be reused. This setting has no effect when the security manager is enabled. If not specified, this attribute is set to the value of the `org.apache.catalina.connector.RECYCLE_FACADES` system property, or `false` if not set.

> > `enableLookups` | Set to `true` if you want calls to `request.getRemoteHost()` to perform DNS lookups in order to return the actual host name of the remote client. Set to `false` to skip the DNS lookup and return the IP address in String form instead (thereby improving performance). By default, DNS lookups are disabled.

> > `encodedSolidusHandling`

> > When set to `reject` request paths containing a `%2f` sequence will be rejected with a 400 response. When set to `decode` request paths containing a `%2f` sequence will have that sequence decoded to `/` at the same time other `%nn` sequences are decoded. When set to `passthrough` request paths containing a `%2f` sequence will be processed with the `%2f` sequence unchanged. If not specified the default value is `reject`. This default may be modified if the deprecated system property `org.apache.tomcat.util.buf.UDecoder.ALLOW_ENCODED_SLASH` is set.

> > `maxHeaderCount` | The maximum number of headers in a request that are allowed by the container. A request that contains more headers than the specified limit will be rejected. A value of less than 0 means no limit. If not specified, a default of 100 is used.
> > `maxParameterCount` | The maximum number of parameter and value pairs (GET plus POST) which will be automatically parsed by the container. Parameter and value pairs beyond this limit will be ignored. A value of less than 0 means no limit. If not specified, a default of 10000 is used. Note that `FailedRequestFilter` filter can be used to reject requests that hit the limit.
> > `maxPostSize` | The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be handled by the container FORM URL parameter parsing. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to a value less than zero. If not specified, this attribute is set to 2097152 (2 megabytes). Note that the `FailedRequestFilter` can be used to reject requests that exceed this limit.

> > `maxSavePostSize`

> > The maximum size in bytes of the POST which will be saved/buffered by the container during FORM or CLIENT-CERT authentication. For both types of authentication, the POST will be saved/buffered before the user is authenticated. For CLIENT-CERT authentication, the POST is buffered for the duration of the SSL handshake and the buffer emptied when the request is processed. For FORM authentication the POST is saved whilst the user is re-directed to the login form and is retained until the user successfully authenticates or the session associated with the authentication request expires. The limit can be disabled by setting this attribute to -1. Setting the attribute to zero will disable the saving of POST data during authentication. If not specified, this attribute is set to 4096 (4 kilobytes).

> > `parseBodyMethods`

> > A comma-separated list of HTTP methods for which request bodies using `application/x-www-form-urlencoded` will be parsed for request parameters identically to POST. This is useful in RESTful applications that want to support POST-style semantics for PUT requests. Note that any setting other than `POST` causes Tomcat to behave in a way that goes against the intent of the servlet specification. The HTTP method TRACE is specifically forbidden here in accordance with the HTTP specification. The default is `POST`

> > `port`

> > The TCP port number on which this Connector will create a server socket and await incoming connections. Your operating system will allow only one server application to listen to a particular port number on a particular IP address. If the special value of 0 (zero) is used, then Tomcat will select a free port at random to use for this connector. This is typically only useful in embedded and testing applications.

> > `protocol`

> > Sets the protocol to handle incoming traffic. The default value is `HTTP/1.1` which uses an auto-switching mechanism to select either a blocking Java based connector or an APR/native based connector. If the `PATH` (Windows) or `LD_LIBRARY_PATH` (on most unix systems) environment variables contain the Tomcat native library, the APR/native connector will be used. If the native library cannot be found, the blocking Java based connector will be used. Note that the APR/native connector has different settings for HTTPS than the Java connectors.
> > To use an explicit protocol rather than rely on the auto-switching mechanism described above, the following values may be used:
> > `org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11Protocol` - blocking Java connector
> > `org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11NioProtocol` - non blocking Java connector
> > `org.apache.coyote.http11.Http11AprProtocol` - the APR/native connector.
> > Custom implementations may also be used.
> > Take a look at our Connector Comparison chart. The configuration for both Java connectors is identical, for http and https.
> > For more information on the APR connector and APR specific SSL settings please visit the APR documentation

> > `proxyName` | If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server name to be returned for calls to `request.getServerName()`. See Proxy Support for more information.
> > `proxyPort` | If this Connector is being used in a proxy configuration, configure this attribute to specify the server port to be returned for calls to `request.getServerPort()`. See Proxy Support for more information.
> > `redirectPort` | If this Connector is supporting non-SSL requests, and a request is received for which a matching `<security-constraint>` requires SSL transport, Catalina will automatically redirect the request to the port number specified here.
> > `scheme` | Set this attribute to the name of the protocol you wish to have returned by calls to `request.getScheme()`. For example, you would set this attribute to "`https`" for an SSL Connector. The default value is "`http`".
> > `secure` | Set this attribute to `true` if you wish to have calls to `request.isSecure()` to return `true` for requests received by this Connector. You would want this on an SSL Connector or a non SSL connector that is receiving data from a SSL accelerator, like a crypto card, an SSL appliance or even a webserver. The default value is `false`.
> > `URIEncoding` | This specifies the character encoding used to decode the URI bytes, after %xx decoding the URL. If not specified, ISO-8859-1 will be used.

> > `useBodyEncodingForURI`

> > This specifies if the encoding specified in contentType should be used for URI query parameters, instead of using the URIEncoding. This setting is present for compatibility with Tomcat 4.1.x, where the encoding specified in the contentType, or explicitly set using Request.setCharacterEncoding method was also used for the parameters from the URL. The default value is `false`.

> > Notes: 1) This setting is applied only to the query string of a request. Unlike `URIEncoding` it does not affect the path portion of a request URI. 2) If request character encoding is not known (is not provided by a browser and is not set by `SetCharacterEncodingFilter` or a similar filter using Request.setCharacterEncoding method), the default encoding is always "ISO-8859-1". The `URIEncoding` setting has no effect on this default.

> > `useIPVHosts` | Set this attribute to `true` to cause Tomcat to use the IP address that the request was received on to determine the Host to send the request to. The default value is `false`.
> > `xpoweredBy` | Set this attribute to `true` to cause Tomcat to advertise support for the Servlet specification using the header recommended in the specification. The default value is `false`.

> Standard Implementation

> > The standard HTTP connectors (BIO, NIO and APR/native) all support the following attributes in addition to the common Connector attributes listed above.

> > Attribute | Description
> > --- | ---
> > `acceptCount` | The maximum queue length for incoming connection requests when all possible request processing threads are in use. Any requests received when the queue is full will be refused. The default value is 100.
> > `acceptorThreadCount` | The number of threads to be used to accept connections. Increase this value on a multi CPU machine, although you would never really need more than `2`. Also, with a lot of non keep alive connections, you might want to increase this value as well. Default value is `1`.
> > `acceptorThreadPriority` | The priority of the acceptor threads. The threads used to accept new connections. The default value is `5` (the value of the `java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY` constant). See the JavaDoc for the `java.lang.Thread` class for more details on what this priority means.

> > `address`

> > For servers with more than one IP address, this attribute specifies which address will be used for listening on the specified port. By default, the connector will listen all local addresses. Unless the JVM is configured otherwise using system properties, the Java based connectors (BIO, NIO) will listen on both IPv4 and IPv6 addresses when configured with either `0.0.0.0` or `::`. The APR/native connector will only listen on IPv4 addresses if configured with `0.0.0.0` and will listen on IPv6 addresses and the equivalent IPv4 address if present when configured with `::`.

> > `allowHostHeaderMismatch` | By default Tomcat will allow requests that specify a host in the request line but specify a different host in the host header. This check can be enabled by setting this attribute to `false`. If not specified, the default is `true`.
> > `allowedTrailerHeaders` | By default Tomcat will ignore all trailer headers when processing chunked input. For a header to be processed, it must be added to this comma-separated list of header names.
> > `bindOnInit` | Controls when the socket used by the connector is bound. By default it is bound when the connector is initiated and unbound when the connector is destroyed. If set to `false`, the socket will be bound when the connector is started and unbound when it is stopped.
> > `compressibleMimeType` | The value is a comma separated list of MIME types for which HTTP compression may be used. The default value is `text/html,text/xml,text/plain,text/css,text/javascript,application/javascript` .

> > `compression`

> > The Connector may use HTTP/1.1 GZIP compression in an attempt to save server bandwidth. The acceptable values for the parameter is "off" (disable compression), "on" (allow compression, which causes text data to be compressed), "force" (forces compression in all cases), or a numerical integer value (which is equivalent to "on", but specifies the minimum amount of data before the output is compressed). If the content-length is not known and compression is set to "on" or more aggressive, the output will also be compressed. If not specified, this attribute is set to "off".

> > Note: There is a tradeoff between using compression (saving your bandwidth) and using the sendfile feature (saving your CPU cycles). If the connector supports the sendfile feature, e.g. the NIO connector, using sendfile will take precedence over compression. The symptoms will be that static files greater that 48 Kb will be sent uncompressed. You can turn off sendfile by setting `useSendfile` attribute of the connector, as documented below, or change the sendfile usage threshold in the configuration of the DefaultServlet in the default `conf/web.xml` or in the `web.xml` of your web application.

> > `compressionMinSize` | If compression is set to "on" then this attribute may be used to specify the minimum amount of data before the output is compressed. If not specified, this attribute is defaults to "2048".
> > `connectionLinger` | The number of seconds during which the sockets used by this Connector will linger when they are closed. The default value is `-1` which disables socket linger.

> > `connectionTimeout`

> > The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait, after accepting a connection, for the request URI line to be presented. Use a value of -1 to indicate no (i.e. infinite) timeout. The default value is 60000 (i.e. 60 seconds) but note that the standard server.xml that ships with Tomcat sets this to 20000 (i.e. 20 seconds). Unless disableUploadTimeout is set to `false`, this timeout will also be used when reading the request body (if any).

> > `connectionUploadTimeout` | Specifies the timeout, in milliseconds, to use while a data upload is in progress. This only takes effect if disableUploadTimeout is set to `false`.
> > `disableUploadTimeout` | This flag allows the servlet container to use a different, usually longer connection timeout during data upload. If not specified, this attribute is set to `true` which disables this longer timeout.
> > `executor` | A reference to the name in an Executor element. If this attribute is set, and the named executor exists, the connector will use the executor, and all the other thread attributes will be ignored. Note that if a shared executor is not specified for a connector then the connector will use a private, internal executor to provide the thread pool.
> > `executorTerminationTimeoutMillis` | The time that the private internal executor will wait for request processing threads to terminate before continuing with the process of stopping the connector. If not set, the default is `0` (zero) for the BIO connector and `5000` (5 seconds) for the NIO and APR/native connectors.
> > `keepAliveTimeout` | The number of milliseconds this Connector will wait for another HTTP request before closing the connection. The default value is to use the value that has been set for the connectionTimeout attribute. Use a value of -1 to indicate no (i.e. infinite) timeout.

> > `maxConnections`

> > The maximum number of connections that the server will accept and process at any given time. When this number has been reached, the server will accept, but not process, one further connection. This additional connection be blocked until the number of connections being processed falls below maxConnections at which point the server will start accepting and processing new connections again. Note that once the limit has been reached, the operating system may still accept connections based on the `acceptCount` setting. The default value varies by connector type. For BIO the default is the value of maxThreads unless an Executor is used in which case the default will be the value of maxThreads from the executor. For NIO the default is `10000`. For APR/native, the default is `8192`.

> > For NIO only, setting the value to -1, will disable the maxConnections feature and connections will not be counted.

> > `maxCookieCount` | The maximum number of cookies that are permitted for a request. A value of less than zero means no limit. If not specified, a default value of 200 will be used.
> > `maxExtensionSize` | Limits the total length of chunk extensions in chunked HTTP requests. If the value is `-1`, no limit will be imposed. If not specified, the default value of `8192` will be used.
> > `maxHttpHeaderSize` | The maximum size of the request and response HTTP header, specified in bytes. If not specified, this attribute is set to 8192 (8 KB).
> > `maxKeepAliveRequests` | The maximum number of HTTP requests which can be pipelined until the connection is closed by the server. Setting this attribute to 1 will disable HTTP/1.0 keep-alive, as well as HTTP/1.1 keep-alive and pipelining. Setting this to -1 will allow an unlimited amount of pipelined or keep-alive HTTP requests. If not specified, this attribute is set to 100.

> > `maxSwallowSize`

> > The maximum number of request body bytes (excluding transfer encoding overhead) that will be swallowed by Tomcat for an aborted upload. An aborted upload is when Tomcat knows that the request body is going to be ignored but the client still sends it. If Tomcat does not swallow the body the client is unlikely to see the response. If not specified the default of 2097152 (2 megabytes) will be used. A value of less than zero indicates that no limit should be enforced.

> > `maxThreads`

> > The maximum number of request processing threads to be created by this Connector, which therefore determines the maximum number of simultaneous requests that can be handled. If not specified, this attribute is set to 200. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as `-1` to make clear that it is not used.

> > `maxTrailerSize` | Limits the total length of trailing headers in the last chunk of a chunked HTTP request. If the value is `-1`, no limit will be imposed. If not specified, the default value of `8192` will be used.

> > `minSpareThreads`

> > The minimum number of threads always kept running. This includes both active and idle threads. If not specified, the default of `10` is used. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as `-1` to make clear that it is not used.

> > `noCompressionStrongETag` | This flag configures whether resources with a stong ETag will be considered for compression. If `true`, resources with a strong ETag will not be compressed. The default value is `true`. This attribute is deprecated. It will be removed in Tomcat 10 onwards where it will be hard-coded to `true`.
> > `noCompressionUserAgents` | The value is a regular expression (using `java.util.regex`) matching the `user-agent` header of HTTP clients for which compression should not be used, because these clients, although they do advertise support for the feature, have a broken implementation. The default value is an empty String (regexp matching disabled).

> > `processorCache`

> > The protocol handler caches Processor objects to speed up performance. This setting dictates how many of these objects get cached. `-1` means unlimited, default is `200`. If not using Servlet 3.0 asynchronous processing, a good default is to use the same as the maxThreads setting. If using Servlet 3.0 asynchronous processing, a good default is to use the larger of maxThreads and the maximum number of expected concurrent requests (synchronous and asynchronous).

> > `rejectIllegalHeader` | If an HTTP request is received that contains an illegal header name or value (e.g. the header name is not a token) this setting determines if the request will be rejected with a 400 response (`true`) or if the illegal header be ignored (`false`). The default value is `false` which will cause the request to be processed but the illegal header will be ignored.
> > `rejectIllegalHeaderName` | This attribute is deprecated. It will be removed in Tomcat 10 onwards. It is now an alias for rejectIllegalHeader.

> > `relaxedPathChars`

> > The HTTP/1.1 specification requires that certain characters are %nn encoded when used in URI paths. Unfortunately, many user agents including all the major browsers are not compliant with this specification and use these characters in unencoded form. To prevent Tomcat rejecting such requests, this attribute may be used to specify the additional characters to allow. If not specified, no additional characters will be allowed. The value may be any combination of the following characters: `" < > [ \ ] ^ ` { | }` . Any other characters present in the value will be ignored.

> > `relaxedQueryChars`

> > The HTTP/1.1 specification requires that certain characters are %nn encoded when used in URI query strings. Unfortunately, many user agents including all the major browsers are not compliant with this specification and use these characters in unencoded form. To prevent Tomcat rejecting such requests, this attribute may be used to specify the additional characters to allow. If not specified, no additional characters will be allowed. The value may be any combination of the following characters: `" < > [ \ ] ^ ` { | }` . Any other characters present in the value will be ignored.

> > `restrictedUserAgents` | The value is a regular expression (using `java.util.regex`) matching the `user-agent` header of HTTP clients for which HTTP/1.1 or HTTP/1.0 keep alive should not be used, even if the clients advertise support for these features. The default value is an empty String (regexp matching disabled).
> > `server` | Overrides the Server header for the http response. If set, the value for this attribute overrides the Tomcat default and any Server header set by a web application. If not set, any value specified by the application is used. If the application does not specify a value then `Apache-Coyote/1.1` is used. Unless you are paranoid, you won't need this feature.
> > `socketBuffer` | The size (in bytes) of the buffer to be provided for socket output buffering. -1 can be specified to disable the use of a buffer. By default, a buffers of 9000 bytes will be used.

> > `SSLEnabled`

> > Use this attribute to enable SSL traffic on a connector. To turn on SSL handshake/encryption/decryption on a connector set this value to `true`. The default value is `false`. When turning this value `true` you will want to set the `scheme` and the `secure` attributes as well to pass the correct `request.getScheme()` and `request.isSecure()` values to the servlets See SSL Support for more information.

> > `tcpNoDelay` | If set to `true`, the TCP_NO_DELAY option will be set on the server socket, which improves performance under most circumstances. This is set to `true` by default.

> > `threadPriority`

> > The priority of the request processing threads within the JVM. The default value is `5` (the value of the `java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY` constant). See the JavaDoc for the `java.lang.Thread` class for more details on what this priority means. If an executor is associated with this connector, this attribute is ignored as the connector will execute tasks using the executor rather than an internal thread pool. Note that if an executor is configured any value set for this attribute will be recorded correctly but it will be reported (e.g. via JMX) as `-1` to make clear that it is not used.

> > `upgradeAsyncWriteBufferSize`

> > The default size of the buffer to allocate to for asynchronous writes that can not be completed in a single operation, specified in bytes. Data that can't be written immediately will be stored in this buffer until it can be written. If more data needs to be stored than space is available in the buffer than the size of the buffer will be increased for the duration of the write. If not specified the default value of 8192 will be used.

> Java TCP socket attributes

> > The BIO and NIO implementation support the following Java TCP socket attributes in addition to the common Connector and HTTP attributes listed above.

> > Attribute | Description
> > --- | ---
> > `socket.rxBufSize` | (int)The socket receive buffer (SO_RCVBUF) size in bytes. JVM default used if not set.
> > `socket.txBufSize` | (int)The socket send buffer (SO_SNDBUF) size in bytes. JVM default used if not set. Care should be taken if explicitly setting this value. Very poor performance has been observed on some JVMs with values less than ~8k.
> > `socket.tcpNoDelay` | (bool)This is equivalent to standard attribute tcpNoDelay.
> > `socket.soKeepAlive` | (bool)Boolean value for the socket's keep alive setting (SO_KEEPALIVE). JVM default used if not set.
> > `socket.ooBInline` | (bool)Boolean value for the socket OOBINLINE setting. JVM default used if not set.
> > `socket.soReuseAddress` | (bool)Boolean value for the sockets reuse address option (SO_REUSEADDR). JVM default used if not set.
> > `socket.soLingerOn` | (bool)Boolean value for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). A value for the standard attribute connectionLinger that is >=0 is equivalent to setting this to `true`. A value for the standard attribute connectionLinger that is <0 is equivalent to setting this to `false`. Both this attribute and `soLingerTime` must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for both.
> > `socket.soLingerTime` | (int)Value in seconds for the sockets so linger option (SO_LINGER). This is equivalent to standard attribute connectionLinger. Both this attribute and `soLingerOn` must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for both.
> > `socket.soTimeout` | This is equivalent to standard attribute connectionTimeout.
> > `socket.performanceConnectionTime` | (int)The first value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options. All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.
> > `socket.performanceLatency` | (int)The second value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options. All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.
> > `socket.performanceBandwidth` | (int)The third value for the performance settings. See Socket Performance Options. All three performance attributes must be set else the JVM defaults will be used for all three.
> > `socket.unlockTimeout` | (int) The timeout for a socket unlock. When a connector is stopped, it will try to release the acceptor thread by opening a connector to itself. The default value is `250` and the value is in milliseconds

> BIO specific configuration

> > The following attributes are specific to the BIO connector.

> > Attribute | Description
> > --- | ---
> > `disableKeepAlivePercentage` | The percentage of processing threads that have to be in use before HTTP keep-alives are disabled to improve scalability. Values less than `0` will be changed to `0` and values greater than `100` will be changed to `100`. If not specified, the default value is `75`.

> NIO specific configuration

> > The following attributes are specific to the NIO connector.

> > Attribute | Description
> > --- | ---

> > `pollerThreadCount`

> > (int)The number of threads to be used to run for the polling events. Default value is `1` per processor up to and including version 7.0.27. Default value as of version 7.0.28 is `1` per processor but not more than 2.
> > When accepting a socket, the operating system holds a global lock. So the benefit of going above 2 threads diminishes rapidly. Having more than one thread is for system that need to accept connections very rapidly. However usually just increasing `acceptCount` will solve that problem. Increasing this value may also be beneficial when a large amount of send file operations are going on.

> > `pollerThreadPriority` | (int)The priority of the poller threads. The default value is `5` (the value of the `java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY` constant). See the JavaDoc for the `java.lang.Thread` class for more details on what this priority means.
> > `selectorTimeout` | (int)The time in milliseconds to timeout on a select() for the poller. This value is important, since connection clean up is done on the same thread, so do not set this value to an extremely high one. The default value is `1000` milliseconds.
> > `useComet` | (bool)Whether to allow comet servlets or not. Default value is `true`.
> > `useSendfile` | (bool)Use this attribute to enable or disable sendfile capability. The default value is `true`.

> > `socket.directBuffer`

> > (bool)Boolean value, whether to use direct ByteBuffers or java mapped ByteBuffers. If `true` then `java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocateDirect()` is used to allocate the buffers, if `false` then `java.nio.ByteBuffer.allocate()` is used. The default value is `false`.
> > When you are using direct buffers, make sure you allocate the appropriate amount of memory for the direct memory space. On Sun's JDK that would be something like `-XX:MaxDirectMemorySize=256m`.

> > `socket.appReadBufSize` | (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a read ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this read buffer is sized at `8192` bytes. For lower concurrency, you can increase this to buffer more data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size.

> > `socket.appWriteBufSize`

> > (int)Each connection that is opened up in Tomcat get associated with a write ByteBuffer. This attribute controls the size of this buffer. By default this write buffer is sized at `8192` bytes. For low concurrency you can increase this to buffer more response data. For an extreme amount of keep alive connections, decrease this number or increase your heap size.
> > The default value here is pretty low, you should up it if you are not dealing with tens of thousands concurrent connections.

> > `socket.bufferPool` | (int)The NIO connector uses a class called NioChannel that holds elements linked to a socket. To reduce garbage collection, the NIO connector caches these channel objects. This value specifies the size of this cache. The default value is `500`, and represents that the cache will hold 500 NioChannel objects. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.

> > `socket.bufferPoolSize`

> > (int)The NioChannel pool can also be size based, not used object based. The size is calculated as follows:
> > NioChannel `buffer size = read buffer size + write buffer size`
> > SecureNioChannel `buffer size = application read buffer size + application write buffer size + network read buffer size + network write buffer size`
> > The value is in bytes, the default value is `1024*1024*100` (100MB).

> > `socket.processorCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache SocketProcessor objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
> > `socket.keyCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache KeyAttachment objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
> > `socket.eventCache` | (int)Tomcat will cache PollerEvent objects to reduce garbage collection. The integer value specifies how many objects to keep in the cache at most. The default is `500`. Other values are `-1` for unlimited cache and `0` for no cache.
> > `selectorPool.maxSelectors` | (int)The max selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. Use this option when the command line `org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared` value is set to false. Default value is `200`.
> > `selectorPool.maxSpareSelectors` | (int)The max spare selectors to be used in the pool, to reduce selector contention. When a selector is returned to the pool, the system can decide to keep it or let it be GC'd. Use this option when the command line `org.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared` value is set to false. Default value is `-1` (unlimited).
> > `command-line-options` | The following command line options are available for the NIO connector: `-Dorg.apache.tomcat.util.net.NioSelectorShared=true|false` - default is `true`. Set this value to `false` if you wish to use a selector for each thread. When you set it to `false`, you can control the size of the pool of selectors by using the selectorPool.maxSelectors attribute.

> > `oomParachute`

> > (int)The NIO connector implements an OutOfMemoryError strategy called parachute. It holds a chunk of data as a byte array. In case of an OOM, this chunk of data is released and the error is reported. This will give the VM enough room to clean up. The `oomParachute` represents the size in bytes of the parachute(the byte array). The default value is `1024*1024`(1MB). Please note, this only works for OOM errors regarding the Java Heap space, and there is absolutely no guarantee that you will be able to recover at all. If you have an OOM outside of the Java Heap, then this parachute trick will not help.

> APR/native specific configuration

> > The following attributes are specific to the APR/native connector.

> > Attribute | Description
> > --- | ---
> > `deferAccept` | Sets the `TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT` flag on the listening socket for this connector. The default value is `true` where `TCP_DEFER_ACCEPT` is supported by the operating system, otherwise it is `false`.
> > `pollerSize` | Amount of sockets that the poller responsible for polling kept alive connections can hold at a given time. Extra connections will be closed right away. The default value is 8192, corresponding to 8192 keep-alive connections. This is a synonym for maxConnections.
> > `pollTime` | Duration of a poll call in microseconds. Lowering this value will slightly decrease latency of connections being kept alive in some cases, but will use more CPU as more poll calls are being made. The default value is 2000 (2ms).

> > `sendfileSize`

> > Amount of sockets that the poller responsible for sending static files asynchronously can hold at a given time. Extra connections will be closed right away without any data being sent (resulting in a zero length file on the client side). Note that in most cases, sendfile is a call that will return right away (being taken care of "synchronously" by the kernel), and the sendfile poller will not be used, so the amount of static files which can be sent concurrently is much larger than the specified amount. The default value is 1024.

> > `threadPriority` | (int)The priority of the acceptor and poller threads. The default value is `5` (the value of the `java.lang.Thread.NORM_PRIORITY` constant). See the JavaDoc for the `java.lang.Thread` class for more details on what this priority means.
> > `useComet` | (bool)Whether to allow comet servlets or not. Default value is `true`.
> > `useSendfile` | (bool)Use this attribute to enable or disable sendfile capability. The default value is `true`. Note that the use of sendfile will disable any compression that Tomcat may otherwise have performed on the response.

Nested Components

> None at this time.

Special Features

> HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/1.0 Support

> > This Connector supports all of the required features of the HTTP/1.1 protocol, as described in RFCs 7230-7235, including persistent connections, pipelining, expectations and chunked encoding. If the client supports only HTTP/1.0 or HTTP/0.9, the Connector will gracefully fall back to supporting this protocol as well. No special configuration is required to enable this support. The Connector also supports HTTP/1.0 keep-alive.

> > RFC 7230 requires that HTTP servers always begin their responses with the highest HTTP version that they claim to support. Therefore, this Connector will always return `HTTP/1.1` at the beginning of its responses.

> Proxy Support

> > The `proxyName` and `proxyPort` attributes can be used when Tomcat is run behind a proxy server. These attributes modify the values returned to web applications that call the `request.getServerName()` and `request.getServerPort()` methods, which are often used to construct absolute URLs for redirects. Without configuring these attributes, the values returned would reflect the server name and port on which the connection from the proxy server was received, rather than the server name and port to whom the client directed the original request.

> > For more information, see the Proxy Support HOW-TO.

> SSL Support

> > You can enable SSL support for a particular instance of this Connector by setting the `SSLEnabled` attribute to `true`.

> > You will also need to set the `scheme` and `secure` attributes to the values `https` and `true` respectively, to pass correct information to the servlets.

> > The BIO and NIO connectors use the JSSE SSL whereas the APR/native connector uses OpenSSL. Therefore, in addition to using different attributes to configure SSL, the APR/native connector also requires keys and certificates to be provided in a different format.

> > For more information, see the SSL Configuration HOW-TO.

> > SSL Support - BIO and NIO

> > > The BIO and NIO connectors use the following attributes to configure SSL:

> > > Attribute | Description
> > > --- | ---
> > > `algorithm` | The certificate encoding algorithm to be used. This defaults to `KeyManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm()` which returns `SunX509` for Sun JVMs. IBM JVMs return `IbmX509`. For other vendors, consult the JVM documentation for the default value.

> > > `allowUnsafeLegacyRenegotiation`

> > > Is unsafe legacy TLS renegotiation allowed which is likely to expose users to CVE-2009-3555, a man-in-the-middle vulnerability in the TLS protocol that allows an attacker to inject arbitrary data into the user's request. If not specified, a default of `false` is used. This attribute only has an effect if the JVM does not support RFC 5746 as indicated by the presence of the pseudo-ciphersuite TLS_EMPTY_RENEGOTIATION_INFO_SCSV. This is available JRE/JDK 6 update 22 onwards. Where RFC 5746 is supported the renegotiation - including support for unsafe legacy renegotiation - is controlled by the JVM configuration.

> > > `useServerCipherSuitesOrder` | Set to `true` to enforce the server's cipher order (from the `ciphers` setting). Set to `false` to choose the first acceptable cipher suite presented by the client. Use of this feature requires Java 8 or later. Default is undefined, leaving the choice up to the JSSE implementation.

> > > `ciphers`

> > > The comma separated list of encryption ciphers to support for HTTPS connections. If specified, only the ciphers that are listed and supported by the SSL implementation will be used. By default, the default ciphers for the JVM will be used less those considered to be insecure. Note that with older JVMs this will result in a very limited set of ciphers being available by default. The ciphers are specified using the JSSE cipher naming convention. The special value of `ALL` will enable all supported ciphers. This will include many that are not secure. `ALL` is intended for testing purposes only.

> > > `clientAuth`

> > > Set to `true` if you want the SSL stack to require a valid certificate chain from the client before accepting a connection. Set to `want` if you want the SSL stack to request a client Certificate, but not fail if one isn't presented. A `false` value (which is the default) will not require a certificate chain unless the client requests a resource protected by a security constraint that uses `CLIENT-CERT` authentication.

> > > `clientCertProvider`

> > > When client certificate information is presented in a form other than instances of `java.security.cert.X509Certificate` it needs to be converted before it can be used and this property controls which JSSE provider is used to perform the conversion. For example it is used with the AJP connectors, the HTTP APR connector and with the org.apache.catalina.valves.SSLValve. If not specified, the default provider will be used.

> > > `crlFile` | The certificate revocation list to be used to verify client certificates. If not defined, client certificates will not be checked against a certificate revocation list. The file may be specified using a URL, an absolute path or a relative (to CATALINA_BASE) path.

> > > `keyAlias`

> > > The alias used for the server key and certificate in the keystore. If not specified, the first key read from the keystore will be used. The order in which keys are read from the keystore is implementation dependent. It may not be the case that keys are read from the keystore in the same order as they were added. If more than one key is present in the keystore it is strongly recommended that a keyAlias is configured to ensure that the correct key is used.

> > > `keyPass` | The password used to access the server certificate from the specified keystore file. The default value is "`changeit`".

> > > `keystoreFile`

> > > The pathname of the keystore file where you have stored the server certificate to be loaded. By default, the pathname is the file "`.keystore`" in the operating system home directory of the user that is running Tomcat. If your `keystoreType` doesn't need a file use `""` (empty string) for this parameter. The file may be specified using a URL, an absolute path or a relative (to CATALINA_BASE) path.

> > > `keystorePass` | The password used to access the specified keystore file. The default value is the value of the `keyPass` attribute.
> > > `keystoreProvider` | The name of the keystore provider to be used for the server certificate. If not specified, the list of registered providers is traversed in preference order and the first provider that supports the `keystoreType` is used.
> > > `keystoreType` | The type of keystore file to be used for the server certificate. If not specified, the default value is "`JKS`". See the notes on key store types below.
> > > `sessionCacheSize` | The number of SSL sessions to maintain in the session cache. Specify `-1` to use the implementation default. Values of zero and above are passed to the implementation. Zero is used to specify an unlimited cache size and is not recommended. If not specified, a default of `-1` is used.
> > > `sessionTimeout` | The time, in seconds, after the creation of an SSL session that it will timeout. Specify `-1` to use the implementation default. Values of zero and above are passed to the implementation. Zero is used to specify an unlimited timeout and is not recommended. If not specified, a default of 86400 (24 hours) is used.

> > > `sslEnabledProtocols`

> > > The comma separated list of SSL protocols to support for HTTPS connections. If specified, only the protocols that are listed and supported by the SSL implementation will be enabled. If not specified, the JVM default (excluding SSLv2 and SSLv3 if the JVM enables either or both of them by default) is used. The permitted values may be obtained from the JVM documentation for the allowed values for `SSLSocket.setEnabledProtocols()` e.g. Oracle Java 6 and Oracle Java 7. Note: There is overlap between this attribute and `sslProtocol`.

> > > `sslImplementationName` | The class name of the SSL implementation to use. If not specified, the default of `org.apache.tomcat.util.net.jsse.JSSEImplementation` will be used which wraps JVM's default JSSE provider. Note that the JVM can be configured to use a different JSSE provider as the default.

> > > `sslProtocol`

> > > The SSL protocol(s) to use (a single value may enable multiple protocols - see the JVM documentation for details). If not specified, the default is `TLS`. The permitted values may be obtained from the JVM documentation for the allowed values for algorithm when creating an `SSLContext` instance e.g. Oracle Java 6 and Oracle Java 7. Note: There is overlap between this attribute and `sslEnabledProtocols`.

> > > `trustManagerClassName` | The name of a custom trust manager class to use to validate client certificates. The class must have a zero argument constructor and must also implement `javax.net.ssl.X509TrustManager`. If this attribute is set, the trust store attributes may be ignored.
> > > `trustMaxCertLength` | The maximum number of intermediate certificates that will be allowed when validating client certificates. If not specified, the default value of 5 will be used.
> > > `truststoreAlgorithm` | The algorithm to use for truststore. If not specified, the default value returned by `javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm()` is used.
> > > `truststoreFile` | The trust store file to use to validate client certificates. The default is the value of the `javax.net.ssl.trustStore` system property. If neither this attribute nor the default system property is set, no trust store will be configured. The file may be specified using a URL, an absolute path or a relative (to CATALINA_BASE) path.

> > > `truststorePass`

> > > The password to access the trust store. The default is the value of the `javax.net.ssl.trustStorePassword` system property. If that property is null, no trust store password will be configured. If an invalid trust store password is specified, a warning will be logged and an attempt will be made to access the trust store without a password which will skip validation of the trust store contents.

> > > `truststoreProvider`

> > > The name of the truststore provider to be used for the server certificate. The default is the value of the `javax.net.ssl.trustStoreProvider` system property. If that property is null, the value of `keystoreProvider` is used as the default. If neither this attribute, the default system property nor `keystoreProvider` is set, the list of registered providers is traversed in preference order and the first provider that supports the `truststoreType` is used.

> > > `truststoreType` | The type of key store used for the trust store. The default is the value of the `javax.net.ssl.trustStoreType` system property. If that property is null, the value of `keystoreType` is used as the default. See the notes on key store types below.

> > SSL Support - APR/Native

> > > When APR/native is enabled, the HTTPS connector will use a socket poller for keep-alive, increasing scalability of the server. It also uses OpenSSL, which may be more optimized than JSSE depending on the processor being used, and can be complemented with many commercial accelerator components. Unlike the HTTP connector, the HTTPS connector cannot use sendfile to optimize static file processing.

> > > The HTTPS APR/native connector has the same attributes than the HTTP APR/native connector, but adds OpenSSL specific ones. For the full details on using OpenSSL, please refer to OpenSSL documentations and the many books available for it (see the Official OpenSSL website). The SSL specific attributes for the APR/native connector are:

> > > Attribute | Description
> > > --- | ---
> > > `SSLCACertificateFile` | See the mod_ssl documentation.
> > > `SSLCACertificatePath` | See the mod_ssl documentation.
> > > `SSLCARevocationFile` | See the mod_ssl documentation.
> > > `SSLCARevocationPath` | See the mod_ssl documentation.
> > > `SSLCertificateChainFile` | See the mod_ssl documentation.
> > > `SSLCACertificateFile` | Name of the file that contains the concatenated certificates for the trusted certificate authorities. The format is PEM-encoded.
> > > `SSLCACertificatePath` | Name of the directory that contains the certificates for the trusted certificate authorities. The format is PEM-encoded.
> > > `SSLCARevocationFile` | Name of the file that contains the concatenated certificate revocation lists for the certificate authorities. The format is PEM-encoded.
> > > `SSLCARevocationPath` | Name of the directory that contains the certificate revocation lists for the certificate authorities. The format is PEM-encoded.
> > > `SSLCertificateChainFile` | Name of the file that contains concatenated certifcates for the certificate authorities which form the certifcate chain for the server certificate. The format is PEM-encoded.

> > > `SSLCertificateFile`

> > > Name of the file that contains the server certificate. The format is PEM-encoded.

> > > In addition to the certificate, the file can also contain as optional elements DH parameters and/or an EC curve name for ephemeral keys, as generated by `openssl dhparam` and `openssl ecparam`, respectively. The output of the respective OpenSSL command can simply be concatenated to the certificate file. This feature needs APR/native version 1.1.34 or later.

> > > `SSLCertificateKeyFile` | Name of the file that contains the server private key. The format is PEM-encoded. The default value is the value of "SSLCertificateFile" and in this case both certificate and private key have to be in this file (NOT RECOMMENDED).
> > > `SSLCipherSuite` | Ciphers which may be used for communicating with clients. The default is "HIGH:!aNULL:!eNULL:!EXPORT:!DES:!RC4:!MD5:!kRSA". See the OpenSSL documentation for details of the cipher configuration options.
> > > `SSLDisableCompression` | Disables compression if set to `true` and OpenSSL supports disabling compression. Default is `false` which inherits the default compression setting in OpenSSL.
> > > `SSLHonorCipherOrder` | Set to `true` to enforce the server's cipher order (from the `SSLCipherSuite` setting) instead of allowing the client to choose the cipher (which is the default).
> > > `SSLPassword` | Pass phrase for the encrypted private key. If "SSLPassword" is not provided, the callback function should prompt for the pass phrase.

> > > `SSLProtocol`

> > > The names of the protocols to support when communicating with clients. This should be a list of any combination of the following:
> > > - SSLv2
> > > - SSLv3
> > > - TLSv1
> > > - TLSv1.1
> > > - TLSv1.2
> > > - TLSv1.3
> > > - all

> > > Each token in the list can be prefixed with a plus sign ("+") or a minus sign ("-"). A plus sign adds the protocol, a minus sign removes it form the current list. The list is built starting from an empty list.

> > > The token `all` is an alias for `TLSv1+TLSv1.1+TLSv1.2+TLSv1.3`.

> > > If more than one protocol is specified for an OpenSSL based secure connector it will always support `SSLv2Hello`. If a single protocol is specified it will not support `SSLv2Hello`.

> > > Note that `SSLv2` and `SSLv3` are inherently unsafe.

> > > If not specified, the default value of `all` will be used.

> > > `SSLVerifyClient` | Ask client for certificate. The default is "none", meaning the client will not have the opportunity to submit a certificate. Other acceptable values include "optional", "require" and "optionalNoCA".
> > > `SSLVerifyDepth` | Maximum verification depth for client certificates. The default is "10".

> Key store types

> > In addition to the standard key store types (JKS and PKCS12), most Java runtimes support additional key store types such as Windows-ROOT, Windows-My, DKS as well as hardware security modules. Generally, to use these additional keystore types with a TLS Conector in Tomcat:

> > - Set the certificateKeystoreType and/or truststoreType Connector attribute (as appropriate) to the necessary type
> > - If a configuration file is required, set the certificateKeystoreFile and/or truststoreFile Connector attribute (as appropriate) to point to the file
> > - If no configuration file is required then you will almost certainly need to explicitly set the certificateKeystoreFile and/or truststoreFile Connector attribute (as appropriate) to the empty string ("")
> > - If a password is required, set the certificateKeystorePassword and/or truststorePassword Connector attribute (as appropriate) to the required password
> > - If no password is required then you will almost certainly need to explicitly set the certificateKeystorePassword and/or truststorePassword Connector attribute (as appropriate) to the empty string ("")

> > Variations in key store implementations, combined with the key store manipulation Tomcat does in the background to allow interoperability between JSSE and OpenSSL configuration styles, means that some keystores may need slightly different configuration. Assitance is always available from the Apache Tomcat users mailing list. We aim to document any key stores that vary from the above advice here. Currently there are none we are aware of.

> Connector Comparison

> > Below is a small chart that shows how the connectors differ.

> >                            Java Blocking Connector   Java Non Blocking Connector   APR/native Connector
> >                                      BIO                         NIO                       APR
> >         Classname              Http11Protocol             Http11NioProtocol         Http11AprProtocol
> >         Tomcat Version            since 3.x                  since 6.0.x               since 5.5.x
> >         Support Polling              NO                          YES                       YES
> >         Polling Size                 N/A                   maxConnections             maxConnections
> >         Read Request Headers      Blocking                  Non Blocking                 Blocking
> >         Read Request Body         Blocking                    Blocking                   Blocking
> >         Write Response            Blocking                    Blocking                   Blocking
> >         Wait for next Request     Blocking                  Non Blocking               Non Blocking
> >         SSL Support               Java SSL                    Java SSL                   OpenSSL
> >         SSL Handshake             Blocking                  Non blocking                 Blocking
> >         Max Connections        maxConnections              maxConnections             maxConnections

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