A
activity

In the UMA , an activity is a breakdown element which supports the nesting and logical grouping of related process elements such as descriptor and sub-activities, thus forming breakdown structures.

activity detail diagram
Diagram depicting all the breakdown elements within the scope of the selected process element. This diagram also depicts input/output relationships between tasks, activities, and work products; as well as responsibility relationships between roles and tasks. Activity detail diagrams are used to provide a complete summary of an activity and thus improve their comprehensibility.
agile
A set of values and principles for software development that use lean production techniques to deliver value to stakeholders quickly and frequently. See the agile manifesto at: http://agilemanifesto.org/
architectural mechanism
Architectural mechanisms represent common concrete solutions to frequently encountered problems. They may be patterns of structure, patterns of behavior, or both.
architectural view
A view of the architecture from a given perspective.
architecture

Describes the blueprint for software development, frequently represented using a number of architectural views. It also contains the rationale, assumptions, explanations and implications of the decisions that were made in forming the architecture as well as the global mapping between views.

artifact
Artifacts are a specialized type of work product that represents tangible, non-trivial items that are consumed, produced, or modified by tasks. Artifacts may be composed of other artifacts and often serve as a basis for defining reusable assets.
assists
Describes roles that may be consulted on task but are not actually assigned to perform the work.
atomic service

An atomic service depends upon no other exposed services for its implementation.

An example would be a service that provides a service-based API to an underlying Cobol program.

B
BPEL (Web Services Business Process Definition Language)
BPEL (more properly WS-BPEL, also called BPEL4WS), is a an OASIS standard executable language for specifying interaction with web services to implement business processes.  See the Wikipedia article on Business Process Execution Language for further information.
BPMN (Business Process Modeling Notation)
BPMN is an Object Management Group (OMG) standard for modeling business processes.  For more information, see the Wikipedia article on Business Process Modeling Notation.
breakdown element
Any element modeled in UMA that is part of process structure.
breakdown structure

A UMA construct that specifies a process as the hierarchical composition of breakdown elements.

build
An operational version of a system or part of a system that demonstrates a subset of the capabilities to be provided in the final product
Business Event

Trigger for the execution of a business process. The processing of a business event can be done manually or using software products and applications. Some decisions need to be done on the event for example to accept/ reject it or to initiate some business processes. Those decisions can be implemented using a rule engine technology.

The following list gives some examples of business event:

  • Claim is received
  • Tax form is filled
  • Loan application is received
  • Car is out of the chain
  • Train wheel goes in front of infrared sensor
  • RFID read
  • Wafer is started within the Fab

Business Object Model

Representation of the core concepts of a business and their logical connections. The business object model is the basis for the vocabulary used in business rules. The elements of a business object model map to those of a corresponding execution domain object model.

Business policy

Business policy controls, influences, or regulates the actions of an enterprise and the persons working in it but without any enforcement. The purpose is more to guide an enterprise

Business policy tends to be:

  • less structured
  • less discrete or not atomic
  • less carefully expressed in terms of a standard vocabulary
  • not directly enforceable.

Business policy is the base for business rules.

An example of policy is:" A claim needs to be processed in 60 days"

Business rule

Formal declarative statement that describes the way business people want their business to operate. Express in natural language it models part of a business policy, it is specified unambiguously, and it can be implemented in a computer system. A business rule is written in a business rule language, in the form of a statement made of conditions and actions that execute only if the objects treated match the conditions. Business rules are packaged into a ruleset before they can be executed by a rule engine.

There are historically multiple definitions of a business rules. For reference purpose we can list:

  • OMG - 1992 - Analysis and Design Reference Model : "Business rules are declarations of policies or conditions that must be satisfied". This definition is too restrictive as business rules includes guidelines.
  • Guide - 1995 - Business Rules Project - "Business rule is a statement that defines or constraints some aspect of the business.
  • Business Modeling with UML 2000 - "A statement that can control or affect both the execution of a business process as well as the structure of the resources in the business"
  • Business Rule Group in 2008 provides two definitions  according to the business or IT point of view.

Below are some examples of business rules:

  • The claim must be issued before the expiration date of the policy.

  • The claim date of loss should be before the expiration date of the policy and after the effective date.

  • If the customer is eligible for a loan then continue the loan application processing

  • If the Bank Account Number is not valid refuse the operation
  • If Tax Return Secondary Taxpayer is not assigned SSN, then EITC Eligible Tax Return is False

Business Rule
Business rules are statements that constrain, control, or influence an organization's actions to achieve its business goals.
Business Rule Management System

System designed to modify and manage business logic independently from the enterprise application.  BRMS provides a way to automate decision making and execute precisely on business policy. Consequently, policies and decisions form the core of all business processes and activities. A BRMS product should include facilities to enable:

  • Full life-cycle maintenance of business rules by business analysts and developers
  • Assured consistency by representing business knowledge uniformly with centralized control
  • Facilities for testing, scenario generation, and impact analysis

BRMS is a method and means to treat rules as a true corporate asset.

C
capability pattern

A special type of process used to define a stereotypical way of performing work related to a particular subject.  Capability Patterns are often used as course grained building blocks to assemble delivery processes.

Change Log
The list of all changes, and the owner, due date, and status of each. Typically, this is a report out of a change management system.
checklist
A specialized type of guidance that identifies a series of items that need to be completed or verified. Checklists are often used in reviews such as walkthroughs or inspections.
code instrumentation
 "Extra" statements added to source code for the purposes of testing, debugging, tuning, or tracing.
component
Also known as portfolio components, these are the elements (such as products, projects, programs, and services) that are part of a portfolio.
component

An encapsulated part of the system that is nontrivial, nearly independent, and replaceable and that fulfills a clear function in the context of well-defined architecture. A component conforms to and provides the realization of a set of interfaces.

composite application
An application built by combining multiple existing functions into a new application.
composite role
A special role descriptor that relates to more than one role. It represents a grouping of roles with the main purpose of reducing the number of roles defined in method content for a process.
composite service
A composite service is a service which depends upon more than one other exposed service for its implementation. One or more of the depended-upon services can be composite services, as well.
concept
A specialized type of guidance that outlines key ideas or basic principles that serve as foundation for additional information.
configuration
The performance, functional, and physical attributes of an existing or planned product, or a combination of products.
Construction
The third phase of the project lifecycle in which the software is brought from an executable architectural baseline to the point at which it is ready to be transitioned to the user community.
COTS package

A COTS Package refers to a software product that:

  • is supplied by a vendor;
  • is sold, leased, or licensed to an acquirer;
  • is used without modification of its code;
  • may be tailored to be integrated into the acquirer environment;
  • is supported and evolved by the vendor, who retains the intellectual property rights.
COTS package solution

A COTS Package Solution integrates:

  • one or more pre-existing software components from the commercial marketplace (i.e., COTS components), the legacy system (a piece of the system being replaced), reuse libraries, or other reuse sources (e.g., freeware, shareware)
  • any required custom code (including wrappers and "glue")
  • appropriate linkage/interface to the broader organization's architecture and external systems
  • user's business processes including any changes necessary to match the processes provided by the integrated components and custom code
custom category
Used to categorize content based on the user's criteria. One important use is for constructing views for publishing.
D
Data Object

Data Objects are considered Artifacts because they do not have any direct effect on the Sequence Flow or Message Flow of the Process, but they do provide information about what activities require to be performed and/or what they produce.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

Decision

Decisions are locations within a business process where the Sequence Flow can take two or more alternative paths. This is basically the "fork in the road" for a process. For a given performance (or instance) of the process, only one of the forks can be taken. A Decision is a type of Gateway.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

Decision point

Groups together all potential rules that determine one decision. It can be found in a use case description or in a Business Process Map task description. During the inception phase, the project team can build a decision point table to log the potential decision points which need to be managed during the Rule Harvesting phase.

Example:

  • Group all rules that determine 'eligibility for membership'
  • Verify the claim data
  • Adjudicate the claim

Any task or activity description which includes mental thinking. Decision points are indicated by verbs such as check, qualify, compute, calculate, estimate, evaluate, determine, assess, compare, verify, validate, confirm, decide, diagnose, process, and so on.  Those verbs help the team to extract a lot of business knowledge, including how the decisions are done.

Decision service

A software component that encapsulates run-time rule processing elements. The component instances provide a "ready to run" business rule application. A decision service offers a business interface with methods. The implementation of the interface is calling a business rule engine.

A decision service component is mostly stateless and simplifies the process of integrating business rules with popular application platforms such as JSE, JEE, and a Web service. In the context of a BRMS application it is also named rule service.

Decision table

Spreadsheet like, or table view for a set of business rules, where a rule is represented by one row in the table. The rows and columns identify all situations that require a business decision, and specify which action to take in each of these situations.

Columns are conditions and actions of the rule. Color background help to identify which are conditions.



Here is an example of a Decision Table.

Decision tree

Tree view for a set of business rules, where a rule is represented by a path through the tree. Decision trees are composed of branches that have a condition node as their root, and end with actions. Decision trees allow you to manage a large set of rules with some conditions in common but not all.

Here is an example of a Decision Tree.


defect
An anomaly, or flaw, in a delivered work product. Examples include such things as omissions and imperfections found during early lifecycle phases and symptoms of faults contained in software sufficiently mature for test or operation. A defect can be any kind of issue you want tracked and resolved.
deliverable

A specialized type of work product used to define the primary outputs that represent value, material or otherwise, to the client, customer or other stakeholders.  These are typically the result of packaging other work products for sign-off and delivery.

delivery process
A delivery process is a special process describing a complete and integrated approach for performing a specific project type. It provides a complete end-to-end lifecycle (for it's scope) and can be used as a reference for running projects with similar characteristics.
descriptor
Defines how method content is represented in a process.  Descriptors are the key concept for realizing the separation of process from method content. A descriptor has its own relationships and properties which can be modified independent of the default relationships defined in the method content.
discipline

Primary categorization mechanism for organizing tasks that define a major 'area of concern' and/or cooperation of work effort.

discipline grouping
A collection of related disciplines defined for a specific usage or context.
Discount Factor
 
domain

Primary categorization mechanism for organizing work products that have an affinity to each other based on resources, timing, relationships or general subject area.

E
effort

The number of labor units required to complete an activity or other project element. Usually expressed as staff hours, staff days, or staff weeks. Should not be confused with duration.

Elaboration
Second of four phases in the project lifecycle, when architecturally significant risks are addressed.
End Event

As the name implies, the End Event indicates where a process will end. In terms of Sequence Flow, the End Event ends the flow of the Process, and thus, ill not have any outgoing Sequence Flow. An End Event can have a specific Result that will appear as a marker within the center of the End Event shape. End Event Results are Message, Error, Compensation, Signal, Link, and Multiple.

The End Event shares the same basic shape of the Start Event and Intermediate Event, a circle, but is drawn with a thick single line. Event Context:An Event Context is the set of activities that can be interrupted by an exception (Intermediate Event). This can be one activity or a group of activities in an expanded Sub-Process.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

Enhancement Request
This is a request to improve the functionality or performance of an existing product.
equivalence class
A classification of equivalent values for which a object is expected to behave similarly. This technique can be applied to help analyze the most significant tests to conduct when there are too many potential tests to conduct in the available time.
estimation considerations
A specialized type of guidance that describes the amount of effort to produce a work product or perform a task including any influencing factors.
example

A specialized type of  guidance used to include typical samples of the items to be produced, may often only be a partial sample that is intended as further guidance rather than something to be reused.

Exclusive_Choice

A point in the workflow process where, based on a decision or workflow control data, one of several branches is chosen.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

exploratory testing
A technique for testing computer software that requires minimal planning and tolerates limited documentation for the target-of-test in advance of test execution, relying on the skill and knowledge of the tester and feedback from test results to guide the ongoing test effort. Exploratory testing is often conducted in short sessions in which feedback gained from one session is used to dynamically plan subsequent sessions.
F
Fact

Facts are combinations of terms that describe what business people know about their business. It connects terms into sensible business relevant observations. Facts may describe the relationships between terms, like an Insurance Policy is a form of Contract, or it may describe the interactions between terms (collaboration).

Here are some examples of facts

  • A coverage is the amount of protection against loss.
  • A Deductible is the amount the Insured must pay when a loss occurs.
  • A user must be part of a group, and the group includes the set of permissions the user can use.
  • A taxpayer files a tax return form.
  • A insured enters a claim in the system.
  • A customer could have only one purchase order at a time

failure
The inability of a system or component to perform its required functions within specified performance requirements [IE610.12]. A failure is characterized by the observable symptoms of one or more defects that have a root cause in one or more faults.
fault
An accidental condition that causes the failure of a component in the implementation model to perform its required behavior. A fault is the root cause of one or more defects identified by observing one or more failures.
fault model
A model for testing computer software which uses the notion of a plausible fault as it's basis and provides a test method to uncover the fault. The good fault model provides a definition of the fault or root cause, discussion of the observable failures the fault can produce, a test technique for uncovering the fault and a profile of appropriate test data.
feature
An externally observable service provided by the system that directly fulfills a stakeholder need.
Fork

A fork is a pint in the Process where a single flow is divided into two or more Flow. It is a mechanism that will allow activities to be performed concurrently, rather than sequentially. BPMN uses multiple outgoing Sequence Flow or an Parallel Gateway to perform a Fork.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

FURPS+
Functional, usability, reliability, performance, supportability and others. This acronym represents categories that can be used in the definition of product requirements.
G
guidance

General term referring to all types of material that provide additional detail on other types of elements.

guideline
A specialized type of guidance that provides additional detail on how to handle a particular method element. Guidelines most commonly describe how to perform some set of actions related to tasks or provide additional rules or recommendations related to the representation of work products.
I
ideas and requests

In the context of product portfolio management, the terms idea and request are both used to denote the origins of an activity to either develop an entirely new product or to improve an existing product. Ideas and requests are identified and captured in the very early stages of the life cycle, usually referred to as the "ideation" stage. These early stages of ideation and scoping are some times referred to as the "fuzzy front end."

Inception
First of the four phases in the project lifecycle. It is about understanding the project scope and objectives and getting enough information to confirm whether the project should proceed or not.
Information Type

A black-box representation of a persisted data structure that is not exposed using services.  The internals of the data structure are not revealed.  An artifact such as a database table is considered to be part of the internal design of a service provider and therefore not something that you would want to expose in its specification. Actual data persistence structures might change in shape (possibly for non-functional reasons such as performance) without affecting clients of the specification.

Information types are very useful in service operation pre-condition and post-condition specifications as they provide a mechanism to refer to changes in state in a black-box fashion.

Information types commonly are derived from domain types.

Initial Operational Capability Milestone

Third major project milestone that occurs at the end of the Construction phase. At this point, the product is ready to be handed over to the Transition team. All functionality has been developed and all alpha testing (if any) has been completed. In addition to the software, a user manual has been developed, and there is a description of the current release. The product is ready for beta testing.

input
In the UMA, input defines the work products needed to perform a task.  These inputs are further categorized as being optional, mandatory or external.  Optional inputs may be excluded from the task in some cases without consequences, while without mandatory inputs it is typically not possible to complete the task.  External inputs are used to defined mandatory inputs that are the result of work outside the scope of the defined process.
interface
An interface is a shared boundary between two functional units defined by functional characteristics, signal characteristics or other characteristics as appropriate. The concept of an interface includes the specifications of the connection between two entities having different functions.
Intermediate Event

An Intermediate Event is an event that occurs after a Process has been started. It will affect the flow of the process, but will not start or (directly) end the process. An Intermediate Event will show where messages or delays are expected within the Process, disrupt the Normal Flow through exception handling, or show the extra flow required for compensating a transaction. The Intermediate Event shares the same basic shape of the Start Even and End Event, a circle, but is drawn with a thin double line.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

internal rate of return (IRR)
The rate of return that would make the present value of future cash flow plus the final market value of an investment equal the current market value of the investment. IRR can be used to compare several different investments that an organization is considering. Assuming that all other factors are equal among these investments, the project with the highest IRR would be considered the most desirable and the best to undertake first.
iteration

A grouping of repeatable activities based on a set period of time that produces an expected set of results that has value.  These results may be further refined in successive iterations.

Iteration
Short and set duration division of a project. Iterations allow you to demonstrate incremental value and obtain early and continuous feedback.
Iteration Burndown
A primary report for understanding the status of an iteration. It shows the trend for how much work is left to do within that iteration.
J
Join

A join is a point in the process where two or more parallel Sequence Flow are combined into one Sequence Flow. BPMN uses an Parallel Gateway to perform a Join.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

L
Lane

An Lane is a sub-partition within a Pool and will extend the entire length of the Pool, either vertically or horizontally. lanes are used to organize and categorize activities within in a Pool. The meaning of the lanes is up to the modeler.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Modeling Notation, V1.2  specification: http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/1.2/

Lifecycle Architecture Milestone

Second major project milestone that occurs at the end of Elaboration phase. At this point, a baseline of requirements is agreed to. Examine the detailed system objectives and scope, the choice of architecture, and the resolution of the major risks. The milestone is achieved when the architecture has been validated.

Lifecycle Objectives Milestone

First major project milestone, which occurs at the end of the Inception phase. At this point, compare the cost to the benefits of the project, and decide whether to proceed with the project or to cancel it.

M
Message

A Message is the object that is transmitted through a Message Flow. The Message will have an identify that can be used for alternative branching of a Process through the Event-Based Exclusive Gateway.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

Message

A container which identifies a subset of an information model or domain model which is passed into or out of a service invocation. A message is always passed by value and has no defined behavior.

A message represents the concept as defined in the WSDL specification, that is, a container for actual data which has meaning to the service and the consumer. A message has no operations, it can have properties and associations to other classes (one assumes either classes of some domain model or parameter types)

method architecture
A method architecture defines the concepts, their properties, and relationships for defining methods and processes. It is typically compromised of a meta-model, modeling language, or schema (synonyms) that is used for organizing large amounts of descriptions for management development methods and processes, such as software engineering, mechanical engineering, business transformation, sales cycles etc.
method configuration
A method configuration specifies the selection of a logical subset of a method library, defined in terms of selected packages within plug-ins and any necessary views.
method content

Defines the primary reusable building blocks or reference materials of the method framework that exist outside of any predefined lifecycle. The basic content elements are: roles, tasks, work products and guidance.

method element
There are two kinds of method element:  method content and process.
method library
A physical container for method plug-ins and method configuration definitions. All method elements are stored in a method library.
method plug-in
Represents a physical container for method elements.
milestone

A significant event in the project or sub-project, such as a major decision, completion of a deliverable, or meeting of a major dependency (like completion of a phase).

N
net present value (NPV)

The present value of all future costs and revenues for a given prospective expenditure. In essence, future costs and revenues are adjusted by using a calculation that estimates today's value -- or net benefit -- over the lifetime of a particular product or other longer-term investments. NPV enables decision makers to compare various alternatives on a similar time scale by converting all options to current dollar figures. An investment is deemed acceptable if the net present value is positive over the expected lifetime of the product. Normally, investments with a higher net present value are preferable to those with a lower net present value.

O
outcome

Specialized type of work products used to describe intangible items such as the completion of some set of activities, a result or state. A key differentiator for outcomes against artifacts is that outcomes are not candidates for harvesting as reusable assets. Outcomes can not have associated templates or examples and are not possible to reuse as assets on other projects.

output
Defines the results of performing some task in terms of the work products produced or modified.
P
Parameter Type

A representation of an information structure that is passed into and out of service operations.  As the name implies, parameter types are used to type the parameters on a service operation.

A parameter type contains a set of attributes which may either be typed by a primitive type or in turn by another parameter type.  Where there is a domain model, the parameter types are derived from domain types (the type definitions found in a domain model). Alternatively, parameter types are based on information types. The information types are based on domain types.

pattern
Generalized solution that can be implemented and applied in a problem situation (a context)
performer
Describes the roles that will be executing a task.  There are two types of performs roles, a single primary performer responsible for the completion of the tasks and additional performers.  There may be any number of additional performers and both are considered as allocated resources for the purposed of project scheduling.
phase

A specialized type of activity that represents a significant period in a project normally ending with a decision checkpoint, major milestones, or a set of deliverables.  Phases typically have well defined objectives and provide the basis for how the project work will be structured.

Point
A relative measure of size that is typically used for Agile estimation.
Pool

A pool represents a Participant in a Process. It also acts as a "swimlane" and a graphical container for partitioning a set of activities from other Pools, usually in the context of B2B situations. It is a square-cornered rectangle that is drawn with a solid single line. A Pool acts as the container for the Sequence Flow between activities. the Sequence Flow can cross the boundaries between Lanes of a pool, but cannot cross the boundaries of a Pool. The interaction between Pools, for example, in a B2B context, is shown through Message Flow.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

portfolio

A mechanism that an organization uses to manage the achievement of its business goals. A portfolio contains a selected, approved, and continuously evolving collection of components that are aligned and contribute to achieving goals identified in the organization's business strategy.

portfolio management

A set of projects, programs, and other work that are grouped to facilitate effective management of that work to meet strategic business objectives (according to the Project Management Institute, PMI).



practice
A specialized type of guidance that describes a proven way of doing something or common approaches and strategies that represent best practices.  This is also used to represent standards and policies related to methods.
process

Describes the assembly of method content in a sequence or workflow that defines how the work will be executed. There are two types of processes:  capability patterns and delivery processes.

Process

A Process is any activity performed within a company or organization. In BPMN a Process is depicted as a network of Flow Objects, which are a set of other activities, and the controls that sequence them.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Modeling Notation, V1.2 (Beta 3)  specification  http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/09-01-04.pdf

Product Release Milestone

Fourth major project milestone that occurs at the end of the Transition phase. At this point, decide whether the objectives were met and whether you should start another development cycle. This milestone is the result of the customer reviewing and accepting the project deliverables.

program

A group of related projects that are managed together to promote better control and benefits not available if projects were managed separately. [PMBOK08]

project
A time-constrained (defined beginning and end) effort undertaken to produce a unique result, such as a product or service, within a specified scope. [PMBOK08]
project burndown

A primary report for understanding the status of a project. It typically consists of a chart showing the iterations in the horizontal axis and the remaining points from the work items list in the vertical axis.

R
report
A specialized type of  guidance used to provide guidance on representing the output of an automated tool that may be a combination of information from one or more other work products. .
Requirements
  1. A capability needed by the user to solve a problem [in order to] to achieve an objective
  2. A capability that must be met or possessed by a system or system component to satisfy a contract, standard, specification, or other formally imposed documentation [THA00]
Result

A Result is consequence of reaching an End Event. Results can be different types, including: Message, Error, Compensation, Signal, Link and Multiple.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

return on investment (ROI)

The ratio of money gained or lost on an investment relative to the amount expended on that investment. In the broadest sense, ROI attempts to characterize the profitability or financial efficiency of a potential investment by concentrating on how much profit or cost savings would be realized for a given use of capital. ROI is a very popular metric because of its versatility and simplicity. Normally, if an investment does not have a positive ROI, or if there are other investments that have a higher ROI, then that investment should not be chosen based on strictly financial reasons.

reusable asset
A specialized type of guidance linking to intellectual capital that can be utilized to perform some task or leveraged as a starting point for the creation of a solution.  This type of guidance is usually represented a link to some external source.  This may include assets such as source code, templates, patterns, architectural frameworks, domain models, and so on - that can be reused in a different contexts.
risk

A potential event or future situation that can potentially affect, prevent, or limit a project's success. Project risks may be seen as threats or opportunities.

risk consequence cost
A number (in a given currency) that represents the financial impact of the risk. See also risk probability cost.
risk exposure
The magnitude or scope of the risk. The exposure is determined by multiplying the probability that the risk occur and its impact, and dividing that number by 100.
risk precision
The degree to which the risk is understood, which could be represented by low, medium, or high.
risk probability cost
A number (in a given currency) that represents the probable cost of the risk occurrence. This value is determined by multiplying the probability that the risk occur and its consequence cost (if the risk occurs). See also risk consequence cost.
roadmap
A specialized type of guidance that is specific to a process that represents a linear walkthrough of those items from a particular perspective.
role

Describes a standard set of responsibilities and corresponding skills necessary to perform a task or create a work product.  A Role is not a job description the same person may execute several roles simultaneously or during the course of a project and a role may likewise be defined to represent a group such as a review board.

role set
A specialized type of category used to organize roles by certain commonalities such as type of work, profession or area of knowledge.
role set grouping
A specialized category used to organize role sets.
Rule engine

Software component used to execute business rule. The rule engine uses two major entities:

  • a Rule Set: The set of rules that are processed by the rule engine, and rule execution flow information.
  • an object set: The set of objects to be treated by rules.

A rule engine is executing a cycle consisting of three action states: match rules, select rules, and execute rules until there is no more rule to execute.

The rule engine evaluates the conditions of rules in the ruleset against the objects to determine (match) which rules are eligible to be executed. During execution, the engine collects all eligible rules in an “agenda”.

The object set is referenced in the engine's working memory, which also contains the current state of the objects which lead to the current rules in the agenda.

All objects are examined by all rules. The effects of the execution are to create new data, or to modify existing ones.
The agenda  is a logical workspace where rule instances that have conditions matching objects in the working memory are put. There can be several rule instances for the same rule. When all the candidate rule are matched the engine turns to the agenda for rule execution.

One execution mode is the RetePlus algorithm used to match many patterns with many objects, it helps to minimize the number of rules and conditions that need to be evaluated, computes which rules should be executed, and identifies in which order these rules should be fired.

Rules engine is designed to be complete, and ensures that the effects of one rule execution (or firing) is propagated so that everything that can be inferred is done in one run.

The power of rule engines comes from the fact that complex behaviors result from simple rules, this is known as rule chaining. This is a major change in the programming model developer used to have.There is no more static control structure of the program where function is calling one another, rules are "communicating" with other rule only by way of the data. This is a data change that trigger potential rule execution. Rules are not executed sequentially and it is not always possible to determine through inspection of a set of rules which rule will be executed first or cause the inference engine to terminate.
Rule Governance

Governance is about operating the business well, and includes being able to demonstrate that you do what you say you do, and being able to explain why you do what you do the way that you are doing it.

Rule Governance is covering the processes to manage rule using a BRMS.

rule life cycle

Various states the rule will have during its life cycle, from creation, testing, in production to retirement. A rule life cycle is linked to the development practices of the IT team and also to some business requirements. Rule life cycle is an important element to develop the rule governance processes. 


rule project

Type of project in which you can manage and organize rule artifacts, class path, parameters and domain object models. A rule project needs to reference a java project, jar file, xml schema or web service as execution object model. A rule project represents one rule set but can have multiple rule flows.

Rule Property

A rule property is an attribute attached to a rule and help to add meta-data on top of the rule. In BRMS rule properties are used to manage the life cycle of the rule, attach documentation such as business motivation, business context,... and can be used during the extraction of the rule to build a rule set or to dynamically select the rule in front of a business event. 


Rule repository

Central place where business rules and information about their execution are kept and maintained in an organized way. A repository contains one or more projects. You can save a repository in a file system or in a database.


Rule Set

A Rule Set is a group of rules that is executed as an aggregate entity. This term also refers to the object that is created when a ruleset file is parsed to instantiate an engine. Rule artifacts include all of the elements from a rule project that you can put into a Rule Set like decision tables, decision tree, rules.

ruleflow

Oriented graph composed of rule tasks nodes and decision nodes, which is used to control and order the execution of rule artifacts. It can be created graphically using the Ruleflow Editor.

A ruleflow can be seen as a business process, but it is not a complete one. When designing a business process type of application is quite often that some sub flow of the business process model will be mapped to a ruleflow. But a rule flow is for the execution logic of the rule set not of a process.



runtime analysis

A practice aimed at understanding software component behavior by using data collected during the execution of the component. Runtime analysis provides understanding of the following aspects of application execution:

  • Execution path
  • Code coverage
  • Runtime tracing
  • Memory utilization
  • Memory errors and memory leaks
  • Execution performance
  • Performance bottlenecks
  • Threading problems
S
scope

The boundaries for inclusions and exclusions that define the depth and breadth of the project. Example of areas for consideration are included functionality, affected organizations, lifecycle phases performed, included and excluded deliverables, involved geographic areas, and so on.

Service Collaboration
A UML Collaboration which is used during Service Specification to identify services, service interaction patterns, and service operations.  Service Collaborations are leveraged to also identify composite services and to describe the participants that realize them.
Service Component Architecture (SCA)
Service Component Architecture (SCA) is a set of specifications which describe a model for building applications and systems using a service-oriented architecture.  The SCA specification originally was developed by Open SOA.  The Open SOA SCA home page is here.  OASIS assumed responsibility for evolving the SCA specification in 2007.  The OASIS home page for SCA is here.
service consumer

A Participant that uses the operations of one or more exposed services to realize its own functionality, but which does not itself provide any services by means of a ServicePoint. 

A Web application that consumes a weather service is an example.

service level

Models at the specified level represent concepts in the domain being studied, and are independent of the physical aspects of the software or hardware.


Service Oriented Solution (SO Solution)

A set of service-oriented software assembled to form a composite application. Its parts are service providers and service consumers (collectively, Participants). Participants provide and/or request services, which are specified using ServiceInterfaces and ServiceContracts.

An SO solution includes definitions of the assembled parts, their connections, and the contracts by which they interact.  An SO solution can be described using one or more ServicesArchitectures.

service provider

A Participant that provides at least one exposed service via a ServicePoint.

smoke test
A phrase used to describe a subset of tests-typically limited in number-that can be run against each software build to determine whether the software has regressed in form or function since a previous build. Synonyms: build validation test, build verification test, build acceptance test, build regression test and sanity check.
SOMA
SOMA (Service Oriented Modeling and Architecture) is a project engagement model within IBM's Global Business Services group.  It is primarily a method used by consultants in the field, and it is not a commercial IBM offering to customers
stakeholder need
The business or operational problem (opportunity) that must be fulfilled to justify purchase or use of the system.
Start Event

A Start Event indicates where a particular Process will start. In terms of Sequence Flow, the Start Event starts the flow of the Process, and thus, will not have any incoming Sequence Flow. A Start Event can have a Trigger that indicates how the Process starts: Message, Time, Rule, Link, or Multiple. The Start Event shares the same basic shape of the Intermediate Event and End Event, a circle but is drawn with a single thin line.

This term can be found in the OMG Business Process Modeling Notation, V1.2 specification: http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/1.2/

step
Sub-section of a task used to organize the work to be performed to achieve the overall goal of the task. Not all Steps are necessarily performed each time a task is executed in a process.
strategic fit
The extent to which a portfolio element (such as product feature, new product idea, or project) aligns with the business strategy and goals of the portfolio and provides value through itself or its relationships with other portfolio elements. Strategic fit is often used in the context of diversification, where differing portfolio elements complement each other's attributes and, together, create a more competitive whole.
stub
A component containing functionality for testing purposes. A stub is either a pure "dummy", just returning some predefined values, or it is "simulating" a more complex behavior.
Sub-Process

A Sub-Process is a Process that is included within another Process. The Sub-Process can be in a collapsed view that hides its details. A Sub-Process can be in an expanded view that shows its details within the view of the Process within it is contained. A Sub-Process shares the same shape as the Task, which is a rectangle that has rounded corners.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Modeling Notation, V1.2 (Beta 3)  specification http://www.omg.org/cgi-bin/doc?formal/09-01-04.pdf

supporting material
guidance that is a catch-all for other types of guidance not specifically defined elsewhere.
system-wide requirements
System-wide requirements are requirements that define necessary system quality attributes such as performance, usability and reliability, as well as global functional requirements that are not captured in behavioral requirements artifacts such as use-cases.
T
target test item
An aspect of the developed product-typically software or hardware-which has been identified as a target of the testing effort. A target test item might be scoped at the level of an operation, interface, feature, component, subsystem, or system; or it may be an external aspect of the system, such as an operating system or peripheral device (eg printer).
task

Defines a unit of work that needs to be done in order to transform inputs into outputs through a series of steps performed by one or more roles independent of a particular work breakdown structure (WBS).

Task

A Task is an atomic activity that is included within a Process. A Task is used when the work in the Process is not broken down to a finer level of Process detail. Generally, an end-user and/or an application are used to perform the Task when it is executed. A Task object shares the same shape as the Sub-Process, which is a rectangle that has rounded corners.

This term can be found in the OMG  Business Process Model and Notation, V2.0 specification http://www.omg.org/spec/BPMN/2.0/PDF/

team profile
breakdown element that groups role descriptors or composite roles, thus defining a nested hierarchy of teams and team members.
template
A specialized type of guidance that specifies the structure of a work product by providing a pre-defined table of contents, sections, packages, and/or headings, a standardized format, as well as descriptions on how the sections and packages are supposed to be used and completed.  Often provided as a form or empty instanced of a work product that can be used as starting point for the creation of a new one.
term

Term references a business concept used in daily business operations. It can be one or more words, nouns. They are often found in different departments and refer to the same business concept from a different perspective: they are synonyms. A term may describe business concept which will be mapped to a class and a characteristic of a business entity will be mapped to attribute of a class, and sometime a term may describe the way a business object behave, in that last case it will be mapped within method or state machine.


Examples:

  • Taxpayer, taxpayer obligation, loan, claim, legal entity, etc.

term definition
A specialized form of guidance that provides definitions that are used to build up the glossary
test case
The specification (usually formal) of a set of test inputs, execution conditions, and expected results, identified for the purpose of making an evaluation of some particular aspect of a target test item. A test case differs from a test idea, in that the test case is a more fully-formed specification of the test, describing what the test(s) that result form the test case will be required to do.
test environment
A specific instance of a configuration of hardware and software established for the purpose of conducting tests under known and controlled conditions.
test idea
A brief statement identifying a test that is potentially useful to conduct. The test idea typically represents an aspect of a given test: an input, an execution condition or an expected result, but often only addresses a single aspect of a test. A test idea differs from a test case, in that the test idea is an incomplete definition containing no specification of the test workings, only the essence of the idea behind the test. Synonym: test requirement. See also: test case.
test oracle
A strategy for knowing whether a test passes or fails. The test oracle includes both the medium through which the output from the test can be observed, and the technique for interpreting what that medium exposes. It provides a means by which observed results can be evaluated against expected results.
test requirement
A requirement placed on the test effort that must be fulfilled the implementation and execution of one or more tests. This term has been superseded by the term test idea.
tool
A standard category used as a container for tool mentors. It can also provide general descriptions of the tool and its general capabilities.
tool mentor
A tool mentor is a type of guidance that explains how to apply a specific tool to accomplish a task, perform a set of steps or instantiate a particular work product.
Transition
The fourth and last phase of the project lifecycle, which results in a final product release.
U
UMA
Stands for Unified Method Architecture. UMA is a state-of-the-art architecture for the conceiving, specifying, and storing of method and process metadata.
use-case scenario
Represents specific instances of the use case that correspond to specific inputs from the Actor or to specific conditions in the environment. Each scenario describes alternate ways that the system provides a behavior, or it may describe failure or exception cases
V
Velocity
A key metric used for iteration planning. It indicates how many points are delivered upon within an iteration for a certain team and project.
version
A variant of some artifact; later versions of an artifact typically expand upon earlier versions.
view
Structured content collections designed to drive publication and facilitate browsing. They are specified using custom categories.
W
white paper

A specialized type of guidance for externally published papers that can be read and understood in isolation of other content elements.

work breakdown structure (WBS)

A hierarchical structured list of all the project activities, in which the work of the project is broken down into smaller work units to achieve an appropriate level of granularity that ensures that the full scope of work to be performed is understood.

Work Item
Scheduled work to be done within the project.
work product

Used to define and describe the items needed as input or created as output of one or more tasks that are the responsibility of a single role.  See: artifact, deliverable, outcome.

work product kind
A specialized type of category used to organized work products based on their intended usage or type.