本章會介紹在 FreeBSD 中的 X 裡頭,有哪些不同的桌面環境。 “桌面環境”範圍很廣,從簡單的 window manager 到 完整的桌面應用程式,例如 KDE 或 GNOME。
GNOME is a user-friendly desktop environment that enables users to easily use and configure their computers. GNOME includes a panel (for starting applications and displaying status), a desktop (where data and applications can be placed), a set of standard desktop tools and applications, and a set of conventions that make it easy for applications to cooperate and be consistent with each other. Users of other operating systems or environments should feel right at home using the powerful graphics-driven environment that GNOME provides. More information regarding GNOME on FreeBSD can be found on the FreeBSD GNOME Project's web site. The web site also contains fairly comprehensive FAQs about installing, configuring, and managing GNOME.
可透過 package 或 Ports Collection 的方式來輕鬆安裝:
透過網路利用 package 安裝 GNOME:
#
pkg_add -r gnome2
從 ports tree 透過原始碼編譯安裝 GNOME:
#
cd /usr/ports/x11/gnome2
#
make install clean
當 GNOME 安裝完成後, 必須告訴 X server 啟動 GNOME 而非原本的 window manager。
啟動 GNOME 最簡單的方法是利
用 GDM(GNOME Display Manager)。
GDM, which is installed as a part
of the GNOME desktop (but is
disabled by default), can be enabled by adding
gdm_enable="YES"
to
/etc/rc.conf
. Once you have rebooted,
GNOME will start automatically
once you log in —— no further configuration is
necessary.
GNOME may also be started
from the command-line by properly configuring a file named
.xinitrc
.
If a custom .xinitrc
is already in
place, simply replace the line that starts the current window
manager with one that starts
/usr/local/bin/gnome-session instead.
If nothing special has been done to the configuration file,
then it is enough simply to type:
%
echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session" > ~/.xinitrc
Next, type startx
, and the
GNOME desktop environment will be
started.
If an older display manager, like
XDM, is being used, this will not work.
Instead, create an executable .xsession
file with the same command in it. To do this, edit the file
and replace the existing window manager command with
/usr/local/bin/gnome-session:
%
echo "#!/bin/sh" > ~/.xsession
%
echo "/usr/local/bin/gnome-session" >> ~/.xsession
%
chmod +x ~/.xsession
Yet another option is to configure the display manager to allow choosing the window manager at login time; the section on KDE details explains how to do this for kdm, the display manager of KDE.
X11
supports anti-aliasing via its “RENDER” extension.
GTK+ 2.0 and greater (the toolkit used by
GNOME) can make use of this
functionality. Configuring anti-aliasing is described in
節 5.5.3, “Anti-Aliased 規格的字型”. So, with up-to-date software,
anti-aliasing is possible within the
GNOME desktop. Just go to
→ → , and select either
,
, or
. For a
GTK+ application that is not part of the
GNOME desktop, set the
environment variable GDK_USE_XFT
to
1
before launching the program.
KDE is an easy to use contemporary desktop environment. Some of the things that KDE brings to the user are:
A beautiful contemporary desktop
A desktop exhibiting complete network transparency
An integrated help system allowing for convenient, consistent access to help on the use of the KDE desktop and its applications
Consistent look and feel of all KDE applications
Standardized menu and toolbars, keybindings, color-schemes, etc.
Internationalization: KDE is available in more than 40 languages
Centralized, consistent, dialog-driven desktop configuration
A great number of useful KDE applications
KDE comes with a web browser called Konqueror, which is a solid competitor to other existing web browsers on UNIX® systems. More information on KDE can be found on the KDE website. For FreeBSD specific information and resources on KDE, consult the KDE on FreeBSD team's website.
如同 GNOME 或其他桌面管理軟體一樣, 也可以輕鬆透過 package 或 Ports Collection 來安裝:
To install the KDE package from the network, simply type:
#
pkg_add -r kde
pkg_add(1) will automatically fetch the latest version of the application.
To build KDE from source, use the ports tree:
#
cd /usr/ports/x11/kde3
#
make install clean
After KDE has been installed,
the X server must be told to launch this application
instead of the default window manager. This is accomplished
by editing the .xinitrc
file:
%
echo "exec startkde" > ~/.xinitrc
Now, whenever the X Window System is invoked with
startx
,
KDE will be the desktop.
If a display manager such as
XDM is being used, the
configuration is slightly different. Edit the
.xsession
file instead. Instructions
for kdm are described later in
this chapter.
Now that KDE is installed on the system, most things can be discovered through the help pages, or just by pointing and clicking at various menus. Windows® or Mac® users will feel quite at home.
The best reference for KDE is the on-line documentation. KDE comes with its own web browser, Konqueror, dozens of useful applications, and extensive documentation. The remainder of this section discusses the technical items that are difficult to learn by random exploration.
An administrator of a multi-user system may wish to have a graphical login screen to welcome users. XDM can be used, as described earlier. However, KDE includes an alternative, kdm, which is designed to look more attractive and include more login-time options. In particular, users can easily choose (via a menu) which desktop environment (KDE, GNOME, or something else) to run after logging on.
To enable kdm, the
ttyv8
entry in /etc/ttys
has to be adapted. The line should look as follows:
ttyv8 "/usr/local/bin/kdm -nodaemon" xterm on secure
XFce is a desktop environment based on the GTK+ toolkit used by GNOME, but is much more lightweight and meant for those who want a simple, efficient desktop which is nevertheless easy to use and configure. Visually, it looks very much like CDE, found on commercial UNIX® systems. Some of XFce's features are:
A simple, easy-to-handle desktop
Fully configurable via mouse, with drag and drop, etc.
Main panel similar to CDE, with menus, applets and applications launchers
Integrated window manager, file manager, sound manager, GNOME compliance module, and more
Themeable (since it uses GTK+)
Fast, light and efficient: ideal for older/slower machines or machines with memory limitations
More information on XFce can be found on the XFce website.
A binary package for XFce exists (at the time of writing). To install, simply type:
#
pkg_add -r xfce4
Alternatively, to build from source, use the ports collection:
#
cd /usr/ports/x11-wm/xfce4
#
make install clean
Now, tell the X server to launch XFce the next time X is started. Simply type this:
%
echo "/usr/local/bin/startxfce4" > ~/.xinitrc
The next time X is started,
XFce will be the desktop.
As before, if a display manager like
XDM is being used, create an
.xsession
, as described in the
section on GNOME, but
with the /usr/local/bin/startxfce4
command; or, configure the display manager to allow
choosing a desktop at login time, as explained in
the section on kdm.
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