org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41

## Class Lucene41PostingsFormat

- java.lang.Object
- - org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat
  - - org.apache.lucene.codecs.lucene41.Lucene41PostingsFormat

- All Implemented Interfaces:
    NamedSPILoader.NamedSPI

      public final class Lucene41PostingsFormat
      extends PostingsFormat

  Lucene 4.1 postings format, which encodes postings in packed integer blocks for fast decode.

  NOTE: this format is still experimental and subject to change without backwards compatibility.

  Basic idea:

  - Packed Blocks and VInt Blocks:

    In packed blocks, integers are encoded with the same bit width (`packed format`): the block size (i.e. number of integers inside block) is fixed (currently 128). Additionally blocks that are all the same value are encoded in an optimized way.

    In VInt blocks, integers are encoded as `VInt`: the block size is variable.

  - Block structure:

    When the postings are long enough, Lucene41PostingsFormat will try to encode most integer data as a packed block.

    Take a term with 259 documents as an example, the first 256 document ids are encoded as two packed blocks, while the remaining 3 are encoded as one VInt block.

    Different kinds of data are always encoded separately into different packed blocks, but may possibly be interleaved into the same VInt block.

    This strategy is applied to pairs: <document number, frequency>, <position, payload length>, <position, offset start, offset length>, and <position, payload length, offsetstart, offset length>.

  - Skipdata settings:

    The structure of skip table is quite similar to previous version of Lucene. Skip interval is the same as block size, and each skip entry points to the beginning of each block. However, for the first block, skip data is omitted.

  - Positions, Payloads, and Offsets:

    A position is an integer indicating where the term occurs within one document. A payload is a blob of metadata associated with current position. An offset is a pair of integers indicating the tokenized start/end offsets for given term in current position: it is essentially a specialized payload.

    When payloads and offsets are not omitted, numPositions==numPayloads==numOffsets (assuming a null payload contributes one count). As mentioned in block structure, it is possible to encode these three either combined or separately.

    In all cases, payloads and offsets are stored together. When encoded as a packed block, position data is separated out as .pos, while payloads and offsets are encoded in .pay (payload metadata will also be stored directly in .pay). When encoded as VInt blocks, all these three are stored interleaved into the .pos (so is payload metadata).

    With this strategy, the majority of payload and offset data will be outside .pos file. So for queries that require only position data, running on a full index with payloads and offsets, this reduces disk pre-fetches.

  Files and detailed format:

  - `.tim`: Term Dictionary
  - `.tip`: Term Index
  - `.doc`: Frequencies and Skip Data
  - `.pos`: Positions
  - `.pay`: Payloads and Offsets
    Term Dictionary

    The .tim file contains the list of terms in each field along with per-term statistics (such as docfreq) and pointers to the frequencies, positions, payload and skip data in the .doc, .pos, and .pay files. See `BlockTreeTermsWriter` for more details on the format.

    NOTE: The term dictionary can plug into different postings implementations: the postings writer/reader are actually responsible for encoding and decoding the Postings Metadata and Term Metadata sections described here:

    - Postings Metadata --> Header, PackedBlockSize
    - Term Metadata --> (DocFPDelta|SingletonDocID), PosFPDelta?, PosVIntBlockFPDelta?, PayFPDelta?, SkipFPDelta?
    - Header, --> `CodecHeader`
    - PackedBlockSize, SingletonDocID --> `VInt`
    - DocFPDelta, PosFPDelta, PayFPDelta, PosVIntBlockFPDelta, SkipFPDelta --> `VLong`

    Notes:

    - Header is a `CodecHeader` storing the version information for the postings.
    - PackedBlockSize is the fixed block size for packed blocks. In packed block, bit width is determined by the largest integer. Smaller block size result in smaller variance among width of integers hence smaller indexes. Larger block size result in more efficient bulk i/o hence better acceleration. This value should always be a multiple of 64, currently fixed as 128 as a tradeoff. It is also the skip interval used to accelerate `DocIdSetIterator.advance(int)`.
    - DocFPDelta determines the position of this term's TermFreqs within the .doc file. In particular, it is the difference of file offset between this term's data and previous term's data (or zero, for the first term in the block).On disk it is stored as the difference from previous value in sequence.
    - PosFPDelta determines the position of this term's TermPositions within the .pos file. While PayFPDelta determines the position of this term's <TermPayloads, TermOffsets?> within the .pay file. Similar to DocFPDelta, it is the difference between two file positions (or neglected, for fields that omit payloads and offsets).
    - PosVIntBlockFPDelta determines the position of this term's last TermPosition in last pos packed block within the .pos file. It is synonym for PayVIntBlockFPDelta or OffsetVIntBlockFPDelta. This is actually used to indicate whether it is necessary to load following payloads and offsets from .pos instead of .pay. Every time a new block of positions are to be loaded, the PostingsReader will use this value to check whether current block is packed format or VInt. When packed format, payloads and offsets are fetched from .pay, otherwise from .pos. (this value is neglected when total number of positions i.e. totalTermFreq is less or equal to PackedBlockSize).
    - SkipFPDelta determines the position of this term's SkipData within the .doc file. In particular, it is the length of the TermFreq data. SkipDelta is only stored if DocFreq is not smaller than SkipMinimum (i.e. 8 in Lucene41PostingsFormat).
    - SingletonDocID is an optimization when a term only appears in one document. In this case, instead of writing a file pointer to the .doc file (DocFPDelta), and then a VIntBlock at that location, the single document ID is written to the term dictionary.
    Term Index

    The .tip file contains an index into the term dictionary, so that it can be accessed randomly. See `BlockTreeTermsWriter` for more details on the format.

    Frequencies and Skip Data

    The .doc file contains the lists of documents which contain each term, along with the frequency of the term in that document (except when frequencies are omitted: `FieldInfo.IndexOptions.DOCS_ONLY`). It also saves skip data to the beginning of each packed or VInt block, when the length of document list is larger than packed block size.

    - docFile(.doc) --> Header, <TermFreqs, SkipData?>TermCount
    - Header --> `CodecHeader`
    - TermFreqs --> <PackedBlock> PackedDocBlockNum, VIntBlock?
    - PackedBlock --> PackedDocDeltaBlock, PackedFreqBlock?
    - VIntBlock --> <DocDelta[, Freq?]>DocFreq-PackedBlockSize*PackedDocBlockNum
    - SkipData --> <<SkipLevelLength, SkipLevel> NumSkipLevels-1, SkipLevel>, SkipDatum?
    - SkipLevel --> <SkipDatum> TrimmedDocFreq/(PackedBlockSize^(Level + 1))
    - SkipDatum --> DocSkip, DocFPSkip, <PosFPSkip, PosBlockOffset, PayLength?, PayFPSkip?>?, SkipChildLevelPointer?
    - PackedDocDeltaBlock, PackedFreqBlock --> `PackedInts`
    - DocDelta, Freq, DocSkip, DocFPSkip, PosFPSkip, PosBlockOffset, PayByteUpto, PayFPSkip --> `VInt`
    - SkipChildLevelPointer --> `VLong`

    Notes:

    - PackedDocDeltaBlock is theoretically generated from two steps:
      1. Calculate the difference between each document number and previous one, and get a d-gaps list (for the first document, use absolute value);
      2. For those d-gaps from first one to PackedDocBlockNum*PackedBlockSizeth, separately encode as packed blocks.
      If frequencies are not omitted, PackedFreqBlock will be generated without d-gap step.
    - VIntBlock stores remaining d-gaps (along with frequencies when possible) with a format that encodes DocDelta and Freq:

      DocDelta: if frequencies are indexed, this determines both the document number and the frequency. In particular, DocDelta/2 is the difference between this document number and the previous document number (or zero when this is the first document in a TermFreqs). When DocDelta is odd, the frequency is one. When DocDelta is even, the frequency is read as another VInt. If frequencies are omitted, DocDelta contains the gap (not multiplied by 2) between document numbers and no frequency information is stored.

      For example, the TermFreqs for a term which occurs once in document seven and three times in document eleven, with frequencies indexed, would be the following sequence of VInts:

      15, 8, 3

      If frequencies were omitted (`FieldInfo.IndexOptions.DOCS_ONLY`) it would be this sequence of VInts instead:

      7,4

    - PackedDocBlockNum is the number of packed blocks for current term's docids or frequencies. In particular, PackedDocBlockNum = floor(DocFreq/PackedBlockSize)
    - TrimmedDocFreq = DocFreq % PackedBlockSize == 0 ? DocFreq - 1 : DocFreq. We use this trick since the definition of skip entry is a little different from base interface. In `MultiLevelSkipListWriter`, skip data is assumed to be saved for skipIntervalth, 2*skipIntervalth ... posting in the list. However, in Lucene41PostingsFormat, the skip data is saved for skipInterval+1th, 2*skipInterval+1th ... posting (skipInterval==PackedBlockSize in this case). When DocFreq is multiple of PackedBlockSize, MultiLevelSkipListWriter will expect one more skip data than Lucene41SkipWriter.
    - SkipDatum is the metadata of one skip entry. For the first block (no matter packed or VInt), it is omitted.
    - DocSkip records the document number of every PackedBlockSizeth document number in the postings (i.e. last document number in each packed block). On disk it is stored as the difference from previous value in the sequence.
    - DocFPSkip records the file offsets of each block (excluding )posting at PackedBlockSize+1th, 2*PackedBlockSize+1th ... , in DocFile. The file offsets are relative to the start of current term's TermFreqs. On disk it is also stored as the difference from previous SkipDatum in the sequence.
    - Since positions and payloads are also block encoded, the skip should skip to related block first, then fetch the values according to in-block offset. PosFPSkip and PayFPSkip record the file offsets of related block in .pos and .pay, respectively. While PosBlockOffset indicates which value to fetch inside the related block (PayBlockOffset is unnecessary since it is always equal to PosBlockOffset). Same as DocFPSkip, the file offsets are relative to the start of current term's TermFreqs, and stored as a difference sequence.
    - PayByteUpto indicates the start offset of the current payload. It is equivalent to the sum of the payload lengths in the current block up to PosBlockOffset
    Positions

    The .pos file contains the lists of positions that each term occurs at within documents. It also sometimes stores part of payloads and offsets for speedup.

    - PosFile(.pos) --> Header, <TermPositions> TermCount
    - Header --> `CodecHeader`
    - TermPositions --> <PackedPosDeltaBlock> PackedPosBlockNum, VIntBlock?
    - VIntBlock --> <PositionDelta[, PayloadLength?], PayloadData?, OffsetDelta?, OffsetLength?>PosVIntCount
    - PackedPosDeltaBlock --> `PackedInts`
    - PositionDelta, OffsetDelta, OffsetLength --> `VInt`
    - PayloadData --> `byte`PayLength

    Notes:

    - TermPositions are order by term (terms are implicit, from the term dictionary), and position values for each term document pair are incremental, and ordered by document number.
    - PackedPosBlockNum is the number of packed blocks for current term's positions, payloads or offsets. In particular, PackedPosBlockNum = floor(totalTermFreq/PackedBlockSize)
    - PosVIntCount is the number of positions encoded as VInt format. In particular, PosVIntCount = totalTermFreq - PackedPosBlockNum*PackedBlockSize
    - The procedure how PackedPosDeltaBlock is generated is the same as PackedDocDeltaBlock in chapter Frequencies and Skip Data.
    - PositionDelta is, if payloads are disabled for the term's field, the difference between the position of the current occurrence in the document and the previous occurrence (or zero, if this is the first occurrence in this document). If payloads are enabled for the term's field, then PositionDelta/2 is the difference between the current and the previous position. If payloads are enabled and PositionDelta is odd, then PayloadLength is stored, indicating the length of the payload at the current term position.
    - For example, the TermPositions for a term which occurs as the fourth term in one document, and as the fifth and ninth term in a subsequent document, would be the following sequence of VInts (payloads disabled):

      4, 5, 4

    - PayloadData is metadata associated with the current term position. If PayloadLength is stored at the current position, then it indicates the length of this payload. If PayloadLength is not stored, then this payload has the same length as the payload at the previous position.
    - OffsetDelta/2 is the difference between this position's startOffset from the previous occurrence (or zero, if this is the first occurrence in this document). If OffsetDelta is odd, then the length (endOffset-startOffset) differs from the previous occurrence and an OffsetLength follows. Offset data is only written for `FieldInfo.IndexOptions.DOCS_AND_FREQS_AND_POSITIONS_AND_OFFSETS`.
    Payloads and Offsets

    The .pay file will store payloads and offsets associated with certain term-document positions. Some payloads and offsets will be separated out into .pos file, for performance reasons.

    - PayFile(.pay): --> Header, <TermPayloads, TermOffsets?> TermCount
    - Header --> `CodecHeader`
    - TermPayloads --> <PackedPayLengthBlock, SumPayLength, PayData> PackedPayBlockNum
    - TermOffsets --> <PackedOffsetStartDeltaBlock, PackedOffsetLengthBlock> PackedPayBlockNum
    - PackedPayLengthBlock, PackedOffsetStartDeltaBlock, PackedOffsetLengthBlock --> `PackedInts`
    - SumPayLength --> `VInt`
    - PayData --> `byte`SumPayLength

    Notes:

    - The order of TermPayloads/TermOffsets will be the same as TermPositions, note that part of payload/offsets are stored in .pos.
    - The procedure how PackedPayLengthBlock and PackedOffsetLengthBlock are generated is the same as PackedFreqBlock in chapter Frequencies and Skip Data. While PackedStartDeltaBlock follows a same procedure as PackedDocDeltaBlock.
    - PackedPayBlockNum is always equal to PackedPosBlockNum, for the same term. It is also synonym for PackedOffsetBlockNum.
    - SumPayLength is the total length of payloads written within one block, should be the sum of PayLengths in one packed block.
    - PayLength in PackedPayLengthBlock is the length of each payload associated with the current position.
  WARNING: This API is experimental and might change in incompatible ways in the next release.

- - ### Field Summary

    Fields
    Modifier and Type | Field and Description
    --- | ---
    `static int` | `BLOCK_SIZE` Fixed packed block size, number of integers encoded in a single packed block.
    `static String` | `DOC_EXTENSION` Filename extension for document number, frequencies, and skip data.
    `static String` | `PAY_EXTENSION` Filename extension for payloads and offsets.
    `static String` | `POS_EXTENSION` Filename extension for positions.

    - ### Fields inherited from class org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat

      `EMPTY`

  - ### Constructor Summary

    Constructors
    Constructor and Description
    `Lucene41PostingsFormat()` Creates `Lucene41PostingsFormat` with default settings.
    `Lucene41PostingsFormat(int minTermBlockSize, int maxTermBlockSize)` Creates `Lucene41PostingsFormat` with custom values for `minBlockSize` and `maxBlockSize` passed to block terms dictionary.

  - ### Method Summary

    Methods
    Modifier and Type | Method and Description
    --- | ---
    `FieldsConsumer` | `fieldsConsumer(SegmentWriteState state)` Writes a new segment
    `FieldsProducer` | `fieldsProducer(SegmentReadState state)` Reads a segment.
    `String` | `toString()`

    - ### Methods inherited from class org.apache.lucene.codecs.PostingsFormat

      `availablePostingsFormats, forName, getName, reloadPostingsFormats`

    - ### Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object

      `clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

- - ### Field Detail

    - #### DOC_EXTENSION

          public static final String DOC_EXTENSION

      Filename extension for document number, frequencies, and skip data. See chapter: Frequencies and Skip Data
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### POS_EXTENSION

          public static final String POS_EXTENSION

      Filename extension for positions. See chapter: Positions
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### PAY_EXTENSION

          public static final String PAY_EXTENSION

      Filename extension for payloads and offsets. See chapter: Payloads and Offsets
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

    - #### BLOCK_SIZE

          public static final int BLOCK_SIZE

      Fixed packed block size, number of integers encoded in a single packed block.
      See Also:
        Constant Field Values

  - ### Constructor Detail

    - #### Lucene41PostingsFormat

          public Lucene41PostingsFormat()

      Creates `Lucene41PostingsFormat` with default settings.

    - #### Lucene41PostingsFormat

          public Lucene41PostingsFormat(int minTermBlockSize,
                                int maxTermBlockSize)

      Creates `Lucene41PostingsFormat` with custom values for `minBlockSize` and `maxBlockSize` passed to block terms dictionary.
      See Also:
        `BlockTreeTermsWriter.BlockTreeTermsWriter(SegmentWriteState,PostingsWriterBase,int,int)`

  - ### Method Detail

    - #### toString

          public String toString()

      Overrides:
        `toString` in class `PostingsFormat`

    - #### fieldsConsumer

          public FieldsConsumer fieldsConsumer(SegmentWriteState state)
                                        throws IOException

      Description copied from class: `PostingsFormat`
      Writes a new segment
      Specified by:
        `fieldsConsumer` in class `PostingsFormat`
      Throws:
        `IOException`

    - #### fieldsProducer

          public FieldsProducer fieldsProducer(SegmentReadState state)
                                        throws IOException

      Description copied from class: `PostingsFormat`
      Reads a segment. NOTE: by the time this call returns, it must hold open any files it will need to use; else, those files may be deleted. Additionally, required files may be deleted during the execution of this call before there is a chance to open them. Under these circumstances an IOException should be thrown by the implementation. IOExceptions are expected and will automatically cause a retry of the segment opening logic with the newly revised segments.
      Specified by:
        `fieldsProducer` in class `PostingsFormat`
      Throws:
        `IOException`

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