Now that you have decided that your issue merits a problem report, and that it is a FreeBSD problem, it is time to write the actual problem report. Before we get into the mechanics of the program used to generate and submit PRs, here are some tips and tricks to help make sure that your PR will be most effective.
Do not leave the “Synopsis”
line empty. The PRs go both onto a mailing list
that goes all over the world (where the “Synopsis”
is used
for the Subject:
line), but also into a
database. Anyone who comes along later and browses the
database by synopsis, and finds a PR with a blank subject
line, tends just to skip over it. Remember that PRs stay
in this database until they are closed by someone; an
anonymous one will usually just disappear in the
noise.
Avoid using a weak “Synopsis”
line. You should not assume that anyone reading
your PR has any context for your submission, so the more
you provide, the better. For instance, what part of the
system does the problem apply to? Do you only see the
problem while installing, or while running? To
illustrate, instead of Synopsis: portupgrade is
broken
, see how much more informative this
seems: Synopsis: port ports-mgmt/portupgrade
coredumps on -current
. (In the case of ports,
it is especially helpful to have both the category and
portname in the “Synopsis” line.)
If you have a patch, say so.
A PR with a patch included is much more likely to be
looked at than one without. If you are including one,
put the string [patch]
(including the brackets) at the
beginning of the “Synopsis”. (Although it is
not mandatory to use that exact string, by convention,
that is the one that is used.)
If you are a maintainer, say so.
If you are maintaining a part of the source code (for
instance, a port), you might consider adding the string
[maintainer update]
(including the brackets) at the beginning of
your synopsis line, and you definitely should set the
“Class” of
your PR to maintainer-update
. This way
any committer that handles your PR will not have to check.
Be specific. The more information you supply about what problem you are having, the better your chance of getting a response.
Include the version of FreeBSD you are running (there is a place to put that, see below) and on which architecture. You should include whether you are running from a release (e.g. from a CDROM or download), or from a system maintained by Subversion (and, if so, what revision number you are at). If you are tracking the FreeBSD-CURRENT branch, that is the very first thing someone will ask, because fixes (especially for high-profile problems) tend to get committed very quickly, and FreeBSD-CURRENT users are expected to keep up.
Include which global options you have specified in
your make.conf
. Note: specifying
-O2
and above to gcc(1) is
known to be buggy in many situations. While the
FreeBSD developers will accept patches, they are
generally unwilling to investigate such issues due
to simple lack of time and volunteers, and may
instead respond that this just is not supported.
If the problem can be reproduced easily, include information that will help a developer to reproduce it themselves. If a problem can be demonstrated with specific input then include an example of that input if possible, and include both the actual and the expected output. If this data is large or cannot be made public, then do try to create a minimal file that exhibits the same issue and that can be included within the PR.
If this is a kernel problem, then be prepared to supply the following information. (You do not have to include these by default, which only tends to fill up the database, but you should include excerpts that you think might be relevant):
your kernel configuration (including which hardware devices you have installed)
whether or not you have debugging options enabled
(such as WITNESS
), and if so,
whether the problem persists when you change the
sense of that option
the full text of any backtrace, panic or other console
output, or entries in /var/log/messages
,
if any were generated
the output of pciconf -l
and
relevant parts of your dmesg
output if
your problem relates to a specific piece of hardware
the fact that you have read
src/UPDATING
and that your problem
is not listed there (someone is guaranteed to ask)
whether or not you can run any other kernel as a fallback (this is to rule out hardware-related issues such as failing disks and overheating CPUs, which can masquerade as kernel problems)
If this is a ports problem, then be prepared to supply the following information. (You do not have to include these by default, which only tends to fill up the database, but you should include excerpts that you think might be relevant):
which ports you have installed
any environment variables that override the
defaults in bsd.port.mk
, such
as PORTSDIR
the fact that you have read
ports/UPDATING
and that your problem
is not listed there (someone is guaranteed to ask)
Avoid vague requests for features.
PRs of the form “someone should really implement something
that does so-and-so” are less likely to get results than
very specific requests. Remember, the source is available
to everyone, so if you want a feature, the best way to
ensure it being included is to get to work! Also consider
the fact that many things like this would make a better
topic for discussion on freebsd-questions
than an entry in the PR database, as discussed above.
Make sure no one else has already submitted a similar PR. Although this has already been mentioned above, it bears repeating here. It only take a minute or two to use the web-based search engine at http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi?query. (Of course, everyone is guilty of forgetting to do this now and then.)
Report only one issue per Problem Report. Avoid including two or more problems within the same report unless they are related. When submitting patches, avoid adding multiple features or fixing multiple bugs in the same PR unless they are closely related—such PRs often take longer to resolve.
Avoid controversial requests. If your PR addresses an area that has been controversial in the past, you should probably be prepared to not only offer patches, but also justification for why the patches are “The Right Thing To Do”. As noted above, a careful search of the mailing lists using the archives at http://www.FreeBSD.org/search/search.html#mailinglists is always good preparation.
Be polite. Almost anyone who would potentially work on your PR is a volunteer. No one likes to be told that they have to do something when they are already doing it for some motivation other than monetary gain. This is a good thing to keep in mind at all times on Open Source projects.
If you are using the send-pr(1) program, make sure your
VISUAL
(or EDITOR
if
VISUAL
is not set) environment variable is set
to something sensible.
You should also make sure that mail delivery works fine. send-pr(1) uses mail messages for the submission and tracking of problem reports. If you cannot post mail messages from the machine you are running send-pr(1) on, your problem report will not reach the GNATS database. For details on the setup of mail on FreeBSD, see the “Electronic Mail” chapter of the FreeBSD Handbook at http://www.FreeBSD.org/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/books/handbook/mail.html.
Make sure that your mailer will not mangle the message on its way to GNATS. In particular, if your mailer automatically breaks lines, changes tabs to spaces, or escapes newline characters, any patch that you submit will be rendered unusable. For the text sections, however, we request that you insert manual linebreaks somewhere around 70 characters, so that the web display of the PR will be readable.
Similar considerations apply if you are using the web-based PR submission form instead of send-pr(1). Note that cut-and-paste operations can have their own side-effects on text formatting. In certain cases it may be necessary to use uuencode(1) to ensure that patches arrive unmodified.
Finally, if your submission will be lengthy, you should to prepare your work offline so that nothing will be lost in case there is a problem submitting it. This can especially be a problem with the web form.
The following applies to submitting PRs via email:
The send-pr(1) program has provisions for attaching
files to a problem report. You can attach as many files as
you want provided that each has a unique base name (i.e. the
name of the file proper, without the path). Just use the
-a
command-line option to specify the names
of the files you wish to attach:
%
send-pr -a /var/run/dmesg -a /tmp/errors
Do not worry about binary files, they will be automatically encoded so as not to upset your mail agent.
If you attach a patch, make sure you use the
-c
or -u
option to
diff(1) to create a context or unified diff (unified is
preferred), and make
sure to specify the exact SVN revision numbers of the files
you modified so the developers who read your report will be
able to apply them easily. For problems with the kernel or the
base utilities, a patch against FreeBSD-CURRENT (the HEAD
Subversion branch) is preferred since all new code should be applied
and tested there first. After appropriate or substantial testing
has been done, the code will be merged/migrated to the FreeBSD-STABLE
branch.
If you attach a patch inline, instead of as an attachment, note that the most common problem by far is the tendency of some email programs to render tabs as spaces, which will completely ruin anything intended to be part of a Makefile.
Do not send patches as attachments using
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
.
These will perform character escaping and the entire patch
will be useless.
Also note that while including small patches in a PR is
generally all right—particularly when they fix the problem
described in the PR—large patches and especially new code
which may require substantial review before committing should
be placed on a web or ftp server, and the URL should be
included in the PR instead of the patch. Patches in email
tend to get mangled, especially when GNATS is involved, and
the larger the patch, the harder it will be for interested
parties to unmangle it. Also, posting a patch on the web
allows you to modify it without having to resubmit the entire
patch in a followup to the original PR. Finally, large
patches simply increase the size of the database, since
closed PRs are not actually deleted but instead kept and
simply marked as closed
.
You should also take note that unless you explicitly specify otherwise in your PR or in the patch itself, any patches you submit will be assumed to be licensed under the same terms as the original file you modified.
The next section applies to the email method only:
When you run send-pr(1), you are presented with a template. The template consists of a list of fields, some of which are pre-filled, and some of which have comments explaining their purpose or listing acceptable values. Do not worry about the comments; they will be removed automatically if you do not modify them or remove them yourself.
At the top of the template, below the
SEND-PR:
lines, are the email headers. You
do not normally need to modify these, unless you are sending
the problem report from a machine or account that can send but
not receive mail, in which case you will want to set the
From:
and Reply-To:
to
your real email address. You may also want to send yourself
(or someone else) a carbon copy of the problem report by
adding one or more email addresses to the
Cc:
header.
In the email template only, you will find the following single-line fields:
Submitter-Id: Do not change this.
The default value of current-users
is
correct, even if you run FreeBSD-STABLE.
Confidential: This is prefilled
to no
. Changing it makes no sense as
there is no such thing as a confidential FreeBSD problem
report—the PR database is distributed
worldwide.
Severity: One of
non-critical
,
serious
or
critical
. Do not overreact; refrain
from labeling your problem critical
unless it really is (e.g., data corruption issues, serious
regression from previous functionality in -CURRENT)
or serious
unless
it is something that will affect many users (kernel
panics or freezes; problems with
particular device drivers or system utilities). FreeBSD
developers will not necessarily work on your problem faster
if you inflate its importance since there are so many other
people who have done exactly that — in fact, some
developers pay little attention to this field
because of this.
Security problems should not be filed in GNATS, because all GNATS information is public knowledge. Please send such problems according to our security report guidelines.
Priority: One of
low
, medium
or
high
. high
should
be reserved for problems that will affect practically
every user of FreeBSD and medium
for
something that will affect many users.
This field has become so widely abused that it is almost completely meaningless.
The next section describes fields that are common to both the email interface and the web interface:
Originator:
Please specify your real name, optionally followed
by your email address in angle brackets.
In the email interface, this is normally
prefilled with the gecos
field of the
currently logged-in
user.
The email address you use will become public information and may become available to spammers. You should either have spam handling procedures in place, or use a temporary email account. However, please note that if you do not use a valid email account at all, we will not be able to ask you questions about your PR.
Organization: Whatever you feel like. This field is not used for anything significant.
Synopsis: Fill this out with a short and accurate description of the problem. The synopsis is used as the subject of the problem report email, and is used in problem report listings and summaries; problem reports with obscure synopses tend to get ignored.
As noted above, if your problem report includes a patch,
please have the synopsis start with [patch]
(including the brackets);
if this is a ports PR and you are the
maintainer, you may consider adding
[maintainer update]
(including the brackets) and set the
“Class” of your PR to
maintainer-update
.
Category: Choose an appropriate category.
The first thing you need to do is to decide what part of the system your problem lies in. Remember, FreeBSD is a complete operating system, which installs both a kernel, the standard libraries, many peripheral drivers, and a large number of utilities (the “base system”). However, there are thousands of additional applications in the Ports Collection. You'll first need to decide if the problem is in the base system or something installed via the Ports Collection.
Here is a description of the major categories:
If a problem is with the kernel, the libraries (such
as standard C library libc
), or a
peripheral driver in the base system, in general you will
use the kern
category. (There are a few
exceptions; see below). In general these are things that are
described in section 2, 3, or 4 of the manual pages.
If a problem is with a binary program such as
sh(1) or mount(8), you will first need to determine
whether these programs are in the base system or were added
via the Ports Collection. If you are unsure, you can do
whereis
.
FreeBSD's convention for the Ports Collection is to install
everything underneath
programname
/usr/local
,
although this can be overridden by a system administrator.
For these, you will use the ports
category (yes, even if the port's category is
www
; see below). If the location is
/bin
,
/usr/bin
,
/sbin
, or
/usr/sbin
,
it is part of the base system, and you should use the
bin
category. (A few programs, such as
gcc(1), actually use the gnu
category,
but do not worry about that for now.) These are all things
that are described in section 1 or 8 of the manual pages.
If you believe that the error is in the startup
(rc)
scripts, or in some kind of other
non-executable configuration file, then the right category is
conf
(configuration). These are things
that are described in section 5 of the manual pages.
If you have found a problem in the documentation set
(articles, books, man pages), the correct choice is
docs
.
If you are having a problem with the
FreeBSD web pages,
the proper choice is www
.
if you are having a problem with something from a
port named
www/
,
this nevertheless goes in the someportname
ports
category.
There are a few more specialized categories.
If the problem would otherwise be filed in
kern
but has to do with the USB subsystem,
the correct choice is usb
.
If the problem would otherwise be filed in
kern
but has to do with the threading
libraries, the correct choice is
threads
.
If the problem would otherwise be in the base system,
but has to do with our adherence to standards such as
POSIX®, the correct choice is
standards
.
If the problem has to do with errors internal to a
Java Virtual Machine™ (JVM™), even though Java™ was
installed from the Ports Collection, you should select the
java
category. More general problems with
Java™ ports still go under ports
.
This leaves everything else.
If you are convinced that the problem will only occur
under the processor architecture you are using, select
one of the architecture-specific categories: commonly
i386
for Intel-compatible machines in
32-bit mode; amd64
for AMD machines
running in 64-bit mode (this also includes Intel-compatible
machines running in EMT64 mode); and less commonly
arm
, ia64
,
powerpc
, and sparc64
.
These categories are quite often misused for
“I do not know” problems. Rather than
guessing, please just use misc
.
You have a common PC-based machine, and think
you have encountered a problem specific to a particular
chipset or a particular motherboard: i386
is the right category.
You are having a problem with an add-in
peripheral card on a commonly seen bus, or a problem with
a particular type of hard disk drive: in this case, it
probably applies to more than one architecture, and
kern
is the right category.
If you really do not know where the problem lies (or
the explanation does not seem to fit into the ones above),
use the misc
category. Before you do so,
you may wish to ask for help on the FreeBSD general questions mailing list first.
You may be advised that one of the existing categories
really is a better choice.
Here is the current list of categories (taken from http://svnweb.freebsd.org/base/head/gnu/usr.bin/send-pr/categories):
advocacy:
problems relating to
FreeBSD's public image. Obsolete.
amd64:
problems specific to the
AMD64 platform.
arm:
problems specific to the
ARM platform.
bin:
problems with userland
programs in the base system.
conf:
problems with
configuration files, default values, and so forth.
docs:
problems with manual pages
or on-line documentation.
gnu:
problems with imported GNU software
such as gcc(1) or grep(1).
i386:
problems specific to the
i386™ platform.
ia64:
problems specific to the
ia64 platform.
java:
problems related to the Java™
Virtual Machine.
kern:
problems with
the kernel, (non-platform-specific) device drivers,
or the base libraries.
misc:
anything that does not fit
in any of the other categories. (Note that there is
almost nothing that truly belongs in this category,
except for problems with the release and build
infrastructure. Temporary build failures on
HEAD
do not belong here. Also note
that it is
easy for things to get lost in this category).
ports:
problems relating to the
Ports Collection.
powerpc:
problems specific to the
PowerPC® platform.
sparc64:
problems specific to the
SPARC64® platform.
standards:
Standards conformance
issues.
threads:
problems related to the
FreeBSD threads implementation (especially on FreeBSD-CURRENT).
usb:
problems related to the
FreeBSD USB implementation.
www:
Changes or enhancements to
the FreeBSD website.
Class: Choose one of the following:
sw-bug:
software bugs.
doc-bug:
errors in
documentation.
change-request:
requests for
additional features or changes in existing
features.
update:
updates to ports or
other contributed software.
maintainer-update:
updates to
ports for which you are the maintainer.
Release: The version of FreeBSD that you are running. This is filled out automatically if you are using send-pr(1) and need only be changed if you are sending a problem report from a different system than the one that exhibits the problem.
Finally, there is a series of multi-line fields:
Environment: This should describe, as accurately as possible, the environment in which the problem has been observed. This includes the operating system version, the version of the specific program or file that contains the problem, and any other relevant items such as system configuration, other installed software that influences the problem, etc.—quite simply everything a developer needs to know to reconstruct the environment in which the problem occurs.
Description: A complete and accurate description of the problem you are experiencing. Try to avoid speculating about the causes of the problem unless you are certain that you are on the right track, as it may mislead a developer into making incorrect assumptions about the problem.
How-To-Repeat: A summary of the actions you need to take to reproduce the problem.
Fix: Preferably a patch, or at least a workaround (which not only helps other people with the same problem work around it, but may also help a developer understand the cause for the problem), but if you do not have any firm ideas for either, it is better to leave this field blank than to speculate.
If you are using send-pr(1):
Once you are done filling out the template, have saved it,
and exit your editor, send-pr(1) will prompt you with
s)end, e)dit or a)bort?
. You can then hit
s
to go ahead and submit the problem report,
e
to restart the editor and make
further modifications, or a
to abort.
If you choose the latter, your problem report will remain on
disk (send-pr(1) will tell you the filename before it
terminates), so you can edit it at your leisure, or maybe
transfer it to a system with better net connectivity, before
sending it with the -f
to
send-pr(1):
%
send-pr -f ~/my-problem-report
This will read the specified file, validate the contents, strip comments and send it off.
If you are using the web form:
Before you hit submit
, you will need to
fill in a field containing text that is represented in image
form on the page. This unfortunate measure has had to be
adopted due to misuse by automated systems and a few misguided
individuals. It is a necessary evil that no one likes; please
do not ask us to remove it.
Note that you are strongly advised
to
save your work somewhere before hitting submit
.
A common problem for users is to have their web browser displaying
a stale image from its cache. If this happens to you, your
submission will be rejected and you may lose your work.
If you are unable to view images for any reason, and are also
unable to use send-pr(1), please accept our apologies for
the inconvenience and email your problem report to the bugbuster
team at <freebsd-bugbusters@FreeBSD.org>
.
This, and other documents, can be downloaded from http://ftp.FreeBSD.org/pub/FreeBSD/doc/
For questions about FreeBSD, read the
documentation before
contacting <questions@FreeBSD.org>.
For questions about this documentation, e-mail <doc@FreeBSD.org>.