class Classifier::LSI
This class implements a Latent Semantic Indexer, which can search, classify and cluster data based on underlying semantic relations. For more information on the algorithms used, please consult Wikipedia.
Attributes
Public Class Methods
Create a fresh index. If you want to call build_index manually, use
Classifier::LSI.new :auto_rebuild => false
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 35 def initialize(options = {}) @auto_rebuild = true unless options[:auto_rebuild] == false @word_list, @items = WordList.new, {} @version, @built_at_version = 0, -1 end
Public Instance Methods
A less flexible shorthand for #add_item that assumes you are passing in a string with no categorries. item will be duck typed via to_s .
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 72 def <<( item ) add_item item end
Adds an item to the index. item is assumed to be a string, but any item may be indexed so long as it responds to to_s or if you provide an optional block explaining how the indexer can fetch fresh string data. This optional block is passed the item, so the item may only be a reference to a URL or file name.
For example:
lsi = Classifier::LSI.new lsi.add_item "This is just plain text" lsi.add_item "/home/me/filename.txt" { |x| File.read x } ar = ActiveRecordObject.find( :all ) lsi.add_item ar, *ar.categories { |x| ar.content }
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 61 def add_item( item, *categories, &block ) clean_word_hash = block ? block.call(item).clean_word_hash : item.to_s.clean_word_hash @items[item] = ContentNode.new(clean_word_hash, *categories) @version += 1 build_index if @auto_rebuild end
This function rebuilds the index if needs_rebuild? returns true. For very large document spaces, this indexing operation may take some time to complete, so it may be wise to place the operation in another thread.
As a rule, indexing will be fairly swift on modern machines until you have well over 500 documents indexed, or have an incredibly diverse vocabulary for your documents.
The optional parameter “cutoff” is a tuning parameter. When the index is built, a certain number of s-values are discarded from the system. The cutoff parameter tells the indexer how many of these values to keep. A value of 1 for cutoff means that no semantic analysis will take place, turning the LSI class into a simple vector search engine.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 118 def build_index( cutoff=0.75 ) return unless needs_rebuild? make_word_list doc_list = @items.values tda = doc_list.collect { |node| node.raw_vector_with( @word_list ) } if $GSL tdm = GSL::Matrix.alloc(*tda).trans ntdm = build_reduced_matrix(tdm, cutoff) ntdm.size[1].times do |col| vec = GSL::Vector.alloc( ntdm.column(col) ).row doc_list[col].lsi_vector = vec doc_list[col].lsi_norm = vec.normalize end else tdm = Matrix.rows(tda).trans ntdm = build_reduced_matrix(tdm, cutoff) ntdm.row_size.times do |col| doc_list[col].lsi_vector = ntdm.column(col) if doc_list[col] doc_list[col].lsi_norm = ntdm.column(col).normalize if doc_list[col] end end @built_at_version = @version end
Returns the categories for a given indexed items. You are free to add and remove items from this as you see fit. It does not invalide an index to change its categories.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 78 def categories_for(item) return [] unless @items[item] return @items[item].categories end
This function uses a voting system to categorize documents, based on the categories of other documents. It uses the same logic as the #find_related function to find related documents, then returns the most obvious category from this list.
cutoff signifies the number of documents to consider when clasifying text. A cutoff of 1 means that every document in the index votes on what category the document is in. This may not always make sense.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 252 def classify( doc, cutoff=0.30, &block ) icutoff = (@items.size * cutoff).round carry = proximity_array_for_content( doc, &block ) carry = carry[0..icutoff-1] votes = {} carry.each do |pair| categories = @items[pair[0]].categories categories.each do |category| votes[category] ||= 0.0 votes[category] += pair[1] end end ranking = votes.keys.sort_by { |x| votes[x] } return ranking[-1] end
Prototype, only works on indexed documents. I have no clue if this is going to work, but in theory it's supposed to.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 272 def highest_ranked_stems( doc, count=3 ) raise "Requested stem ranking on non-indexed content!" unless @items[doc] arr = node_for_content(doc).lsi_vector.to_a top_n = arr.sort.reverse[0..count-1] return top_n.collect { |x| @word_list.word_for_index(arr.index(x))} end
This method returns max_chunks entries, ordered by their average semantic rating. Essentially, the average distance of each entry from all other entries is calculated, the highest are returned.
This can be used to build a summary service, or to provide more information about your dataset's general content. For example, if you were to use categorize on the results of this data, you could gather information on what your dataset is generally about.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 155 def highest_relative_content( max_chunks=10 ) return [] if needs_rebuild? avg_density = Hash.new @items.each_key { |x| avg_density[x] = proximity_array_for_content(x).inject(0.0) { |x,y| x + y[1]} } avg_density.keys.sort_by { |x| avg_density[x] }.reverse[0..max_chunks-1].map end
Returns an array of items that are indexed.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 93 def items @items.keys end
Returns true if the index needs to be rebuilt. The index needs to be built after all informaton is added, but before you start using it for search, classification and cluster detection.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 44 def needs_rebuild? (@items.keys.size > 1) && (@version != @built_at_version) end
This function is the primitive that #find_related and classify build upon. It returns an array of 2-element arrays. The first element of this array is a document, and the second is its “score”, defining how “close” it is to other indexed items.
These values are somewhat arbitrary, having to do with the vector space created by your content, so the magnitude is interpretable but not always meaningful between indexes.
The parameter doc is the content to compare. If that content is not indexed, you can pass an optional block to define how to create the text data. See #add_item for examples of how this works.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 176 def proximity_array_for_content( doc, &block ) return [] if needs_rebuild? content_node = node_for_content( doc, &block ) result = @items.keys.collect do |item| if $GSL val = content_node.search_vector * @items[item].search_vector.col else val = (Matrix[content_node.search_vector] * @items[item].search_vector)[0] end [item, val] end result.sort_by { |x| x[1] }.reverse end
Similar to #proximity_array_for_content, this function takes similar arguments and returns a similar array. However, it uses the normalized calculated vectors instead of their full versions. This is useful when you're trying to perform operations on content that is much smaller than the text you're working with. search uses this primitive.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 197 def proximity_norms_for_content( doc, &block ) return [] if needs_rebuild? content_node = node_for_content( doc, &block ) result = @items.keys.collect do |item| if $GSL val = content_node.search_norm * @items[item].search_norm.col else val = (Matrix[content_node.search_norm] * @items[item].search_norm)[0] end [item, val] end result.sort_by { |x| x[1] }.reverse end
Removes an item from the database, if it is indexed.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 85 def remove_item( item ) if @items.keys.contain? item @items.remove item @version += 1 end end
This function allows for text-based search of your index. Unlike other functions like #find_related and classify, search only takes short strings. It will also ignore factors like repeated words. It is best for short, google-like search terms. A search will first priortize lexical relationships, then semantic ones.
While this may seem backwards compared to the other functions that LSI supports, it is actually the same algorithm, just applied on a smaller document.
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 220 def search( string, max_nearest=3 ) return [] if needs_rebuild? carry = proximity_norms_for_content( string ) result = carry.collect { |x| x[0] } return result[0..max_nearest-1] end
Private Instance Methods
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 280 def build_reduced_matrix( matrix, cutoff=0.75 ) # TODO: Check that M>=N on these dimensions! Transpose helps assure this u, v, s = matrix.SV_decomp # TODO: Better than 75% term, please. :\ s_cutoff = s.sort.reverse[(s.size * cutoff).round - 1] s.size.times do |ord| s[ord] = 0.0 if s[ord] < s_cutoff end # Reconstruct the term document matrix, only with reduced rank u * ($GSL ? GSL::Matrix : ::Matrix).diag( s ) * v.trans end
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 309 def make_word_list @word_list = WordList.new @items.each_value do |node| node.word_hash.each_key { |key| @word_list.add_word key } end end
# File lib/classifier/lsi.rb, line 293 def node_for_content(item, &block) if @items[item] return @items[item] else clean_word_hash = block ? block.call(item).clean_word_hash : item.to_s.clean_word_hash cn = ContentNode.new(clean_word_hash, &block) # make the node and extract the data unless needs_rebuild? cn.raw_vector_with( @word_list ) # make the lsi raw and norm vectors end end return cn end