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theory Multiset(* Title: HOL/Library/Multiset.thy ID: $Id: Multiset.thy,v 1.30 2005/08/31 13:46:37 wenzelm Exp $ Author: Tobias Nipkow, Markus Wenzel, Lawrence C Paulson, Norbert Voelker *) header {* Multisets *} theory Multiset imports Accessible_Part begin subsection {* The type of multisets *} typedef 'a multiset = "{f::'a => nat. finite {x . 0 < f x}}" proof show "(λx. 0::nat) ∈ ?multiset" by simp qed lemmas multiset_typedef [simp] = Abs_multiset_inverse Rep_multiset_inverse Rep_multiset and [simp] = Rep_multiset_inject [symmetric] constdefs Mempty :: "'a multiset" ("{#}") "{#} == Abs_multiset (λa. 0)" single :: "'a => 'a multiset" ("{#_#}") "{#a#} == Abs_multiset (λb. if b = a then 1 else 0)" count :: "'a multiset => 'a => nat" "count == Rep_multiset" MCollect :: "'a multiset => ('a => bool) => 'a multiset" "MCollect M P == Abs_multiset (λx. if P x then Rep_multiset M x else 0)" syntax "_Melem" :: "'a => 'a multiset => bool" ("(_/ :# _)" [50, 51] 50) "_MCollect" :: "pttrn => 'a multiset => bool => 'a multiset" ("(1{# _ : _./ _#})") translations "a :# M" == "0 < count M a" "{#x:M. P#}" == "MCollect M (λx. P)" constdefs set_of :: "'a multiset => 'a set" "set_of M == {x. x :# M}" instance multiset :: (type) "{plus, minus, zero}" .. defs (overloaded) union_def: "M + N == Abs_multiset (λa. Rep_multiset M a + Rep_multiset N a)" diff_def: "M - N == Abs_multiset (λa. Rep_multiset M a - Rep_multiset N a)" Zero_multiset_def [simp]: "0 == {#}" size_def: "size M == setsum (count M) (set_of M)" constdefs multiset_inter :: "'a multiset => 'a multiset => 'a multiset" (infixl "#∩" 70) "multiset_inter A B ≡ A - (A - B)" text {* \medskip Preservation of the representing set @{term multiset}. *} lemma const0_in_multiset [simp]: "(λa. 0) ∈ multiset" by (simp add: multiset_def) lemma only1_in_multiset [simp]: "(λb. if b = a then 1 else 0) ∈ multiset" by (simp add: multiset_def) lemma union_preserves_multiset [simp]: "M ∈ multiset ==> N ∈ multiset ==> (λa. M a + N a) ∈ multiset" apply (simp add: multiset_def) apply (drule (1) finite_UnI) apply (simp del: finite_Un add: Un_def) done lemma diff_preserves_multiset [simp]: "M ∈ multiset ==> (λa. M a - N a) ∈ multiset" apply (simp add: multiset_def) apply (rule finite_subset) apply auto done subsection {* Algebraic properties of multisets *} subsubsection {* Union *} lemma union_empty [simp]: "M + {#} = M ∧ {#} + M = M" by (simp add: union_def Mempty_def) lemma union_commute: "M + N = N + (M::'a multiset)" by (simp add: union_def add_ac) lemma union_assoc: "(M + N) + K = M + (N + (K::'a multiset))" by (simp add: union_def add_ac) lemma union_lcomm: "M + (N + K) = N + (M + (K::'a multiset))" proof - have "M + (N + K) = (N + K) + M" by (rule union_commute) also have "… = N + (K + M)" by (rule union_assoc) also have "K + M = M + K" by (rule union_commute) finally show ?thesis . qed lemmas union_ac = union_assoc union_commute union_lcomm instance multiset :: (type) comm_monoid_add proof fix a b c :: "'a multiset" show "(a + b) + c = a + (b + c)" by (rule union_assoc) show "a + b = b + a" by (rule union_commute) show "0 + a = a" by simp qed subsubsection {* Difference *} lemma diff_empty [simp]: "M - {#} = M ∧ {#} - M = {#}" by (simp add: Mempty_def diff_def) lemma diff_union_inverse2 [simp]: "M + {#a#} - {#a#} = M" by (simp add: union_def diff_def) subsubsection {* Count of elements *} lemma count_empty [simp]: "count {#} a = 0" by (simp add: count_def Mempty_def) lemma count_single [simp]: "count {#b#} a = (if b = a then 1 else 0)" by (simp add: count_def single_def) lemma count_union [simp]: "count (M + N) a = count M a + count N a" by (simp add: count_def union_def) lemma count_diff [simp]: "count (M - N) a = count M a - count N a" by (simp add: count_def diff_def) subsubsection {* Set of elements *} lemma set_of_empty [simp]: "set_of {#} = {}" by (simp add: set_of_def) lemma set_of_single [simp]: "set_of {#b#} = {b}" by (simp add: set_of_def) lemma set_of_union [simp]: "set_of (M + N) = set_of M ∪ set_of N" by (auto simp add: set_of_def) lemma set_of_eq_empty_iff [simp]: "(set_of M = {}) = (M = {#})" by (auto simp add: set_of_def Mempty_def count_def expand_fun_eq) lemma mem_set_of_iff [simp]: "(x ∈ set_of M) = (x :# M)" by (auto simp add: set_of_def) subsubsection {* Size *} lemma size_empty [simp]: "size {#} = 0" by (simp add: size_def) lemma size_single [simp]: "size {#b#} = 1" by (simp add: size_def) lemma finite_set_of [iff]: "finite (set_of M)" using Rep_multiset [of M] by (simp add: multiset_def set_of_def count_def) lemma setsum_count_Int: "finite A ==> setsum (count N) (A ∩ set_of N) = setsum (count N) A" apply (erule finite_induct) apply simp apply (simp add: Int_insert_left set_of_def) done lemma size_union [simp]: "size (M + N::'a multiset) = size M + size N" apply (unfold size_def) apply (subgoal_tac "count (M + N) = (λa. count M a + count N a)") prefer 2 apply (rule ext, simp) apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: setsum_Un_nat setsum_addf setsum_count_Int) apply (subst Int_commute) apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: setsum_count_Int) done lemma size_eq_0_iff_empty [iff]: "(size M = 0) = (M = {#})" apply (unfold size_def Mempty_def count_def, auto) apply (simp add: set_of_def count_def expand_fun_eq) done lemma size_eq_Suc_imp_elem: "size M = Suc n ==> ∃a. a :# M" apply (unfold size_def) apply (drule setsum_SucD, auto) done subsubsection {* Equality of multisets *} lemma multiset_eq_conv_count_eq: "(M = N) = (∀a. count M a = count N a)" by (simp add: count_def expand_fun_eq) lemma single_not_empty [simp]: "{#a#} ≠ {#} ∧ {#} ≠ {#a#}" by (simp add: single_def Mempty_def expand_fun_eq) lemma single_eq_single [simp]: "({#a#} = {#b#}) = (a = b)" by (auto simp add: single_def expand_fun_eq) lemma union_eq_empty [iff]: "(M + N = {#}) = (M = {#} ∧ N = {#})" by (auto simp add: union_def Mempty_def expand_fun_eq) lemma empty_eq_union [iff]: "({#} = M + N) = (M = {#} ∧ N = {#})" by (auto simp add: union_def Mempty_def expand_fun_eq) lemma union_right_cancel [simp]: "(M + K = N + K) = (M = (N::'a multiset))" by (simp add: union_def expand_fun_eq) lemma union_left_cancel [simp]: "(K + M = K + N) = (M = (N::'a multiset))" by (simp add: union_def expand_fun_eq) lemma union_is_single: "(M + N = {#a#}) = (M = {#a#} ∧ N={#} ∨ M = {#} ∧ N = {#a#})" apply (simp add: Mempty_def single_def union_def add_is_1 expand_fun_eq) apply blast done lemma single_is_union: "({#a#} = M + N) = ({#a#} = M ∧ N = {#} ∨ M = {#} ∧ {#a#} = N)" apply (unfold Mempty_def single_def union_def) apply (simp add: add_is_1 one_is_add expand_fun_eq) apply (blast dest: sym) done lemma add_eq_conv_diff: "(M + {#a#} = N + {#b#}) = (M = N ∧ a = b ∨ M = N - {#a#} + {#b#} ∧ N = M - {#b#} + {#a#})" apply (unfold single_def union_def diff_def) apply (simp (no_asm) add: expand_fun_eq) apply (rule conjI, force, safe, simp_all) apply (simp add: eq_sym_conv) done declare Rep_multiset_inject [symmetric, simp del] subsubsection {* Intersection *} lemma multiset_inter_count: "count (A #∩ B) x = min (count A x) (count B x)" by (simp add: multiset_inter_def min_def) lemma multiset_inter_commute: "A #∩ B = B #∩ A" by (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq multiset_inter_count min_max.below_inf.inf_commute) lemma multiset_inter_assoc: "A #∩ (B #∩ C) = A #∩ B #∩ C" by (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq multiset_inter_count min_max.below_inf.inf_assoc) lemma multiset_inter_left_commute: "A #∩ (B #∩ C) = B #∩ (A #∩ C)" by (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq multiset_inter_count min_def) lemmas multiset_inter_ac = multiset_inter_commute multiset_inter_assoc multiset_inter_left_commute lemma multiset_union_diff_commute: "B #∩ C = {#} ==> A + B - C = A - C + B" apply (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq multiset_inter_count min_def split: split_if_asm) apply clarsimp apply (erule_tac x = a in allE) apply auto done subsection {* Induction over multisets *} lemma setsum_decr: "finite F ==> (0::nat) < f a ==> setsum (f (a := f a - 1)) F = (if a∈F then setsum f F - 1 else setsum f F)" apply (erule finite_induct, auto) apply (drule_tac a = a in mk_disjoint_insert, auto) done lemma rep_multiset_induct_aux: assumes "P (λa. (0::nat))" and "!!f b. f ∈ multiset ==> P f ==> P (f (b := f b + 1))" shows "∀f. f ∈ multiset --> setsum f {x. 0 < f x} = n --> P f" proof - note premises = prems [unfolded multiset_def] show ?thesis apply (unfold multiset_def) apply (induct_tac n, simp, clarify) apply (subgoal_tac "f = (λa.0)") apply simp apply (rule premises) apply (rule ext, force, clarify) apply (frule setsum_SucD, clarify) apply (rename_tac a) apply (subgoal_tac "finite {x. 0 < (f (a := f a - 1)) x}") prefer 2 apply (rule finite_subset) prefer 2 apply assumption apply simp apply blast apply (subgoal_tac "f = (f (a := f a - 1))(a := (f (a := f a - 1)) a + 1)") prefer 2 apply (rule ext) apply (simp (no_asm_simp)) apply (erule ssubst, rule premises, blast) apply (erule allE, erule impE, erule_tac [2] mp, blast) apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: setsum_decr del: fun_upd_apply One_nat_def) apply (subgoal_tac "{x. x ≠ a --> 0 < f x} = {x. 0 < f x}") prefer 2 apply blast apply (subgoal_tac "{x. x ≠ a ∧ 0 < f x} = {x. 0 < f x} - {a}") prefer 2 apply blast apply (simp add: le_imp_diff_is_add setsum_diff1_nat cong: conj_cong) done qed theorem rep_multiset_induct: "f ∈ multiset ==> P (λa. 0) ==> (!!f b. f ∈ multiset ==> P f ==> P (f (b := f b + 1))) ==> P f" using rep_multiset_induct_aux by blast theorem multiset_induct [induct type: multiset]: assumes prem1: "P {#}" and prem2: "!!M x. P M ==> P (M + {#x#})" shows "P M" proof - note defns = union_def single_def Mempty_def show ?thesis apply (rule Rep_multiset_inverse [THEN subst]) apply (rule Rep_multiset [THEN rep_multiset_induct]) apply (rule prem1 [unfolded defns]) apply (subgoal_tac "f(b := f b + 1) = (λa. f a + (if a=b then 1 else 0))") prefer 2 apply (simp add: expand_fun_eq) apply (erule ssubst) apply (erule Abs_multiset_inverse [THEN subst]) apply (erule prem2 [unfolded defns, simplified]) done qed lemma MCollect_preserves_multiset: "M ∈ multiset ==> (λx. if P x then M x else 0) ∈ multiset" apply (simp add: multiset_def) apply (rule finite_subset, auto) done lemma count_MCollect [simp]: "count {# x:M. P x #} a = (if P a then count M a else 0)" by (simp add: count_def MCollect_def MCollect_preserves_multiset) lemma set_of_MCollect [simp]: "set_of {# x:M. P x #} = set_of M ∩ {x. P x}" by (auto simp add: set_of_def) lemma multiset_partition: "M = {# x:M. P x #} + {# x:M. ¬ P x #}" by (subst multiset_eq_conv_count_eq, auto) lemma add_eq_conv_ex: "(M + {#a#} = N + {#b#}) = (M = N ∧ a = b ∨ (∃K. M = K + {#b#} ∧ N = K + {#a#}))" by (auto simp add: add_eq_conv_diff) declare multiset_typedef [simp del] subsection {* Multiset orderings *} subsubsection {* Well-foundedness *} constdefs mult1 :: "('a × 'a) set => ('a multiset × 'a multiset) set" "mult1 r == {(N, M). ∃a M0 K. M = M0 + {#a#} ∧ N = M0 + K ∧ (∀b. b :# K --> (b, a) ∈ r)}" mult :: "('a × 'a) set => ('a multiset × 'a multiset) set" "mult r == (mult1 r)+" lemma not_less_empty [iff]: "(M, {#}) ∉ mult1 r" by (simp add: mult1_def) lemma less_add: "(N, M0 + {#a#}) ∈ mult1 r ==> (∃M. (M, M0) ∈ mult1 r ∧ N = M + {#a#}) ∨ (∃K. (∀b. b :# K --> (b, a) ∈ r) ∧ N = M0 + K)" (concl is "?case1 (mult1 r) ∨ ?case2") proof (unfold mult1_def) let ?r = "λK a. ∀b. b :# K --> (b, a) ∈ r" let ?R = "λN M. ∃a M0 K. M = M0 + {#a#} ∧ N = M0 + K ∧ ?r K a" let ?case1 = "?case1 {(N, M). ?R N M}" assume "(N, M0 + {#a#}) ∈ {(N, M). ?R N M}" hence "∃a' M0' K. M0 + {#a#} = M0' + {#a'#} ∧ N = M0' + K ∧ ?r K a'" by simp thus "?case1 ∨ ?case2" proof (elim exE conjE) fix a' M0' K assume N: "N = M0' + K" and r: "?r K a'" assume "M0 + {#a#} = M0' + {#a'#}" hence "M0 = M0' ∧ a = a' ∨ (∃K'. M0 = K' + {#a'#} ∧ M0' = K' + {#a#})" by (simp only: add_eq_conv_ex) thus ?thesis proof (elim disjE conjE exE) assume "M0 = M0'" "a = a'" with N r have "?r K a ∧ N = M0 + K" by simp hence ?case2 .. thus ?thesis .. next fix K' assume "M0' = K' + {#a#}" with N have n: "N = K' + K + {#a#}" by (simp add: union_ac) assume "M0 = K' + {#a'#}" with r have "?R (K' + K) M0" by blast with n have ?case1 by simp thus ?thesis .. qed qed qed lemma all_accessible: "wf r ==> ∀M. M ∈ acc (mult1 r)" proof let ?R = "mult1 r" let ?W = "acc ?R" { fix M M0 a assume M0: "M0 ∈ ?W" and wf_hyp: "!!b. (b, a) ∈ r ==> (∀M ∈ ?W. M + {#b#} ∈ ?W)" and acc_hyp: "∀M. (M, M0) ∈ ?R --> M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" have "M0 + {#a#} ∈ ?W" proof (rule accI [of "M0 + {#a#}"]) fix N assume "(N, M0 + {#a#}) ∈ ?R" hence "((∃M. (M, M0) ∈ ?R ∧ N = M + {#a#}) ∨ (∃K. (∀b. b :# K --> (b, a) ∈ r) ∧ N = M0 + K))" by (rule less_add) thus "N ∈ ?W" proof (elim exE disjE conjE) fix M assume "(M, M0) ∈ ?R" and N: "N = M + {#a#}" from acc_hyp have "(M, M0) ∈ ?R --> M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" .. hence "M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" .. thus "N ∈ ?W" by (simp only: N) next fix K assume N: "N = M0 + K" assume "∀b. b :# K --> (b, a) ∈ r" have "?this --> M0 + K ∈ ?W" (is "?P K") proof (induct K) from M0 have "M0 + {#} ∈ ?W" by simp thus "?P {#}" .. fix K x assume hyp: "?P K" show "?P (K + {#x#})" proof assume a: "∀b. b :# (K + {#x#}) --> (b, a) ∈ r" hence "(x, a) ∈ r" by simp with wf_hyp have b: "∀M ∈ ?W. M + {#x#} ∈ ?W" by blast from a hyp have "M0 + K ∈ ?W" by simp with b have "(M0 + K) + {#x#} ∈ ?W" .. thus "M0 + (K + {#x#}) ∈ ?W" by (simp only: union_assoc) qed qed hence "M0 + K ∈ ?W" .. thus "N ∈ ?W" by (simp only: N) qed qed } note tedious_reasoning = this assume wf: "wf r" fix M show "M ∈ ?W" proof (induct M) show "{#} ∈ ?W" proof (rule accI) fix b assume "(b, {#}) ∈ ?R" with not_less_empty show "b ∈ ?W" by contradiction qed fix M a assume "M ∈ ?W" from wf have "∀M ∈ ?W. M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" proof induct fix a assume "!!b. (b, a) ∈ r ==> (∀M ∈ ?W. M + {#b#} ∈ ?W)" show "∀M ∈ ?W. M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" proof fix M assume "M ∈ ?W" thus "M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" by (rule acc_induct) (rule tedious_reasoning) qed qed thus "M + {#a#} ∈ ?W" .. qed qed theorem wf_mult1: "wf r ==> wf (mult1 r)" by (rule acc_wfI, rule all_accessible) theorem wf_mult: "wf r ==> wf (mult r)" by (unfold mult_def, rule wf_trancl, rule wf_mult1) subsubsection {* Closure-free presentation *} (*Badly needed: a linear arithmetic procedure for multisets*) lemma diff_union_single_conv: "a :# J ==> I + J - {#a#} = I + (J - {#a#})" by (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq) text {* One direction. *} lemma mult_implies_one_step: "trans r ==> (M, N) ∈ mult r ==> ∃I J K. N = I + J ∧ M = I + K ∧ J ≠ {#} ∧ (∀k ∈ set_of K. ∃j ∈ set_of J. (k, j) ∈ r)" apply (unfold mult_def mult1_def set_of_def) apply (erule converse_trancl_induct, clarify) apply (rule_tac x = M0 in exI, simp, clarify) apply (case_tac "a :# K") apply (rule_tac x = I in exI) apply (simp (no_asm)) apply (rule_tac x = "(K - {#a#}) + Ka" in exI) apply (simp (no_asm_simp) add: union_assoc [symmetric]) apply (drule_tac f = "λM. M - {#a#}" in arg_cong) apply (simp add: diff_union_single_conv) apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: trans_def) apply blast apply (subgoal_tac "a :# I") apply (rule_tac x = "I - {#a#}" in exI) apply (rule_tac x = "J + {#a#}" in exI) apply (rule_tac x = "K + Ka" in exI) apply (rule conjI) apply (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq split: nat_diff_split) apply (rule conjI) apply (drule_tac f = "λM. M - {#a#}" in arg_cong, simp) apply (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq split: nat_diff_split) apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: trans_def) apply blast apply (subgoal_tac "a :# (M0 + {#a#})") apply simp apply (simp (no_asm)) done lemma elem_imp_eq_diff_union: "a :# M ==> M = M - {#a#} + {#a#}" by (simp add: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq) lemma size_eq_Suc_imp_eq_union: "size M = Suc n ==> ∃a N. M = N + {#a#}" apply (erule size_eq_Suc_imp_elem [THEN exE]) apply (drule elem_imp_eq_diff_union, auto) done lemma one_step_implies_mult_aux: "trans r ==> ∀I J K. (size J = n ∧ J ≠ {#} ∧ (∀k ∈ set_of K. ∃j ∈ set_of J. (k, j) ∈ r)) --> (I + K, I + J) ∈ mult r" apply (induct_tac n, auto) apply (frule size_eq_Suc_imp_eq_union, clarify) apply (rename_tac "J'", simp) apply (erule notE, auto) apply (case_tac "J' = {#}") apply (simp add: mult_def) apply (rule r_into_trancl) apply (simp add: mult1_def set_of_def, blast) txt {* Now we know @{term "J' ≠ {#}"}. *} apply (cut_tac M = K and P = "λx. (x, a) ∈ r" in multiset_partition) apply (erule_tac P = "∀k ∈ set_of K. ?P k" in rev_mp) apply (erule ssubst) apply (simp add: Ball_def, auto) apply (subgoal_tac "((I + {# x : K. (x, a) ∈ r #}) + {# x : K. (x, a) ∉ r #}, (I + {# x : K. (x, a) ∈ r #}) + J') ∈ mult r") prefer 2 apply force apply (simp (no_asm_use) add: union_assoc [symmetric] mult_def) apply (erule trancl_trans) apply (rule r_into_trancl) apply (simp add: mult1_def set_of_def) apply (rule_tac x = a in exI) apply (rule_tac x = "I + J'" in exI) apply (simp add: union_ac) done lemma one_step_implies_mult: "trans r ==> J ≠ {#} ==> ∀k ∈ set_of K. ∃j ∈ set_of J. (k, j) ∈ r ==> (I + K, I + J) ∈ mult r" apply (insert one_step_implies_mult_aux, blast) done subsubsection {* Partial-order properties *} instance multiset :: (type) ord .. defs (overloaded) less_multiset_def: "M' < M == (M', M) ∈ mult {(x', x). x' < x}" le_multiset_def: "M' <= M == M' = M ∨ M' < (M::'a multiset)" lemma trans_base_order: "trans {(x', x). x' < (x::'a::order)}" apply (unfold trans_def) apply (blast intro: order_less_trans) done text {* \medskip Irreflexivity. *} lemma mult_irrefl_aux: "finite A ==> (∀x ∈ A. ∃y ∈ A. x < (y::'a::order)) --> A = {}" apply (erule finite_induct) apply (auto intro: order_less_trans) done lemma mult_less_not_refl: "¬ M < (M::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold less_multiset_def, auto) apply (drule trans_base_order [THEN mult_implies_one_step], auto) apply (drule finite_set_of [THEN mult_irrefl_aux [rule_format (no_asm)]]) apply (simp add: set_of_eq_empty_iff) done lemma mult_less_irrefl [elim!]: "M < (M::'a::order multiset) ==> R" by (insert mult_less_not_refl, fast) text {* Transitivity. *} theorem mult_less_trans: "K < M ==> M < N ==> K < (N::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold less_multiset_def mult_def) apply (blast intro: trancl_trans) done text {* Asymmetry. *} theorem mult_less_not_sym: "M < N ==> ¬ N < (M::'a::order multiset)" apply auto apply (rule mult_less_not_refl [THEN notE]) apply (erule mult_less_trans, assumption) done theorem mult_less_asym: "M < N ==> (¬ P ==> N < (M::'a::order multiset)) ==> P" by (insert mult_less_not_sym, blast) theorem mult_le_refl [iff]: "M <= (M::'a::order multiset)" by (unfold le_multiset_def, auto) text {* Anti-symmetry. *} theorem mult_le_antisym: "M <= N ==> N <= M ==> M = (N::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold le_multiset_def) apply (blast dest: mult_less_not_sym) done text {* Transitivity. *} theorem mult_le_trans: "K <= M ==> M <= N ==> K <= (N::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold le_multiset_def) apply (blast intro: mult_less_trans) done theorem mult_less_le: "(M < N) = (M <= N ∧ M ≠ (N::'a::order multiset))" by (unfold le_multiset_def, auto) text {* Partial order. *} instance multiset :: (order) order apply intro_classes apply (rule mult_le_refl) apply (erule mult_le_trans, assumption) apply (erule mult_le_antisym, assumption) apply (rule mult_less_le) done subsubsection {* Monotonicity of multiset union *} lemma mult1_union: "(B, D) ∈ mult1 r ==> trans r ==> (C + B, C + D) ∈ mult1 r" apply (unfold mult1_def, auto) apply (rule_tac x = a in exI) apply (rule_tac x = "C + M0" in exI) apply (simp add: union_assoc) done lemma union_less_mono2: "B < D ==> C + B < C + (D::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold less_multiset_def mult_def) apply (erule trancl_induct) apply (blast intro: mult1_union transI order_less_trans r_into_trancl) apply (blast intro: mult1_union transI order_less_trans r_into_trancl trancl_trans) done lemma union_less_mono1: "B < D ==> B + C < D + (C::'a::order multiset)" apply (subst union_commute [of B C]) apply (subst union_commute [of D C]) apply (erule union_less_mono2) done lemma union_less_mono: "A < C ==> B < D ==> A + B < C + (D::'a::order multiset)" apply (blast intro!: union_less_mono1 union_less_mono2 mult_less_trans) done lemma union_le_mono: "A <= C ==> B <= D ==> A + B <= C + (D::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold le_multiset_def) apply (blast intro: union_less_mono union_less_mono1 union_less_mono2) done lemma empty_leI [iff]: "{#} <= (M::'a::order multiset)" apply (unfold le_multiset_def less_multiset_def) apply (case_tac "M = {#}") prefer 2 apply (subgoal_tac "({#} + {#}, {#} + M) ∈ mult (Collect (split op <))") prefer 2 apply (rule one_step_implies_mult) apply (simp only: trans_def, auto) done lemma union_upper1: "A <= A + (B::'a::order multiset)" proof - have "A + {#} <= A + B" by (blast intro: union_le_mono) thus ?thesis by simp qed lemma union_upper2: "B <= A + (B::'a::order multiset)" by (subst union_commute, rule union_upper1) subsection {* Link with lists *} consts multiset_of :: "'a list => 'a multiset" primrec "multiset_of [] = {#}" "multiset_of (a # x) = multiset_of x + {# a #}" lemma multiset_of_zero_iff[simp]: "(multiset_of x = {#}) = (x = [])" by (induct_tac x, auto) lemma multiset_of_zero_iff_right[simp]: "({#} = multiset_of x) = (x = [])" by (induct_tac x, auto) lemma set_of_multiset_of[simp]: "set_of(multiset_of x) = set x" by (induct_tac x, auto) lemma mem_set_multiset_eq: "x ∈ set xs = (x :# multiset_of xs)" by (induct xs) auto lemma multiset_of_append[simp]: "multiset_of (xs @ ys) = multiset_of xs + multiset_of ys" by (rule_tac x=ys in spec, induct_tac xs, auto simp: union_ac) lemma surj_multiset_of: "surj multiset_of" apply (unfold surj_def, rule allI) apply (rule_tac M=y in multiset_induct, auto) apply (rule_tac x = "x # xa" in exI, auto) done lemma set_count_greater_0: "set x = {a. 0 < count (multiset_of x) a}" by (induct_tac x, auto) lemma distinct_count_atmost_1: "distinct x = (! a. count (multiset_of x) a = (if a ∈ set x then 1 else 0))" apply ( induct_tac x, simp, rule iffI, simp_all) apply (rule conjI) apply (simp_all add: set_of_multiset_of [THEN sym] del: set_of_multiset_of) apply (erule_tac x=a in allE, simp, clarify) apply (erule_tac x=aa in allE, simp) done lemma multiset_of_eq_setD: "multiset_of xs = multiset_of ys ==> set xs = set ys" by (rule) (auto simp add:multiset_eq_conv_count_eq set_count_greater_0) lemma set_eq_iff_multiset_of_eq_distinct: "[|distinct x; distinct y|] ==> (set x = set y) = (multiset_of x = multiset_of y)" by (auto simp: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq distinct_count_atmost_1) lemma set_eq_iff_multiset_of_remdups_eq: "(set x = set y) = (multiset_of (remdups x) = multiset_of (remdups y))" apply (rule iffI) apply (simp add: set_eq_iff_multiset_of_eq_distinct[THEN iffD1]) apply (drule distinct_remdups[THEN distinct_remdups [THEN set_eq_iff_multiset_of_eq_distinct[THEN iffD2]]]) apply simp done lemma multiset_of_compl_union[simp]: "multiset_of [x∈xs. P x] + multiset_of [x∈xs. ¬P x] = multiset_of xs" by (induct xs) (auto simp: union_ac) lemma count_filter: "count (multiset_of xs) x = length [y ∈ xs. y = x]" by (induct xs, auto) subsection {* Pointwise ordering induced by count *} consts mset_le :: "['a multiset, 'a multiset] => bool" syntax "_mset_le" :: "'a multiset => 'a multiset => bool" ("_ ≤# _" [50,51] 50) translations "x ≤# y" == "mset_le x y" defs mset_le_def: "xs ≤# ys == (∀a. count xs a ≤ count ys a)" lemma mset_le_refl[simp]: "xs ≤# xs" by (unfold mset_le_def) auto lemma mset_le_trans: "[| xs ≤# ys; ys ≤# zs |] ==> xs ≤# zs" by (unfold mset_le_def) (fast intro: order_trans) lemma mset_le_antisym: "[| xs≤# ys; ys ≤# xs|] ==> xs = ys" apply (unfold mset_le_def) apply (rule multiset_eq_conv_count_eq[THEN iffD2]) apply (blast intro: order_antisym) done lemma mset_le_exists_conv: "(xs ≤# ys) = (∃zs. ys = xs + zs)" apply (unfold mset_le_def, rule iffI, rule_tac x = "ys - xs" in exI) apply (auto intro: multiset_eq_conv_count_eq [THEN iffD2]) done lemma mset_le_mono_add_right_cancel[simp]: "(xs + zs ≤# ys + zs) = (xs ≤# ys)" by (unfold mset_le_def) auto lemma mset_le_mono_add_left_cancel[simp]: "(zs + xs ≤# zs + ys) = (xs ≤# ys)" by (unfold mset_le_def) auto lemma mset_le_mono_add: "[| xs ≤# ys; vs ≤# ws |] ==> xs + vs ≤# ys + ws" apply (unfold mset_le_def) apply auto apply (erule_tac x=a in allE)+ apply auto done lemma mset_le_add_left[simp]: "xs ≤# xs + ys" by (unfold mset_le_def) auto lemma mset_le_add_right[simp]: "ys ≤# xs + ys" by (unfold mset_le_def) auto lemma multiset_of_remdups_le: "multiset_of (remdups x) ≤# multiset_of x" apply (induct x) apply auto apply (rule mset_le_trans) apply auto done end
lemmas multiset_typedef:
y ∈ multiset ==> Rep_multiset (Abs_multiset y) = y
Abs_multiset (Rep_multiset x) = x
Rep_multiset x ∈ multiset
and
(x1 = y1) = (Rep_multiset x1 = Rep_multiset y1)
lemmas multiset_typedef:
y ∈ multiset ==> Rep_multiset (Abs_multiset y) = y
Abs_multiset (Rep_multiset x) = x
Rep_multiset x ∈ multiset
and
(x1 = y1) = (Rep_multiset x1 = Rep_multiset y1)
lemma const0_in_multiset:
(%a. 0) ∈ multiset
lemma only1_in_multiset:
(%b. if b = a then 1 else 0) ∈ multiset
lemma union_preserves_multiset:
[| M ∈ multiset; N ∈ multiset |] ==> (%a. M a + N a) ∈ multiset
lemma diff_preserves_multiset:
M ∈ multiset ==> (%a. M a - N a) ∈ multiset
lemma union_empty:
M + {#} = M ∧ {#} + M = M
lemma union_commute:
M + N = N + M
lemma union_assoc:
M + N + K = M + (N + K)
lemma union_lcomm:
M + (N + K) = N + (M + K)
lemmas union_ac:
M + N + K = M + (N + K)
M + N = N + M
M + (N + K) = N + (M + K)
lemmas union_ac:
M + N + K = M + (N + K)
M + N = N + M
M + (N + K) = N + (M + K)
lemma diff_empty:
M - {#} = M ∧ {#} - M = {#}
lemma diff_union_inverse2:
M + {#a#} - {#a#} = M
lemma count_empty:
count {#} a = 0
lemma count_single:
count {#b#} a = (if b = a then 1 else 0)
lemma count_union:
count (M + N) a = count M a + count N a
lemma count_diff:
count (M - N) a = count M a - count N a
lemma set_of_empty:
set_of {#} = {}
lemma set_of_single:
set_of {#b#} = {b}
lemma set_of_union:
set_of (M + N) = set_of M ∪ set_of N
lemma set_of_eq_empty_iff:
(set_of M = {}) = (M = {#})
lemma mem_set_of_iff:
(x ∈ set_of M) = (x :# M)
lemma size_empty:
size {#} = 0
lemma size_single:
size {#b#} = 1
lemma finite_set_of:
finite (set_of M)
lemma setsum_count_Int:
finite A ==> setsum (count N) (A ∩ set_of N) = setsum (count N) A
lemma size_union:
size (M + N) = size M + size N
lemma size_eq_0_iff_empty:
(size M = 0) = (M = {#})
lemma size_eq_Suc_imp_elem:
size M = Suc n ==> ∃a. a :# M
lemma multiset_eq_conv_count_eq:
(M = N) = (∀a. count M a = count N a)
lemma single_not_empty:
{#a#} ≠ {#} ∧ {#} ≠ {#a#}
lemma single_eq_single:
({#a#} = {#b#}) = (a = b)
lemma union_eq_empty:
(M + N = {#}) = (M = {#} ∧ N = {#})
lemma empty_eq_union:
({#} = M + N) = (M = {#} ∧ N = {#})
lemma union_right_cancel:
(M + K = N + K) = (M = N)
lemma union_left_cancel:
(K + M = K + N) = (M = N)
lemma union_is_single:
(M + N = {#a#}) = (M = {#a#} ∧ N = {#} ∨ M = {#} ∧ N = {#a#})
lemma single_is_union:
({#a#} = M + N) = ({#a#} = M ∧ N = {#} ∨ M = {#} ∧ {#a#} = N)
lemma add_eq_conv_diff:
(M + {#a#} = N + {#b#}) = (M = N ∧ a = b ∨ M = N - {#a#} + {#b#} ∧ N = M - {#b#} + {#a#})
lemma multiset_inter_count:
count (A #∩ B) x = min (count A x) (count B x)
lemma multiset_inter_commute:
A #∩ B = B #∩ A
lemma multiset_inter_assoc:
A #∩ (B #∩ C) = A #∩ B #∩ C
lemma multiset_inter_left_commute:
A #∩ (B #∩ C) = B #∩ (A #∩ C)
lemmas multiset_inter_ac:
A #∩ B = B #∩ A
A #∩ (B #∩ C) = A #∩ B #∩ C
A #∩ (B #∩ C) = B #∩ (A #∩ C)
lemmas multiset_inter_ac:
A #∩ B = B #∩ A
A #∩ (B #∩ C) = A #∩ B #∩ C
A #∩ (B #∩ C) = B #∩ (A #∩ C)
lemma multiset_union_diff_commute:
B #∩ C = {#} ==> A + B - C = A - C + B
lemma setsum_decr:
[| finite F; 0 < f a |] ==> setsum (f(a := f a - 1)) F = (if a ∈ F then setsum f F - 1 else setsum f F)
lemma rep_multiset_induct_aux:
[| P (%a. 0); !!f b. [| f ∈ multiset; P f |] ==> P (f(b := f b + 1)) |] ==> ∀f. f ∈ multiset --> setsum f {x. 0 < f x} = n --> P f
theorem rep_multiset_induct:
[| f ∈ multiset; P (%a. 0); !!f b. [| f ∈ multiset; P f |] ==> P (f(b := f b + 1)) |] ==> P f
theorem multiset_induct:
[| P {#}; !!M x. P M ==> P (M + {#x#}) |] ==> P M
lemma MCollect_preserves_multiset:
M ∈ multiset ==> (%x. if P x then M x else 0) ∈ multiset
lemma count_MCollect:
count (MCollect M P) a = (if P a then count M a else 0)
lemma set_of_MCollect:
set_of (MCollect M P) = set_of M ∩ {x. P x}
lemma multiset_partition:
M = MCollect M P + {# x : M. ¬ P x#}
lemma add_eq_conv_ex:
(M + {#a#} = N + {#b#}) = (M = N ∧ a = b ∨ (∃K. M = K + {#b#} ∧ N = K + {#a#}))
lemma not_less_empty:
(M, {#}) ∉ mult1 r
lemma less_add:
(N, M0.0 + {#a#}) ∈ mult1 r ==> (∃M. (M, M0.0) ∈ mult1 r ∧ N = M + {#a#}) ∨ (∃K. (∀b. b :# K --> (b, a) ∈ r) ∧ N = M0.0 + K)
lemma all_accessible:
wf r ==> ∀M. M ∈ acc (mult1 r)
theorem wf_mult1:
wf r ==> wf (mult1 r)
theorem wf_mult:
wf r ==> wf (mult r)
lemma diff_union_single_conv:
a :# J ==> I + J - {#a#} = I + (J - {#a#})
lemma mult_implies_one_step:
[| trans r; (M, N) ∈ mult r |] ==> ∃I J K. N = I + J ∧ M = I + K ∧ J ≠ {#} ∧ (∀k∈set_of K. ∃j∈set_of J. (k, j) ∈ r)
lemma elem_imp_eq_diff_union:
a :# M ==> M = M - {#a#} + {#a#}
lemma size_eq_Suc_imp_eq_union:
size M = Suc n ==> ∃a N. M = N + {#a#}
lemma one_step_implies_mult_aux:
trans r ==> ∀I J K. size J = n ∧ J ≠ {#} ∧ (∀k∈set_of K. ∃j∈set_of J. (k, j) ∈ r) --> (I + K, I + J) ∈ mult r
lemma one_step_implies_mult:
[| trans r; J ≠ {#}; ∀k∈set_of K. ∃j∈set_of J. (k, j) ∈ r |] ==> (I + K, I + J) ∈ mult r
lemma trans_base_order:
trans {(x', x). x' < x}
lemma mult_irrefl_aux:
finite A ==> (∀x∈A. ∃y∈A. x < y) --> A = {}
lemma mult_less_not_refl:
¬ M < M
lemma mult_less_irrefl:
M < M ==> R
theorem mult_less_trans:
[| K < M; M < N |] ==> K < N
theorem mult_less_not_sym:
M < N ==> ¬ N < M
theorem mult_less_asym:
[| M < N; ¬ P ==> N < M |] ==> P
theorem mult_le_refl:
M ≤ M
theorem mult_le_antisym:
[| M ≤ N; N ≤ M |] ==> M = N
theorem mult_le_trans:
[| K ≤ M; M ≤ N |] ==> K ≤ N
theorem mult_less_le:
(M < N) = (M ≤ N ∧ M ≠ N)
lemma mult1_union:
[| (B, D) ∈ mult1 r; trans r |] ==> (C + B, C + D) ∈ mult1 r
lemma union_less_mono2:
B < D ==> C + B < C + D
lemma union_less_mono1:
B < D ==> B + C < D + C
lemma union_less_mono:
[| A < C; B < D |] ==> A + B < C + D
lemma union_le_mono:
[| A ≤ C; B ≤ D |] ==> A + B ≤ C + D
lemma empty_leI:
{#} ≤ M
lemma union_upper1:
A ≤ A + B
lemma union_upper2:
B ≤ A + B
lemma multiset_of_zero_iff:
(multiset_of x = {#}) = (x = [])
lemma multiset_of_zero_iff_right:
({#} = multiset_of x) = (x = [])
lemma set_of_multiset_of:
set_of (multiset_of x) = set x
lemma mem_set_multiset_eq:
(x ∈ set xs) = (x :# multiset_of xs)
lemma multiset_of_append:
multiset_of (xs @ ys) = multiset_of xs + multiset_of ys
lemma surj_multiset_of:
surj multiset_of
lemma set_count_greater_0:
set x = {a. a :# multiset_of x}
lemma distinct_count_atmost_1:
distinct x = (∀a. count (multiset_of x) a = (if a ∈ set x then 1 else 0))
lemma multiset_of_eq_setD:
multiset_of xs = multiset_of ys ==> set xs = set ys
lemma set_eq_iff_multiset_of_eq_distinct:
[| distinct x; distinct y |] ==> (set x = set y) = (multiset_of x = multiset_of y)
lemma set_eq_iff_multiset_of_remdups_eq:
(set x = set y) = (multiset_of (remdups x) = multiset_of (remdups y))
lemma multiset_of_compl_union:
multiset_of (filter P xs) + multiset_of [x∈xs . ¬ P x] = multiset_of xs
lemma count_filter:
count (multiset_of xs) x = length [y∈xs . y = x]
lemma mset_le_refl:
xs ≤# xs
lemma mset_le_trans:
[| xs ≤# ys; ys ≤# zs |] ==> xs ≤# zs
lemma mset_le_antisym:
[| xs ≤# ys; ys ≤# xs |] ==> xs = ys
lemma mset_le_exists_conv:
(xs ≤# ys) = (∃zs. ys = xs + zs)
lemma mset_le_mono_add_right_cancel:
(xs + zs ≤# ys + zs) = (xs ≤# ys)
lemma mset_le_mono_add_left_cancel:
(zs + xs ≤# zs + ys) = (xs ≤# ys)
lemma mset_le_mono_add:
[| xs ≤# ys; vs ≤# ws |] ==> xs + vs ≤# ys + ws
lemma mset_le_add_left:
xs ≤# xs + ys
lemma mset_le_add_right:
ys ≤# xs + ys
lemma multiset_of_remdups_le:
multiset_of (remdups x) ≤# multiset_of x