Wikipedia zh_min_nanwiki https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2u-ia%CC%8Dh MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Mûi-thé Tek-pia̍t Thó-lūn Iōng-chiá Iōng-chiá thó-lūn Wikipedia Wikipedia thó-lūn tóng-àn tóng-àn thó-lūn MediaWiki MediaWiki thó-lūn Pang-bô͘ Pang-bô͘ thó-lūn Pang-chān Pang-chān thó-lūn Lūi-pia̍t Lūi-pia̍t thó-lūn Portal Portal talk TimedText TimedText talk 模組 模組討論 Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 0 27180 3136889 3092232 2022-08-25T09:50:12Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] ckaqiqwl9mwluuh5fgy1p95gqbdu8bp 3136891 3136889 2022-08-25T09:52:54Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} {{sister project links}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{in lang|en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{in lang|en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{in lang|ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{in lang|ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{in lang|en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] 5l44t4uqpvcmmrlq2vskeup5xwm3rcw 3136892 3136891 2022-08-25T09:53:09Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{in lang|en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{in lang|en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{in lang|en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{in lang|ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{in lang|ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{in lang|en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] 8goprmhs9cx133b4jovathw1g1uhdqp 3136893 3136892 2022-08-25T09:53:42Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{in lang|en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] sweo00zagfcf5fd7hvge0swvwwfnzj3 3136894 3136893 2022-08-25T09:54:09Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] chfard78tofvyl3l694nlme62zljnmt 3136895 3136894 2022-08-25T09:55:04Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} {{div col|2}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{div col end}} {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] 56i5p2tv2uclbfemwd7rd5hx1pdb1iq 3136910 3136895 2022-08-25T10:09:15Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Lē-bûn== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kilik guân-bûn<ref>Beginning of the [[Nart sagas]] in Dzhanayev's 1946 collection</ref> !Kilil guân-bûn (Sjögren alphabet 1844) !La-ting-huà !Huan-i̍k |- |Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хистӕр Уӕрхӕг уыдис. |Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хістӕр Уӕрхӕг уѵдіс. |Nartæn uæd sæ xistær Uærxæg uydis. |At that time, the most senior of the Narts was Uærxæg. |- |Уӕрхӕгӕн райгуырдис дыууӕ лӕппуйы, фаззӕттӕ. |Уӕрхӕгӕн рајгуѵрдіс дѵууӕ лӕппујѵ, фаззӕттӕ. |Uærxægæn rajguyrdis dyuuæ læppujy, fazzættæ. |Two boys were born to Uærxæg, twins. |- |Иу дзы райгуырдис фыццаг кӕркуасӕны, иннӕ та райгуырдис дыккаг кӕркуасӕны, Бонвӕрноны скастмӕ. |Іу ꚉѵ рајгуѵрдіс фѵццаг кӕркуасӕнѵ, іннӕ та рајгуѵрдіс дѵккаг кӕркуасӕнѵ, Бонвӕрнонѵ скастмӕ. |Iu dzy rajguyrdis fyccag kærkuasæny, innæ ta rajguyrdis dykkag kærkuasæny, Bonværnony skastmæ. |One of them was born at the first crowing of the rooster, and the other was born at the second crowing of the rooster, before the rising of Bonværnon (the Morning Star). |- |Рухс хуры тынтӕ ныккастис Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базыдта, хъӕбул куыд адджын у, уый. |Рухс хурѵ тѵнтӕ нѵккастіс Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базѵдта, ԛӕбул куѵд адԫѵн у, уѵј. |Ruxs xury tyntæ nykkastis Uarxægmæ, bazydta, qæbul kuyd addžyn u, uyj. |The bright rays of the sun glanced down at Uærxæg – he knew how dear the child was to him. |- |Уӕрхӕг йӕ лӕппуты райгуырды боны фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куывд сырды фыдӕй. |Уӕрхӕг јӕ лӕппутѵ рајгуѵрдѵ бонѵ фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куѵвд сѵрдѵ фѵдӕј. |Uærxæg jæ læpputy rajguyrdy bony farnæn skodta nærton kuyvd syrdy fydæj. |To (bring) good fortune for the day of his boys' birth, Uærxæg made a Nartic feast of game meat. |- |Ӕрхуыдта уӕларвӕй Куырдалӕгоны, фурдӕй – Донбеттыры, Нартӕй та – Борӕйы ӕмӕ ӕндӕрты. |Ӕрхуѵдта уӕларвӕј Куѵрдалӕгонѵ, фурдӕј – Донбеттѵрѵ, Нартӕј та – Борӕјѵ ӕмӕ ӕндӕртѵ. |Ærxuydta uælarvæj Kuyrdalægony, furdæj – Donbettyry, Nartæj ta – Boræjy æmæ ændærty. |From the sky he invited [[Kurdalægon|Kuyrdalægon]] (the smith god), from the sea – [[Donbettyr]] (the sea god), and of the Narts – Boræ and others. |- |Уӕрхӕджы уарзон лӕппутыл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куырдалӕгон: хистӕрыл – Ахсар, кӕстӕрыл – Ахсӕртӕг. |Уӕрхӕԫѵ уарзон лӕппутѵл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куѵрдалӕгон: хістӕрѵл – Ахсар, кӕстӕрѵл – Ахсӕртӕг. |Uærxædžy uarzon læpputyl buc næmttæ sæværdta uælarv Kuyrdalægon: xistæryl – Axsar, kæstæryl – Axsærtæg. |Celestial Kuyrdalægon bestowed special names on Uærxæg's beloved boys: on the elder one – Axsar, and on the younger one – Axsærtæg. |- |Номӕвӕрӕджы лӕварӕн Куырдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвдз йӕ куырдадзы фӕтыгӕй, болат ӕндонӕй арӕзт. |Номӕвӕрӕԫѵ лӕварӕн Куѵрдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвꚉ јӕ куѵрдаꚉѵ фӕтѵгӕј, болат ӕндонӕј арӕзт. |Nomæværædžy lævaræn Kuyrdalægon radta Uærxægæn udævdz jæ kuyrdadzy fætygæj, bolat ændonæj aræzt. |As a godfather's ('name-giver's') present, Kuyrdalægon gave Uærxæg a magic flute (''udævdz'') made of ''fætyg'', the [[bulat]] steel of his forge. |- |Удӕвдзы Нарт сӕвӕрдтой сӕ фынгыл, ӕмӕ сын кодта диссаджы зарӕг уадындз хъӕлӕсӕй: |Удӕвꚉѵ Нарт сӕвӕрдтој сӕ фѵнгѵл, ӕмӕ сѵн кодта діссаԫѵ зарӕг уадѵнꚉ qӕлӕсӕј: |Udævdzy Nart sæværdtoj sæ fyngyl, æmæ syn kodta dissadžy zaræg uadyndz qælæsæj: |The Narts put the magic flute on their table, and it sang to them a marvellous song with the voice of a flute: |- |«Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй Хуыцауы хӕларӕй, Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй – ронджы нуазӕн!» |«Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј Хуѵцауѵ хӕларӕј, Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј – ронԫѵ нуазӕн!» |«Ajs æj, anaz æj Xuycauy xælaræj, Ajs æj, anaz æj – rondžy nuazæn!» |'Take it, drink it to Xuycau's (the supreme deity's) health, take it, drink it – the cup of ''rong'' (magical drink)!' |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} {{div col|2}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{div col end}} {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] odrsr44m8a0sivj12xg51elh57d1zja 3136911 3136910 2022-08-25T10:09:56Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Lē-bûn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Lē-bûn== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kilik guân-bûn<ref>Beginning of the [[Nart sagas]] in Dzhanayev's 1946 collection</ref> !Kilil guân-bûn<br>(Sjögren jī-bó 1844) !La-ting-huà !Huan-i̍k |- |Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хистӕр Уӕрхӕг уыдис. |Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хістӕр Уӕрхӕг уѵдіс. |Nartæn uæd sæ xistær Uærxæg uydis. |At that time, the most senior of the Narts was Uærxæg. |- |Уӕрхӕгӕн райгуырдис дыууӕ лӕппуйы, фаззӕттӕ. |Уӕрхӕгӕн рајгуѵрдіс дѵууӕ лӕппујѵ, фаззӕттӕ. |Uærxægæn rajguyrdis dyuuæ læppujy, fazzættæ. |Two boys were born to Uærxæg, twins. |- |Иу дзы райгуырдис фыццаг кӕркуасӕны, иннӕ та райгуырдис дыккаг кӕркуасӕны, Бонвӕрноны скастмӕ. |Іу ꚉѵ рајгуѵрдіс фѵццаг кӕркуасӕнѵ, іннӕ та рајгуѵрдіс дѵккаг кӕркуасӕнѵ, Бонвӕрнонѵ скастмӕ. |Iu dzy rajguyrdis fyccag kærkuasæny, innæ ta rajguyrdis dykkag kærkuasæny, Bonværnony skastmæ. |One of them was born at the first crowing of the rooster, and the other was born at the second crowing of the rooster, before the rising of Bonværnon (the Morning Star). |- |Рухс хуры тынтӕ ныккастис Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базыдта, хъӕбул куыд адджын у, уый. |Рухс хурѵ тѵнтӕ нѵккастіс Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базѵдта, ԛӕбул куѵд адԫѵн у, уѵј. |Ruxs xury tyntæ nykkastis Uarxægmæ, bazydta, qæbul kuyd addžyn u, uyj. |The bright rays of the sun glanced down at Uærxæg – he knew how dear the child was to him. |- |Уӕрхӕг йӕ лӕппуты райгуырды боны фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куывд сырды фыдӕй. |Уӕрхӕг јӕ лӕппутѵ рајгуѵрдѵ бонѵ фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куѵвд сѵрдѵ фѵдӕј. |Uærxæg jæ læpputy rajguyrdy bony farnæn skodta nærton kuyvd syrdy fydæj. |To (bring) good fortune for the day of his boys' birth, Uærxæg made a Nartic feast of game meat. |- |Ӕрхуыдта уӕларвӕй Куырдалӕгоны, фурдӕй – Донбеттыры, Нартӕй та – Борӕйы ӕмӕ ӕндӕрты. |Ӕрхуѵдта уӕларвӕј Куѵрдалӕгонѵ, фурдӕј – Донбеттѵрѵ, Нартӕј та – Борӕјѵ ӕмӕ ӕндӕртѵ. |Ærxuydta uælarvæj Kuyrdalægony, furdæj – Donbettyry, Nartæj ta – Boræjy æmæ ændærty. |From the sky he invited [[Kurdalægon|Kuyrdalægon]] (the smith god), from the sea – [[Donbettyr]] (the sea god), and of the Narts – Boræ and others. |- |Уӕрхӕджы уарзон лӕппутыл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куырдалӕгон: хистӕрыл – Ахсар, кӕстӕрыл – Ахсӕртӕг. |Уӕрхӕԫѵ уарзон лӕппутѵл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куѵрдалӕгон: хістӕрѵл – Ахсар, кӕстӕрѵл – Ахсӕртӕг. |Uærxædžy uarzon læpputyl buc næmttæ sæværdta uælarv Kuyrdalægon: xistæryl – Axsar, kæstæryl – Axsærtæg. |Celestial Kuyrdalægon bestowed special names on Uærxæg's beloved boys: on the elder one – Axsar, and on the younger one – Axsærtæg. |- |Номӕвӕрӕджы лӕварӕн Куырдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвдз йӕ куырдадзы фӕтыгӕй, болат ӕндонӕй арӕзт. |Номӕвӕрӕԫѵ лӕварӕн Куѵрдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвꚉ јӕ куѵрдаꚉѵ фӕтѵгӕј, болат ӕндонӕј арӕзт. |Nomæværædžy lævaræn Kuyrdalægon radta Uærxægæn udævdz jæ kuyrdadzy fætygæj, bolat ændonæj aræzt. |As a godfather's ('name-giver's') present, Kuyrdalægon gave Uærxæg a magic flute (''udævdz'') made of ''fætyg'', the [[bulat]] steel of his forge. |- |Удӕвдзы Нарт сӕвӕрдтой сӕ фынгыл, ӕмӕ сын кодта диссаджы зарӕг уадындз хъӕлӕсӕй: |Удӕвꚉѵ Нарт сӕвӕрдтој сӕ фѵнгѵл, ӕмӕ сѵн кодта діссаԫѵ зарӕг уадѵнꚉ qӕлӕсӕј: |Udævdzy Nart sæværdtoj sæ fyngyl, æmæ syn kodta dissadžy zaræg uadyndz qælæsæj: |The Narts put the magic flute on their table, and it sang to them a marvellous song with the voice of a flute: |- |«Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй Хуыцауы хӕларӕй, Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй – ронджы нуазӕн!» |«Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј Хуѵцауѵ хӕларӕј, Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј – ронԫѵ нуазӕн!» |«Ajs æj, anaz æj Xuycauy xælaræj, Ajs æj, anaz æj – rondžy nuazæn!» |'Take it, drink it to Xuycau's (the supreme deity's) health, take it, drink it – the cup of ''rong'' (magical drink)!' |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} {{div col|2}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{div col end}} {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] hixjnfkswzya0syyvrt01kedt8nsbrj 3136912 3136911 2022-08-25T10:10:12Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Lē-bûn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Ossetia-gú | nativename = {{lang|os|ирон ӕвзаг}} (''irōn ævzag'')<br/>{{lang|os|дигорон ӕвзаг}} (''digōrōn ævzag'') | pronunciation = {{IPA-os|iˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}}<br/>{{IPA-os|digoˈɾon ɐvˈzaɡ|}} | states = [[Ossetia]] | region = [[Caucasus]] | ethnicity = [[Ossetians]] | speakers = 597,450 | date = 2010 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Eastern Iranian languages|Eastern]] | fam5 = [[Scythian languages|Scythian]] | dia1 = [[Digor Ossetian|Digor]] | dia2 = [[Iron Ossetian|Iron]] | dia3 = [[Jassic dialect|Jassic]] (extinct) | script = {{plainlist| *[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (Ossetian alphabet) *[[Georgian scripts|Georgian]] ({{circa|1938–1954}}) *[[Latin script|Latin]] (1923–1937)}} | nation = {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Russia}}}} | {{flag|North Ossetia–Alania}} }} {{Collapsible list | title = {{nobold|{{flag|Georgia}}}} | {{flagdeco|South Ossetia}} [[Provisional Administration of South Ossetia]] }} ---- ''Partially recognized states'':<br/>{{flag|South Ossetia}} | iso1 = os | iso2 = oss | iso3 = oss | lingua = 58-ABB-a | map = Oseta latina skribo.jpg | mapcaption = Latin-script Ossetian text from a book published in 1935; part of an alphabetic list of proverbs. | notice = IPA | glotto = osse1243 | glottorefname = Modern Ossetic }} [[File:Caucasus-ethnic en.svg|thumb|right|290px|Ethnolinguistic groups in the Caucasus region. Ossetian-speaking regions are shaded gold.]] '''Ossetia-gí''' (Ossetia-gí: '''Ирон ӕвзаг''', ah-sī '''Иронау''') sio̍k-î [[Ìn-tō͘]]-[[I-lang]] gí-cho̍k [[I-lang]] gí-chi, sī chi̍t-chióng thong-hêng tī [[Gô-lô-su]] kah [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] pian-kài, [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ê chi̍t-chióng [[gí-giân]]. Bo̍k-chêng sái-ēng jîn-kháu tāi-iok ū gō͘-cha̍p-bān, kî-tiong 60% ki-chū tī [[Gô-lô-su]] ê [[Pak Ossetia]], 15% ki-chū tī [[Sakartvelo|Khiâu-tī-a]] ê [[Lâm Ossetia]]. Ossetia-gí kah Tati [[Pho-su-gí]] kah Talyshi long-sī I-lang gí-chi ê chú-iàu [[gí-giân]], I tī [[Ko-ka-soh San-khu]] ū siang-tòng sò͘-liōng ê sái-ēng jîn-kháu. Siong-thôan Ossetia-gí ê khí-gôan î [[Sarmatia-gí]]. == Jī-bó == Ossetia-gí chóng-kiōng ū saⁿ-cha̍p-gō͘ ê [[im-soh]]: jī-cha̍p-la̍k ê [[hú-im]], chhit-ê bó-im kah nn̄g-ê siang-bó-im. Kó͘-tāi, Ossetia-gí chan-keng chhái-iōng [[Hi-lia̍p]] jī-bó peng-siá, hiān-tāi chek sái-ēng chi̍t-thò kái-liông kòe ê [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]]. Put-kò Ossetia-gí chiông [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] to̍k-li̍p kàu Stalin tī [[So͘-liân]] chip-chèng chit-tōaⁿ sî-kan lāi chhái-iōng [[Thó͘-nī-kî-gí]] jī-bó lâi su-siá. Ossetia-gí [[Kyril jī|Kyril jī-bó]] ê te̍k-tiám sī jī-bó ê hun-kang pí [[Thó͘-nī-kî]] jī-bó kèng-ka cheng-sè. Kî-tiong siông-iōng ê bó-im jī-bó "ӕ" kèng-sī Ossetia-gí só͘ to̍k-ū. == Kyril jī-bó (chiông 1937-nî khai-sí) == {| style="margin:0.2em auto;padding:0;border:1px solid #ced8df;clear:{{{clear|both}}};width:{{{width|36em}}};" ! colspan="30" style="background:#efefef;"|Ossetia-gí jī-bó |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[А]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[а]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ӕ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ӕ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Б]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[б]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[В]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[в]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Г]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[г]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Гъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[гъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Д]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[д]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дж]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дж]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Дз]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[дз]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Е]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[е]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ё]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ё]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ж]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ж]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[З]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[з]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[И]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[и]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Й]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[й]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[К]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[к]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Къ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[къ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Л]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[л]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[М]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[м]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Н]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[н]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[О]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[о]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[П]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[п]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Пъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[пъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Р]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[р]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[С]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[с]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Т]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[т]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Тъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[тъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[У]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[у]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ф]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ф]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Х]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[х]] |- lang="os" |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Хъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[хъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ц]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ц]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Цъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[цъ]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ч]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ч]] |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Чъ]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[чъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ш]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ш]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Щ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[щ]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ъ]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ъ]]) |style="padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|[[Ы]] |style="padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ы]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ь]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ь]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Э]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[э]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Ю]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[ю]]) |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-left:0.15em;text-align:right;"|([[Я]] |style="background-color:#dee8ff;padding-right:0.15em;text-align:left;"|[[я]]) |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |&nbsp; |} ==Lē-bûn== {| class="wikitable" |+ !Kilik guân-bûn<ref>Beginning of the [[Nart sagas]] in Dzhanayev's 1946 collection</ref> !Kilil guân-bûn<br>(Sjögren jī-bó 1844) !Latin-huà !Huan-i̍k |- |Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хистӕр Уӕрхӕг уыдис. |Нартӕн уӕд сӕ хістӕр Уӕрхӕг уѵдіс. |Nartæn uæd sæ xistær Uærxæg uydis. |At that time, the most senior of the Narts was Uærxæg. |- |Уӕрхӕгӕн райгуырдис дыууӕ лӕппуйы, фаззӕттӕ. |Уӕрхӕгӕн рајгуѵрдіс дѵууӕ лӕппујѵ, фаззӕттӕ. |Uærxægæn rajguyrdis dyuuæ læppujy, fazzættæ. |Two boys were born to Uærxæg, twins. |- |Иу дзы райгуырдис фыццаг кӕркуасӕны, иннӕ та райгуырдис дыккаг кӕркуасӕны, Бонвӕрноны скастмӕ. |Іу ꚉѵ рајгуѵрдіс фѵццаг кӕркуасӕнѵ, іннӕ та рајгуѵрдіс дѵккаг кӕркуасӕнѵ, Бонвӕрнонѵ скастмӕ. |Iu dzy rajguyrdis fyccag kærkuasæny, innæ ta rajguyrdis dykkag kærkuasæny, Bonværnony skastmæ. |One of them was born at the first crowing of the rooster, and the other was born at the second crowing of the rooster, before the rising of Bonværnon (the Morning Star). |- |Рухс хуры тынтӕ ныккастис Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базыдта, хъӕбул куыд адджын у, уый. |Рухс хурѵ тѵнтӕ нѵккастіс Уӕрхӕгмӕ, базѵдта, ԛӕбул куѵд адԫѵн у, уѵј. |Ruxs xury tyntæ nykkastis Uarxægmæ, bazydta, qæbul kuyd addžyn u, uyj. |The bright rays of the sun glanced down at Uærxæg – he knew how dear the child was to him. |- |Уӕрхӕг йӕ лӕппуты райгуырды боны фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куывд сырды фыдӕй. |Уӕрхӕг јӕ лӕппутѵ рајгуѵрдѵ бонѵ фарнӕн скодта нӕртон куѵвд сѵрдѵ фѵдӕј. |Uærxæg jæ læpputy rajguyrdy bony farnæn skodta nærton kuyvd syrdy fydæj. |To (bring) good fortune for the day of his boys' birth, Uærxæg made a Nartic feast of game meat. |- |Ӕрхуыдта уӕларвӕй Куырдалӕгоны, фурдӕй – Донбеттыры, Нартӕй та – Борӕйы ӕмӕ ӕндӕрты. |Ӕрхуѵдта уӕларвӕј Куѵрдалӕгонѵ, фурдӕј – Донбеттѵрѵ, Нартӕј та – Борӕјѵ ӕмӕ ӕндӕртѵ. |Ærxuydta uælarvæj Kuyrdalægony, furdæj – Donbettyry, Nartæj ta – Boræjy æmæ ændærty. |From the sky he invited [[Kurdalægon|Kuyrdalægon]] (the smith god), from the sea – [[Donbettyr]] (the sea god), and of the Narts – Boræ and others. |- |Уӕрхӕджы уарзон лӕппутыл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куырдалӕгон: хистӕрыл – Ахсар, кӕстӕрыл – Ахсӕртӕг. |Уӕрхӕԫѵ уарзон лӕппутѵл буц нӕмттӕ сӕвӕрдта уӕларв Куѵрдалӕгон: хістӕрѵл – Ахсар, кӕстӕрѵл – Ахсӕртӕг. |Uærxædžy uarzon læpputyl buc næmttæ sæværdta uælarv Kuyrdalægon: xistæryl – Axsar, kæstæryl – Axsærtæg. |Celestial Kuyrdalægon bestowed special names on Uærxæg's beloved boys: on the elder one – Axsar, and on the younger one – Axsærtæg. |- |Номӕвӕрӕджы лӕварӕн Куырдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвдз йӕ куырдадзы фӕтыгӕй, болат ӕндонӕй арӕзт. |Номӕвӕрӕԫѵ лӕварӕн Куѵрдалӕгон радта Уӕрхӕгӕн удӕвꚉ јӕ куѵрдаꚉѵ фӕтѵгӕј, болат ӕндонӕј арӕзт. |Nomæværædžy lævaræn Kuyrdalægon radta Uærxægæn udævdz jæ kuyrdadzy fætygæj, bolat ændonæj aræzt. |As a godfather's ('name-giver's') present, Kuyrdalægon gave Uærxæg a magic flute (''udævdz'') made of ''fætyg'', the [[bulat]] steel of his forge. |- |Удӕвдзы Нарт сӕвӕрдтой сӕ фынгыл, ӕмӕ сын кодта диссаджы зарӕг уадындз хъӕлӕсӕй: |Удӕвꚉѵ Нарт сӕвӕрдтој сӕ фѵнгѵл, ӕмӕ сѵн кодта діссаԫѵ зарӕг уадѵнꚉ qӕлӕсӕј: |Udævdzy Nart sæværdtoj sæ fyngyl, æmæ syn kodta dissadžy zaræg uadyndz qælæsæj: |The Narts put the magic flute on their table, and it sang to them a marvellous song with the voice of a flute: |- |«Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй Хуыцауы хӕларӕй, Айс ӕй, аназ ӕй – ронджы нуазӕн!» |«Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј Хуѵцауѵ хӕларӕј, Ајс ӕј, аназ ӕј – ронԫѵ нуазӕн!» |«Ajs æj, anaz æj Xuycauy xælaræj, Ajs æj, anaz æj – rondžy nuazæn!» |'Take it, drink it to Xuycau's (the supreme deity's) health, take it, drink it – the cup of ''rong'' (magical drink)!' |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=os}} {{Wikivoyage|Ossetian phrasebook|Ossetian|a phrasebook}} {{div col|2}} * [http://ossetic-studies.org/en Web portal on documentation and grammatical studies of Ossetic] {{en}} ** [http://corpus.ossetic-studies.org/search/index.php?interface_language=en Ossetic National Corpus]{{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120112052627/http://www.eva.mpg.de/genetics/pdf/Nasidze.AnHG.2004.pdf Genetic Evidence Concerning the Origins of South and North Ossetians] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20140220100625/http://www.olc.pku.edu.cn/database/uploads/19/629/735e26bf2fa1816cbebb1f8c273e0a39.pdf An article on Ossetic grammar]{{en}} by [[Fridrik Thordarson]] * [http://www.peoples.org.ru/oset.html ''Ossetic language'' page] at the [http://www.peoples.org.ru/eng_index.html Minority languages of Russia on the Net] project {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/alfabeto.html History of the Ossetian writing system and a comprehensive table of characters] {{ru}} * [http://ironau.ru/english.html Ossetic language materials in English and partly French] * [http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en Laboratory of Field Linguistics: Ossetic (studies on Ossetic grammar, modern spoken texts in Ossetic)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716074704/http://pole.iphil.ru/ossetic/en |date=2011-07-16 }} {{en}} * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/ossetian.htm Omniglot – Ossetian (Ирон ӕвзаг / Дигорон ӕвзаг)] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\irn&limit=-1 Ossetic (Iron and Digor) basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] * [http://slovar.iriston.com/index.php Russian-Ossetic On-Line Dictionary] {{div col end}} {{Languages of Russia|state=collapsed}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] k37lzo7s7e65qd86ldn01ow2t027m7w 0 34073 3136703 1898498 2022-08-24T20:52:56Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ChowKL2.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Chiu Sing-tî]] '''Tsiu Sing-tî''' ({{lang|hk|周星馳}}; {{lang|en|Stephen Chow}}; {{bd|1962 nî|6 goe̍h 22 ji̍t||}}) sī [[Hiong-káng]] tsin tshut-miâ ê [[ián-oân| ián-uân]], [[tō-ián]], kah [[pian-kio̍k]]. I ê [[hí-kio̍k]] siōng-kài ū miâ-siaⁿ. == Tiān-iánn == {|class="wikitable" !style=""| Nî-tōo !style=""| Phìnn-miâ !style=""| Kak-sik !style=""| Phiò-pâng !style="width:45%"| Pī-tsù |- |rowspan=3| 1988 || ''[[Phik-li̍k sian-hong]]'' ({{lang|hk|霹靂先鋒}}) || ''A Boy'' ({{lang|hk|阿Boy}}) || 8,916,612 || * Tē 25 kài [[Kim-má-chióng|Kim-má-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm phuè-kak''. |- || ''[[Póo hong hàn-tsú]]'' ({{lang|hk|捕風漢子}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,149,395 || |- | ''[[Tsuè ka lú-sài]]'' ({{lang|hk|最佳女婿}}) || 賴布甸 || 5,807,710 || |- |rowspan=3| 1989 || ''[[Liông tsāi thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍在天涯}}) || ''A-iú'' ({{lang|hk|阿友}}) || 6,809,853 || |- | ''[[Gī tám kûn ing]]'' ({{lang|hk|義膽群英}}) || ''Jackie'' || 7,913,229 || |- | ''[[Liû-bâng tsha pô]]'' ({{lang|hk|流氓差婆}}) || ''Hiân-á'' ({{lang|hk|賢仔}}) ||5,624,622 || |- |rowspan=11| 1990 || ''[[Bāng hu sîng liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|望夫成龍}}) || ''Tsio̍h Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|石金水}}) || 13,703,364 || |- | ''[[Tsi̍t pún manga tshuàng thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|一本漫畫闖天涯}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 15,149,253 || |- | [[Liông-hōng tê-lâu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Liông-hōng tê-lâu]] || ''Lah-sap tî'' ({{lang|hk|垃圾馳}}) || 9,107,362 || |- | ''[[Hong-ú tông lōo]]'' ({{lang|hk|風雨同路}}) || ''Tiunn lông'' ({{lang|hk|張郎}}) || 9,335,299 || |- | ''[[Ka-lí lua̍h-tsiau]]'' ({{lang|hk|咖喱辣椒}}) || ''Tsiau Bûn-kiông'' ({{lang|hk|招文強}}) || 15,777,856 || |- | ''[[Sió-thau A-sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|小偷阿星}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 7,968,106 || |- | ''[[Su-hiann tōng kuí]]'' ({{lang|hk|師兄撞鬼}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 12,128,944 || |- | ''[[Tóo-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭聖}}) || ''Tsó Siōng-sing'' ({{lang|hk|左頌星}}) || 41,326,156 || * Thê-miâ [[Kim-siōng-chióng|Kim-siōng-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Bû-ti̍k hīng-ūn sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|無敵幸運星}}) || ''Hīng-ūn sing'' ({{lang|hk|幸運星}}) || 18,799,869 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|江湖最後一個大佬}}'' || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,495,811 || |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 40,342,758 || |- |rowspan=7| 1991 || ''{{lang|hk|新精武門1991}}'' || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) ||24,245,510 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 43,829,449 || * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap|Tóo-kiap 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠2之上海灘賭聖}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-tsóo'' ({{lang|hk|周星祖}}) ||31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Tsîng-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|情聖}}) || ''Thiânn Sìng'' ({{lang|hk|程勝}}) || 16,548,021 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|豪門夜宴1991}}'' || ''Sing iâ'' ({{lang|hk|星爺}}) || 21,921,687 || *為1991年中國[[華東水災]]募集善款而免費客串 |- | ''[[Tsíng-kó tsuan-ka]]'' ({{lang|hk|整蠱專家}}) || ''Kóo Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|古晶}}) || 31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Liông ê thuân-jîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍的傳人}}) || ''Tsiu Sió-liông'' ({{lang|hk|周小龍}}) || 23,762,012 || |- |rowspan=7| 1992 || ''[[Manga ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|漫畫威龍}}) || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) || 22,946,994 || |- | ''[[Ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|家有喜事}}) || ''Siông Huan'' ({{lang|hk|常歡}}) || 48,992,188 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông|Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍2}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 31,635,680 || |- | ''[[Sím-sí kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|審死官}}) || ''Sàng Sè-kia̍t'' ({{lang|hk|宋世傑}}) || 50,212,947 || * Tē 37 kài [[A-thài iáⁿ-tián|A-thài iánn-tián]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * 邵氏电影公司旗下全球DVD销量最高的电影 |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 40,862,831 || |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì II (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì II]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記II神龍教}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 36,583,964 || |- | ''[[Bú-tsiōng-guân Soo khit-jî]]'' ({{lang|hk|武狀元蘇乞兒}}) || ''Soo-tshat-ha-ní-tshàn'' ({{lang|hk|蘇察哈爾燦}}) || 37,416,607 || |- |rowspan=3| 1993 || ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 3]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍3之龍過雞年}}) || '''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) ||25,766,011 || |- | ''[[Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Chhiu-hiong|Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Tshiu-hiong]]'' </br> ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎點秋香}}) || ''Tn̂g Phik-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎}}) </br> ''Huà An'' ({{lang|hk|華安}}) || 40,171,033 || |- | ''[[Tsè-kong (tiān-iáⁿ)|Tsè-kong]]''({{lang|hk|濟公}}) || ''[[Tsè-kong|Tsè-tian]]'' ({{lang|hk|濟顛}}) || 21,562,383 || |- |rowspan=3| 1994 || ''[[Phò-huāi tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|破壞之王}}) || ''Hô Kim-gîn'' ({{lang|hk|何金銀}}) || 36,906,730 || |- | ''[[Kiú phín chi-môa kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|九品芝麻官}}) || ''Pau Liông-sing'' ({{lang|hk|包龍星}}) || 30,177,208 || |- | ''[[Kok-sán Lîng-lîng-tshat]]'' ({{lang|hk|國產凌凌漆}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-tshat'' ({{lang|hk|凌凌漆}}) || 37,523,850 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- |rowspan=4| 1995 || ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 1]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記第壹佰零壹回之月光寶盒}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 25,200,435 || |- | ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 28,885,543 || *獲頒1995年香港電影評論學會大獎最佳男主角 * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. *獲頒第1屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳男主角 |- | ''[[Huê-hûn iā]]'' ({{lang|hk|回魂夜}}) || ''Leo'' || 16,281,325 || |- | ''[[Pah-piàn Sing-kun]]'' ({{lang|hk|百變星君}}) || ''Lí Ti̍k-sing'' ({{lang|hk|李澤星}}) || 35,234,481 || |- |rowspan=2| 1996 || ''[[Tāi-luē bi̍t-thàm Lîng-lîng-huat]]'' ({{lang|hk|大內密探零零發}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-huat'' ({{lang|hk|零零發}}) || 36,051,899 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- | ''[[Si̍t-sîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|食神}}) || 'Stephen Chow'' ({{lang|hk|史提芬周}}) || 40,861,655 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- |rowspan=2| 1997 || ''[[97 ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|97家有喜事}}) || ''Láu-kiong'' ({{lang|hk|老恭}}) || 40,162,050 || |- | ''[[Sǹg sí tsháu]]'' ({{lang|hk|算死草}}) || ''Tân Bōng-kiat'' ({{lang|hk|陳夢吉}}) || 27,147,265 || |- |1998年 || ''[[Kiânn-ūn tsi̍t tiâu liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|行運一條龍}}) || ''Hô Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|何金水}}) || 27,730,525 || |- |rowspan=2| 1999 || ''[[Chhian-ông chi ông 2000|Tshian-ông tsi ông 2000]]'' ({{lang|hk|千王之王 2000}}) || ''N̂g Su-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|黃師虎}}) ||19,141,640 || |- | ''[[Hí-kio̍k chi ông|Hí-kio̍k tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|喜劇之王}}) || ''Ún Thian-siû'' ({{lang|hk|尹天仇}}) ||29,848,860 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- ||2001 || ''[[Siáu-lîm kha-kiû]]'' ({{lang|hk|少林足球}}) || ''Ngóo su-hiann'' ({{lang|hk|五師兄}}) || 60,739,847 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *约5000万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位<ref>[2002年末《TIME》專訪周星馳時稱少林足球亞洲票房已超過4600萬美元,此時少林足球在歐美還未上映(詳見<<[[少林足球]]>>境外首映日),後來少林足球在歐洲又获得600萬歐元的票房]</ref> *獲頒第21屆香港電影金像獎最佳电影、最佳男主角、最佳導演等七个奖项 *獲頒第7屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳導演、最佳电影等 *获日本奥斯卡最佳外语片、获《TIME》世界史上25部最佳体育电影 |- || 2004 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || 61,278,697 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *1.05亿美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位 *北美DVD销售额超4000万美元<ref>[http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2005-08-24/0950819521.html 《功夫》北美夺冠]</ref> *该年度全球票房最高的非好莱坞电影 *獲得金馬獎最佳導演、最佳剧情片第五個獎項 *其他獎項：亚洲电影博览会年度最佳导演、美国广播电影协会奖最佳外语片、华盛顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片、荷兰奇幻影展最高奖、菲尼克斯影评人协会奖最佳外语片、波士顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片 *提名：金球奖最佳外语片、英国学院奖最佳外语片 *获《TIME》世界十大佳片 |- || 2008 || ''[[Tn̂g-kang 7-hō]]'' ({{lang|hk|長江7號}}) || ''Tsiu Thiat'' ({{lang|hk|周鐵}}) ||51,402,777 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *5400万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第2位；以370万美元成为2008年马来西亚电影票房冠军，打破马来西亚影史票房记录 *获瑞士国际影展观众选择奖、获上海国际电影节最有价值电影、提名香港電影金像獎最佳男配角 |- || 2013 || ''[[Se-iû·hâng-môo phiⁿ|Se-iû·hâng-môo phinn]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊·降魔篇}}) || 未參演 || 28,401,227 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *2.15億美元票房創華語片新紀錄 *提名金馬獎最佳改編劇本獎、最佳動作指導獎 |- || 2014 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu 3D]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫 3D}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *10週年紀念3D重制 *預定8月上映 |- |} == Tiān-sī == == Kóng-kò == == Siong-kuan == == Guā-pōo == * [http://www.singchi.org/ Tsiu Sing-tî bê khai-sim lo̍k-hn̂g - Sing-lo̍k-hn̂g] * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0159507/ Stephen Chow] tī [[IMDb]]. * [http://www.allmovie.com/artist/p223019 Stephen Chow] tī [[AllRovi]]. {{Hiong-káng Tiān-iáⁿ Kim-siōng-chióng Chòe-ka Cha-po͘ Chú-kak}} [[Category:Hiong-káng jîn-bu̍t]] pxyzkjd4r9r5a41vobrukpain0qretm 3136704 3136703 2022-08-24T20:53:39Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ChowKL2.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Chiu Sing-tî]] '''Tsiu Sing-tî''' ({{lang|hk|周星馳}}; {{lang|en|Stephen Chow}}; {{bd|1962 nî|6 goe̍h 22 ji̍t||}}) sī [[Hiong-káng]] tsin tshut-miâ ê [[ián-oân| ián-uân]], [[tō-ián]], kah [[pian-kio̍k]]. I ê [[hí-kio̍k]] siōng-kài ū miâ-siaⁿ. == Tiān-iánn == {|class="wikitable" !style=""| Nî-tōo !style=""| Phìnn-miâ !style=""| Kak-sik !style=""| Phiò-pâng !style="width:45%"| Pī-tsù |- |rowspan=3| 1988 || ''[[Phik-li̍k sian-hong]]'' ({{lang|hk|霹靂先鋒}}) || ''A Boy'' ({{lang|hk|阿Boy}}) || 8,916,612 || * Tē 25 kài [[Kim-má-chióng|Kim-má-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm phuè-kak''. |- || ''[[Póo hong hàn-tsú]]'' ({{lang|hk|捕風漢子}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,149,395 || |- | ''[[Tsuè ka lú-sài]]'' ({{lang|hk|最佳女婿}}) || 賴布甸 || 5,807,710 || |- |rowspan=3| 1989 || ''[[Liông tsāi thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍在天涯}}) || ''A-iú'' ({{lang|hk|阿友}}) || 6,809,853 || |- | ''[[Gī tám kûn ing]]'' ({{lang|hk|義膽群英}}) || ''Jackie'' || 7,913,229 || |- | ''[[Liû-bâng tsha pô]]'' ({{lang|hk|流氓差婆}}) || ''Hiân-á'' ({{lang|hk|賢仔}}) ||5,624,622 || |- |rowspan=11| 1990 || ''[[Bāng hu sîng liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|望夫成龍}}) || ''Tsio̍h Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|石金水}}) || 13,703,364 || |- | ''[[Tsi̍t pún manga tshuàng thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|一本漫畫闖天涯}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 15,149,253 || |- | [[Liông-hōng tê-lâu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Liông-hōng tê-lâu]] || ''Lah-sap tî'' ({{lang|hk|垃圾馳}}) || 9,107,362 || |- | ''[[Hong-ú tông lōo]]'' ({{lang|hk|風雨同路}}) || ''Tiunn lông'' ({{lang|hk|張郎}}) || 9,335,299 || |- | ''[[Ka-lí lua̍h-tsiau]]'' ({{lang|hk|咖喱辣椒}}) || ''Tsiau Bûn-kiông'' ({{lang|hk|招文強}}) || 15,777,856 || |- | ''[[Sió-thau A-sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|小偷阿星}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 7,968,106 || |- | ''[[Su-hiann tōng kuí]]'' ({{lang|hk|師兄撞鬼}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 12,128,944 || |- | ''[[Tóo-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭聖}}) || ''Tsó Siōng-sing'' ({{lang|hk|左頌星}}) || 41,326,156 || * Thê-miâ [[Kim-siōng-chióng|Kim-siōng-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Bû-ti̍k hīng-ūn sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|無敵幸運星}}) || ''Hīng-ūn sing'' ({{lang|hk|幸運星}}) || 18,799,869 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|江湖最後一個大佬}}'' || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,495,811 || |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 40,342,758 || |- |rowspan=7| 1991 || ''{{lang|hk|新精武門1991}}'' || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) ||24,245,510 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 43,829,449 || * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap|Tóo-kiap 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠2之上海灘賭聖}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-tsóo'' ({{lang|hk|周星祖}}) ||31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Tsîng-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|情聖}}) || ''Thiânn Sìng'' ({{lang|hk|程勝}}) || 16,548,021 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|豪門夜宴1991}}'' || ''Sing iâ'' ({{lang|hk|星爺}}) || 21,921,687 || *為1991年中國[[華東水災]]募集善款而免費客串 |- | ''[[Tsíng-kó tsuan-ka]]'' ({{lang|hk|整蠱專家}}) || ''Kóo Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|古晶}}) || 31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Liông ê thuân-jîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍的傳人}}) || ''Tsiu Sió-liông'' ({{lang|hk|周小龍}}) || 23,762,012 || |- |rowspan=7| 1992 || ''[[Manga ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|漫畫威龍}}) || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) || 22,946,994 || |- | ''[[Ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|家有喜事}}) || ''Siông Huan'' ({{lang|hk|常歡}}) || 48,992,188 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông|Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍2}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 31,635,680 || |- | ''[[Sím-sí kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|審死官}}) || ''Sàng Sè-kia̍t'' ({{lang|hk|宋世傑}}) || 50,212,947 || * Tē 37 kài [[A-thài iáⁿ-tián|A-thài iánn-tián]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * 邵氏电影公司旗下全球DVD销量最高的电影 |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 40,862,831 || |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì II (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì II]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記II神龍教}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 36,583,964 || |- | ''[[Bú-tsiōng-guân Soo khit-jî]]'' ({{lang|hk|武狀元蘇乞兒}}) || ''Soo-tshat-ha-ní-tshàn'' ({{lang|hk|蘇察哈爾燦}}) || 37,416,607 || |- |rowspan=3| 1993 || ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 3]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍3之龍過雞年}}) || '''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) ||25,766,011 || |- | ''[[Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Chhiu-hiong|Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Tshiu-hiong]]'' </br> ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎點秋香}}) || ''Tn̂g Phik-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎}}) </br> ''Huà An'' ({{lang|hk|華安}}) || 40,171,033 || |- | ''[[Tsè-kong (tiān-iáⁿ)|Tsè-kong]]''({{lang|hk|濟公}}) || ''[[Tsè-kong|Tsè-tian]]'' ({{lang|hk|濟顛}}) || 21,562,383 || |- |rowspan=3| 1994 || ''[[Phò-huāi tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|破壞之王}}) || ''Hô Kim-gîn'' ({{lang|hk|何金銀}}) || 36,906,730 || |- | ''[[Kiú phín chi-môa kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|九品芝麻官}}) || ''Pau Liông-sing'' ({{lang|hk|包龍星}}) || 30,177,208 || |- | ''[[Kok-sán Lîng-lîng-tshat]]'' ({{lang|hk|國產凌凌漆}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-tshat'' ({{lang|hk|凌凌漆}}) || 37,523,850 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- |rowspan=4| 1995 || ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 1]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記第壹佰零壹回之月光寶盒}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 25,200,435 || |- | ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 28,885,543 || *獲頒1995年香港電影評論學會大獎最佳男主角 * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. *獲頒第1屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳男主角 |- | ''[[Huê-hûn iā]]'' ({{lang|hk|回魂夜}}) || ''Leo'' || 16,281,325 || |- | ''[[Pah-piàn Sing-kun]]'' ({{lang|hk|百變星君}}) || ''Lí Ti̍k-sing'' ({{lang|hk|李澤星}}) || 35,234,481 || |- |rowspan=2| 1996 || ''[[Tāi-luē bi̍t-thàm Lîng-lîng-huat]]'' ({{lang|hk|大內密探零零發}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-huat'' ({{lang|hk|零零發}}) || 36,051,899 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- | ''[[Si̍t-sîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|食神}}) || 'Stephen Chow'' ({{lang|hk|史提芬周}}) || 40,861,655 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- |rowspan=2| 1997 || ''[[97 ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|97家有喜事}}) || ''Láu-kiong'' ({{lang|hk|老恭}}) || 40,162,050 || |- | ''[[Sǹg sí tsháu]]'' ({{lang|hk|算死草}}) || ''Tân Bōng-kiat'' ({{lang|hk|陳夢吉}}) || 27,147,265 || |- |1998年 || ''[[Kiânn-ūn tsi̍t tiâu liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|行運一條龍}}) || ''Hô Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|何金水}}) || 27,730,525 || |- |rowspan=2| 1999 || ''[[Chhian-ông chi ông 2000|Tshian-ông tsi ông 2000]]'' ({{lang|hk|千王之王 2000}}) || ''N̂g Su-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|黃師虎}}) ||19,141,640 || |- | ''[[Hí-kio̍k chi ông|Hí-kio̍k tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|喜劇之王}}) || ''Ún Thian-siû'' ({{lang|hk|尹天仇}}) ||29,848,860 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- ||2001 || ''[[Siáu-lîm kha-kiû]]'' ({{lang|hk|少林足球}}) || ''Ngóo su-hiann'' ({{lang|hk|五師兄}}) || 60,739,847 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *约5000万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位<ref>[2002年末《TIME》專訪周星馳時稱少林足球亞洲票房已超過4600萬美元,此時少林足球在歐美還未上映(詳見<<[[少林足球]]>>境外首映日),後來少林足球在歐洲又获得600萬歐元的票房]</ref> *獲頒第21屆香港電影金像獎最佳电影、最佳男主角、最佳導演等七个奖项 *獲頒第7屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳導演、最佳电影等 *获日本奥斯卡最佳外语片、获《TIME》世界史上25部最佳体育电影 |- || 2004 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || 61,278,697 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *1.05亿美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位 *北美DVD销售额超4000万美元<ref>[http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2005-08-24/0950819521.html 《功夫》北美夺冠]</ref> *该年度全球票房最高的非好莱坞电影 *獲得金馬獎最佳導演、最佳剧情片第五個獎項 *其他獎項：亚洲电影博览会年度最佳导演、美国广播电影协会奖最佳外语片、华盛顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片、荷兰奇幻影展最高奖、菲尼克斯影评人协会奖最佳外语片、波士顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片 *提名：金球奖最佳外语片、英国学院奖最佳外语片 *获《TIME》世界十大佳片 |- || 2008 || ''[[Tn̂g-kang 7-hō]]'' ({{lang|hk|長江7號}}) || ''Tsiu Thiat'' ({{lang|hk|周鐵}}) ||51,402,777 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *5400万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第2位；以370万美元成为2008年马来西亚电影票房冠军，打破马来西亚影史票房记录 *获瑞士国际影展观众选择奖、获上海国际电影节最有价值电影、提名香港電影金像獎最佳男配角 |- || 2013 || ''[[Se-iû·hâng-môo phiⁿ|Se-iû·hâng-môo phinn]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊·降魔篇}}) || 未參演 || 28,401,227 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *2.15億美元票房創華語片新紀錄 *提名金馬獎最佳改編劇本獎、最佳動作指導獎 |- || 2014 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu 3D]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫 3D}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *10週年紀念3D重制 *預定8月上映 |- |} == Tiān-sī == == Kóng-kò == == Siong-kuan == == Guā-pōo liân-kiat== * [http://www.singchi.org/ Tsiu Sing-tî bê khai-sim lo̍k-hn̂g - Sing-lo̍k-hn̂g] * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0159507/ Stephen Chow] tī [[IMDb]]. * [http://www.allmovie.com/artist/p223019 Stephen Chow] tī [[AllRovi]]. {{Hiong-káng Tiān-iáⁿ Kim-siōng-chióng Chòe-ka Cha-po͘ Chú-kak}} [[Category:Hiong-káng jîn-bu̍t]] byb1h1mj2lcc6jsn5ksd288q2k3l5kl 3136705 3136704 2022-08-24T20:54:17Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kóng-kò */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ChowKL2.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Chiu Sing-tî]] '''Tsiu Sing-tî''' ({{lang|hk|周星馳}}; {{lang|en|Stephen Chow}}; {{bd|1962 nî|6 goe̍h 22 ji̍t||}}) sī [[Hiong-káng]] tsin tshut-miâ ê [[ián-oân| ián-uân]], [[tō-ián]], kah [[pian-kio̍k]]. I ê [[hí-kio̍k]] siōng-kài ū miâ-siaⁿ. == Tiān-iánn == {|class="wikitable" !style=""| Nî-tōo !style=""| Phìnn-miâ !style=""| Kak-sik !style=""| Phiò-pâng !style="width:45%"| Pī-tsù |- |rowspan=3| 1988 || ''[[Phik-li̍k sian-hong]]'' ({{lang|hk|霹靂先鋒}}) || ''A Boy'' ({{lang|hk|阿Boy}}) || 8,916,612 || * Tē 25 kài [[Kim-má-chióng|Kim-má-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm phuè-kak''. |- || ''[[Póo hong hàn-tsú]]'' ({{lang|hk|捕風漢子}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,149,395 || |- | ''[[Tsuè ka lú-sài]]'' ({{lang|hk|最佳女婿}}) || 賴布甸 || 5,807,710 || |- |rowspan=3| 1989 || ''[[Liông tsāi thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍在天涯}}) || ''A-iú'' ({{lang|hk|阿友}}) || 6,809,853 || |- | ''[[Gī tám kûn ing]]'' ({{lang|hk|義膽群英}}) || ''Jackie'' || 7,913,229 || |- | ''[[Liû-bâng tsha pô]]'' ({{lang|hk|流氓差婆}}) || ''Hiân-á'' ({{lang|hk|賢仔}}) ||5,624,622 || |- |rowspan=11| 1990 || ''[[Bāng hu sîng liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|望夫成龍}}) || ''Tsio̍h Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|石金水}}) || 13,703,364 || |- | ''[[Tsi̍t pún manga tshuàng thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|一本漫畫闖天涯}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 15,149,253 || |- | [[Liông-hōng tê-lâu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Liông-hōng tê-lâu]] || ''Lah-sap tî'' ({{lang|hk|垃圾馳}}) || 9,107,362 || |- | ''[[Hong-ú tông lōo]]'' ({{lang|hk|風雨同路}}) || ''Tiunn lông'' ({{lang|hk|張郎}}) || 9,335,299 || |- | ''[[Ka-lí lua̍h-tsiau]]'' ({{lang|hk|咖喱辣椒}}) || ''Tsiau Bûn-kiông'' ({{lang|hk|招文強}}) || 15,777,856 || |- | ''[[Sió-thau A-sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|小偷阿星}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 7,968,106 || |- | ''[[Su-hiann tōng kuí]]'' ({{lang|hk|師兄撞鬼}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 12,128,944 || |- | ''[[Tóo-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭聖}}) || ''Tsó Siōng-sing'' ({{lang|hk|左頌星}}) || 41,326,156 || * Thê-miâ [[Kim-siōng-chióng|Kim-siōng-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Bû-ti̍k hīng-ūn sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|無敵幸運星}}) || ''Hīng-ūn sing'' ({{lang|hk|幸運星}}) || 18,799,869 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|江湖最後一個大佬}}'' || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,495,811 || |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 40,342,758 || |- |rowspan=7| 1991 || ''{{lang|hk|新精武門1991}}'' || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) ||24,245,510 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 43,829,449 || * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap|Tóo-kiap 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠2之上海灘賭聖}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-tsóo'' ({{lang|hk|周星祖}}) ||31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Tsîng-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|情聖}}) || ''Thiânn Sìng'' ({{lang|hk|程勝}}) || 16,548,021 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|豪門夜宴1991}}'' || ''Sing iâ'' ({{lang|hk|星爺}}) || 21,921,687 || *為1991年中國[[華東水災]]募集善款而免費客串 |- | ''[[Tsíng-kó tsuan-ka]]'' ({{lang|hk|整蠱專家}}) || ''Kóo Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|古晶}}) || 31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Liông ê thuân-jîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍的傳人}}) || ''Tsiu Sió-liông'' ({{lang|hk|周小龍}}) || 23,762,012 || |- |rowspan=7| 1992 || ''[[Manga ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|漫畫威龍}}) || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) || 22,946,994 || |- | ''[[Ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|家有喜事}}) || ''Siông Huan'' ({{lang|hk|常歡}}) || 48,992,188 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông|Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍2}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 31,635,680 || |- | ''[[Sím-sí kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|審死官}}) || ''Sàng Sè-kia̍t'' ({{lang|hk|宋世傑}}) || 50,212,947 || * Tē 37 kài [[A-thài iáⁿ-tián|A-thài iánn-tián]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * 邵氏电影公司旗下全球DVD销量最高的电影 |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 40,862,831 || |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì II (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì II]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記II神龍教}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 36,583,964 || |- | ''[[Bú-tsiōng-guân Soo khit-jî]]'' ({{lang|hk|武狀元蘇乞兒}}) || ''Soo-tshat-ha-ní-tshàn'' ({{lang|hk|蘇察哈爾燦}}) || 37,416,607 || |- |rowspan=3| 1993 || ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 3]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍3之龍過雞年}}) || '''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) ||25,766,011 || |- | ''[[Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Chhiu-hiong|Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Tshiu-hiong]]'' </br> ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎點秋香}}) || ''Tn̂g Phik-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎}}) </br> ''Huà An'' ({{lang|hk|華安}}) || 40,171,033 || |- | ''[[Tsè-kong (tiān-iáⁿ)|Tsè-kong]]''({{lang|hk|濟公}}) || ''[[Tsè-kong|Tsè-tian]]'' ({{lang|hk|濟顛}}) || 21,562,383 || |- |rowspan=3| 1994 || ''[[Phò-huāi tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|破壞之王}}) || ''Hô Kim-gîn'' ({{lang|hk|何金銀}}) || 36,906,730 || |- | ''[[Kiú phín chi-môa kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|九品芝麻官}}) || ''Pau Liông-sing'' ({{lang|hk|包龍星}}) || 30,177,208 || |- | ''[[Kok-sán Lîng-lîng-tshat]]'' ({{lang|hk|國產凌凌漆}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-tshat'' ({{lang|hk|凌凌漆}}) || 37,523,850 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- |rowspan=4| 1995 || ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 1]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記第壹佰零壹回之月光寶盒}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 25,200,435 || |- | ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 28,885,543 || *獲頒1995年香港電影評論學會大獎最佳男主角 * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. *獲頒第1屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳男主角 |- | ''[[Huê-hûn iā]]'' ({{lang|hk|回魂夜}}) || ''Leo'' || 16,281,325 || |- | ''[[Pah-piàn Sing-kun]]'' ({{lang|hk|百變星君}}) || ''Lí Ti̍k-sing'' ({{lang|hk|李澤星}}) || 35,234,481 || |- |rowspan=2| 1996 || ''[[Tāi-luē bi̍t-thàm Lîng-lîng-huat]]'' ({{lang|hk|大內密探零零發}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-huat'' ({{lang|hk|零零發}}) || 36,051,899 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- | ''[[Si̍t-sîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|食神}}) || 'Stephen Chow'' ({{lang|hk|史提芬周}}) || 40,861,655 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- |rowspan=2| 1997 || ''[[97 ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|97家有喜事}}) || ''Láu-kiong'' ({{lang|hk|老恭}}) || 40,162,050 || |- | ''[[Sǹg sí tsháu]]'' ({{lang|hk|算死草}}) || ''Tân Bōng-kiat'' ({{lang|hk|陳夢吉}}) || 27,147,265 || |- |1998年 || ''[[Kiânn-ūn tsi̍t tiâu liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|行運一條龍}}) || ''Hô Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|何金水}}) || 27,730,525 || |- |rowspan=2| 1999 || ''[[Chhian-ông chi ông 2000|Tshian-ông tsi ông 2000]]'' ({{lang|hk|千王之王 2000}}) || ''N̂g Su-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|黃師虎}}) ||19,141,640 || |- | ''[[Hí-kio̍k chi ông|Hí-kio̍k tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|喜劇之王}}) || ''Ún Thian-siû'' ({{lang|hk|尹天仇}}) ||29,848,860 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- ||2001 || ''[[Siáu-lîm kha-kiû]]'' ({{lang|hk|少林足球}}) || ''Ngóo su-hiann'' ({{lang|hk|五師兄}}) || 60,739,847 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *约5000万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位<ref>[2002年末《TIME》專訪周星馳時稱少林足球亞洲票房已超過4600萬美元,此時少林足球在歐美還未上映(詳見<<[[少林足球]]>>境外首映日),後來少林足球在歐洲又获得600萬歐元的票房]</ref> *獲頒第21屆香港電影金像獎最佳电影、最佳男主角、最佳導演等七个奖项 *獲頒第7屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳導演、最佳电影等 *获日本奥斯卡最佳外语片、获《TIME》世界史上25部最佳体育电影 |- || 2004 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || 61,278,697 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *1.05亿美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位 *北美DVD销售额超4000万美元<ref>[http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2005-08-24/0950819521.html 《功夫》北美夺冠]</ref> *该年度全球票房最高的非好莱坞电影 *獲得金馬獎最佳導演、最佳剧情片第五個獎項 *其他獎項：亚洲电影博览会年度最佳导演、美国广播电影协会奖最佳外语片、华盛顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片、荷兰奇幻影展最高奖、菲尼克斯影评人协会奖最佳外语片、波士顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片 *提名：金球奖最佳外语片、英国学院奖最佳外语片 *获《TIME》世界十大佳片 |- || 2008 || ''[[Tn̂g-kang 7-hō]]'' ({{lang|hk|長江7號}}) || ''Tsiu Thiat'' ({{lang|hk|周鐵}}) ||51,402,777 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *5400万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第2位；以370万美元成为2008年马来西亚电影票房冠军，打破马来西亚影史票房记录 *获瑞士国际影展观众选择奖、获上海国际电影节最有价值电影、提名香港電影金像獎最佳男配角 |- || 2013 || ''[[Se-iû·hâng-môo phiⁿ|Se-iû·hâng-môo phinn]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊·降魔篇}}) || 未參演 || 28,401,227 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *2.15億美元票房創華語片新紀錄 *提名金馬獎最佳改編劇本獎、最佳動作指導獎 |- || 2014 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu 3D]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫 3D}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *10週年紀念3D重制 *預定8月上映 |- |} == Tiān-sī == == Kóng-kò == ==Tsù-kái== == Siong-kuan == == Guā-pōo liân-kiat== * [http://www.singchi.org/ Tsiu Sing-tî bê khai-sim lo̍k-hn̂g - Sing-lo̍k-hn̂g] * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0159507/ Stephen Chow] tī [[IMDb]]. * [http://www.allmovie.com/artist/p223019 Stephen Chow] tī [[AllRovi]]. {{Hiong-káng Tiān-iáⁿ Kim-siōng-chióng Chòe-ka Cha-po͘ Chú-kak}} [[Category:Hiong-káng jîn-bu̍t]] ltyllxn5st2xjblzepm82vl37yj5sc6 3136706 3136705 2022-08-24T20:54:30Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:ChowKL2.JPG|right|200px|thumb|Chiu Sing-tî]] '''Tsiu Sing-tî''' ({{lang|hk|周星馳}}; {{lang|en|Stephen Chow}}; {{bd|1962 nî|6 goe̍h 22 ji̍t||}}) sī [[Hiong-káng]] tsin tshut-miâ ê [[ián-oân| ián-uân]], [[tō-ián]], kah [[pian-kio̍k]]. I ê [[hí-kio̍k]] siōng-kài ū miâ-siaⁿ. == Tiān-iánn == {|class="wikitable" !style=""| Nî-tōo !style=""| Phìnn-miâ !style=""| Kak-sik !style=""| Phiò-pâng !style="width:45%"| Pī-tsù |- |rowspan=3| 1988 || ''[[Phik-li̍k sian-hong]]'' ({{lang|hk|霹靂先鋒}}) || ''A Boy'' ({{lang|hk|阿Boy}}) || 8,916,612 || * Tē 25 kài [[Kim-má-chióng|Kim-má-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm phuè-kak''. |- || ''[[Póo hong hàn-tsú]]'' ({{lang|hk|捕風漢子}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,149,395 || |- | ''[[Tsuè ka lú-sài]]'' ({{lang|hk|最佳女婿}}) || 賴布甸 || 5,807,710 || |- |rowspan=3| 1989 || ''[[Liông tsāi thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍在天涯}}) || ''A-iú'' ({{lang|hk|阿友}}) || 6,809,853 || |- | ''[[Gī tám kûn ing]]'' ({{lang|hk|義膽群英}}) || ''Jackie'' || 7,913,229 || |- | ''[[Liû-bâng tsha pô]]'' ({{lang|hk|流氓差婆}}) || ''Hiân-á'' ({{lang|hk|賢仔}}) ||5,624,622 || |- |rowspan=11| 1990 || ''[[Bāng hu sîng liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|望夫成龍}}) || ''Tsio̍h Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|石金水}}) || 13,703,364 || |- | ''[[Tsi̍t pún manga tshuàng thian-gâi]]'' ({{lang|hk|一本漫畫闖天涯}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 15,149,253 || |- | [[Liông-hōng tê-lâu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Liông-hōng tê-lâu]] || ''Lah-sap tî'' ({{lang|hk|垃圾馳}}) || 9,107,362 || |- | ''[[Hong-ú tông lōo]]'' ({{lang|hk|風雨同路}}) || ''Tiunn lông'' ({{lang|hk|張郎}}) || 9,335,299 || |- | ''[[Ka-lí lua̍h-tsiau]]'' ({{lang|hk|咖喱辣椒}}) || ''Tsiau Bûn-kiông'' ({{lang|hk|招文強}}) || 15,777,856 || |- | ''[[Sió-thau A-sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|小偷阿星}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 7,968,106 || |- | ''[[Su-hiann tōng kuí]]'' ({{lang|hk|師兄撞鬼}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 12,128,944 || |- | ''[[Tóo-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭聖}}) || ''Tsó Siōng-sing'' ({{lang|hk|左頌星}}) || 41,326,156 || * Thê-miâ [[Kim-siōng-chióng|Kim-siōng-tsióng]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Bû-ti̍k hīng-ūn sing]]'' ({{lang|hk|無敵幸運星}}) || ''Hīng-ūn sing'' ({{lang|hk|幸運星}}) || 18,799,869 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|江湖最後一個大佬}}'' || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 5,495,811 || |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠}}) || ''A-sing'' ({{lang|hk|阿星}}) || 40,342,758 || |- |rowspan=7| 1991 || ''{{lang|hk|新精武門1991}}'' || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) ||24,245,510 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 43,829,449 || * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- | ''[[Tóo-kiap|Tóo-kiap 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|賭俠2之上海灘賭聖}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-tsóo'' ({{lang|hk|周星祖}}) ||31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Tsîng-sìng]]'' ({{lang|hk|情聖}}) || ''Thiânn Sìng'' ({{lang|hk|程勝}}) || 16,548,021 || |- | ''{{lang|hk|豪門夜宴1991}}'' || ''Sing iâ'' ({{lang|hk|星爺}}) || 21,921,687 || *為1991年中國[[華東水災]]募集善款而免費客串 |- | ''[[Tsíng-kó tsuan-ka]]'' ({{lang|hk|整蠱專家}}) || ''Kóo Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|古晶}}) || 31,363,730 || |- | ''[[Liông ê thuân-jîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|龍的傳人}}) || ''Tsiu Sió-liông'' ({{lang|hk|周小龍}}) || 23,762,012 || |- |rowspan=7| 1992 || ''[[Manga ui-liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|漫畫威龍}}) || ''Lâu Tsing'' ({{lang|hk|劉晶}}) || 22,946,994 || |- | ''[[Ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|家有喜事}}) || ''Siông Huan'' ({{lang|hk|常歡}}) || 48,992,188 || |- | ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông|Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍2}}) || ''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) || 31,635,680 || |- | ''[[Sím-sí kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|審死官}}) || ''Sàng Sè-kia̍t'' ({{lang|hk|宋世傑}}) || 50,212,947 || * Tē 37 kài [[A-thài iáⁿ-tián|A-thài iánn-tián]] ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. * 邵氏电影公司旗下全球DVD销量最高的电影 |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 40,862,831 || |- | ''[[Lo̍k-tíng kì II (tiān-iáⁿ)|Lo̍k-tíng kì II]]'' ({{lang|hk|鹿鼎記II神龍教}}) || ''Uî Siáu-pó'' ({{lang|hk|韋小寶}}) || 36,583,964 || |- | ''[[Bú-tsiōng-guân Soo khit-jî]]'' ({{lang|hk|武狀元蘇乞兒}}) || ''Soo-tshat-ha-ní-tshàn'' ({{lang|hk|蘇察哈爾燦}}) || 37,416,607 || |- |rowspan=3| 1993 || ''[[Tô-ha̍k ui-liông 3]]'' ({{lang|hk|逃學威龍3之龍過雞年}}) || '''Tsiu Sing-sing'' ({{lang|hk|周星星}}) ||25,766,011 || |- | ''[[Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Chhiu-hiong|Tn̂g Phik-hóo tiám Tshiu-hiong]]'' </br> ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎點秋香}}) || ''Tn̂g Phik-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|唐伯虎}}) </br> ''Huà An'' ({{lang|hk|華安}}) || 40,171,033 || |- | ''[[Tsè-kong (tiān-iáⁿ)|Tsè-kong]]''({{lang|hk|濟公}}) || ''[[Tsè-kong|Tsè-tian]]'' ({{lang|hk|濟顛}}) || 21,562,383 || |- |rowspan=3| 1994 || ''[[Phò-huāi tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|破壞之王}}) || ''Hô Kim-gîn'' ({{lang|hk|何金銀}}) || 36,906,730 || |- | ''[[Kiú phín chi-môa kuan]]'' ({{lang|hk|九品芝麻官}}) || ''Pau Liông-sing'' ({{lang|hk|包龍星}}) || 30,177,208 || |- | ''[[Kok-sán Lîng-lîng-tshat]]'' ({{lang|hk|國產凌凌漆}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-tshat'' ({{lang|hk|凌凌漆}}) || 37,523,850 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. |- |rowspan=4| 1995 || ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 1]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記第壹佰零壹回之月光寶盒}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 25,200,435 || |- | ''[[Se-iû-kì (Chiu Seng-tî)|Se-iû-kì 2]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊記大結局之仙履奇緣}}) || ''Tsì-tsun pó'' ({{lang|hk|至尊寶}}) || 28,885,543 || *獲頒1995年香港電影評論學會大獎最佳男主角 * Thê-miâ Kim-siōng-tsióng ''Tsuè ka lâm tsú-kak ''. *獲頒第1屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳男主角 |- | ''[[Huê-hûn iā]]'' ({{lang|hk|回魂夜}}) || ''Leo'' || 16,281,325 || |- | ''[[Pah-piàn Sing-kun]]'' ({{lang|hk|百變星君}}) || ''Lí Ti̍k-sing'' ({{lang|hk|李澤星}}) || 35,234,481 || |- |rowspan=2| 1996 || ''[[Tāi-luē bi̍t-thàm Lîng-lîng-huat]]'' ({{lang|hk|大內密探零零發}}) || ''Lîng-lîng-huat'' ({{lang|hk|零零發}}) || 36,051,899 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- | ''[[Si̍t-sîn]]'' ({{lang|hk|食神}}) || 'Stephen Chow'' ({{lang|hk|史提芬周}}) || 40,861,655 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- |rowspan=2| 1997 || ''[[97 ka ū hí-sū]]'' ({{lang|hk|97家有喜事}}) || ''Láu-kiong'' ({{lang|hk|老恭}}) || 40,162,050 || |- | ''[[Sǹg sí tsháu]]'' ({{lang|hk|算死草}}) || ''Tân Bōng-kiat'' ({{lang|hk|陳夢吉}}) || 27,147,265 || |- |1998年 || ''[[Kiânn-ūn tsi̍t tiâu liông]]'' ({{lang|hk|行運一條龍}}) || ''Hô Kim-suí'' ({{lang|hk|何金水}}) || 27,730,525 || |- |rowspan=2| 1999 || ''[[Chhian-ông chi ông 2000|Tshian-ông tsi ông 2000]]'' ({{lang|hk|千王之王 2000}}) || ''N̂g Su-hóo'' ({{lang|hk|黃師虎}}) ||19,141,640 || |- | ''[[Hí-kio̍k chi ông|Hí-kio̍k tsi ông]]'' ({{lang|hk|喜劇之王}}) || ''Ún Thian-siû'' ({{lang|hk|尹天仇}}) ||29,848,860 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. |- ||2001 || ''[[Siáu-lîm kha-kiû]]'' ({{lang|hk|少林足球}}) || ''Ngóo su-hiann'' ({{lang|hk|五師兄}}) || 60,739,847 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *约5000万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位<ref>[2002年末《TIME》專訪周星馳時稱少林足球亞洲票房已超過4600萬美元,此時少林足球在歐美還未上映(詳見<<[[少林足球]]>>境外首映日),後來少林足球在歐洲又获得600萬歐元的票房]</ref> *獲頒第21屆香港電影金像獎最佳电影、最佳男主角、最佳導演等七个奖项 *獲頒第7屆香港電影金紫荊獎最佳導演、最佳电影等 *获日本奥斯卡最佳外语片、获《TIME》世界史上25部最佳体育电影 |- || 2004 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || 61,278,697 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *1.05亿美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第1位 *北美DVD销售额超4000万美元<ref>[http://ent.sina.com.cn/x/2005-08-24/0950819521.html 《功夫》北美夺冠]</ref> *该年度全球票房最高的非好莱坞电影 *獲得金馬獎最佳導演、最佳剧情片第五個獎項 *其他獎項：亚洲电影博览会年度最佳导演、美国广播电影协会奖最佳外语片、华盛顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片、荷兰奇幻影展最高奖、菲尼克斯影评人协会奖最佳外语片、波士顿影评人协会奖最佳外语片 *提名：金球奖最佳外语片、英国学院奖最佳外语片 *获《TIME》世界十大佳片 |- || 2008 || ''[[Tn̂g-kang 7-hō]]'' ({{lang|hk|長江7號}}) || ''Tsiu Thiat'' ({{lang|hk|周鐵}}) ||51,402,777 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *5400万美元总票房成为该年度华语电影全球票房第2位；以370万美元成为2008年马来西亚电影票房冠军，打破马来西亚影史票房记录 *获瑞士国际影展观众选择奖、获上海国际电影节最有价值电影、提名香港電影金像獎最佳男配角 |- || 2013 || ''[[Se-iû·hâng-môo phiⁿ|Se-iû·hâng-môo phinn]]'' ({{lang|hk|西遊·降魔篇}}) || 未參演 || 28,401,227 || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *2.15億美元票房創華語片新紀錄 *提名金馬獎最佳改編劇本獎、最佳動作指導獎 |- || 2014 || ''[[Kang-hu (tiān-iáⁿ)|Kang-hu 3D]]'' ({{lang|hk|功夫 3D}}) || ''Sing'' ({{lang|hk|星}}) || || * Tsiu Sing-tî tō-ián. *10週年紀念3D重制 *預定8月上映 |- |} == Tiān-sī == == Kóng-kò == ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} == Siong-kuan == == Guā-pōo liân-kiat== * [http://www.singchi.org/ Tsiu Sing-tî bê khai-sim lo̍k-hn̂g - Sing-lo̍k-hn̂g] * [http://www.imdb.com/name/nm0159507/ Stephen Chow] tī [[IMDb]]. * [http://www.allmovie.com/artist/p223019 Stephen Chow] tī [[AllRovi]]. {{Hiong-káng Tiān-iáⁿ Kim-siōng-chióng Chòe-ka Cha-po͘ Chú-kak}} [[Category:Hiong-káng jîn-bu̍t]] qbbhdjyuf4yvh40ci4yp9v07ogm9f5t 0 36805 3136742 449250 2022-08-24T21:55:57Z Kwamikagami 1703 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Peace symbol (fixed width).svg|right|thumb|Hô-pêng ê piau-chì.]] '''Hô-pêng''' (和平) tāi-piáu bô [[chiàn-cheng]], bô [[pō-le̍k]] hêng-uî ê chōng-thài. {{stub}} [[Category:Hô-pêng| ]] 5uz2qvn1q4biumlbb7ibjv92pb18338 0 408267 3136669 1617969 2022-08-24T15:17:06Z CommonsDelinker 283 Replacing 2012-06_Stary_Las_12.jpg with [[File:2012-06_Stary_Las_12_Kościół.jpg]] (by [[:c:User:CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] because: [[:c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[:c:COM:FR#FR1|Criterion 1]] (original uploader’s request)). wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Polish village | name = Stary Las | image = 2012-06 Stary Las 12 Kościół.jpg | image_caption = Stary Las ê kéng-sek | image_map = | map_caption = | image_flag = | image_shield = | latd = 50 | latm = 23 | lats = 3 | longd = 17 | longm = 24 | longs = 19 | province = [[Opolskie Séng|Opolskie]] | powiat = [[Nyski Kūn|Nyski]] | gmina = <!-- gmina --> | area = | pop = }} '''Stary Las''' sī [[Pho-lân]] [[Opolskie Séng|Opolskie]] séng [[Nyski Kūn|Nyski]] kūn ê chi̍t ê chng-thâu. [[Lūi-pia̍t:Nyski Kūn ê chng-thâu]] {{Poland-geo-stub}} 9gazfgpjdtwdtpxbngvs6g4u94ft9oz 0 624424 3136743 1500203 2022-08-24T22:07:11Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Kurd-gú | nativename = {{lang|ku-Latn|Kurdî}} / {{lang|ku-Arab|کوردی}} | image = Kurdish_Language.svg | imagesize = 120px | imagecaption = | states = [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] | region = [[Kurdistan]], [[Anatolia]], [[Caucasus]], [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], [[Kurdish diaspora]] | ethnicity = [[Kurds]] | speakers = c. 20–30 million | date = 2000–2010 est. | ref = <ref name="pop"> [[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish {{lang|sv|[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|italic=yes}} listed Kurdish in its "{{lang|sv|Världens 100 största språk 2007|italic=no}}" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. </ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]] | fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]] | stand1 = [[Kurmanji]] | stand2 = [[Sorani]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassanpour |first1=Amir |title=Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 |date=1992 |publisher=Mellen Research University Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780773498167 }}</ref> | ancestor = | ancestor2 = | dia1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] <small>(Kurmanji)</small> | dia2 = [[Central Kurdish]] <small>(Sorani)</small> | dia3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] <small>(Xwarîn, Palewani)</small> | script = [[Kurdish alphabets#Hawar alphabet|Hawar alphabet]] <small>([[Latin script]]; used mostly in Turkey and Syria)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Sorani alphabet]]<br/><small>([[Perso-Arabic script]]; used mostly in Iraq and Iran)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] <small>(former Soviet Union)</small><br/>[[Armenian alphabet]] <small>(1921-29 in Soviet Armenia)</small><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=MacCagg|editor1-first=William O.|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Brian D.|title=Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers|date=1979|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080246376|page=94|quote=Since the most active Soviet Kurdish center has been and continues to be Yerevan, the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the USSR was the Armenian alphabet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Курдский язык|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/KURDSKI_YAZIK.html|publisher=[[Krugosvet]]|language=ru|quote=...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khamoyan|first1=M.|title=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]] Volume 12|chapter=Քրդերեն [Kurdish language]|date=1986|page=492|language=hy|quote=...գրկ. լույս է տեսնում 1921-ից հայկ., 1929-ից՝ լատ., 1946-ից՝ ռուս. այբուբենով...}}</ref> | dia4 = [[Laki language|Laki]]<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> | iso1 = ku | iso2 = kur | iso3 = kur | lc1 = kmr | ld1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] | lc2 = ckb | ld2 = [[Central Kurdish]] | lc3 = sdh | ld3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] | lc4 = lki | ld4 = [[Laki language|Laki Kurdish]] | lingua = 58-AAA-a (North Kurdish incl. Kurmanji & Kurmanjiki) + 58-AAA-b (Central Kurdish incl. Dimli/Zaza & Gurani) + 58-AAA-c (South Kurdish incl. Kurdi) | glotto = kurd1259 | glottorefname = Kurdish | nation = {{flag|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq's Constitution of 2005 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en |access-date=14 April 2019 |page=4}}</ref>{{efn|Official at state level}} *{{flag|Kurdistan Region}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region |url=https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> {{flag|Rojava}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Contract - Sa-Nes |url=http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux |access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rojava could be a model for all Syria |url=https://www.nationalia.info/interview/1905/rojava-could-be-a-model-for-all-syria |access-date=22 March 2019 |work=[[Salih Muslim]] |agency=Nationalita |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> | minority = {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pavlenko|first=Aneta|title=Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries|year=2008|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84769-087-6|pages=18–22}}</ref> | notice = IPA | map = | mapcaption = | map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg | mapcaption2 = <center>Geographic distribution of Kurdish dialects and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds</center> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#156a33|[[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji]]}} {{legend|#00a239|[[Central Kurdish|Sorani]]}} {{legend|#00e450|[[Southern Kurdish|Southern]]}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#ffd700|[[Zaza language|Zaza]]}} {{legend|#ff8a00|[[Gorani language|Gorani]]}} {{legend|#ce9bd8|mixed areas}} {{col-end}} }} '''Kurd-gí''' (کوردی, Kurdî) sī chi̍t lūi [[Iran Gí-kûn]] ê giân-gí, liû-thong tī A-chiu se-pō͘, chú-iàu ê sú-iōng-chiá sī [[Kurd lâng]]. Pún giân-gí ē-tàng hun saⁿ khoán hong-giân, pau-koat [[Pak-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Kurmanji), [[Tiong-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Sorani) kap [[Lâm-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Pehlewani); tōa-hūn ê Kurd lâng kóng--ê sī Kurmanji khiuⁿ-kháu. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} {{stub}} [[Category:Giân-gú]] e6sh1gwpm0x3am33ppnc5bi47pujk97 3136744 3136743 2022-08-24T22:08:37Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Kurd-gú | nativename = {{lang|ku-Latn|Kurdî}} / {{lang|ku-Arab|کوردی}} | image = Kurdish_Language.svg | imagesize = 120px | imagecaption = | states = [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] | region = [[Kurdistan]], [[Anatolia]], [[Caucasus]], [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], [[Kurdish diaspora]] | ethnicity = [[Kurds]] | speakers = c. 20–30 million | date = 2000–2010 est. | ref = <ref name="pop"> [[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish {{lang|sv|[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|italic=yes}} listed Kurdish in its "{{lang|sv|Världens 100 största språk 2007|italic=no}}" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. </ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]] | fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]] | stand1 = [[Kurmanji]] | stand2 = [[Sorani]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassanpour |first1=Amir |title=Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 |date=1992 |publisher=Mellen Research University Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780773498167 }}</ref> | ancestor = | ancestor2 = | dia1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] <small>(Kurmanji)</small> | dia2 = [[Central Kurdish]] <small>(Sorani)</small> | dia3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] <small>(Xwarîn, Palewani)</small> | script = [[Kurdish alphabets#Hawar alphabet|Hawar alphabet]] <small>([[Latin script]]; used mostly in Turkey and Syria)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Sorani alphabet]]<br/><small>([[Perso-Arabic script]]; used mostly in Iraq and Iran)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] <small>(former Soviet Union)</small><br/>[[Armenian alphabet]] <small>(1921-29 in Soviet Armenia)</small><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=MacCagg|editor1-first=William O.|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Brian D.|title=Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers|date=1979|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080246376|page=94|quote=Since the most active Soviet Kurdish center has been and continues to be Yerevan, the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the USSR was the Armenian alphabet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Курдский язык|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/KURDSKI_YAZIK.html|publisher=[[Krugosvet]]|language=ru|quote=...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khamoyan|first1=M.|title=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]] Volume 12|chapter=Քրդերեն [Kurdish language]|date=1986|page=492|language=hy|quote=...գրկ. լույս է տեսնում 1921-ից հայկ., 1929-ից՝ լատ., 1946-ից՝ ռուս. այբուբենով...}}</ref> | dia4 = [[Laki language|Laki]]<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> | iso1 = ku | iso2 = kur | iso3 = kur | lc1 = kmr | ld1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] | lc2 = ckb | ld2 = [[Central Kurdish]] | lc3 = sdh | ld3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] | lc4 = lki | ld4 = [[Laki language|Laki Kurdish]] | lingua = 58-AAA-a (North Kurdish incl. Kurmanji & Kurmanjiki) + 58-AAA-b (Central Kurdish incl. Dimli/Zaza & Gurani) + 58-AAA-c (South Kurdish incl. Kurdi) | glotto = kurd1259 | glottorefname = Kurdish | nation = {{flag|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq's Constitution of 2005 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en |access-date=14 April 2019 |page=4}}</ref>{{efn|Official at state level}} *{{flag|Kurdistan Region}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region |url=https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> {{flag|Rojava}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Contract - Sa-Nes |url=http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux |access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rojava could be a model for all Syria |url=https://www.nationalia.info/interview/1905/rojava-could-be-a-model-for-all-syria |access-date=22 March 2019 |work=[[Salih Muslim]] |agency=Nationalita |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> | minority = {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pavlenko|first=Aneta|title=Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries|year=2008|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84769-087-6|pages=18–22}}</ref> | notice = IPA | map = | mapcaption = | map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg | mapcaption2 = <center>Geographic distribution of Kurdish dialects and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds</center> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#156a33|[[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji]]}} {{legend|#00a239|[[Central Kurdish|Sorani]]}} {{legend|#00e450|[[Southern Kurdish|Southern]]}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#ffd700|[[Zaza language|Zaza]]}} {{legend|#ff8a00|[[Gorani language|Gorani]]}} {{legend|#ce9bd8|mixed areas}} {{col-end}} }} '''Kurd-gí''' (کوردی, Kurdî) sī chi̍t lūi [[Iran Gí-kûn]] ê giân-gí, liû-thong tī A-chiu se-pō͘, chú-iàu ê sú-iōng-chiá sī [[Kurd lâng]]. Pún giân-gí ē-tàng hun saⁿ khoán hong-giân, pau-koat [[Pak-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Kurmanji), [[Tiong-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Sorani) kap [[Lâm-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Pehlewani); tōa-hūn ê Kurd lâng kóng--ê sī Kurmanji khiuⁿ-kháu. ==Tsù-sik== {{Notelist}} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} {{stub}} [[Category:Giân-gú]] 0wguxpj0rp6zo73syy5tt9sufa1mupu 3136745 3136744 2022-08-24T22:10:16Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Kurd-gú | nativename = {{lang|ku-Latn|Kurdî}} / {{lang|ku-Arab|کوردی}} | image = Kurdish_Language.svg | imagesize = 120px | imagecaption = | states = [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] | region = [[Kurdistan]], [[Anatolia]], [[Caucasus]], [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], [[Kurdish diaspora]] | ethnicity = [[Kurds]] | speakers = c. 20–30 million | date = 2000–2010 est. | ref = <ref name="pop"> [[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish {{lang|sv|[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|italic=yes}} listed Kurdish in its "{{lang|sv|Världens 100 största språk 2007|italic=no}}" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. </ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]] | fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]] | stand1 = [[Kurmanji]] | stand2 = [[Sorani]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassanpour |first1=Amir |title=Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 |date=1992 |publisher=Mellen Research University Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780773498167 }}</ref> | ancestor = | ancestor2 = | dia1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] <small>(Kurmanji)</small> | dia2 = [[Central Kurdish]] <small>(Sorani)</small> | dia3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] <small>(Xwarîn, Palewani)</small> | script = [[Kurdish alphabets#Hawar alphabet|Hawar alphabet]] <small>([[Latin script]]; used mostly in Turkey and Syria)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Sorani alphabet]]<br/><small>([[Perso-Arabic script]]; used mostly in Iraq and Iran)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] <small>(former Soviet Union)</small><br/>[[Armenian alphabet]] <small>(1921-29 in Soviet Armenia)</small><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=MacCagg|editor1-first=William O.|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Brian D.|title=Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers|date=1979|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080246376|page=94|quote=Since the most active Soviet Kurdish center has been and continues to be Yerevan, the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the USSR was the Armenian alphabet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Курдский язык|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/KURDSKI_YAZIK.html|publisher=[[Krugosvet]]|language=ru|quote=...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khamoyan|first1=M.|title=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]] Volume 12|chapter=Քրդերեն [Kurdish language]|date=1986|page=492|language=hy|quote=...գրկ. լույս է տեսնում 1921-ից հայկ., 1929-ից՝ լատ., 1946-ից՝ ռուս. այբուբենով...}}</ref> | dia4 = [[Laki language|Laki]]<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> | iso1 = ku | iso2 = kur | iso3 = kur | lc1 = kmr | ld1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] | lc2 = ckb | ld2 = [[Central Kurdish]] | lc3 = sdh | ld3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] | lc4 = lki | ld4 = [[Laki language|Laki Kurdish]] | lingua = 58-AAA-a (North Kurdish incl. Kurmanji & Kurmanjiki) + 58-AAA-b (Central Kurdish incl. Dimli/Zaza & Gurani) + 58-AAA-c (South Kurdish incl. Kurdi) | glotto = kurd1259 | glottorefname = Kurdish | nation = {{flag|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq's Constitution of 2005 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en |access-date=14 April 2019 |page=4}}</ref>{{efn|Official at state level}} *{{flag|Kurdistan Region}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region |url=https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> {{flag|Rojava}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Contract - Sa-Nes |url=http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux |access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rojava could be a model for all Syria |url=https://www.nationalia.info/interview/1905/rojava-could-be-a-model-for-all-syria |access-date=22 March 2019 |work=[[Salih Muslim]] |agency=Nationalita |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> | minority = {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pavlenko|first=Aneta|title=Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries|year=2008|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84769-087-6|pages=18–22}}</ref> | notice = IPA | map = | mapcaption = | map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg | mapcaption2 = <center>Geographic distribution of Kurdish dialects and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds</center> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#156a33|[[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji]]}} {{legend|#00a239|[[Central Kurdish|Sorani]]}} {{legend|#00e450|[[Southern Kurdish|Southern]]}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#ffd700|[[Zaza language|Zaza]]}} {{legend|#ff8a00|[[Gorani language|Gorani]]}} {{legend|#ce9bd8|mixed areas}} {{col-end}} }} '''Kurd-gí''' (کوردی, Kurdî) sī chi̍t lūi [[Iran Gí-kûn]] ê giân-gí, liû-thong tī A-chiu se-pō͘, chú-iàu ê sú-iōng-chiá sī [[Kurd lâng]]. Pún giân-gí ē-tàng hun saⁿ khoán hong-giân, pau-koat [[Pak-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Kurmanji), [[Tiong-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Sorani) kap [[Lâm-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Pehlewani); tōa-hūn ê Kurd lâng kóng--ê sī Kurmanji khiuⁿ-kháu. ==Tsù-sik== {{Notelist}} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Guā-pōo liân-kiat== {{Commons category|Kurdish language}} {{InterWiki|code=ku|Kurmanji Kurdish}} {{InterWiki|code=ckb|Sorani Kurdish}} {{Incubator|sdh|language=Southern Kurdish}} {{Incubator|lki|language=Laki}} {{Wikivoyage|Kurdish phrasebook|Kurdish|phrasebook}} * [http://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ser%C3%BBpel Wîkîferheng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031024645/http://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ser%C3%BBpel |date=31 October 2015 }} (Kurdish [[Wiktionary]]) * [https://books.vejin.net/ VejinBooks, collection of Kurdish literary and historical texts] * [https://lex.vejin.net/ Vejin Dictionaries, collection of Kurdish dictionaries] (written in Arabic script) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170911233756/http://www.kurdishacademy.org/ The Kurdish Academy of Language] (unofficial) * [http://www.kurdinus.com/Transliterate.html Kurdînûs, a tool for writing in Kurdish and to convert texts from Arabic script to Latin script and vice versa] * [http://egerin.com/ Egerîn, Kurdish (Kurmanji) search engine] * [http://inkurdish.com/ inKurdish: English–Kurdish Translation] * [http://dictio.kurditgroup.org Dictio: English–Kurdish (Sorani) Dictionary] * [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/language/ The Kurdish Institute of Paris: Language and Literature] * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i Kurdish Language and Linguistics, at Encyclopedia Iranica] (article written by Ludwig Paul) * [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/ Reference Grammar with Selected Readings both for Sorani and Kurmanji, written by W. M. Thackston (Harvard University)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152214/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_kurdishwritten_20050223.html History of Kurdish Written Literature, at Encyclopedia Iranica] (article written by Philip G. Kryeenbroek) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201810/http://www.kurdishlanguage.org/ Kurdish Language Initiative] of [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601222228/http://seywan.org/ Seywan Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115180810/http://www.enstituyakurdi.org/ Kurdish Institute of Istanbul] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170911233756/http://www.kurdishacademy.org/ KAL: The Kurdish Academy of Language] * {{curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Kurdish/}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/linguistics-and-philosophy/24-942-grammar-of-a-less-familiar-language-spring-2003/ Grammar of a Less Familiar Language] (MIT OpenCourseWare) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120723065907/http://vahidrch.persiangig.com/document/ph.pdf Southern Kurdish phonetic] * [http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish] * {{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312070136|title=Writing Kurdish Alphabetics in Java Programming Language|publisher=IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2016}} {{stub}} [[Category:Giân-gú]] hsi8hezetwu04q4qab1ag4f10v07bvq 3136746 3136745 2022-08-24T22:10:49Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo liân-kiat */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Kurd-gú | nativename = {{lang|ku-Latn|Kurdî}} / {{lang|ku-Arab|کوردی}} | image = Kurdish_Language.svg | imagesize = 120px | imagecaption = | states = [[Turkey]], [[Iraq]], [[Iran]], [[Syria]], [[Armenia]], [[Azerbaijan]] | region = [[Kurdistan]], [[Anatolia]], [[Caucasus]], [[Khorasan Province|Khorasan]], [[Kurdish diaspora]] | ethnicity = [[Kurds]] | speakers = c. 20–30 million | date = 2000–2010 est. | ref = <ref name="pop"> [[SIL Ethnologue|SIL ''Ethnologue'']] gives estimates, broken down by dialect group, totalling 31 million, but with the caveat of "Very provisional figures for Northern Kurdish speaker population". ''Ethnologue'' estimates for dialect groups: Northern: 20.2M (undated; 15M in Turkey for 2009), Central: 6.75M (2009), Southern: 3M (2000), Laki: 1M (2000). The Swedish {{lang|sv|[[Nationalencyklopedin]]|italic=yes}} listed Kurdish in its "{{lang|sv|Världens 100 största språk 2007|italic=no}}" (The World's 100 Largest Languages in 2007), citing an estimate of 20.6 million native speakers. </ref> | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western]] | fam5 = [[Northwestern Iranian languages|Northwestern]] | stand1 = [[Kurmanji]] | stand2 = [[Sorani]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hassanpour |first1=Amir |title=Nationalism and language in Kurdistan, 1918-1985 |date=1992 |publisher=Mellen Research University Press |location=San Francisco |isbn=9780773498167 }}</ref> | ancestor = | ancestor2 = | dia1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] <small>(Kurmanji)</small> | dia2 = [[Central Kurdish]] <small>(Sorani)</small> | dia3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] <small>(Xwarîn, Palewani)</small> | script = [[Kurdish alphabets#Hawar alphabet|Hawar alphabet]] <small>([[Latin script]]; used mostly in Turkey and Syria)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Sorani alphabet|Sorani alphabet]]<br/><small>([[Perso-Arabic script]]; used mostly in Iraq and Iran)</small><br />[[Kurdish alphabets#Cyrillic script|Cyrillic alphabet]] <small>(former Soviet Union)</small><br/>[[Armenian alphabet]] <small>(1921-29 in Soviet Armenia)</small><ref>{{cite book|editor1-last=MacCagg|editor1-first=William O.|editor2-last=Silver|editor2-first=Brian D.|title=Soviet Asian Ethnic Frontiers|date=1979|publisher=[[Pergamon Press]]|isbn=9780080246376|page=94|quote=Since the most active Soviet Kurdish center has been and continues to be Yerevan, the first alphabet used for publishing Kurdish in the USSR was the Armenian alphabet.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|script-title=ru:Курдский язык|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/gumanitarnye_nauki/lingvistika/KURDSKI_YAZIK.html|publisher=[[Krugosvet]]|language=ru|quote=...в Армении на основе русского алфавита с 1946 (с 1921 на основе армянской графики, с 1929 на основе латиницы).}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Khamoyan|first1=M.|title=[[Soviet Armenian Encyclopedia]] Volume 12|chapter=Քրդերեն [Kurdish language]|date=1986|page=492|language=hy|quote=...գրկ. լույս է տեսնում 1921-ից հայկ., 1929-ից՝ լատ., 1946-ից՝ ռուս. այբուբենով...}}</ref> | dia4 = [[Laki language|Laki]]<ref name="Iranatlas" >{{cite web |title=Atlas of the Languages of Iran A working classification |url=http://iranatlas.net/index.html?module=module.classification |website=Languages of Iran |access-date=25 May 2019}}</ref> | iso1 = ku | iso2 = kur | iso3 = kur | lc1 = kmr | ld1 = [[Northern Kurdish]] | lc2 = ckb | ld2 = [[Central Kurdish]] | lc3 = sdh | ld3 = [[Southern Kurdish]] | lc4 = lki | ld4 = [[Laki language|Laki Kurdish]] | lingua = 58-AAA-a (North Kurdish incl. Kurmanji & Kurmanjiki) + 58-AAA-b (Central Kurdish incl. Dimli/Zaza & Gurani) + 58-AAA-c (South Kurdish incl. Kurdi) | glotto = kurd1259 | glottorefname = Kurdish | nation = {{flag|Iraq}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Iraq's Constitution of 2005 |url=https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Iraq_2005.pdf?lang=en |access-date=14 April 2019 |page=4}}</ref>{{efn|Official at state level}} *{{flag|Kurdistan Region}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Kurdistan: Constitution of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region |url=https://unpo.org/article/538?id=538 |access-date=14 April 2019}}</ref> {{flag|Rojava}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Social Contract - Sa-Nes |url=http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209113945/http://rojavabenelux.nl/?page_id=1862 |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 December 2018 |publisher=Self-Administration of North & East Syria Representation in Benelux |access-date=22 March 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Rojava could be a model for all Syria |url=https://www.nationalia.info/interview/1905/rojava-could-be-a-model-for-all-syria |access-date=22 March 2019 |work=[[Salih Muslim]] |agency=Nationalita |date=29 July 2014}}</ref> | minority = {{flag|Armenia}}<ref>{{cite book|last=Pavlenko|first=Aneta|title=Multilingualism in post-Soviet countries|year=2008|publisher=Multilingual Matters|location=Bristol, UK|isbn=978-1-84769-087-6|pages=18–22}}</ref> | notice = IPA | map = | mapcaption = | map2 = Kurdish languages map.svg | mapcaption2 = <center>Geographic distribution of Kurdish dialects and other Iranian languages spoken by Kurds</center> {{col-begin}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#156a33|[[Northern Kurdish|Kurmanji]]}} {{legend|#00a239|[[Central Kurdish|Sorani]]}} {{legend|#00e450|[[Southern Kurdish|Southern]]}} {{col-break}} {{legend|#ffd700|[[Zaza language|Zaza]]}} {{legend|#ff8a00|[[Gorani language|Gorani]]}} {{legend|#ce9bd8|mixed areas}} {{col-end}} }} '''Kurd-gí''' (کوردی, Kurdî) sī chi̍t lūi [[Iran Gí-kûn]] ê giân-gí, liû-thong tī A-chiu se-pō͘, chú-iàu ê sú-iōng-chiá sī [[Kurd lâng]]. Pún giân-gí ē-tàng hun saⁿ khoán hong-giân, pau-koat [[Pak-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Kurmanji), [[Tiong-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Sorani) kap [[Lâm-pō͘ Kurd-gí]] (Pehlewani); tōa-hūn ê Kurd lâng kóng--ê sī Kurmanji khiuⁿ-kháu. ==Tsù-sik== {{Notelist}} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Guā-pōo liân-kiat== {{Commons category|Kurdish language}} {{InterWiki|code=ku|Kurmanji Kurdish}} {{InterWiki|code=ckb|Sorani Kurdish}} {{Incubator|sdh|language=Southern Kurdish}} {{Incubator|lki|language=Laki}} {{Wikivoyage|Kurdish phrasebook|Kurdish|phrasebook}} {{div col|2}} * [http://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ser%C3%BBpel Wîkîferheng] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151031024645/http://ku.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ser%C3%BBpel |date=31 October 2015 }} (Kurdish [[Wiktionary]]) * [https://books.vejin.net/ VejinBooks, collection of Kurdish literary and historical texts] * [https://lex.vejin.net/ Vejin Dictionaries, collection of Kurdish dictionaries] (written in Arabic script) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170911233756/http://www.kurdishacademy.org/ The Kurdish Academy of Language] (unofficial) * [http://www.kurdinus.com/Transliterate.html Kurdînûs, a tool for writing in Kurdish and to convert texts from Arabic script to Latin script and vice versa] * [http://egerin.com/ Egerîn, Kurdish (Kurmanji) search engine] * [http://inkurdish.com/ inKurdish: English–Kurdish Translation] * [http://dictio.kurditgroup.org Dictio: English–Kurdish (Sorani) Dictionary] * [http://www.institutkurde.org/en/language/ The Kurdish Institute of Paris: Language and Literature] * [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kurdish-language-i Kurdish Language and Linguistics, at Encyclopedia Iranica] (article written by Ludwig Paul) * [http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~iranian/ Reference Grammar with Selected Readings both for Sorani and Kurmanji, written by W. M. Thackston (Harvard University)] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120121152214/http://www.iranica.com/newsite/articles/ot_grp7/ot_kurdishwritten_20050223.html History of Kurdish Written Literature, at Encyclopedia Iranica] (article written by Philip G. Kryeenbroek) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20130402201810/http://www.kurdishlanguage.org/ Kurdish Language Initiative] of [https://web.archive.org/web/20100601222228/http://seywan.org/ Seywan Institute] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20160115180810/http://www.enstituyakurdi.org/ Kurdish Institute of Istanbul] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20170911233756/http://www.kurdishacademy.org/ KAL: The Kurdish Academy of Language] * {{curlie|Science/Social_Sciences/Linguistics/Languages/Natural/Indo-European/Indo-Iranian/Iranian/Kurdish/}} * [http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/linguistics-and-philosophy/24-942-grammar-of-a-less-familiar-language-spring-2003/ Grammar of a Less Familiar Language] (MIT OpenCourseWare) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20120723065907/http://vahidrch.persiangig.com/document/ph.pdf Southern Kurdish phonetic] * [http://home.hum.uva.nl/oz/leezenberg/GInflCK.pdf Gorani Influence on Central Kurdish] * {{cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312070136|title=Writing Kurdish Alphabetics in Java Programming Language|publisher=IJACSA) International Journal of Advanced Computer Science and Applications, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2016}} {{div col end}} {{stub}} [[Category:Giân-gú]] ez0c9shpkeaqrvz649ntdo48nfezqmc 0 630404 3136748 1592668 2022-08-24T22:18:51Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Tajik -gú | nativename = Тоҷикӣ ({{lang|tg-Latn|Tojikī}}) | region = [[Central Asia]] | states = [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<!-- Please DO NOT add China to this list. See the comment about Pamir languages below. --> | ethnicity = [[Tajiks]] | speakers = {{sigfig|8.130,|2}} million ({{sigfig|6.380,|2}} million in Tajikistan, 2012 UNSD) | date = 2012 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]] | fam6 = [[Persian language|Persian]] | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] (historically), [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] (by [[Bukharan Jews]]), [[Russian Braille#Additional alphabets|Tajik Braille]] | agency = [[Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature]] | nation = {{flag|Tajikistan}} | minority = | iso1 = tg | iso2 = tgk | iso3 = tgk | lingua = 58-AAC-ci | image = "Tajik", written in Cyrillic (Tоҷикӣ) and Nastaliq (تاجیکی).svg | imagesize = 150px | imagecaption = "Tojikī" written in Cyrillic script and [[Perso-Arabic script]] ([[Nastaliq|Nastaʿlīq calligraphy]]) | notice = IPA | glotto = taji1245 | glottorefname = Tajik | dia1 = [[Madaklashti]] }} '''Tajik-gí''' sī [[Tajikistan]] ê [[koan-hong gí-giân]]. {{stub}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tajikistan]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] kdpl2ekds6p1gm6pw6z3a0zpofc8dd1 3136749 3136748 2022-08-24T22:19:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Tajik -gú | nativename = Тоҷикӣ ({{lang|tg-Latn|Tojikī}}) | region = [[Central Asia]] | states = [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<!-- Please DO NOT add China to this list. See the comment about Pamir languages below. --> | ethnicity = [[Tajiks]] | speakers = {{sigfig|8.130,|2}} million ({{sigfig|6.380,|2}} million in Tajikistan, 2012 UNSD) | date = 2012 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]] | fam6 = [[Persian language|Persian]] | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] (historically), [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] (by [[Bukharan Jews]]), [[Russian Braille#Additional alphabets|Tajik Braille]] | agency = [[Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature]] | nation = {{flag|Tajikistan}} | minority = | iso1 = tg | iso2 = tgk | iso3 = tgk | lingua = 58-AAC-ci | image = "Tajik", written in Cyrillic (Tоҷикӣ) and Nastaliq (تاجیکی).svg | imagesize = 150px | imagecaption = "Tojikī" written in Cyrillic script and [[Perso-Arabic script]] ([[Nastaliq|Nastaʿlīq calligraphy]]) | notice = IPA | glotto = taji1245 | glottorefname = Tajik | dia1 = [[Madaklashti]] }} '''Tajik-gí''' sī [[Tajikistan]] ê [[koan-hong gí-giân]]. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} {{stub}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tajikistan]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] h9g3fhdivxh2aovsepkrkehpm08higv 3136753 3136749 2022-08-24T22:29:10Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Tajik -gú | nativename = Тоҷикӣ ({{lang|tg-Latn|Tojikī}}) | region = [[Central Asia]] | states = [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]<!-- Please DO NOT add China to this list. See the comment about Pamir languages below. --> | ethnicity = [[Tajiks]] | speakers = {{sigfig|8.130,|2}} million ({{sigfig|6.380,|2}} million in Tajikistan, 2012 UNSD) | date = 2012 | ref = e23 | familycolor = Indo-European | fam2 = [[Indo-Iranian languages|Indo-Iranian]] | fam3 = [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] | fam4 = [[Western Iranian languages|Western Iranian]] | fam5 = [[Southwestern Iranian languages|Southwestern Iranian]] | fam6 = [[Persian language|Persian]] | script = [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin script|Latin]], [[Persian alphabet|Persian]] (historically), [[Hebrew script|Hebrew]] (by [[Bukharan Jews]]), [[Russian Braille#Additional alphabets|Tajik Braille]] | agency = [[Rudaki Institute of Language and Literature]] | nation = {{flag|Tajikistan}} | minority = | iso1 = tg | iso2 = tgk | iso3 = tgk | lingua = 58-AAC-ci | image = "Tajik", written in Cyrillic (Tоҷикӣ) and Nastaliq (تاجیکی).svg | imagesize = 150px | imagecaption = "Tojikī" written in Cyrillic script and [[Perso-Arabic script]] ([[Nastaliq|Nastaʿlīq calligraphy]]) | notice = IPA | glotto = taji1245 | glottorefname = Tajik | dia1 = [[Madaklashti]] }} '''Tajik-gí''' sī [[Tajikistan]] ê [[koan-hong gí-giân]]. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Azim Baizoyev, John Hayward: [https://archive.org/details/BeginnerTajik A beginner's guide to Tajiki]. - 1. publ. - London [u. a.]: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004. (includes a Tajiki-English Dictionary) * Ido, S. (2005) ''Tajik'' {{ISBN|3-89586-316-5}} * Korotow, M. (2004) ''Tadschikisch Wort für Wort. Kauderwelsch'' {{ISBN|3-89416-347-X}} * Lazard, G. (1956) "Caractères distinctifs de la langue tadjik". ''Bulletin de la Société Linguistique de Paris''. 52. pp.&nbsp;117–186 * Lazard, G. "Le Persan". ''Compendium Linguarum Iranicarum''. Wiesbaden. 1989. * Windfuhr, G. (1987) in Comrie, B. (ed.) "Persian". ''The World's Major Languages''. pp.&nbsp;523–546 * Perry, J. R. (2005) ''A Tajik Persian Reference Grammar'' (Boston : Brill) {{ISBN|90-04-14323-8}} * Rastorgueva, V. (1963) ''A Short Sketch of Tajik Grammar'' (Netherlands : Mouton) {{ISBN|0-933070-28-4}} * Назарзода, С. – Сангинов, А. – Каримов, С. – Султон, М. Ҳ. (2008) ''Фарҳанги тафсирии забони тоҷикӣ (иборат аз ду ҷилд). [http://www.gazeta.tj/knigi/knigi_rar/kitob_j_1.pdf Ҷилди I. А – Н.]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}} [http://www.gazeta.tj/knigi/knigi_rar/kitob_j_2.pdf Ҷилди II. О – Я.]{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}'' (Душанбе). * Khojayori, Nasrullo, and Mikael Thompson. ''Tajiki Reference Grammar for Beginners''. Washington, DC: Georgetown UP, 2009. {{ISBN|978-1-58901-269-1}} * Windfuhr, Gernot. "Persian and Tajik." ''The Iranian Languages''. New York, NY: Routledge, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-7007-1131-4}} * Windfuhr, Gernot. Persian Grammar: History and State of Its Study. De Gruyter, 1979. Trends in Linguistics. State-Of-The-Art Reports. {{ISBN|978-9027977748}} * Marashi, Mehdi, and Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Persian Studies in North America: Studies in Honor of Mohammad Ali Jazayery. Bethesda, MD: Iran, 1994. {{ISBN|978-0936347356}} {{refend}} ==Iân-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{Refbegin}} * {{citation |last=Ido |first=Shinji |title=Bukharan Tajik |year=2014 |journal=Journal of the International Phonetic Association |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=87–102 |doi=10.1017/S002510031300011X |doi-access=free }} * John Perry. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-ii-tajiki-persian TAJIK ii. TAJIK PERSIAN] ([[Encyclopædia Iranica]]) * Bahriddin Aliev and Aya Okawa. [http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/tajik-iii-colloquial TAJIK iii. COLLOQUIAL TAJIKI IN COMPARISON WITH PERSIAN OF IRAN] ([[Encyclopædia Iranica]]) {{Refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{InterWiki|code=tg}} {{Wikibooks|Tajik}} {{Wikivoyage|Tajik phrasebook|Tajik|a phrasebook}} {{Wiktionary category 2}} {{commons category}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20180823074936/http://persian-tajik.ir/Default.aspx Tajiki Cyrillic to Persian alphabet converter] * [http://tajikam.com/forum A Worldwide Community for Tajiks] * [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Tajik_Swadesh_list Tajik Swadesh list of basic vocabulary words] (from Wiktionary's [http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Appendix:Swadesh_lists Swadesh-list appendix]) * [http://www.bbc.co.uk/persian/tajikistan/ BBC news in Tajik] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20131208023214/http://www.mynet.tj/lugat/?lg=entj English-Tajik-Russian Dictionary] * [http://www.lugat.tj/ Free Online Tajik Dictionary] * [http://www.navrasta.com/ Welcome to Tajikistan] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20150702021130/http://www.stat.tj/ru/img/65a709121baf8a64bf15d33f398aafde_1435736807.pdf Численность населения Республики Таджикистан на 1 января 2015 года. Сообщение Агентства по статистике при Президенте Республики Таджикистан] * [https://www.ozodi.org/a/29550914.html намоишгоҳи "Китоби Душанбе"]. A news clip about a Dushanbe book exhibition, with examples of various members of the public speaking Tajiki. {{stub}} {{Authority control}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tajikistan]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Giân-gú]] ha91ig58oxylr1iz6l2ont1z0mj6nlz 10 672312 3136707 1772351 2022-08-24T20:56:03Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = * [[Al-Ahqaf]] * [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] * [[Al-Fath]] * [[Al-Hujurat]] * [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] * [[Adh-Dhariyat]] * [[At-Tur]] * [[An-Najm]] * [[Al-Qamar]] * [[Ar-Rahman]] * [[Al-Waqi'a]] * [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = * [[Al-Mujadila]] * [[Al-Hashr]] * [[Al-Mumtahina]] * [[As-Saff]] * [[Al-Jumua]] * [[Al-Munafiqun]] * [[At-Taghabun]] * [[At-Talaq]] * [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = * [[Al-Mulk]] * [[Al-Qalam]] * [[Al-Haaqqa]] * [[Al-Maarij]] * [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] * [[Al-Jinn]] * [[Al-Muzzammil]] * [[Al-Muddathir]] * [[Al-Qiyama]] * [[Al-Insan]] * [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = * [[An-Naba]] * [[An-Naziat]] * [[Abasa]] * [[At-Takwir]] * [[Al-Infitar]] * [[Al-Mutaffifin]] * [[Al-Inshiqaq]] * [[Al-Burooj]] * [[At-Tariq]] * [[Al-Ala]] * [[Al-Ghashiyah]] * [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] * [[Al-Balad]] * [[Ash-Shams]] * [[Al-Lail]] * [[Ad-Dhuha]] * [[Al-Inshirah]] * [[At-Tin]] * [[Al-Alaq]] * [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] * [[Al-Bayyina]] * [[Az-Zalzala]] * [[Al-Adiyat]] * [[Al-Qaria]] * [[At-Takathur]] * [[Al-Asr]] * [[Al-Humaza]] * [[Al-Fil]] * [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] * [[Al-Ma'un]] * [[Al-Kawthar]] * [[Al-Kafirun]] * [[An-Nasr]] * [[Al-Masad]] * [[Al-Ikhlas]] * [[Al-Falaq]] * [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> nacn79rg1tri1fih0tbujfnpt6gcmw9 3136708 3136707 2022-08-24T20:56:49Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = * [[Al-Ahqaf]] * [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] * [[Al-Fath]] * [[Al-Hujurat]] * [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] * [[Adh-Dhariyat]] * [[At-Tur]] * [[An-Najm]] * [[Al-Qamar]] * [[Ar-Rahman]] * [[Al-Waqi'a]] * [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = * [[Al-Mujadila]] * [[Al-Hashr]] * [[Al-Mumtahina]] * [[As-Saff]] * [[Al-Jumua]] * [[Al-Munafiqun]] * [[At-Taghabun]] * [[At-Talaq]] * [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = * [[Al-Mulk]] * [[Al-Qalam]] * [[Al-Haaqqa]] * [[Al-Maarij]] * [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] * [[Al-Jinn]] * [[Al-Muzzammil]] * [[Al-Muddathir]] * [[Al-Qiyama]] * [[Al-Insan]] * [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = * [[An-Naba]] * [[An-Naziat]] * [[Abasa]] * [[At-Takwir]] * [[Al-Infitar]] * [[Al-Mutaffifin]] * [[Al-Inshiqaq]] * [[Al-Burooj]] * [[At-Tariq]] * [[Al-Ala]] * [[Al-Ghashiyah]] * [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] * [[Al-Balad]] * [[Ash-Shams]] * [[Al-Lail]] * [[Ad-Dhuha]] * [[Al-Inshirah]] * [[At-Tin]] * [[Al-Alaq]] * [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] * [[Al-Bayyina]] * [[Az-Zalzala]] * [[Al-Adiyat]] * [[Al-Qaria]] * [[At-Takathur]] * [[Al-Asr]] * [[Al-Humaza]] * [[Al-Fil]] * [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] * [[Al-Ma'un]] * [[Al-Kawthar]] * [[Al-Kafirun]] * [[An-Nasr]] * [[Al-Masad]] * [[Al-Ikhlas]] * [[Al-Falaq]] * [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> emctmaxvr0c5y2jxc2mm74drm1gwxjb 3136709 3136708 2022-08-24T20:58:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = * [[Al-Mujadila]] * [[Al-Hashr]] * [[Al-Mumtahina]] * [[As-Saff]] * [[Al-Jumua]] * [[Al-Munafiqun]] * [[At-Taghabun]] * [[At-Talaq]] * [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = * [[Al-Mulk]] * [[Al-Qalam]] * [[Al-Haaqqa]] * [[Al-Maarij]] * [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] * [[Al-Jinn]] * [[Al-Muzzammil]] * [[Al-Muddathir]] * [[Al-Qiyama]] * [[Al-Insan]] * [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = * [[An-Naba]] * [[An-Naziat]] * [[Abasa]] * [[At-Takwir]] * [[Al-Infitar]] * [[Al-Mutaffifin]] * [[Al-Inshiqaq]] * [[Al-Burooj]] * [[At-Tariq]] * [[Al-Ala]] * [[Al-Ghashiyah]] * [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] * [[Al-Balad]] * [[Ash-Shams]] * [[Al-Lail]] * [[Ad-Dhuha]] * [[Al-Inshirah]] * [[At-Tin]] * [[Al-Alaq]] * [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] * [[Al-Bayyina]] * [[Az-Zalzala]] * [[Al-Adiyat]] * [[Al-Qaria]] * [[At-Takathur]] * [[Al-Asr]] * [[Al-Humaza]] * [[Al-Fil]] * [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] * [[Al-Ma'un]] * [[Al-Kawthar]] * [[Al-Kafirun]] * [[An-Nasr]] * [[Al-Masad]] * [[Al-Ikhlas]] * [[Al-Falaq]] * [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> 2czcy2shhc2b0w60hovu7ef5rs6bw4h 3136735 3136709 2022-08-24T21:45:50Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] * [[Al-Hashr]] * [[Al-Mumtahina]] * [[As-Saff]] * [[Al-Jumua]] * [[Al-Munafiqun]] * [[At-Taghabun]] * [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] * [[Al-Qalam]] * [[Al-Haaqqa]] * [[Al-Maarij]] * [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] * [[Al-Jinn]] * [[Al-Muzzammil]] * [[Al-Muddathir]] * [[Al-Qiyama]] * [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] * [[An-Naziat]] * [[Abasa]] * [[At-Takwir]] * [[Al-Infitar]] * [[Al-Mutaffifin]] * [[Al-Inshiqaq]] * [[Al-Burooj]] * [[At-Tariq]] * [[Al-Ala]] * [[Al-Ghashiyah]] * [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] * [[Al-Balad]] * [[Ash-Shams]] * [[Al-Lail]] * [[Ad-Dhuha]] * [[Al-Inshirah]] * [[At-Tin]] * [[Al-Alaq]] * [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] * [[Al-Bayyina]] * [[Az-Zalzala]] * [[Al-Adiyat]] * [[Al-Qaria]] * [[At-Takathur]] * [[Al-Asr]] * [[Al-Humaza]] * [[Al-Fil]] * [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] * [[Al-Ma'un]] * [[Al-Kawthar]] * [[Al-Kafirun]] * [[An-Nasr]] * [[Al-Masad]] * [[Al-Ikhlas]] * [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> 3n011py73dzat7m4b7g99e7uie0qfsg 3136736 3136735 2022-08-24T21:46:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] * [[Al-Hashr]] * [[Al-Mumtahina]] * [[As-Saff]] * [[Al-Jumua]] * [[Al-Munafiqun]] * [[At-Taghabun]] * [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] * [[Al-Qalam]] * [[Al-Haaqqa]] * [[Al-Maarij]] * [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] * [[Al-Jinn]] * [[Al-Muzzammil]] * [[Al-Muddathir]] * [[Al-Qiyama]] * [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] * [[An-Naziat]] * [[Abasa]] * [[At-Takwir]] * [[Al-Infitar]] * [[Al-Mutaffifin]] * [[Al-Inshiqaq]] * [[Al-Burooj]] * [[At-Tariq]] * [[Al-Ala]] * [[Al-Ghashiyah]] * [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] * [[Al-Balad]] * [[Ash-Shams]] * [[Al-Lail]] * [[Ad-Dhuha]] * [[Al-Inshirah]] * [[At-Tin]] * [[Al-Alaq]] * [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] * [[Al-Bayyina]] * [[Az-Zalzala]] * [[Al-Adiyat]] * [[Al-Qaria]] * [[At-Takathur]] * [[Al-Asr]] * [[Al-Humaza]] * [[Al-Fil]] * [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] * [[Al-Ma'un]] * [[Al-Kawthar]] * [[Al-Kafirun]] * [[An-Nasr]] * [[Al-Masad]] * [[Al-Ikhlas]] * [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> 8nm2ajzugk6i4quk6afb6wpwc4z82he 3136778 3136736 2022-08-24T23:46:29Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] * [[Al-Mumtahina]] * [[As-Saff]] * [[Al-Jumua]] * [[Al-Munafiqun]] * [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] * [[An-Naziat]] * [[Abasa]] * [[At-Takwir]] * [[Al-Infitar]] * [[Al-Mutaffifin]] * [[Al-Inshiqaq]] * [[Al-Burooj]] * [[At-Tariq]] * [[Al-Ala]] * [[Al-Ghashiyah]] * [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] * [[Al-Balad]] * [[Ash-Shams]] * [[Al-Lail]] * [[Ad-Dhuha]] * [[Al-Inshirah]] * [[At-Tin]] * [[Al-Alaq]] * [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] * [[Al-Bayyina]] * [[Az-Zalzala]] * [[Al-Adiyat]] * [[Al-Qaria]] * [[At-Takathur]] * [[Al-Asr]] * [[Al-Humaza]] * [[Al-Fil]] * [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] * [[Al-Ma'un]] * [[Al-Kawthar]] * [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> avu96whenrqb5zomm0xo62jbdxabkj6 3136779 3136778 2022-08-24T23:49:27Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] *60. [[Al-Mumtahina]] *61. [[As-Saff]] *62. [[Al-Jumua]] *63. [[Al-Munafiqun]] *64. [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] *79. [[An-Naziat]] *80. [[Abasa]] *81. [[At-Takwir]] *82. [[Al-Infitar]] *83. [[Al-Mutaffifin]] *84. [[Al-Inshiqaq]] *85. [[Al-Burooj]] *86. [[At-Tariq]] *87. [[Al-Ala]] *88. [[Al-Ghashiyah]] *89. [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] *90. [[Al-Balad]] *91. [[Ash-Shams]] *92. [[Al-Lail]] *93. [[Ad-Dhuha]] *94. [[Al-Inshirah]] *95. [[At-Tin]] *96. [[Al-Alaq]] *97. [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] *98. [[Al-Bayyina]] *99. [[Az-Zalzala]] *100. [[Al-Adiyat]] *101. [[Al-Qaria]] *102. [[At-Takathur]] *103. [[Al-Asr]] *104. [[Al-Humaza]] *105. [[Al-Fil]] *106. [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] *107. [[Al-Ma'un]] *108. [[Al-Kawthar]] *109. [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> jdcx94p2d4uv5t1kgbcjidtqssijtbk 3136829 3136779 2022-08-25T07:45:49Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Sèng-lī tsiong|Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] *60. [[Al-Mumtahina]] *61. [[As-Saff]] *62. [[Al-Jumua]] *63. [[Al-Munafiqun]] *64. [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] *79. [[An-Naziat]] *80. [[Abasa]] *81. [[At-Takwir]] *82. [[Al-Infitar]] *83. [[Al-Mutaffifin]] *84. [[Al-Inshiqaq]] *85. [[Al-Burooj]] *86. [[At-Tariq]] *87. [[Al-Ala]] *88. [[Al-Ghashiyah]] *89. [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] *90. [[Al-Balad]] *91. [[Ash-Shams]] *92. [[Al-Lail]] *93. [[Ad-Dhuha]] *94. [[Al-Inshirah]] *95. [[At-Tin]] *96. [[Al-Alaq]] *97. [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] *98. [[Al-Bayyina]] *99. [[Az-Zalzala]] *100. [[Al-Adiyat]] *101. [[Al-Qaria]] *102. [[At-Takathur]] *103. [[Al-Asr]] *104. [[Al-Humaza]] *105. [[Al-Fil]] *106. [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] *107. [[Al-Ma'un]] *108. [[Al-Kawthar]] *109. [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> fzun5kz1sfapmfpo6g5f8wt9l6zvvq9 3136924 3136829 2022-08-25T11:47:03Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[Kong-bêng tsiong|An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Sèng-lī tsiong|Al-Fath]] *49. [[Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] *60. [[Al-Mumtahina]] *61. [[As-Saff]] *62. [[Al-Jumua]] *63. [[Al-Munafiqun]] *64. [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] *79. [[An-Naziat]] *80. [[Abasa]] *81. [[At-Takwir]] *82. [[Al-Infitar]] *83. [[Al-Mutaffifin]] *84. [[Al-Inshiqaq]] *85. [[Al-Burooj]] *86. [[At-Tariq]] *87. [[Al-Ala]] *88. [[Al-Ghashiyah]] *89. [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] *90. [[Al-Balad]] *91. [[Ash-Shams]] *92. [[Al-Lail]] *93. [[Ad-Dhuha]] *94. [[Al-Inshirah]] *95. [[At-Tin]] *96. [[Al-Alaq]] *97. [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] *98. [[Al-Bayyina]] *99. [[Az-Zalzala]] *100. [[Al-Adiyat]] *101. [[Al-Qaria]] *102. [[At-Takathur]] *103. [[Al-Asr]] *104. [[Al-Humaza]] *105. [[Al-Fil]] *106. [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] *107. [[Al-Ma'un]] *108. [[Al-Kawthar]] *109. [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> egvkxnkuv7rxtgzzit4hi1fvjw0v31j 3136926 3136924 2022-08-25T11:47:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[Kong-bêng tsiong|An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Sèng-lī tsiong|Al-Fath]] *49. [[Chhím-sek tsiong|Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] *60. [[Al-Mumtahina]] *61. [[As-Saff]] *62. [[Al-Jumua]] *63. [[Al-Munafiqun]] *64. [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] *79. [[An-Naziat]] *80. [[Abasa]] *81. [[At-Takwir]] *82. [[Al-Infitar]] *83. [[Al-Mutaffifin]] *84. [[Al-Inshiqaq]] *85. [[Al-Burooj]] *86. [[At-Tariq]] *87. [[Al-Ala]] *88. [[Al-Ghashiyah]] *89. [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] *90. [[Al-Balad]] *91. [[Ash-Shams]] *92. [[Al-Lail]] *93. [[Ad-Dhuha]] *94. [[Al-Inshirah]] *95. [[At-Tin]] *96. [[Al-Alaq]] *97. [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] *98. [[Al-Bayyina]] *99. [[Az-Zalzala]] *100. [[Al-Adiyat]] *101. [[Al-Qaria]] *102. [[At-Takathur]] *103. [[Al-Asr]] *104. [[Al-Humaza]] *105. [[Al-Fil]] *106. [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] *107. [[Al-Ma'un]] *108. [[Al-Kawthar]] *109. [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> 4gqf8jcx1iwbppdyn8l8jwgy3xp8u33 3136928 3136926 2022-08-25T11:49:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[Kong-bêng tsiong|An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Sèng-lī tsiong|Al-Fath]] *49. [[Chhím-sek tsiong|Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] *60. [[Al-Mumtahina]] *61. [[As-Saff]] *62. [[Al-Jumua]] *63. [[Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong|Al-Munafiqun]] *64. [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] *79. [[An-Naziat]] *80. [[Abasa]] *81. [[At-Takwir]] *82. [[Al-Infitar]] *83. [[Al-Mutaffifin]] *84. [[Al-Inshiqaq]] *85. [[Al-Burooj]] *86. [[At-Tariq]] *87. [[Al-Ala]] *88. [[Al-Ghashiyah]] *89. [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] *90. [[Al-Balad]] *91. [[Ash-Shams]] *92. [[Al-Lail]] *93. [[Ad-Dhuha]] *94. [[Al-Inshirah]] *95. [[At-Tin]] *96. [[Al-Alaq]] *97. [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] *98. [[Al-Bayyina]] *99. [[Az-Zalzala]] *100. [[Al-Adiyat]] *101. [[Al-Qaria]] *102. [[At-Takathur]] *103. [[Al-Asr]] *104. [[Al-Humaza]] *105. [[Al-Fil]] *106. [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] *107. [[Al-Ma'un]] *108. [[Al-Kawthar]] *109. [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> mtjkkx1tu3nohoiwd8a9etlss8htx1g 3136929 3136928 2022-08-25T11:50:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox | name = Surah | title = [[Quran]] ê 114 [[surah|tsiong]] | bodyclass = hlist hlist-pipe | group1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | list1style = background-color:#EEEEDD; text-align:center; | group1 = ''[[juz']]'' <small>(chiong) | list1 = piau-thê | group2 = 1~13 <small>({{0}}1-) | list2 = *1. [[Al-Fatiha]] *2. [[Al-Baqara]] *3. [[Al Imran]] *4. [[An-Nisa]] *5. [[Al-Ma'ida]] *6. [[Al-An'am]] *7. [[Al-A'raf]] *8. [[Al-Anfal]] *9. [[At-Tawba]] *10. [[Yunus (surah)|Yunus]] *11. [[Hud (surah)|Hud]] *12. [[Yusuf (surah)|Yusuf]] *13. [[Ar-Ra'd]] *14. [[Ibrahim (surah)|Ibrahim]] | group3 = 14 <small>(15-) | list3 = *15. [[Al-Hijr (surah)|Al-Hijr]] *16. [[An-Nahl]] | group4 = 15~16 <small>(17-) | list4 = *17. [[Al-Isra]] *18. [[Al-Kahf]] *19. [[Maryam (surah)|Maryam]] *20. [[Ta-Ha]] | group5 = 17 <small>(21-) | list5 = *21. [[Al-Anbiya]] *22. [[Al-Hajj]] | group6 = 18~25 <small>(23-) | list6 = *23. [[Al-Mu'minoon]] *24. [[Kong-bêng tsiong|An-Nur]] *25. [[Al-Furqan]] *26. [[Ash-Shu'ara]] *27. [[An-Naml]] *28. [[Al-Qasas]] *29. [[Al-Ankabut]] *30. [[Ar-Rum]] *31. [[Luqman (surah)|Luqman]] *32. [[As-Sajda]] *33. [[Tông-bîng-kun tsiong|Al-Ahzab]] *34. [[Saba (surah)|Saba]] *35. [[Fatir]] *36. [[Ya Sin]] *37. [[As-Saaffat]] *38. [[Sad (surah)|Sad]] *39. [[Az-Zumar]] *40. [[Ghafir]] *41. [[Fussilat]] *42. [[Ash-Shura]] *43. [[Az-Zukhruf]] *44. [[Ad-Dukhan]] *45. [[Al-Jathiya]] | group7 = 26~27 <small>(46-) | list7 = *46. [[Al-Ahqaf]] *47. [[Muhammad (surah)|Muhammad]] *48. [[Sèng-lī tsiong|Al-Fath]] *49. [[Chhím-sek tsiong|Al-Hujurat]] *50. [[Qaf (surah)|Qaf]] *51. [[Adh-Dhariyat]] *52. [[At-Tur]] *53. [[An-Najm]] *54. [[Al-Qamar]] *55. [[Ar-Rahman]] *56. [[Al-Waqi'a]] *57. [[Al-Hadid]] | group8 = 28 <small>(58-) | list8 = *58. [[Al-Mujadila]] *59. [[Al-Hashr]] *60. [[Al-Mumtahina]] *61. [[As-Saff]] *62. [[Al-Jumua]] *63. [[Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong|Al-Munafiqun]] *64. [[At-Taghabun]] *65. [[At-Talaq]] *66. [[At-Tahrim]] | group9 = 29 <small>(67-) | list9 = *67. [[Al-Mulk]] *68. [[Al-Qalam]] *69. [[Al-Haaqqa]] *70. [[Al-Maarij]] *71. [[Nuh (surah)|Nuh]] *72. [[Al-Jinn]] *73. [[Al-Muzzammil]] *74. [[Al-Muddathir]] *75. [[Al-Qiyama]] *76. [[Al-Insan]] *77. [[Al-Mursalat]] | group10 = 30 <small>(78-) | list10 = *78. [[An-Naba]] *79. [[An-Naziat]] *80. [[Abasa]] *81. [[At-Takwir]] *82. [[Al-Infitar]] *83. [[Al-Mutaffifin]] *84. [[Al-Inshiqaq]] *85. [[Al-Burooj]] *86. [[At-Tariq]] *87. [[Al-Ala]] *88. [[Al-Ghashiyah]] *89. [[Al-Fajr (surah)|Al-Fajr]] *90. [[Al-Balad]] *91. [[Ash-Shams]] *92. [[Al-Lail]] *93. [[Ad-Dhuha]] *94. [[Al-Inshirah]] *95. [[At-Tin]] *96. [[Al-Alaq]] *97. [[Al-Qadr (surah)|Al-Qadr]] *98. [[Al-Bayyina]] *99. [[Az-Zalzala]] *100. [[Al-Adiyat]] *101. [[Al-Qaria]] *102. [[At-Takathur]] *103. [[Al-Asr]] *104. [[Al-Humaza]] *105. [[Al-Fil]] *106. [[Quraysh (surah)|Quraysh]] *107. [[Al-Ma'un]] *108. [[Al-Kawthar]] *109. [[Al-Kafirun]] *110. [[An-Nasr]] *111. [[Al-Masad]] *112. [[Al-Ikhlas]] *113. [[Al-Falaq]] *114. [[Al-Nas]] }}<noinclude> {{Collapsible option}} [[Category:Quran]] [[Category:Islam]] </noinclude> 1q65yeh2y4anhhv2vwlgsk3dilp5cgq 0 838208 3136818 2288548 2022-08-25T02:24:38Z Danil Satria 54305 {{Ha̍p-pèng|[[Cisolok (Sukabumi)]]}}, using [[d:User:Matěj Suchánek/markasduplicate.js|markasduplicate.js]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ha̍p-pèng|Cisolok (Sukabumi)}} {{Infobox Settlement |name = Cisolok |image_skyline = <!--siòng-phìⁿ--> |image_map = <!--tē-tô͘--> |settlement_type = [[Ìn-nî ê hiong|Kecamatan]] |subdivision_type = [[Kok-ka]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Ìn-nî ê séng|Séng]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sai Jawa]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Ìn-nî ê chhī|Chhī]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sukabumi Chhī|Sukabumi]] |population_total = -<!--jîn-kháu--> |area_total_km2 = -<!--bīn-chek--> |timezone = [[Ìn-nî ê sî-kan|WIB]] |utc_offset = +7 }} '''Cisolok''' sī [[Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a]] [[Sai Jawa|Sai Jawa Séng]] [[Sukabumi Chhī]] ê chi̍t ê [[Ìn-nî ê hiong|hiong]] (''kecamatan''). ==Chng-thâu== <!--desa--> ==Chham-oa̍t== *[[Ìn-nî ê hiong|Ìn-nî ê hiong (''kecamatan'')]] ==Chham-khó== {{reflist}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Cisolok (Palabuhanratu)| ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sai Jawa ê hiong]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sukabumi Chhī ê hiong]] beixqejqku5f2p1qsa11gwockibhfum 0 838209 3136819 2288550 2022-08-25T02:24:42Z Danil Satria 54305 {{Ha̍p-pèng|[[Cisolok (Palabuhanratu)]]}}, using [[d:User:Matěj Suchánek/markasduplicate.js|markasduplicate.js]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Ha̍p-pèng|Cisolok (Palabuhanratu)}} {{Infobox Settlement |name = Cisolok |image_skyline = <!--siòng-phìⁿ--> |image_map = <!--tē-tô͘--> |settlement_type = [[Ìn-nî ê hiong|Kecamatan]] |subdivision_type = [[Kok-ka]] |subdivision_name = {{flag|Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a}} |subdivision_type1 = [[Ìn-nî ê séng|Séng]] |subdivision_name1 = [[Sai Jawa]] |subdivision_type2 = [[Ìn-nî ê koān|Koān]] |subdivision_name2 = [[Sukabumi Koān|Sukabumi]] |population_total = -<!--jîn-kháu--> |area_total_km2 = -<!--bīn-chek--> |timezone = [[Ìn-nî ê sî-kan|WIB]] |utc_offset = +7 }} '''Cisolok''' sī [[Ìn-tō͘-nî-se-a]] [[Sai Jawa|Sai Jawa Séng]] [[Sukabumi Koān]] ê chi̍t ê [[Ìn-nî ê hiong|hiong]] (''kecamatan''). ==Chng-thâu== <!--desa--> ==Chham-oa̍t== *[[Ìn-nî ê hiong|Ìn-nî ê hiong (''kecamatan'')]] ==Chham-khó== {{reflist}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Cisolok (Sukabumi)| ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sai Jawa ê hiong]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sukabumi Koān ê hiong]] gx4ix8x9ya9rxoreadpf1b3ihrm3xuf 0 1073762 3136797 3136488 2022-08-25T00:22:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:16th Amendment Pg1of1 AC.jpg|190px|thumb|Khǹg teh [[Bí-kok]] [[kok-ka tóng-àn kah kì-lo̍k kuán-lí kio̍k]] (National Archives and Records Administration) ê tē-16 tiâu siu-tsìng àn [[Bûn-pún bûn-kiāⁿ|bûn-pún bûn-kiāñ]].]] '''Bí-kok hèn-huat tē-16 tiâu siu-tsìng-àn''' ([[ing-gú]]: Sixteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution) ún-tsún [[Bí-kok Kok-hōe]] teh bô àn-tsiàu kok [[tsiu]] (U.S. state) pí-lē ê hun-phè, ia̍h-sī khó-lū [[Phó͘-cha|jîn-kháu phóo-tshâ]] [[Chu-liāu|sòo-kì]] ê tsîng-hóng tsi hā ti̍t-tsiap tsing-siu [[sóo-tik-suè]] (income tax). Pún àn sī uì [[1990-nî]] kok-huē tsiam-tuì [[Bí-kok Chòe-ko Hoat-īⁿ|Bí-kok tsuè-ko huat-īñ]] teh [[1895-nî]] ê [[Pollock sòo Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. àn]] (Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.) sóo tsò-tshut ê huê-ìng. Tsū-án-ne teh [[1909-nî]] [[7 goe̍h 12 ji̍t|7-gue̍h 12]] thê-tshut tē tsa̍p-la̍k siu-tsìng àn. Koh-tsài teh [[1913-nî]] [[2 goe̍h 3 ji̍t|2-gue̍h tshe-3]] tit-tio̍h ū-kàu sòo-liōng ê tsiu phue-tsún sòo thong-kuè. Koh-lâi, tsiū-án-ne thui-huan Bí-kok tsuè-ko huat-īñ teh [[1895-nî]] ê Pollock àn-kiāñ sóo tsò-tshut ê [[Phòaⁿ-koat|phuàñ-kuat]] (Judgment (law)).<ref name=autogenerated1>[http://www.hist.msu.ru/ER/Etext/cnstUS.htm Конституция Соединенных Штатов Америки] Исторические источники на русском языке в Интернете (Электронная библиотека Исторического факультета МГУ им. М. В. Ломоносова) ([[Lō͘-se-a-gí|Lō͘-si-ia-gí]])</ref> ==Lāi-iông pún-bûn== {{quote|The Congress shall have power to lay and collect taxes on incomes, from whatever source derived, without apportionment among the several States, and without regard to any census or enumeration.}} *[[Hoan-e̍k|Ik-bûn]]: [[Bí-kok Kok-hōe|Kok-huē]] ū-khuân tuì līm-hô lâi-guân ê siu-ji̍p kui-tīng kah tsing-siu sóo-tik-suè, bô su-iàu teh kok tsiu àn-tsiàu pí-lē tsìn-hîng hun-phuè, iā bô su-iàu khó-lū līm-hô jîn-kháu phóop-tshâ iá-sī jîn-kháu thóng-kè.<ref>{{cite book |title=美国宪政历程：影响美国的25个司法大案 |author1=任东来 |author2=陈伟 |author3=白雪峰 |author4=Charles J. McClain |author5=Laurene Wu McClain |publisher=中国法制出版社 |isbn=7-80182-138-6 |page=575|date=2004年1月}} ([[Hàn-gí]])</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=李道揆 |title=美国政府和政治（下册） |publisher=商务印书馆 |year=1999 |pages=775-799}} ([[Hàn-gí]])</ref> ==Kî-thañ iú-kuan suè-siu ê hèn-huat kui-tīng== [[Bí-kok hiàn-hoat tē-1 tiâu]] (Article One of the United States Constitution) tē-2 [[Koàn|kuàn]] (volume (bibliography)) tē-3 tseh: {{quote|Representatives and direct taxes shall be apportioned among the several States which may be included within this Union, according to their respective Numbers...<ref>''Knowlton v. Moore'' {{ussc|178|41|1900}} and ''Flint v. Stone Tracy Co.'' {{ussc|220|107|1911}} {{en}}</ref>}} *[[Hoan-e̍k|I̍k-bûn]]: tsiòng-gī-guân ê miâ-gia̍h kah ti̍t-tsiap suè ê suè-gia̍h, teh lên-pang pau-kuat kok tsiu tiong, àn-tsiàu kok tsiu ka-kī ê jîn-kháu pí-lē tsìn-hîng hun-phuè. Tē-1 tiâu tē-8 khuán tē-1 tseh: {{quote|The Congress shall have Power to lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defence and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States.}} *I̍k-bûn: Kok-huē ū-kuân kui-tīng kah tsing-siu ti̍t-tsiap suè, tsìn-kháu suè, suè-kuan kah kî-thañ suè; iōng-lâi hîng kok-tsè, thê-kiong Bí-kok kiōng-tông hông-bū kah kong-kiōng hok-lī, m̄-kù it-tshè ê tsìn-kháu suè, kuan-suè kah kî-thañ suè ìng-kai tsuân-kok thóng-it. Tē-1 tiâu tē-9 khuán tē-4 tseh: {{quote|No Capitation, or other direct, Tax shall be laid, unless in proportion to the Census or Enumeration herein before directed to be taken.}} *I̍k-bûn: Tû-liáu kun-kù pún hèn-huat kui-tīng ê jîn-kháu [[Phó͘-cha|phóo-tsa]] iá-sī thóng-kè ê pí-lē guā, put-tik tsing-siu jîn-thâu suè iá-sī kî-thañ ti̍t-tsiap suè. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[COVID-19 e̍k-biâu]] (COVID-19 i̍k-biâu; COVID-19 i̍k-tsu; COVID-19 e̍k-chu; [[POJ|poj]]: [[e̍k-chu]]; tsìng-tsu; [[eng-gí]]: COVID-19 vaccine; [[hàn-gí]]: 2019冠状病毒病疫苗) *{{le|Lûntun kim-gîn chhī-tiûⁿ|London bullion market}} (Lûntun kim-gîn tshī-tiûñ/London bullion market) *{{le|Chicago siong-phín kau-e̍k-só͘|Chicago Mercantile Exchange}} (Chicago siong-phín kau-i̍k-sóo/Chicago Mercantile Exchange) *{{le|Mikhail Khodorkovsky|Mikhail Khodorkovsky}} *{{le|Eutelsat 33C|Eutelsat 33C}} (Eutelsat 33C) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *[https://www.archives.gov/founding-docs/amendments-11-27#xvi Official Transcript] of the 16th Amendment ([[Eng-gí]]) * [http://www.footnote.com/image/4346755 Sixteenth Amendment and 1913 tax return form] ([[Eng-gí]]) * [https://www.law.cornell.edu/anncon/html/amdt16toc_user.html CRS Annotated Constitution: Sixteenth Amendment] ([[Eng-gí]]) * [https://www.law.cornell.edu/supct/html/historics/USSC_CR_0157_0429_ZO.html Pollock Decision] ([[Eng-gí]]) * [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?navby=search&court=US&case=/us/240/1.html Brushaber Decision] ([[Eng-gí]]) * [http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=US&vol=240&invol=103 Stanton Decision] ([[Eng-gí]]) *[https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/39jCP-c4OEDTPa8vk_G6UA 武汉中院发出全球首个跨国禁诉令，禁止美国公司在全球起诉小米] {{zh}} {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok hiàn-hoat siu-chèng àn]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1910 nî-tāi bí-kok chèng-tī]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok sòe-bū sú]] 90rpzx4s8i460vc6tvxj0olfvp8md71 0 1073958 3136795 3136510 2022-08-25T00:21:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox law school |image =File:University_of_Texas_Law_Building_postcard_(1908%E2%80%931924).jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Teh [[1908 nî]] kap [[1924 nî]] tsi-kan ê [[Kng-phe|kng-phue]] tíng-kuân ìn-e̊ Bí-kok Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu ê [[hoat-lu̍t|huat-lu̍t]] [[Kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t|tuā-lâu]]. |name = Texas tāi-ha̍k huat ha̍k-īñ<br>{{small|(The University of Texas<br />School of Law)}} |parent = [[Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu]] |established = {{Start date and age|1883}} |type = [[Kong-li̍p ha̍k-hāu|Kong-li̍p]] |endowment = $215.5 [[pah-bān]] (2018)<ref name="UTLSF">{{cite web|title=Financial Information|url=http://www.utlsf.org/about/|website=University of Texas Law School Foundation|access-date=2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url = https://issuu.com/utlawschoolfdn/docs/the_university_of_texas_law_school__439fa69f02945f/4 | title = 2018 Audited Financials by UT Law School Fdn | author = Maxwell Locke & Ritter, LLC | date = 2019 nî 2 gue̍h 14| website = [[Issuu]] | publisher = University of Texas Law School Foundation | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |dean = [[Ward Farnsworth]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://law.utexas.edu/about/area/dean-and-leadership/ | title = Dean and Leadership | website = Texas Law | publisher = University of Texas School of Law | via = law.utexas.edu | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |city = [[Austin]] |state = [[Texas]] |country = [[Bí-kok]] |coordinates = {{coord|30.288666|-97.730762|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}} |students = 1,005 [[lâng]] (2018)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=ABA 509 2018|url=http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/|website=ABA Required Disclosures|publisher=ABA|access-date=2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |faculty = 281 [[lâng]] (2017–18)<ref name="auto"/> |ranking = Tē-16 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Law Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-texas-austin-03155|website=[[Bí-kok sin-bûn & sè-kài pò-tō|U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=August 13, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190725092352/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/the-university-of-texas-at-austin-03155 | archive-date = 2019 nî 7 gue̍h 25}} {{en}}</ref> |bar pass rate = 93.29% (Texas)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/BarPassageOutcomes.aspx | title = ABA Bar Passage Rates | website = ABA Required Disclosures | via = ble.texas.gov | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |mascot = Peregrinus |website = {{URL|https://law.utexas.edu}} |Acceptance Rate=17.53% (2019)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx | title = ABA 509 Standard Disclosure | website = ABA Required Disclosures | via = ble.texas.gov | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref>}} '''Texas tāi-ha̍k huat ha̍k-īñ''' ([[eng-gí]]: The University of Texas School of Law (Texas Law))<ref>需要注意的是，由于所谓奥斯汀分校实为德克萨斯大学系统的主校，且该法学院是德克萨斯大学系统中唯一的法学院，故该院正式名称里并不含有奥斯汀字样。 {{zh}}</ref>sī tsi̍t king uì [[1883 nî]] khai-s teh [[Bí-kok]] [[Texas]] [[Austin]] sóo tshong-siat ê [[Hoat ha̍k-īⁿ|huat ha̍k-īñ]] (law school), hū-sio̍k-î [[Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu]] (University of Texas at Austin). Tsit-e̊ huat ha̍k-īñ teh [[2017 nî]] [[Bí-kok sin-bûn & sè-kài pò-tō]] (U.S. News & World Report; USNWR) ê [[Bí-kok hoat ha̍k-īⁿ pâi-miâ|huat ha̍k-īñ pâi-miâ]] (Law school rankings in the United States) hoo pâi-e̊ tē-14 miâ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings?int=a1d108|title=Best Law Schools Ranked in 2017|accessdate=2017年11月26日|author=|date=|publisher=U.S. News|archive-date=2017年10月25日|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025165710/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings?int=a1d108|dead-url=no}} {{en}}</ref> Teh [[2019 nî]], Texas tāi-ha̍k huat ha̍k-īñ ê lo̍k-tshú lu̍t tsiâñ-kē, pîng-kun [[LSAT]] ê [[Sêng-chek|hun-sòo]] (grading in education) sī 168, pîng-kun [[GPA]] sī 3.72.<ref>[http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx Standard 509 Disclosure] {{en}}</ref> [[Ha̍k-seng|Ha̍k-sing]] [[gín-á]] pîng-kun ê [[Nî-hòe|nî-huè]] sī 24 [[hòe|huè]], [[cha-bó͘|tsa-bóo]] ha̍k-sing tsiàm tsuân-thé ha̍k-sing jîn-sòo ê 48%. Ha̍k-sing ê 68% sī Texas [[pún-tē-lâng]] (domicile (law)), līng-guā 32% ê ha̍k-sing sī uì Bí-kok kî-thañ 25-ê [[Bí-kok chiu|tsiu]] (U.S. state) lâi-e̊.<ref>[https://law.utexas.edu/admissions/quick-facts/ Quick Facts-Admissions and Financial Aid-Texas Law] {{en}}</ref> Tsò-uî tsi̍t-king kong-li̍p huat ha̍k-īñ, [[Ha̍k-seng|sin-sing]] lāi-té ū 65% ê bîng-gia̍h sī pó-liû hoo Texas [[pún-tē-lâng]] iōng-ê.<ref name=quickfacts>{{cite web | url = http://www.utexas.edu/law/depts/admissions/application/quickfacts.html | title = Quick Facts | work = University of Texas School of Law | accessdate = February 5, 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100529033632/http://www.utexas.edu/law/depts/admissions/application/quickfacts.html | archivedate = 2010年5月29日 }} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.utexas.edu/law/admissions/application/index.html |title = Admissions |work = University of Texas School of Law |accessdate = February 5, 2011 |archive-date = 2011-12-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111228014549/http://www.utexas.edu/law/admissions/application/index.html |dead-url = no }} {{en}}</ref>M̄-kù, huat ha̍k-īñ mā-ê lo̍k-tshú LSAT ê [[Sêng-chek|hun-sòo]] tsiâñ kē koh-sī kah ha̍k-hāu ū [[Chèng-tī|tsìng-tī]] kuan-hē ê ha̍k-sing. Siōng kē hun ê bóo ha̍k-sing i-e̊ LSAT ê hun-sòo kan-na ū 128 niā-niā (LSAT khó-lîng e-sai tik-tio̍h-e̊ siōng kē-hun sī 120).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://watchdog.org/146432/128-lsat-ut/ |title=Who got the 128? UT Law admits students with bad LSAT scores |accessdate=2014-05-23 |archive-date=2014-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524042011/http://watchdog.org/146432/128-lsat-ut/ |dead-url=no }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Kamov]] (Kamov siat-kè kio̍k; [[eng-gí]]: Kamov; [[hàn-gí]]: 卡莫夫設計局) *{{le|Chún thiⁿ-tíng ōe-chheⁿ hē-thóng|Quasi-Zenith Satellite System}} (Tsún thiñ-tíng uē-tsheñ hē-thóng/Quasi-Zenith Satellite System) *{{le|DORIS (ōe-chheⁿ hē-thóng)|DORIS (satellite system)}} (DORIS (uē-tsheñ hē-thóng)/DORIS (satellite system)) *{{le|Ìn-tō͘ khu-e̍k tō-hâng ōe-chheⁿ hē-thóng|Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System}} (Ìn-tōo khu-i̍k tō-hâng uē-tshenn hē-thóng/Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) *{{le|Phalanx CIWS|Phalanx CIWS}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Official website}} {{en}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Texas Law, University Of}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Texas tāi-ha̍k hoat ha̍k-īⁿ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1883 nî siat-li̍p ê kàu-io̍k ki-koan]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Texas hoat ha̍k-īⁿ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu ê ha̍k-īⁿ, īⁿ kap hē]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok hoat ha̍k-īⁿ]] s96vhn2okrn9dc0orz0unr5m94sqq64 3136796 3136795 2022-08-25T00:21:46Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox law school |image =File:University_of_Texas_Law_Building_postcard_(1908%E2%80%931924).jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Teh [[1908 nî]] kap [[1924 nî]] tsi-kan ê [[Kng-phe|kng-phue]] tíng-kuân ìn-e̊ Bí-kok Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu ê [[hoat-lu̍t|huat-lu̍t]] [[Kiàn-tio̍k-bu̍t|tuā-lâu]]. |name = Texas tāi-ha̍k huat ha̍k-īñ<br>{{small|(The University of Texas<br />School of Law)}} |parent = [[Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu]] |established = {{Start date and age|1883}} |type = [[Kong-li̍p ha̍k-hāu|Kong-li̍p]] |endowment = $215.5 [[pah-bān]] (2018)<ref name="UTLSF">{{cite web|title=Financial Information|url=http://www.utlsf.org/about/|website=University of Texas Law School Foundation|access-date=2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book | url = https://issuu.com/utlawschoolfdn/docs/the_university_of_texas_law_school__439fa69f02945f/4 | title = 2018 Audited Financials by UT Law School Fdn | author = Maxwell Locke & Ritter, LLC | date = 2019 nî 2 gue̍h 14| website = [[Issuu]] | publisher = University of Texas Law School Foundation | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |dean = [[Ward Farnsworth]]<ref>{{Cite web | url = https://law.utexas.edu/about/area/dean-and-leadership/ | title = Dean and Leadership | website = Texas Law | publisher = University of Texas School of Law | via = law.utexas.edu | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |city = [[Austin]] |state = [[Texas]] |country = [[Bí-kok]] |coordinates = {{coord|30.288666|-97.730762|region:US_type:edu|display=inline,title}} |students = 1,005 [[lâng]] (2018)<ref name="auto">{{cite web|title=ABA 509 2018|url=http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/|website=ABA Required Disclosures|publisher=ABA|access-date=2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |faculty = 281 [[lâng]] (2017–18)<ref name="auto"/> |ranking = Tē-16 (2019)<ref>{{cite web|title=Best Law Schools|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/university-of-texas-austin-03155|website=[[Bí-kok sin-bûn & sè-kài pò-tō|U.S. News & World Report]]|access-date=August 13, 2019|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190725092352/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/the-university-of-texas-at-austin-03155 | archive-date = 2019 nî 7 gue̍h 25}} {{en}}</ref> |bar pass rate = 93.29% (Texas)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/BarPassageOutcomes.aspx | title = ABA Bar Passage Rates | website = ABA Required Disclosures | via = ble.texas.gov | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref> |mascot = Peregrinus |website = {{URL|https://law.utexas.edu}} |Acceptance Rate=17.53% (2019)<ref>{{cite web | url = http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx | title = ABA 509 Standard Disclosure | website = ABA Required Disclosures | via = ble.texas.gov | access-date = 2021 nî 3 gue̍h 13}} {{en}}</ref>}} '''Texas tāi-ha̍k huat ha̍k-īñ''' ([[ing-gú]]: The University of Texas School of Law (Texas Law))<ref>需要注意的是，由于所谓奥斯汀分校实为德克萨斯大学系统的主校，且该法学院是德克萨斯大学系统中唯一的法学院，故该院正式名称里并不含有奥斯汀字样。 {{zh}}</ref>sī tsi̍t king uì [[1883 nî]] khai-s teh [[Bí-kok]] [[Texas]] [[Austin]] sóo tshong-siat ê [[Hoat ha̍k-īⁿ|huat ha̍k-īñ]] (law school), hū-sio̍k-î [[Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu]] (University of Texas at Austin). Tsit-e̊ huat ha̍k-īñ teh [[2017 nî]] [[Bí-kok sin-bûn & sè-kài pò-tō]] (U.S. News & World Report; USNWR) ê [[Bí-kok hoat ha̍k-īⁿ pâi-miâ|huat ha̍k-īñ pâi-miâ]] (Law school rankings in the United States) hoo pâi-e̊ tē-14 miâ.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings?int=a1d108|title=Best Law Schools Ranked in 2017|accessdate=2017年11月26日|author=|date=|publisher=U.S. News|archive-date=2017年10月25日|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025165710/https://www.usnews.com/best-graduate-schools/top-law-schools/law-rankings?int=a1d108|dead-url=no}} {{en}}</ref> Teh [[2019 nî]], Texas tāi-ha̍k huat ha̍k-īñ ê lo̍k-tshú lu̍t tsiâñ-kē, pîng-kun [[LSAT]] ê [[Sêng-chek|hun-sòo]] (grading in education) sī 168, pîng-kun [[GPA]] sī 3.72.<ref>[http://www.abarequireddisclosures.org/Disclosure509.aspx Standard 509 Disclosure] {{en}}</ref> [[Ha̍k-seng|Ha̍k-sing]] [[gín-á]] pîng-kun ê [[Nî-hòe|nî-huè]] sī 24 [[hòe|huè]], [[cha-bó͘|tsa-bóo]] ha̍k-sing tsiàm tsuân-thé ha̍k-sing jîn-sòo ê 48%. Ha̍k-sing ê 68% sī Texas [[pún-tē-lâng]] (domicile (law)), līng-guā 32% ê ha̍k-sing sī uì Bí-kok kî-thañ 25-ê [[Bí-kok chiu|tsiu]] (U.S. state) lâi-e̊.<ref>[https://law.utexas.edu/admissions/quick-facts/ Quick Facts-Admissions and Financial Aid-Texas Law] {{en}}</ref> Tsò-uî tsi̍t-king kong-li̍p huat ha̍k-īñ, [[Ha̍k-seng|sin-sing]] lāi-té ū 65% ê bîng-gia̍h sī pó-liû hoo Texas [[pún-tē-lâng]] iōng-ê.<ref name=quickfacts>{{cite web | url = http://www.utexas.edu/law/depts/admissions/application/quickfacts.html | title = Quick Facts | work = University of Texas School of Law | accessdate = February 5, 2011 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20100529033632/http://www.utexas.edu/law/depts/admissions/application/quickfacts.html | archivedate = 2010年5月29日 }} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.utexas.edu/law/admissions/application/index.html |title = Admissions |work = University of Texas School of Law |accessdate = February 5, 2011 |archive-date = 2011-12-28 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111228014549/http://www.utexas.edu/law/admissions/application/index.html |dead-url = no }} {{en}}</ref>M̄-kù, huat ha̍k-īñ mā-ê lo̍k-tshú LSAT ê [[Sêng-chek|hun-sòo]] tsiâñ kē koh-sī kah ha̍k-hāu ū [[Chèng-tī|tsìng-tī]] kuan-hē ê ha̍k-sing. Siōng kē hun ê bóo ha̍k-sing i-e̊ LSAT ê hun-sòo kan-na ū 128 niā-niā (LSAT khó-lîng e-sai tik-tio̍h-e̊ siōng kē-hun sī 120).<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://watchdog.org/146432/128-lsat-ut/ |title=Who got the 128? UT Law admits students with bad LSAT scores |accessdate=2014-05-23 |archive-date=2014-05-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140524042011/http://watchdog.org/146432/128-lsat-ut/ |dead-url=no }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Kamov]] (Kamov siat-kè kio̍k; [[eng-gí]]: Kamov; [[hàn-gí]]: 卡莫夫設計局) *{{le|Chún thiⁿ-tíng ōe-chheⁿ hē-thóng|Quasi-Zenith Satellite System}} (Tsún thiñ-tíng uē-tsheñ hē-thóng/Quasi-Zenith Satellite System) *{{le|DORIS (ōe-chheⁿ hē-thóng)|DORIS (satellite system)}} (DORIS (uē-tsheñ hē-thóng)/DORIS (satellite system)) *{{le|Ìn-tō͘ khu-e̍k tō-hâng ōe-chheⁿ hē-thóng|Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System}} (Ìn-tōo khu-i̍k tō-hâng uē-tshenn hē-thóng/Indian Regional Navigation Satellite System) *{{le|Phalanx CIWS|Phalanx CIWS}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Official website}} {{en}} {{authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Texas Law, University Of}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Texas tāi-ha̍k hoat ha̍k-īⁿ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:1883 nî siat-li̍p ê kàu-io̍k ki-koan]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Texas hoat ha̍k-īⁿ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Texas tāi-ha̍k Austin hun-hāu ê ha̍k-īⁿ, īⁿ kap hē]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bí-kok hoat ha̍k-īⁿ]] 2nbexyb77uo2nve4ty0gokc3q1sgqms 10 1073989 3136681 3126162 2022-08-24T19:19:31Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigí]] [[latin jī-bó|latin ƶībә́]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭|Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[N (hù-ka hoâiⁿ jī-oe̍h)|Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ|Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ|Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[C|Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ|Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ə]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]) }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] cg1vn9277ouxl06yhhhhdkky2auc9oz 3136682 3136681 2022-08-24T19:20:08Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigí]] [[latin jī-bó|latin ƶībә́]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭|Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[N (hù-ka hoâiⁿ jī-oe̍h)|Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ|Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ|Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[C|Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ|Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ə]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]) }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] n0mr5qxosib3w5bjnlfau35cnokxv2p 3136683 3136682 2022-08-24T19:21:18Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigí]] [[kilik jī-bó|latin ⱬībә́]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭|Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[N (hù-ka hoâiⁿ jī-oe̍h)|Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ|Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ|Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[C|Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ|Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ə]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]) }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] 9nzcdd0cace390od8szcp7pt4kogn4e 3136684 3136683 2022-08-24T19:23:50Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭|Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[N (hù-ka hoâiⁿ jī-oe̍h)|Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ|Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ|Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[C|Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ|Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ə]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]) }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] g2ogcc8jmnqmvyb337hz4c07d3an81e 3136685 3136684 2022-08-24T19:32:55Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[₭|Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){ &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[N (hù-ka hoâiⁿ jī-oe̍h)|Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ᵽ|Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ŧ|Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[C|Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꞓ|Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ə]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])}} }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] kzqxjbtoq0scpmlhirpmv9id6jajruh 3136686 3136685 2022-08-24T19:33:47Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[J]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|j]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[₭|Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){ &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[N (hù-ka hoâiⁿ jī-oe̍h)|Ng]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ng]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ᵽ|Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ŧ|Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[C|Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꞓ|Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ə]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])}} }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] gd67v6inla8idmk927nh5mddsswgzmc 3136687 3136686 2022-08-24T19:35:23Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] 1f05rmzshex7xyv3my2occlk73oqgw5 3136692 3136687 2022-08-24T19:46:32Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[J]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|j]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ng]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ng]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] 336dxqa1rdftq8dks2d7ncy139ufe2a 3136693 3136692 2022-08-24T19:49:30Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[J]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|j]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ng]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ng]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] 7904p0umu5elzqr4mwwvhg2hr3oagpd 3136694 3136693 2022-08-24T19:51:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[J]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|j]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ng]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ng]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] jlgv1on6qqokm6nk07wlrkdmn35j6b5 3136695 3136694 2022-08-24T19:52:08Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ng]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ng]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] 5akkg87qhhhwfr9qj798mjzzv7365pb 3136696 3136695 2022-08-24T20:23:47Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ng]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ng]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] 72hkedjgqgqqfxdvksxypmhuyro5a6i 3136756 3136696 2022-08-24T22:41:42Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Z̦]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̦]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ng]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ng]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] p82sshnyoijjmn05g8rsi25tqtlrfnp 3136765 3136756 2022-08-24T23:04:07Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Z̩]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̩]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[Kh]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|kh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ng]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ng]]) &#124;}} <br> {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ph]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ph]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Th]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|th]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[Ts]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ts]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Tsh]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsh]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> }}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-giân-ha̍k tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] ticdbx88f2dlsoopdloicbayz9b6ec1 10 1074690 3136781 3135572 2022-08-25T00:03:44Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{main other|{{Short description|2=noreplace|Type of {{delink|{{{type|weapon}}}}}}}}}{{infobox | bodyclass = vcard | bodystyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|main_box_raw}} | aboveclass = hproduct | abovestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}} | above = <includeonly> <span class="fn org"> {{{name|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}} </span> </includeonly> | imagestyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|image_box_raw}} | image = {{#invoke:InfoboxImage|InfoboxImage|image={{{image|}}}|size={{{image_size|}}}|sizedefault=frameless|alt={{{alt|}}}}} | caption = {{{caption|}}} | labelstyle = padding-right:1em | headerstyle = {{WPMILHIST Infobox style|header_raw}} | label1 = Luī-hîng | data1 = {{{type|}}} | label2 = Guân-sán-tē | data2 = {{{origin|}}} | header3 = {{#if:{{{service|}}}{{{used_by|}}}{{{wars|}}}| Ho̍k-i̍k kì-lo̍k}} | label4 = Ho̍k-i̍k kî-kan | data4 = {{{service|}}} | label5 = Sú-iōng tsiá | data5 = {{{used_by|}}} | label6 = Tsèn-tsing | data6 = {{{wars|}}} | header7 = {{#if:{{{designer|}}}{{{design_date|}}}{{{manufacturer|}}}{{{unit_cost|}}}{{{production_date|}}}{{{number|}}}{{{variants|}}}| Sing-sán li̍k-sú }} | label8 = Set-kè-tsiá | data8 = {{{designer|}}} | label9 = Gián-huat li̍t-kî | data9 = {{{design_date|}}} | label10 = Sing-sán-siong | data10 = {{{manufacturer|}}} | label11 = Tan-kè | data11 = {{{unit_cost|}}} | label12 = Sing-sán li̍t-kî | data12 = {{{production_date|}}} | label13 = Tsè-tsō sòo-liōng | data13 = {{{number|}}} | label14 = Ên-sin tsióng-luī | data14 = {{{variants|}}} | header15 = {{#if:{{{mass|}}}{{{weight|}}}{{{length|}}}{{{part_length|}}}{{{width|}}}{{{height|}}}{{{diameter|}}}{{{crew|}}}{{{passengers|}}}{{{cartridge|}}}{{{cartridge_weight|}}}{{{caliber|}}}{{{barrels|}}}{{{action|}}}{{{breech|}}}{{{recoil|}}}{{{carriage|}}}{{{elevation|}}}{{{traverse|}}}{{{rate|}}}{{{velocity|}}}{{{range|}}}{{{max_range|}}}{{{feed|}}}{{{sights|}}}{{{blade_type|}}}{{{hilt_type|}}}{{{sheath_type|}}}{{{head_type|}}}{{{haft_type|}}}{{{filling|}}}{{{filling_weight|}}}{{{detonation|}}}{{{yield|}}}{{{armour|}}}{{{primary_armament|}}}{{{secondary_armament|}}}{{{engine|}}}{{{engine_power|}}}{{{pw_ratio|}}}{{{payload_capacity|}}}{{{transmission|}}}{{{suspension|}}}{{{clearance|}}}{{{wingspan|}}}{{{propellant|}}}{{{fuel_capacity|}}}{{{vehicle_range|}}}{{{ceiling|}}}{{{altitude|}}}{{{boost|}}}{{{depth|}}}{{{speed|}}}{{{guidance|}}}{{{steering|}}}{{{accuracy|}}}{{{launch_platform|}}}{{{transport|}}}| Ki-pún tsu-guân {{#if:{{{spec_label|}}}| ({{{spec_label}}})}} }} | label16 = Tāng-liōng | data16 = {{{mass|{{{weight|}}}}}} | label17 = Tn̂g-tōo | data17 = {{{length|}}} | label18 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| [[Gun barrel|Barrel]]|{{#if:{{{is_bladed|}}}| Blade}}}}&nbsp;tn̂g-tōo | data18 = {{{part_length|}}} | label19 = Khuah-tōo | data19 = {{{width|}}} | label20 = Kuân-tōo | data20 = {{{height|}}} | label21 = Ti̍t-kìng | data21 = {{{diameter|}}} | label22 = Sîng-guân | data22 = {{{crew|}}} | label23 = Tsài-guân | data23 = {{{passengers|}}} | data24 = {{#if:{{{weight|}}}{{{length|}}}{{{part_length|}}}{{{width|}}}{{{height|}}}{{{diameter|}}}{{{crew|}}}{{{passengers|}}}| {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}{{{is_bladed|}}}{{{is_explosive|}}}|{{#if:{{{cartridge|}}}{{{cartridge_weight|}}}{{{caliber|}}}{{{barrels|}}}{{{action|}}}{{{breech|}}}{{{recoil|}}}{{{carriage|}}}{{{elevation|}}}{{{traverse|}}}{{{rate|}}}{{{velocity|}}}{{{range|}}}{{{max_range|}}}{{{feed|}}}{{{sights|}}}{{{blade_type|}}}{{{hilt_type|}}}{{{sheath_type|}}}{{{head_type|}}}{{{haft_type|}}}{{{filling|}}}{{{filling_weight|}}}{{{detonation|}}}{{{yield|}}}| <hr/> }}}}}} | label25 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| [[Shell (projectile)|Shell]]|[[Cartridge (firearms)|Cartridge]]}} | data25 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{cartridge|}}} }} | label26 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| [[Shell (projectile)|Shell]]|[[Cartridge (firearms)|Cartridge]]}} weight | data26 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{cartridge_weight|}}} }} | label27 = {{#if:{{{is_UK|}}}| [[Caliber|Calibre]] | [[Caliber]]}} | data27 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{caliber|}}} }} | label28 = Barrels | data28 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{barrels|}}} }} | label29 = [[Action (firearms)|Action]] | data29 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}| {{{action|}}} }} | label30 = [[Breech-loading weapon|Breech]] | data30 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{breech|}}} }} | label31 = [[Recoil]] | data31 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{recoil|}}} }} | label32 = Carriage | data32 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{carriage|}}} }} | label33 = [[Elevation (ballistics)|Elevation]] | data33 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{elevation|}}} }} | label34 = [[Gun laying|Traverse]] | data34 = {{#if:{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{traverse|}}} }} | label35 = [[Rate of fire|Rate&nbsp;of&nbsp;fire]] | data35 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{rate|}}} }} | label36 = [[Muzzle velocity|Muzzle&nbsp;velocity]] | data36 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{velocity|}}} }} | label37 = Effective&nbsp;firing&nbsp;range | data37 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}} {{{is_explosive|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{range|}}} }} | label38 = Maximum&nbsp;firing&nbsp;range | data38 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_explosive|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{max_range|}}} }} | label39 = Feed&nbsp;system | data39 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}| {{{feed|}}} }} | label40 = Sights | data40 = {{#if:{{{is_ranged|}}}{{{is_artillery|}}}| {{{sights|}}} }} | label41 = [[Blade]]&nbsp;type | data41 = {{#if:{{{is_bladed|}}}| {{{blade_type|}}} }} | label42 = [[Hilt]]&nbsp;type | data42 = {{#if:{{{is_bladed|}}}| {{{hilt_type|}}} }} | label43 = [[Scabbard]]/[[Scabbard|sheath]] | data43 = {{#if:{{{is_bladed|}}}| {{{sheath_type|}}} }} | label44 = Head&nbsp;type | data44 = {{#if:{{{is_bladed|}}}| {{{head_type|}}} }} | label45 = [[wikt:haft|Haft]]&nbsp;type | data45 = {{#if:{{{is_bladed|}}}| {{{haft_type|}}} }} | label46 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}|Tuâñ-thâu|Filling}} | data46 = {{#if:{{{is_explosive|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{filling|}}} }} | label47 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| Warhead|Filling}}&nbsp;weight | data47 = {{#if:{{{is_explosive|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{filling_weight|}}} }} | label48 = <div style="line-height:1.25em">Detonation<br/>mechanism</div> | data48 = {{#if:{{{is_explosive|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{detonation|}}} }} | label49 = Blast&nbsp;yield | data49 = {{#if:{{{is_explosive|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{yield|}}} }} | data50 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{#if:{{{armour|}}}{{{primary_armament|}}}{{{secondary_armament|}}}{{{engine|}}}{{{engine_power|}}}{{{pw_ratio|}}}{{{payload_capacity|}}}{{{transmission|}}}{{{suspension|}}}{{{clearance|}}}{{{wingspan|}}}{{{propellant|}}}{{{fuel_capacity|}}}{{{vehicle_range|}}}{{{ceiling|}}}{{{altitude|}}}{{{boost|}}}{{{depth|}}}{{{speed|}}}{{{guidance|}}}{{{steering|}}}{{{accuracy|}}}{{{launch_platform|}}}{{{transport|}}}| <hr/> }}}} | label51 = [[Vehicle armour|{{#if:{{{is_UK|}}}| Armour|Armor}}]] | data51 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{armour|}}} }} | label52 = <div style="line-height:1.25em">Tsú-iàu kun-pī</div> | data52 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{primary_armament|}}} }} | label53 = <div style="line-height:1.25em">Secondary<br/>armament</div> | data53 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{secondary_armament|}}} }} | label54 = E̋n-z̩ín | data54 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{br separated entries|1={{{engine|}}}| 2={{{engine_power|}}}}} }} | label55 = Power/weight | data55 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{pw_ratio|}}} }} | label56 = hū-tsài&nbsp;iông-liōng | data56 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{payload_capacity|}}} }} | label57 = Drive | data57 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{drive|}}} }} | label58 = [[Ki-hāi thoân-tōng|Thuân-tōng]] | data58 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{transmission|}}} }} | label59 = [[Hiân-tiàu chong-tì|Hiân-tiàu]] | data59 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{suspension|}}} }} | label60 = Lī-tē khang-khiah | data60 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{clearance|}}} }} | label61 = I̍k-tén | data61 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{wingspan|}}} }} | label62 = Thui-tsìn-khì | data62 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{propellant|}}} }} | label63 = Fuel&nbsp;capacity | data63 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}| {{{fuel_capacity|}}} }} | label64 = Ūn-tsok huān-uî | data64 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{vehicle_range|}}} }} | label65 = Hui-hîng sing-hān | data65 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{ceiling|}}} }} | label66 = Hui-hîng kuân-tōo | data66 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{altitude|}}} }} | label67 = Thui-tsìn sî-kan | data67 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{boost|}}} }} | label68 = Siong-hó tshim-tōo | data68 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{depth|}}} }} | label69 = {{Hover title |Ūn-su tsài-kū hi̍k tō-tuānn siōng kuân sok-tōo|Siōng-kuân sok-tōo |dotted=no}} | data69 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{speed|}}} }} | label70 = Tō-ín hē-thóng | data70 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{guidance|}}} }} | label71 = Tshau-tō hē-thóng | data71 = {{#if:{{{is_vehicle|}}}{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{steering|}}} }} | label72 = Tsing-khak-lu̍t | data72 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{accuracy|}}} }} | label73 = <div style="line-height:1.25em">Huat-siā<br/>pêñ-tâi</div> | data73 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{launch_platform|}}} }} | label74 = Ūn-su tsài-kū | data74 = {{#if:{{{is_missile|}}}| {{{transport|}}} }} | label75 = <small>References</small> | data75 = {{{ref|}}} }}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> q1yp60a5ly6rk1r7dwwnxuj786fm22i 10 1074980 3136896 3112736 2022-08-25T09:57:26Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = [[Gôlôsu gí-giân]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-giân]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-giân]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-giân |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Lō͘-se-a tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> 3m0e97u7go5xl5beyhdjkycu6iyr1hv 3136897 3136896 2022-08-25T09:57:38Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = [[Gôlôsu gú-giân]] |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-giân]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-giân]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-giân |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Lō͘-se-a tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> 5pwegyk1mvdlgwl5uwwub2dprob4urb 3136898 3136897 2022-08-25T09:58:14Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-giân]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-giân]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-giân |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Lō͘-se-a tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> laeryv104lgllf6zmy9c35jfuq0okac 3136900 3136898 2022-08-25T09:59:43Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-giân]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-giân]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-giân |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Lō͘-se-a tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> 622jf5swdwyzw5xq4bgzoe9ow9g9g4d 3136901 3136900 2022-08-25T10:00:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-gên]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-gên]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-giân |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Lō͘-se-a tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> o8ydmkiry53f2tq7q66e96hgmayv2eg 3136902 3136901 2022-08-25T10:00:22Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-gên]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-gên]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-gên |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Lō͘-se-a tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> ofitgkpdajqjdsjzgahc8g50n8hfhop 3136903 3136902 2022-08-25T10:01:40Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-gên]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-gên]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-gên |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gí-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Gôlôsu tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> co0t2hwp7f28r7g3r6r5sfc1ylxgj0i 3136904 3136903 2022-08-25T10:02:43Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-gên]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-gên]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetian]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-gên |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gú-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gú-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Gôlôsu tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> inyrdbctbxt5gpews0nvpr7l2dz6mq9 3136908 3136904 2022-08-25T10:06:42Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-gên]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-gên]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijani]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetia]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-gên |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gú-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gú-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Gôlôsu tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> fa14mvtd7rdkntzyahegnzfd0lik9gg 3136909 3136908 2022-08-25T10:07:04Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Navbox |name = Languages of Russia |title = {{le|Gôlôsu gú-giân|Languages of Russia|Gôlôsu gú-gên}} |state = {{{state|autocollapse}}} |listclass = hlist |group1 = Liân-pang thong-iōng-gí |list1 = * [[Gôlôsu-gú]] |group2 = Kok [[Lō͘-se-a ê liân-pang chú-thé|lên-pang tsú-thé gú-gên]] ê [[Koaⁿ-hong gí-giân| kuan-hong gú-gên]] |list2 = * [[Abaza language|Abaza]] * [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] * [[Aghul language|Aghul]] * [[Altai language|Altai]] ** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]] * [[Avar language|Avar]] * [[Azerbaijan-gí|Azerbaijan]] * [[Bashkir-gí|Bashkir]] * [[Buryat language|Buryat]] * [[Chechnya-gí|Chechen]] * [[Chuvash-gí|Chuvash]] * [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]] * [[Dargwa language|Dargwa]] * [[Ingush language|Ingush]] * [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] * [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]] * [[Karachay-Balkar]] * [[Khakas language|Khakas]] * [[Komi language|Komi]] * [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]] * [[Lak language|Lak]] * [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]] * [[Mari language|Mari]] ** {{small|[[Hill Mari|Hill]]}} ** {{small|[[Meadow Mari|Meadow]]}} * [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvin]] ** {{small|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]}} ** {{small|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]}} * [[Nogai language|Nogai]] * [[Ossetia-gí|Ossetia]] * [[Rutul language|Rutul]] * [[Yakut-gí|Yakut/Sakha]] * [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]] * [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]] * [[Tatar-gí|Tatar]] * [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]] * [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]] * [[Ukraina-gí|Ukrainian]] * [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]] |group3 = Liân-pang-lāi kuan-hong līn-tīng gí-gên |list3 = * [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]] * [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]] * [[Even language|Even]] * [[Evenki language|Evenki]] * [[Hun-lân-gí|Finnish]] * [[Karelian language|Karelian]] * [[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] * [[Khanty language|Khanty]] * [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]] * [[Mansi language|Mansi]] * [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] * [[Selkup language|Selkup]] * [[Veps language|Veps]] * [[Yukaghir language|Yukaghir]] ** {{small|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Northern Yukaghir]]}} ** {{small|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]}} |group4 = [[Bûn-lī]] |list4 = * [[Kyril jī|Kiril]]¹ * [[Cyrillic Braille]] * [[Latin alphabet]]² * [[Mongolian script]] (<small>[[Vagindra script|Buryat script]], [[Clear script|Kalmyk script]]</small>)² | belowstyle = font-weight:bold; | belowclass = hlist | below = ¹ In Russia, the Cyrillic alphabet is officially supported. ² For other, non-Cyrillic alphabets, separate federal laws are required. * [[:Category:Languages of Russia|Languages of Russia]] * [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia in languages of Russia|Wikipedia in languages of Russia]] * [[:Category:Mass media by language of Russia|Mass media by language of Russia]] }}<noinclude> {{collapsible option}} [[Category:Languages of the Caucasus navigational boxes|Russia]]<!--(Northeast and Northwest Caucasian languages spoken in Russia e.g. Abaza, Adyghe, Chechen, Ingush, etc.)--> [[Category:A-chiu gú-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Au-chiu gú-giân pang-bô͘|Russia]] [[Category:Gôlôsu tō-hâng pang-bô͘]] </noinclude> p0sqczo4e2wyfp9ka2q8z4b525l0az1 0 1074981 3136782 3136450 2022-08-25T00:04:21Z Andreicuax 54001 /* AGM-158B JASSM (ER) */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |is_missile=yes |name= {{small|AGM-158 JASSM}}<br>{{small|(AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile)}} |image=Agm-158 JASSM.jpg |caption= |origin=[[Bí-kok]] |type=[[Air-launched cruise missile]]<br>[[Surface-to-surface missile]] |used_by= [[Bí-kok Khong-kun]] <br />[[Royal Australian Air Force]] <br />[[Finnish Air Force]] <br />[[Polish Air Force]] |designer=[[Lockheed Martin]] |manufacturer=Lockheed Martin |unit_cost= {{US$|1,266,000}}<ref name=theDrive>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32277/here-is-what-each-of-the-pentagons-air-launched-missiles-and-bombs-actually-cost |title=Here Is What Each Of The Pentagon's Air-Launched Missiles And Bombs Actually Cost| access-date=15 Feb 2020}}</ref> (FY 2021) <br />JASSM-ER: US$1.359M<ref name=GAO-15-342SP>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668986.pdf#page=103 |page=95 |title=GAO-15-342SP DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs |publisher=US Government Accountability Office |date=March 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043422/http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668986.pdf#page=103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }} Program unit cost</ref><small>(FY15)</small> |propellant= |production_date=1998 – bo̍k-tsên |service=2009 – bo̍k-tsên |wars=[[Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn|Silia luē-tsèn]] |engine=[[Teledyne CAE J402]]-CA-100 [[Turbojet e̋n-jín|turbojet e̋n-zín]] |engine_power=3.0 [[kN]] (680 [[lb]]) |weight=1,021 [[kg]] (2,250 lb) |length=4.27 [[m]] (14 [[ft]]) |height= |diameter= |wingspan=2.4 m (7 ft 11 [[in]]) |speed= [[Hâng-khong tōng-li̍k-ha̍k|Tshì im-sok]] |vehicle_range=JASSM: 370 [[km]] (230 [[mi]]) <br />JASSM-ER: 925+ km (575+ mi) |ceiling= |altitude= |filling=450 kg (1,000 lb) WDU-42/B tsǹg-thàu tuâñ-thâu |guidance=[[Choân-kiû Tēng-ūi Hē-thóng]] (GPS)-aided [[inertial navigation system]] (INS), terminal [[infrared homing]] [[automatic target recognition]] |detonation= |launch_platform=Tsi̍p-sîng-ê: <br />[[B-1 Lancer]] <br />[[B-2 Spirit]] <br />[[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] <br />[[F-15E Strike Eagle]] <br />[[F-16 chiàn-sún chiàn-tàu-ki]] <br />[[F/A-18 Hornet]] <br />Tsêm-tsāi-ê: [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]<ref name="lma">{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html|title=JASSM|publisher=Lockheed Martin|access-date=27 May 2015|quote=B-1, B-2, B-52, F-16, F-15E and F/A-18 integrated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509075206/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html|archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> }} '''AGM-158 JASSM''' (AGM-158 lên-ha̍p khong-bīn uán-kong tō-tuâñ (AGM-158 LKBUT); [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|poj]]: AGM-158 liân-ha̍p khong-bīn oán-kong tō-tôaⁿ; [[eng-gí]]: AGM-158 JASSM (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile)) sī [[Bí-kok]] [[Lockheed Martin]] [[kong-si]] uì [[Bí-kok Kun-tūi|Bí-kok kun-tuī]] gián-huat ê tsit-tsióng "kē khó-thàm-tshik ê [[Chhiau sī-kī tō-tôaⁿ|tsén-khu-guā tsok-tsèn]] (beyond visual range missile (BVR)) [[khong siā sûn-hâng tō-tuâñ]] (air-launched cruise missile)".<ref name="urlAGM-158 JASSM Air-Launched Cruise Missile | Military-Today.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/agm_158_jassm.htm |title=AGM-158 JASSM Air-Launched Cruise Missile &#124; Military-Today.com }}</ref> AGM-158 mā sī tsi̍t-tsióng tuā-hîng ê [[iám-sin]] (invisibility) uán-hîng "khong-tuì-bīn" (khong-bīn) ê [[Tō-tôaⁿ|tō-tuâñ]], tsah-ū 1,000-[[pōng]] (464-[[kg]]) ê ē-tsǹg-thàu tsong-kah ê [[tuâñ-thâu]] (warhead). AGM-158 tī [[2009-nî]] uân-sîng tshik-tshì khai-sí tsìn-li̍p Bí-kok khong-kun ho̍k-i̍k. Tû-liáu [[Bí-kok Khong-kun]] guā, [[2014-nî ]]khai-sí teh [[Australia]], [[Finland]] kah [[Poland]] tíng-tíng ê kok-ka mā tshái-iōng tsit-hîng ê tō-tuâñ. Koh-lâi tō sī tû-liáu piau-tsún ê [[pán-pún]] (edition (book)) guā, iā tsing-ka "ên-sin siā-tîng" (ER) ê pán-pún AGM-158B JSSSM-ER hîng (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile-Extended Range), siā-tîng ên-sin-hîng iā í-king tī 2014-nî tsìn-li̍p [[Bí-kok Kun-tūi|Bí-kun]] ho̍k-i̍k. Kàu [[2016-nî]] [[9-goe̍h|9-gue̍h]], Lockheed Martin kong-si í-king lóng-tsóng kau-hù hōo Bí-kok khong-kun 2,000-guā thò AGM-158 JASSM, pau-kuat nn̄g-tsióng ê ên-sin-hîng ([[AGM-158C LRASM]] kah AGM-158D JASSM-XR).<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Air-Force-Takes-Delivery-of-2000th-JASSM-Cruise-Missile_n000015588.aspx US Air Force Takes Delivery of 2,000th JASSM Cruise Missile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920003533/http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Air-Force-Takes-Delivery-of-2000th-JASSM-Cruise-Missile_n000015588.aspx |date=2016-09-20 }} – Deagel.com, 6 September 2016</ref> ==Ên-sin JASSM pán-pún== *AGM-158B JASSM-ER *[[AGM-158C LRASM]] *AGM-158D JASSM-XR ==Tsu-guân== === AGM-158A JASSM === * '''[[Tn̂g-té|Tn̂g-tōo]]:''' 4.27&nbsp;[[m]] (14&nbsp;[[ft]]) * '''[[I̍k-tián|I̍k-tén]]:''' 2.4&nbsp;m (7&nbsp;ft 11 in) * '''[[Chit-liōng|Tsit-liōng]]:''' 975&nbsp;kg (2,150&nbsp;lb) * '''[[Sok-le̍k|Sok-tōo]]:''' Tshì-im-sok (subsonic) * '''Siā-tîng:''' 370&nbsp;km (230&nbsp;mi) * '''[[Ia̋n-jín|E̋n-ⱬín]]:''' [[Teledyne CAE J402]]-CA-100 [[Turbojet e̋n-jín|turbojet e̋n-zín]] (turbojet); thui-la̍t 3.0&nbsp;kN (680&nbsp;lbf) * '''[[Lên-liāu]]:''' JP10 lên-liāu * '''[[Tuâñ-thâu]]:''' 450&nbsp;[[kg]] (1000&nbsp;[[lb]]) WDU-42/B tsǹg-thàu tuâñ-thâu * '''Tsè-tsō [[tan-kè]]:''' $850K * '''Tsè-tsō [[ji̍t-kî|li̍t-kî]]:''' 1998 – bo̍k-tîng === AGM-158B JASSM (ER) === * '''[[Sok-le̍k|Sok-tōo]]:''' Tshì-im-sok * '''Siā-tîng:''' 925+&nbsp;km (575+&nbsp;mi) * '''Tsè-tsō tan-kè:''' $1.327 [[pah-bān]] * '''[[E̋n-jín|E̋n-z̩ín]]:''' [[Williams kok-tsē kong-si ]] (Williams International) [[Williams F107|F107]]-WR-105 [[Turbofan e̋n-jín|turbofan e̋n-zín]] (turbofan) * '''Tsè-tsō [[ji̍t-kî|li̍t-kî]]:''' 2006 – bo̍k-tsîng ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Tan-kè]] (unit cost) *{{le|Konstantin von Notz|Konstantin von Notz}} *{{le|Sergey Brin|Sergey Brin}} *{{le|Ashkenazi Yehudim|Ashkenazi Jews}} (Ashkenazi Jews) *{{le|Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian beyliks}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|AGM-158 JASSM}} * [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/jassm/ CSIS Missile Threat – JASSM / JASSM-ER] * [http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html Lockheed Martin JASSM Website] * [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-158.html Lockheed Martin AGM-158 JASSM – Designation Systems] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/jassm.htm GlobalSecurity.org] {{-}} {{US missiles|state=collapsed}} {{Lockheed Martin|state=collapsed}} {{USAF equipment|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Sûn-hâng tō-tôaⁿ]] [[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of the United States|AGM-158]] [[Category:Cruise missiles of the United States]] [[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2009]] 21ow9pgjh9m47047vyhdtnv9k425e4f 3136783 3136782 2022-08-25T00:05:08Z Andreicuax 54001 /* AGM-158A JASSM */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |is_missile=yes |name= {{small|AGM-158 JASSM}}<br>{{small|(AGM-158 Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile)}} |image=Agm-158 JASSM.jpg |caption= |origin=[[Bí-kok]] |type=[[Air-launched cruise missile]]<br>[[Surface-to-surface missile]] |used_by= [[Bí-kok Khong-kun]] <br />[[Royal Australian Air Force]] <br />[[Finnish Air Force]] <br />[[Polish Air Force]] |designer=[[Lockheed Martin]] |manufacturer=Lockheed Martin |unit_cost= {{US$|1,266,000}}<ref name=theDrive>{{cite web | url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/32277/here-is-what-each-of-the-pentagons-air-launched-missiles-and-bombs-actually-cost |title=Here Is What Each Of The Pentagon's Air-Launched Missiles And Bombs Actually Cost| access-date=15 Feb 2020}}</ref> (FY 2021) <br />JASSM-ER: US$1.359M<ref name=GAO-15-342SP>{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668986.pdf#page=103 |page=95 |title=GAO-15-342SP DEFENSE ACQUISITIONS Assessments of Selected Weapon Programs |publisher=US Government Accountability Office |date=March 2015 |access-date=15 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924043422/http://www.gao.gov/assets/670/668986.pdf#page=103 |archive-date=24 September 2015 }} Program unit cost</ref><small>(FY15)</small> |propellant= |production_date=1998 – bo̍k-tsên |service=2009 – bo̍k-tsên |wars=[[Su-lī-a Lōe-chiàn|Silia luē-tsèn]] |engine=[[Teledyne CAE J402]]-CA-100 [[Turbojet e̋n-jín|turbojet e̋n-zín]] |engine_power=3.0 [[kN]] (680 [[lb]]) |weight=1,021 [[kg]] (2,250 lb) |length=4.27 [[m]] (14 [[ft]]) |height= |diameter= |wingspan=2.4 m (7 ft 11 [[in]]) |speed= [[Hâng-khong tōng-li̍k-ha̍k|Tshì im-sok]] |vehicle_range=JASSM: 370 [[km]] (230 [[mi]]) <br />JASSM-ER: 925+ km (575+ mi) |ceiling= |altitude= |filling=450 kg (1,000 lb) WDU-42/B tsǹg-thàu tuâñ-thâu |guidance=[[Choân-kiû Tēng-ūi Hē-thóng]] (GPS)-aided [[inertial navigation system]] (INS), terminal [[infrared homing]] [[automatic target recognition]] |detonation= |launch_platform=Tsi̍p-sîng-ê: <br />[[B-1 Lancer]] <br />[[B-2 Spirit]] <br />[[Boeing B-52 Stratofortress]] <br />[[F-15E Strike Eagle]] <br />[[F-16 chiàn-sún chiàn-tàu-ki]] <br />[[F/A-18 Hornet]] <br />Tsêm-tsāi-ê: [[Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II|F-35]]<ref name="lma">{{cite web|url=http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html|title=JASSM|publisher=Lockheed Martin|access-date=27 May 2015|quote=B-1, B-2, B-52, F-16, F-15E and F/A-18 integrated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150509075206/http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html|archive-date=9 May 2015}}</ref> }} '''AGM-158 JASSM''' (AGM-158 lên-ha̍p khong-bīn uán-kong tō-tuâñ (AGM-158 LKBUT); [[Pe̍h-ōe-jī|poj]]: AGM-158 liân-ha̍p khong-bīn oán-kong tō-tôaⁿ; [[eng-gí]]: AGM-158 JASSM (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile)) sī [[Bí-kok]] [[Lockheed Martin]] [[kong-si]] uì [[Bí-kok Kun-tūi|Bí-kok kun-tuī]] gián-huat ê tsit-tsióng "kē khó-thàm-tshik ê [[Chhiau sī-kī tō-tôaⁿ|tsén-khu-guā tsok-tsèn]] (beyond visual range missile (BVR)) [[khong siā sûn-hâng tō-tuâñ]] (air-launched cruise missile)".<ref name="urlAGM-158 JASSM Air-Launched Cruise Missile | Military-Today.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.military-today.com/missiles/agm_158_jassm.htm |title=AGM-158 JASSM Air-Launched Cruise Missile &#124; Military-Today.com }}</ref> AGM-158 mā sī tsi̍t-tsióng tuā-hîng ê [[iám-sin]] (invisibility) uán-hîng "khong-tuì-bīn" (khong-bīn) ê [[Tō-tôaⁿ|tō-tuâñ]], tsah-ū 1,000-[[pōng]] (464-[[kg]]) ê ē-tsǹg-thàu tsong-kah ê [[tuâñ-thâu]] (warhead). AGM-158 tī [[2009-nî]] uân-sîng tshik-tshì khai-sí tsìn-li̍p Bí-kok khong-kun ho̍k-i̍k. Tû-liáu [[Bí-kok Khong-kun]] guā, [[2014-nî ]]khai-sí teh [[Australia]], [[Finland]] kah [[Poland]] tíng-tíng ê kok-ka mā tshái-iōng tsit-hîng ê tō-tuâñ. Koh-lâi tō sī tû-liáu piau-tsún ê [[pán-pún]] (edition (book)) guā, iā tsing-ka "ên-sin siā-tîng" (ER) ê pán-pún AGM-158B JSSSM-ER hîng (Joint Air-to-Surface Standoff Missile-Extended Range), siā-tîng ên-sin-hîng iā í-king tī 2014-nî tsìn-li̍p [[Bí-kok Kun-tūi|Bí-kun]] ho̍k-i̍k. Kàu [[2016-nî]] [[9-goe̍h|9-gue̍h]], Lockheed Martin kong-si í-king lóng-tsóng kau-hù hōo Bí-kok khong-kun 2,000-guā thò AGM-158 JASSM, pau-kuat nn̄g-tsióng ê ên-sin-hîng ([[AGM-158C LRASM]] kah AGM-158D JASSM-XR).<ref>[http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Air-Force-Takes-Delivery-of-2000th-JASSM-Cruise-Missile_n000015588.aspx US Air Force Takes Delivery of 2,000th JASSM Cruise Missile] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160920003533/http://www.deagel.com/news/US-Air-Force-Takes-Delivery-of-2000th-JASSM-Cruise-Missile_n000015588.aspx |date=2016-09-20 }} – Deagel.com, 6 September 2016</ref> ==Ên-sin JASSM pán-pún== *AGM-158B JASSM-ER *[[AGM-158C LRASM]] *AGM-158D JASSM-XR ==Tsu-guân== === AGM-158A JASSM === * '''[[Tn̂g-té|Tn̂g-tōo]]:''' 4.27&nbsp;[[m]] (14&nbsp;[[ft]]) * '''[[I̍k-tián|I̍k-tén]]:''' 2.4&nbsp;m (7&nbsp;ft 11 in) * '''[[Chit-liōng|Tsit-liōng]]:''' 975&nbsp;kg (2,150&nbsp;lb) * '''[[Sok-le̍k|Sok-tōo]]:''' Tshì-im-sok (subsonic) * '''Siā-tîng:''' 370&nbsp;km (230&nbsp;mi) * '''[[Ia̋n-jín|E̋n-z̩ín]]:''' [[Teledyne CAE J402]]-CA-100 [[Turbojet e̋n-jín|turbojet e̋n-zín]] (turbojet); thui-la̍t 3.0&nbsp;kN (680&nbsp;lbf) * '''[[Lên-liāu]]:''' JP10 lên-liāu * '''[[Tuâñ-thâu]]:''' 450&nbsp;[[kg]] (1000&nbsp;[[lb]]) WDU-42/B tsǹg-thàu tuâñ-thâu * '''Tsè-tsō [[tan-kè]]:''' $850K * '''Tsè-tsō [[ji̍t-kî|li̍t-kî]]:''' 1998 – bo̍k-tîng === AGM-158B JASSM (ER) === * '''[[Sok-le̍k|Sok-tōo]]:''' Tshì-im-sok * '''Siā-tîng:''' 925+&nbsp;km (575+&nbsp;mi) * '''Tsè-tsō tan-kè:''' $1.327 [[pah-bān]] * '''[[E̋n-jín|E̋n-z̩ín]]:''' [[Williams kok-tsē kong-si ]] (Williams International) [[Williams F107|F107]]-WR-105 [[Turbofan e̋n-jín|turbofan e̋n-zín]] (turbofan) * '''Tsè-tsō [[ji̍t-kî|li̍t-kî]]:''' 2006 – bo̍k-tsîng ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Tan-kè]] (unit cost) *{{le|Konstantin von Notz|Konstantin von Notz}} *{{le|Sergey Brin|Sergey Brin}} *{{le|Ashkenazi Yehudim|Ashkenazi Jews}} (Ashkenazi Jews) *{{le|Anatolian beyliks|Anatolian beyliks}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|AGM-158 JASSM}} * [http://missilethreat.csis.org/missile/jassm/ CSIS Missile Threat – JASSM / JASSM-ER] * [http://www.lockheedmartin.com/us/products/jassm.html Lockheed Martin JASSM Website] * [http://www.designation-systems.net/dusrm/m-158.html Lockheed Martin AGM-158 JASSM – Designation Systems] * [http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/munitions/jassm.htm GlobalSecurity.org] {{-}} {{US missiles|state=collapsed}} {{Lockheed Martin|state=collapsed}} {{USAF equipment|state=collapsed}} [[Category:Sûn-hâng tō-tôaⁿ]] [[Category:Air-to-surface missiles of the United States|AGM-158]] [[Category:Cruise missiles of the United States]] [[Category:Weapons and ammunition introduced in 2009]] qkqeyf4zp3m8w7jw9hk16bf11bpetp2 0 1075009 3136794 3136531 2022-08-25T00:20:41Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{short description|Subfamily of beetles}} {{Automatic taxobox | name = Hóo ku-á | oldest_fossil = Aptian | image = Lophyra sp Tiger beetle edit1.jpg | image_caption = ''[[Lophyra]] sp'' teh [[Tanzania]] | taxon = Cicindelinae | authority = [[Pierre André Latreille|Latreille]], 1802 | subdivision_ranks = [[Tso̍k (sing-bu̍t)|Tso̍k]] | subdivision = * [[Amblycheilini]] * [[Cicindelini]] * [[Collyridini]] * [[Manticorini]] * [[Megacephalini]] | synonyms = * ''Cicindelidae'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> }} Hóo [[Ku-á (thâng)|ku-á]] ([[ing-gú]]: tiger beetle; cicindelinae) sī cicindelinae [[a-kho]] (subfamily) ê tsi̍t-tuā-luī [[Ku-á (thâng)|ku-á]], í tshut-miâ teh i-ê kong-kik lia̍h-si̍t ê sìng-tē kah tsáu-pio ê sok-tōo. Í-king tsai-á siōng kín ê hóo ku-á [[rivacindela hudsoni]] (cicindela hudsoni) ê sî-sok uî 9 km/h (5.6 mph; 2.5 m/s), ia̍h-sī ta̍k-bió tāi-iok 125-puē ê thé-tn̂g.<ref name="cornell">{{cite web|last=Friedlander |first=Blaine |url=http://www.news.cornell.edu/releases/Jan98/TigerBeetle.bpf.html |title=Cornell News, Jan. 16, 1998 When tiger beetles chase prey at high speeds they go blind temporarily, Cornell entomologists learn |publisher=News.cornell.edu |date=1998-01-16 |access-date=2020-10-26}}</ref> Tsia̍t-tsí [[2005-nî]], í-king tsai-á tāi-iok ū 2600 guā-ê bu̍t-tsiòng kah a-tsióng, kî-tiong to-iūnn-sìng siong phong-phài ê tē-khu sī tang-hong tē-khu ([[Ìn-tō͘|Ìntōo]] - [[Má-lâi-se-a|Málâisea]]), koh-lâi tō sī [[sin-lia̍t-tài tē-khu]] (neotropical realm)<ref>Pearson, D.L. & F. Cassola, 2005</ref> ==Bu̍t-tsióng hun-luī== [[Image:Manticorini sp.JPG|thumb|right|upright|Museum specimen of ''[[Manticora (genus)|Manticora]]'' sp. from [[Mozambique]].]] [[Image:Salt Creek Tiger Beetle.jpg|thumb|right|The rare [[Salt Creek tiger beetle]], ''Cicindela nevadica lincolniana'']] [[Image:Cicindelid bangalore.jpg|thumb|right|''[[Cicindela aurofasciata]]'' from [[India]], showing the large eyes and mandibles]] [[File:Tiger beetle Lophyra sp..jpg|thumb|right|Most tiger beetles run on the ground living on sand and lake shores]] [[File:Cicindela chinensis flammifera MHNT.ZOO.2004.0.175.jpg|thumb|upright|''[[Cicindela chinensis]]'']] [[File:20140817T132831 Lat 2 2 41.49049430 N Long 103 33 24.74152953 E.jpg|thumb|right|One of species in Gunung Belumut Recreational Forest.]] ==Sio̍k== {{Div col}} * ''[[Abroscelis]]'' <small>Hope, 1838 </small> * ''[[Amblycheila]]'' <small>Say, 1829 </small> * ''[[Aniara (genus)|Aniara]]'' <small>Hope, 1838 </small> * ''[[Antennaria (beetle)|Antennaria]]'' <small>Dokhtouroff, 1883 </small> * ''[[Apteroessa]]'' <small>Hope, 1838 </small> * ''[[Archidela]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1963 </small> * ''[[Baloghiella]]'' <small>Mandl, 1981 </small> * ''[[Bennigsenium]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1897 </small> * ''[[Brasiella]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1954 </small> * ''[[Caledonica]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1860 </small> * ''[[Caledonomorpha]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1897 </small> * ''[[Callidema]]'' <small>Guerin-Meneville, 1843</small> * ''[[Callytron]]'' <small>Gistl, 1848 </small> * ''[[Calomera]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1862</small> * ''[[Calyptoglossa]]'' <small>Jeannel, 1946 </small> * ''[[Cenothyla]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1969 </small> * ''[[Cephalota]]'' <small>Dokhtouroff, 1883</small> * ''[[Chaetodera]]'' <small>Jeannel, 1946 </small> * ''[[Cheilonycha]]'' <small>Lacordaire, 1843 </small> * ''[[Cheiloxya]]'' <small>Guerin-Meneville, 1855 </small> * ''[[Cicindela]]'' <small>Linnaeus, 1758</small> * ''[[Collyris]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1801 </small> * ''[[Cratohaerea]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1850 </small> * †''[[Cretotetracha]]'' <small>Zhao et al., 2019</small> * ''[[Ctenostoma]]'' <small>Klug, 1821 </small> * ''[[Cylindera]]'' <small>Westwood, 1831</small> * ''[[Darlingtonica]]'' <small>Cassola, 1986 </small> * ''[[Derocrania]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1860</small> * ''[[Diastrophella]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1957 </small> * ''[[Dilatotarsa]]'' <small>Dokhtouroff, 1882 </small> * ''[[Distipsidera]]'' <small>Westwood, 1837</small> * ''[[Dromica]]'' <small>Dejean, 1826</small> * ''[[Dromicoida]]'' <small>Werner, 1995 </small> * ''[[Dromochorus]]'' <small>Guerin-Meneville, 1845 </small> * ''[[Ellipsoptera]]'' <small>Dokhtouroff, 1883</small> * ''[[Enantiola]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1961</small> * ''[[Eunota]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1954 </small> * ''[[Euprosopus]]'' <small>Dejean, 1825 </small> * ''[[Euryarthron]]'' <small>Guerin-Meneville, 1849</small> * ''[[Eurymorpha]]'' <small>Hope, 1838</small> * ''[[Euzona]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1963 </small> * ''[[Grammognatha]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1850</small> * ''[[Grandopronotalia]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1936 </small> * ''[[Guineica]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1963 </small> * ''[[Habrodera]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1862</small> * ''[[Habroscelimorpha]]'' <small>Dokhtouroff, 1883 </small> * ''[[Heptodonta]]'' <small>Hope, 1838 </small> * ''[[Hypaetha]]'' <small>Leconte, 1860 </small> * ''[[Iresia]]'' <small>Dejean, 1831</small> * ''[[Jansenia]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1865 </small> * ''[[Langea]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1901 </small> * ''[[Leptognatha]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1963</small> * ''[[Lophyra]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1859</small> * ''[[Macfarlandia]]'' <small>Sumlin, 1981 </small> * ''[[Manautea]]'' <small>Deuve, 2006 </small> * ''[[Mantica]]'' <small>Kolbe, 1896</small> * ''[[Manticora (genus)|Manticora]]'' <small>Fabricius, 1781</small> * ''[[Megacephala]]'' <small>Latreille, 1802</small> * ''[[Megalomma]]'' <small>Westwood, 1842 </small> * ''[[Metriocheila]]'' <small>Thomson, 1857</small> * ''[[Micromentignatha]]'' <small>Sumlin, 1981 </small> * ''[[Microthylax]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1954 </small> * ''[[Myriochila]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1862</small> * ''[[Naviauxella]]'' <small>Cassola, 1988 </small> * ''[[Neochila]]'' <small>Basilewsky, 1953 </small> * ''[[Neocicindela]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1963 </small> * ''[[Neocollyris]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1901</small> * ''[[Neolaphyra]]'' <small>Bedel, 1895 </small> * ''[[Nickerlea]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1899 </small> * ''[[Notospira]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1961 </small> * ''[[Odontocheila]]'' <small>Laporte, 1834</small> * ''[[Omus]]'' <small>Eschscholtz, 1829 </small> * ''[[Opilidia]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1954 </small> * ''[[Opisthencentrus]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1893 </small> * ''[[Orthocindela]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1972 </small> * ''[[Oxycheila]]'' <small>Dejean, 1825 </small> * †''[[Oxycheilopsis]]'' <small>Cassola & Werner, 2004 </small> * ''[[Oxygonia]]'' <small>Mannerheim, 1837</small> * ''[[Oxygoniola]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1892</small> * ''[[Paraphysodeutera]]'' <small>J. Moravec, 2002 </small> * ''[[Pentacomia]]'' <small>Bates, 1872</small> * ''[[Peridexia]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1860</small> * ''[[Phaeoxantha]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1850</small> * ''[[Phyllodroma]]'' <small>Lacordaire, 1843 </small> * ''[[Physodeutera]]'' <small>Lacordaire, 1843 </small> * ''[[Picnochile]]'' <small>Motschulsky, 1856 </small> * ''[[Platychile]]'' <small>Macleay, 1825 </small> * ''[[Pogonostoma]]'' <small>Klug, 1835 </small> * ''[[Polyrhanis]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1963</small> * ''[[Pometon]]'' <small>Fleutiaux, 1899 </small> * ''[[Prepusa (beetle)|Prepusa]]'' <small>Chaudoir, 1850 </small> * ''[[Probstia]]'' <small>Cassola, 2002</small> * ''[[Pronyssa]]'' <small>Bates, 1874 </small> * ''[[Pronyssiformia]]'' <small>W. Horn, 1929 </small> * ''[[Prothyma]]'' <small>Hope, 1838</small> * ''[[Prothymidia]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1957</small> * ''[[Protocollyris]]'' <small>Mandl, 1975</small> * ''[[Pseudotetracha]]'' <small>Fleutiaux, 1894</small> * ''[[Pseudoxycheila]]'' <small>Guerin-Meneville, 1839 </small> * ''[[Rhysopleura]]'' <small>Sloane, 1906 </small> * ''[[Rhytidophaena]]'' <small>Bates, 1891 </small> * ''[[Rivacindela]]'' <small>Nidek, 1973 </small> * ''[[Ronhuberia]]'' <small>J. Moravec & Kudrna, 2002 </small> * ''[[Salpingophora]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1950 </small> * ''[[Socotrana]]'' <small>Cassola & Wranik, 1998 </small> * ''[[Stenocosmia]]'' <small>Rivalier, 1965 </small> * ''[[Sumlinia]]'' <small>Cassola & Werner, 2001 </small> * ''[[Tetracha]]'' <small>Hope, 1838</small> * ''[[Therates]]'' <small>Latreille, 1816</small> * ''[[Thopeutica]]'' <small>Schaum, 1861</small> * ''[[Tricondyla]]'' <small>Latreille, 1822 </small> * ''[[Vata (genus)|Vata]]'' <small>Fauvel, 1903 </small> * ''[[Waltherhornia]]'' <small>Olsoufieff, 1934 </small> {{div col end}} ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hiàn== {{refbegin|2}} * ''Further new country records of African Tiger Beetles with some taxonomical note (Coleoptera, Cicindelidae)'' by Peter Schüle. Entomologia Africana 15(2)2010. * '' The Tiger beetles of Africa'' by Karl Werner, Taita Publishers 2000. * '' A Quantitative Analysis of Species Descriptions of Tiger Beetles (Coleoptera Cicindelidae), from 1758 to 2004, and Notes about Related Developments in Biodiversity Studies'' by D.L. Pearson and F. Cassola. The Coleopterists Bulletin Vol 59, n°2, June 2005. * ''Tiger Beetles of Alberta: Killers on the Clay, Stalkers on the Sand'' by John Acorn. University of Alberta Press, 2001. * ''Tiger Beetles: The Evolution, Ecology, and Diversity of the Cicindelids'' by David L. Pearson and Alfried P. Vogler. Cornell University Press, 2001. * ''A Field Guide to the Tiger Beetles of the United States and Canada'' by David L. Pearson, C. Barry Knisley and Charles J. Kazilek. Oxford University Press, 2005. * ''[[The Beetles of the World]]'', volumes 13 [http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/cm/cm-13-english.html], 15 [http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/cm/cm-15-english.html], 18 [http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/cm/cm-18-english.html] & 20 [http://www.insects.demon.co.uk/cm/cm-20-english.html] by Karl Werner, [[Sciences Nat]], Venette, 1991, 1992, 1993 & 1995. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Hóe-chheⁿ bî-liōng khì-thé tui-chong ūi-chheⁿ]](Hué-tsheñ bî-liōng khì-thé tui-tsong uī-tsheñ; [[eng-gí]]: ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter) *[[Kardashev Chhioh-tō͘]] (Kardashev tshioh-tōo; [[Lō͘-se-a-gí]]: Шкала Кардашёва ([[eng-gí]]: Kardashev Scale); [[hàn-gí]]: 卡爾達肖夫尺度, 卡爾達肖夫指數) *[[Khong-kan chhioh-tō͘]] (khong-kan tshioh-tōo; [[eng-gí]]: Spatial scale; [[hàn-gí]]: 空間尺度) *[[Tâi-oân hui-tia̍p ha̍k-hoē]] (Tâi-uân hui-tia̍p ha̍k-huē; [[eng-gí]]: Taiwan UFOlogy Society; [[hàn-gí]]: 台灣飛碟學會) *[[Thong-iōng tōng-le̍k]] (thong-iōng tōng-li̍k, thong-iōng tōng-li̍k kong-si, thong-iōng tōng-le̍k kong-si; General Dynamics, General Dynamics Corporation (GD); 通用動力, 通用動力公司) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|Cicindelidae}} {{Wikispecies|Cicindelinae}} {{div col|2}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20040618231652/http://www.cicindelaonline.com/index.htm Cicindela Online] *https://web.archive.org/web/20060831202838/http://homepage3.nifty.com/trechinae/cicinw.htm {{ja}} *[http://petslady.com/articles/planets_coolest_critters_tiger_beetles_57451 Planet's Coolest Critters -- Tiger Beetles] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20030510085958/http://www.npwrc.usgs.gov/resource/distr/insects/tigb/usa/cicindel.htm Tiger Beetles of the U.S.A.] *[http://www.papua-insects.nl/insect%20orders/Coleoptera/Cicindelidae/Cicindelidae.htm Tiger Beetles of Papua Indonesia] *[http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/misc/tiger/tbeetle3.htm Tiger beetles of Florida] on the [[University of Florida|UF]] / [[Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences|IFAS]] Featured Creatures Web site *[http://www.dolnimorava.org/index.php?page=shop.product_details&flypage=garden_flypage.tpl&product_id=17&category_id=1&option=com_virtuemart&Itemid=60&lang=en Moravec J. (2010): Tiger Beetles of the Madagascan Region (Madagascar, Seychelles, Comoros, Mascarenes, and other islands) Taxonomic revision of the 17 genera occurring in the region (Coleoptera: Cicindelidae),430 pp.] *[http://www.opb.org/television/programs/ofg/segment/siuslaw-hairy-necked-beetle/ Siuslaw Hairy-Necked Tiger Beetle] Video produced by ''[[Oregon Field Guide]]'' *[https://insect-books.com/book/tiger-beetles-of-world/ Štrunc V. (2020): Tiger Beetles of the World - Illustrated guide to the genera, 338 species] {{div col end}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q196140}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Tiger Beetle}} [[Category:Cicindelinae| ]] tdq2d8ekzj5t0tca28s1owk8z5eqtr3 0 1075057 3136789 3136529 2022-08-25T00:18:32Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:STS-135 final flyaround of ISS 1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|The [[Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām|Kok-chè thài-khong tsām]], iú-sú í-lâi teh [[tê-sim kuí-tō]] (geocentric orbit) siōng tsoo-tsng ê siōng-tuā ê bu̍t-kiâñ]] '''Khong-kan tsām''' (thài-khong tsām; [[ing-gú]]: space station, orbital station, orbital space station) sī ūn-hîng teh guā-tsân thài-khong ê lîn-tsō tshng, kông-gī siōng uî hāng-thian-khì ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Kah ú-tiū-tsûn sio-pí, khong-kan tsām bô-it-tīng ē tsài hāng-tiān-guân sing-khong, mā bú-it-tīng kū-pī thui-tsìn kah tsiūñ-lio̍k iōng-ê siat-pī. M̄-kū khong-kan tsām ū sik-ha̍p lîn-luī tn̂g-sî-kan khiā-tuà ê siat-kè, ē-sái tsò ú-hāng-guân teh thài-khong tíng-tsù kap kang-tsok ê tiûñ-sóo. Khong-kan tsām ē-sái thê-kiong tē-bīn si̍t-giām siat-si bô-huat-tōo thê-kiong ê kē-tiōng-li̍k, ú-tiū khong-kan huân-kíng tíng-tíng tiâu-kiāñ, tsú-iàu lóng hōo-lâng iōng-teh kok-tsióng kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù (iû-kî-sī gián-kiù tn̂g-kî tī-liû [[ú-tiū]] tuì lîn-thé ê íng-hióng). Bo̍k-tsiân lîn-luī ê tsuân-pōo khong-kan tsām lóng-sī kiàn-tsō teh [[tē-kiû]] [[Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ|uē-tsheñ]] kiù-tō tíng-kuân-ê, uî -tio̍h tuì khong-kan tsām tsìn-hîng lîn-guân kah bu̍t-tsit ê póo-kip kap ūn-sàng, su-iàu kî-thañ thài-khong hui-hîng khì ê phuè-ha̍p. Bí-kok khong-kan tsòng-sū kè-uē [[2024-nî]] kiàn-li̍p teh gue̍h-kiù kuí-tō ê khong-kan tsām, beh sîng-uî tē-it-ê kiàn-li̍p teh tē-kiû í-guā ê kuí-tō khong-kan tsām. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hàn== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations|first=Jay|last=Chladek|year=2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ}} * Haeuplik-Meusburger: ''Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach''. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0666-2}}. * {{cite book|title=Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|publisher=Praxis|date=July 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444 426]}} * {{Cite book|last=Neri Vela |first=Rodolfo |title=Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application |year=1990 |publisher=European Space Agency SP-1137 |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-9092-124-0 }} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Nebraska tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā]] (Nebraska tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā; University of Nebraska Press) *{{le|Yale hoat-lu̍t kî-khan|Yale Law Journal}} (Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan/Yale Law Journal) *{{le|Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|University of Pennsylvania Law Review}} (Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/University of Pennsylvania Law Review) *{{link-zh|Hô-lâm ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|河南高等法院}} (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ/河南高等法院) *{{link-zh|Soaⁿ-tang ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|山東高等法院}} (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ/山東高等法院) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort= Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations] * [https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712 ISS] - on [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] Official [[Infographic]] {{en}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', October 1951, pp.&nbsp;120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth {{DEFAULTSORT:Space Station}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Khong-kan chām]] [[Category:1971-nî bīn-sè]] [[Category:Lîn-luī sing-ua̍h huân-kíng]] 69fdizlhwcxnv9lmuhb2g760t4bwrxh 3136790 3136789 2022-08-25T00:19:08Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:STS-135 final flyaround of ISS 1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|The [[Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām|Kok-chè thài-khong tsām]], iú-sú í-lâi teh [[tê-sim kuí-tō]] (geocentric orbit) siōng tsoo-tsng ê siōng-tuā ê bu̍t-kiâñ]] '''Khong-kan tsām''' ([[ing-gú]]: space station, orbital station, orbital space station; thài-khong tsām) sī ūn-hîng teh guā-tsân thài-khong ê lîn-tsō tshng, kông-gī siōng uî hāng-thian-khì ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Kah ú-tiū-tsûn sio-pí, khong-kan tsām bô-it-tīng ē tsài hāng-tiān-guân sing-khong, mā bú-it-tīng kū-pī thui-tsìn kah tsiūñ-lio̍k iōng-ê siat-pī. M̄-kū khong-kan tsām ū sik-ha̍p lîn-luī tn̂g-sî-kan khiā-tuà ê siat-kè, ē-sái tsò ú-hāng-guân teh thài-khong tíng-tsù kap kang-tsok ê tiûñ-sóo. Khong-kan tsām ē-sái thê-kiong tē-bīn si̍t-giām siat-si bô-huat-tōo thê-kiong ê kē-tiōng-li̍k, ú-tiū khong-kan huân-kíng tíng-tíng tiâu-kiāñ, tsú-iàu lóng hōo-lâng iōng-teh kok-tsióng kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù (iû-kî-sī gián-kiù tn̂g-kî tī-liû [[ú-tiū]] tuì lîn-thé ê íng-hióng). Bo̍k-tsiân lîn-luī ê tsuân-pōo khong-kan tsām lóng-sī kiàn-tsō teh [[tē-kiû]] [[Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ|uē-tsheñ]] kiù-tō tíng-kuân-ê, uî -tio̍h tuì khong-kan tsām tsìn-hîng lîn-guân kah bu̍t-tsit ê póo-kip kap ūn-sàng, su-iàu kî-thañ thài-khong hui-hîng khì ê phuè-ha̍p. Bí-kok khong-kan tsòng-sū kè-uē [[2024-nî]] kiàn-li̍p teh gue̍h-kiù kuí-tō ê khong-kan tsām, beh sîng-uî tē-it-ê kiàn-li̍p teh tē-kiû í-guā ê kuí-tō khong-kan tsām. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hàn== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations|first=Jay|last=Chladek|year=2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ}} * Haeuplik-Meusburger: ''Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach''. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0666-2}}. * {{cite book|title=Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|publisher=Praxis|date=July 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444 426]}} * {{Cite book|last=Neri Vela |first=Rodolfo |title=Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application |year=1990 |publisher=European Space Agency SP-1137 |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-9092-124-0 }} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Nebraska tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā]] (Nebraska tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā; University of Nebraska Press) *{{le|Yale hoat-lu̍t kî-khan|Yale Law Journal}} (Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan/Yale Law Journal) *{{le|Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|University of Pennsylvania Law Review}} (Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/University of Pennsylvania Law Review) *{{link-zh|Hô-lâm ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|河南高等法院}} (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ/河南高等法院) *{{link-zh|Soaⁿ-tang ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|山東高等法院}} (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ/山東高等法院) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort= Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations] * [https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712 ISS] - on [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] Official [[Infographic]] {{en}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', October 1951, pp.&nbsp;120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth {{DEFAULTSORT:Space Station}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Khong-kan chām]] [[Category:1971-nî bīn-sè]] [[Category:Lîn-luī sing-ua̍h huân-kíng]] gf37dl8hgs9edd3gu2v6i2a3v8av35t 3136791 3136790 2022-08-25T00:19:24Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:STS-135 final flyaround of ISS 1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|The [[Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām|Kok-chè thài-khong tsām]], iú-sú í-lâi teh [[tê-sim kuí-tō]] (geocentric orbit) siōng tsoo-tsng ê siōng-tuā ê bu̍t-kiâñ]] '''Khong-kan tsām''' ([[ing-gú]]: space station, orbital station, orbital space station; '''thài-khong tsām''') sī ūn-hîng teh guā-tsân thài-khong ê lîn-tsō tshng, kông-gī siōng uî hāng-thian-khì ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Kah ú-tiū-tsûn sio-pí, khong-kan tsām bô-it-tīng ē tsài hāng-tiān-guân sing-khong, mā bú-it-tīng kū-pī thui-tsìn kah tsiūñ-lio̍k iōng-ê siat-pī. M̄-kū khong-kan tsām ū sik-ha̍p lîn-luī tn̂g-sî-kan khiā-tuà ê siat-kè, ē-sái tsò ú-hāng-guân teh thài-khong tíng-tsù kap kang-tsok ê tiûñ-sóo. Khong-kan tsām ē-sái thê-kiong tē-bīn si̍t-giām siat-si bô-huat-tōo thê-kiong ê kē-tiōng-li̍k, ú-tiū khong-kan huân-kíng tíng-tíng tiâu-kiāñ, tsú-iàu lóng hōo-lâng iōng-teh kok-tsióng kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù (iû-kî-sī gián-kiù tn̂g-kî tī-liû [[ú-tiū]] tuì lîn-thé ê íng-hióng). Bo̍k-tsiân lîn-luī ê tsuân-pōo khong-kan tsām lóng-sī kiàn-tsō teh [[tē-kiû]] [[Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ|uē-tsheñ]] kiù-tō tíng-kuân-ê, uî -tio̍h tuì khong-kan tsām tsìn-hîng lîn-guân kah bu̍t-tsit ê póo-kip kap ūn-sàng, su-iàu kî-thañ thài-khong hui-hîng khì ê phuè-ha̍p. Bí-kok khong-kan tsòng-sū kè-uē [[2024-nî]] kiàn-li̍p teh gue̍h-kiù kuí-tō ê khong-kan tsām, beh sîng-uî tē-it-ê kiàn-li̍p teh tē-kiû í-guā ê kuí-tō khong-kan tsām. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hàn== {{refbegin}} * {{Cite book|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations|first=Jay|last=Chladek|year=2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ}} * Haeuplik-Meusburger: ''Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach''. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0666-2}}. * {{cite book|title=Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|publisher=Praxis|date=July 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444 426]}} * {{Cite book|last=Neri Vela |first=Rodolfo |title=Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application |year=1990 |publisher=European Space Agency SP-1137 |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-9092-124-0 }} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Nebraska tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā]] (Nebraska tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā; University of Nebraska Press) *{{le|Yale hoat-lu̍t kî-khan|Yale Law Journal}} (Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan/Yale Law Journal) *{{le|Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|University of Pennsylvania Law Review}} (Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/University of Pennsylvania Law Review) *{{link-zh|Hô-lâm ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|河南高等法院}} (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ/河南高等法院) *{{link-zh|Soaⁿ-tang ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|山東高等法院}} (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ/山東高等法院) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort= Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations] * [https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712 ISS] - on [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] Official [[Infographic]] {{en}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', October 1951, pp.&nbsp;120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth {{DEFAULTSORT:Space Station}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Khong-kan chām]] [[Category:1971-nî bīn-sè]] [[Category:Lîn-luī sing-ua̍h huân-kíng]] okpzfj7xmbqj13n1u8838nanfqdqhzh 3136792 3136791 2022-08-25T00:19:35Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hàn */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:STS-135 final flyaround of ISS 1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|The [[Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām|Kok-chè thài-khong tsām]], iú-sú í-lâi teh [[tê-sim kuí-tō]] (geocentric orbit) siōng tsoo-tsng ê siōng-tuā ê bu̍t-kiâñ]] '''Khong-kan tsām''' ([[ing-gú]]: space station, orbital station, orbital space station; '''thài-khong tsām''') sī ūn-hîng teh guā-tsân thài-khong ê lîn-tsō tshng, kông-gī siōng uî hāng-thian-khì ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Kah ú-tiū-tsûn sio-pí, khong-kan tsām bô-it-tīng ē tsài hāng-tiān-guân sing-khong, mā bú-it-tīng kū-pī thui-tsìn kah tsiūñ-lio̍k iōng-ê siat-pī. M̄-kū khong-kan tsām ū sik-ha̍p lîn-luī tn̂g-sî-kan khiā-tuà ê siat-kè, ē-sái tsò ú-hāng-guân teh thài-khong tíng-tsù kap kang-tsok ê tiûñ-sóo. Khong-kan tsām ē-sái thê-kiong tē-bīn si̍t-giām siat-si bô-huat-tōo thê-kiong ê kē-tiōng-li̍k, ú-tiū khong-kan huân-kíng tíng-tíng tiâu-kiāñ, tsú-iàu lóng hōo-lâng iōng-teh kok-tsióng kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù (iû-kî-sī gián-kiù tn̂g-kî tī-liû [[ú-tiū]] tuì lîn-thé ê íng-hióng). Bo̍k-tsiân lîn-luī ê tsuân-pōo khong-kan tsām lóng-sī kiàn-tsō teh [[tē-kiû]] [[Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ|uē-tsheñ]] kiù-tō tíng-kuân-ê, uî -tio̍h tuì khong-kan tsām tsìn-hîng lîn-guân kah bu̍t-tsit ê póo-kip kap ūn-sàng, su-iàu kî-thañ thài-khong hui-hîng khì ê phuè-ha̍p. Bí-kok khong-kan tsòng-sū kè-uē [[2024-nî]] kiàn-li̍p teh gue̍h-kiù kuí-tō ê khong-kan tsām, beh sîng-uî tē-it-ê kiàn-li̍p teh tē-kiû í-guā ê kuí-tō khong-kan tsām. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hàn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations|first=Jay|last=Chladek|year=2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ}} * Haeuplik-Meusburger: ''Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach''. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0666-2}}. * {{cite book|title=Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|publisher=Praxis|date=July 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444 426]}} * {{Cite book|last=Neri Vela |first=Rodolfo |title=Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application |year=1990 |publisher=European Space Agency SP-1137 |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-9092-124-0 }} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Nebraska tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā]] (Nebraska tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā; University of Nebraska Press) *{{le|Yale hoat-lu̍t kî-khan|Yale Law Journal}} (Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan/Yale Law Journal) *{{le|Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|University of Pennsylvania Law Review}} (Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/University of Pennsylvania Law Review) *{{link-zh|Hô-lâm ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|河南高等法院}} (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ/河南高等法院) *{{link-zh|Soaⁿ-tang ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|山東高等法院}} (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ/山東高等法院) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort= Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations] * [https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712 ISS] - on [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] Official [[Infographic]] {{en}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', October 1951, pp.&nbsp;120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth {{DEFAULTSORT:Space Station}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Khong-kan chām]] [[Category:1971-nî bīn-sè]] [[Category:Lîn-luī sing-ua̍h huân-kíng]] 6viikjdifwffk8utxe6wm3rksst3w9n 3136793 3136792 2022-08-25T00:20:08Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:STS-135 final flyaround of ISS 1.jpg|thumb|280px|right|The [[Kok-chè Thài-khong-chām|Kok-chè thài-khong tsām]], iú-sú í-lâi teh [[tê-sim kuí-tō]] (geocentric orbit) siōng tsoo-tsng ê siōng-tuā ê bu̍t-kiâñ]] '''Khong-kan tsām''' ([[ing-gú]]: space station, orbital station, orbital space station; '''thài-khong tsām''') sī ūn-hîng teh guā-tsân thài-khong ê lîn-tsō tshng, kông-gī siōng uî hāng-thian-khì ê tsi̍t-tsióng. Kah ú-tiū-tsûn sio-pí, khong-kan tsām bô-it-tīng ē tsài hāng-tiān-guân sing-khong, mā bú-it-tīng kū-pī thui-tsìn kah tsiūñ-lio̍k iōng-ê siat-pī. M̄-kū khong-kan tsām ū sik-ha̍p lîn-luī tn̂g-sî-kan khiā-tuà ê siat-kè, ē-sái tsò ú-hāng-guân teh thài-khong tíng-tsù kap kang-tsok ê tiûñ-sóo. Khong-kan tsām ē-sái thê-kiong tē-bīn si̍t-giām siat-si bô-huat-tōo thê-kiong ê kē-tiōng-li̍k, ú-tiū khong-kan huân-kíng tíng-tíng tiâu-kiāñ, tsú-iàu lóng hōo-lâng iōng-teh kok-tsióng kho-ha̍k ê gián-kiù (iû-kî-sī gián-kiù tn̂g-kî tī-liû [[ú-tiū]] tuì lîn-thé ê íng-hióng). Bo̍k-tsiân lîn-luī ê tsuân-pōo khong-kan tsām lóng-sī kiàn-tsō teh [[tē-kiû]] [[Jîn-chō ōe-chheⁿ|uē-tsheñ]] kiù-tō tíng-kuân-ê, uî -tio̍h tuì khong-kan tsām tsìn-hîng lîn-guân kah bu̍t-tsit ê póo-kip kap ūn-sàng, su-iàu kî-thañ thài-khong hui-hîng khì ê phuè-ha̍p. Bí-kok khong-kan tsòng-sū kè-uē [[2024-nî]] kiàn-li̍p teh gue̍h-kiù kuí-tō ê khong-kan tsām, beh sîng-uî tē-it-ê kiàn-li̍p teh tē-kiû í-guā ê kuí-tō khong-kan tsām. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hàn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{Cite book|title=Outposts on the Frontier: A Fifty-Year History of Space Stations|first=Jay|last=Chladek|year=2017|publisher=[[University of Nebraska Press]]|isbn=978-0-8032-2292-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V60oDwAAQBAJ}} * Haeuplik-Meusburger: ''Architecture for Astronauts – An Activity based Approach''. Springer Praxis Books, 2011, {{ISBN|978-3-7091-0666-2}}. * {{cite book|title=Salyut: the first space station: triumph and tragedy|url=https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020|author=Grujica S. Ivanovich|publisher=Praxis|date=July 7, 2008|isbn=978-0-387-73585-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/salyutfirstspace00ivan_020/page/n444 426]}} * {{Cite book|last=Neri Vela |first=Rodolfo |title=Manned space stations" Their construction, operation and potential application |year=1990 |publisher=European Space Agency SP-1137 |location=Paris |isbn=978-92-9092-124-0 }} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Nebraska tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-siā]] (Nebraska tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-siā; University of Nebraska Press) *{{le|Yale hoat-lu̍t kî-khan|Yale Law Journal}} (Yale huat-lu̍t kî-khan/Yale Law Journal) *{{le|Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|University of Pennsylvania Law Review}} (Pennsylvania tāi-ha̍k huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/University of Pennsylvania Law Review) *{{link-zh|Hô-lâm ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|河南高等法院}} (Hô-lâm ko-tíng huat-īñ/河南高等法院) *{{link-zh|Soaⁿ-tang ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|山東高等法院}} (Suañ-tang ko-tíng huat-īñ/山東高等法院) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://digital.library.unt.edu/explore/collections/CRSR/browse/?q=%22space+station%22&t=fulltext&sort= Read Congressional Research Service (CRS) Reports regarding Space Stations] * [https://iss.tass.com/?_ga=2.120421256.1836958623.1578914712-1128464502.1578914712 ISS] - on [[TASS|Russian News Agency TASS]] Official [[Infographic]] {{en}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=OSEDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA120#v=twopage&q&f=true "Giant Doughnut Purposed as Space Station"], ''[[Popular Science]]'', October 1951, pp.&nbsp;120–121; article on the subject of space exploration and a space station orbiting earth {{div col end}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Space Station}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Khong-kan chām]] [[Category:1971-nî bīn-sè]] [[Category:Lîn-luī sing-ua̍h huân-kíng]] hm1i9yledoj7b4y339iqaja0f3vdt9e 0 1075369 3136787 3136545 2022-08-25T00:17:28Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox place geography | name = Tâi-uân tē-lí | image name = [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|247px]] | image caption = [[Tang Tâi-oân|Tâi-uân tang-pōo]] tuā-pōo-hūn sī [[Soaⁿ|suañ-tē]], m̄-koh [[Se Tâi-oân|se-pōo]] tuān-pōo-hūn sī sió-tshu-pho [[Pêⁿ-po͘|pîng-guân]]. [[Phêⁿ-ô͘-koān|Phêñ-ôo lia̍t-tó]] tō uī-teh Tâi-uân pún-tó sai-pîng ê [[O͘-chúi-kau|Tâi-uân hái-kiap]]. | image alt = mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] appear in the Taiwan Strait to the west of the main island. | image alt = | map = [[File:Taiwan (orthographic projection; southeast Asia centered).svg|247px]] | region = [[Tang A-chiu]] | km area = 35,980 | area ranking = 139<ref name="World Factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Bí-kok|United States]] [[Tiong-iong Chêng-pò Kio̍k|Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | percent land = 89.7 | km coastline = 1,566.3 | exclusive economic zone = {{convert|83,231|km2|mi2|abbr= on}}| highest point = [[Gio̍k-san]], {{cvt|3952|m|ft|0}} | climate = [[Tropical marine climate| Lia̍t-tài hái-iûñ-sìng khì-hāu]]{{refn|name=World Factbook}} | natural resources = sió-bú-hun [[Thô͘-thoàⁿ|tôo-thuàñ]] thû-liōng, [[natural gas]], [[limestone]], [[marble]], [[tsio̍h-mî]], [[lông-tē]]{{refn|name=World Factbook}} | environmental issues = [[Khong-khì u-jiám]]; [[Tsuí u-jiám]] from industrial emissions, [[raw sewage]]; [[contamination of drinking water]]; [[trade in endangered species]]; [[low-level radioactive waste]] disposal{{refn|name=World Factbook}} }} '''Tâi-uân tē-lí''' ([[ng-gú]] : Geography of Taiwan) sū-su̍t [[Tâi-uân]] ê [[tē-lí]] kài-hóng, pau-kuat Tâi-uân pún-tó, [[Phêⁿ-ô͘ Kûn-tó]], [[Tiò-hî-tâi Lia̍t-tó]] tíng-tíng ê hù-sio̍k [[kûn-tó]]. Koh-kah [[ku-soaⁿ-tó]], [[Le̍k-tó-hiong|Le̍k-tó]], [[Lân-sū]], [[liû-kiû-sū]] (sió liû-khiû) tíng-tíng tsiu-piñ [[Tâi-oân ê tó-sū lia̍t-toaⁿ|kò-pia̍t ê tó-sū]]. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Exec. Yuan|2014}} |date=2014 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 |location=Taipei |publisher=[[Hêng-chèng-īⁿ|Executive Yuan]], R.O.C. |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf |isbn=978-986-04-2302-0}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|17q12 bî-khoat-sit chèng-hāu-kûn|17q12 microdeletion syndrome}} (17q12 bî-khuat-sit tsìng-hāu-kûn/17q12 microdeletion syndrome) *[[khóng sèng chím tiong kì]] (khóng sìng tsím tiong kì/孔聖枕中記) *{{link-zh|Hân-tan kì|邯鄲記}} (邯鄲記) *{{le|Chicago kî-hòe kau-e̍k-só͘|Chicago Board of Trade}} (Chicago kî-huè kau-i̍k-sóo/Chicago Board of Trade) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category multi|Geography of Taiwan|Maps of Taiwan}} {{EB1911 poster|Formosa (China)}} {{div col|2}} *[http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Taiwan_datums Taiwan datums], Open Source Geospatial Foundation Wiki *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034501/http://np.cpami.gov.tw/english/ National Parks of Taiwan], Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan (ROC) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170722160519/http://www.funcard.tw/english.asp Taiwan Pass], Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and communications, Taiwan (ROC) *{{OSM relation|7219605}} {{div col end}} {{Taiwan-geo-stub}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân tē-lí]] [[Category:Tang-pak-a tē-lí]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê tó-sū]] 4epp4e4sgnda7bix5i0m0bnf4wunvqs 3136788 3136787 2022-08-25T00:17:45Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox place geography | name = Tâi-uân tē-lí | image name = [[File:Taiwan NASA Terra MODIS 23791.jpg|247px]] | image caption = [[Tang Tâi-oân|Tâi-uân tang-pōo]] tuā-pōo-hūn sī [[Soaⁿ|suañ-tē]], m̄-koh [[Se Tâi-oân|se-pōo]] tuān-pōo-hūn sī sió-tshu-pho [[Pêⁿ-po͘|pîng-guân]]. [[Phêⁿ-ô͘-koān|Phêñ-ôo lia̍t-tó]] tō uī-teh Tâi-uân pún-tó sai-pîng ê [[O͘-chúi-kau|Tâi-uân hái-kiap]]. | image alt = mostly mountainous in the east, with gently sloping plains in the west. The [[Penghu Islands]] appear in the Taiwan Strait to the west of the main island. | image alt = | map = [[File:Taiwan (orthographic projection; southeast Asia centered).svg|247px]] | region = [[Tang A-chiu]] | km area = 35,980 | area ranking = 139<ref name="World Factbook">{{cite web |title=Taiwan |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/taiwan/ |work=[[The World Factbook]] |publisher=[[Bí-kok|United States]] [[Tiong-iong Chêng-pò Kio̍k|Central Intelligence Agency]] |access-date=6 May 2019}}</ref> | percent land = 89.7 | km coastline = 1,566.3 | exclusive economic zone = {{convert|83,231|km2|mi2|abbr= on}}| highest point = [[Gio̍k-san]], {{cvt|3952|m|ft|0}} | climate = [[Tropical marine climate| Lia̍t-tài hái-iûñ-sìng khì-hāu]]{{refn|name=World Factbook}} | natural resources = sió-bú-hun [[Thô͘-thoàⁿ|tôo-thuàñ]] thû-liōng, [[natural gas]], [[limestone]], [[marble]], [[tsio̍h-mî]], [[lông-tē]]{{refn|name=World Factbook}} | environmental issues = [[Khong-khì u-jiám]]; [[Tsuí u-jiám]] from industrial emissions, [[raw sewage]]; [[contamination of drinking water]]; [[trade in endangered species]]; [[low-level radioactive waste]] disposal{{refn|name=World Factbook}} }} '''Tâi-uân tē-lí''' ([[ing-gú]] : Geography of Taiwan) sū-su̍t [[Tâi-uân]] ê [[tē-lí]] kài-hóng, pau-kuat Tâi-uân pún-tó, [[Phêⁿ-ô͘ Kûn-tó]], [[Tiò-hî-tâi Lia̍t-tó]] tíng-tíng ê hù-sio̍k [[kûn-tó]]. Koh-kah [[ku-soaⁿ-tó]], [[Le̍k-tó-hiong|Le̍k-tó]], [[Lân-sū]], [[liû-kiû-sū]] (sió liû-khiû) tíng-tíng tsiu-piñ [[Tâi-oân ê tó-sū lia̍t-toaⁿ|kò-pia̍t ê tó-sū]]. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} * {{cite book |ref={{harvid|Exec. Yuan|2014}} |date=2014 |title=The Republic of China Yearbook 2014 |location=Taipei |publisher=[[Hêng-chèng-īⁿ|Executive Yuan]], R.O.C. |url=http://www.ey.gov.tw/Upload/UserFiles/YB%202014%20all%20100dpi.pdf |isbn=978-986-04-2302-0}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|17q12 bî-khoat-sit chèng-hāu-kûn|17q12 microdeletion syndrome}} (17q12 bî-khuat-sit tsìng-hāu-kûn/17q12 microdeletion syndrome) *[[khóng sèng chím tiong kì]] (khóng sìng tsím tiong kì/孔聖枕中記) *{{link-zh|Hân-tan kì|邯鄲記}} (邯鄲記) *{{le|Chicago kî-hòe kau-e̍k-só͘|Chicago Board of Trade}} (Chicago kî-huè kau-i̍k-sóo/Chicago Board of Trade) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category multi|Geography of Taiwan|Maps of Taiwan}} {{EB1911 poster|Formosa (China)}} {{div col|2}} *[http://wiki.osgeo.org/wiki/Taiwan_datums Taiwan datums], Open Source Geospatial Foundation Wiki *[https://web.archive.org/web/20171216034501/http://np.cpami.gov.tw/english/ National Parks of Taiwan], Construction and Planning Agency, Ministry of the Interior, Taiwan (ROC) *[https://web.archive.org/web/20170722160519/http://www.funcard.tw/english.asp Taiwan Pass], Tourism Bureau, Ministry of Transportation and communications, Taiwan (ROC) *{{OSM relation|7219605}} {{div col end}} {{Taiwan-geo-stub}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân tē-lí]] [[Category:Tang-pak-a tē-lí]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Thài-pêng-iûⁿ ê tó-sū]] 2y0ma7xqblgl38cxhcp5a9efswzgo0m 0 1075437 3136785 3136555 2022-08-25T00:16:30Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal | title = Sing-thài-ha̍k (kî-khan)<br>{{small|(Ecology (journal))}} | cover = | caption = | formername = Si̍t-bu̍t sè-kài <br>{{small|(Plant World)}} | abbreviation = Ecology | discipline = [[Seng-thài-ha̍k]] | publisher = [[Bí-kok sing-thài ha̍k-huē]] (Ecological Society of America) | country = [[Bí-kok]] | frequency = 12/ta̍knî&nbsp;(2000&ndash; tsitmá)<br />8/ta̍knî&nbsp;(1993&ndash;1999)<br />6/ta̍knî&nbsp;(1969&ndash;1992)<br />4/ta̍knî&nbsp;(1920&ndash;1968)<ref name="E-MS">{{cite web | url=http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/ecology.htm | title=Ecology Mission & Scope | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref><ref name="E-Bk">{{cite web | url=http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol | title=ESA Online Journals - Ecology | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> | history = 1920 kàu tsitmá<ref name="E-MS" /> | language = [[Ing-gí]] | editor = Donald R. Strong<small> ([[Chóng pian-tsi̍p|Tsúpian]])</small><ref name="E-Ed">{{cite web | url=http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/editors_E.htm | title=Ecology Editors | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> <br> [[Kathryn L. Cottingham]] (uì 2020-nî 1-gue̍h tshe 1) | openaccess = | license = hui bián-huì<ref name="E-PP">{{cite web | url=http://esapubs.org/esapubs/permissions.htm | title=ESA journals -- Permission for republication | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> | website = http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/ecology.htm | link1 = | link1-name = | ISSN = 0012-9658 | eISSN = | OCLC = 35698209 | LCCN = sn97-23010 | CODEN = | JSTOR = 00129658 | impact = 5.175 | impact-year = 2012 }} '''Sing-thài-ha̍k (kî-khan)''' ([[ing-gú]]: ecology (journal); 生態學 (期刊)) sī tsi̍t-pún kuan-î [[Seng-thài-ha̍k|sing-thài-ha̍k]] ê [[kho-ha̍k kî-khan]] (scientific journal) (tshiáñ tsù-ì kah [[Sing-thài-ha̍k kî-khan]] (journal of ecology) sī bô kāng-khuán ê [[kî-khan]]). Tsit-pún kî-khan sī-iû [[Bí-kok sing-thài ha̍k-huē]] (ecological society of america) teh [[1920-nî]] [[Chhut-pán|huat-hîng]]; hit-tang-tsūn kî-khan ê bîng-tshing kiò-tsò "si̍t-bu̍t sè-kài" (plant world).<ref name="E-MS" /> Kin-kù [[kî-khan ín-tsìng pò-kò]] (Journal Citation Reports (JCR)), seng-thài-ha̍k (kî-khan) bo̍k-tsîng teh sing-thài-ha̍k luī-pia̍t ê 136 tsióng kî-khan lāi-té [[pâi-miâ]] (ranking) tē-15 miâ. <ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2013 |chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Ecology |title=2012 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |edition=Science |work=Web of Science |title-link=Journal Citation Reports }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Chóng pian-tsi̍p]] (tsóng pian-tsip, tsú-pian; editor-in-chief) *{{le|Rokuon sī|Rokuon-ji}} (Rokuon-ji/Kinkaku sī) *[[Chinese translation theory]] *[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] *{{le|Hawaiʻi tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-kiok|University of Hawaiʻi Press}} (Hawaiʻi tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-kiok/University of Hawaiʻi Press) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Official website|http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1939-9170/}} {{ecology-journal-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ecology (Journal)}} [[Category:Seng-thài-ha̍k kî-khan]] [[Category:Eng-gí kî-khan]] [[Category:1920-nî chhut-pán-phín]] iq1tbefm3blrd0f82d4rymuda2y87bf 3136786 3136785 2022-08-25T00:16:47Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox journal | title = Sing-thài-ha̍k (kî-khan)<br>{{small|(Ecology (journal))}} | cover = | caption = | formername = Si̍t-bu̍t sè-kài <br>{{small|(Plant World)}} | abbreviation = Ecology | discipline = [[Seng-thài-ha̍k]] | publisher = [[Bí-kok sing-thài ha̍k-huē]] (Ecological Society of America) | country = [[Bí-kok]] | frequency = 12/ta̍knî&nbsp;(2000&ndash; tsitmá)<br />8/ta̍knî&nbsp;(1993&ndash;1999)<br />6/ta̍knî&nbsp;(1969&ndash;1992)<br />4/ta̍knî&nbsp;(1920&ndash;1968)<ref name="E-MS">{{cite web | url=http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/ecology.htm | title=Ecology Mission & Scope | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref><ref name="E-Bk">{{cite web | url=http://www.esajournals.org/loi/ecol | title=ESA Online Journals - Ecology | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> | history = 1920 kàu tsitmá<ref name="E-MS" /> | language = [[Ing-gí]] | editor = Donald R. Strong<small> ([[Chóng pian-tsi̍p|Tsúpian]])</small><ref name="E-Ed">{{cite web | url=http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/editors_E.htm | title=Ecology Editors | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> <br> [[Kathryn L. Cottingham]] (uì 2020-nî 1-gue̍h tshe 1) | openaccess = | license = hui bián-huì<ref name="E-PP">{{cite web | url=http://esapubs.org/esapubs/permissions.htm | title=ESA journals -- Permission for republication | publisher=Ecological Society of America | access-date=2008-11-12}}</ref> | website = http://www.esapubs.org/esapubs/journals/ecology.htm | link1 = | link1-name = | ISSN = 0012-9658 | eISSN = | OCLC = 35698209 | LCCN = sn97-23010 | CODEN = | JSTOR = 00129658 | impact = 5.175 | impact-year = 2012 }} '''Sing-thài-ha̍k (kî-khan)''' ([[ing-gú]]: ecology (journal)) sī tsi̍t-pún kuan-î [[Seng-thài-ha̍k|sing-thài-ha̍k]] ê [[kho-ha̍k kî-khan]] (scientific journal) (tshiáñ tsù-ì kah [[Sing-thài-ha̍k kî-khan]] (journal of ecology) sī bô kāng-khuán ê [[kî-khan]]). Tsit-pún kî-khan sī-iû [[Bí-kok sing-thài ha̍k-huē]] (ecological society of america) teh [[1920-nî]] [[Chhut-pán|huat-hîng]]; hit-tang-tsūn kî-khan ê bîng-tshing kiò-tsò "si̍t-bu̍t sè-kài" (plant world).<ref name="E-MS" /> Kin-kù [[kî-khan ín-tsìng pò-kò]] (Journal Citation Reports (JCR)), seng-thài-ha̍k (kî-khan) bo̍k-tsîng teh sing-thài-ha̍k luī-pia̍t ê 136 tsióng kî-khan lāi-té [[pâi-miâ]] (ranking) tē-15 miâ. <ref name=WoS>{{cite book |year=2013 |chapter=Journals Ranked by Impact: Ecology |title=2012 Journal Citation Reports |publisher=[[Thomson Reuters]] |edition=Science |work=Web of Science |title-link=Journal Citation Reports }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Chóng pian-tsi̍p]] (tsóng pian-tsip, tsú-pian; editor-in-chief) *{{le|Rokuon sī|Rokuon-ji}} (Rokuon-ji/Kinkaku sī) *[[Chinese translation theory]] *[[Silk Road transmission of Buddhism]] *{{le|Hawaiʻi tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-kiok|University of Hawaiʻi Press}} (Hawaiʻi tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-kiok/University of Hawaiʻi Press) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{Official website|http://esajournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/hub/journal/10.1002/(ISSN)1939-9170/}} {{ecology-journal-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ecology (Journal)}} [[Category:Seng-thài-ha̍k kî-khan]] [[Category:Eng-gí kî-khan]] [[Category:1920-nî chhut-pán-phín]] gaoshg0zaw1h67jkqd1dxey3yhis6d3 0 1077888 3136697 3136567 2022-08-24T20:25:34Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|400px|thumb|1924-nî ê kazakh alapik hām latin bû-jī]] '''Kazakh jī-bó''' ([[kazakh-gí]]: kазақ әліпбиі; [[ing-gí]]: kazakh alphabets), sī [[Siá-jī|su-siá]] kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. [[kazakh-cho̍k]] teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè {{le|kū türk bûn-jī|Old Turkic script}}, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng [[kilil jī-bó]], {{le|alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} hām [[latin bûn-jī]]. ==Kilil bûn-jī== '''[[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] [[kilil jī-bó]]''' {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ұ ұ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | І і | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]] | | | |} [[Kazakhstan]] hām [[Bông-kó͘|mongolia]] ê [[Bayan-Ölgii Séng|ayan-ölgii Síng]] sú-iōng kazakh kilil jī-bó. В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té. === Li̍k-sú === Uì [[latin jī-bó]] tsuán-uānn kàu [[kilil jī-bó]] ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân [[kazakhstan]] kah [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türkiye]] pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK “BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ”NDEN “RUS KİRİL” ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}}</ref> ===Pen-bé=== *СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS ({{le|tāi-bé ia̍h|code page}} 866 ê siu-kái) *СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái) СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá [[internet]] ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū. ===khí-bóo=== Iōng teh [[Kazakhstan]] kilil [[kazakh-gí]] ê piau-tsún [[Windows]] [[Khí-bó͘ pò͘-kio̍k|khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k]] sī kā piau-tsún ê [[lōo-gí]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]] siu-kái lâi e̊, teh {{le|sòo-jī|Numerical digit}} ke3n tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua [[lōo-gí]] ê jī-hû. [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|400 px|thumb|Kazakh-gí ê [[Kyril jī|Kilil jī-bó]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]].]] ==Latin bûn-jī== [[File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg|thumb|Iōng latin bûn-jī su-siá ê kazakh pò-tsuá "Kazakh Siā-huē tsú-gī tsiá" (Социалды Қазағыстан), 1937-nî tshut-pán.]][[File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg|thumb|1977-nî teh [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiañ]] tshut-pán sú-iōng latin jī-bó ê kazakh bûn-jī huan-i̍k ê "Bôo ti̍k-tong bûn-suán" (Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары).]] Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bó iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türk]], se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê {{le|türk gí-gên|Turkic languages}} kâng-khuán, latin jī-bó, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bó lâi thè-tāi.<ref name = April2017change>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}</ref><ref name="Nazarbayev">{{cite news|newspaper = [[Egemen Qazaqstan]]|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}}</ref> Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê [[Kazakh-cho̍k|kazakh-lâng]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bó ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.<ref name="Minglang Zhou 2003">{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''1929 [[latin jī-bó]] (Çaꞑalip)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |H h |- | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |P p |- | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} '''1938 latin jī-bó (Çaꞑaljp)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k |- | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |P p | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |F f | style=«width:3em;» |X x |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |H h | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |Ū ū | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} ===Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén=== '''Kazakh latin jī-bó (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)'''<ref>[https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031]</ref> {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align: center" | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a<br><small>(А а)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä<br><small>(Ә ә)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b<br><small>(Б б)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d<br><small>(Д д)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e<br><small>(Е е)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f<br><small>(Ф ф)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g<br><small>(Г г)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğ ğ<br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h<br><small>(Х х,<br>Һ һ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I ı<br><small>(І і)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İ i<br><small>(Й й,<br>И и)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j<br><small>(Ж ж)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k<br><small>(К к)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l<br><small>(Л л)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m<br><small>(М м)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n<br><small>(Н н)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ñ ñ<br><small>(Ң ң)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o<br><small>(О о)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö<br><small>(Ө ө)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p<br><small>(П п)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q<br><small>(Қ қ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r<br><small>(Р р)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s<br><small>(С с)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş<br><small>(Ш ш)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t<br><small>(Т т)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u<br><small>(У у)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū<br><small>(Ұ ұ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü<br><small>(Ү ү)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v<br><small>(В в)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y<br><small>(Ы ы)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z<br><small>(З з)</small> | |} ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="180px" heights="220px"> 2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] ê latin jī-bó sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,<ref name="Decree569">{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = {{le|Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng|President of Kazakhstan}}|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}}</ref> suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām {{le|jī-ha̍p jī-bó|Digraph (orthography)}} lâi thè-tāi {{le|phiat-hō|Apostrophe}}. 2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bó, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> 2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bó-pió. 2021 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2021-nî 1-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bó, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng (tû-liáu [[Ŋ|Ŋŋ]] king-kái tsò Ññ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/|title=Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031|website=Astana Times|date=February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> </gallery> ==Alapik bûn-jī== [[File:Kazakh ArabicScript.jpg|thumb|Kazakh ê Alapik bûn-jī sī-iû Baitursunov khai-huat e̊.]] === Kazakh Alapik jī-bó ê hîng-sik === Kazakh [[A-la-pek jī-bó]] {| class="sortable wikitable" ![[Choán-jī]] !Kazakh miâ-tshing ![[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] !To̍k-li̍p !Tsuè-āu !Tiong-iong !Khí-thâu |- align="center" |Аа |әліп (''älip'') |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Әә |һәмзә-әліп (''hämzä-älip'') |{{IPA|[æ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Бб |ба (''ba'') |{{IPA|[b]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺏ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺐ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺑ}}</span> |- align="center" |Пп |па (''pa'') |{{IPA|[p]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |- align="center" |Тт |та (''ta'') |{{IPA|[t]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Жж |жим (''jım'') |{{IPA|[ʑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Чч |ха үш ноқат (''ha üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭺ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭻ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭽ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭼ}}</span> |- align="center" |Хх |ха (''xa'') |{{IPA|[χ~q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Дд |дәл (''däl'') |{{IPA|[d]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> |- align="center" |Рр |ра (''ra'') |{{IPA|[r]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> |- align="center" |Зз |заин (''zaın'') |{{IPA|[z]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺰ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> |- align="center" |Сс |син (''sın'') |{{IPA|[s]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺱ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺲ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺳ}}</span> |- align="center" |Шш |шин (''şın'') |{{IPA|[ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺵ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺶ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ғғ |аин (''aın'') |{{IPA|[ɢ~ʁ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻉ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻊ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻌ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻋ}}</span> |- align="center" |Фф |фа (''fa'') |{{IPA|[f]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻑ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻔ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻓ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ққ |қаф (''qaf'') |{{IPA|[q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Кк |кәф (''käf'') |{{IPA|[k]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Гг |гәф (''gäf'') |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮓ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮔ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ңң |кәф үш ноқат (''käf üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[ŋ~ɴ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Лл |ләм (''läm'') |{{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Мм |мим (''mım'') |{{IPA|[m]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Нн |нун (''nun'') |{{IPA|[n]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻥ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻦ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻨ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻧ}}</span> |- align="center" |Оо |уау (''uau'') |{{IPA|[wʊ~o̞]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> |- align="center" |Өө |һәмзә-уау (''hämzä-uau'') |{{IPA|[wʏ~ɵ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـو}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ұұ |уау дамма (''uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Үү |һәмзә-уау дамма (''hämzä-uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʏ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Уу |уау үш ноқат (''uau üş noqat'') |[w], [ʊw], [ʏw] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> |- align="center" |Вв |уау құсбелгі (''uau qūsbelgi'') |{{IPA|[v]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۆ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ее |һә (''hä'') |{{IPA|[jɪ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Һһ |һә екі көз (''hä eki köz'') |{{IPA|[h]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Іі |я (''ıa'') |[ə] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻯ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ىـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Ыы |һәмзә-я (''hämzä-ıa'') |[ɪ] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Йй, Ии |я екі ноқат (''ıa eki noqat'') |{{IPA|[j], [ɪj], [əj]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻳ}}</span> |- align="center" |{{transl|sem|-}} |һәмзә (''hämzä'') | | colspan="4" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ء}}</span> |} ==Tuì-ìng tôo-pió== Kuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" !Kilil !Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)<ref name="tengrinews_435370">{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> !Latin (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> !Latin<br>(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/alphabet|title = Qazaq álipbıi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/converter/text|title = Mátindik konverter}}</ref> !!Latin<br>(2017) !!Latin<br>({{le|Kazinform|KazInform|QazAqparat}}, Kazakh Uikiphitia) !{{le|Kazakh bông-bûn|Kazakh Braille|Bông-bûn}} !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik]] !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik jī-bó]] ê miâ-tshing !! [[IPA]] tsuàn-i̍k<ref>{{citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |editor-last1=Kaplan |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Whisenhunt |editor-first2=D. |year=1994 |chapter=Kazakh phonology |title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz |place=Washington |publisher=Western Washington |pages=603–650 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=McCollum |first=Adam |year=2015 |chapter=Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay |title=Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=41 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |place=Berkeley |pages=329–351 }}</ref> |- |А а ||A a|| A a || A a || A a || A a ||{{Braille cell|a}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> || Alif || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} |- |Ә ә ||Ä ä||Ä ä|| Á á || Aʼ aʼ || Ä ä ||{{Braille cell|345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif|| {{IPA|/æ/}} |- |Б б ||B b||B b|| B b || B b || B b ||{{Braille cell|b}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ب}}</span> || Ba || {{IPA|/b/}} |- |В в ||V v||V v|| V v || V v || V v ||{{Braille cell|w}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> || Waw with V || {{IPA|/v/}} |- |Г г ||G g||G g|| G g || G g || G g ||{{Braille cell|g}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> || Gaf || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- |Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||Ğ ğ|| Ǵ ǵ || Gʼ gʼ || Ğ ğ ||{{Braille cell|12456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|غ}}</span> || Ghain || {{IPA|/ʁ/}} |- |Д д ||D d||D d|| D d || D d || D d ||{{Braille cell|d}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|د}}</span> || Dal || {{IPA|/d/}} |- |Е е ||E e||E e|| E e || E e || E e ||{{Braille cell|e}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/jɪ/}} |- |Ё ё ||İo io||Yo yo|| Io ıo || Yo yo |–||{{Braille cell|16}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يو}}</span>||Ya + Waw |{{IPA|/jo/}} |- |Ж ж ||J j||J j|| J j || J j || J j ||{{Braille cell|j}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ج}}</span> || Jeem || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- |З з ||Z z||Z z|| Z z || Z z || Z z ||{{Braille cell|z}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ز}}</span> || Za || {{IPA|/z/}} |- |И и ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Ï ï ||{{Braille cell|i}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> || Hamza + Ya ||{{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/əj/}} |- |Й й ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Y y ||{{Braille cell|12346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> || Ya || {{IPA|/j/}} |- |К к ||K k ||K k|| K k || K k || K k ||{{Braille cell|k}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> || Kaf || {{IPA|/k/}} |- |Қ қ ||Q q||Q q|| Q q || Q q || Q q ||{{Braille cell|1456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ق}}</span> || Qaf || {{IPA|/q/}} |- |Л л ||L l||L l|| L l || L l || L l ||{{Braille cell|l}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ل}}</span> || Lam || {{IPA|/l/}} |- |М м ||M m||M m|| M m || M m || M m ||{{Braille cell|m}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|م}}</span> || Meem || {{IPA|/m/}} |- |Н н ||N n||N n|| N n || N n || N n ||{{Braille cell|n}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ن}}</span> || Noon || {{IPA|/n/}} |- |Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ŋ ŋ|| Ń ń || Nʼ nʼ || Ñ ñ ||{{Braille cell|146}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> || Ng ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- |О о ||O o||O o|| O o || O o || O o ||{{Braille cell|o}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> || Waw || {{IPA|/wʊ/}} |- |Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ö ö|| Ó ó || Oʼ oʼ || Ö ö ||{{Braille cell|126}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw || {{IPA|/wʏ/}} |- |П п ||P p||P p|| P p || P p || P p ||{{Braille cell|p}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> || Pa || {{IPA|/p/}} |- |Р р ||R r||R r|| R r || R r || R r ||{{Braille cell|r}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ر}}</span> || Ra || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- |С с ||S s||S s|| S s || S s || S s ||{{Braille cell|s}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|س}}</span> || Seen || {{IPA|/s/}} |- |Т т ||T t||T t|| T t || T t || T t ||{{Braille cell|t}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ت}}</span> || Ta || {{IPA|/t/}} |- |У у ||U u||W w|| Ý ý || Yʼ yʼ || W w ||{{Braille cell|u}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span> ||Waw with 3 dots|| {{IPA|/w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/}} |- |Ұ ұ ||Ū ū||U u|| U u || U u || U u ||{{Braille cell|34}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۇ}}</span> ||Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- |Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ü ü|| Ú ú || Uʼ uʼ || Ü ü ||{{Braille cell|346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |- |Ф ф ||F f||F f|| F f || F f || F f ||{{Braille cell|f}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ف}}</span> ||Fa || {{IPA|/f/}} |- |Х х ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || X x ||{{Braille cell|h}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ح}}</span> ||Ḥa||{{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/ꭓ/}} |- |Һ һ ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || H h ||{{Braille cell|v}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> ||Initial Ha|| {{IPA|/h/}} |- |Ц ц ||?||C c|| S s || || C c ||{{Braille cell|c}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|تس}}</span> || Ta + Seen || {{IPA|/ts/, /s/}} |- |Ч ч ||?||Ç ç|| Ch ch || Cʼ cʼ || Ç ç ||{{Braille cell|12345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|چ}}</span> || Cheem/Che ||{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- |Ш ш ||Ş ş||Ş ş|| Sh sh || Sʼ sʼ || Ş ş ||{{Braille cell|156}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ش}}</span> || Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- |Щ щ ||?||Şç şç|| Shch shch || || Şç şç||{{Braille cell|x}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|شش}}</span> || Sheen + Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}} |- |Ъ ъ ||||"|| || || (ʺ) ||{{Braille cell|12356}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Ы ы ||Y y||Y y|| Y y || Y y || I ı ||{{Braille cell|2346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ى}}</span> ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɯ/}} |- |І і ||I ı||İ i|| I i || I i || İ i ||{{Braille cell|y}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |- |Ь ь |||| '|| || || (ʹ) ||{{Braille cell|23456}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Э э ||?||E e|| E e || || É é||{{Braille cell|ow}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} |- |Ю ю ||İu iu||Yu yu|| Iý ıý || || Yw yw |{{Braille cell|ü}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يۋ}}</span> || Ya + Waw with 3 dots || {{IPA|/jʏw/, /jʊw/}} |- |Я я ||İa ia||Ya ya|| Ia ıa || || Ya ya ||{{Braille cell|1246}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يا}}</span> || Ya + Alif || {{IPA|/jɑ, jæ/}} |} Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: {{le|Guá-ê Kazakhstan|Menıñ Qazaqstanym}}. ==Bûn-pún sī-lē== [[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên]] tē-1 tiâu:<ref>{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = [[Wikisource]]|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%" ! Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) ! Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) ! [[Eng-gí]] |- | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|lang=kk-Arab|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.}}</span> ||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |- ! Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó<br>(2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) ! colspan="2" | Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó<br>({{le|Kazinform|Kazinform}}, {{le|Kazakh Uikipitia|Kazakh Wikipedia}} hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) |- |Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | colspan="2" |Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. |- ! Kazakh iōng {{le|Yañalif|Yañalif}}<br>(1929 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Yañalif<br>(1938 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Phing-im<br>(1964&ndash;1984) |- |Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. |Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. |Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |- ! Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) ! colspan=2 | Kazakh iōng [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] |- | Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | colspan=2 | {{IPA-kk|bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen {{!}} sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq {{!}} bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖|}} |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{en}} *Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с. *Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020. *Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1. *Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0) {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Latin bûn-jī jī-bó|Latin-script alphabet}} (Latin-script alphabet) *{{le|Arianespace|Arianespace}} *{{le|Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Francis Wade}} *{{le|Joseph Gaertner|Joseph Gaertner}} *{{le|Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Carl Ludwig Willdenow}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter] * [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter] * [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter] * [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the ''People's Daily Online''] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{tsl|en|template:Arabic script|state=collapsed}} {{tsl|en|template:Kazakhstan topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}} [[Category:Kazakh-gí|Alphabets]] [[Category:Kok Türk gí-giân sú-iōng ê jī-bó hē-thóng]] gac5wckfs01gv4q65b4dwrrtxxeuv3x 3136698 3136697 2022-08-24T20:26:39Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|400px|thumb|1924-nî ê kazakh alapik hām latin bû-jī]] '''Kazakh jī-bó''' ([[kazakh-gí]]: kазақ әліпбиі; [[ing-gí]]: kazakh alphabets), sī [[Siá-jī|su-siá]] kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. [[kazakh-cho̍k]] teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè {{le|kū türk bûn-jī|Old Turkic script}}, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng [[kilil jī-bó]], {{le|alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} hām [[latin bûn-jī]]. ==Kilil bûn-jī== '''[[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] [[kilil jī-bó]]''' {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ұ ұ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | І і | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]] | | | |} [[Kazakhstan]] hām [[Bông-kó͘|mongolia]] ê [[Bayan-Ölgii Séng|ayan-ölgii Síng]] sú-iōng kazakh kilil jī-bó. В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té. === Li̍k-sú === Uì [[latin jī-bó]] tsuán-uānn kàu [[kilil jī-bó]] ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân [[kazakhstan]] kah [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türkiye]] pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK “BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ”NDEN “RUS KİRİL” ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}}</ref> ===Pen-bé=== *СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS ({{le|tāi-bé ia̍h|code page}} 866 ê siu-kái) *СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái) СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá [[internet]] ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū. ===khí-bóo=== Iōng teh [[Kazakhstan]] kilil [[kazakh-gí]] ê piau-tsún [[Windows]] [[Khí-bó͘ pò͘-kio̍k|khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k]] sī kā piau-tsún ê [[lōo-gí]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]] siu-kái lâi e̊, teh {{le|sòo-jī|Numerical digit}} ke3n tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua [[lōo-gí]] ê jī-hû. [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|400 px|thumb|Kazakh-gí ê [[Kyril jī|Kilil jī-bó]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]].]] ==Latin bûn-jī== [[File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg|thumb|Iōng latin bûn-jī su-siá ê kazakh pò-tsuá "Kazakh Siā-huē tsú-gī tsiá" (Социалды Қазағыстан), 1937-nî tshut-pán.]][[File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg|thumb|1977-nî teh [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiañ]] [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó ê kazakh bûn-jī huan-i̍k ê "Bôo ti̍k-tong bûn-suán" (Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары).]] Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bó iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türk]], se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê {{le|türk gí-gên|Turkic languages}} kâng-khuán, latin jī-bó, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bó lâi thè-tāi.<ref name = April2017change>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}</ref><ref name="Nazarbayev">{{cite news|newspaper = [[Egemen Qazaqstan]]|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}}</ref> Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê [[Kazakh-cho̍k|kazakh-lâng]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bó ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.<ref name="Minglang Zhou 2003">{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''1929 [[latin jī-bó]] (Çaꞑalip)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |H h |- | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |P p |- | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} '''1938 latin jī-bó (Çaꞑaljp)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k |- | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |P p | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |F f | style=«width:3em;» |X x |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |H h | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |Ū ū | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} ===Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén=== '''Kazakh latin jī-bó (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)'''<ref>[https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031]</ref> {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align: center" | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a<br><small>(А а)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä<br><small>(Ә ә)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b<br><small>(Б б)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d<br><small>(Д д)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e<br><small>(Е е)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f<br><small>(Ф ф)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g<br><small>(Г г)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğ ğ<br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h<br><small>(Х х,<br>Һ һ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I ı<br><small>(І і)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İ i<br><small>(Й й,<br>И и)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j<br><small>(Ж ж)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k<br><small>(К к)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l<br><small>(Л л)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m<br><small>(М м)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n<br><small>(Н н)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ñ ñ<br><small>(Ң ң)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o<br><small>(О о)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö<br><small>(Ө ө)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p<br><small>(П п)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q<br><small>(Қ қ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r<br><small>(Р р)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s<br><small>(С с)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş<br><small>(Ш ш)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t<br><small>(Т т)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u<br><small>(У у)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū<br><small>(Ұ ұ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü<br><small>(Ү ү)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v<br><small>(В в)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y<br><small>(Ы ы)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z<br><small>(З з)</small> | |} ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="180px" heights="220px"> 2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] ê latin jī-bó sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,<ref name="Decree569">{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = {{le|Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng|President of Kazakhstan}}|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}}</ref> suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām {{le|jī-ha̍p jī-bó|Digraph (orthography)}} lâi thè-tāi {{le|phiat-hō|Apostrophe}}. 2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bó, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> 2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bó-pió. 2021 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2021-nî 1-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bó, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng (tû-liáu [[Ŋ|Ŋŋ]] king-kái tsò Ññ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/|title=Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031|website=Astana Times|date=February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> </gallery> ==Alapik bûn-jī== [[File:Kazakh ArabicScript.jpg|thumb|Kazakh ê Alapik bûn-jī sī-iû Baitursunov khai-huat e̊.]] === Kazakh Alapik jī-bó ê hîng-sik === Kazakh [[A-la-pek jī-bó]] {| class="sortable wikitable" ![[Choán-jī]] !Kazakh miâ-tshing ![[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] !To̍k-li̍p !Tsuè-āu !Tiong-iong !Khí-thâu |- align="center" |Аа |әліп (''älip'') |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Әә |һәмзә-әліп (''hämzä-älip'') |{{IPA|[æ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Бб |ба (''ba'') |{{IPA|[b]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺏ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺐ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺑ}}</span> |- align="center" |Пп |па (''pa'') |{{IPA|[p]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |- align="center" |Тт |та (''ta'') |{{IPA|[t]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Жж |жим (''jım'') |{{IPA|[ʑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Чч |ха үш ноқат (''ha üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭺ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭻ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭽ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭼ}}</span> |- align="center" |Хх |ха (''xa'') |{{IPA|[χ~q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Дд |дәл (''däl'') |{{IPA|[d]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> |- align="center" |Рр |ра (''ra'') |{{IPA|[r]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> |- align="center" |Зз |заин (''zaın'') |{{IPA|[z]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺰ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> |- align="center" |Сс |син (''sın'') |{{IPA|[s]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺱ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺲ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺳ}}</span> |- align="center" |Шш |шин (''şın'') |{{IPA|[ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺵ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺶ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ғғ |аин (''aın'') |{{IPA|[ɢ~ʁ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻉ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻊ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻌ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻋ}}</span> |- align="center" |Фф |фа (''fa'') |{{IPA|[f]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻑ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻔ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻓ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ққ |қаф (''qaf'') |{{IPA|[q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Кк |кәф (''käf'') |{{IPA|[k]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Гг |гәф (''gäf'') |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮓ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮔ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ңң |кәф үш ноқат (''käf üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[ŋ~ɴ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Лл |ләм (''läm'') |{{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Мм |мим (''mım'') |{{IPA|[m]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Нн |нун (''nun'') |{{IPA|[n]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻥ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻦ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻨ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻧ}}</span> |- align="center" |Оо |уау (''uau'') |{{IPA|[wʊ~o̞]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> |- align="center" |Өө |һәмзә-уау (''hämzä-uau'') |{{IPA|[wʏ~ɵ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـو}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ұұ |уау дамма (''uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Үү |һәмзә-уау дамма (''hämzä-uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʏ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Уу |уау үш ноқат (''uau üş noqat'') |[w], [ʊw], [ʏw] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> |- align="center" |Вв |уау құсбелгі (''uau qūsbelgi'') |{{IPA|[v]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۆ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ее |һә (''hä'') |{{IPA|[jɪ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Һһ |һә екі көз (''hä eki köz'') |{{IPA|[h]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Іі |я (''ıa'') |[ə] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻯ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ىـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Ыы |һәмзә-я (''hämzä-ıa'') |[ɪ] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Йй, Ии |я екі ноқат (''ıa eki noqat'') |{{IPA|[j], [ɪj], [əj]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻳ}}</span> |- align="center" |{{transl|sem|-}} |һәмзә (''hämzä'') | | colspan="4" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ء}}</span> |} ==Tuì-ìng tôo-pió== Kuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" !Kilil !Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)<ref name="tengrinews_435370">{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> !Latin (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> !Latin<br>(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/alphabet|title = Qazaq álipbıi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/converter/text|title = Mátindik konverter}}</ref> !!Latin<br>(2017) !!Latin<br>({{le|Kazinform|KazInform|QazAqparat}}, Kazakh Uikiphitia) !{{le|Kazakh bông-bûn|Kazakh Braille|Bông-bûn}} !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik]] !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik jī-bó]] ê miâ-tshing !! [[IPA]] tsuàn-i̍k<ref>{{citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |editor-last1=Kaplan |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Whisenhunt |editor-first2=D. |year=1994 |chapter=Kazakh phonology |title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz |place=Washington |publisher=Western Washington |pages=603–650 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=McCollum |first=Adam |year=2015 |chapter=Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay |title=Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=41 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |place=Berkeley |pages=329–351 }}</ref> |- |А а ||A a|| A a || A a || A a || A a ||{{Braille cell|a}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> || Alif || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} |- |Ә ә ||Ä ä||Ä ä|| Á á || Aʼ aʼ || Ä ä ||{{Braille cell|345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif|| {{IPA|/æ/}} |- |Б б ||B b||B b|| B b || B b || B b ||{{Braille cell|b}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ب}}</span> || Ba || {{IPA|/b/}} |- |В в ||V v||V v|| V v || V v || V v ||{{Braille cell|w}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> || Waw with V || {{IPA|/v/}} |- |Г г ||G g||G g|| G g || G g || G g ||{{Braille cell|g}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> || Gaf || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- |Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||Ğ ğ|| Ǵ ǵ || Gʼ gʼ || Ğ ğ ||{{Braille cell|12456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|غ}}</span> || Ghain || {{IPA|/ʁ/}} |- |Д д ||D d||D d|| D d || D d || D d ||{{Braille cell|d}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|د}}</span> || Dal || {{IPA|/d/}} |- |Е е ||E e||E e|| E e || E e || E e ||{{Braille cell|e}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/jɪ/}} |- |Ё ё ||İo io||Yo yo|| Io ıo || Yo yo |–||{{Braille cell|16}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يو}}</span>||Ya + Waw |{{IPA|/jo/}} |- |Ж ж ||J j||J j|| J j || J j || J j ||{{Braille cell|j}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ج}}</span> || Jeem || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- |З з ||Z z||Z z|| Z z || Z z || Z z ||{{Braille cell|z}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ز}}</span> || Za || {{IPA|/z/}} |- |И и ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Ï ï ||{{Braille cell|i}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> || Hamza + Ya ||{{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/əj/}} |- |Й й ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Y y ||{{Braille cell|12346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> || Ya || {{IPA|/j/}} |- |К к ||K k ||K k|| K k || K k || K k ||{{Braille cell|k}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> || Kaf || {{IPA|/k/}} |- |Қ қ ||Q q||Q q|| Q q || Q q || Q q ||{{Braille cell|1456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ق}}</span> || Qaf || {{IPA|/q/}} |- |Л л ||L l||L l|| L l || L l || L l ||{{Braille cell|l}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ل}}</span> || Lam || {{IPA|/l/}} |- |М м ||M m||M m|| M m || M m || M m ||{{Braille cell|m}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|م}}</span> || Meem || {{IPA|/m/}} |- |Н н ||N n||N n|| N n || N n || N n ||{{Braille cell|n}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ن}}</span> || Noon || {{IPA|/n/}} |- |Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ŋ ŋ|| Ń ń || Nʼ nʼ || Ñ ñ ||{{Braille cell|146}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> || Ng ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- |О о ||O o||O o|| O o || O o || O o ||{{Braille cell|o}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> || Waw || {{IPA|/wʊ/}} |- |Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ö ö|| Ó ó || Oʼ oʼ || Ö ö ||{{Braille cell|126}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw || {{IPA|/wʏ/}} |- |П п ||P p||P p|| P p || P p || P p ||{{Braille cell|p}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> || Pa || {{IPA|/p/}} |- |Р р ||R r||R r|| R r || R r || R r ||{{Braille cell|r}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ر}}</span> || Ra || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- |С с ||S s||S s|| S s || S s || S s ||{{Braille cell|s}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|س}}</span> || Seen || {{IPA|/s/}} |- |Т т ||T t||T t|| T t || T t || T t ||{{Braille cell|t}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ت}}</span> || Ta || {{IPA|/t/}} |- |У у ||U u||W w|| Ý ý || Yʼ yʼ || W w ||{{Braille cell|u}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span> ||Waw with 3 dots|| {{IPA|/w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/}} |- |Ұ ұ ||Ū ū||U u|| U u || U u || U u ||{{Braille cell|34}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۇ}}</span> ||Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- |Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ü ü|| Ú ú || Uʼ uʼ || Ü ü ||{{Braille cell|346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |- |Ф ф ||F f||F f|| F f || F f || F f ||{{Braille cell|f}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ف}}</span> ||Fa || {{IPA|/f/}} |- |Х х ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || X x ||{{Braille cell|h}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ح}}</span> ||Ḥa||{{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/ꭓ/}} |- |Һ һ ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || H h ||{{Braille cell|v}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> ||Initial Ha|| {{IPA|/h/}} |- |Ц ц ||?||C c|| S s || || C c ||{{Braille cell|c}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|تس}}</span> || Ta + Seen || {{IPA|/ts/, /s/}} |- |Ч ч ||?||Ç ç|| Ch ch || Cʼ cʼ || Ç ç ||{{Braille cell|12345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|چ}}</span> || Cheem/Che ||{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- |Ш ш ||Ş ş||Ş ş|| Sh sh || Sʼ sʼ || Ş ş ||{{Braille cell|156}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ش}}</span> || Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- |Щ щ ||?||Şç şç|| Shch shch || || Şç şç||{{Braille cell|x}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|شش}}</span> || Sheen + Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}} |- |Ъ ъ ||||"|| || || (ʺ) ||{{Braille cell|12356}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Ы ы ||Y y||Y y|| Y y || Y y || I ı ||{{Braille cell|2346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ى}}</span> ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɯ/}} |- |І і ||I ı||İ i|| I i || I i || İ i ||{{Braille cell|y}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |- |Ь ь |||| '|| || || (ʹ) ||{{Braille cell|23456}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Э э ||?||E e|| E e || || É é||{{Braille cell|ow}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} |- |Ю ю ||İu iu||Yu yu|| Iý ıý || || Yw yw |{{Braille cell|ü}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يۋ}}</span> || Ya + Waw with 3 dots || {{IPA|/jʏw/, /jʊw/}} |- |Я я ||İa ia||Ya ya|| Ia ıa || || Ya ya ||{{Braille cell|1246}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يا}}</span> || Ya + Alif || {{IPA|/jɑ, jæ/}} |} Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: {{le|Guá-ê Kazakhstan|Menıñ Qazaqstanym}}. ==Bûn-pún sī-lē== [[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên]] tē-1 tiâu:<ref>{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = [[Wikisource]]|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%" ! Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) ! Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) ! [[Eng-gí]] |- | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|lang=kk-Arab|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.}}</span> ||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |- ! Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó<br>(2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) ! colspan="2" | Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó<br>({{le|Kazinform|Kazinform}}, {{le|Kazakh Uikipitia|Kazakh Wikipedia}} hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) |- |Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | colspan="2" |Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. |- ! Kazakh iōng {{le|Yañalif|Yañalif}}<br>(1929 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Yañalif<br>(1938 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Phing-im<br>(1964&ndash;1984) |- |Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. |Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. |Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |- ! Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) ! colspan=2 | Kazakh iōng [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] |- | Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | colspan=2 | {{IPA-kk|bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen {{!}} sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq {{!}} bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖|}} |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{en}} *Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с. *Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020. *Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1. *Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0) {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Latin bûn-jī jī-bó|Latin-script alphabet}} (Latin-script alphabet) *{{le|Arianespace|Arianespace}} *{{le|Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Francis Wade}} *{{le|Joseph Gaertner|Joseph Gaertner}} *{{le|Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Carl Ludwig Willdenow}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter] * [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter] * [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter] * [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the ''People's Daily Online''] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{tsl|en|template:Arabic script|state=collapsed}} {{tsl|en|template:Kazakhstan topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}} [[Category:Kazakh-gí|Alphabets]] [[Category:Kok Türk gí-giân sú-iōng ê jī-bó hē-thóng]] cc01rc0d4dz7q0ykrxkfbhavae4etht 3136699 3136698 2022-08-24T20:26:59Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|400px|thumb|1924-nî ê kazakh alapik hām latin bû-jī]] '''Kazakh jī-bó''' ([[kazakh-gí]]: kазақ әліпбиі; [[ing-gí]]: kazakh alphabets), sī [[Siá-jī|su-siá]] kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. [[kazakh-cho̍k]] teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè {{le|kū türk bûn-jī|Old Turkic script}}, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng [[kilil jī-bó]], {{le|alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} hām [[latin bûn-jī]]. ==Kilil bûn-jī== '''[[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] [[kilil jī-bó]]''' {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ұ ұ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | І і | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]] | | | |} [[Kazakhstan]] hām [[Bông-kó͘|mongolia]] ê [[Bayan-Ölgii Séng|ayan-ölgii Síng]] sú-iōng kazakh kilil jī-bó. В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té. === Li̍k-sú === Uì [[latin jī-bó]] tsuán-uānn kàu [[kilil jī-bó]] ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân [[kazakhstan]] kah [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türkiye]] pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK “BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ”NDEN “RUS KİRİL” ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}}</ref> ===Pen-bé=== *СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS ({{le|tāi-bé ia̍h|code page}} 866 ê siu-kái) *СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái) СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá [[internet]] ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū. ===khí-bóo=== Iōng teh [[Kazakhstan]] kilil [[kazakh-gí]] ê piau-tsún [[Windows]] [[Khí-bó͘ pò͘-kio̍k|khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k]] sī kā piau-tsún ê [[lōo-gí]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]] siu-kái lâi e̊, teh {{le|sòo-jī|Numerical digit}} ke3n tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua [[lōo-gí]] ê jī-hû. [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|400 px|thumb|Kazakh-gí ê [[Kyril jī|Kilil jī-bó]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]].]] ==Latin bûn-jī== [[File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg|thumb|Iōng latin bûn-jī su-siá ê kazakh pò-tsuá "Kazakh Siā-huē tsú-gī tsiá" (Социалды Қазағыстан), 1937-nî tshut-pán.]][[File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg|thumb|1977-nî teh [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiañ]] [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]] sú-iōng [[latin jī-bó]] ê kazakh bûn-jī huan-i̍k ê "Bôo ti̍k-tong bûn-suán" (Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары).]] Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bó iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türk]], se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê {{le|türk gí-gên|Turkic languages}} kâng-khuán, latin jī-bó, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bó lâi thè-tāi.<ref name = April2017change>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}</ref><ref name="Nazarbayev">{{cite news|newspaper = [[Egemen Qazaqstan]]|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}}</ref> Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê [[Kazakh-cho̍k|kazakh-lâng]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bó ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.<ref name="Minglang Zhou 2003">{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''1929 [[latin jī-bó]] (Çaꞑalip)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |H h |- | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |P p |- | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} '''1938 latin jī-bó (Çaꞑaljp)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k |- | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |P p | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |F f | style=«width:3em;» |X x |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |H h | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |Ū ū | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} ===Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén=== '''Kazakh latin jī-bó (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)'''<ref>[https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031]</ref> {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align: center" | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a<br><small>(А а)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä<br><small>(Ә ә)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b<br><small>(Б б)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d<br><small>(Д д)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e<br><small>(Е е)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f<br><small>(Ф ф)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g<br><small>(Г г)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğ ğ<br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h<br><small>(Х х,<br>Һ һ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I ı<br><small>(І і)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İ i<br><small>(Й й,<br>И и)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j<br><small>(Ж ж)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k<br><small>(К к)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l<br><small>(Л л)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m<br><small>(М м)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n<br><small>(Н н)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ñ ñ<br><small>(Ң ң)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o<br><small>(О о)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö<br><small>(Ө ө)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p<br><small>(П п)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q<br><small>(Қ қ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r<br><small>(Р р)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s<br><small>(С с)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş<br><small>(Ш ш)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t<br><small>(Т т)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u<br><small>(У у)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū<br><small>(Ұ ұ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü<br><small>(Ү ү)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v<br><small>(В в)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y<br><small>(Ы ы)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z<br><small>(З з)</small> | |} ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="180px" heights="220px"> 2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] ê latin jī-bó sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,<ref name="Decree569">{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = {{le|Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng|President of Kazakhstan}}|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}}</ref> suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām {{le|jī-ha̍p jī-bó|Digraph (orthography)}} lâi thè-tāi {{le|phiat-hō|Apostrophe}}. 2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bó, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> 2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bó-pió. 2021 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2021-nî 1-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bó, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng (tû-liáu [[Ŋ|Ŋŋ]] king-kái tsò Ññ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/|title=Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031|website=Astana Times|date=February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> </gallery> ==Alapik bûn-jī== [[File:Kazakh ArabicScript.jpg|thumb|Kazakh ê Alapik bûn-jī sī-iû Baitursunov khai-huat e̊.]] === Kazakh Alapik jī-bó ê hîng-sik === Kazakh [[A-la-pek jī-bó]] {| class="sortable wikitable" ![[Choán-jī]] !Kazakh miâ-tshing ![[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] !To̍k-li̍p !Tsuè-āu !Tiong-iong !Khí-thâu |- align="center" |Аа |әліп (''älip'') |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Әә |һәмзә-әліп (''hämzä-älip'') |{{IPA|[æ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Бб |ба (''ba'') |{{IPA|[b]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺏ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺐ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺑ}}</span> |- align="center" |Пп |па (''pa'') |{{IPA|[p]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |- align="center" |Тт |та (''ta'') |{{IPA|[t]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Жж |жим (''jım'') |{{IPA|[ʑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Чч |ха үш ноқат (''ha üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭺ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭻ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭽ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭼ}}</span> |- align="center" |Хх |ха (''xa'') |{{IPA|[χ~q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Дд |дәл (''däl'') |{{IPA|[d]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> |- align="center" |Рр |ра (''ra'') |{{IPA|[r]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> |- align="center" |Зз |заин (''zaın'') |{{IPA|[z]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺰ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> |- align="center" |Сс |син (''sın'') |{{IPA|[s]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺱ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺲ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺳ}}</span> |- align="center" |Шш |шин (''şın'') |{{IPA|[ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺵ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺶ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ғғ |аин (''aın'') |{{IPA|[ɢ~ʁ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻉ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻊ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻌ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻋ}}</span> |- align="center" |Фф |фа (''fa'') |{{IPA|[f]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻑ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻔ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻓ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ққ |қаф (''qaf'') |{{IPA|[q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Кк |кәф (''käf'') |{{IPA|[k]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Гг |гәф (''gäf'') |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮓ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮔ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ңң |кәф үш ноқат (''käf üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[ŋ~ɴ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Лл |ләм (''läm'') |{{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Мм |мим (''mım'') |{{IPA|[m]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Нн |нун (''nun'') |{{IPA|[n]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻥ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻦ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻨ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻧ}}</span> |- align="center" |Оо |уау (''uau'') |{{IPA|[wʊ~o̞]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> |- align="center" |Өө |һәмзә-уау (''hämzä-uau'') |{{IPA|[wʏ~ɵ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـو}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ұұ |уау дамма (''uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Үү |һәмзә-уау дамма (''hämzä-uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʏ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Уу |уау үш ноқат (''uau üş noqat'') |[w], [ʊw], [ʏw] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> |- align="center" |Вв |уау құсбелгі (''uau qūsbelgi'') |{{IPA|[v]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۆ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ее |һә (''hä'') |{{IPA|[jɪ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Һһ |һә екі көз (''hä eki köz'') |{{IPA|[h]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Іі |я (''ıa'') |[ə] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻯ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ىـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Ыы |һәмзә-я (''hämzä-ıa'') |[ɪ] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Йй, Ии |я екі ноқат (''ıa eki noqat'') |{{IPA|[j], [ɪj], [əj]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻳ}}</span> |- align="center" |{{transl|sem|-}} |һәмзә (''hämzä'') | | colspan="4" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ء}}</span> |} ==Tuì-ìng tôo-pió== Kuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" !Kilil !Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)<ref name="tengrinews_435370">{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> !Latin (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> !Latin<br>(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/alphabet|title = Qazaq álipbıi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/converter/text|title = Mátindik konverter}}</ref> !!Latin<br>(2017) !!Latin<br>({{le|Kazinform|KazInform|QazAqparat}}, Kazakh Uikiphitia) !{{le|Kazakh bông-bûn|Kazakh Braille|Bông-bûn}} !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik]] !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik jī-bó]] ê miâ-tshing !! [[IPA]] tsuàn-i̍k<ref>{{citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |editor-last1=Kaplan |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Whisenhunt |editor-first2=D. |year=1994 |chapter=Kazakh phonology |title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz |place=Washington |publisher=Western Washington |pages=603–650 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=McCollum |first=Adam |year=2015 |chapter=Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay |title=Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=41 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |place=Berkeley |pages=329–351 }}</ref> |- |А а ||A a|| A a || A a || A a || A a ||{{Braille cell|a}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> || Alif || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} |- |Ә ә ||Ä ä||Ä ä|| Á á || Aʼ aʼ || Ä ä ||{{Braille cell|345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif|| {{IPA|/æ/}} |- |Б б ||B b||B b|| B b || B b || B b ||{{Braille cell|b}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ب}}</span> || Ba || {{IPA|/b/}} |- |В в ||V v||V v|| V v || V v || V v ||{{Braille cell|w}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> || Waw with V || {{IPA|/v/}} |- |Г г ||G g||G g|| G g || G g || G g ||{{Braille cell|g}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> || Gaf || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- |Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||Ğ ğ|| Ǵ ǵ || Gʼ gʼ || Ğ ğ ||{{Braille cell|12456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|غ}}</span> || Ghain || {{IPA|/ʁ/}} |- |Д д ||D d||D d|| D d || D d || D d ||{{Braille cell|d}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|د}}</span> || Dal || {{IPA|/d/}} |- |Е е ||E e||E e|| E e || E e || E e ||{{Braille cell|e}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/jɪ/}} |- |Ё ё ||İo io||Yo yo|| Io ıo || Yo yo |–||{{Braille cell|16}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يو}}</span>||Ya + Waw |{{IPA|/jo/}} |- |Ж ж ||J j||J j|| J j || J j || J j ||{{Braille cell|j}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ج}}</span> || Jeem || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- |З з ||Z z||Z z|| Z z || Z z || Z z ||{{Braille cell|z}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ز}}</span> || Za || {{IPA|/z/}} |- |И и ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Ï ï ||{{Braille cell|i}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> || Hamza + Ya ||{{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/əj/}} |- |Й й ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Y y ||{{Braille cell|12346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> || Ya || {{IPA|/j/}} |- |К к ||K k ||K k|| K k || K k || K k ||{{Braille cell|k}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> || Kaf || {{IPA|/k/}} |- |Қ қ ||Q q||Q q|| Q q || Q q || Q q ||{{Braille cell|1456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ق}}</span> || Qaf || {{IPA|/q/}} |- |Л л ||L l||L l|| L l || L l || L l ||{{Braille cell|l}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ل}}</span> || Lam || {{IPA|/l/}} |- |М м ||M m||M m|| M m || M m || M m ||{{Braille cell|m}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|م}}</span> || Meem || {{IPA|/m/}} |- |Н н ||N n||N n|| N n || N n || N n ||{{Braille cell|n}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ن}}</span> || Noon || {{IPA|/n/}} |- |Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ŋ ŋ|| Ń ń || Nʼ nʼ || Ñ ñ ||{{Braille cell|146}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> || Ng ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- |О о ||O o||O o|| O o || O o || O o ||{{Braille cell|o}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> || Waw || {{IPA|/wʊ/}} |- |Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ö ö|| Ó ó || Oʼ oʼ || Ö ö ||{{Braille cell|126}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw || {{IPA|/wʏ/}} |- |П п ||P p||P p|| P p || P p || P p ||{{Braille cell|p}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> || Pa || {{IPA|/p/}} |- |Р р ||R r||R r|| R r || R r || R r ||{{Braille cell|r}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ر}}</span> || Ra || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- |С с ||S s||S s|| S s || S s || S s ||{{Braille cell|s}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|س}}</span> || Seen || {{IPA|/s/}} |- |Т т ||T t||T t|| T t || T t || T t ||{{Braille cell|t}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ت}}</span> || Ta || {{IPA|/t/}} |- |У у ||U u||W w|| Ý ý || Yʼ yʼ || W w ||{{Braille cell|u}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span> ||Waw with 3 dots|| {{IPA|/w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/}} |- |Ұ ұ ||Ū ū||U u|| U u || U u || U u ||{{Braille cell|34}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۇ}}</span> ||Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- |Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ü ü|| Ú ú || Uʼ uʼ || Ü ü ||{{Braille cell|346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |- |Ф ф ||F f||F f|| F f || F f || F f ||{{Braille cell|f}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ف}}</span> ||Fa || {{IPA|/f/}} |- |Х х ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || X x ||{{Braille cell|h}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ح}}</span> ||Ḥa||{{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/ꭓ/}} |- |Һ һ ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || H h ||{{Braille cell|v}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> ||Initial Ha|| {{IPA|/h/}} |- |Ц ц ||?||C c|| S s || || C c ||{{Braille cell|c}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|تس}}</span> || Ta + Seen || {{IPA|/ts/, /s/}} |- |Ч ч ||?||Ç ç|| Ch ch || Cʼ cʼ || Ç ç ||{{Braille cell|12345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|چ}}</span> || Cheem/Che ||{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- |Ш ш ||Ş ş||Ş ş|| Sh sh || Sʼ sʼ || Ş ş ||{{Braille cell|156}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ش}}</span> || Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- |Щ щ ||?||Şç şç|| Shch shch || || Şç şç||{{Braille cell|x}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|شش}}</span> || Sheen + Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}} |- |Ъ ъ ||||"|| || || (ʺ) ||{{Braille cell|12356}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Ы ы ||Y y||Y y|| Y y || Y y || I ı ||{{Braille cell|2346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ى}}</span> ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɯ/}} |- |І і ||I ı||İ i|| I i || I i || İ i ||{{Braille cell|y}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |- |Ь ь |||| '|| || || (ʹ) ||{{Braille cell|23456}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Э э ||?||E e|| E e || || É é||{{Braille cell|ow}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} |- |Ю ю ||İu iu||Yu yu|| Iý ıý || || Yw yw |{{Braille cell|ü}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يۋ}}</span> || Ya + Waw with 3 dots || {{IPA|/jʏw/, /jʊw/}} |- |Я я ||İa ia||Ya ya|| Ia ıa || || Ya ya ||{{Braille cell|1246}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يا}}</span> || Ya + Alif || {{IPA|/jɑ, jæ/}} |} Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: {{le|Guá-ê Kazakhstan|Menıñ Qazaqstanym}}. ==Bûn-pún sī-lē== [[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên]] tē-1 tiâu:<ref>{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = [[Wikisource]]|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%" ! Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) ! Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) ! [[Eng-gí]] |- | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|lang=kk-Arab|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.}}</span> ||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |- ! Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó<br>(2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) ! colspan="2" | Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó<br>({{le|Kazinform|Kazinform}}, {{le|Kazakh Uikipitia|Kazakh Wikipedia}} hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) |- |Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | colspan="2" |Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. |- ! Kazakh iōng {{le|Yañalif|Yañalif}}<br>(1929 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Yañalif<br>(1938 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Phing-im<br>(1964&ndash;1984) |- |Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. |Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. |Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |- ! Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) ! colspan=2 | Kazakh iōng [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] |- | Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | colspan=2 | {{IPA-kk|bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen {{!}} sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq {{!}} bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖|}} |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{en}} *Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с. *Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020. *Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1. *Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0) {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Latin bûn-jī jī-bó|Latin-script alphabet}} (Latin-script alphabet) *{{le|Arianespace|Arianespace}} *{{le|Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Francis Wade}} *{{le|Joseph Gaertner|Joseph Gaertner}} *{{le|Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Carl Ludwig Willdenow}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter] * [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter] * [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter] * [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the ''People's Daily Online''] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{tsl|en|template:Arabic script|state=collapsed}} {{tsl|en|template:Kazakhstan topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}} [[Category:Kazakh-gí|Alphabets]] [[Category:Kok Türk gí-giân sú-iōng ê jī-bó hē-thóng]] 3s8ndlff1dwifcx4qdi1hk2beq5dtl2 3136700 3136699 2022-08-24T20:28:04Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|400px|thumb|1924-nî ê kazakh alapik hām latin bû-jī]] '''Kazakh jī-bó''' ([[kazakh-gí]]: kазақ әліпбиі; [[ing-gí]]: kazakh alphabets), sī [[Siá-jī|su-siá]] kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. [[kazakh-cho̍k]] teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè {{le|kū türk bûn-jī|Old Turkic script}}, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng [[kilil jī-bó]], {{le|alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} hām [[latin bûn-jī]]. ==Kilil bûn-jī== '''[[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] [[kilil jī-bó]]''' {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ұ ұ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | І і | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]] | | | |} [[Kazakhstan]] hām [[Bông-kó͘|mongolia]] ê [[Bayan-Ölgii Séng|ayan-ölgii Síng]] sú-iōng kazakh kilil jī-bó. В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té. === Li̍k-sú === Uì [[latin jī-bó]] tsuán-uānn kàu [[kilil jī-bó]] ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân [[kazakhstan]] kah [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türkiye]] pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK “BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ”NDEN “RUS KİRİL” ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}}</ref> ===Pen-bé=== *СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS ({{le|tāi-bé ia̍h|code page}} 866 ê siu-kái) *СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái) СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá [[internet]] ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū. ===khí-bóo=== Iōng teh [[Kazakhstan]] kilil [[kazakh-gí]] ê piau-tsún [[Windows]] [[Khí-bó͘ pò͘-kio̍k|khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k]] sī kā piau-tsún ê [[lōo-gí]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]] siu-kái lâi e̊, teh {{le|sòo-jī|Numerical digit}} ke3n tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua [[lōo-gí]] ê jī-hû. [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|400 px|thumb|Kazakh-gí ê [[Kyril jī|Kilil jī-bó]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]].]] ==Latin bûn-jī== [[File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg|thumb|Iōng latin bûn-jī su-siá ê kazakh pò-tsuá "Kazakh Siā-huē tsú-gī tsiá" (Социалды Қазағыстан), 1937-nî tshut-pán.]][[File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg|thumb|1977-nî teh [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiañ]] [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]] sú-iōng [[latin jī-bó]] ê kazakh bûn-jī huan-i̍k ê "[[Mô͘ Te̍k-tong|Bôo Ti̍k-tong]] bûn-suán" (Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары).]] Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bó iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türk]], se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê {{le|türk gí-gên|Turkic languages}} kâng-khuán, latin jī-bó, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bó lâi thè-tāi.<ref name = April2017change>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}</ref><ref name="Nazarbayev">{{cite news|newspaper = [[Egemen Qazaqstan]]|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}}</ref> Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê [[Kazakh-cho̍k|kazakh-lâng]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bó ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.<ref name="Minglang Zhou 2003">{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''1929 [[latin jī-bó]] (Çaꞑalip)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |H h |- | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |P p |- | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} '''1938 latin jī-bó (Çaꞑaljp)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k |- | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |P p | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |F f | style=«width:3em;» |X x |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |H h | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |Ū ū | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} ===Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén=== '''Kazakh latin jī-bó (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)'''<ref>[https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031]</ref> {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align: center" | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a<br><small>(А а)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä<br><small>(Ә ә)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b<br><small>(Б б)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d<br><small>(Д д)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e<br><small>(Е е)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f<br><small>(Ф ф)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g<br><small>(Г г)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğ ğ<br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h<br><small>(Х х,<br>Һ һ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I ı<br><small>(І і)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İ i<br><small>(Й й,<br>И и)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j<br><small>(Ж ж)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k<br><small>(К к)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l<br><small>(Л л)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m<br><small>(М м)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n<br><small>(Н н)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ñ ñ<br><small>(Ң ң)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o<br><small>(О о)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö<br><small>(Ө ө)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p<br><small>(П п)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q<br><small>(Қ қ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r<br><small>(Р р)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s<br><small>(С с)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş<br><small>(Ш ш)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t<br><small>(Т т)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u<br><small>(У у)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū<br><small>(Ұ ұ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü<br><small>(Ү ү)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v<br><small>(В в)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y<br><small>(Ы ы)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z<br><small>(З з)</small> | |} ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="180px" heights="220px"> 2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] ê latin jī-bó sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,<ref name="Decree569">{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = {{le|Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng|President of Kazakhstan}}|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}}</ref> suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām {{le|jī-ha̍p jī-bó|Digraph (orthography)}} lâi thè-tāi {{le|phiat-hō|Apostrophe}}. 2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bó, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> 2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bó-pió. 2021 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2021-nî 1-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bó, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng (tû-liáu [[Ŋ|Ŋŋ]] king-kái tsò Ññ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/|title=Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031|website=Astana Times|date=February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> </gallery> ==Alapik bûn-jī== [[File:Kazakh ArabicScript.jpg|thumb|Kazakh ê Alapik bûn-jī sī-iû Baitursunov khai-huat e̊.]] === Kazakh Alapik jī-bó ê hîng-sik === Kazakh [[A-la-pek jī-bó]] {| class="sortable wikitable" ![[Choán-jī]] !Kazakh miâ-tshing ![[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] !To̍k-li̍p !Tsuè-āu !Tiong-iong !Khí-thâu |- align="center" |Аа |әліп (''älip'') |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Әә |һәмзә-әліп (''hämzä-älip'') |{{IPA|[æ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Бб |ба (''ba'') |{{IPA|[b]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺏ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺐ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺑ}}</span> |- align="center" |Пп |па (''pa'') |{{IPA|[p]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |- align="center" |Тт |та (''ta'') |{{IPA|[t]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Жж |жим (''jım'') |{{IPA|[ʑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Чч |ха үш ноқат (''ha üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭺ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭻ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭽ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭼ}}</span> |- align="center" |Хх |ха (''xa'') |{{IPA|[χ~q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Дд |дәл (''däl'') |{{IPA|[d]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> |- align="center" |Рр |ра (''ra'') |{{IPA|[r]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> |- align="center" |Зз |заин (''zaın'') |{{IPA|[z]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺰ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> |- align="center" |Сс |син (''sın'') |{{IPA|[s]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺱ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺲ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺳ}}</span> |- align="center" |Шш |шин (''şın'') |{{IPA|[ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺵ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺶ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ғғ |аин (''aın'') |{{IPA|[ɢ~ʁ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻉ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻊ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻌ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻋ}}</span> |- align="center" |Фф |фа (''fa'') |{{IPA|[f]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻑ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻔ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻓ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ққ |қаф (''qaf'') |{{IPA|[q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Кк |кәф (''käf'') |{{IPA|[k]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Гг |гәф (''gäf'') |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮓ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮔ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ңң |кәф үш ноқат (''käf üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[ŋ~ɴ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Лл |ләм (''läm'') |{{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Мм |мим (''mım'') |{{IPA|[m]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Нн |нун (''nun'') |{{IPA|[n]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻥ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻦ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻨ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻧ}}</span> |- align="center" |Оо |уау (''uau'') |{{IPA|[wʊ~o̞]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> |- align="center" |Өө |һәмзә-уау (''hämzä-uau'') |{{IPA|[wʏ~ɵ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـو}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ұұ |уау дамма (''uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Үү |һәмзә-уау дамма (''hämzä-uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʏ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Уу |уау үш ноқат (''uau üş noqat'') |[w], [ʊw], [ʏw] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> |- align="center" |Вв |уау құсбелгі (''uau qūsbelgi'') |{{IPA|[v]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۆ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ее |һә (''hä'') |{{IPA|[jɪ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Һһ |һә екі көз (''hä eki köz'') |{{IPA|[h]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Іі |я (''ıa'') |[ə] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻯ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ىـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Ыы |һәмзә-я (''hämzä-ıa'') |[ɪ] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Йй, Ии |я екі ноқат (''ıa eki noqat'') |{{IPA|[j], [ɪj], [əj]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻳ}}</span> |- align="center" |{{transl|sem|-}} |һәмзә (''hämzä'') | | colspan="4" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ء}}</span> |} ==Tuì-ìng tôo-pió== Kuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" !Kilil !Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)<ref name="tengrinews_435370">{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> !Latin (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> !Latin<br>(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/alphabet|title = Qazaq álipbıi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/converter/text|title = Mátindik konverter}}</ref> !!Latin<br>(2017) !!Latin<br>({{le|Kazinform|KazInform|QazAqparat}}, Kazakh Uikiphitia) !{{le|Kazakh bông-bûn|Kazakh Braille|Bông-bûn}} !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik]] !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik jī-bó]] ê miâ-tshing !! [[IPA]] tsuàn-i̍k<ref>{{citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |editor-last1=Kaplan |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Whisenhunt |editor-first2=D. |year=1994 |chapter=Kazakh phonology |title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz |place=Washington |publisher=Western Washington |pages=603–650 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=McCollum |first=Adam |year=2015 |chapter=Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay |title=Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=41 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |place=Berkeley |pages=329–351 }}</ref> |- |А а ||A a|| A a || A a || A a || A a ||{{Braille cell|a}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> || Alif || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} |- |Ә ә ||Ä ä||Ä ä|| Á á || Aʼ aʼ || Ä ä ||{{Braille cell|345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif|| {{IPA|/æ/}} |- |Б б ||B b||B b|| B b || B b || B b ||{{Braille cell|b}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ب}}</span> || Ba || {{IPA|/b/}} |- |В в ||V v||V v|| V v || V v || V v ||{{Braille cell|w}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> || Waw with V || {{IPA|/v/}} |- |Г г ||G g||G g|| G g || G g || G g ||{{Braille cell|g}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> || Gaf || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- |Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||Ğ ğ|| Ǵ ǵ || Gʼ gʼ || Ğ ğ ||{{Braille cell|12456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|غ}}</span> || Ghain || {{IPA|/ʁ/}} |- |Д д ||D d||D d|| D d || D d || D d ||{{Braille cell|d}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|د}}</span> || Dal || {{IPA|/d/}} |- |Е е ||E e||E e|| E e || E e || E e ||{{Braille cell|e}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/jɪ/}} |- |Ё ё ||İo io||Yo yo|| Io ıo || Yo yo |–||{{Braille cell|16}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يو}}</span>||Ya + Waw |{{IPA|/jo/}} |- |Ж ж ||J j||J j|| J j || J j || J j ||{{Braille cell|j}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ج}}</span> || Jeem || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- |З з ||Z z||Z z|| Z z || Z z || Z z ||{{Braille cell|z}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ز}}</span> || Za || {{IPA|/z/}} |- |И и ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Ï ï ||{{Braille cell|i}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> || Hamza + Ya ||{{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/əj/}} |- |Й й ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Y y ||{{Braille cell|12346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> || Ya || {{IPA|/j/}} |- |К к ||K k ||K k|| K k || K k || K k ||{{Braille cell|k}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> || Kaf || {{IPA|/k/}} |- |Қ қ ||Q q||Q q|| Q q || Q q || Q q ||{{Braille cell|1456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ق}}</span> || Qaf || {{IPA|/q/}} |- |Л л ||L l||L l|| L l || L l || L l ||{{Braille cell|l}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ل}}</span> || Lam || {{IPA|/l/}} |- |М м ||M m||M m|| M m || M m || M m ||{{Braille cell|m}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|م}}</span> || Meem || {{IPA|/m/}} |- |Н н ||N n||N n|| N n || N n || N n ||{{Braille cell|n}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ن}}</span> || Noon || {{IPA|/n/}} |- |Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ŋ ŋ|| Ń ń || Nʼ nʼ || Ñ ñ ||{{Braille cell|146}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> || Ng ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- |О о ||O o||O o|| O o || O o || O o ||{{Braille cell|o}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> || Waw || {{IPA|/wʊ/}} |- |Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ö ö|| Ó ó || Oʼ oʼ || Ö ö ||{{Braille cell|126}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw || {{IPA|/wʏ/}} |- |П п ||P p||P p|| P p || P p || P p ||{{Braille cell|p}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> || Pa || {{IPA|/p/}} |- |Р р ||R r||R r|| R r || R r || R r ||{{Braille cell|r}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ر}}</span> || Ra || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- |С с ||S s||S s|| S s || S s || S s ||{{Braille cell|s}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|س}}</span> || Seen || {{IPA|/s/}} |- |Т т ||T t||T t|| T t || T t || T t ||{{Braille cell|t}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ت}}</span> || Ta || {{IPA|/t/}} |- |У у ||U u||W w|| Ý ý || Yʼ yʼ || W w ||{{Braille cell|u}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span> ||Waw with 3 dots|| {{IPA|/w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/}} |- |Ұ ұ ||Ū ū||U u|| U u || U u || U u ||{{Braille cell|34}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۇ}}</span> ||Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- |Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ü ü|| Ú ú || Uʼ uʼ || Ü ü ||{{Braille cell|346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |- |Ф ф ||F f||F f|| F f || F f || F f ||{{Braille cell|f}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ف}}</span> ||Fa || {{IPA|/f/}} |- |Х х ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || X x ||{{Braille cell|h}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ح}}</span> ||Ḥa||{{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/ꭓ/}} |- |Һ һ ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || H h ||{{Braille cell|v}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> ||Initial Ha|| {{IPA|/h/}} |- |Ц ц ||?||C c|| S s || || C c ||{{Braille cell|c}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|تس}}</span> || Ta + Seen || {{IPA|/ts/, /s/}} |- |Ч ч ||?||Ç ç|| Ch ch || Cʼ cʼ || Ç ç ||{{Braille cell|12345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|چ}}</span> || Cheem/Che ||{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- |Ш ш ||Ş ş||Ş ş|| Sh sh || Sʼ sʼ || Ş ş ||{{Braille cell|156}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ش}}</span> || Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- |Щ щ ||?||Şç şç|| Shch shch || || Şç şç||{{Braille cell|x}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|شش}}</span> || Sheen + Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}} |- |Ъ ъ ||||"|| || || (ʺ) ||{{Braille cell|12356}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Ы ы ||Y y||Y y|| Y y || Y y || I ı ||{{Braille cell|2346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ى}}</span> ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɯ/}} |- |І і ||I ı||İ i|| I i || I i || İ i ||{{Braille cell|y}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |- |Ь ь |||| '|| || || (ʹ) ||{{Braille cell|23456}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Э э ||?||E e|| E e || || É é||{{Braille cell|ow}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} |- |Ю ю ||İu iu||Yu yu|| Iý ıý || || Yw yw |{{Braille cell|ü}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يۋ}}</span> || Ya + Waw with 3 dots || {{IPA|/jʏw/, /jʊw/}} |- |Я я ||İa ia||Ya ya|| Ia ıa || || Ya ya ||{{Braille cell|1246}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يا}}</span> || Ya + Alif || {{IPA|/jɑ, jæ/}} |} Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: {{le|Guá-ê Kazakhstan|Menıñ Qazaqstanym}}. ==Bûn-pún sī-lē== [[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên]] tē-1 tiâu:<ref>{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = [[Wikisource]]|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%" ! Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) ! Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) ! [[Eng-gí]] |- | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|lang=kk-Arab|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.}}</span> ||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |- ! Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó<br>(2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) ! colspan="2" | Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó<br>({{le|Kazinform|Kazinform}}, {{le|Kazakh Uikipitia|Kazakh Wikipedia}} hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) |- |Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | colspan="2" |Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. |- ! Kazakh iōng {{le|Yañalif|Yañalif}}<br>(1929 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Yañalif<br>(1938 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Phing-im<br>(1964&ndash;1984) |- |Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. |Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. |Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |- ! Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) ! colspan=2 | Kazakh iōng [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] |- | Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | colspan=2 | {{IPA-kk|bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen {{!}} sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq {{!}} bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖|}} |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{en}} *Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с. *Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020. *Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1. *Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0) {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Latin bûn-jī jī-bó|Latin-script alphabet}} (Latin-script alphabet) *{{le|Arianespace|Arianespace}} *{{le|Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Francis Wade}} *{{le|Joseph Gaertner|Joseph Gaertner}} *{{le|Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Carl Ludwig Willdenow}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter] * [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter] * [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter] * [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the ''People's Daily Online''] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{tsl|en|template:Arabic script|state=collapsed}} {{tsl|en|template:Kazakhstan topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}} [[Category:Kazakh-gí|Alphabets]] [[Category:Kok Türk gí-giân sú-iōng ê jī-bó hē-thóng]] try52yblagqx4aqhs2k37jteorvoiy4 3136701 3136700 2022-08-24T20:29:23Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|400px|thumb|1924-nî ê kazakh alapik hām latin bû-jī]] '''Kazakh jī-bó''' ([[kazakh-gí]]: kазақ әліпбиі; [[ing-gí]]: kazakh alphabets), sī [[Siá-jī|su-siá]] kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. [[kazakh-cho̍k]] teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè {{le|kū türk bûn-jī|Old Turkic script}}, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng [[kilil jī-bó]], {{le|alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} hām [[latin bûn-jī]]. ==Kilil bûn-jī== '''[[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] [[kilil jī-bó]]''' {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ұ ұ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | І і | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]] | | | |} [[Kazakhstan]] hām [[Bông-kó͘|mongolia]] ê [[Bayan-Ölgii Séng|ayan-ölgii Síng]] sú-iōng kazakh kilil jī-bó. В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té. === Li̍k-sú === Uì [[latin jī-bó]] tsuán-uānn kàu [[kilil jī-bó]] ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân [[kazakhstan]] kah [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türkiye]] pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK “BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ”NDEN “RUS KİRİL” ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}}</ref> ===Pen-bé=== *СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS ({{le|tāi-bé ia̍h|code page}} 866 ê siu-kái) *СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái) СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá [[internet]] ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū. ===khí-bóo=== Iōng teh [[Kazakhstan]] kilil [[kazakh-gí]] ê piau-tsún [[Windows]] [[Khí-bó͘ pò͘-kio̍k|khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k]] sī kā piau-tsún ê [[lōo-gí]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]] siu-kái lâi e̊, teh {{le|sòo-jī|Numerical digit}} ke3n tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua [[lōo-gí]] ê jī-hû. [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|400 px|thumb|Kazakh-gí ê [[Kyril jī|Kilil jī-bó]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]].]] ==Latin bûn-jī== [[File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg|thumb|Iōng latin bûn-jī su-siá ê kazakh pò-tsuá "Kazakh Siā-huē tsú-gī tsiá" (Социалды Қазағыстан), 1937-nî [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]].]][[File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg|thumb|1977-nî teh [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiañ]] [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]] sú-iōng [[latin jī-bó]] ê kazakh bûn-jī huan-i̍k ê "[[Mô͘ Te̍k-tong|Bôo Ti̍k-tong]] bûn-suán" (Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары).]] Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bó iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türk]], se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê {{le|türk gí-gên|Turkic languages}} kâng-khuán, latin jī-bó, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bó lâi thè-tāi.<ref name = April2017change>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}</ref><ref name="Nazarbayev">{{cite news|newspaper = [[Egemen Qazaqstan]]|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}}</ref> Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê [[Kazakh-cho̍k|kazakh-lâng]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bó ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.<ref name="Minglang Zhou 2003">{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''1929 [[latin jī-bó]] (Çaꞑalip)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |H h |- | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |P p |- | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} '''1938 latin jī-bó (Çaꞑaljp)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k |- | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |P p | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |F f | style=«width:3em;» |X x |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |H h | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |Ū ū | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} ===Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén=== '''Kazakh latin jī-bó (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)'''<ref>[https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031]</ref> {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align: center" | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a<br><small>(А а)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä<br><small>(Ә ә)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b<br><small>(Б б)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d<br><small>(Д д)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e<br><small>(Е е)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f<br><small>(Ф ф)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g<br><small>(Г г)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğ ğ<br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h<br><small>(Х х,<br>Һ һ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I ı<br><small>(І і)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İ i<br><small>(Й й,<br>И и)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j<br><small>(Ж ж)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k<br><small>(К к)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l<br><small>(Л л)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m<br><small>(М м)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n<br><small>(Н н)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ñ ñ<br><small>(Ң ң)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o<br><small>(О о)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö<br><small>(Ө ө)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p<br><small>(П п)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q<br><small>(Қ қ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r<br><small>(Р р)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s<br><small>(С с)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş<br><small>(Ш ш)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t<br><small>(Т т)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u<br><small>(У у)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū<br><small>(Ұ ұ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü<br><small>(Ү ү)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v<br><small>(В в)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y<br><small>(Ы ы)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z<br><small>(З з)</small> | |} ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="180px" heights="220px"> 2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] ê latin jī-bó sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,<ref name="Decree569">{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = {{le|Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng|President of Kazakhstan}}|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}}</ref> suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām {{le|jī-ha̍p jī-bó|Digraph (orthography)}} lâi thè-tāi {{le|phiat-hō|Apostrophe}}. 2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bó, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> 2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bó-pió. 2021 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2021-nî 1-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bó, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng (tû-liáu [[Ŋ|Ŋŋ]] king-kái tsò Ññ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/|title=Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031|website=Astana Times|date=February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> </gallery> ==Alapik bûn-jī== [[File:Kazakh ArabicScript.jpg|thumb|Kazakh ê Alapik bûn-jī sī-iû Baitursunov khai-huat e̊.]] === Kazakh Alapik jī-bó ê hîng-sik === Kazakh [[A-la-pek jī-bó]] {| class="sortable wikitable" ![[Choán-jī]] !Kazakh miâ-tshing ![[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] !To̍k-li̍p !Tsuè-āu !Tiong-iong !Khí-thâu |- align="center" |Аа |әліп (''älip'') |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Әә |һәмзә-әліп (''hämzä-älip'') |{{IPA|[æ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Бб |ба (''ba'') |{{IPA|[b]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺏ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺐ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺑ}}</span> |- align="center" |Пп |па (''pa'') |{{IPA|[p]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |- align="center" |Тт |та (''ta'') |{{IPA|[t]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Жж |жим (''jım'') |{{IPA|[ʑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Чч |ха үш ноқат (''ha üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭺ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭻ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭽ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭼ}}</span> |- align="center" |Хх |ха (''xa'') |{{IPA|[χ~q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Дд |дәл (''däl'') |{{IPA|[d]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> |- align="center" |Рр |ра (''ra'') |{{IPA|[r]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> |- align="center" |Зз |заин (''zaın'') |{{IPA|[z]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺰ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> |- align="center" |Сс |син (''sın'') |{{IPA|[s]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺱ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺲ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺳ}}</span> |- align="center" |Шш |шин (''şın'') |{{IPA|[ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺵ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺶ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ғғ |аин (''aın'') |{{IPA|[ɢ~ʁ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻉ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻊ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻌ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻋ}}</span> |- align="center" |Фф |фа (''fa'') |{{IPA|[f]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻑ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻔ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻓ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ққ |қаф (''qaf'') |{{IPA|[q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Кк |кәф (''käf'') |{{IPA|[k]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Гг |гәф (''gäf'') |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮓ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮔ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ңң |кәф үш ноқат (''käf üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[ŋ~ɴ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Лл |ләм (''läm'') |{{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Мм |мим (''mım'') |{{IPA|[m]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Нн |нун (''nun'') |{{IPA|[n]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻥ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻦ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻨ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻧ}}</span> |- align="center" |Оо |уау (''uau'') |{{IPA|[wʊ~o̞]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> |- align="center" |Өө |һәмзә-уау (''hämzä-uau'') |{{IPA|[wʏ~ɵ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـو}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ұұ |уау дамма (''uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Үү |һәмзә-уау дамма (''hämzä-uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʏ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Уу |уау үш ноқат (''uau üş noqat'') |[w], [ʊw], [ʏw] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> |- align="center" |Вв |уау құсбелгі (''uau qūsbelgi'') |{{IPA|[v]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۆ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ее |һә (''hä'') |{{IPA|[jɪ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Һһ |һә екі көз (''hä eki köz'') |{{IPA|[h]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Іі |я (''ıa'') |[ə] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻯ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ىـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Ыы |һәмзә-я (''hämzä-ıa'') |[ɪ] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Йй, Ии |я екі ноқат (''ıa eki noqat'') |{{IPA|[j], [ɪj], [əj]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻳ}}</span> |- align="center" |{{transl|sem|-}} |һәмзә (''hämzä'') | | colspan="4" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ء}}</span> |} ==Tuì-ìng tôo-pió== Kuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" !Kilil !Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)<ref name="tengrinews_435370">{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> !Latin (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> !Latin<br>(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/alphabet|title = Qazaq álipbıi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/converter/text|title = Mátindik konverter}}</ref> !!Latin<br>(2017) !!Latin<br>({{le|Kazinform|KazInform|QazAqparat}}, Kazakh Uikiphitia) !{{le|Kazakh bông-bûn|Kazakh Braille|Bông-bûn}} !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik]] !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik jī-bó]] ê miâ-tshing !! [[IPA]] tsuàn-i̍k<ref>{{citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |editor-last1=Kaplan |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Whisenhunt |editor-first2=D. |year=1994 |chapter=Kazakh phonology |title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz |place=Washington |publisher=Western Washington |pages=603–650 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=McCollum |first=Adam |year=2015 |chapter=Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay |title=Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=41 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |place=Berkeley |pages=329–351 }}</ref> |- |А а ||A a|| A a || A a || A a || A a ||{{Braille cell|a}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> || Alif || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} |- |Ә ә ||Ä ä||Ä ä|| Á á || Aʼ aʼ || Ä ä ||{{Braille cell|345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif|| {{IPA|/æ/}} |- |Б б ||B b||B b|| B b || B b || B b ||{{Braille cell|b}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ب}}</span> || Ba || {{IPA|/b/}} |- |В в ||V v||V v|| V v || V v || V v ||{{Braille cell|w}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> || Waw with V || {{IPA|/v/}} |- |Г г ||G g||G g|| G g || G g || G g ||{{Braille cell|g}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> || Gaf || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- |Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||Ğ ğ|| Ǵ ǵ || Gʼ gʼ || Ğ ğ ||{{Braille cell|12456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|غ}}</span> || Ghain || {{IPA|/ʁ/}} |- |Д д ||D d||D d|| D d || D d || D d ||{{Braille cell|d}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|د}}</span> || Dal || {{IPA|/d/}} |- |Е е ||E e||E e|| E e || E e || E e ||{{Braille cell|e}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/jɪ/}} |- |Ё ё ||İo io||Yo yo|| Io ıo || Yo yo |–||{{Braille cell|16}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يو}}</span>||Ya + Waw |{{IPA|/jo/}} |- |Ж ж ||J j||J j|| J j || J j || J j ||{{Braille cell|j}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ج}}</span> || Jeem || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- |З з ||Z z||Z z|| Z z || Z z || Z z ||{{Braille cell|z}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ز}}</span> || Za || {{IPA|/z/}} |- |И и ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Ï ï ||{{Braille cell|i}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> || Hamza + Ya ||{{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/əj/}} |- |Й й ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Y y ||{{Braille cell|12346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> || Ya || {{IPA|/j/}} |- |К к ||K k ||K k|| K k || K k || K k ||{{Braille cell|k}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> || Kaf || {{IPA|/k/}} |- |Қ қ ||Q q||Q q|| Q q || Q q || Q q ||{{Braille cell|1456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ق}}</span> || Qaf || {{IPA|/q/}} |- |Л л ||L l||L l|| L l || L l || L l ||{{Braille cell|l}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ل}}</span> || Lam || {{IPA|/l/}} |- |М м ||M m||M m|| M m || M m || M m ||{{Braille cell|m}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|م}}</span> || Meem || {{IPA|/m/}} |- |Н н ||N n||N n|| N n || N n || N n ||{{Braille cell|n}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ن}}</span> || Noon || {{IPA|/n/}} |- |Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ŋ ŋ|| Ń ń || Nʼ nʼ || Ñ ñ ||{{Braille cell|146}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> || Ng ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- |О о ||O o||O o|| O o || O o || O o ||{{Braille cell|o}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> || Waw || {{IPA|/wʊ/}} |- |Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ö ö|| Ó ó || Oʼ oʼ || Ö ö ||{{Braille cell|126}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw || {{IPA|/wʏ/}} |- |П п ||P p||P p|| P p || P p || P p ||{{Braille cell|p}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> || Pa || {{IPA|/p/}} |- |Р р ||R r||R r|| R r || R r || R r ||{{Braille cell|r}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ر}}</span> || Ra || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- |С с ||S s||S s|| S s || S s || S s ||{{Braille cell|s}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|س}}</span> || Seen || {{IPA|/s/}} |- |Т т ||T t||T t|| T t || T t || T t ||{{Braille cell|t}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ت}}</span> || Ta || {{IPA|/t/}} |- |У у ||U u||W w|| Ý ý || Yʼ yʼ || W w ||{{Braille cell|u}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span> ||Waw with 3 dots|| {{IPA|/w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/}} |- |Ұ ұ ||Ū ū||U u|| U u || U u || U u ||{{Braille cell|34}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۇ}}</span> ||Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- |Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ü ü|| Ú ú || Uʼ uʼ || Ü ü ||{{Braille cell|346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |- |Ф ф ||F f||F f|| F f || F f || F f ||{{Braille cell|f}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ف}}</span> ||Fa || {{IPA|/f/}} |- |Х х ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || X x ||{{Braille cell|h}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ح}}</span> ||Ḥa||{{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/ꭓ/}} |- |Һ һ ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || H h ||{{Braille cell|v}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> ||Initial Ha|| {{IPA|/h/}} |- |Ц ц ||?||C c|| S s || || C c ||{{Braille cell|c}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|تس}}</span> || Ta + Seen || {{IPA|/ts/, /s/}} |- |Ч ч ||?||Ç ç|| Ch ch || Cʼ cʼ || Ç ç ||{{Braille cell|12345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|چ}}</span> || Cheem/Che ||{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- |Ш ш ||Ş ş||Ş ş|| Sh sh || Sʼ sʼ || Ş ş ||{{Braille cell|156}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ش}}</span> || Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- |Щ щ ||?||Şç şç|| Shch shch || || Şç şç||{{Braille cell|x}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|شش}}</span> || Sheen + Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}} |- |Ъ ъ ||||"|| || || (ʺ) ||{{Braille cell|12356}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Ы ы ||Y y||Y y|| Y y || Y y || I ı ||{{Braille cell|2346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ى}}</span> ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɯ/}} |- |І і ||I ı||İ i|| I i || I i || İ i ||{{Braille cell|y}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |- |Ь ь |||| '|| || || (ʹ) ||{{Braille cell|23456}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Э э ||?||E e|| E e || || É é||{{Braille cell|ow}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} |- |Ю ю ||İu iu||Yu yu|| Iý ıý || || Yw yw |{{Braille cell|ü}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يۋ}}</span> || Ya + Waw with 3 dots || {{IPA|/jʏw/, /jʊw/}} |- |Я я ||İa ia||Ya ya|| Ia ıa || || Ya ya ||{{Braille cell|1246}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يا}}</span> || Ya + Alif || {{IPA|/jɑ, jæ/}} |} Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: {{le|Guá-ê Kazakhstan|Menıñ Qazaqstanym}}. ==Bûn-pún sī-lē== [[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên]] tē-1 tiâu:<ref>{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = [[Wikisource]]|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%" ! Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) ! Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) ! [[Eng-gí]] |- | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|lang=kk-Arab|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.}}</span> ||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |- ! Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó<br>(2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) ! colspan="2" | Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó<br>({{le|Kazinform|Kazinform}}, {{le|Kazakh Uikipitia|Kazakh Wikipedia}} hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) |- |Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | colspan="2" |Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. |- ! Kazakh iōng {{le|Yañalif|Yañalif}}<br>(1929 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Yañalif<br>(1938 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Phing-im<br>(1964&ndash;1984) |- |Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. |Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. |Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |- ! Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) ! colspan=2 | Kazakh iōng [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] |- | Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | colspan=2 | {{IPA-kk|bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen {{!}} sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq {{!}} bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖|}} |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{en}} *Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с. *Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020. *Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1. *Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0) {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Latin bûn-jī jī-bó|Latin-script alphabet}} (Latin-script alphabet) *{{le|Arianespace|Arianespace}} *{{le|Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Francis Wade}} *{{le|Joseph Gaertner|Joseph Gaertner}} *{{le|Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Carl Ludwig Willdenow}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter] * [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter] * [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter] * [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the ''People's Daily Online''] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{tsl|en|template:Arabic script|state=collapsed}} {{tsl|en|template:Kazakhstan topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}} [[Category:Kazakh-gí|Alphabets]] [[Category:Kok Türk gí-giân sú-iōng ê jī-bó hē-thóng]] qe7skljb34xhggip2kf4wor9egjvbh5 3136702 3136701 2022-08-24T20:32:00Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kazakh latin alphabet (1924).JPG|right|400px|thumb|1924-nî ê kazakh alapik hām latin bû-jī]] '''Kazakh jī-bó''' ([[kazakh-gí]]: kазақ әліпбиі; [[ing-gí]]: kazakh alphabets), sī [[Siá-jī|su-siá]] kazakh-gí ê bûn-jī. [[kazakh-cho̍k]] teh li̍k-sú siōng pa̍t sú-iōng kuè {{le|kū türk bûn-jī|Old Turkic script}}, m̄-ku tsit-má tuā-pōo-hūn lóng sú-iōng [[kilil jī-bó]], {{le|alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} hām [[latin bûn-jī]]. ==Kilil bûn-jī== '''[[Kazakh-gí|Kazakh]] [[kilil jī-bó]]''' {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF" | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | А а | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ә ә | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Б б | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | В в | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Г г | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ғ ғ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Д|Д д]] | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Е е | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ё ё |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ж ж | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | З з | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | И и | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Й й | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | К к | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Қ қ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Л л | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | М м | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Н н |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ң ң | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | О о | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ө ө | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | П п | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Р р | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | С с | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Т т | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | У у | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ұ ұ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ү ү | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ф ф | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Х х | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Һ һ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ц ц | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ч ч | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ш ш | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Щ щ | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ъ ъ |- | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ы ы | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | І і | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ь ь | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Э э | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | Ю ю | style="width:3em; text-align:center; padding: 3px;" | [[Я|Я я]] | | | |} [[Kazakhstan]] hām [[Bông-kó͘|mongolia]] ê [[Bayan-Ölgii Séng|ayan-ölgii Síng]] sú-iōng kazakh kilil jī-bó. В, Ё (1957-nir khai-sí), Ф, Х, Ц, Ч, Ъ, Ь kah Э bô iōng teh kazakh-gí lāi-té. === Li̍k-sú === Uì [[latin jī-bó]] tsuán-uānn kàu [[kilil jī-bó]] ko-lîng sī uī-tio̍h hōo tang-sî ê soo-liân [[kazakhstan]] kah [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türkiye]] pó-tshî tsi̍t-ê kī-lî.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Aslan|first=Betül|date=2010-03-01|title=SOVYET RUSYA HAKİMİYETİNDE YAŞAYAN TÜRKLERİN ORTAK “BİRLEŞTİRİLMİŞ TÜRK ALFABESİ”NDEN “RUS KİRİL” ALFABESİNE GEÇİRİLMESİ|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ataunitaed/issue/2879/39703|journal=Atatürk Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları Enstitüsü Dergisi|volume=16|issue=40|pages=357–374|issn=1300-9052}}</ref> ===Pen-bé=== *СТ РК 920-91 iōng-teh MS-DOS ({{le|tāi-bé ia̍h|code page}} 866 ê siu-kái) *СТ РК 1048—2002 iōng-teh Windows (tāi-bé ia̍h 1251 ê siu-kái) СТ РК 1048—2002 teh 2002-nî tit-tio̍h khak-jīn, tse-sī teh ín-ji̍p bô kâng-khuán ê Windows jī-hû tsip liáu-āu. Teh tsìng-hú sìn-sit ki-kòo QazAqparat teh tsia-ê piau-tsún pen-bé tsìn-tsîng, ū tsi̍t-kuá [[internet]] ê pōo-hūn tsu-guân í-king ū teh sú-iōng. Kàu kin-á-ji̍t UTF-8 ê pen-bé í-king hông tsiap-siū. ===khí-bóo=== Iōng teh [[Kazakhstan]] kilil [[kazakh-gí]] ê piau-tsún [[Windows]] [[Khí-bó͘ pò͘-kio̍k|khí-bóo pòo-kio̍k]] sī kā piau-tsún ê [[lōo-gí]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]] siu-kái lâi e̊, teh {{le|sòo-jī|Numerical digit}} ke3n tíng-kuân ē-tàng tshuē-tio̍h kazakh-gí m̄-ku bô pau-kua [[lōo-gí]] ê jī-hû. [[File:Keyboard KAZ.png|none|400 px|thumb|Kazakh-gí ê [[Kyril jī|Kilil jī-bó]] [[Khí-bó͘ (tiān-náu)|khí-bóo]].]] ==Latin bûn-jī== [[File:Sotsijaldy qazaqstan.jpg|thumb|Iōng latin bûn-jī su-siá ê kazakh [[Sin-bûn-chóa|pò-tsuá]] "Kazakh Siā-huē tsú-gī tsiá" (Социалды Қазағыстан), 1937-nî [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]].]] [[File:Selected-Works-of-Mao-Zedong-in-Kazakh-Title-page-3477.jpg|thumb|1977-nî teh [[Pak-kiaⁿ|Pak-kiañ]] [[Chhut-pán|tshut-pán]] sú-iōng [[latin jī-bó]] ê kazakh bûn-jī huan-i̍k ê "[[Mô͘ Te̍k-tong|Bôo Ti̍k-tong]] bûn-suán" (Мау Зыдоң Таңдамалы Шығармалары).]] Tsiâñ-tsē latin jī-bó iōng lâi su-siá kazakh-gí. Khiā-tī {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} ê jī-bó pèn-thé í-king hōo [[Thó͘-ní-kî|türk]], se-hong kok-ka hām kazakhstan ê kiâu-bîn hui tsìng-sik sú-iōng. Kah kî-thañ tiong-a ê {{le|türk gí-gên|Turkic languages}} kâng-khuán, latin jī-bó, thóng-it turk jī-bó sī iû soo-lên ín-ji̍p e̊, koh teh 1929 tsí 1940 nî-kan hōo kilil jī-bó lâi thè-tāi.<ref name = April2017change>{{cite news|url = https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html|title = Kazakh President Orders Shift Away From Cyrillic Alphabet|work = [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]|date=April 12, 2017|access-date=October 30, 2017 |archive-date = July 6, 2017|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170706223651/https://www.rferl.org/a/kazakh-president-orders-shift-from-cyrillic/28425590.html}}</ref><ref name="Nazarbayev">{{cite news|newspaper = [[Egemen Qazaqstan]]|title = Болашаққа бағдар: рухани жаңғыру|date = April 26, 2017|access-date = October 30, 2017|trans-title = Orientation for the future: spiritual revival|first = Нұрсұлтан|last = Назарбаев|author-link = Nursultan Nazarbayev|url = https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170628091133/https://egemen.kz/article/nursultan-nazarbaev-bolashaqqa-baghdar-rukhani-zhanhghyru|archive-date = June 28, 2017|language = kk}}</ref> Tshú-guā, teh 1964-84 nî-kan, tiong-kok ê [[Kazakh-cho̍k|kazakh-lâng]] sú-iōng latin jī-bó tsok-uî kazakh-gí. Āu-lâi, kazakh alapik jī-bó ê sú-iōng teh tiong-kok tit-tio̍h khue-ho̍k.<ref name="Minglang Zhou 2003">{{cite book|author=Minglang Zhou|url={{Google books|joE5ZASNCGYC|Multilingualism in China|page = 149|keywords = kirgiz Arabic script shares major|plainurl = yes}}|title=Multilingualism in China: The Politics of Writing Reforms for Minority Languages, 1949-2002|publisher=[[Mouton de Gruyter]]|year=2003|isbn=3-11-017896-6|page=149|via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref> '''1929 [[latin jī-bó]] (Çaꞑalip)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |H h |- | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |P p |- | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} '''1938 latin jī-bó (Çaꞑaljp)''' {| class=standard cellpadding=5 style="font-size: 1.5em; line-height: 2em; text-align: center;" | style=«width:3em;» |A a | style=«width:3em;» |B ʙ | style=«width:3em;» |V v | style=«width:3em;» |G g | style=«width:3em;» |D d | style=«width:3em;» |E e | style=«width:3em;» |Ç ç | style=«width:3em;» |Z z | style=«width:3em;» |I i | style=«width:3em;» |J j | style=«width:3em;» |K k |- | style=«width:3em;» |L l | style=«width:3em;» |M m | style=«width:3em;» |N n | style=«width:3em;» |O o | style=«width:3em;» |P p | style=«width:3em;» |R r | style=«width:3em;» |S s | style=«width:3em;» |T t | style=«width:3em;» |U u | style=«width:3em;» |F f | style=«width:3em;» |X x |- | style=«width:3em;» |Ƣ ƣ | style=«width:3em;» |Q q | style=«width:3em;» |C c | style=«width:3em;» |Ə ə | style=«width:3em;» |H h | style=«width:3em;» |Ꞑ ꞑ | style=«width:3em;» |Ɵ ɵ | style=«width:3em;» |Ū ū | style=«width:3em;» |Y y | style=«width:3em;» |Ь ь |} ===Tsuè-kīn ê huat-tén=== '''Kazakh latin jī-bó (2021-nî 4-gue̍h)'''<ref>[https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/ Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031]</ref> {| style="font-size:1.4em; border-color:#000000; border-width:1px; border-style:solid; border-collapse:collapse; background-color:#F8F8EF; text-align: center" | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | A a<br><small>(А а)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ä ä<br><small>(Ә ә)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | B b<br><small>(Б б)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | D d<br><small>(Д д)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | E e<br><small>(Е е)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | F f<br><small>(Ф ф)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | G g<br><small>(Г г)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ğ ğ<br><small>(Ғ ғ)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | H h<br><small>(Х х,<br>Һ һ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | I ı<br><small>(І і)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | İ i<br><small>(Й й,<br>И и)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | J j<br><small>(Ж ж)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | K k<br><small>(К к)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | L l<br><small>(Л л)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | M m<br><small>(М м)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | N n<br><small>(Н н)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ñ ñ<br><small>(Ң ң)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | O o<br><small>(О о)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ö ö<br><small>(Ө ө)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | P p<br><small>(П п)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Q q<br><small>(Қ қ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | R r<br><small>(Р р)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | S s<br><small>(С с)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ş ş<br><small>(Ш ш)</small> |- | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | T t<br><small>(Т т)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | U u<br><small>(У у)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ū ū<br><small>(Ұ ұ)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Ü ü<br><small>(Ү ү)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | V v<br><small>(В в)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Y y<br><small>(Ы ы)</small> | style="width:3em; padding: 3px;" | Z z<br><small>(З з)</small> | |} ==Tôo-siōng== <gallery widths="180px" heights="220px"> 2017 Kazakh Latin Alphabet.png|Siōng-tāi-sing thê-gī ê Kazakh [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] ê latin jī-bó sī-iû tsóng-thóng līng 569-hō (2017 10-gue̍h 26) huat-pòo si̍t-si,<ref name="Decree569">{{cite web|title = О переводе алфавита казахского языка с кириллицы на латинскую графику|trans-title = On the change of the alphabet of the Kazakh language from the Cyrillic to the Latin script|language = RU|publisher = {{le|Kazakhstan ê tsóng-thóng|President of Kazakhstan}}|url = http://www.akorda.kz/ru/legal_acts/decrees/o-perevode-alfavita-kazahskogo-yazyka-s-kirillicy-na-latinskuyu-grafiku|date = October 26, 2017|access-date = October 26, 2017}}</ref> suî-āu teh 2018 2-gue̍h 19 tsóng-thóng līng 637-hō huat-pòo siu-tìng, siu-tìng ê lāi-iông sī iōng pèn-im hû-hō hām {{le|jī-ha̍p jī-bó|Digraph (orthography)}} lâi thè-tāi {{le|phiat-hō|Apostrophe}}. 2018 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2018-nî siu-tīng ê Kazakh latin jī-bó, bo̍k-tsên kuañ-hong tng-teh sú-iōng.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://egov.kz/cms/en/articles/Alfavit-kazahskogo-yazyka-na-latinice|title=Gradual transition of the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet|website=Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan|access-date=2020-05-04}}</ref> 2019 Kazakh Latin alphabet 2.png|2019-nî thê-tshut ê sin-pán Kazakh latin jī-bó-pió. 2021 Kazakh Latin alphabet table - RU.svg|2021-nî 1-gue̍h siu-tīng kazakh latin jī-bó, uì 2023-nî khai-sí tsìng-sik sú-iōng (tû-liáu [[Ŋ|Ŋŋ]] king-kái tsò Ññ)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2021/02/kazakhstan-presents-new-latin-alphabet-plans-gradual-transition-through-2031/|title=Kazakhstan Presents New Latin Alphabet, Plans Gradual Transition Through 2031|website=Astana Times|date=February 2021|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> </gallery> ==Alapik bûn-jī== [[File:Kazakh ArabicScript.jpg|thumb|Kazakh ê Alapik bûn-jī sī-iû Baitursunov khai-huat e̊.]] === Kazakh Alapik jī-bó ê hîng-sik === Kazakh [[A-la-pek jī-bó]] {| class="sortable wikitable" ![[Choán-jī]] !Kazakh miâ-tshing ![[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] !To̍k-li̍p !Tsuè-āu !Tiong-iong !Khí-thâu |- align="center" |Аа |әліп (''älip'') |{{IPA|[ɑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Әә |һәмзә-әліп (''hämzä-älip'') |{{IPA|[æ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴﺎ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Бб |ба (''ba'') |{{IPA|[b]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺏ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺐ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺑ}}</span> |- align="center" |Пп |па (''pa'') |{{IPA|[p]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭙ}}</span> |- align="center" |Тт |та (''ta'') |{{IPA|[t]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Жж |жим (''jım'') |{{IPA|[ʑ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Чч |ха үш ноқат (''ha üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[t͡ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭺ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭻ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭽ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﭼ}}</span> |- align="center" |Хх |ха (''xa'') |{{IPA|[χ~q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Дд |дәл (''däl'') |{{IPA|[d]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺩ}}</span> |- align="center" |Рр |ра (''ra'') |{{IPA|[r]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺭ}}</span> |- align="center" |Зз |заин (''zaın'') |{{IPA|[z]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺰ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺯ}}</span> |- align="center" |Сс |син (''sın'') |{{IPA|[s]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺱ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺲ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺳ}}</span> |- align="center" |Шш |шин (''şın'') |{{IPA|[ɕ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺵ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺶ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﺷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ғғ |аин (''aın'') |{{IPA|[ɢ~ʁ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻉ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻊ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻌ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻋ}}</span> |- align="center" |Фф |фа (''fa'') |{{IPA|[f]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻑ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻒ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻔ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻓ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ққ |қаф (''qaf'') |{{IPA|[q]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻖ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻘ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Кк |кәф (''käf'') |{{IPA|[k]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـك}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـكـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|كـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Гг |гәф (''gäf'') |{{IPA|[ɡ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮓ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮕ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﮔ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ңң |кәф үш ноқат (''käf üş noqat'') |{{IPA|[ŋ~ɴ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـڭـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭـ}}</span> |- align="center" |Лл |ләм (''läm'') |{{IPA|[l~ɫ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻝ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻠ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻟ}}</span> |- align="center" |Мм |мим (''mım'') |{{IPA|[m]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻡ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻢ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻤ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻣ}}</span> |- align="center" |Нн |нун (''nun'') |{{IPA|[n]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻥ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻦ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻨ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻧ}}</span> |- align="center" |Оо |уау (''uau'') |{{IPA|[wʊ~o̞]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻮ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> |- align="center" |Өө |һәмзә-уау (''hämzä-uau'') |{{IPA|[wʏ~ɵ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـو}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ұұ |уау дамма (''uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʊ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯗ}}</span> |- align="center" |Үү |һәмзә-уау дамма (''hämzä-uau damma'') |{{IPA|[ʏ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـﯗ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> |- align="center" |Уу |уау үш ноқат (''uau üş noqat'') |[w], [ʊw], [ʏw] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـﯞ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﯞ}}</span> |- align="center" |Вв |уау құсбелгі (''uau qūsbelgi'') |{{IPA|[v]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـۆ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> |- align="center" |Ее |һә (''hä'') |{{IPA|[jɪ]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> | colspan="2" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻪ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Һһ |һә екі көз (''hä eki köz'') |{{IPA|[h]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـھـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Іі |я (''ıa'') |[ə] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻯ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ىـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Ыы |һәмзә-я (''hämzä-ıa'') |[ɪ] |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـى}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٴـىـ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸـ}}</span> |- |- align="center" |Йй, Ии |я екі ноқат (''ıa eki noqat'') |{{IPA|[j], [ɪj], [əj]}} |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻴ}}</span> |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ﻳ}}</span> |- align="center" |{{transl|sem|-}} |һәмзә (''hämzä'') | | colspan="4" |<span style="font-size:160%;">{{Script/Arabic|ء}}</span> |} ==Tuì-ìng tôo-pió== Kuañ-hong hām siong kóng-huàn ê su-siá bûn-jī ê tuì-ìng tôo-pió {| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-feature-settings:'cv50' 1;" !Kilil !Latin (2021 4-gue̍h)<ref name="tengrinews_435370">{{Cite web|url= https://tengrinews.kz/kazakhstan_news/novyiy-kazahskiy-alfavit-latinitse-predstavlen-proekt-ukaza-435370/|title=New kazakh latin alphabet was shown|access-date=2021-02-02}}</ref> !Latin (2019)<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://astanatimes.com/2019/11/fourth-version-of-kazakh-latin-script-will-preserve-language-purity-linguists-say/|title=Fourth version of Kazakh Latin script will preserve language purity, linguists say|last=Yergaliyeva|first=Aidana|date=2019-11-18|website=The Astana Times|language=en|access-date=2020-04-03}}</ref> !Latin<br>(2018)<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/alphabet|title = Qazaq álipbıi}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.qazlatyn.kz/converter/text|title = Mátindik konverter}}</ref> !!Latin<br>(2017) !!Latin<br>({{le|Kazinform|KazInform|QazAqparat}}, Kazakh Uikiphitia) !{{le|Kazakh bông-bûn|Kazakh Braille|Bông-bûn}} !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik]] !! [[A-la-pek jī-bó|Alapik jī-bó]] ê miâ-tshing !! [[IPA]] tsuàn-i̍k<ref>{{citation |last=Vajda |first=Edward |editor-last1=Kaplan |editor-first1=E. |editor-last2=Whisenhunt |editor-first2=D. |year=1994 |chapter=Kazakh phonology |title=Essays presented in honor of Henry Schwarz |place=Washington |publisher=Western Washington |pages=603–650 }}</ref><ref>{{citation |last=McCollum |first=Adam |year=2015 |chapter=Labial Harmonic Shift in Kazakh: Mapping the Pathways and Motivations for Decay |title=Proceedings of the Forty-First Annual Meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society |volume=41 |publisher=Berkeley Linguistics Society |place=Berkeley |pages=329–351 }}</ref> |- |А а ||A a|| A a || A a || A a || A a ||{{Braille cell|a}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ا}}</span> || Alif || {{IPA|/ɑ/}} |- |Ә ә ||Ä ä||Ä ä|| Á á || Aʼ aʼ || Ä ä ||{{Braille cell|345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٵ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif|| {{IPA|/æ/}} |- |Б б ||B b||B b|| B b || B b || B b ||{{Braille cell|b}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ب}}</span> || Ba || {{IPA|/b/}} |- |В в ||V v||V v|| V v || V v || V v ||{{Braille cell|w}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۆ}}</span> || Waw with V || {{IPA|/v/}} |- |Г г ||G g||G g|| G g || G g || G g ||{{Braille cell|g}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|گ}}</span> || Gaf || {{IPA|/ɡ/}} |- |Ғ ғ ||Ğ ğ||Ğ ğ|| Ǵ ǵ || Gʼ gʼ || Ğ ğ ||{{Braille cell|12456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|غ}}</span> || Ghain || {{IPA|/ʁ/}} |- |Д д ||D d||D d|| D d || D d || D d ||{{Braille cell|d}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|د}}</span> || Dal || {{IPA|/d/}} |- |Е е ||E e||E e|| E e || E e || E e ||{{Braille cell|e}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/jɪ/}} |- |Ё ё ||İo io||Yo yo|| Io ıo || Yo yo |–||{{Braille cell|16}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يو}}</span>||Ya + Waw |{{IPA|/jo/}} |- |Ж ж ||J j||J j|| J j || J j || J j ||{{Braille cell|j}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ج}}</span> || Jeem || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- |З з ||Z z||Z z|| Z z || Z z || Z z ||{{Braille cell|z}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ز}}</span> || Za || {{IPA|/z/}} |- |И и ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Ï ï ||{{Braille cell|i}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> || Hamza + Ya ||{{IPA|/ɪj/}}, {{IPA|/əj/}} |- |Й й ||İ i||I ı|| I ı || Iʼ iʼ || Y y ||{{Braille cell|12346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ي}}</span> || Ya || {{IPA|/j/}} |- |К к ||K k ||K k|| K k || K k || K k ||{{Braille cell|k}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ك}}</span> || Kaf || {{IPA|/k/}} |- |Қ қ ||Q q||Q q|| Q q || Q q || Q q ||{{Braille cell|1456}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ق}}</span> || Qaf || {{IPA|/q/}} |- |Л л ||L l||L l|| L l || L l || L l ||{{Braille cell|l}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ل}}</span> || Lam || {{IPA|/l/}} |- |М м ||M m||M m|| M m || M m || M m ||{{Braille cell|m}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|م}}</span> || Meem || {{IPA|/m/}} |- |Н н ||N n||N n|| N n || N n || N n ||{{Braille cell|n}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ن}}</span> || Noon || {{IPA|/n/}} |- |Ң ң ||Ñ ñ||Ŋ ŋ|| Ń ń || Nʼ nʼ || Ñ ñ ||{{Braille cell|146}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ڭ}}</span> || Ng ||{{IPA|/ŋ/}} |- |О о ||O o||O o|| O o || O o || O o ||{{Braille cell|o}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|و}}</span> || Waw || {{IPA|/wʊ/}} |- |Ө ө ||Ö ö|| Ö ö|| Ó ó || Oʼ oʼ || Ö ö ||{{Braille cell|126}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٶ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw || {{IPA|/wʏ/}} |- |П п ||P p||P p|| P p || P p || P p ||{{Braille cell|p}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|پ}}</span> || Pa || {{IPA|/p/}} |- |Р р ||R r||R r|| R r || R r || R r ||{{Braille cell|r}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ر}}</span> || Ra || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- |С с ||S s||S s|| S s || S s || S s ||{{Braille cell|s}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|س}}</span> || Seen || {{IPA|/s/}} |- |Т т ||T t||T t|| T t || T t || T t ||{{Braille cell|t}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ت}}</span> || Ta || {{IPA|/t/}} |- |У у ||U u||W w|| Ý ý || Yʼ yʼ || W w ||{{Braille cell|u}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۋ}}</span> ||Waw with 3 dots|| {{IPA|/w/, /ʊw/, /ʏw/}} |- |Ұ ұ ||Ū ū||U u|| U u || U u || U u ||{{Braille cell|34}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ۇ}}</span> ||Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- |Ү ү ||Ü ü||Ü ü|| Ú ú || Uʼ uʼ || Ü ü ||{{Braille cell|346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٷ}}</span> ||Hamza + Waw with ''damma''|| {{IPA|/ʏ/}} |- |Ф ф ||F f||F f|| F f || F f || F f ||{{Braille cell|f}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ف}}</span> ||Fa || {{IPA|/f/}} |- |Х х ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || X x ||{{Braille cell|h}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ح}}</span> ||Ḥa||{{IPA|/q/}}, {{IPA|/ꭓ/}} |- |Һ һ ||H h||H h|| H h || H h || H h ||{{Braille cell|v}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ھ}}</span> ||Initial Ha|| {{IPA|/h/}} |- |Ц ц ||?||C c|| S s || || C c ||{{Braille cell|c}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|تس}}</span> || Ta + Seen || {{IPA|/ts/, /s/}} |- |Ч ч ||?||Ç ç|| Ch ch || Cʼ cʼ || Ç ç ||{{Braille cell|12345}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|چ}}</span> || Cheem/Che ||{{IPA|/tʃ/}} |- |Ш ш ||Ş ş||Ş ş|| Sh sh || Sʼ sʼ || Ş ş ||{{Braille cell|156}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ش}}</span> || Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- |Щ щ ||?||Şç şç|| Shch shch || || Şç şç||{{Braille cell|x}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|شش}}</span> || Sheen + Sheen || {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}} |- |Ъ ъ ||||"|| || || (ʺ) ||{{Braille cell|12356}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Ы ы ||Y y||Y y|| Y y || Y y || I ı ||{{Braille cell|2346}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ى}}</span> ||Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɯ/}} |- |І і ||I ı||İ i|| I i || I i || İ i ||{{Braille cell|y}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ٸ}}</span> ||Hamza + Alif maqṣūrah||{{IPA|/ɪ/}} |- |Ь ь |||| '|| || || (ʹ) ||{{Braille cell|23456}} || -- || -- || -- |- |Э э ||?||E e|| E e || || É é||{{Braille cell|ow}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|ە}}</span> || Ha || {{IPA|/ɛ/}} |- |Ю ю ||İu iu||Yu yu|| Iý ıý || || Yw yw |{{Braille cell|ü}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يۋ}}</span> || Ya + Waw with 3 dots || {{IPA|/jʏw/, /jʊw/}} |- |Я я ||İa ia||Ya ya|| Ia ıa || || Ya ya ||{{Braille cell|1246}} || <span style="font-size:130%;">{{Script/Arabic|يا}}</span> || Ya + Alif || {{IPA|/jɑ, jæ/}} |} Kuat-hō lāi-té ê hû-hō kan-na iōng teh siang-hiòng im-i̍k. Tsham-ua̍t: {{le|Guá-ê Kazakhstan|Menıñ Qazaqstanym}}. ==Bûn-pún sī-lē== [[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sè-kài jîn-kuân suan-gên]] tē-1 tiâu:<ref>{{cite book|title = Universal Declaration of Human Rights|edition = Kazakh|via = [[Wikisource]]|title-link = oldwikisource:Адам құқықтарының жалпыға бірдей декларациясы}}</ref> {| class="wikitable" style="table-layout:fixed;width:100%" ! Kazakh (Kilil bûn-jī) ! Kazakh (Alapik bûn-jī) ! [[Eng-gí]] |- | Барлық адамдар тумысынан азат және қадір-қасиеті мен құқықтары тең болып дүниеге келеді. Адамдарға ақыл-парасат, ар-ождан берілген, сондықтан олар бір-бірімен туыстық, бауырмалдық қарым-қатынас жасаулары тиіс. |dir="rtl"| <span style="font-size:130%;line-height:1.35;">{{Script/Arabic|lang=kk-Arab|بارلىق ادامدار تۋمىسىنان ازات جانە قادىر-قاسيەتى مەن كۇقىقتارى تەڭ بولىپ دۇنيەگە كەلەدى. ادامدارعا اقىل-پاراسات، ار-وجدان بەرىلگەن، سوندىقتان ولار ٴبىر-بىرىمەن تۋىستىق، باۋىرمالدىق قارىم-قاتىناس جاساۋلارى ٴتيىس.}}</span> ||All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. |- ! Kazakh iōng Latin jī-bó<br>(2017 iû Nazarbayev phue-tsún, 2018 siu-kái) ! colspan="2" | Kazakh iōng Lating jī-bó<br>({{le|Kazinform|Kazinform}}, {{le|Kazakh Uikipitia|Kazakh Wikipedia}} hām gí-giân ha̍k-ka ê pán-pún) |- |Barlyq adamdar týmysynan azat jáne qadir-qasıeti men quqyqtary teń bolyp dúnıege keledi. Adamdarǵa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondyqtan olar bir-birimen týystyq, baýyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaýlary tıis. | colspan="2" |Barlıq adamdar twmısınan azat jäne qadir-qasïyeti men quqıqtarı teñ bolıp dünïyege keledi. Adamdarğa aqıl-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondıqtan olar bir-birimen twıstıq, bawırmaldıq qarım-qatınas jasawları tïis. |- ! Kazakh iōng {{le|Yañalif|Yañalif}}<br>(1929 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Yañalif<br>(1938 piàn-thé) ! Kazakh iōng Phing-im<br>(1964&ndash;1984) |- |Barlьq adamdar tьvmьsьnan azat çəne qadir-qasijeti men quqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dynijege keledi. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berilgen, sondьqtan olar bir-birimen tьvьstьq, bavьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasavlarь tijis. |Barlьq adamdar tumьsьnan azat çəne qadjr-qasietj men qūqьqtarь teꞑ bolьp dyniege keledj. Adamdarƣa aqьl-parasat, ar-oçdan berjlgen, sondьqtan olar bjr-bjrjmen tuьstьq, bauьrmaldьq qarьm-qatьnas çasaularь tijs. |Barleⱪ adamdar tewmesenan azat jənê ⱪadir-ⱪasiyêti mên ⱪuⱪeⱪtare têng bolep düniyêgê kêlêdi. Adamdarƣa aⱪel-parasat, ar-ojdan bêrilgên, sondeⱪtan olar bir-birimên tewesteⱪ, bawermaldeⱪ ⱪarem-ⱪatenas jasawlare tiyis. |- ! Kazakh Latin jī-bó (2021) ! colspan=2 | Kazakh iōng [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|IPA]] |- | Barlyq adamdar tumysynan azat jäne qadır-qasietı men qūqyqtary teŋ bolyp düniege keledı. Adamdarğa aqyl-parasat, ar-ojdan berılgen, sondyqtan olar bır-bırımen tuystyq, bauyrmaldyq qarym-qatynas jasaulary tiıs. | colspan=2 | {{IPA-kk|bɑrˈɫəq ɑdɑmˈdɑr tʰʊwməsəˈnɑn ɑˈzɑt ʒæˈɲe qɑˈdɘr qɑsɘjeˈtɘ mʲeɴ qʊqəqtɑˈrə tʲem boˈɫəp dʉnɘjeˈɟe cʰeʎeˈdɘ ‖ ɑdɑmdɑrˈʁɑ‿qəɫ pɑrɑˈsɑt ɑr‿wʊʒˈdɑm bʲerɘʎˈɟen {{!}} sondəqˈtɑn wʊˈɫɑr bɘr bɘrɘˈmʲen tʰʊwəsˈtəq {{!}} bɑwərmɑɫˈdəq qɑˈrəm qɑtəˈnɑs ʒɑsɑwɫɑˈrə tʰɘˈjɘs ‖|}} |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Minglang Zhou (2003). Multilingualism in China: the politics of writing reforms for minority languages, 1949-2002. Volume 89 of Contributions to the sociology of language (illustrated ed.). Published Walter de Gruyter. p. 149. ISBN 3-11-017896-6. Retrieved 2011-01-01. {{en}} *Күдеринова Құралай. Қазақ жазуының тарихы мен теориясы. — Алматы: Елтаным баспасы, 2013. — 242 с. *Сайбекова Н. Грамматологиялық парадигма: А.Байтұрсынұлы және қазақжазу үлгісінің қалыптасуы. — Алматы: Әл-Фараби атындағы Қазақ ұлттық университеті, 2020. *Сыздықова Рәбиға. Қазақ әдеби тілінің тарихы (ХV-ХІХ ғасырлар). — Алматы: Ел-шежіре, 2014. — 352 с. — ISBN 978-601-7317-88-1. *Казахская письменность // Казахстан. Национальная энциклопедия. — Алматы: Қазақ энциклопедиясы, 2005. — Т. III. — ISBN 9965-9746-4-0. (CC BY-SA 3.0) {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Latin bûn-jī jī-bó|Latin-script alphabet}} (Latin-script alphabet) *{{le|Arianespace|Arianespace}} *{{le|Thomas Francis Wade|Thomas Francis Wade}} *{{le|Joseph Gaertner|Joseph Gaertner}} *{{le|Carl Ludwig Willdenow|Carl Ludwig Willdenow}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20051217055645/http://www.primavista.ru/dictionary/abc/kazakh.htm Kazakh alphabet (in Russian)] * [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/kazakh.htm Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation] * [http://www.transliteration.kpr.eu/kk/ Kazakh Cyrillic–Arabic–Latin converter] * [http://www.audarma.com ALASH Cyrillic–Latin–Arabic–Runic online converter] * [http://baltoslav.eu/lat/index.php?j=kz Cyrillic–Latin 2018 online converter] * [http://kazakh.people.com.cn/ Official Kazakh version (in Arabic script) of the ''People's Daily Online''] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{tsl|en|template:Arabic script|state=collapsed}} {{tsl|en|template:Kazakhstan topics|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kazakh Alphabet}} [[Category:Kazakh-gí|Alphabets]] [[Category:Kok Türk gí-giân sú-iōng ê jī-bó hē-thóng]] 46lcfozpw3egw0tq5auag8d8wvvvud2 0 1078016 3136827 3136566 2022-08-25T07:41:05Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Im-ti̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme |name=İ |letter=İ i |image=File:Latin letter İi.svg |imagesize=90px |script=[[Lô-má-jī|Latin jībó]] |type=[[Jī-bó-hē|Jībó]] |typedesc= |language=[[Thó͘-ní-kî-gí|Tulkigí]] |phonemes=[{{IPAlink|i}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|j}}]<br>[{{IPA|ɪj}}]<br>[{{IPA|əj}}] |unicode=U+0130, U+0069 |fam1=<hiero>D36</hiero> |fam2=[[File:Proto-semiticI-01.svg|20px|Yad]] |fam3=[[File:Proto-semiticI-02.svg|20px|Yad]] |fam4=[[Image:Phoenician yodh.svg|20px|Yad]] |fam5=[[File:Early Aramaic character - yud.svg|20px|Yad]] |fam6=[[File:Greek_Iota_normal.svg|20px|Early Yota]] |fam7=[[Iota|Ιι]] |fam8=[[𐌉]] |fam9=[[I|I i]] |usageperiod=1928 kàu bo̍k-tsên |sisters=[[l (bô siōng kù-tiám)|I ı]] |direction=Left-to-Right }} [[File:Ectaco ML320 Turkish error.jpg|thumb|Uì [[türk-gí]] [[Hoan-e̍k|huan-i̍k]] tsiâñ-tsò [[pholân-gí]] ê sî-tsūn, kā ū-tiám ê ''İ'' hián-sī tsò bô-tiám ê ''[[I]]'' hit-tang-tsūn tshut-tshò.]] '''İ''' (İ i, Ing-gí: dotted I, ia̍h-sī i-siōng-kù-tiám) teh {{le|türk jī-bó|Turkish alphabet}} lāi-té, ū nn̄g-tsióng bô-kâng ê /İ/ jī-bó; hun-pe̍t sī jī-bó tíng-kuân ū tsah {{le|tiám (hù-ka hû-hō)|Dot (diacritic)|tiám}} hām bô tsah tiám e̊. Tû-liáu [[türk-gí]] í-guā, koh-ū [[azerbaijan-gí]], {{le|Crimea Tatar-gí|Crimean Tatar language}}, [[kazakh-gí]], {{le|salar-gí|Salar language}}, hām [[tatar-gí]] tīng-tīng [[gí-giân]] mā lóng sú-iōng tsit-ê [[jī-bó]].<ref>"Arşivlenmiş kopya".[https://web.archive.org/web/20140112155401/http://www.ekanun.net/1353-sayili-kanun/index.html] 12 Ocak 2014 tarihinde kaynağından arşivlendi. Erişim tarihi: 12 Ocak 2014. {{tr icon}}</ref> ==Im-ti̍k== {{Unicode|'''İ/i'''}} jī-bó thong-siông ê [[Im-tī]] sī iōng-lâi piáu-sī [[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|pì tsîng put uân-tûn bú-im]] {{IPA|/i/}}.<ref>中華民國教育部,"臺灣閩南語羅馬字拼音方案"[http://ws.moe.edu.tw/001/Upload/FileUpload/3677-15601/Documents/151609.pdf],教育部語文成果網,語字第0950151609號公告,2006-10-14. {{zh}}</ref> Tuā-siá hām sió-siá ê jī-bó tíng-kuân lóng tsah tiám. Sī-lē：[[İstanbul]] (İstanbul ê phing-huat si-iōng '''i''' im, m̄-sī iōng '''[[l (bô siōng kù-tiám)|ı]]''' im lâi khai-sí e̊.) ==Kè-sǹg tāi-bé== {{charmap |0130|name1=Latin tuā-siá jī-bó<br />I tíng-kuân ka tiám |0069|name2=Latin sió-siá jī-bó I |map1=[[ISO 8859-9]]|map1char1=DD|map1char2=69 |map2=[[ISO 8859-3]]|map2char1=A9|map2char2=69 }} == Jī-hû pen-bé == {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Hîng-sik !! Jī-bó !! Jī-hû ket-kòo !! 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé !! Suat-bîng |- | Tuā-siá || '''İ''' || {{UniCar|0130|lettre majuscule latine i point en chef}} || <code>U+A68E</code> ||Latin tuā-siá jī-bó İ |- | Sió-siá || '''i''' || {{UniCar|0069|lettre minuscule latine i}} || <code>U+A68F</code> || Latin sió-siá jī-bó i |- |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[siōng kù-tiám]] (point suscrit/上句點) *{{le|Anaea (iâ-á)|Anaea (butterfly)}} *{{le|Harriet Quimby|Harriet Quimby}} *{{le|Whanganui ūn-tōng|Whanganui campaign}} *{{le|Richèl Hogenkamp|Richèl Hogenkamp}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} {{Scriptsource|0130|0069}} *[http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Latin Extended-A; Range: 0100–017F] {{Wayback|url=http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf |date=20161106223741 }} *Tex Texin, [http://www.i18nguy.com/unicode/turkish-i18n.html Internationalization for Turkish: Dotted and Dotless Letter "I"], retrievd 2022-02-14. {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Latin jī-bó hù-ka piàn-im hû-hō|İi]] [[Category:Bó-im jī-bó]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Thó͘-ní-kî-gí]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-bó ka tiám]] 81qjsb7hiyi21yj4gxcz3h5hdmgmkp3 0 1078099 3136826 3136565 2022-08-25T07:40:25Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Im-ti̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme |name=Ŧ (T {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} [[Liân-oe̍h|huâiñ]] [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]]) |letter=Ŧ ŧ |variations= |image= |imagesize=200px |imagealt= |script=[[Latin jī-bó]] |type=[[Jī-bó]] |typedesc=ic |language={{le|So͘-liân gí-giân latin-hoà|Latinisation in the Soviet Union|Soo-lên gí-gên latin-huà}} |phonemes=[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|[s̪]]] |unicode=U+0166, U+0167 |alphanumber= |number= |fam1= |fam2= |fam3= |fam4= |fam5= |fam6= |fam7= |fam8= |fam9= }} '''Ŧ''' ({{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ŧ''', [[Lô-má-jī|latin jī-bó]]; ing-gí: T/t with a bar or T/t with stroke) sī ên-sin [[latin jī-bó]] ê {{le|piàn-thé (gí-giân-ha̍k)|Variety (linguistics)|pèn-thé}} jī-bó tsi-it, kiò-tsò {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} [[Liân-oe̍h|huâiñ]] [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]] ê T/t (Ŧ/ŧ), sī {{le|pak-sami gí|Northern Sami}} (davvisámegiella) ê tē-25 ê [[jī-bó]]; piáu-sī {{le|Chheng khí chhat im|Voiceless dental fricative|tshing khí tshat-im}} {{IPA|/θ/}}.<ref name=thistaim>{{Cite book|last1=Kahn|first1=Lily|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IDslDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8|title=North Sámi: An Essential Grammar|last2=Riita-Liisa|first2=Valijärvi|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2017|isbn=978-1-317-55811-8|location=Milton Park, England|pages=15|access-date=2021-10-28}}</ref> ==Im-ti̍k== Ŧ/ŧ thong-siông ê [[Im-tī]] piáu-sī {{le|Chheng khí chhhat-im|Voiceless dental fricative|tshing khí tshat-im}} [θ].<ref name=thistaim/> hām [[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|tshing khí-gûn tshhat-im]] /s̪/.<ref name=saanichim/> Mā iōng-tsò [[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|tshing khí-gûn sat-im]] /t/ ê {{le|sàng-khì hù-im|Aspirated consonant|sàng-khì}} [[Ho͘-im|im]] /tʰ/. ==Sú-iōng gí-gên== Teh {{le|Saanich-gí|Saanich|SENĆOŦEN }} ê jī-bó lāi-té, sī piáu-sī [[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|tshing khí-gûn tshat-im]] /[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s̪]]/.<ref name=saanichim>{{Cite web|title=How to pronounce SENĆOŦEN|url=http://saanich.montler.net/say/index.htm|access-date=2021-10-28|website=Saanich.montler.net}}</ref> Ŧ mā sú-iōng teh {{le|Havasupai–Hualapai gí|Havasupai–Hualapai language}} lāi-té.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Watahomigie|first1=Lucille J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xfyCAAAAIAAJ&dq=alphabet&pg=PA31|title=Hualapai Reference Grammar|last2=Bender|first2=Jorigine|last3=Yamamoto|first3=Akira Y.|date=1982|publisher=American Indian Studies Center, UCLA|isbn=978-0-935626-07-0|language=en}}</ref> Ŧ jī-bó ê [[Unicode]] tāi-bé sī U+0166 Ŧ [[Lô-má-jī|latin]] {{le|jī-bó tuā-sió siá|Letter case|tuā-siá}} [[jī-bó]] hù-ka huâiñ pit-ue̍h, hām U+0167 ŧ latin sió-siá jī-bó hù-ka huâiñ pit-ue̍h.<ref name=unicodeezibo>{{cite web| url=https://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf |format=PDF |title=Latin Extended-A : Range: 0100–017F |website=Unicode.org |access-date=2021-12-09}}</ref> Kî-thañ hù-ka huâiñ [[Jī-oe̍h|pit-ue̍h]] ê jī-bó pau-kuat /[[ǥ]]/, /[[ħ]]/, /[[đ]]/, /[[ł]]/ kah /[[ø]]/ tsit-kuí-ê. ==Kè-sǹg tāi-bé== Ŧ/ŧ (T/t {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} [[Liân-oe̍h|huâiñ]] [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]]) ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] {{le|jī-hû|Character (computing)}} ([[Latin jī-bó]]), [[UTF-8]] hām {{le|Jī-hû ti̍k ín-iōng|Numeric character reference}} tíng-tíng [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] lâi piáu-sī: {{charmap |0166|name1=Latin tuā-siá jī-bó<br />Ŧ (T hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) |0167|name2=Latin sió-siá jī-bó<br />ŧ (t hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) }} ==Jī-hû pen-bé== Ŧ/ŧ (T/t {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} huâiñ jī-ue̍h) mā ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] {{le|jī-hû|Character (computing)}} ([[Latin jī-bó]]) [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] piáu-sī: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Hîng-sik !! Jī-bó !! Jī-hû ket-kòo !! 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé !! Suat-bîng |- | Tuā-siá || '''Ŧ''' || {{UniCar|0166|lettre majuscule latine Ŧ}} || <code>U+0166</code> ||Kilil tuā-siá jī-bó Ŧ (T hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) |- | Sió-siá || '''ŧ''' || {{UniCar|0167|lettre minuscule latine ŧ}} || <code>U+0167</code> ||Kilil sió-siá jī-bó ŧ (t hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) |- |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Gouvernement du Sénégal, Décret n° 2005-979 du 21 octobre 2005 relatif à l’orthographe et à la séparation des mots en balant. {{fr}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Jī-hû ti̍k ín-iōng|Numeric character reference}} (Numeric character reference) *[[Internet tiat-ha̍k pek-kho-choân-su]] (Internet tet-ha̍k pik-kho-tsuân-su; [[eng-gí]]: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy (IEP); [[hàn-gí]]: 互聯網哲學百科全書) *[[Chicago keng-chè ha̍k-phài]] (Chicago king-tsè ha̍k-phài; [[eng-gí]]: Chicago school of economics; [[hàn-gí]]: 芝加哥經濟學派) *[[Hoat-lu̍t keng-chè-ha̍k kî-khan]] (Huat-lu̍t king-tsè-ha̍k kî-khan; [[eng-gí]]: Journal of Law and Economics; [[hàn-gí]]: 法律經濟學期刊) *[[Kok-chè hoat-lu̍t keng-chè-ha̍k pêng-lūn]] (Kok-tsè huat-lu̍t king-tsè-ha̍k pîng-lūn; [[eng-gí]]: nternational Review of Law and Economics; [[hàn-gí]]: 國際法律經濟學評論) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [http://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0100.pdf Table of Unicode in Latin Extended-A] {{Scriptsource|0166|0167}} {{-}} {{latin-script-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:T Stroke}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Latin jī-bó hù-ka piàn-im hû-hō|T 09]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-im choán-siá hû-hō]] ajf8ir4w8gnj8yooq9lz1ym89nctgyx 0 1078125 3136801 3136574 2022-08-25T00:30:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cyrillic|uc=Ҙ|lc=ҙ|Image=Cyrillic letter Ze with Descender (right hook).svg|size=120px|uuc=0498|ulc=0499|numeral=}} '''Ҙ''' ({{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ҙ'''; [[ing-gú]]: dhe (ze with descender)) sī hui-[[Slav gú-cho̍k|slav gí-gên]] [[jī-bó]] tsi-it, teh [[Bashkir-gí]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf |title=Cyrillic: Range: 0400–04FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 |year=2010 |page=42 |access-date=2011-05-20}}</ref> {{le|Wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} tíng-tíng [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] sú-iōng ê jībó. Jī-hîng sī uî З/з {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} tsi̍t-ê {{le|kàng-pōo|Descender}} ê {{link-fr|Ē-iân-kau|Crampon (diacritique)|ē-ên-kau}} lâi kòo-sîng ê [[kilil jī-bó]] {{le|piàn-thé (gí-giân-ha̍k)|Variety (linguistics)|pèn-thé}}. Ҙ jī-bó {{le|siong-tuì hong-uī|Body relative direction|ē-kha}} ê ē-ên-kau siá-huat luī-sū {{le|phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}} hû-hō {{le|huàn-buē-hû|Ogonek}}. ==Jī-bó ê tshù-sū== Teh Bashkir-gí thon ê jī-bó lāi-té pâi tē-7 uī. Iah-koh teh Wakhi-gí ê jī-bó lāi-té pâi tē-16 uī. ==Im-ti̍k== Teh Bashkir-gí thong-siông ê {{le|im-ti̍k|Note value}} piáu-sī tsò {{le|Cho̍k khí chhat-im|Voiced dental fricative|tso̍k khí tshat-im}} /ð/; teh {{le|Wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} thong-siông piáu-sī tsò [[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsho̍k khí-gûn sat-tshat-im]] /dz/. ==Kè-sǹg tāi-bé== Ҙ/ҙ (З/з {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} {{link-fr|ē-iân-kau|Crampon (diacritique)|ē-ên-kau}}) ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] jī-hû ([[latin jī-bó]]), [[UTF-8]] hām {{le|jī-hû ti̍k ín-iōng|Numeric character reference}} tíng-tíng [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] lâi piáu-sī: {{charmap |0498|name1=Latin tuā-siá jī-bó<br />Ҙ tsah ē-ên-kau (З hù-ka ē-ên-kau) |0499|name2=Latin sió-siá jī-bó<br />ҙ tsah ē-ên-kau (з hù-ka ē-ên-kau) }} ==Jī-hû pen-bé== Ҙ/ҙ (З/з {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} ē-iân-kau) mā ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] {{le|jī-hû|Glyph}} (latin jī-bó) [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] piáu-sī: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Hîng-sik !! Jī-bó !! Jī-hû ket-kòo !! 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé !! Suat-bîng |- | Tuā-siá || '''Ҙ''' || {{UniCar|0498|lettre majuscule latine i point en chef}} || <code>U+0498</code> ||Kilil tuā-siá jī-bó Ҙ (З {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} {{link-fr|ē-iân-kau|Crampon (diacritique)|ē-ên-kau}}) |- | Sió-siá || '''ҙ''' || {{UniCar|0499|lettre minuscule latine i}} || <code>U+0499</code> ||Kilil sió-siá jī-bó ҙ (з hù-ka ē-ên-kau) |- |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * ''Daniels, Peter D.'' The World’s Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996. {{en}} * Cyrillic, ''Range: 0400–04FF''[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf], The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0. retrieved 202-02-23. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{link-en|Kàng-pōo|Descender}} (descender) *{{le|Chí-gōa-sòaⁿ chí-sò͘|Ultraviolet index}} (Ultraviolet index) *{{le|HashiCorp|HashiCorp}} *{{le|Monad (hâm-sò͘ pian-têng)|Monad (functional programming)}} (Monad (functional programming)) *{{le|GNSS hoán-siā chiap-siu-gî|GNSS reflectometry}} (GNSS reflectometry) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0] {{Scriptsource|0498|0499}} {{-}} {{latin-script-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ze with descender}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Kilil jī-bó hù-ka piàn-im hû-hō]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-bó chah kau]] a68pdkurufb4ob23lhdtbqf0dpbzdby 3136802 3136801 2022-08-25T00:31:07Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Im-ti̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Cyrillic|uc=Ҙ|lc=ҙ|Image=Cyrillic letter Ze with Descender (right hook).svg|size=120px|uuc=0498|ulc=0499|numeral=}} '''Ҙ''' ({{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ҙ'''; [[ing-gú]]: dhe (ze with descender)) sī hui-[[Slav gú-cho̍k|slav gí-gên]] [[jī-bó]] tsi-it, teh [[Bashkir-gí]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf |title=Cyrillic: Range: 0400–04FF |work=The Unicode Standard, Version 6.0 |year=2010 |page=42 |access-date=2011-05-20}}</ref> {{le|Wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} tíng-tíng [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] sú-iōng ê jībó. Jī-hîng sī uî З/з {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} tsi̍t-ê {{le|kàng-pōo|Descender}} ê {{link-fr|Ē-iân-kau|Crampon (diacritique)|ē-ên-kau}} lâi kòo-sîng ê [[kilil jī-bó]] {{le|piàn-thé (gí-giân-ha̍k)|Variety (linguistics)|pèn-thé}}. Ҙ jī-bó {{le|siong-tuì hong-uī|Body relative direction|ē-kha}} ê ē-ên-kau siá-huat luī-sū {{le|phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}} hû-hō {{le|huàn-buē-hû|Ogonek}}. ==Jī-bó ê tshù-sū== Teh Bashkir-gí thon ê jī-bó lāi-té pâi tē-7 uī. Iah-koh teh Wakhi-gí ê jī-bó lāi-té pâi tē-16 uī. ==Im-tī== Teh Bashkir-gí thong-siông ê [[im-tī]] piáu-sī tsò {{le|Cho̍k khí chhat-im|Voiced dental fricative|tso̍k khí tshat-im}} /ð/; teh {{le|Wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} thong-siông piáu-sī tsò [[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tsho̍k khí-gûn sat-tshat-im]] /dz/. ==Kè-sǹg tāi-bé== Ҙ/ҙ (З/з {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} {{link-fr|ē-iân-kau|Crampon (diacritique)|ē-ên-kau}}) ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] jī-hû ([[latin jī-bó]]), [[UTF-8]] hām {{le|jī-hû ti̍k ín-iōng|Numeric character reference}} tíng-tíng [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] lâi piáu-sī: {{charmap |0498|name1=Latin tuā-siá jī-bó<br />Ҙ tsah ē-ên-kau (З hù-ka ē-ên-kau) |0499|name2=Latin sió-siá jī-bó<br />ҙ tsah ē-ên-kau (з hù-ka ē-ên-kau) }} ==Jī-hû pen-bé== Ҙ/ҙ (З/з {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} ē-iân-kau) mā ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] {{le|jī-hû|Glyph}} (latin jī-bó) [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] piáu-sī: {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Hîng-sik !! Jī-bó !! Jī-hû ket-kòo !! 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé !! Suat-bîng |- | Tuā-siá || '''Ҙ''' || {{UniCar|0498|lettre majuscule latine i point en chef}} || <code>U+0498</code> ||Kilil tuā-siá jī-bó Ҙ (З {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} {{link-fr|ē-iân-kau|Crampon (diacritique)|ē-ên-kau}}) |- | Sió-siá || '''ҙ''' || {{UniCar|0499|lettre minuscule latine i}} || <code>U+0499</code> ||Kilil sió-siá jī-bó ҙ (з hù-ka ē-ên-kau) |- |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * ''Daniels, Peter D.'' The World’s Writing Systems, Oxford University Press, 1996. {{en}} * Cyrillic, ''Range: 0400–04FF''[https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf], The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0. retrieved 202-02-23. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{link-en|Kàng-pōo|Descender}} (descender) *{{le|Chí-gōa-sòaⁿ chí-sò͘|Ultraviolet index}} (Ultraviolet index) *{{le|HashiCorp|HashiCorp}} *{{le|Monad (hâm-sò͘ pian-têng)|Monad (functional programming)}} (Monad (functional programming)) *{{le|GNSS hoán-siā chiap-siu-gî|GNSS reflectometry}} (GNSS reflectometry) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U0400.pdf The Unicode Standard, Version 14.0] {{Scriptsource|0498|0499}} {{-}} {{latin-script-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Ze with descender}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Kilil jī-bó hù-ka piàn-im hû-hō]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Jī-bó chah kau]] hhfaver1d9l0au5cu1j40vjv31f1o7p 0 1078159 3136812 3136582 2022-08-25T00:41:33Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme |name=Ꞓ (C hù-ka huâiñ [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]]) |letter=Ꞓ ꞓ |variations= |image= Latin letter C with bar.svg |imagesize=200px |imagealt= Capital and lowercase barred C |script=[[Latin jī-bó]] |type=[[Jī-bó]] |typedesc= |language={{le|So͘-liân gí-giân latin-hoà|Latinisation in the Soviet Union|Soo-lên gí-gên latin-huà}} |phonemes=[{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}]<br />[{{IPAlink|t͡s}}] |unicode=U+A792, U+A793 |alphanumber= |number= |fam1= |fam2= |fam3= |fam4= |fam5= |fam6= |fam7= |fam8= |fam9= }} '''Ꞓ''' ({{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ꞓ'''; [[ ing-gú]]: C/c with a bar or C/c with stroke) sī ên-sin [[latin jī-bó]] ê {{le|piàn-thé (gí-giân-ha̍k)|Variety (linguistics)|pèn-thé}} tsi-it, kiò-tsò {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} [[Liân-oe̍h|huâiñ]] [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]] ê C/c (Ꞓ/ꞓ). Ꞓ/ꞓ jī-bó ê [[Jī-tô͘|jîng]] kòo-sîng sī uì jī-hîng Ꞓ/ꞓ ê {{le|tò-pêng|Body relative direction|tò-pîng}} {{le|tò-pêng|Body relative direction|tiong-ng}} hù-ka tsit-tiâu huâiñ jī-ue̍h sóo kòo-sîng e̊. ==Im-ti̍k== Ꞓ/ꞓ in thong-siông ê {{le|im-ti̍k|Note value}} piáu-sī [[Chheng kok-gûn sat-chhat-im|tshing kok-gîn sik-tshat-im]] /t͡ʃ/, {{le|Chhiok go̍k-gîn sat-chhat-im|Voiced postalveolar affricate|tshiok go̍k-gîn sik-tshat-im}} /d͡ʒ/, hām {{le|Chheng ngē-go̍k tshat-im|Voiceless palatal fricative|tshing ngē-go̍k tshat-im}} /ç/; mā piáu-sī tsò [[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|tshing khí-gîn sik-tshat-im]] /t͡s/(tse) ê {{le|sàng-khì hù-im|Aspirated consonant|sàng-khì}} [[Ho͘-im|im]] /t͡sʰ/(tshe). Mā hông thê-gī iōng-tsò {{le|Chheng kńg-chi̍h chhat-im|Voiceless retroflex fricative|tshing kńg-tsi̍h kīn-im}} /[ɻ̊/ ê {{le|Siong-tuì tiâu-im|Relative articulation|sing hú}}-[[Ho͘-im|im]] /[ɻ̊˔/.<ref name=williamsmalley>{{cite book|last1=Pullum|first1=Geoffrey K.|author-link1=Geoffrey K. Pullum|last2=Ladusaw|first2=William A.|year=1996|title=Phonetic Symbol Guide|title-link=Phonetic Symbol Guide|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|pages=28–9|isbn=0-226-68536-5}}</ref> ==Li̍k-sú ên-kik== Ꞓ/ꞓ hông iōng teh {{le|So͘-liân thóng-it pak-hong jī-bó|Unified Northern Alphabet|soo-lên thóng-it pak-hong jī-bó}} ê siōng-bué-á pán-pún. Teh 1932-nî hông phue-tsún iōng teh {{le|sámi-gí|Sámi languages}}, {{le|selkup-gí|Selkup language}}, {{le|hanti-gí|Khanty language}}, {{le|evenki-gí|Evenki language}}, {{le|Even-gí|Even language}}, {{le|Nanai-gí|nanai language}}, {{le|udege-gí|Udege language}}, {{le|chukot-gí|Chukchi language}}, {{le|koryak-gí|Koryak language}}, í-kip {{le|Nivkh-gí|Nivkh languages}} tíng-tíng gí-gên<ref name="м1вк">{{cite book| title = Материалы I всероссийской конференции по развитию языков и письменности народов Севера | agency = Я. П. Алькор (Кошкин), И. Д. Давыдов | edition = |location= М.-Л. |date = 1932 |publisher= Учпедгиз }} {{ru}}</ref> lāi-té piáu-sī [[Chheng kok-gûn sat-chhat-im|tshing kok-gûn sat-tshat-im]] /t͡ʃ/; sui-jên teh tsia-ê gí-gên ê tsi̍t-kuá si̍t-tsè sú-iōng tíng-kuân, í-king sú-iōng kî-thañ kuí-ā-tsióng ê jī-bó lâi thè-tāi. Tshú-guā, tsit-ê jī-bó teh latin-huà ê {{le|shughni-gí|Shughni language}} jī-bó lāi-té (1931-1939) hông iōng-lâi piáu-sī [[IPA]] ê {{le|tshiok go̍k-gîn sik tshat-im|Voiced postalveolar affricate}} /d͡ʒ/.<ref>[http://people.umass.edu/ellenw/shughni%20vowels%20and%20consonants.pdf SHUGHNI: Phonology—consonant/vowel inventories; syllable structure]</ref><ref>{{cite book| url = https://ibt.org.ru/ru/media?id=SHG | title = Луқо Инҷӣл = Luqo Inǰīl |date = 2001 |publisher= ИПБ | isbn = 5-93943-018-X}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Р. Додихудоева|title=Из истории письменности шугнанского языка. Вводные замечания|location=СПб.|publisher=Петербургское Востоковедение|year=2005|work=Языки и этнография «Крыши мира»|pages=30–37}} {{ru}}</ref> {{le|Bí-kok liân-pang tē-lí sòo-kì uí-uân-huē|Federal Geographic Data Committee}} sú-iōng tuā-siá ê Ꞓ jī-bó lâi tāi-piáu {{le|tē-kiû tē-tsit li̍k-sú|Geological history of Earth|tē-kiû tē-tsit-sú}} lāi-té ê [[cambria-kí]].<ref>{{cite book|editor=Federal Geographic Data Committee|title=FGDC Digital Cartographic Standard for Geologic Map Symbolization FGDC-STD-013-2006|url=http://ngmdb.usgs.gov/fgdc_gds/geolsymstd/fgdc-geolsym-all.pdf|date=August 2006|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey for the Federal Geographic Data Committee|page=A-32-1}}</ref> Teh [[Gí-im choán-siá|piau-im]] lāi-té, sió-siá ê /ꞓ/ piáu-sī tsò {{le|Chheng ngē-go̍k tshat-im|Voiceless palatal fricative|tshing ngē-go̍k tshat-im}} /ç/, pīng-tshiáñ teh 1963-nî, Ꞓ hōo {{le|William A. Smalley|William A. Smalley}} thê-gī tsiâñ-tsò {{le|Chheng kńg-chi̍h kīn-im|Voiceless retroflex fricative|tshing kńg-tsi̍h kīn-im}} /[ɻ̊/ ê {{le|Siong-tuì tiâu-im|Relative articulation|sing hú}}-[[Ho͘-im|im]] /[ɻ̊˔/.<ref name=williamsmalley/> Teh 19-[[sè-kí]] ê bí-kok ing-gí [[Sû-tián|jī-tén]] lāi-té, pí-lūn [[Noah Webster]] hām {{le|William Holmes McGuffey|William Holmes McGuffey}} ê jī-tén lāi-té, Ꞓ tsit-ê jī-bó hông iōng-lâi piáu-sī ⟨c⟩ kap huat /k/ ê im.<ref name="unicode">{{cite web|last1=Priest|first1=Lorna A.|last2=Iancu|first2=Laurentiu|last3=Everson|first3=Michael|date=14 October 2010|url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10336r2-n3896r-c-with-bar.pdf|title=Proposal to encode C WITH BAR|publisher=Unicode.org|accessdate=23 February 2018}}</ref> ==Kè-sǹg tāi-bé== Ꞓ/ꞓ (C/c {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} [[Liân-oe̍h|huâiñ]] [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]]) ē-tàng iōng [[Unicode]] jī-hû ([[Latin jī-bó]]), [[UTF-8]] hām {{le|Jī-hû ti̍k ín-iōng|Numeric character reference}} tíng-tíng [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] lâi piáu-sī. U+A792 piáu-sī tuā-siá ê [[latin jī-bó]] Ꞓ (C with bar) hām U+A793 piáu-sī sió-siá ê latin jī-bó ꞓ (C with bar). Tshiañ tsham-ua̍t i-hā ê Unicode tāi-bé piau-tuañ. {{charmap |A792|name1=Latin tuā-siá jī-bó<br/>Ꞓ (C {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} [[Liân-oe̍h|huâiñ]] [[Jī-oe̍h|jī-ue̍h]]) |A793|name2=Latin sió-siá jī-bó<br/>ꞓ (c hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) }} ==Jī-hû pen-bé== Ꞓ/ꞓ (C/c {{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks|hù-ka}} huâiñ jī-ue̍h) mā ē-tàng iōng i-hā ê [[Unicode]] {{le|jī-hû|Character (computing)}} ([[Latin jī-bó]]) [[Hû-má|tāi-bé]] piáu-sī. {|class="wikitable" style="text-align: center" ! Hîng-sik !! Jī-bó !! Jī-hû ket-kòo !! 16 tsìn-tsè tāi-bé !! Suat-bîng |- | Tuā-siá || '''Ꞓ''' || {{UniCar|A792|lettre majuscule latine Ꞓ}} || <code>U+A792</code> ||Kilil [[tuā-siá]] jī-bó Ꞓ (C hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) |- | Sió-siá || '''ꞓ''' || {{UniCar|A793|lettre minuscule latine ꞓ}} || <code>U+A793</code> ||Kilil [[sió-siá]] jī-bó ꞓ (c hù-ka huâiñ jī-ue̍h) |- |} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Antoine Meillet et Marcel Cohen, Les langues du monde, Paris, C.N.R.S, 1952. {{fr}} *Lorna A. Priest, Laurentiu Iancu et Michael Everson, Proposal to encode C WITH BAR[https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10336r2-n3896r-c-with-bar.pdf], 14 octobre 2010. {{en}} *Geoffrey K. Pullum et William A. Ladusaw, Phonetic Symbol Guide[https://books.google.com.tw/books?id=b7ml0qh2HMcC&printsec=frontcover&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false], University of Chicago Press, 1996, 358 p. (ISBN 978-0-226-92488-5) {{en}} *Noah Webster, An American dictionary of the English language[https://archive.org/details/americandictiona01websrich], New York, S. Converse, 1828. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|So͘-liân gí-giân latin-hoà|Latinisation in the Soviet Union}} (soo-lên gí-gên latin-huà/Latinisation in the Soviet Union) *{{le|Altai thian-jiân-khì kuán-tō|Altai gas pipeline}} (Altai then-jên-khì kuán-tō/Altai gas pipeline) *{{le|Kherson chiàn-e̍k|Battle of Kherson}} (Kherson tsèn-i̍k/Battle of Kherson) *{{link-ru|Tuā-mn̂g kàu-tn̂g|Надвратная церковь}} (Надвратная церковь) *{{le|Brookings gián-kiù-só͘|Brookings Institution}} (Brookings gén-kiù-sóo/Brookings Institution) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *[http://graphemica.com/Ꞓ latin capital Ꞓ (U+A792)] *[http://graphemica.com/ꞓ latin small ꞓ (U+A793)] {{Scriptsource|A792|A793}} *[https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A792 “Ꞓ” U+A792 Latin Capital Letter C with Bar Unicode Character] *[https://www.compart.com/en/unicode/U+A793 “ꞓ” U+A793 Latin Small Letter C with Bar Unicode Character] {{div col end}} {{-}} {{latin-script-stub}} {{DEFAULTSORT:C with bar}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Latin jī-bó hù-ka piàn-im hû-hō]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-im choán-siá hû-hō]] 22k3qhdd1d78nxxvrxue4bvx9q3d69j 0 1078182 3136806 3136580 2022-08-25T00:34:45Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Síng-kip kong-lōo''' ([[ing-gú]]: state highway, state road, state route; provincial highway, provincial road, provincial route), hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò "'''tsiu-kip kong-lōo'''" (chiu-kip kong-lō͘), '''tsiu-tō''', '''síng-tō''', sī-tsí iû [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]], [[Provincia|síng]] it-kip {{le|tē-hng tsìng-hú|Local government}} lâi [[Kiàn-tio̍k|kèn-tiok]] hi̍k-tsiá {{le|uī-hóo|Maintenance (technical)}} ê [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] hē-thóng. Tuā-to-sòo [[kok-ka]] síng-kip kong-lōo (tsiu-kip kong-lōo) ê "[[Lō͘|tō-lōo]] tíng-kip" pí-khí [[tiong-iong tsìng-hú]] siat-li̍p ê kok-ka-kip [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] khah-ke; m̄-ku kan-na ū [[canada]] lē-guā.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=What is the Freeway? - Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.autonewseye.com/what-is-the-freeway/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Auto News Eye|language=en-US}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/3/184.html |title = City of Long Beach v. Payne |newspaper = Justia Law |access-date = 14 February 2017 |language = en }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Numbered street]] (Pen-hō ke-tō/Numbered street) *{{le|JSX hâng-khong kong-si|JSX (airline)}} (JSX (airline)) *{{link-ja|Chhì-kui kè-ōe|河豚計画}} (tshì-kui kè-uē/河豚計画/Fugu Keikaku kè-uē) *{{le|Jacob Schiff|Jacob Schiff}} *{{le|Ha̍p-lí sú-iōng|Fair use}} (Fair use) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/default.shtm State Highway System] *[https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ State highway frequently asked questions | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency] [[Category:Séng-kip kong-lō͘| ]] [[Category:Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek|Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek]] licvojv1oyhuy4qdl9nxa77n4e1pz46 3136807 3136806 2022-08-25T00:36:13Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Australian State Route 3.svg|200px|thumb||Schild einer australischen State Route]] '''Síng-kip kong-lōo''' ([[ing-gú]]: state highway, state road, state route; provincial highway, provincial road, provincial route), hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò "'''tsiu-kip kong-lōo'''" (chiu-kip kong-lō͘), '''tsiu-tō''', '''síng-tō''', sī-tsí iû [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]], [[Provincia|síng]] it-kip {{le|tē-hng tsìng-hú|Local government}} lâi [[Kiàn-tio̍k|kèn-tiok]] hi̍k-tsiá {{le|uī-hóo|Maintenance (technical)}} ê [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] hē-thóng. Tuā-to-sòo [[kok-ka]] síng-kip kong-lōo (tsiu-kip kong-lōo) ê "[[Lō͘|tō-lōo]] tíng-kip" pí-khí [[tiong-iong tsìng-hú]] siat-li̍p ê kok-ka-kip [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] khah-ke; m̄-ku kan-na ū [[canada]] lē-guā.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=What is the Freeway? - Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.autonewseye.com/what-is-the-freeway/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Auto News Eye|language=en-US}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/3/184.html |title = City of Long Beach v. Payne |newspaper = Justia Law |access-date = 14 February 2017 |language = en }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Numbered street]] (Pen-hō ke-tō/Numbered street) *{{le|JSX hâng-khong kong-si|JSX (airline)}} (JSX (airline)) *{{link-ja|Chhì-kui kè-ōe|河豚計画}} (tshì-kui kè-uē/河豚計画/Fugu Keikaku kè-uē) *{{le|Jacob Schiff|Jacob Schiff}} *{{le|Ha̍p-lí sú-iōng|Fair use}} (Fair use) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/default.shtm State Highway System] *[https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ State highway frequently asked questions | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency] [[Category:Séng-kip kong-lō͘| ]] [[Category:Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek|Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek]] 48u2ply65dnrvssrbcqysnl9f0n9773 3136808 3136807 2022-08-25T00:37:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Australian state route 3.svg|150px|thumb|right|Australian State Route 3 marker]] '''Síng-kip kong-lōo''' ([[ing-gú]]: state highway, state road, state route; provincial highway, provincial road, provincial route), hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò "'''tsiu-kip kong-lōo'''" (chiu-kip kong-lō͘), '''tsiu-tō''', '''síng-tō''', sī-tsí iû [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]], [[Provincia|síng]] it-kip {{le|tē-hng tsìng-hú|Local government}} lâi [[Kiàn-tio̍k|kèn-tiok]] hi̍k-tsiá {{le|uī-hóo|Maintenance (technical)}} ê [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] hē-thóng. Tuā-to-sòo [[kok-ka]] síng-kip kong-lōo (tsiu-kip kong-lōo) ê "[[Lō͘|tō-lōo]] tíng-kip" pí-khí [[tiong-iong tsìng-hú]] siat-li̍p ê kok-ka-kip [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] khah-ke; m̄-ku kan-na ū [[canada]] lē-guā.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=What is the Freeway? - Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.autonewseye.com/what-is-the-freeway/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Auto News Eye|language=en-US}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/3/184.html |title = City of Long Beach v. Payne |newspaper = Justia Law |access-date = 14 February 2017 |language = en }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Numbered street]] (Pen-hō ke-tō/Numbered street) *{{le|JSX hâng-khong kong-si|JSX (airline)}} (JSX (airline)) *{{link-ja|Chhì-kui kè-ōe|河豚計画}} (tshì-kui kè-uē/河豚計画/Fugu Keikaku kè-uē) *{{le|Jacob Schiff|Jacob Schiff}} *{{le|Ha̍p-lí sú-iōng|Fair use}} (Fair use) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/default.shtm State Highway System] *[https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ State highway frequently asked questions | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency] [[Category:Séng-kip kong-lō͘| ]] [[Category:Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek|Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek]] 4sfu9ub13nm7qv3z2aymprg1w9b0xte 3136809 3136808 2022-08-25T00:38:46Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Australian state route 3.svg|150px|thumb|right|Australian State Route 3 marker]] [[File:SP-270.png|100px|thumb|right|[[Rodovia Raposo Tavares|SP-270]] state highway shield in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]]] '''Síng-kip kong-lōo''' ([[ing-gú]]: state highway, state road, state route; provincial highway, provincial road, provincial route), hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò "'''tsiu-kip kong-lōo'''" (chiu-kip kong-lō͘), '''tsiu-tō''', '''síng-tō''', sī-tsí iû [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]], [[Provincia|síng]] it-kip {{le|tē-hng tsìng-hú|Local government}} lâi [[Kiàn-tio̍k|kèn-tiok]] hi̍k-tsiá {{le|uī-hóo|Maintenance (technical)}} ê [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] hē-thóng. Tuā-to-sòo [[kok-ka]] síng-kip kong-lōo (tsiu-kip kong-lōo) ê "[[Lō͘|tō-lōo]] tíng-kip" pí-khí [[tiong-iong tsìng-hú]] siat-li̍p ê kok-ka-kip [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] khah-ke; m̄-ku kan-na ū [[canada]] lē-guā.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=What is the Freeway? - Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.autonewseye.com/what-is-the-freeway/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Auto News Eye|language=en-US}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/3/184.html |title = City of Long Beach v. Payne |newspaper = Justia Law |access-date = 14 February 2017 |language = en }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Numbered street]] (Pen-hō ke-tō/Numbered street) *{{le|JSX hâng-khong kong-si|JSX (airline)}} (JSX (airline)) *{{link-ja|Chhì-kui kè-ōe|河豚計画}} (tshì-kui kè-uē/河豚計画/Fugu Keikaku kè-uē) *{{le|Jacob Schiff|Jacob Schiff}} *{{le|Ha̍p-lí sú-iōng|Fair use}} (Fair use) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/default.shtm State Highway System] *[https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ State highway frequently asked questions | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency] [[Category:Séng-kip kong-lō͘| ]] [[Category:Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek|Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek]] 1tlom3axjmlj0hd08ckv3nokhykucs0 3136810 3136809 2022-08-25T00:39:42Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Australian State Route 3.svg|150px|thumb|Schild einer australischen State Route]] [[File:SP-270.png|150px|thumb|right|[[Rodovia Raposo Tavares|SP-270]] state highway shield in the state of [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]]] '''Síng-kip kong-lōo''' ([[ing-gú]]: state highway, state road, state route; provincial highway, provincial road, provincial route), hi̍k-tsiá kiò-tsò "'''tsiu-kip kong-lōo'''" (chiu-kip kong-lō͘), '''tsiu-tō''', '''síng-tō''', sī-tsí iû [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]], [[Provincia|síng]] it-kip {{le|tē-hng tsìng-hú|Local government}} lâi [[Kiàn-tio̍k|kèn-tiok]] hi̍k-tsiá {{le|uī-hóo|Maintenance (technical)}} ê [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] hē-thóng. Tuā-to-sòo [[kok-ka]] síng-kip kong-lōo (tsiu-kip kong-lōo) ê "[[Lō͘|tō-lōo]] tíng-kip" pí-khí [[tiong-iong tsìng-hú]] siat-li̍p ê kok-ka-kip [[Chhia-lō͘|kong-lōo]] khah-ke; m̄-ku kan-na ū [[canada]] lē-guā.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-03|title=What is the Freeway? - Definition & Meaning|url=https://www.autonewseye.com/what-is-the-freeway/|access-date=2021-02-06|website=Auto News Eye|language=en-US}} {{en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url = http://law.justia.com/cases/california/supreme-court/2d/3/184.html |title = City of Long Beach v. Payne |newspaper = Justia Law |access-date = 14 February 2017 |language = en }} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *[[Numbered street]] (Pen-hō ke-tō/Numbered street) *{{le|JSX hâng-khong kong-si|JSX (airline)}} (JSX (airline)) *{{link-ja|Chhì-kui kè-ōe|河豚計画}} (tshì-kui kè-uē/河豚計画/Fugu Keikaku kè-uē) *{{le|Jacob Schiff|Jacob Schiff}} *{{le|Ha̍p-lí sú-iōng|Fair use}} (Fair use) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.fdot.gov/statistics/hwysys/default.shtm State Highway System] *[https://www.nzta.govt.nz/roads-and-rail/research-and-data/state-highway-frequently-asked-questions/ State highway frequently asked questions | Waka Kotahi NZ Transport Agency] [[Category:Séng-kip kong-lō͘| ]] [[Category:Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek|Tō-lō͘ hêng-sek]] sh2t6yz43f1vhxkkn8yhcuscctf3wiy 0 1078185 3136804 3136577 2022-08-25T00:33:26Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox military conflict | conflict = Kherson kong-sè<br>{{small|(Херсонська операція (2022))}} | partof = {{le|2022 Lōsiia tshim-ji̍p Ukraina|2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine}} | date = 2022-nî 2-gue̍h 24 – bo̍ktsên<br />({{age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=2|day1=24|year1=2022}}) | place = [[Kherson Chiu]], [[Mykolaiv Chiu]], [[Zaporizhia Chiu]], [[Krym]] | result = Tong-ûn *Lōsiia kun-tuī tsiàm-niá {{le|Melitopol|Melitopol}},<ref name="Melitopolcaptured">{{Cite web|date=2022-02-24|title=Russia Ukraine news Live: Melitopol city is taken by the Russian army|url=https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/world-news/2022/02/24/6216fca2ca4741a0458b4599.html|access-date=2022-02-25|website=MARCA|language=en|archive-date=24 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224164052/https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/world-news/2022/02/24/6216fca2ca4741a0458b4599.html}}</ref> Nova Kakhovka,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tbsnews.net/world/nova-kakhovka-has-fallen-russia-ukraine-media-377014|title=Nova Kakhovka has fallen to Russia: Ukraine media|work=The Business standard|date=27 February 2022|quote=Its mayor Volodymyr Kovalenko has reportedly said that Russian troops have seized the city's executive committee and removed all Ukrainian flags from buildings|access-date=28 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227070903/https://www.tbsnews.net/world/nova-kakhovka-has-fallen-russia-ukraine-media-377014}}</ref> Oleshky<ref name=":1">{{cite news |title=Part of Kherson region territory occupied by aggressor - Regional Administration |url=https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801461.html |access-date=25 February 2022 |work=[[Interfax Ukraine]] |location=[[Kyiv]] |date=24 February 2022 |archive-date=24 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224212816/https://en.interfax.com.ua/news/general/801461.html}}</ref> hām {{le|Berdyansk|Berdyansk}}.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Mayor of southern Ukrainian town says Russians have taken control|url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-27-22/index.html|access-date=2022-02-26|website=CNN News|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227211617/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-27-22/index.html}}</ref> *Lōsiia kun-tuī pau-uî pīng tsiàm-niá Kherson ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn<ref name=BLAZE272022>{{cite web|url=https://blazetrends.com/war-in-ukraine-russian-army-makes-a-breakthrough-in-the-countrys-second-city-the-battle-for-kiev-continues/|title=War in Ukraine: Russian army makes a "breakthrough" in the country’s second city, the battle for Kiev continues|date=27 February 2022|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=28 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228023414/https://blazetrends.com/war-in-ukraine-russian-army-makes-a-breakthrough-in-the-countrys-second-city-the-battle-for-kiev-continues/}}</ref><ref name=TG272022N>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/27/kyiv-surrounded-says-mayor-fighting-on-fourth-day-of-russian-invasion-of-ukraine|title=Russian forces advance on Kyiv: fighting on fourth day of invasion|work=The Guardian|date=27 February 2022|quote=Ukrainian defence sources said that Russian forces captured part of Kherson, the city at the mouth of the Dnieper River.|access-date=27 February 2022|archive-date=27 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220227203050/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/27/kyiv-surrounded-says-mayor-fighting-on-fourth-day-of-russian-invasion-of-ukraine}}</ref> koh kàu-tè Mykolayv.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.understandingwar.org/backgrounder/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-28-2022|title=RUSSIAN OFFENSIVE CAMPAIGN ASSESSMENT, FEBRUARY 28, 2022|date=28 February 2022|work=Institute for the Study of War}}</ref> | combatant1 = {{flag|Russia}} | combatant2 = {{flag|Ukraine}} | commander1 = {{flagicon|Russia}} '''[[Vladimir Putin]]'''<br />{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Mikhail Mishustin]]<br />{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Valery Gerasimov]]<br /> {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Oleg Salyukov]]<br /> {{flagicon|Russia}} [[Nikolai Yevmenov]]<br /> {{flagicon|Russia}} [[:ru:Дронов, Сергей Владимирович|Sergey Dronov]] | commander2 = {{flagicon|Ukraine}} '''[[Volodymyr Zelenskyy]]'''<br />{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Denys Shmyhal]]<br />{{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Valerii Zaluzhnyi]]<br /> {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Oleksandr Syrskyi]] | units1 = {{armed forces|Russia}} *[[58th Combined Arms Army]] **[[42nd Guards Motor Rifle Division]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-25-2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 25, 2022 |website=Critical Threats|access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226021229/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-25-2022}}</ref> *[[8th Combined Arms Army]] **[[20th Guards Motor Rifle Division]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russia-ukraine-warning-update-russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-27-2022 |title=Russia-Ukraine Warning Update: Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 27, 2022 |website=Critical Threats|access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=28 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220228023432/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russia-ukraine-warning-update-russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-27-2022}}</ref> *{{le|Tē-22 Kun-thuân (Lōsiia Lên-pang)|22nd Army Corps (Russian Federation)}} **Tē-126 {{le|Hái-hông|Coastal defence and fortification}} [[Lú-thoân|Lú]]<ref name=feb25>{{Cite web |url=https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-25-2022 |title=Russian Offensive Campaign Assessment, February 25, 2022 |access-date=27 February 2022 |archive-date=26 February 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220226021229/https://www.criticalthreats.org/analysis/russian-offensive-campaign-assessment-february-25-2022}}</ref> {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Russian_Airborne_Troops.svg}} [[Russian Airborne Forces]] *[[7th Guards Mountain Air Assault Division]]<ref name=feb25 /> * {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Special_Operations_Forces.svg}} [[Special Operations Forces (Russia)|Special Operations Forces]] | units2 = {{armed forces|Ukraine}} * {{flagicon image|Ensign_of_the_Ukrainian_Ground_Forces.svg}} [[Ukrainian Ground Forces]] [[File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|24px]] {{le|hui tsìng-kui-kun|Irregular military|Hui tsìng-kui pîn-bîn tsì-guān-tsiá (Bîn-ping)}} | casualties1 = Put-ti | casualties2 = Put-ti | image = {{CSS image crop | Image = 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.svg | bSize = 1200 | cWidth = 375 | cHeight = 225 | oTop = 450 | oLeft = 610 | Location = center | Description = | Link = | Alt = }}Map of the Russian-occupied territory and military advances in Kherson Oblast as of 1 March | campaignbox = }} '''Kherson kong-sè''' (Kherson tsèn-i̍k; ukraina-gí: херсонська операція (2022); [[ing-gú]]: Kherson offensive) sī 2022-nî [[lōsiia]] [[Kun-tūi|bú-tsong pōo-tuī]] [[Chhim-ji̍p|tshim-ji̍p]] {{le|lâm ukraina|Southern Ukraine}} ê tong-ûn [[Chiàn-tò͘|tsèn-i̍k]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agencies|date=2022-02-24|title=Russian forces seize Chernobyl, parts of Kherson region|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/europe/russian-forces-seize-chernobyl-parts-of-kherson-region|access-date=2022-02-25|website=Daily Sabah|language=en-US|archive-date=25 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225002548/https://www.dailysabah.com/world/europe/russian-forces-seize-chernobyl-parts-of-kherson-region}} {{en}}</ref> Tsit-pái tshim-ji̍p tsèn-i̍k uì 2022-nî 2-gue̍h 24 -hō khai-sí, tong-sî lōsiia [[Kun-tūi|bú-tsong pōo-tuī]] puâñ-kuè {{le|pian-kài|Border|pen-kài}} tshim-ji̍p [[ukraina]], suî-āu kah ukraina bú-tsong pōo-tuī [[Chiàn-cheng|kau-tsèn]]. <ref>{{Cite web |last=By |first=Jessie Yeung, Adam Renton, Rob Picheta, Ed Upright, Aditi SangalAdrienne Vogt, Melissa Macaya and Maureen Chowdhury |date=2022-02-23 |title=Ukraine says it was attacked through Russian, Belarus and Crimea borders |url=https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220224071121/https://www.cnn.com/europe/live-news/ukraine-russia-news-02-23-22/h_82bf44af2f01ad57f81c0760c6cb697c |archive-date=24 February 2022 |access-date=2022-02-27 |website=CNN |language=en}} {{en}}</ref> Kherson kong-sè ê [[Chiàn-tò͘|tsèn-i̍k]] sī lōsiia tshim-ji̍p ukraina ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Russian forces seize Chernobyl, parts of Kherson region|url=https://www.dailysabah.com/world/europe/russian-forces-seize-chernobyl-parts-of-kherson-region|access-date=2022-02-25|author=Agencies|date=2022-02-24|work=Daily Sabah|language=en-US|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220225002548/https://www.dailysabah.com/world/europe/russian-forces-seize-chernobyl-parts-of-kherson-region|archive-date=25 February 2022}} {{en}}</ref> ==Pōe-kéng== Tī 2014 nî, [[O͘-khek-lân]] kok-lāi hoat-khí [[Chun-giâm Kek-bēng]], tāi-chì liáu-āu, [[Lō͘-se-a]] chìn-chi̍t-pō͘ pèng-thun [[Krym]] tē-khu. Sòa--lo̍h-lâi ê 8 nî, Lō͘-se-a ê kun-tūi si̍t-chè-siōng i-kēng oân-choân khòng-chè Krym. Tī 2021 kàu 2022 nî kî-kan, in-ūi O͘-khek-lân kap Lō͘-se-a ê koan-hē kín-tiuⁿ, Lō͘-se-a chēng-ka chhiau-kòe 10,000 í-siōng ê peng-á, phài lâi chū-siú tī chit-ê poàn-tó. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Kyiv kong-sè (2022)|Kyiv offensive (2022)}} (Kyiv offensive (2022)) *{{le|Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim|Alexander Alfonsovich Grossheim}} *{{le|Columbia hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|Columbia Law Review}} (Columbia huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/Columbia Law Review) *{{le|Hoat-lu̍t phêng-lūn|Law review}} (huat-lu̍t phîng-lūn/Law review/huat-lu̍t kî-khan) *{{le|Harvard hoat-lu̍t ha̍k-īⁿ|Harvard Law School}} (Harvard huat-lu̍t ha̍k-īñ/Harvard Law School) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20220224164052/https://www.marca.com/en/lifestyle/world-news/2022/02/24/6216fca2ca4741a0458b4599.html Russia Ukraine news Live: At least 40 people have been killed, explosions in Ukraine] {{en}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:2022-nî Lō͘siia chhim-ji̍p Ukraina ê chiàn-e̍k]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Kherson chiu ê le̍k-sú]] br36swemq421mijrr23opt0oqkonwdz 0 1078199 3136811 3136579 2022-08-25T00:40:20Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox company | name = Charter Tēn-sìn Kong-si | logo = Charter Communications logo.svg | type = [[Kong-khai kong-si]] | traded_as = {{ubl|class=nowrap|{{NASDAQ|CHTR}} (A-kip)|[[NASDAQ-100]] sîng-uân|[[S&P 100]] sîng-uân|[[S&P 500]] sîng-uân}} | industry = [[Tiān-sìn|Tēn-sìn]]s<br>[[Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé|Tāi-tsiòng mûi-thé]] | predecessors = {{ubl | [[Time Warner Cable]] | [[Bright House Networks]] }} | foundation = {{Start date and age|1993}}<br>[[United States|U.S.]], [[Missouri]], [[St. Louis]] | founders = {{ubl|Barry Babcock|Jerald Kent|Howard Wood}} | hq_location_city = [[Stamford, Connecticut]] | hq_location_country = U.S. | area_served = 41 tsiu<ref name=CharterProfile>{{cite web|work=Charter Communications|title=Company Profile {{!}} Charter Communications Newsroom|url=https://newsroom.charter.com/company-profile/|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907135329/https://newsroom.charter.com/company-profile/|archive-date=September 7, 2017}} {{en}}</ref> | key_people = {{ubl|{{le|Tom Rutledge|Thomas Rutledge}}<br>{{small|([[Táng-sū-tiúⁿ|Táng-sū-tiúñ]] & [[Choè-ko keng-êng chek-jīm-chiá|CEO]])}}|Chris Winfrey<br>{{small|({{le|îng-ūn tsóng-kàm|Chief operating officer|COO}})}}}} | products = {{ubl|{{le|Khuan-pîn|Broadband}}| {{le|Iú-suàⁿ tiān-sī|Cable television|Iú-suàñ tēn-sī}}|{{le|Iú-suàⁿ sò͘-uī tiān-sī|Digital cable|Iú-suàñ sòo-uī tēn-sī}}|{{le|Iú-sòaⁿ tiān-sī tiān-ōe-ha̍k|Cable telephony|Sòo-uī tēn-uē}}|[[Ko-ōe-chit tiān-sī|HDTV]]|{{le|Ka-tîng an-choân|Home security|Ka-tîng an-tsuân}}|[[Internet]]|{{le|Internet an-choân|Internet security|Internet an-tsuân}}|{{le|VoIP tiān-ōe|VoIP phone|VoIP tēn-uē}}}} | brands = [[Charter Spectrum|Spectrum]] | revenue = {{increase}} [[US$]]48.097 {{le|10-ik|Billion}}<br>(''Tset-tsí 2020-nî 12-gue̍h 31-ji̍t<br>ê tsâi-tsìng nî-tōo'')<ref name=AnnualR2020>{{cite web|title=Charter Communications, Inc. 2020 Annual Report|url=https://ir.charter.com/static-files/c7d3ae3d-011f-4962-89cb-c098c848ed15 |website=Charter |access-date=29 July 2021|date=31 December 2020}}</ref> | operating_income = {{increase}} [[US$]]8.405 {{le|10-ik|Billion}} (''2020'')<ref name=AnnualR2020 /> | net_income = {{increase}} [[US$]]3.222 10-ik (''2020'')<ref name=AnnualR2020 /> | assets = {{decrease}} [[US$]]144.206 10-ik (''2020'')<ref name=AnnualR2020 /> | equity = {{decrease}} [[US$]]30.281 10-ik (''2020'')<ref name=AnnualR2020 />| num_employees = ~98,000 (2018-nî 12-gue̍h)<ref name="10-K">{{cite web|url=https://last10k.com/sec-filings/chtr#link_fullReport |title=Charter Communications, Inc. 2018 Annual Report (Form 10-K) |date=February 2019 |publisher=[[Bí-kok chèng-koàn kau-e̍k uí-oân-hōe|U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] |website=last10k.com}} {{en}}</ref> | owners = {{ubl|[[Liberty Media]] (23.3%)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/3-reasons-love-charter-communications-121500984.html |title=3 Reasons to Love Charter Communications |date=September 14, 2019 |work=[[Yahoo! Finance]] |first=Jim |last=Royal |access-date=May 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190517221325/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/3-reasons-love-charter-communications-121500984.html |archive-date=May 17, 2019}} {{en}}</ref>|[[Advance Publications]] (13%)<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSFWN18O0DE|title=BRIEF-Newhouse Broadcasting reports 13 pct stake in Charter Communications |date=May 27, 2016 |agency=Reuters |access-date=April 12, 2021 }} {{en}}</ref>}} | website = {{URL|https://corporate.charter.com/}} }} [[File:Charter Spectrum logo.svg|thumb|Charter Spectrum ho̍k-bū {{le|piau-сhì|Logo|piau-tsì}}.]] '''Charter Communications''' ([[ing-gú]]: Charter Communications, Inc.; '''Charter tēn-sìn kong-si'''; {{le|kán-chheng|Abbreviation|kán-tshing}}: '''Charter''') sī {{le|tsóng-pōo|Headquarters}} khiā teh [[Bí-kok]] {{le|Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford, Connecticut|Connectict tsiu Stamford tshī}} ê tsi̍t-king [[Tiān-sìn|tēn-sìn]] hām [[Tāi-chiòng mûi-thé|tāi-tsiòng mûi-thé]] [[kong-si]], i-ê ho̍k-bū phín-pâi sī {{le|Spectrum (TV ho̍k-bū)|Spectrum (TV service)|Spectrum}}. Teh bí-kok 41-ê [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]] ióng-iú tshiau-kuè 2,600-{{le|bān|Myriad}} ê {{le|kòo-kheh|Customer|kheh-hōo}}.<ref name="CharterProfile">{{cite web|work=Charter Communications|title=Company Profile {{!}} Charter Communications Newsroom|url=https://newsroom.charter.com/company-profile/|access-date=September 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170907135329/https://newsroom.charter.com/company-profile/|archive-date=September 7, 2017}} {{en}}</ref> Charter mā-sī bí-kok tē-2 tuā ê {{le|ū-suàⁿ tiān-sī|Cable television|ū-suàñ tēn-sī}} îng-ūn-siong, kan-na pái--ê {{le|Comcast|Comcast}} āu-piah; Charter mā-sī pái--ê Comcast hām [[AT&T]] ê āu-bīn sī bí-kok tē-2 tuā ê {{le|hù-huì tiān-sī|Pay television}} îng-ūn-siong.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/18/11700208/charter-twc-bright-house-merger-complete-second-largest-cable-provider-us|title=Charter officially owns Time Warner Cable, creating the US's second largest cable provider|first=Jacob|last=Kastrenakes|date=May 18, 2016|website=The Verge|access-date=June 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170805060650/https://www.theverge.com/2016/5/18/11700208/charter-twc-bright-house-merger-complete-second-largest-cable-provider-us|archive-date=August 5, 2017}}</ref> Kin-kì tsū-the̍h suànn-lōo ê sòo-liōng, Charter sī {{le|pâi-miâ|Ranking}} tē-5 tuā ê [[Tiān-ōe|tiān-uē]] {{le|hun-siau (îng-siau)|Distribution (marketing)|îng-ūn-siong}}. Teh 2012 nî-té, tn̂g-kî ê {{le|Cablevision|Cablevision}} kong-si [[Choè-ko keng-êng chek-jīm-chiá|tsip-hîng-tiúñ]] (CEO) {{le|Tom Rutledge|Thomas Rutledge}} hông jīm-bīng tsò siú-si̍k tsip-hîng-tiúñ; Charter kā kong-si tsóng-pōo uì [[Missouri Chiu]] [[St. Louis]] tshen-suá kàu [[Connecticut Chiu]] {{le|Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford, Connecticut|Stamford}}, m̄-koh iû-uân kā i-ê tsiâñ-tsē gia̍p-bū pó-liû teh [[St. Louis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/10/02/gov-malloy-charter-communications-moving-corporate-hq-to-stamford/|title=Gov. Malloy: Charter Communications Moving Corporate Headquarters to Stamford|publisher=CBS New York|access-date=June 30, 2017|date=October 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913091625/http://newyork.cbslocal.com/2012/10/02/gov-malloy-charter-communications-moving-corporate-hq-to-stamford/|archive-date=September 13, 2017}}</ref> Kàu 2016-nî 5-gue̍h 18, Charter uân-sîng tuì {{le|Time Warner Cable|Time Warner Cable}} kong-si kah i-ê [[Chí-moāi|tsí-muē]] kong-si {{le|Bright House Networks|Bright House Networks}} ê {{le|pèng-kiò|Mergers and acquisitions|pìng-kiò}},<ref>{{Cite web|date=November 22, 2017|title=TWC acquisition by Charter|url=https://www.buyinternetcable.com/blog/why-time-warner-cable-now-spectrum|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200924062008/https://www.buyinternetcable.com/blog/why-time-warner-cable-now-spectrum|archive-date=September 24, 2020|website=BIC}} {{en}}</ref> hōo Charter tsiâñ-tsò Bí-kok tē-2 tuā-ê hù-huì tēn-sī ho̍k-bū kong-si.<ref name="latimes-chartercompletespurchase">{{cite news|title=Charter completes purchase of Time Warner Cable, Bright House|url=https://latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-charter-time-warner-cable-20160517-snap-story.html|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|access-date=June 30, 2017|date=May 18, 2016|first=Meg|last=James|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170718085742/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-charter-time-warner-cable-20160517-snap-story.html|archive-date=July 18, 2017}} {{en}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg-solongtwc">{{cite web|title=So Long Time Warner Cable: Charter to Retire Much-Maligned Brand|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-17/so-long-time-warner-cable-charter-to-retire-much-maligned-brand|website=Bloomberg|access-date=May 18, 2016|date=May 17, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160518095150/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-17/so-long-time-warner-cable-charter-to-retire-much-maligned-brand|archive-date=May 18, 2016|first=Alex|last=Sherman}} {{en}}</ref><ref name=lat-chartertwc>{{cite news|title=Charter-Time Warner Cable deal would create nation's 3rd-largest pay-TV service|url=https://latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-charter-communications-to-buy-time-warner-cable-20150525-story.html#page=1|access-date=May 26, 2015|newspaper=Los Angeles Times|date=May 26, 2015|first1=Meg|last1=James|first2=Jim|last2=Puzzanghera|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526105401/http://www.latimes.com/entertainment/envelope/cotown/la-et-ct-charter-communications-to-buy-time-warner-cable-20150525-story.html#page=1 |archive-date=May 26, 2015}} {{en}}</ref> Charter teh Bí-kok ê 2019-nî {{le|Châi-hù 500|Fortune 500|Tsâi-hù 500 kiông}} le̍t-tuañ ê kong-si lāi-té tsi tsóng {{le|siu-ji̍p|Income}} ê {{le|Si̍k-chhù|Order of precedence|sūn-sū}} {{le|pâi-miâ|Ranking}} tē-70 uī.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/charter-communications/|title=Fortune 500 Companies 2019: Charter Communications|website=Fortune|language=en-US|access-date=2019-11-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110190356/https://fortune.com/fortune500/2019/charter-communications/|archive-date=November 10, 2019}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Bí-kok tiān-uē kong-si le̍t-tuaⁿ|List of United States telephone companies}} (Bí-kok tiān-uē kong-si le̍t-tuañ/List of United States telephone companies) *{{le|Liân-pang thong-sìn uí-uân-huē|Federal Communications Commission}} (Federal Communications Commission) *{{le|Tiong-kok kok-tsè hâng-khong|Air China}} (Air China) *{{le|Tshia-lén tsheñ-hē|Cartwheel Galaxy}} (Cartwheel Galaxy) *{{le|Cho͘-ha̍p hù-ka hû-hō|Combining Diacritical Marks}} (tsoo-ha̽p hù-ka hû-hō/Combining Diacritical Marks) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Charter Communications}} *{{official|https://corporate.charter.com/}} {{Finance links |name = Charter Communications |symbol = CHTR |sec_cik = CHTR |yahoo = CHTR |google = CHTR }} * [http://www.detnews.com/2005/business/0504/23/biz-159359.htm "Charter Communications executives sentenced in accounting schemes"], ''[[The Detroit News]]'', [[Associated Press]], April 23, 2005 [[Category:Companies in the NASDAQ-100 ê kong-si]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:NASDAQ chiūⁿ-chhī kong-si]] [[Category:Charter Communications kong-si| ]] [[Category:Bí-kok ū-suànn bāng-lōo tsi̍p-thuân]] [[Category:Bí-kok ū-suànn tiān-sī kong-si]] [[Category:Bí-kok Internet ho̍k-bū thê-kiong siong]] [[Category:Bí-kok tāi-tsiòng thuân-muî kong-si]] [[Category:Bí-kok tiān-sī kong-si]] guamg2nqzgi5kvj20mizy8xafm91i6e 0 1078201 3136805 3136578 2022-08-25T00:34:16Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox government agency | agency_name = Bí-kok tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k uí-uân-huē<br>{{small|(U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission)}} | logo = US Security and Exchange Commission Office photo D Ramey Logan.jpg | logo_caption = Teh [[Washington, D.C.]] Bí-kok tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k uí-uân-huē ê tsóng-pōo | seal = Seal of the United States Securities and Exchange Commission.svg | seal_caption = Bí-kok tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k uí-uân-huē ê ìn-tsiong | formed = {{start date and age|1934|6|6}} | jurisdiction = [[Bí-kok liân-pang chèng-hú|Bí-kok lên-pang tsìng-hú]] | headquarters = [[Bí-kok]] [[Washington, D.C.]] | employees = 4,301 (2015)<ref>{{cite book |title=FY 2017 Congressional Budget Justification|page=14|publisher=U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission|year=2016 |url=https://www.sec.gov/about/reports/secfy17congbudgjust.pdf}}</ref> | chief1_name = {{le|Gary Gensler|Gary Gensler}}, Tsu-sik | chief1_position = | chief2_name = | chief2_position = | chief3_name = | chief3_position = | chief4_name = | chief4_position = | chief5_name = | chief5_position = | chief6_name = | chief6_position = | chief7_name = | chief7_position = | chief8_name = | chief8_position = | chief9_name = | chief9_position = | parent_department = | budget = | website = {{URL|https://www.sec.gov|www.sec.gov}} | footnotes = }} '''Bí-kok tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k uí-uân-huē''' ([[ing-gú]]: U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC)) sī tsit-ê {{le|bí-kok chèng-hú to̍k-li̍p ki-kò͘|Independent agencies of the United States government|bí-kok tsìng-hú to̍k-li̍p ki-kòo}}, SEC sîng-li̍p teh {{le|1929 Wall Street kó͘-phiò pang-puâⁿ|Wall Street Crash of 1929|1929 Wall Street kóo-phiò pang-puâñ}} liáu-āu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Van Loo|first=Rory|date=2018-08-01|title=Regulatory Monitors: Policing Firms in the Compliance Era |url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/265 | journal=Faculty Scholarship}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite web|url=https://www.historyassociates.com/who-we-are/press-releases/securities-market-structure-exhibit/|title=History Associates Details the Evolution of Securities Market Structure in New Online Exhibit |publisher=History Associates |access-date=28 April 2019}}</ref><ref name="divisions">[https://www.sec.gov/about/whatwedo.shtml#org Organization of the SEC] U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission</ref> SEC ê tsú-iàu {{le|bo̍k-tik|goal}} sī beh tsip-hîng tá-kik {{le|kó͘-phiò chhī-tiôⁿ|Stock market|kóo-phiò tshī-tiûnn}} ê {{le|chhī-tiôⁿ chhōa-chhau|Market manipulation|tshī-tiûñ tshuā-tshau}}.<ref>{{cite web | url = https://www.sec.gov/Article/whatwedo.html | title = What We Do | last = SEC | date = June 10, 2013 | website = SEC.gov | publisher = U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission | access-date = 2017-03-24 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirst|first=Scott|date=2018-07-01|title=The Case for Investor Ordering|url=https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/faculty_scholarship/343|journal=The Harvard Law School Program on Corporate Governance Discussion Paper|volume=No. 2017-13}}</ref>'''{{rp|2}}''' Tû-liáu tshòng-kèn i-ê {{le|1934 chèng-koàn kau-e̍k hoat|Securities Exchange Act of 1934|1934 tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k huat}} tsi-guā, SEC koh tsip-hîng {{le|1934 chèng-koàn hoat|Securities Act of 1933|1934 tsìng-kuàn huat}}, {{le|1939 sìn-thok khè-iok hoat|Trust Indenture Act of 1939|1939 sìn-thok khè-iok huat}}, {{le|1940 tâu-chu kong-si hoat|Investment Company Act of 1940|1940 tâu-tsu kong-si huat}}, {{le|1940 tâu-chu kò͘-būn hoat|Investment Advisers Act of 1940|1940 tâu-tsu kòo-būn huat}}, {{le|Sarbanes–Oxley hoat|Sarbanes–Oxley Act|Sarbanes–Oxley huat}} hām kî-thañ huat-kui. SEC sī-iû 1934-nî tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k-huat tē-4 tiâu (tsit-má pèn-uî {{UnitedStatesCode|15|78d}}, thong-siông kiò-tsò Kau-i̍k huat hi̍k-tsiá 1934-nî huat-àn) lâi tshòng-kèn.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) - Overview, History & Setup|url=https://corporatefinanceinstitute.com/resources/knowledge/trading-investing/securities-and-exchange-commission-sec/|access-date=2021-04-16|website=Corporate Finance Institute|language=en-US}}</ref> ==Li̍k-sú== ===Li̍k-kài tsú-si̍k le̍t-tuañ=== {{See also|Bí-kok tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k uí-uân-huē uí-guân le̍t-tuañ}} {| class="wikitable sortable" ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Tia̍t-sū ! scope="col" rowspan="2" class="unsortable" | Siòng-phìñ ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Señ-miâ ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | khû-khiā-tē ! scope="col" colspan="3" | Jīm-kî ! scope="col" rowspan="2" | Jīm-bīng |- ! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Jīm-kî khai-sí ! scope="col" data-sort-type="date" | Jīm-kî ket-sok ! scope="col" | Tsāi-uī kî-kan |- ! scope="row" |1 | [[File:Joseph P. Kennedy, Sr. 1938.jpg|75px|Joseph P. Kennedy Sr.]] | {{sortname|Joseph P.|Kennedy Sr.}} |[[Massachusetts]] |1934 la̍k-gue̍h 20 |1935 káu-gue̍h 23 | {{Age in years and days nts|1934|06|30|1935|09|23|sc=y}} |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |- ! scope="row" |2 | [[File:James McCauley Landis cph.3b30465.jpg|75px|James M. Landis]] | {{sortname|James M.|Landis}} |[[Massachusetts]] |1935 káu-gue̍h 23 |1937 káu-gue̍h 15 | {{Age in years and days nts|1935|09|23|1937|09|15|sc=y}} |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |- ! scope="row" |3 | [[File:Face detail, Douglas dons robes of Supreme Court Justice. Washington, D.C., April 17. William Orville Douglas, 40 year old successor to retired Justice Louis D. Brandeis, today donned the robes of an LCCN2016875459 (cropped).tif|75px|William O. Douglas]] | {{sortname|William O.|Douglas}} |[[Minnesota]] |1937 peh-gue̍h 17 |1939 sì-gue̍h 15 | {{Age in years and days nts|1937|08|17|1939|04|15|sc=y}} |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |- ! scope="row" |4 |[[File:Jerome Frank.jpg|75px|Jerome Frank]] | {{sortname|Jerome|Frank}} |[[Illinois]] |1939 gōo-gue̍h 18 |1941 sì-gue̍h 9 | {{Age in years and days nts|1939|05|18|1941|04|09|sc=y}} |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |- ! scope="row" |5 |[[File:EdwardCEicher.jpg|75px|Edward C. Eicher]] | {{sortname|Edward C.|Eicher}} |[[Iowa]] |1941 sì-gue̍h 9 |1942 it-gue̍h 20 | {{Age in years and days nts|1941|04|09|1942|01|20|sc=y}} |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |- ! scope="row" |6 | | {{sortname|Ganson|Purcell}} | |1942 it-gue̍h 20 |1946 la̍k-gue̍h 30 | {{Age in years and days nts|1942|01|20|1946|06|30|sc=y}} |[[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]] |- ! scope="row" |7 | | {{sortname|James J.|Caffrey}} | |1946 tshit-gue̍h 23 |1947 tsa̍pjī-gue̍h 31 | {{Age in years and days nts|1946|07|23|1947|12|31|sc=y}} |[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] |- ! scope="row" |8 | | {{sortname|Edmond M.|Hanrahan}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |1948 gōo-gue̍h 18 |1949 tsa̍p-it-gue̍h 3 | {{Age in years and days nts|1948|05|18|1949|11|03|sc=y}} |[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] |- ! scope="row" |9 | | {{sortname|Harry A.|McDonald}} | |1949 tsa̍pit-gue̍h 4 |1952 jī-gue̍h 25 | {{Age in years and days nts|1949|11|04|1952|02|25|sc=y}} |[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] |- ! scope="row" |10 | | {{sortname|Donald C.|Cook}} | [[Michigan]] |1952 jī-gue̍h 26 |1953 la̍k-gue̍h 17 | {{Age in years and days nts|1952|02|26|1953|06|17|sc=y}} |[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] |- ! scope="row" |11 | | {{sortname|Ralph H.|Demmler}} |[[Pennsylvania]] |1953 la̍k-gue̍h 27 |1955 gōo-gue̍h 25 | {{Age in years and days nts|1953|06|27|1955|05|25|sc=y}} |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] |- ! scope="row" |12 | | {{sortname|J. Sinclair|Armstrong}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |1955 gōo-gue̍h 25 |1957 la̍k-gue̍h 27 | {{Age in years and days nts|1955|05|25|1957|06|27|sc=y}} |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] |- ! scope="row" |13 | | {{sortname|Edward N.|Gadsby}} |[[Massachusetts]] |1957 peh-gue̍h 20 |1961 sann-gue̍h 26 | {{Age in years and days nts|1957|08|20|1961|03|26|sc=y}} |[[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] |- ! scope="row" |14 | | {{sortname|William L.|Cary}} | |1961 sann-gue̍h 27 |1964 peh-gue̍h 20 | {{Age in years and days nts|1961|03|27|1964|08|20|sc=y}} |[[John F. Kennedy|Kennedy]] |- ! scope="row" |15 | | {{sortname|Manuel F.|Cohen}} | |1964 peh-gue̍h 20 |1969 jī-gue̍h 22 | {{Age in years and days nts|1964|08|20|1969|02|22|sc=y}} |[[Lyndon B. Johnson|Johnson]] |- ! scope="row" |16 |[[File:Hamer H. Budge.jpg|75px|Hamer Budge]] | {{sortname|Hamer H.|Budge}} |[[Idaho]] |1969 jī-gue̍h 22 |1971 it-gue̍h 2 | {{Age in years and days nts|1969|02|22|1971|01|02|sc=y}} |[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] |- ! scope="row" |17 |[[File:William-Casey.jpg|75px|William J. Casey]] | {{sortname|William J.|Casey}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |1971 sì-gue̍h 14 |1973 jī-gue̍h 2 | {{Age in years and days nts|1971|04|14|1973|02|02|sc=y}} |[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] |- ! scope="row" |18 | | {{sortname|G. Bradford|Cook}} |[[Nebraska]] |1973 sann-gue̍h 3 |1973 gōo-gue̍h 16 | {{Age in years and days nts|1973|03|03|1973|05|16|sc=y}} |[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] |- ! scope="row" |19 | | {{sortname|Ray|Garrett Jr.}} |[[Illinois]] |1973 peh-gue̍h 6 |1975 tsa̍p-gue̍h 28 | {{Age in years and days nts|1973|08|06|1975|10|28|sc=y}} |[[Richard Nixon|Nixon]] |- ! scope="row" |20 | | {{sortname|Roderick M.|Hills}} |[[California]] |1975 tsa̍p-gue̍h 28 |1977 sì-gue̍h 10 | {{Age in years and days nts|1975|10|28|1977|04|10|sc=y}} |[[Gerald Ford|Ford]] |- ! scope="row" |21 | | {{sortname|Harold M.|Williams}} |[[California]] |1977 sì-gue̍h 18 |1981 sann-gue̍h 1 | {{Age in years and days nts|1977|04|18|1981|03|01|sc=y}} |[[Jimmy Carter|Carter]] |- ! scope="row" |22 | | {{sortname|John S.R.|Shad}} | |1981 gōo-gue̍h 6 |1987 la̍k-gue̍h 18 | {{Age in years and days nts|1981|05|06|1987|06|18|sc=y}} |[[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] |- ! scope="row" |23 | | {{sortname|David Sturtevant|Ruder}} |[[Illinois]] |1987 peh-gue̍h 7 |1989 káu-gue̍h 30 | {{Age in years and days nts|1987|08|07|1989|09|30|sc=y}} |[[Ronald Reagan|Reagan]] |- ! scope="row" |24 | | {{sortname|Richard C.|Breeden}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |1989 tsa̍p-gue̍h 11 |1993 gōo-gue̍h 7 | {{Age in years and days nts|1989|10|11|1993|05|07|sc=y}} |[[George H. W. Bush|Bush Sr.]] |- ! scope="row" |25 |[[File:Arthur Levitt (Former Chairman, Securities and Exchange Commission).jpg|75px|Arthur Levitt]] | {{sortname|Arthur|Levitt}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |1993 tshit-gue̍h 27 |9, 2001 jī-gue̍h 9 | {{Age in years and days nts|1993|06|27|2001|02|09|sc=y}} |[[Bill Clinton|Clinton]] |- ! scope="row" |26 |[[File:HLP2004.jpg|75px|Harvey Pitt]] | {{sortname|Harvey|Pitt}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |2001 peh-gue̍h 3 |2003 2gueh 18 | {{Age in years and days nts|2001|08|03|2003|02|18|sc=y}} |[[George W. Bush|Bush Jr.]] |- ! scope="row" |27 |[[File:William Henry Donaldson.jpg|75px|William H. Donaldson]] | {{sortname|William H.|Donaldson}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |2003 jī-gue̍h 18 |2005 la̍k-gue̍h 30 | {{Age in years and days nts|2003|02|18|2005|06|30|sc=y}} |[[George W. Bush|Bush Jr.]] |- ! scope="row" |28 |[[File:ChrisCox.jpg|75px|Christopher Cox]] | {{sortname|Christopher|Cox}} |[[California]] |2005 peh-gue̍h 3 |2009 it-gue̍h 20 | {{Age in years and days nts|2005|08|03|2009|01|20|sc=y}} |[[George W. Bush|Bush Jr.]] |- ! scope="row" |29 |[[File:SchapiroMary.jpg|75px|Mary Schapiro]] | {{sortname|Mary|Schapiro}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |2009 it-gue̍h 27 |2012 tsa̍pjī-gue̍h 14 | {{Age in years and days nts|2009|01|27|2012|12|14|sc=y}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] |- ! scope="row" |30 |[[File:Elisse Walter official portrait.jpg|75px|Elisse B. Walter]] | {{sortname|Elisse B.|Walter}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |2012 tsa̍pjī-gue̍h 14 |2013 sì-gue̍h 10 | {{Age in years and days nts|2012|12|14|2013|04|10|sc=y}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] |- ! scope="row" |31 |[[File:Official portrait of Mary Jo White.jpg|75px|Mary Jo White]] | {{sortname|Mary Jo|White}} |[[New York (state)|New York]] |2013 sì-gue̍h 10 |2017 it-gue̍h 20 | {{Age in years and days nts|2013|04|10|2017|01|20|sc=y}} |[[Barack Obama|Obama]] |- ! scope="row" |32 |[[File:Jay Clayton.jpg|75px|Jay Clayton (attorney)]] | {{sortname|Jay|Clayton|dab=attorney}} |[[Pennsylvania]] |2017 gōo-gue̍h 4 |2020 tsa̍pjī-gue̍h 23 | {{Age in years and days nts|2017|05|04|2020|12|23|sc=y}} |[[Donald Trump|Trump]] |- ! scope="row" |33 |[[File:GaryGenslerSEC.jpg|75px|Gary Gensler]] | {{sortname|Gary|Gensler}} |[[Maryland]] |2021 sì-gue̍h 17 |''Incumbent'' | {{Age in years and days nts|2021|04|17<!--|YYYY|MM|DD-->|sc=y}} |[[Joe Biden|Biden]] |} ==Tsoo-tsit kà-kòo== Bí-kok tsìng-kuàn kau-i̍k uí-uân-huē iû 5-miâ uí-guân sóo tsoo-sîng--ê, jīm-hô tan-it tsìng-tóng tsiàm-iú ê si̍k-tshù bē-sái tsē-kuè 3-si̍k. Tsit-má ê tsú-si̍k sī-iû bí-kok tsìng-hú kuañ-uân hām tsiân tâu-tsu gîn-hâng-ka {{le|Gary Gensler|Gary Gensler}} tam-jīm. Kî-thañ uí-guân si-iû nn̄g-uī [[Kiōng-hô Tóng (Bí-kok)|kiōng-hô-tóng]] jîn hām nn̄g-uī [[Bîn-chú Tóng (Bí-kok)|bîn-tsú-tóng]] jîn lâi tam-jīm. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Bí-kok hoat-tián tē-15 phiⁿ|Title 15 of the United States Code}} (Bí-kok huat-tián tē-15 tsit-phiñ/Title 15 of the United States Code) *{{link-zh|Tāi-chhing tù-chok-koân lu̍t|大清著作權律}} (Tāi-tshing tù-tsok-kuân lu̍t/大清著作權律) *{{link-zh|Hiong-káng hêng-su sò͘-siōng thêng-su|香港刑事訴訟程序}} (Hiong-káng hîng-sū sòo-siōng thîng-su/香港刑事訴訟程序) *{{link-zh|Ò-mn̂g hêng-hoat-tián|澳門刑法典}} (Ò-mn̂g hîng-huat-tén/澳門刑法典) *{{link-zh|Têng-tī poān-loān tiâu-lē|懲治叛亂條例}} (Tîng-tī puān-luān tiâu-lē/懲治叛亂條例) ===Piáu-kik=== * {{le|SEC pī-àn|SEC filing}} (SEC filing) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category|United States Securities and Exchange Commission}} * {{Official website}} * [https://www.federalregister.gov/agencies/securities-and-exchange-commission SEC] in the {{le|Bí-kok liân-pang tsìng-hú kong-pò|Federal Register|Liân-pang kong-pò}} * [https://www.usaspending.gov/agency/securities-and-exchange-commission SEC] on {{le|2006 Bí-kok liân-pang tsu-kim būn-tsik hām thàu-bîng-tōo huat-àn|Federal Funding Accountability and Transparency Act of 2006|USAspending.gov}} * [http://www.sechistorical.org/ Securities and Exchange Commission Historical Society] * [http://www.secalumni.org/ Association of Securities and Exchange Commission Alumni (ASECA)] {{tsl|en|template:SEC}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:U.S. Securities And Exchange Commission}} [[Category:Bí-kok chèng-koàn kau-e̍k uí-oân-hōe| ]] [[Category:Huat-jîn huhoān-chōe]] [[Category:Kim-iông hoān-chōe ū-hông]] [[Category:Bí-kok kim-iông kàm-kuán ki-kòo]] [[Category:Government agencies established in 1934]] [[Category:Roosevelt sin-tsìng ki-kòo]] 41rtozcfbunvm7lcy98e4hi7fi6x4rm 0 1078209 3136803 3136576 2022-08-25T00:32:36Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Russische Schmetterlingsmine PFM-1.jpg|thumb|right|Tsi̍t-lia̍p PFM-1 "phuè-hun (hùn-lēn) tē-luî", king-iû tē-luî tíng-kuân ê [[kilil jī-bó]] “У” (Учебный (uchebnyy) ê {{le|thâu jī-bó|Initial}}, "phuè-hun (tē-luî)" ê ì-sù) lâi khu-hun "si̍t-tsè tē-luî" hām "phuè-hun tē-luî" (У) tsi-kan ê bô-kāng-khuán {{le|pán-pún|Edition (book)}}.]] [[File:PFM1 scheme.JPG|thumb|right|PFM-1 tôo-sī]] '''PFM-1''' ([[ia̍h-á]] tē-luî; [[Ô͘-tia̍p|poo-láu]] tē-luî; [[ing-gú]]: PFM-1 land mine) sī [[So͘-liân|soo-lên]] kah [[gôlôsu]] [[Seng-sán|sing-sán]] ê ē-tàng thuàñ--khuī sat-siong [[Lâng|jîn-guân]] ê {{le|tē-luî|Land mine}} (tuè-jîn tē-luî).<ref name=IWM>{{cite web|url=https://www.iwm.org.uk/collections/item/object/30021997|access-date=2022-02-27|work=Imperial War Museum|title=PFM 1 anti-personnel mine ("Green Parrot") (British drill/training example)}}</ref> PFM-1 mā ē-sái kiò-tsò "[[Le̍k-sek|tsheñ]] [[Eng-ko|ing-ko]]" hi̍k-tsiá "[[Ô͘-tia̍p|poo-láu]]" tē-luî.<ref name=IWM /> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Sè-kài kok-tē suè-lu̍t|List of countries by tax rates}} (List of countries by tax rates) *{{le|Delaware-hô ê thong-tō|The Passage of the Delaware}}, 1819 {{le|Thomas Sully|Thomas Sully}} huē-uē *{{le|Torino hûi-hiám chí-sò͘|Torino scale}} (Torino huî-hiám tsí-sòo/Torino scale) *{{le|Chiâm-chā ui-hia̍pi thian-thé|Potentially hazardous object}} (tsiâm-tsāi ui-hia̽p then-thé/Potentially hazardous object) *{{link-fr|Gironde hô-kháu|Estuaire de la Gironde}} (Estuaire de la Gironde) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|PFM-1}} *[http://www.one-step-beyond.de/en/countries/afghanistan/mines/afghanistan_mine_pfm-1.html One Step Beyond – Mines – Afghanistan – PFM-1] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20070927223036/http://www.warchild.org/Interactive_Galleries/Landmines/Mines3/mines3.html War Child International -Stop Landmines - Mines3l] {{en}} * [http://www.icbl.org/ ICBL- International Campaign to Ban Landmines] {{en}} [[Category:Tuè-jîn tē-luî]] [[Category:So͘-liân léng-chiàn bú-khì]] [[Category:So͘-liân tē-luî]] [[Category:Chhù tàn-io̍h]] [[Category:Lōsiia bú-khì]] of9yit86vdbso6dlt50pd1oc4omqgju 0 1078242 3136800 3136588 2022-08-25T00:25:14Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = 7.62 mm T93 Tshù-kik pōo-tshìng | image = T93 sniper rifle.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption = T93 tshù-kik pōo-tshìng teh tián-sī |origin = [[Tiong-hoâ Bîn-kok]] (Tâiuân) |type = {{le|chhù-kek pō͘-chhèng|Sniper rifle|Tshù-kik pōo-tshìng}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged = yes <!-- Service history --> |service = |used_by = |wars = <!-- Production history --> |designer = Tē-205 ping-kang-tshiúnn |design_date = 2003 |manufacturer = |production_date = |number = |variants = <!-- General specifications --> |weight = |length = |part_length = |crew = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> |cartridge = {{le|7.62 × 51 mm NATO|7.62 × 51 mm NATO}} |caliber = |action = {{le|chhiú-tōng chhèng-kī|Bolt-action|Tshiú-tōng tshìng-ki}} |rate = |velocity = |range = Over 800 m (tshú-kuat teh {{le|chhèng-chí-io̍h|ammunition|tàn-io̍h}}/{{le|chhù-kek-tshiú|sniper|tshù-kik-tshiú}}) |max_range = |feed = 5-huat lāi-pōo {{le|tàn-ha̍p|Magazine (firearm)}} |sights = {{le|Biâu-chún-kìng|Telescopic sight}} }} '''T93 tshù-kik pōo-tshìng''' ([[ing-gú]]: T93 sniper rifle) sī iû [[Tiong-hôa Bîn-kok Kok-hông-pō͘|Tiong-huâ bîn-kok kok-hông-pōo]] {{link-zh|Kok-hông-pō͘ kun-pī-kio̍k sing-sán tsè-tsō tiong-sim tē-205 tshiúñ|國防部軍備局生產製造中心第205廠}} sóo gén-huat ê {{le|7.62×51mm NATO|7.62×51mm NATO|7.62 mm}} {{le|tshù-kik pōo-tshìng|Sniper rifle}}; teh 2007-nî {{le|Tâi-uân kok-tsè tsuan-gia̍p tián|Taiwan Trade Shows|Tâi-pak kok-tsè hâng-thài kho-ki kì kok-hông kang-gia̍p tén}} tang-tiong thâu-tsi̍t-pái kong-khai lâi tén-tshut.<ref>{{cite book |title=Taiwan Army Weapon Systems Handbook Volume 1 Strategic Information and Weapon Systems |date=2010 |publisher=IBP USA |isbn=9781433061950}} {{en}}</ref> ==Tôo-siōng== <Gallery> ROCA Special Force Team ASSC 1.jpg|ROCA Special Force Team ASSC 1 demonstrates the T93 for Taiwanese President [[Tsai Ing-wen]] Type 93 sniper rifle.jpg|[[Chhèng-sin|tshìng-kóng]] ê {{le|ti̍k-sià|Close-up}}, T93 {{le|kī-ha̍p|Receiver (firearms)}} M913 {{le|siat-kè kui-keh|Design specification|kui-keh}} {{le|chiàn-su̍t|Tactic (method)|tsiàn-su̍t}} {{le|tō-kuì tsíng-ha̍p hē-thóng|Rail Integration System|tō-kuì}} Defense.gov photo essay 101013-A-7341H-013.jpg|A Taiwanese army sniper, left, fires at targets as his spotter, right, provides him with correct range distances during the International Sniper Competition on Selby Hill, [[Fort Benning]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Ga.]], Oct. 13, 2010. </gallery> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|M24 chhù-kek-chhiú bú-khì hē-thóng|M24 Sniper Weapon System}} (Ḿ24 tshù-kik-tshiú bú-khì hē-thóng/M24 Sniper Weapon System) *{{le|T-90 tsú-li̍k tsiàn-tshia|T-90}} (T-90) *{{le|Carl Gustaf 8.4cm bô āu-tsō-li̍k phàu|Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle}} (Carl Gustaf 8.4cm recoilless rifle) *{{le|Bô āu-tsō-li̍k phàu|Recoilless rifle}} (Recoilless rifle) *{{le|Prussia kun-kuaⁿ ha̍k-hāu|Prussian Staff College}} (Prussia kun-kuañ ha̍k-hāu/Prussian Staff College/Prussia tsèn-tsing ha̍k-hāu) *{{le|Paul Johnson (chok-ka)|Paul Johnson (writer)}} (Paul Johnson (tsok-ka)/Paul Johnson (writer)) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category|T93 rifle}} *{{youtube|KmcczVq-gzQ|國造T93狙擊槍射擊誤差大!}} {{zh}} *{{youtube|NUC04tUUoj4|TOP 10 BEST SNIPER RIFLES IN THE WORLD}} (en) [[Category:chhù-kek pō͘-chhèng]] bnhyjehs1t7jws9xg31vacp4qyhfaz5 0 1078244 3136814 3136586 2022-08-25T00:48:51Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme |name=Ə (schwa (latin)) |letter=Ə ə |image=File:Latin letter Əə.svg |imagesize=200px |imagealt= |script=[[Latin jī-bó]] |type=[[Jī-bó]] |typedesc=ic |phonemes=[{{IPAlink|æ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ə}}] |unicode=U+018F, U+0259 |alphanumber= |number= |fam1=<hiero>A28</hiero> |fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticE-01.svg|20px|Heh]] |fam3=[[File:Protohe.svg|20px|He]] |fam4=[[File:PhoenicianE-01.svg|20px|Phoenician He]] |fam5=[[Image:phoenician he.svg|20px|He]] |fam6=[[Epsilon|Ε ε ϵ]] |fam7=[[𐌄]] |fam8=[[E|E e]] |usageperiod=~1922 to 1939, 1992 to present |children={{Bull}}[[Ә]] |associates= |direction=Left-to-Right }} '''Ə''' (schwa ([[latin jī-bó]]); {{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ə'''; [[ing-gú]]: schwa (latin); {{le|siâ-thé|Oblique type}}: ''Ə'', ''ə'') sī ên-sin hîng ê [[latin jī-bó]] tsi-it. [Ə/ə] ê tāi-siá hām siáu-siá ê jī-hîng lóng-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bó.<ref name=atayaljibo>{{Omniglot |page = atayal |title = Atayal alphabet, prounciation [''sic''<nowiki>]</nowiki> and language |accessdate = 2017-10-01}}</ref> Teh Kok-tsè im-piau tang-tiong, siáu-siá ê ə sī iōng-lâi tāi-piáu [[tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]]. <ref name=unicodeeingiong>{{Cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf | title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> Kin-kù [[Unicode]] ê piau-tsún kiò-tsò "schwa (latin)". M̄-ku teh bô-kāng-khuán ê [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] lāi-té piáu-sī bô-kâng ê {{le|gí-im|Phone (phonetics)}}. Mā ē-tàng iōng /ɚ/ lâi piáu-sī {{le|ji̍t-huà guân-im|R-colored vowel}}. Ū-hê [[Kau (phiat-im hû-hō)|kńg-tsi̍h-kau]] (ᶕ) ê {{le|schwa|Schwa}} iōng teh [[Gí-im choán-siá|im-piau]]. <ref name=unicodeeingiong/> ==Sú-iōng gí-gên== Teh {{le|Karay-a gí|Karay-a language}} ê jī-bó lāi-té, [Ə/ə] jī-bó piáu-sī [[tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] {{IPA|/ə/}}. Koh teh {{le|Avestan gí-giân|Avestan}} ê [[latin-gí]] ê im-i̍k lāi-té, tuì-ìng ê tn̂g [[Bú-im|guân-im]] siá-tsò {{le|schwa|Schwa}}-{{le|tn̂g-im hû-hō|Macron (diacritic)}}, [Ə̄/ə̄]. Līng-guā, teh {{le|Huàn-Nigeria jī-bó|Pan-Nigerian alphabet}} lāi-té ū tsi̍t-ê [Ǝ/ǝ] jī-bó, siáu-siá ê hîng-tsōng hām tsit-ê jī-bó kâng-khuán, mā-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bó; tāi-siá jī-bó tō-sī tò-se̍h ê tāi-siá /E/ jī-bó.<ref name=atayaljibo/> Teh {{le|azerbaijan jī-bó|Azerbaijani alphabet}} ê {{le|pán-pún|Edition (book)}}, [Ə/ə] tāi-piáu {{le|Chhù khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|Near-open front unrounded vowel|tshù-khai tsîng put uân-sûn guân-im}} /æ/<ref>{{Omniglot |page = azeri |title = Azerbaijani language, alphabets and pronunciation |accessdate = 2017-10-14}}</ref>. Mā-sī iōng teh {{le|iañalif|Yañalif}} ê gí-im piáu-sī tsò {{IPA|/æ/}}<ref>{{Omniglot |page = tatar |title = Tatar language, alphabet and pronunciation |accessdate = 2017-10-14}}</ref>, iah iōng teh {{le|thóng-it pak-hong jī-bó|Unified Northern Alphabet}} lāi-té<ref>[[:file:Unified Northern Alphabet.jpg]]</ref>. Iah teh {{le|Hui-tsiu jī-bó|Africa Alphabet}} lāi-té, /Ə/ jī-bó sī lên-suà lo̍h--lâi ê tē-9 ê jī-bó <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bisharat.net/Documents/poal30-tables.html |title = IIALC 1930 POAL website = Bisharat |format = PDF |accessdate = 2017-10-15 |language = en}}</ref>. {{le|Halkomelem-gí|Halkomelem}} ê "Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ gí" mā sú-iōng tsit-ê jī-bó<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.languagegeek.com/salishan/halkomelem.html |title = Hul’q’umi’num’ — Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ — Halq’eméylem (Halkomelem) |website = Languagegeek.com |format = PDF |accessdate = 2017-10-18 |language = en}}</ref>. [[Uyghur-gí]] ê kū-[[Lô-má-hòa|latin-huà]] hîng-sik, hām {{le|uyghur sin bûn-jī|Uyghur New Script}} (m̄-sī {{le|uyghur lantin jī-bó|Uyghur Latin alphabet}}) mā tshái-iōng tsit-ê jī-bó. M̄-ku /ə/ teh kū-iú {{le|ISO/IEC 8859-9|ISO/IEC 8859-9|türk gí-gên ê pen-bé}} lāi-té bô-huat-tōo tsi-uān; tsiâñ-tsē sî-tsūn hông siá-tsò ná-tshin-tshiūñ [[tatar-gí]] iah-sī [[turkmen-gí]] sú-iōng ê jī-bó /ä/. Iah-koh teh {{le|Se-pōo Yugur-gí|Western Yugur language}} lāi-té /Ə/ tāi-piáu [[Tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] /ə/. Mā teh {{le|wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} ê [[latin jī-bó]] pán-pún, /Ə/ mā piáu-sī tsò [[Tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] /ə/.<ref name=unicodeeingiong/> ==Unicode pen-bé== {{charmap |018F|name1=Latin tāi-siá jī-bó Schwa |0259|name2=Latin siáu-siá jī-bó Schwa |1D4A|name3=Siu-siah-hû jī-bó siáu-siá Schwa |2094|name4=Latin hā-piau siáu-siá jī-bó Schwa }} ==Im-ti̍k== Ә ê {{le|Im-ti̍k|Note value}} thong-siông sī-teh piáu-sī [[tiong iong bú-im]] /ə/ (Ә); ia̍h ē-tàng piáu-sī tsò {{le|Chhù khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|Near-open front unrounded vowel|kīn-khui tsîng put uân-tûn bió-im}} /æ/ (Ә). ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} == Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Piān-hê-sik hông-khòng hē-thóng|Man-portable air-defense system}} (pēn-hê-sik hông-khòng hē-thóng (PHSH)/Man-portable air-defense system) *{{link-zh|Pok Bûn-siam|濮文暹}} (濮文暹) *{{link-zh|Liû-lî-chhióng|琉璃廠}} (Liû-lî-tshióng/琉璃廠/Liû-lî-tshiúñ) *{{link-zh|Châm Chhun-suan|岑春煊}} (Tsâm Tshun-suan/岑春煊) *{{link-zh|Tóng Hok-siông|董福祥}} (董福祥) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|Ə}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|ə}} * [http://graphemica.com/Ə Буква Ə] на сайте graphemica.com * [http://graphemica.com/ə Буква ə] на сайте graphemica.com {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Latin jī-bó|EƏ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-im choán-siá hû-hō|ə]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gí]] gws4wggq8tyw90mfp3vjfhbsiffovb2 3136815 3136814 2022-08-25T00:49:50Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Im-ti̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme |name=Ə (schwa (latin)) |letter=Ə ə |image=File:Latin letter Əə.svg |imagesize=200px |imagealt= |script=[[Latin jī-bó]] |type=[[Jī-bó]] |typedesc=ic |phonemes=[{{IPAlink|æ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ə}}] |unicode=U+018F, U+0259 |alphanumber= |number= |fam1=<hiero>A28</hiero> |fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticE-01.svg|20px|Heh]] |fam3=[[File:Protohe.svg|20px|He]] |fam4=[[File:PhoenicianE-01.svg|20px|Phoenician He]] |fam5=[[Image:phoenician he.svg|20px|He]] |fam6=[[Epsilon|Ε ε ϵ]] |fam7=[[𐌄]] |fam8=[[E|E e]] |usageperiod=~1922 to 1939, 1992 to present |children={{Bull}}[[Ә]] |associates= |direction=Left-to-Right }} '''Ə''' (schwa ([[latin jī-bó]]); {{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ə'''; [[ing-gú]]: schwa (latin); {{le|siâ-thé|Oblique type}}: ''Ə'', ''ə'') sī ên-sin hîng ê [[latin jī-bó]] tsi-it. [Ə/ə] ê tāi-siá hām siáu-siá ê jī-hîng lóng-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bó.<ref name=atayaljibo>{{Omniglot |page = atayal |title = Atayal alphabet, prounciation [''sic''<nowiki>]</nowiki> and language |accessdate = 2017-10-01}}</ref> Teh Kok-tsè im-piau tang-tiong, siáu-siá ê ə sī iōng-lâi tāi-piáu [[tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]]. <ref name=unicodeeingiong>{{Cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf | title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> Kin-kù [[Unicode]] ê piau-tsún kiò-tsò "schwa (latin)". M̄-ku teh bô-kāng-khuán ê [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] lāi-té piáu-sī bô-kâng ê {{le|gí-im|Phone (phonetics)}}. Mā ē-tàng iōng /ɚ/ lâi piáu-sī {{le|ji̍t-huà guân-im|R-colored vowel}}. Ū-hê [[Kau (phiat-im hû-hō)|kńg-tsi̍h-kau]] (ᶕ) ê {{le|schwa|Schwa}} iōng teh [[Gí-im choán-siá|im-piau]]. <ref name=unicodeeingiong/> ==Sú-iōng gí-gên== Teh {{le|Karay-a gí|Karay-a language}} ê jī-bó lāi-té, [Ə/ə] jī-bó piáu-sī [[tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] {{IPA|/ə/}}. Koh teh {{le|Avestan gí-giân|Avestan}} ê [[latin-gí]] ê im-i̍k lāi-té, tuì-ìng ê tn̂g [[Bú-im|guân-im]] siá-tsò {{le|schwa|Schwa}}-{{le|tn̂g-im hû-hō|Macron (diacritic)}}, [Ə̄/ə̄]. Līng-guā, teh {{le|Huàn-Nigeria jī-bó|Pan-Nigerian alphabet}} lāi-té ū tsi̍t-ê [Ǝ/ǝ] jī-bó, siáu-siá ê hîng-tsōng hām tsit-ê jī-bó kâng-khuán, mā-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bó; tāi-siá jī-bó tō-sī tò-se̍h ê tāi-siá /E/ jī-bó.<ref name=atayaljibo/> Teh {{le|azerbaijan jī-bó|Azerbaijani alphabet}} ê {{le|pán-pún|Edition (book)}}, [Ə/ə] tāi-piáu {{le|Chhù khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|Near-open front unrounded vowel|tshù-khai tsîng put uân-sûn guân-im}} /æ/<ref>{{Omniglot |page = azeri |title = Azerbaijani language, alphabets and pronunciation |accessdate = 2017-10-14}}</ref>. Mā-sī iōng teh {{le|iañalif|Yañalif}} ê gí-im piáu-sī tsò {{IPA|/æ/}}<ref>{{Omniglot |page = tatar |title = Tatar language, alphabet and pronunciation |accessdate = 2017-10-14}}</ref>, iah iōng teh {{le|thóng-it pak-hong jī-bó|Unified Northern Alphabet}} lāi-té<ref>[[:file:Unified Northern Alphabet.jpg]]</ref>. Iah teh {{le|Hui-tsiu jī-bó|Africa Alphabet}} lāi-té, /Ə/ jī-bó sī lên-suà lo̍h--lâi ê tē-9 ê jī-bó <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bisharat.net/Documents/poal30-tables.html |title = IIALC 1930 POAL website = Bisharat |format = PDF |accessdate = 2017-10-15 |language = en}}</ref>. {{le|Halkomelem-gí|Halkomelem}} ê "Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ gí" mā sú-iōng tsit-ê jī-bó<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.languagegeek.com/salishan/halkomelem.html |title = Hul’q’umi’num’ — Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ — Halq’eméylem (Halkomelem) |website = Languagegeek.com |format = PDF |accessdate = 2017-10-18 |language = en}}</ref>. [[Uyghur-gí]] ê kū-[[Lô-má-hòa|latin-huà]] hîng-sik, hām {{le|uyghur sin bûn-jī|Uyghur New Script}} (m̄-sī {{le|uyghur lantin jī-bó|Uyghur Latin alphabet}}) mā tshái-iōng tsit-ê jī-bó. M̄-ku /ə/ teh kū-iú {{le|ISO/IEC 8859-9|ISO/IEC 8859-9|türk gí-gên ê pen-bé}} lāi-té bô-huat-tōo tsi-uān; tsiâñ-tsē sî-tsūn hông siá-tsò ná-tshin-tshiūñ [[tatar-gí]] iah-sī [[turkmen-gí]] sú-iōng ê jī-bó /ä/. Iah-koh teh {{le|Se-pōo Yugur-gí|Western Yugur language}} lāi-té /Ə/ tāi-piáu [[Tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] /ə/. Mā teh {{le|wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} ê [[latin jī-bó]] pán-pún, /Ə/ mā piáu-sī tsò [[Tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] /ə/.<ref name=unicodeeingiong/> ==Unicode pen-bé== {{charmap |018F|name1=Latin tāi-siá jī-bó Schwa |0259|name2=Latin siáu-siá jī-bó Schwa |1D4A|name3=Siu-siah-hû jī-bó siáu-siá Schwa |2094|name4=Latin hā-piau siáu-siá jī-bó Schwa }} ==Im-tī== Ә ê [[im-tī]] thong-siông sī-teh piáu-sī [[tiong iong bú-im]] /ə/ (Ә); ia̍h ē-tàng piáu-sī tsò {{le|Chhù khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|Near-open front unrounded vowel|kīn-khui tsîng put uân-tûn bió-im}} /æ/ (Ә). ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} == Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Piān-hê-sik hông-khòng hē-thóng|Man-portable air-defense system}} (pēn-hê-sik hông-khòng hē-thóng (PHSH)/Man-portable air-defense system) *{{link-zh|Pok Bûn-siam|濮文暹}} (濮文暹) *{{link-zh|Liû-lî-chhióng|琉璃廠}} (Liû-lî-tshióng/琉璃廠/Liû-lî-tshiúñ) *{{link-zh|Châm Chhun-suan|岑春煊}} (Tsâm Tshun-suan/岑春煊) *{{link-zh|Tóng Hok-siông|董福祥}} (董福祥) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|Ə}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|ə}} * [http://graphemica.com/Ə Буква Ə] на сайте graphemica.com * [http://graphemica.com/ə Буква ə] на сайте graphemica.com {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Latin jī-bó|EƏ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-im choán-siá hû-hō|ə]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gí]] t60696h0odboy1z7q93xwhkgoad97g9 3136858 3136815 2022-08-25T08:55:30Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox grapheme |name=Ə (schwa (latin)) |letter=Ə ə |image=File:Latin letter Əə.svg |imagesize=200px |imagealt= |script=[[Latin jī-bó]] |type=[[Jī-bó]] |typedesc=ic |phonemes=[{{IPAlink|æ}}]<br>[{{IPAlink|ə}}] |unicode=U+018F, U+0259 |alphanumber= |number= |fam1=<hiero>A28</hiero> |fam2=[[Image:Proto-semiticE-01.svg|20px|Heh]] |fam3=[[File:Protohe.svg|20px|He]] |fam4=[[File:PhoenicianE-01.svg|20px|Phoenician He]] |fam5=[[Image:phoenician he.svg|20px|He]] |fam6=[[Epsilon|Ε ε ϵ]] |fam7=[[𐌄]] |fam8=[[E|E e]] |usageperiod=~1922 to 1939, 1992 to present |children={{Bull}}[[Ә]] |associates= |direction=Left-to-Right }} '''Ə''' (schwa ([[latin jī-bó]]); {{le|jī-bó tāi-siáu siá|Letter case|siáu-siá}}: '''ə'''; [[ing-gú]]: schwa (latin); {{le|siâ-thé|Oblique type}}: ''Ə'', ''ə'') sī ên-sin hîng ê [[latin jī-bó]] tsi-it. [Ə/ə] ê tāi-siá hām siáu-siá ê jī-hîng lóng-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bó.<ref name=atayaljibo>{{Omniglot |page = atayal |title = Atayal alphabet, prounciation [''sic''<nowiki>]</nowiki> and language |accessdate = 2017-10-01}}</ref> Teh Kok-tsè im-piau tang-tiong, siáu-siá ê ə sī iōng-lâi tāi-piáu [[tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]]. <ref name=unicodeeingiong>{{Cite web | url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2004/04132-n2740-phonetic.pdf | title=L2/04-132 Proposal to add additional phonetic characters to the UCS|date=2004-04-19|first=Peter|last=Constable}}</ref> Kin-kù [[Unicode]] ê piau-tsún kiò-tsò "schwa (latin)". M̄-ku teh bô-kāng-khuán ê [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] lāi-té piáu-sī bô-kâng ê {{le|gí-im|Phone (phonetics)}}. Mā ē-tàng iōng /ɚ/ lâi piáu-sī {{le|ji̍t-huà guân-im|R-colored vowel}}. Ū-hê [[Kau (phiat-im hû-hō)|kńg-tsi̍h-kau]] (ᶕ) ê {{le|schwa|Schwa}} iōng teh [[Gí-im choán-siá|im-piau]]. <ref name=unicodeeingiong/> ==Sú-iōng gí-gên== Teh {{le|Karay-a gí|Karay-a language}} ê jī-bó lāi-té, [Ə/ə] jī-bó piáu-sī [[tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] {{IPA|/ə/}}. Koh teh {{le|Avestan gí-giân|Avestan}} ê [[latin-gí]] ê im-i̍k lāi-té, tuì-ìng ê tn̂g [[Bú-im|guân-im]] siá-tsò {{le|schwa|Schwa}}-{{le|tn̂g-im hû-hō|Macron (diacritic)}}, [Ə̄/ə̄]. Līng-guā, teh {{le|Huàn-Nigeria jī-bó|Pan-Nigerian alphabet}} lāi-té ū tsi̍t-ê [Ǝ/ǝ] jī-bó, siáu-siá ê hîng-tsōng hām tsit-ê jī-bó kâng-khuán, mā-sī tò-se̍h ê /e/ jī-bó; tāi-siá jī-bó tō-sī tò-se̍h ê tāi-siá /E/ jī-bó.<ref name=atayaljibo/> Teh {{le|azerbaijan jī-bó|Azerbaijani alphabet}} ê {{le|pán-pún|Edition (book)}}, [Ə/ə] tāi-piáu {{le|Chhù khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|Near-open front unrounded vowel|tshù-khai tsîng put uân-sûn guân-im}} /æ/<ref>{{Omniglot |page = azeri |title = Azerbaijani language, alphabets and pronunciation |accessdate = 2017-10-14}}</ref>. Mā-sī iōng teh {{le|iañalif|Yañalif}} ê gí-im piáu-sī tsò {{IPA|/æ/}}<ref>{{Omniglot |page = tatar |title = Tatar language, alphabet and pronunciation |accessdate = 2017-10-14}}</ref>, iah iōng teh {{le|thóng-it pak-hong jī-bó|Unified Northern Alphabet}} lāi-té<ref>[[:file:Unified Northern Alphabet.jpg]]</ref>. Iah teh {{le|Hui-tsiu jī-bó|Africa Alphabet}} lāi-té, /Ə/ jī-bó sī lên-suà lo̍h--lâi ê tē-9 ê jī-bó <ref>{{cite web |url = http://www.bisharat.net/Documents/poal30-tables.html |title = IIALC 1930 POAL website = Bisharat |format = PDF |accessdate = 2017-10-15 |language = en}}</ref>. {{le|Halkomelem-gí|Halkomelem}} ê "Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ gí" mā sú-iōng tsit-ê jī-bó<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.languagegeek.com/salishan/halkomelem.html |title = Hul’q’umi’num’ — Hǝn̓q̓ǝmin̓ǝm̓ — Halq’eméylem (Halkomelem) |website = Languagegeek.com |format = PDF |accessdate = 2017-10-18 |language = en}}</ref>. [[Uyghur-gí]] ê kū-[[Lô-má-hòa|latin-huà]] hîng-sik, hām {{le|uyghur sin bûn-jī|Uyghur New Script}} (m̄-sī {{le|uyghur lantin jī-bó|Uyghur Latin alphabet}}) mā tshái-iōng tsit-ê jī-bó. M̄-ku /ə/ teh kū-iú {{le|ISO/IEC 8859-9|ISO/IEC 8859-9|türk gí-gên ê pen-bé}} lāi-té bô-huat-tōo tsi-uān; tsiâñ-tsē sî-tsūn hông siá-tsò ná-tshin-tshiūñ [[tatar-gí]] iah-sī [[turkmen-gí]] sú-iōng ê jī-bó /ä/. Iah-koh teh {{le|Se-pōo Yugur-gí|Western Yugur language}} lāi-té /Ə/ tāi-piáu [[Tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] /ə/. Mā teh {{le|wakhi-gí|Wakhi language}} ê [[latin jī-bó]] pán-pún, /Ə/ mā piáu-sī tsò [[Tiong iong bú-im|tiong-iong guân-im]] /ə/.<ref name=unicodeeingiong/> ==Unicode pen-bé== {{charmap |018F|name1=Latin tāi-siá jī-bó Schwa |0259|name2=Latin siáu-siá jī-bó Schwa |1D4A|name3=Siu-siah-hû jī-bó siáu-siá Schwa |2094|name4=Latin hā-piau siáu-siá jī-bó Schwa }} ==Im-tī== Ә ê [[im-tī]] thong-siông sī-teh piáu-sī [[tiong iong bú-im]] /ə/ (Ә); ia̍h ē-tàng piáu-sī tsò {{le|Chhù khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|Near-open front unrounded vowel|kīn-khui tsîng put uân-tûn bió-im}} /æ/ (Ә). ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} == Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Piān-hê-sik hông-khòng hē-thóng|Man-portable air-defense system}} (pēn-hê-sik hông-khòng hē-thóng (PHSH)/Man-portable air-defense system) *{{link-zh|Pok Bûn-siam|濮文暹}} (濮文暹) *{{link-zh|Liû-lî-chhióng|琉璃廠}} (Liû-lî-tshióng/琉璃廠/Liû-lî-tshiúñ) *{{link-zh|Châm Chhun-suan|岑春煊}} (Tsâm Tshun-suan/岑春煊) *{{link-zh|Tóng Hok-siông|董福祥}} (董福祥) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|Ə}} *{{Wiktionary-inline|ə}} * [http://graphemica.com/Ə Буква Ə] на сайте graphemica.com * [http://graphemica.com/ə Буква ə] на сайте graphemica.com {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Latin jī-bó|EƏ]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gí-im choán-siá hû-hō|ə]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gú]] 2zo0da5buvvcr857ausoi7pva4wc3fb 14 1078246 3136855 3118479 2022-08-25T08:54:31Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan gú-giân]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gôlôsu gú-giân]] e27km51bpreiby450brmb6v2s17rmxy 3136856 3136855 2022-08-25T08:54:44Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gí]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gú]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan gú-giân]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Gôlôsu gú-giân]] e27km51bpreiby450brmb6v2s17rmxy 0 1078254 3136813 3136583 2022-08-25T00:42:48Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox IPA |above={{le|Phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|Phīñ-im-huà}} |ipa number=424 |decimal1 = 771 |ipa symbol= ◌̃ }} '''Phīñ-huà guân-im''' (phīñ-huà bó-im; puàñ phīñ-im, phīñ-khiuñ guân-im, guân-im phīñ-im-huà; [[ing-gú]]: nasal vowel) sī huat-im ê [[Sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] {{le|khì-liû|Airflow|khuì}} uì [[Chhùi|tshuì-khang]] kah [[Phīⁿ-khiuⁿ|phīñ-lak]] kāng sî-tsūn lâu-tshut ê [[goân-im|guân-im]] ([[bó-im]]). [[Kok-chè Im-phiau|kok-tsè im-piau]] hām [[phûtôgâ-gí]] lóng tshái-iōng {{le|pho-lōng-hû|Tilde}} "~" /[[file:Tilde (diacritic).svg|9px]]/ kǹg-teh guân-im [[jī-bó]] {{le|siong-tuì hong-uī|Body relative direction|tíng-kuân}} lâi piau-sī {{le|Phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}} ê [[Im-sò͘|im-sòo]].<ref> Бондарко Л. В. Гласные // Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь / Главный редактор В. Н. Ярцева. — М.: Советская энциклопедия, 1990. — 685 с. — ISBN 5-85270-031-2. {{ru icon}}</ref> ==Sú-iōng gí-giân== I-hā ê [[gí-giân|gí-gên]] lóng-ū sú-iōng tio̍h {{le|Phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-huà}} [[goân-im|guân-im]] [[ jī-bó]]. {{div col|2}} *{{le|Abenaki-gí|Abenaki language}} *{{le|Acehnese-gí|Acehnese language}} *{{le|Albania-gí|}} *{{le|Assamese-gí|Assamese language}} *[[Bengal-gí]] (nasalization is weak in Indian Bengali, and mostly absent in Bangladeshi Bengali) *[[Biántiān-gí|Béntēn-gí]] *[[Breton-gí]] /{{Unicode|ñ}}/, {{le|Rohingya-gí|Rohingya language}} /{{Unicode|ñ}}/ phīñ-huà guân-im /{{Unicode|ñ}}/ iōng teh piáu-sī kā i {{le|siong-tuì hong-uī|Body relative direction|thâu-tsîng}} ê [[Bú-im|guân-im]] tsiâñ-tsò {{le|phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}}. *[[Ēmn̂g-oē|Ēmn̂g-uē]] {{le|Lô Siông-puê|Luo Changpei}} Sin-sik" ê {{le|Phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-huà}} guân-im [{{IPA|añ}}⁴⁴]<ref>{{le|Lô Siông-puê|Luo Changpei|羅常培}}({{link-zh|Tsiu Piān-bîng|周辨明|周辨明}}),"廈門音系--Phonetics and Phonology of the Amoy Dialect(及其音韻聲調之構造與性質)",祥生出版社,臺北市,1975年3月台一版. 內版台業字：第2164號. {{zh}}</ref>. *[[Pholân-gí]] lāi-té ê [[jī-bó]] /ę/ tō-sī í-king {{le|Phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}} ê [e]. *{{le|Rohingya-gí|Rohingya language}} /{{Unicode|ñ}}/ phīñ-huà guân-im /{{Unicode|ñ}}/ iōng teh piáu-sī kā i {{le|siong-tuì hong-uī|Body relative direction|thâu-tsîng}} ê [[Bú-im|guân-im]] tsiâñ-tsò {{le|phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}}. *[[Siōnghái-oē|Siōnghái-uē]] /dǎ (打)/ [{{IPA|tã}}³⁴] [[hàn-jī]] [[Gí-im choán-siá|ping-im]] [[jī-bó]] lāi-té ê [{{IPA|ã}}]. *[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâi-gí]], teh [[Tâi-oân Bân-lâm-gí Lô-má-jī Pheng-im Hong-àn|Tâi-lô]] (ann/añ/aN) ê sú-iōng [{{IPA|sañ}}⁴⁴] (three) hi̍k-tsiá [{{IPA|iañ}}⁴⁴] (shadow) lāi-té ê jī-bó [{{IPA|ñ}}] kha kî-thañ [[Et cetera|tíng-tíng]] ê [[Bân-lâm-gú|bân-lâm]] [[gí-giân|gí-gên]], phīñ-huà guân-im /{{Unicode|ñ}}/ iōng teh piáu-sī kā i {{le|siong-tuì hong-uī|Body relative direction|thâu-tsîng}} ê [[Bú-im|guân-im]] /a/ tsiâñ-tsò {{le|phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization|phīñ-im-huà}}. *{{le|Tn̂g-soa-oē|Changsha dialect|Tn̂gsua-uē}} /chǎng (長)/ [{{IPA|tz̤̥ã}}¹³] [[hàn-jī]] [[Gí-im choán-siá|ping-im]] jī-bó lāi-té ê [{{IPA|ã}}]. {{div col end}} ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *Beddor, P. S. 1983. Phonological and phonetic effects of nasalization on vowel height {{en}} *Juliette Blevins (2004). Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Patterns. Cambridge University Press. p. 203. {{en}} *John Hajek, chapitre 10 [archive] « Vowel Nasalization » dans Martin Haspelmath (dir.), Matthew S. Dryer (dir.), David Gil (dir.) and Bernard Comrie (dir.), The World Atlas of Language Structures Online, Munich, Max Planck Digital Library, 2011 (ISBN 978-3-9813099-1-1) {{en}} * Juliette Blevins (2004). ''Evolutionary Phonology: The Emergence of Sound Pattern''s. [[Cambridge University Press]]. p. 203. {{en}} * Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). ''The Sounds of the World's Languages''. Oxford: Blackwell. p. 134. ISBN 0-631-19814-8. {{en}} * The World Atlas of Language Structures Online – Chapter 10 – Vowel Nasalization {{en}} {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} *de Medeiros, Beatriz Raposo. (2011). Nasal Coda and Vowel Nasality in Brazilian Portuguese. In S. M. Alvord (Ed.), ''Selected Proceedings of the 5th Conference on Laboratory Approaches to Romance Phonology'' (pp. 33-45). {{en}} *Hajek, John & Maeda, Shinji. (2000). Investigating Universals of Sound Change: the Effect of Vowel Height and Duration on the Development of Distinctive Nasalization. ''Papers in Laboratory Phonology V: Acquisition and the lexicon'' (pp. 52-69). {{en}} *Jeong, Sunwoo. (2012). Directional asymmetry in nasalization: Aperceptual account. ''Studies in Phonetics, Phonology and Morphology, 18''(3), 437-469. {{en}} *Michaud, A., Jacques, G., & Rankin, R. L. (2012). Historical transfer of nasality between consonantal onset and vowel: from C to V or from V to C? ''Diachronica, 29''(2), 201-230. {{en}} *Sampson, Rodney. (1999). ''Nasal Vowel Evolution in Romance''. [[Oxford University Press]]. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Phīⁿ-im-hòa|Nasalization}} (Phīñ-im-huà/Nasalization) *{{le|Thyssenkrupp kong-si|Thyssenkrupp}} *{{link-zh|Thian-chin bú-pī ha̍k-tn̂g|天津武備學堂}} (Then-tsin bú-pī ha̍k-tn̂g/天津武備學堂) *{{link-zh|Pó-tēng lio̍k-kun kun-koaⁿ ha̍k-hāu|保定陸軍軍官學校}} (Pó-tīng lio̍k-kun kun-kuañ ha̍k-hāu/保定陸軍軍官學校) *{{link-zh|Lio̍k-kun sok-sêng ha̍k-tn̂g|陸軍速成學堂}} (Lio̍k-kun sok-sîng ha̍k-tn̂g/陸軍速成學堂) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Wiktionary|Nasal vowel}} {{div col|2}} *[https://wals.info/chapter/10 WALS Online - Chapter Vowel Nasalization] {{en}} *[https://www.laits.utexas.edu/fi/html/pho/10.html les voyelles nasales /ã/, /ɛ̃/, /õ/ et /œ/ | Francais interactif] {{en}} *[https://www.lawlessfrench.com/pronunciation/nasal-vowels/ French Nasal Vowels] {{en}} {{fr}} *[http://hackingportuguese.com/pronunciation/nasal-vowels/ Nasal vowels | Hacking Portuguese] {{en}} {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bú-im]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Phīⁿ-im-hòa]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bú-im]] ekrgdrmi4ok0w8wa7d46i992jtzmssk 0 1078489 3136737 3136481 2022-08-24T21:48:12Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obƶekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obⱬekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obƶekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obƶekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|30em}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] b7herzpk0zskktg0hplwvczo8oqm8jg 3136738 3136737 2022-08-24T21:48:36Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obƶekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obⱬekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obƶekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obƶekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] e19l8zndfe0x7qywn6hp4ejpbex76dy 3136739 3136738 2022-08-24T21:49:01Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obƶekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obⱬekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obⱬekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obƶekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] 281ntby81vwbhb10za180hsj98nih8v 3136740 3136739 2022-08-24T21:49:19Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obⱬekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obⱬekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obⱬekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obƶekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] 3t0wmmtxumv37d5u7lzz94mmdisftsw 3136741 3136740 2022-08-24T21:50:14Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obⱬekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obⱬekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obⱬekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obⱬekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] 10n4io2jnp8pstqln0qlg19ungki3z5 3136757 3136741 2022-08-24T22:42:40Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Obⱬekt 279]] chit ia̍h khì [[Obz̦ekt 279]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obⱬekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obⱬekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obⱬekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obⱬekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] 10n4io2jnp8pstqln0qlg19ungki3z5 3136759 3136757 2022-08-24T22:44:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obz̦ekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obz̦ekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obz̦ekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obz̦ekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] a2kzuxiz848qedv4y4h6ig76kfgbldl 3136762 3136759 2022-08-24T23:00:36Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obz̦ekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obz̦ekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obz̦ekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obz̦ekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) *{{UniDécomp|005A|0329}} *{{UniDécomp|007A|0329}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] 5o0m96a006gqtlgomcrgxouyl38u39w 3136766 3136762 2022-08-24T23:05:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obz̩ekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obz̩ekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obz̩ekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obz̩ekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) *{{UniDécomp|005A|0329}} *{{UniDécomp|007A|0329}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] eggwt04q01v022pljzuhdw1r1afj8lm 3136767 3136766 2022-08-24T23:05:20Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Obz̦ekt 279]] chit ia̍h khì [[Obz̩ekt 279]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obz̩ekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obz̩ekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obz̩ekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obz̩ekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) *{{UniDécomp|005A|0329}} *{{UniDécomp|007A|0329}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] eggwt04q01v022pljzuhdw1r1afj8lm 3136769 3136767 2022-08-24T23:08:21Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obz̩ekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obz̩ekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gí]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obz̩ekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obz̩ekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] dap0e118oxclqv6gtelqx6spadjqf7a 3136798 3136769 2022-08-25T00:22:45Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox weapon |name = Obz̩ekt 279 |image = File:Obj279.jpg |image_size = 300px |caption = Obⱬekt 279 teh {{le|Kubinka chiàn-chhia phok-bu̍t-koán|Kubinka Tank Museum|Kubinka tsèn-tshia phok-bu̍t-kuán}} |origin = [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] |type = {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|Tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}} <!-- Type selection --> |is_ranged= |is_bladed= |is_explosive= |is_artillery= |is_vehicle=yes |is_missile= |is_UK= <!-- Service history --> |service= |used_by= |wars= <!-- Production history --> |designer= |design_date= |manufacturer= |unit_cost= |production_date=1959 |number= 3 |variants= <!-- General specifications --> |weight= 60 {{le|kong-tùn|Tonne}} |length= {{convert|6.77|m|ftin|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|11.085 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} with the gun |width= {{convert|3.400 |m|ftin|abbr=on}} |height= {{convert|2.639| m|ftin|abbr=on}} |diameter= |crew=4 ([[Sái-chhia|kà-sú]], tsng-tān, phàu-tshiú, {{le|chí-hui-oân|Commander|tsí-hui}}) <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> |armour=319 mm – 217 mm (turret front and side) <br> (at 30° – 50° from vertical) <br> 269 mm – 93 mm (upper hull front) <br> (at 45° – 75° from vertical) <br> 258 mm – 121 mm (lower hull front) <br> (at 45° – 70° from vertical) <br> 182 mm – 100 mm (hull side) <br> (at 45° – 65° from vertical) |primary_armament=130 mm M-65 rifled tank gun L/60 <br> (24 rounds) |secondary_armament=14.5 × 114 mm [[KPVT]] coaxial machine gun <br> (800 rounds) |engine= 2DG-8M diesel engine |engine_power= {{convert|1000| hp|abbr=on}} |transmission= |payload_capacity= |fuel_capacity= |pw_ratio= |suspension= |clearance= |vehicle_range= {{convert|300| km|abbr=on}} |speed= {{convert|55| km/h|abbr=on}} |guidance= }} '''Obz̩ekt 279''' '''Kotin'''<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pavlov|first=M.V.|date=21 May 2015|title=ОТЕЧЕСТВЕННЫЕ БРОНИРОВАННЫЕ МАШИНЫ 1945-1965 гг. |trans-title=Domestic armored vehicles 1945-1965|journal=Техника и вооружение (Arms and equipment)}} {{ru}}</ref> ([[gô-gú]]: Объект 279 Котин; {{le|kán-chheng (gí-hoat)|Contraction (grammar)|kán-tshing}}: 279 [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]]) sī 1959-nî ê nî-té gén-tsè ê [[So͘-liân|Soo-lên]] [[Si̍t-giām|si̍t-giām-sìng]] {{le|tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia|Heavy tank|tiōng-hîng tsèn-tshia}}. Tsit-khuán ti̍k-sû iōng-tōo ê [[Tank|tsèn-tshia]] tsú-iàu iōng-teh ua̍t-iá tē-hîng tíng-kuân lâi tsìn-hîng tsok-tsèn, tsit-khuán tē-hîng sī siông-kui ê tsèn-tshia bô-huat-tōo tsìn-ji̍p ê sóo-tsai. Obz̩ekt 279 sī iōng-tsok "tiōng-hîng tu̍t-phuà tsèn-tshia" lâi phuè-tī; pit-iàu ê [[sî-kan|sî-tsūn]] sīm-tsì ē-tàng sîng-siū [[He̍k-chú bú-khì|hi̍k-tān]] {{le|po̍k-chà|Explosion|pho̍k-tsà}} ê tshiong-kik-pho. Obz̩ekt 279 í-tsîng hông kè-uē sú-iōng tsò siōng-kuân tsí-hui ê ū-pī-tuī tsèn-tshia. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *Карпенко А. В. Тяжёлые танки // Обозрение отечественной бронетанковой техники (1905—1995). — Санкт-Петербург: Невский бастион, 1996. — С. 434. — 480 с. — 10 000 экз. {{ru}} *М. В. Павлов, И. В. Павлов. Отечественные бронированные машины 1945—1965 гг. // Техника и вооружение: вчера, сегодня, завтра. — Москва: Техинформ, 2009. — № 9. — С. 53. {{ru}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|CME chi̍p-thoân|CME Group}} (CME tsi̍p-thuân/CME Group) *{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) *{{link-zh|Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kó͘|第一金融控股}} (Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo/第一金融控股/Tē-it kim-iông khòng-kóo kong-si) *{{link-zh|Hêng-hoat chì|刑法志}} (Hîng-huat tsì/刑法志) *{{link-zh|Chiat-ga̍k kui-kàm|折獄龜鑑}} (Tset-ga̍k kui-kàm/折獄龜鑑) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Object 279|Obƶekt 279}} *[http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Russian tanks and armor - Obƶekt 279] *[http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ ОБЪЕКТ 279] * [http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ Объект 279] {{Wayback|url=http://armor.kiev.ua/Tanks/Modern/279/ |date=20161104202853 }} // armor.kiev.ua * [http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ Тайна «Проекта 279»] {{Wayback|url=http://svpressa.ru/post/article/157304/ |date=20160929102533 }} // СвободнаяПресса * [http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm Obƶekt 279] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nemo.nu/ibisportal/5pansar/5sidor/troyanov.htm |date=20020215203410 }} // nemo.nu {{en}} * [https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html Объект 279: что представлял собой тяжёлый танк для ядерной войны] {{Wayback|url=https://rg.ru/2020/05/18/reg-ufo/obekt-279-chto-predstavlial-soboj-tiazhelyj-tank-dlia-iadernoj-vojny.html |date=20200526220835 }} // РГ, 18.05.2020 * в игре [[Tanktastic]] — Obƶekt 279 доступен к покупке любому игроку за игровую валюту, без каких либо дополнительных условий. * в игре [[Карибский кризис (игра)|Карибский Кризис: Ледниковый Поход]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê léng-chiàn chiàn-chhia]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Léng-chiàn ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê chhì-giām hām gián-kiú chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:So͘-liân ê hùi-khì kun-sū kè-ōe]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:So͘-liân ê tiōng-hêng chiàn-chhia]] [[Category:chiàn-chhia ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Kirov kang-tiûⁿ ê sán-phín]] 6mcnwaeb6ylfrvo6oos7d78jfu1d3k0 0 1078526 3136799 3136480 2022-08-25T00:23:11Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Short description|1928 Christian hymn with German text}} {{Infobox musical composition | name = "{{lang|de|Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn|italic=no}}" | type = [[Ki-tok-kàu]] tsàn-bí [[Sèng-si|sìng-si]] | image = | image_upright = | alt = | caption = | translation = | text = iû {{le|Guido Maria Dreves|Guido Maria Dreves}} | language = [[Tek-gí|Tik-gí]] | based_on = | written = {{Start date|1886}} | melody = iû {{le|Josef V. von Wöss|Josef V. von Wöss}} | composed = {{Start date|1928}} | key = {{le|C tāi-tiāu|C major}} | meter = | published = <!--{{Start date|1975}}--> }} '''Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn''' ([[ing-gú]]: A song of thanks be to the Lord) sī tsi̍t-siú [[Tek-gí|tik-gí]] ê [[ki-tok-kàu]] tsàn-bí ê [[Koa-si|kua-si]]. Tsit-siú tik-bûn ê ki-tok-kàu tsàn-bí kua-si, si ê sû-gí sī-iû {{le|Guido Maria Dreves|Guido Maria Dreves}} teh 1886-nî tshòng-tsok, khik-tiāu suân-lu̍t sī-iû {{le|Josef V. von Wöss|Josef V. von Wöss}} teh 1928-nî tshòng-tsok. Tsit-siú kua-si sī teh kám-siā hām tsàn-bí [[siōng-tè]], in-uī siōng-tè i-teh pó-hōo i-sóo tshòng-tsok ê [[lâng]]. Tsit-siú kua-si sī tsok-uî [[Thian-chú-kàu|then-tsú-kàu]] {{le|Gotteslob|Gotteslob}} ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn lâi tshut-hēn. ==Puē-kíng hām li̍k-sú== Guido Maria Dreves sī tsi̍t-uī [[Iâ-so͘-hoē]] ê huē-sū, Guido gián-kiú latin tsàn-bí kua-si ê lisku, koh tshut-pán kuí-ā {{le|kuàn|Volume (bibliography)}} gián-kiú ê tsham-khó su-bo̍k.<ref name="Stäblein" /> Guido koh su-siá tsàn-bí si ê pún-bûn, pau-kua 1886-nî 7-ê {{le|si-tsiat|Stanza|si-tset}} ê "Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn".<ref name="Steiger" /> Josef V. von Wöss sī tsi̍t-uī [[Austria]] ê tsok-khik-ka, siông-tù teh [[Wien]]; tsi-tshî {{le|Cecilia ua̍h-tāng|Cecilian Movement}}<ref name="Boisits" /> Josef tshòng-tsok suân-lu̍t hām sì pōo-hūn siat-tī.<ref name="Gotteslob" /><ref name="Evangelium" /> Kî-tiong ê 5-tset<ref name="Steiger" /> pōo pau-hâm teh phóo-thong ê thian-tsú-kàu tik-gí tsàn-bí si Gotteslob tō-sī GL 382. Tsàn-bí-si iah-sī kî-thann kua-pún ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn.<ref name="Evangelium" /> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2 | refs = <ref name="Stäblein">{{NDB|4|116||Dreves, Guido Maria|Bruno Stäblein|116218894}}</ref> <ref name="Steiger">{{cite web | last = Steiger | first = Thomas | url = https://www.kirche-im-swr.de/?page=beitraege&id=18290 | title = Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn | publisher = [[Südwestrundfunk|SWR]] | date = 21 September 2014 | language = de | access-date = 6 February 2022 }}</ref> <ref name="Boisits">{{cite web | last = Boisits | first = Barbara | url = https://www.musiklexikon.ac.at/ml/musik_W/Woess_Josef.xml | title = Wöss, Josef Venantius von | publisher = [[Oesterreichisches Musiklexikon]] | date = 2021 | language = de | access-date = 13 February 2022 }}</ref> <ref name="Evangelium">{{cite web | url = https://www.evangeliums.net/lieder/lied_ein_danklied_sei_dem_herrn.html | title = Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn | website = evangeliums.net | language = de | access-date = 6 February 2022 }}</ref> <ref name="Gotteslob">{{cite web | url = https://www.mein-gotteslob.de/lieder/alle-lieder/gesaenge-leben/ein-danklied-sei-dem-herrn.html | title = Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn (L) / Leben in Gott - Lob, Dank und Anbetung | trans-title=A song of thanks be to the Lord / Life in God – praise, thanksgiving and worship | work = [[Gotteslob]] | publisher = Diocese of Limburg | date = 2013 | language = de | access-date = 6 February 2022 }}</ref> }} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Pan-sì iàn|Pied-winged swallow}} (Pan-sì èn/Pied-winged swallow/Hirundo leucosoma) *{{link-zh|Bêng-kong su-phòaⁿ chheng-bêng-chi̍p|名公書判清明集}} (Bîng-kong su-phuàñ tshing-bîng-tsip/名公書判清明集) *{{link-zh|Siāu-heng su-iâ|紹興師爺}} (Siāu-hing su-iâ/紹興師爺) *{{le|pandas (nńg-thé)|pandas (software)}} (pandas (software)) *{{link-ja|Tang-kiaⁿ JR Ikebukuro chām lāi tāi-ha̍k-sing miā-àn sū-kiāⁿ|池袋駅構内大学生殺人事件}} (Tang-kiañ JR Ikebukuro tsām lāi tāi-ha̍k-sing miā-àn sū-kiāñ/池袋駅構内大学生殺人事件/東京JR池袋站事件)*{{le|Tâi-oân ê gîn-hâng lia̍t-toaⁿ|List of banks in Taiwan}} (Tâi-uân ê gîn-hâng le̽t-tuañ/List of banks in Taiwan) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * {{YouTube|8dniOIFbSaU|Gotteslobvideo (GL 382): Ein Danklied sei dem Herrn (2015)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:19 sè-kí tek-gí sìng-si]] [[Category:20 sè-kí tek-gí sìng-si]] [[Category:C tuā-tiāu chok-phín]] [[Category:1886 ga̍k-khek]] rqwbopoclh5wl02s0puqavoskw06r9l 2 1078737 3136679 3136393 2022-08-24T19:17:42Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl]] chit ia̍h khì [[Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kilil]] wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{navbox |name=:User:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kiril |title=[[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |list1= <div> {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> </div>}}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} <!--[[Category:Linguistics navigational boxes]]--> djr254brrw19kbflepbym2o59innsih 3136688 3136679 2022-08-24T19:36:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{navbox |name=:User:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kiril |title=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |list1= <div> {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> </div>}}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} <!--[[Category:Linguistics navigational boxes]]--> icfpg7fbmvayosui2smf3lg3b5dcwuq 3136760 3136688 2022-08-24T22:45:04Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{navbox |name=:User:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kiril |title=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |list1= <div> {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Z̦]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̦]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> </div>}}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} <!--[[Category:Linguistics navigational boxes]]--> n6o6njn1ioosfpyu1qq58yknvlolcdw 3136764 3136760 2022-08-24T23:03:38Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{navbox |name=:User:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kiril |title=[[Tâi-oân-ōe|Tâigú]] [[Kyril jī|kilil]] & [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |list1= <div> {{nowrap|[[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]] ([[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap| [[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]] ([[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]] ([[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]] ([[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]] ([[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]]) &#124;}} <!--{{{nowrap|[[[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]] ([Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]]) &#124;}}--> <!--{{{nowrap|[[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]] ([[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]] ([[Z̩]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̩]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]] ([[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]] ([[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]] ([[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]] ([[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]] ([[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]] ([[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]] ([[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]] ([[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]] ([[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]] ([[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]] ([[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]] ([[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]] ([[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]] ([[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]] ([[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]] ([[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]]) &#124;}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]] ([[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]]) &#124;}}--> {{nowrap|[[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]] ([[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]] ([[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]])<!--&#124;-->}} <!--{{nowrap|[[Ѣ]]/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ѣ]] (<s>İ</s>/[[Close central unrounded vowel|ɨ]]) &#124;}} {{nowrap|[[Ы]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|ы]] ([[Ɨ]]/[[Close back unrounded vowel|<s>ı</s>]])}}--> </div>}}</onlyinclude> {{collapsible option}} <!--[[Category:Linguistics navigational boxes]]--> 8tlzb3dr2hr7r3lim9gnreu6vl1bjdg 0 1079069 3136817 3135936 2022-08-25T00:51:43Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Forum non conveniens''' ([[latin-gú]] ê ì-sù sī "put hong-pēn ê huat-tîng"<ref>{{cite web |title=Forum non Conveniens |url=https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/forum_non_conveniens |website=Wex |publisher=Cornell Law School |access-date=14 October 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forum Non-Conveniens Law and Legal Definition |url=https://definitions.uslegal.com/f/forum-non-conveniens/ |publisher=USLegal.com |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Forum non conveniens |url=https://uk.practicallaw.thomsonreuters.com/2-341-8952?transitionType=Default&contextData=(sc.Default)&firstPage=true&bhcp=1 |publisher=Thomson Reuters Practical Law UK |access-date=13 September 2019}}</ref>, Forum non conveniens (FNC); [[hàn-gú]]: 不方便法院, 不方便審理的法院, 非適宜法院; '''put hong-pēn huat-īñ''', '''put hong-pēn sím-lí ê huat-īñ''', '''hui sik-gî huat-īñ''' (inappropriate (inconvenient) court)) sī tsi̍t-tsióng tuā-to-sòo [[Phó͘-thong-hoat|İng-bí huat]] ê {{le|Hoat-lu̍t goân-chek|Legal doctrine|huat-lu̍t guân-tsik}}, [[Hoat-īⁿ|huat-īñ]] thong-kuè tsit-ê guân-tsik jīn-uî khó-lîng the̍h-khí ê àn-kiâñ teh līng-guā tsi̍t-ê {{le|Hoat-têng|Tribunal|huat-tîng}} iah-sī [[Hoat-īⁿ|huat-īñ]] sī koh-khah sik-ha̍p {{le|Sò͘-siōng|Legal proceeding|soo-siōng}} ê {{le|Koán-hat hoat-īⁿ|Venue (law)|kuán-hat huat-īñ}}; pīng-tshiáñ kā àn-kiâñ tsuán-î kàu tsit-khuán ê {{le|Hoat-têng|Tribunal|huat-tîng}} iah-sī huat-īñ. Pí-jū, huat-īñ khó-lîng hā-līng kā àn-kiañ ê {{le|Sò͘-siōng|Legal proceeding|soo-siōng}} {{le|Koán-hat hoat-īⁿ|Venue (law)|kuán-hat huat-īñ}} pèn-king sóo-tsai; tō-sī kā àn-kiâñ tsuán-î kàu soo-siōng sóo i-kù ê sū-kòo hi̍k-tsiá sū-kiāñ huat-sing ê tē-tiám, í-kip sóo-iú [[Chèng-jîn|tsìng-jîn]] {{le|Tēng-ku|Domicile (law)|ki-tsū}} ê {{le|Su-hoat koán-hat-koân|Jurisdiction|su-huat kuán-hat-kuân}}.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Barrett |first1=Edward L. |title=The Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens |journal=California Law Review |date=1947 |volume=35 |issue=3 |page=389|doi=10.2307/3477253 |jstor=3477253 |url=https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/californialawreview/vol35/iss3/4 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin}} *{{Smallcaps|Lindell, Geoffrey}}. (2002). "Regie National des Usines Renault SA v. Zhang: choice of law in torts and another farewell to ''[[Phillips v Eyre]]'' but the Voth test retained for forum non conveniens in Australia." October, ''Melbourne Journal of International Law''. {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{link-zh|Siú-to͘ ko-téng hoat-īⁿ|首都高等法院}} (siú-too ko-tíng huat-īñ/首都高等法院) *{{le|Tn̂g bua̍t-tuan tiông-ho̍k sú-lia̍t|Long terminal repeat}} (Tn̂g bua̍t-tuan tiông-ho̍k sú-lia̍t/Long terminal repeat) *{{le|Bua̍t-tuan kan sí-liōng|End-to-end vector}} (Bua̍t-tuan kan sí-liōng/End-to-end vector) *{{le|General Dynamics|General Dynamics}} *{{link-zh|Tài-bêng lu̍t|大明律}} (Tài-bîng lu̍t/大明律) *{{link-zh|Tài-chheng hōe-tián|大清會典}} (Tài-tshing huē-tén/大清會典) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} * [http://www.jus.uio.no/lm/brussels.jurisdiction.and.enforcement.of.judgments.in.civil.and.commercial.matters.convention.1968/doc.html The Brussels Convention] {{en}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20081030004354/http://www.sherby.co.il/200803ILQ.pdf ''Forum Non Conveniens'' Dismissal: The Quieter Side of Section 1782 Discovery] {{en}} * [https://scholarship.law.berkeley.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=3543&context=californialawreview "The Doctrine of Forum Non Conveniens"] Edward L. Barrett, Jr. ''California Law Review'', September 1947. (PDF) {{en}} * [https://digitalcommons.law.buffalo.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1022&context=bjil "Forum Non Conveniens in the United States and Canada"] Donald J. Carney. ''Buffalo Journal of International Law'', July 1996. (PDF) {{en}} {{div col end}} [[Category:Latin miâ-chheng hoat-lu̍t kui-chek]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Hoat-lu̍t ha̍k-suat hām goân-chek]] [[Category:Koán-hat hoat-īⁿ]] 8gfolhvgj4qhmkzih3tkc41thecfhhq 2 1079556 3136689 3136392 2022-08-24T19:38:25Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kuàn 11 */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} 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*{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan ⱬî taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci 蝆蝆.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə́ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] et4z3akmpdvhl2d8pkvhy6qbec8seem 3136690 3136689 2022-08-24T19:41:10Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kuàn 11 */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} 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*{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan ⱬî taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə́ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] 8u7mutz0vrje4brc3ib5xh6l9zedgz3 3136691 3136690 2022-08-24T19:44:37Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kuàn 12 */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Ⱬ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ⱬ]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} 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{{UniDécomp|043C|}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0302}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0302}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0302}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0302}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030C}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030C}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030C}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030C}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0304}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0304}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0304}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0304}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan ⱬî taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] e23yzxrcg1cvw916e6iibyx6p7hpnum 3136755 3136691 2022-08-24T22:39:52Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Z̦]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̦]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} 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*{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan ⱬî taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] n2xss8gjdm9ft359sfimee6lt35nnp8 3136761 3136755 2022-08-24T22:47:06Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kuàn 4 */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Z̦]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̦]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} 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{{UniDécomp|043C|}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0302}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0302}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0302}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0302}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030C}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030C}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030C}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030C}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0304}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0304}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0304}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0304}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan z̦î taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] 7jipuwi6cc5ri2a9tcn5pg2l4av3ybb 3136763 3136761 2022-08-24T23:02:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Z̩]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̩]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0301}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0301}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0301}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0301}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0300}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0300}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0300}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0300}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}} {{UniDécomp|043C|}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0302}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0302}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0302}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0302}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030C}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030C}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030C}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030C}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0304}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0304}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0304}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0304}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan z̦î taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] cmi1kcijysso615jg4oiwspiz3ig1a3 3136770 3136763 2022-08-24T23:08:57Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Z̩]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̩]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0301}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0301}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0301}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0301}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0300}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0300}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0300}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0300}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}} {{UniDécomp|043C|}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0302}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0302}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0302}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0302}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030C}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030C}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030C}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030C}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0304}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0304}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0304}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0304}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> <!--*{{UniDécomp|005A|0329}} *{{UniDécomp|007A|0329}}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan z̦î taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] j8ge6tl8ojogmnhn65l7r2glohiffu1 3136771 3136770 2022-08-24T23:16:14Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kuàn 4 */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Z̩]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̩]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0301}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0301}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0301}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0301}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0300}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0300}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0300}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0300}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}} {{UniDécomp|043C|}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0302}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0302}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0302}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0302}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030C}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030C}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030C}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030C}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0304}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0304}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0304}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0304}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> <!--*{{UniDécomp|005A|0329}} *{{UniDécomp|007A|0329}}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan z̩î taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩，懣 iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan 煩懣 uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] 7foa9dlqw92wnuhwhmvqrusvsgi4ugt 3136777 3136771 2022-08-24T23:43:39Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Kuàn 7 */ wikitext text/x-wiki <!--{{Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl|state=collapsed}}--> <!--{{Alphabet nan kilil|state=collapsed}}--> <!-- {| |'''[[Sè-kài Jîn-koân Soan-giân|Sèkài ƶînkuân suangên]]'''||Сèкàи ҙи̂нкуâн суангêн||'''Всеобщая декларация прав человека''' |- | Tē 1 tiâu || Тē 1 тиâу || Статья 1 |- | Lán lâ<s>n</s> señlâi cūiû,|| Лáн лâӈ сен̃лâи цӯиŷ, || Все люди рождаются свободными |- | tsai cungiâm kah <s>k</s>uânlī siō<s>n</s> itlủt pî<s>n</s>tí<s>n</s>. || цаи цунгиâм каӿ ӄуâнлӣ сиōӈ итлỷт пи̂ӈти́ӈ. || и равными в своем достоинстве и правах. |- | In hùiú lísì<s>n</s> kah liô<s>n</s>sim, || Ин ӿу̀иу́ ли́сѝӈ каӿ лиôӈсим, || Они наделены разумом и совестью |- | lîꞓiáñ ì<s>n</s>kai í hiañtī kuanhē ê ci<s>n</s>sîn hōsiō<s>n</s> tùiŧāi. || Ли̂ꚏиáн ѝӈкaи и́ ӿиан̃тӣ куанӿē ê циӈси̂н ӿōсиōӈ ту̀иꚋāи. || и должны поступать в отношении друг друга в духе братства. |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! TLS ! ТКС ! [[Ing-gí|I<s>n</s>gí]] ! Gíimtó<s>n</s>（[http://voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/spacecraft/languages/audio/amoy.au NASA Voyager 1 bā<s>n</s>iảh]） |- | Ŧài<s>k</s>o<s>n</s> pî<s>n</s>iú, lín hə́! Lín ciảhpá bē? Ūî<s>n</s>, tə̄lâi gúncia cē o̊h. | Ꚋàиӄоӈ пи̂ӈиу́ ли́н ӿə́! Ли́н циảӿпá бē? Ӯи̂ӈ, тə̄лâи гу́нциа цē o̊ӿ. | Friends of space, how are you all? Have you eaten yet? Come visit us if you have time. | [[File:Greetings to the Universe in Amoy (Min dialect).oga|thumb|Voyager kim ꞓiùñᵽìñ būnhāugí]] |} {| class="wikitable" |- ! Tâigí lati<s>n</s> ƶībə́ | a || b || c || ꞓ || e || ә || g || h || i || k || <s>k</s> || l || m || n || <s>n</s> || ñ|| o || p || ᵽ || s || t || ŧ || u || ƶ || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Tha̽k huat | a || be || ce || ꞓe || e || ә || ge || ha || i || ka || <s>k</s>a || el || em || en|| <s>n</s>e || eñ || o || pe || ᵽe || es || te || ŧe || u || ƶe || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || hēntāi<br>{{small|(modern times)}} |- ! Килил ҙӣbə́ | а || б || г || е || ҙ || и || к || ӄ || л || м || н || ӈ || н̃ || o || п || ҧ || с || т || ꚋ || у || ӿ || ц || ꚏ || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- ! Ꚋa̽к ӿуат | a || be || ge || е || dze || i || ka || kha || el || em || en || nge || enn || o || pe || phe || es || te || the || u || ha || tse || tshe || ә || e̽ || e̋ || e̊ || ӿēнтāи<br>{{small|(современное время)}} |- |}--> <onlyinclude>{{Navigationsleiste |BILD= |TITEL= [[Bân-lâm-gú|Bânlâm gú]] [[latin bûn-jī|latin]] & [[Kyril jī|kilil]] [[Bûn-jī hē-thóng|bûnⱬī]] |INHALT= [[A]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|a]] ([[А]]/[[Khai chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|а]]){{·}} [[B]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|b]] ([[Б]]/[[Cho̍k siang-tûn sat-im|б]]){{·}} [[G]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|g]] ([[Г]]/[[Cho̍k nńg-kok sat-im|г]]){{·}} [[D]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|d]] ([[Д]]/[[Voiced dental and alveolar plosives|д]]){{·}} [[E]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|e]] ([[Е]]/[[Poàn pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|е]]){{·}} [[Ɛ]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|ɛ]] ([[Э]]/[[Open-mid front unrounded vowel|э]]){{·}} [[Z]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|z]] ([[З]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn chhat-im|з]]){{·}} [[Z̩]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|z̩]] ([[Ҙ]]/[[Cho̍k khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ҙ]]){{·}} [[İ]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|i]] ([[И]]/[[Pì chêng put oân-tûn bú-im|и]]){{·}} [[K]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|k]] ([[К]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|к]]){{·}} [[₭]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|<s>k</s>]] ([[Ӄ]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok sat-im|ӄ]]){{·}} [[L]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|l]] ([[Л]]/[[Khí-gûn pian kīn-im|л]]){{·}} [[M]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|m]] ([[М]]/[[Siang-tûn phīⁿ-im|м]]){{·}} [[N]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|n]] ([[Н]]/[[Khí-gûn phīⁿ-im|н]]){{·}} [[Ꞥ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ꞥ]] ([[Ӈ]]/[[Nńg-kok phīⁿ-im|ӈ]]){{·}} <br> [[Ñ]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|ñ]] ([[Н̃]]/[[Phīⁿ-hòa goân-im|н̃]]){{·}} [[O]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|o]] ([[О]]/[[Poàn khai āu oân-tûn bú-im|о]]){{·}} [[P]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|p]] ([[П]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|п]]){{·}} [[Ᵽ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ᵽ]] ([[Ҧ]]/[[Chheng siang-tûn sat-im|ҧ]]){{·}} [[S]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|s]] ([[С]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn chhat-im|с]]){{·}} [[T]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|t]] ([[Т]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|т]]){{·}} [[Ŧ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ŧ]] ([[Ꚋ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-im|ꚋ]]){{·}} [[U]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|u]] ([[У]]/[[Pì āu oân-tûn bú-im|у]]){{·}} [[H]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|h]] ([[Ӿ]]/[[Chheng seng-bûn chhat-im|ӿ]]){{·}} [[X]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|x]] ([[Х]]/[[Chheng nńg-kok chhat-im|х]]){{·}} [[C]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|c]] ([[Ц]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ц]]){{·}} [[Ꞓ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꞓ]] ([[Ꚏ]]/[[Chheng khí-gûn sat-chhat-im|ꚏ]]){{·}} [[Ə]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]] ([[Ә]]/[[Tiong iong bú-im|ә]]){{·}} <s>İ</s>/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-iml|ɨ]] ([[Ꙑ]]/[[Pì iong put oân-tûn bú-im|ꙑ]]){{·}} [[Ɨ]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ᵻ]] ([[Ы]]/[[Pì āu put oân-tûn bú-im|ы]]) }}</onlyinclude> <!--{{big| *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0301}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0301}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0301}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0301}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0301}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0301}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0300}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0300}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0300}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0300}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0300}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0300}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|}} {{UniDécomp|0065|}} {{UniDécomp|0069|}} {{UniDécomp|006F|}} {{UniDécomp|0075|}} {{UniDécomp|0259|}} {{UniDécomp|006D|}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|}} {{UniDécomp|0435|}} {{UniDécomp|0438|}} {{UniDécomp|043E|}} {{UniDécomp|0443|}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|}} {{UniDécomp|043C|}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0302}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0302}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0302}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0302}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0302}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0302}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030C}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030C}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030C}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030C}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030C}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030C}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0065|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0131|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006F|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0075|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0259|0304}} {{UniDécomp|006D|0304}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0435|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0438|0304}} {{UniDécomp|043E|0304}} {{UniDécomp|0443|0304}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|0304}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0065|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0131|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006F|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0075|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0259|033D}} {{UniDécomp|006D|033D}}&nbsp;(p/t/k/h) ({{UniDécomp|0430|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0435|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0438|033D}} {{UniDécomp|043E|033D}} {{UniDécomp|0443|033D}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|033D}}{{UniDécomp|043C|033D}})&nbsp;(п/т/к/ӿ) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030B}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030B}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030B}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030B}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030B}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030B}}) *{{UniDécomp|0061|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0065|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0131|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006F|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0075|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0259|030A}} {{UniDécomp|006D|030A}} ({{UniDécomp|0430|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0435|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0438|030A}} {{UniDécomp|043E|030A}} {{UniDécomp|0443|030A}} {{UniDécomp|04D9|030A}}) }}--> <!--*{{UniDécomp|005A|0329}} *{{UniDécomp|007A|0329}}--> ==İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥ gên== ===Kuàn 1=== 1. Tóꞥ hiáu, tet, ti iǎ, Ꞓú uī ci tóꞑ ; hı̽k ua̽t hiáu. Cê Sòꞥ ci kan, uī ci tet.<br> 【懂曉哲知也, 楚謂之懂; 或曰曉. 齊宋之閒, 謂之哲】 ===Kuàn 2=== 1. ₭iâu, liâu, hə́ iǎ, Ꞓiꞥ Sû Hái Tāi ci kan ua̽t <s>k</s>iâu, hı̽k uī ci liâu, hə́ huân thoꞥ gú iǎ.<br> 【釥,嫽好也,青徐海岱之間曰釥,或謂之嫽,好凡通語也】<br> 27. Cuan, tok iǎ. Cìn Tiǎu uī ci cuan.<br> 【鐫，㧻也。晉趙謂之鐫】 ===Kuàn 3=== 31. Pe̽t tí iǎ.<br> 【別治也】 ===Kuàn 4=== 4. Kûn, Tîn Gūi ci kan uī ci ᵽì, cī kuan z̩î taꞥ hı̽k uī ci pâi.<br> 【帬, 陳魏之間謂之帔, 自關而東或謂之襬】 ===Kuàn 5=== 29. Kuat, Èn ci taꞥ pak Tiâu sén Le̽t suí ci kan uī ci tuān.<br> 【橛，燕之東北朝鮮洌水之間謂之椴】 ===Kuàn 6=== 14. Tái, ⱬióꞥ, huāi.<br> 【歹、冗，壞。】 ===Kuàn 7=== 25. Hân bān, 䀼眩, būn iǎ. Tiâu sén le̽t suí ci kan huân būn uī ci hân bān, 顛眴 uī ci 䀼眩.<br> 【頇顢、䀼眩，懣也。朝鮮洌水之間煩懣謂之頇顢，顛眴謂之䀼眩】 ===Kuàn 8=== 17. Ke tsû，Sû Ló ci kan uī ci 秋侯子.<br> 【雞雛，徐魯之間謂之秋侯子】 ===Kuàn 9=== 4. Tsèn，cū kuan ⱬî taꞥ uī ci sí, Kang Huâi ci kan uī ci 鍭, Kuan Se ua̽t tsèn.<br> 【箭，自關而東謂之矢，江淮之間謂之鍭，關西曰箭】 ===Kuàn 10=== 11. İáu, ŧiáu, îm iǎ. 九嶷 荊郊 ci ᵽí uī îm ua̽t iáu, 沅 Siong ci kan uī ci ŧiáu.<br> 【窈、窕，淫也。九嶷荊郊之鄙謂淫曰窈，沅湘之間謂之窕】 ===Kuàn 11=== 5. Tôꞥ lôꞥ uī ci bə̂, hi̍k uī ci tīꞥ, hi̍k uī ci ióꞥ ióꞥ.<br> 【螳螂謂之髦，或謂之虰，或謂之蝆蝆】 ===Kuàn 12=== 8. Tio̽k lǐ, ᵽit iâ. Lǐ, giə̌ iǎ.<br> 【妯娌，匹也。娌，偶也】 ===Kuàn 13=== 123. İk, buán iǎ.<br> 【溢，滿也】 ===Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē=== *[https://ctext.org/fang-yan/zh İú-hēn sú-ciá cua̽t-tāi gú-sik pe̽t-kok hоꞥgên - Tioꞥ-kok tet-ha̽k tēn-tsì-huà kè-uē] rf6qpr7gn4ij4ynyle4ptx8idlyados 0 1079590 3136816 3134650 2022-08-25T00:50:54Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Music notes.svg|thumb|right|250px|İm-tī tsióng-luī: tsuân (1), 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/16, 1/32 and 1/64.]] [[File:parts of a note.svg|right|250px|thumb|[[Im-hû|İm-hû]] ê hun-tuāñ sueh-bîng.]] '''İm-tī''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 音值, 音符時值, 音值; '''im-tı̽k''', im-hû sî-ti̍k, im-kè; [[ing-gú]]: Note value; [[tik-gú]]: Notenwert; [[ji̍t-gú]]: 音価), teh {{le|im-ga̍k kì-phó͘-hoat|Musical notation|kì-phóo-huat}} lāi-té tsí-sī [[im-hû]] ê siong-tuì {{le|im-ga̍k sî-tī|Duration (music)|tshî-siok sî-kan}}, sú-iōng {{le|Hû-thâu|Notehead|im-hû hû-thâu}} ê bûn-lí hi̍k-tsiá hîng-tsōng, {{le|Hû-hān|Stem (music)|hû-koáiⁿ}} ê tsûn-tsāi hi̍k put tsûn-tsāi, í-kip kî/niû/kau/bué ê tsûn-tsāi hi̍k put tsûn-tsāi. Bī siu-kái ê im-ti̍k sī 2 ê hun-sòo {{le|be̍k|Exponentiation}}, pí-jū 1, 1/2, 1/4 [[etcera|tíng-tíng]]. {{le|Hiu-chí-hû|Rest (music)|hiu-tsí-hû}} piáu-sī ting-hāu tshî-sio̍k sî-kan ê tsīng-im. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Christoph Hempel: ''Neue allgemeine Musiklehre mit Fragen und Aufgaben zur Selbstkontrolle.'' 7. Auflage. Schott, Mainz 1997. {{de}} * Wieland Ziegenrücker: ''ABC Musik. Allgemeine Musiklehre.'' 6. Auflage. Breitkopf & Härtel, Wiesbaden 2009. {{de}} *Willi Appel (trad. Jean-Philippe Navarre), La notation de la musique polyphonique : 900-1600, Mardaga, coll. « Musique-Musicologie », 1998, 433 p. (ISBN 2-87009-682-8, lire en ligne [archive]) {{fr}} *Adolphe Danhauser, « Des notes. — Figures des notes (signes de durée). », dans Théorie de la musique, Paris, Lemoine et Fils, Éditeurs, 1889 (1re éd. 1872), 125 p. (lire sur Wikisource), p. 2-6 {{fr}} *Adolphe Danhauser, « De la valeur relative des figures de notes. », dans Théorie de la musique, Paris, Lemoine et Fils, Éditeurs, 1889 (1re éd. 1872), 125 p. (lire sur Wikisource), p. 7 {{fr}} *Adolphe Danhauser, « Des silences. », dans Théorie de la musique, Paris, Lemoine et Fils, Éditeurs, 1889 (1re éd. 1872), 125 p. (lire sur Wikisource), p. 17 {{fr}} *Adolphe Danhauser, « De la valeur relative des figures de silences. — Rapport de durée entre les figures de notes et les figures de silences. », dans Théorie de la musique, Paris, Lemoine et Fils, Éditeurs, 1889 (1re éd. 1872), 125 p. (lire sur Wikisource), p. 18-19 {{fr}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|SWIFT|SWIFT}} (khuân-kiû gîn-hâng kim-iông tiān-sìn hia̍p-huē/SWIFT) *{{le|Forum non conveniens|Forum non conveniens}} (Put hong-pēn huat-īñ/Forum non conveniens) *{{le|AIFV|AIFV}} *{{le|Pō͘-peng chiàn-tàu-chhia|Infantry fighting vehicle}} (Pōo-ping tsèn-tàu-tshia/Infantry fighting vehicle) *{{le|Black hoat-lu̍t sû-tián|Black's Law Dictionary}} (Black huat-lu̍t sû-tén/Black's Law Dictionary) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== * [http://www.philtulga.com/counter.html On-line activity that counts musical notes] {{Wayback|url=http://www.philtulga.com/counter.html |date=20051001053856 }} {{en}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Im-ga̍k lí-lūn]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Im-ga̍k kì-phó͘-hoat]] 4bszar9owwpgflsqt7q2ntsr074j3k9 0 1079906 3136784 3136156 2022-08-25T00:13:21Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {|{{Infobox aircraft begin |name= GD F-111 {{le|thó͘-tûn|Aardvark|Aardvark}}<br>{{small|(General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark)}} |image= File:AFR F-111 air to air refueling.jpg |caption= Air-to-air refueling mission over the [[North Sea]] }}{{Infobox aircraft type |type= [[Attack aircraft]];<br> [[strategic bomber]]; [[aerial reconnaissance|reconnaissance]]; [[electronic warfare]] |national origin= [[Bíkok]] |manufacturer= [[General Dynamics]] |designer= |first flight= {{Start date and age|1964|12|21|df=yes}} |introduced= {{Start date and age|1967|07|18|df=yes}} |retired= USAF: F-111F, 1996; EF-111A, 1998 <br>RAAF: F-111C, 2010 |status= Thè-ı̽k |primary user= [[Bí-kok khong-kun]] (USAF) |more users= [[Royal Australian Air Force]] (RAAF) |number built= 563 (total);<ref name=Logan_p9>Logan 1998, p. 9. {{en}}</ref> 76 (FB-111)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://sacmuseum.org/what-to-see/aircraft/fb-111a-aardvark/ |title=FB-111 total production |access-date=15 September 2021 |archive-date=15 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210915140528/https://sacmuseum.org/what-to-see/aircraft/fb-111a-aardvark/ }} {{en}}</ref> |variants with their own articles= [[General Dynamics–Grumman F-111B]] <br>[[General Dynamics F-111C]] <br>[[General Dynamics–Grumman EF-111A Raven]] <br>[[General Dynamics F-111K]] <br>[[General Dynamics–Boeing AFTI/F-111A Aardvark]] }} |} '''General Dynamics F-111 {{le|thó͘-tûn|Aardvark|Aardvark}}''' ([[ing-gú]]: General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark; GD F-11v{{le|thó͘-tûn|Aardvark|Aardvark}}) sī tsi̍t-khuán iû {{le|Thong-iōng tōng-li̍k|General Dynamics}} kong-si tī 1960 nî-tāi ê sî-tsūn khai-huat tsè-tsō, [[Bí-kok khong-kun]] hām [[Bí-kok hái-kun]] lên-ha̍p tsham-ú set-kè-àn ê {{le|Chòe-chiong châi|Final good|sîng-phín}} to-iōng-tōo tiong-kū-lî [[Chiàn-tò͘-ki|tsèn-tàu]] hām {{le|kong-kik-ki|Attack aircraft}}. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * {{citation |last=Boyne |first=Walter J |title=Air Warfare: an International Encyclopedia |volume=1 |location=Santa Barbara, California |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2002 |isbn=1-57607-345-9}} * {{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter |title=General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark |date=2013 |publisher=Osprey Publishing Ltd. |location=Great Britain|isbn=978-1-78096-611-3}} * {{cite book |last1=Davies |first1=Peter E. |last2=Thornborough |first2=Anthony M. |title=F-111 Aardvark |date=1997 |publisher=The Crowood Press Ltd. |location=Ramsbury, Marlborough Wiltshire. UK|isbn=1-86126-079-2}} * {{cite book |last1=Drendel |first1=Lou |title=F-111 in Action |date=1978 |publisher=Squadron/Signal Publications, Inc. |location=Warren, MI, USA |isbn=0-89747-083-4}} * {{citation |editor-last=Eden |editor-first=Paul |title=Encyclopedia of Modern Military Aircraft |chapter=General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark/EF-111 Raven |location= London |publisher=Amber Books |date=2004 |isbn=1-904687-84-9}} * {{citation |last=Frawley |first=Gerald |title=The International Directory of Military Aircraft 2002/2003 |chapter=General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark |location=Fyshwick ACT, AU |publisher= Aerospace Publications |year=2002 |isbn=1-875671-55-2}} * {{citation |last=Gardner |first=Charles |title=British Aircraft Corporation: A History |location=London |publisher=BT Batsford |year=1981 |isbn=0-7134-3815-0}} *{{cite journal |last1=Goodrum|first1=Alastair|title=Down Range: Losses over the Wash in the 1960s and 1970s|journal=Air Enthusiast |date=January–February 2004 |issue=109 |pages=12–17 |issn=0143-5450}} * {{wikicite |ref ={{sfnRef|Gunston|1978}}|reference=Gunston, Bill. ''F-111.'' New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1978. {{ISBN|0-684-15753-5}}.}} * Gunston, Bill. ''F-111,'' (Modern Fighting Aircraft, Vol. 3). New York: Salamander Books, 1983. {{ISBN|0-668-05904-4}}. * Knaack, Marcelle Size. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110609020127/http://www.airforcehistory.hq.af.mil/Publications/fulltext/encyclopedia_postww2_fighters.pdf ''Encyclopedia of US Air Force Aircraft and Missile Systems: Volume 1 Post-World War II Fighters 1945-1973''.] Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History, 1978. {{ISBN|0-912799-59-5}}. * Lax, Mark. [http://airpower.airforce.gov.au/Publications/Details/431/From-Controversy-to-Cutting-Edge.aspx ''From Controversy to Cutting Edge: A History of the F-111 in Australian Service''.] Canberra, Australia: Air Power Development Centre, Department of Defence (Australia), 2010. {{ISBN|978-1-92080-054-3}}. * Logan, Don. ''General Dynamics F-111 Aardvark''. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Military History, 1998. {{ISBN|0-7643-0587-5}}. * {{cite journal |last1=Picinich |first1=A.A., Colonel |editor1-last=Radzykewycz |editor1-first=D.T., Captain |title=The F-111 In Southeast Asia September 1972 - January 1973 |journal=CHECO/CORONA HARVEST Division, DCS/Plans and Operations, HQ PACAF |date=21 Feb 1974 |volume=Project CHECO Report |issue=Special Project |publisher=Department of the Air Force |location=Hq USAF |language=en |id=UNCLASSIFIED}} * Miller, Jay. ''General Dynamics F-111 "Aardvark"''. Fallbrook, California: Aero Publishers, 1982. {{ISBN|0-8168-0606-3}}. *Poore, Richard. ''Premature Fielding of an Immature Weapons System?''. [[Air Enthusiast]] 115, January–February 2005, p.&nbsp;74 {{ISSN|0143-5450}} * Spick, Mike. '' B-1B'' (Modern Fighting Aircraft). New York: Prentice Hall, 1986. {{ISBN|0-13-055237-2}}. * Thomason, Tommy. ''Grumman Navy F-111B Swing Wing'' (Navy Fighters No. 41). Simi Valley, California: Steve Ginter, 1998. {{ISBN|0-942612-41-8}}. * Thornborough, Anthony M. ''F-111 Aardvark''. London: Arms and Armour, 1989. {{ISBN|0-85368-935-0}}. * Thornborough, Anthony M. and Peter E. Davies. ''F-111 Success in Action''. London: Arms and Armour Press Ltd., 1989. {{ISBN|0-85368-988-1}}. * Wilson, Stewart. ''Lincoln, Canberra and F-111 in Australian Service''. Weston Creek, ACT, Australia: Aerospace Publications, 1989. {{ISBN|0-9587978-3-8}}. {{refend}} ==Ên-sin ua̽t-to̽k== {{refbegin|2}} * Angelucci, Enzo. ''The American Fighter.'' New York: Haynes, 1987. {{ISBN|0-85429-635-2}}. {{en}} * Art, Robert J. ''The TFX Decision: McNamara and the Military.'' Boston: Little, Brown, 1968. {{en}} * Neubeck, Ken. ''F-111 Aardvark Walk Around''. Carrollton, Texas: Squadron/Signal Publications, 2009. {{ISBN|978-0-89747-581-5}}. {{en}} * Winchester, Jim, ed. ''General Dynamics FB-111A''. ''Grumman/General Dynamics EF-111A Raven''. ''Military Aircraft of the Cold War'' (The Aviation Factfile). London: Grange Books plc, 2006. {{ISBN|1-84013-929-3}}. {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *[[NASA chhim-khong bāng-lō͘]] (NASA tshim-khong bāng-lōo, tshim-khong bāng-lōo; [[POJ|poj]]: chhim-khong bāng-lō͘; NASA Deep Space Network; 美國太空總署深空網路, 美國太空總署深太空網路, 深空網絡) *[[Ki-sin]] ([[eng-gí]]: fuselage (body); [[hàn-gí]]: 機身) *[[Gōa-hō]] (guā-hō, tshiok-hō; [[eng-gí]]: nickname; [[hàn-gí]]: 綽號, 外號, 暱稱) *{{le|Bōng-á-po͘|Cemetery}} (Bōng-á-poo/Cemetery) *{{le|Lî-chú thoe-le̍k-khì|Ion thruster}} (Lî-tsú thue-li̍k-khì/Ion thruster) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons|F-111 Aardvark}} {{div col|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228194425/http://www.nationalmuseum.af.mil/factsheets/factsheet.asp?id=2321 F-111 page on USAF National Museum web site] {{en}} * [https://www.airforce.gov.au/sites/default/files/minisite/static/7522/RAAFmuseum/research/aircraft/series3/A8.htm Royal Australian Air Force Museum Aircraft Series 3 A8 F-111] {{en}} * [http://www.f-111.net/ F-111.net] {{en}} * [https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/aircraft/f-111.htm F-111 page on GlobalSecurity.org] {{en}} * [http://www.aerospaceweb.org/aircraft/bomber/f111/ F-111 profile on Aerospaceweb.org] {{en}} * [http://www.ausairpower.net/pig.html F-111 on ausairpower.net] {{en}} * [https://books.google.com/books?id=qCUDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA61&dq=popular+science+1943+there%27s+one+thrill+no+soldier&hl=en&ei=NlvOTJj2EIPMnAeRwYT-Dw&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q&f=true "The Truth About the Amazing F-111". ''Popular Science,'' May 1968] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:General Dynamics hui-ki]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Siang-huat phùn-siā-ki]] [[Category:Shoulder-wing aircraft]] 9mb0bzdadezbuj9mwhvor1rn17mvbxt 0 1079911 3136882 3135819 2022-08-25T09:36:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Atractoscion nobilis<br>(Pe̽h lô͘-hî) | image = Atractoscion nobilis mspc096.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Atractoscion nobilis | authority = ([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1860) | range_map = Atractoscion nobilis map.svg }} [[File:Ensenada fish market 2.jpg|thumb|280px|Pe̍h lô͘-hî teh [[Be̍k-se-ko|Bı̽kseko]] [[Baja California Chiu|Baja California tsiu]] {{le|Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada}} ê [[hî]]-[[Chhī-tiûⁿ|tshī-tiûñ]] lāi-té]] '''Atractoscion nobilis''' ([[ing-gú]]: white seabass ('''pe̍h lô͘-hî'''), white weakfish ('''pe̍h [[kak-khí]] tsio̍h-siú-hî'''; [[ha̍k-miâ]]: Atractoscion nobilis; [[hàn-gú]]: 有名錘形石首魚 (iú-bîng tuî-hîng si̍k-siú-gû)) sī {{le|Sciaenidae|Sciaenidae}} [[Kho (hun-lūi-ha̍k)|kho]] ê tsi̍t-ê [[Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k)|bu̍t-tsióng]], hun-pòo teh [[Be̍k-se-ko|Bı̽kseko]] [[Baja California Chiu|Baja California tsiu]] {{le|Magdalena uan|Magdalena Bay|Magdalena}} [[Hái-oan|uan]] kàu [[Alaska]] [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]] [[Juneau]], thong-siông sing-ua̍h teh tshim [[Gâm-chio̍h|gâm-tsio̍h]] té-pōo hām {{le|Hái chông|Seabed|hái-tuà-tshn̂g}}. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Much of this article is copied from [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/mspcont3.html#seabass California Marine Sportfish] by the California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region; a public domain resource.[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/html/conditions.html#ownership] {{en}} * {{FishBase|genus=Atractoscion|species=nobilis|year=2006|month=5}} {{en}} *World Record Information taken from [http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1748238.php Atractoscion nobilis] {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Argenteuil ê thih-lō͘-kiô (Monet, 1873)|Железнодорожный мост в Аржантёе (Моне, 1873)}} (Railway bridge at Argenteuil (Monet, 1873)/Железнодорожный мост в Аржантёе (Моне, 1873) *{{le|Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey}} *{{le|chū-jiân pó-hō͘-khu|Nature reserve}} (tsū-jên pó-hōo-khu/Nature reserve) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Atractoscion nobilis}} * [http://www.sbsea.org Santa Barbara Sea] - A non-profit organization dedicated to restoring the White Seabass' population in the California Bight. {{en}} *[https://castandspear.com/white-sea-bass/ White Seabass Fishing Guide] {{en}} *[http://skygene.blogspot.com/2012/12/four-fish.html The Sky of Gene: Four Fish] {{zh}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1188144}} [[Category:Sciaenidae]] [[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]] [[Category:Fish described in 1860]] 8jfbkh41cq91fpeyamfbo0uexnn0tv3 3136883 3136882 2022-08-25T09:37:52Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Atractoscion nobilis<br>(Pe̽h lôo-hî) | image = Atractoscion nobilis mspc096.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Atractoscion nobilis | authority = ([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1860) | range_map = Atractoscion nobilis map.svg }} [[File:Ensenada fish market 2.jpg|thumb|280px|Pe̽h lôo-hî teh [[Be̍k-se-ko|Bı̽kseko]] [[Baja California Chiu|Baja California tsiu]] {{le|Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada}} ê [[hî]]-[[Chhī-tiûⁿ|tshī-tiûñ]] lāi-té]] '''Atractoscion nobilis''' ([[ing-gú]]: white seabass ('''pe̍h lô͘-hî'''), white weakfish ('''pe̍h [[kak-khí]] tsio̍h-siú-hî'''; [[ha̍k-miâ]]: Atractoscion nobilis; [[hàn-gú]]: 有名錘形石首魚 (iú-bîng tuî-hîng si̍k-siú-gû)) sī {{le|Sciaenidae|Sciaenidae}} [[Kho (hun-lūi-ha̍k)|kho]] ê tsi̍t-ê [[Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k)|bu̍t-tsióng]], hun-pòo teh [[Be̍k-se-ko|Bı̽kseko]] [[Baja California Chiu|Baja California tsiu]] {{le|Magdalena uan|Magdalena Bay|Magdalena}} [[Hái-oan|uan]] kàu [[Alaska]] [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]] [[Juneau]], thong-siông sing-ua̍h teh tshim [[Gâm-chio̍h|gâm-tsio̍h]] té-pōo hām {{le|Hái chông|Seabed|hái-tuà-tshn̂g}}. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Much of this article is copied from [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/mspcont3.html#seabass California Marine Sportfish] by the California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region; a public domain resource.[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/html/conditions.html#ownership] {{en}} * {{FishBase|genus=Atractoscion|species=nobilis|year=2006|month=5}} {{en}} *World Record Information taken from [http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1748238.php Atractoscion nobilis] {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Argenteuil ê thih-lō͘-kiô (Monet, 1873)|Железнодорожный мост в Аржантёе (Моне, 1873)}} (Railway bridge at Argenteuil (Monet, 1873)/Железнодорожный мост в Аржантёе (Моне, 1873) *{{le|Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey}} *{{le|chū-jiân pó-hō͘-khu|Nature reserve}} (tsū-jên pó-hōo-khu/Nature reserve) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Atractoscion nobilis}} * [http://www.sbsea.org Santa Barbara Sea] - A non-profit organization dedicated to restoring the White Seabass' population in the California Bight. {{en}} *[https://castandspear.com/white-sea-bass/ White Seabass Fishing Guide] {{en}} *[http://skygene.blogspot.com/2012/12/four-fish.html The Sky of Gene: Four Fish] {{zh}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1188144}} [[Category:Sciaenidae]] [[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]] [[Category:Fish described in 1860]] jlf4sujtbdy6xnzu5s67vl0542jujm8 3136884 3136883 2022-08-25T09:38:19Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Speciesbox | name = Atractoscion nobilis<br>(Pe̽h lôo-hî) | image = Atractoscion nobilis mspc096.jpg | image_upright = 1.15 | image_caption = | status = LC | status_system = IUCN3.1 | taxon = Atractoscion nobilis | authority = ([[William Orville Ayres|Ayres]], 1860) | range_map = Atractoscion nobilis map.svg }} [[File:Ensenada fish market 2.jpg|thumb|280px|Pe̽h lôo-hî teh [[Be̍k-se-ko|Bı̽kseko]] [[Baja California Chiu|Baja California tsiu]] {{le|Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada, Baja California|Ensenada}} ê [[hî]]-[[Chhī-tiûⁿ|tshī-tiûñ]] lāi-té]] '''Atractoscion nobilis''' ([[ing-gú]]: white seabass ('''pe̽h lôo-hî'''), white weakfish ('''pe̍h [[kak-khí]] tsio̍h-siú-hî'''; [[ha̍k-miâ]]: Atractoscion nobilis; [[hàn-gú]]: 有名錘形石首魚 (iú-bîng tuî-hîng si̍k-siú-gû)) sī {{le|Sciaenidae|Sciaenidae}} [[Kho (hun-lūi-ha̍k)|kho]] ê tsi̍t-ê [[Chéng (hun-lūi-ha̍k)|bu̍t-tsióng]], hun-pòo teh [[Be̍k-se-ko|Bı̽kseko]] [[Baja California Chiu|Baja California tsiu]] {{le|Magdalena uan|Magdalena Bay|Magdalena}} [[Hái-oan|uan]] kàu [[Alaska]] [[Bí-kok ê chiu|tsiu]] [[Juneau]], thong-siông sing-ua̍h teh tshim [[Gâm-chio̍h|gâm-tsio̍h]] té-pōo hām {{le|Hái chông|Seabed|hái-tuà-tshn̂g}}. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * Much of this article is copied from [http://www.dfg.ca.gov/mrd/mspcont3.html#seabass California Marine Sportfish] by the California Department of Fish and Game, Marine Region; a public domain resource.[http://www.dfg.ca.gov/html/conditions.html#ownership] {{en}} * {{FishBase|genus=Atractoscion|species=nobilis|year=2006|month=5}} {{en}} *World Record Information taken from [http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1748238.php Atractoscion nobilis] {{en}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Argenteuil ê thih-lō͘-kiô (Monet, 1873)|Железнодорожный мост в Аржантёе (Моне, 1873)}} (Railway bridge at Argenteuil (Monet, 1873)/Железнодорожный мост в Аржантёе (Моне, 1873) *{{le|Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey|Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey}} *{{le|chū-jiân pó-hō͘-khu|Nature reserve}} (tsū-jên pó-hōo-khu/Nature reserve) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Atractoscion nobilis}} * [http://www.sbsea.org Santa Barbara Sea] - A non-profit organization dedicated to restoring the White Seabass' population in the California Bight. {{en}} *[https://castandspear.com/white-sea-bass/ White Seabass Fishing Guide] {{en}} *[http://skygene.blogspot.com/2012/12/four-fish.html The Sky of Gene: Four Fish] {{zh}} {{Taxonbar|from=Q1188144}} [[Category:Sciaenidae]] [[Category:Western North American coastal fauna]] [[Category:Fish described in 1860]] awbrn1uxwkzutecz721yu9154079wbn 0 1080063 3136885 3135990 2022-08-25T09:42:10Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox weapon | name = Tēnkiong-3 hîng [[Tō-tôaⁿ|tō-tān]] | image = File:天弓三型防空飛彈.png | imae_size = 300px | alt = | caption = 2022 nî-tōo kok-kun tsing-tsún tō-tān én-si̍p siā-ki̍k tang-tiong ê Tēnkiong-3 | origin = {{ROC}} | type = {{le|Tē tuì khong tō-tān|Surface-to-air missile}} <!-- Type selection --> | is_ranged = yes | is_bladed = | is_explosive = | is_artillery = | is_vehicle = | is_missile = yes | is_UK = <!-- Service history --> | service = 2015-nî tsì-kim | used_by = {{ROCAF}} | wars = <!-- Production history --> | designer = {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} | design_date = 1996-nî | manufacturer = | unit_cost = | production_date = 2015-nî | number = 12-thò | variants = <!-- General specifications --> | spec_label = | weight = 870 [[kg]]<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光">{{Cite web|title=【獨家】避免重蹈雄三誤射　天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光|url=https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20190618/4R7Q5AKV2JEEHOFWUUORVSEXVE/|access-date=2022-05-29|author=王烱華|date=2019-06-18|publisher=蘋果新聞網|archive-date=2022-05-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220528181255/https://tw.appledaily.com/politics/20190618/4R7Q5AKV2JEEHOFWUUORVSEXVE/}} {{zh}}</ref> | length = 5.49 [[m]]<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | part_length = | width = | height = | diameter = 0.4 [[m]] | crew = | passengers = <!-- Ranged weapon specifications --> | cartridge = | cartridge_weight = | caliber = | barrels = | action = | rate = | velocity = | range = | max_range = | feed = | sights = <!-- Artillery specifications --> | breech = | recoil = | carriage = | elevation = | traverse = <!-- Bladed weapon specifications --> | blade_type = | hilt_type = | sheath_type = | head_type = | haft_type = <!-- Explosive specifications --> | filling = | filling_weight = | detonation = | yield = <!-- Vehicle/missile specifications --> | armour = | primary_armament = | secondary_armament = | engine = {{le|Kòo-thé thui-tsì-tsē hué-tsìnn|Solid-propellant rocket}} | engine_power = | pw_ratio = | payload_capacity = | transmission = | suspension = | clearance = | fuel_capacity = | vehicle_range = 200 km<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | speed = 7 {{le|Mahō|Mach number}}<ref name=":天弓三型防呆裝置首曝光" /> | guidance = Tiong-tôo tō-ín kai-tuānn: kuàn-sìng tō-ín + Luî-ta̍t siōng-liān siu-tsìng<br/>Tsiong-tuan tō-ín kai-tuānn: {{le|Tsú-tōng luî-ta̍t tō-ín|Active radar homing}} | steering = <!-- Missiles only --> | wingspan = | propellant = | ceiling = 45 km; tsîng-tîng hîng 70 km | altitude = | depth = | boost = | accuracy = | launch_platform = | transport = }} '''Tēnkiong-3 hîng [[Tō-tôaⁿ|tō-tān]]''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 天弓三型飛彈, 天弓三型導彈; '''Tēnkiong-3''', '''Kiong-3''') sī {{le|Tâi-uân tiong-san kho-ha̍k gián-kiù-īnn|National Chung-Shan Institute of Science and Technology}} khai-huat ê Tiong-tîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng, iōnglâi thè-uāñ lāu-kū ê {{le|MIM-23 Hawk tō-tān|MIM-23 Hawk}} hē-thóng. Tiānkiong-3 ē-tàng lân-tse̽t {{le|Kò͘-tēng-e̍k hui-ki|Fixed-wing aircraft|kòo-tīng-ı̽k hui-ki}}, {{le|Sûn-e̍k tō-tān|Cruise missile|sûn-i̍k tō-gān}} hām {{le|Tè-têng tān-tō tō-tān|Short-range ballistic missile|tè-tîng}} {{le|tān-tō tō-tān|Ballistic missile}}, teh {{le|Tiong-huâ bîn-kok khong-kun|Republic of China Air Force}} lāi-té hū-tsik tsip-hîng lên-ha̍p hông-khòng kah tō-tān hông-gū jīm-bū.<ref>{{Cite web|title=斥資748億 軍方採購天弓三型飛彈|url=http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|access-date=2022-05-27|author=劉麗榮|date=2014-08-29|publisher=中央通訊社|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141104035525/http://www.cna.com.tw/news/aipl/201408290359-1.aspx|archive-date=2014-11-04|dead-url=yes}} {{zh}}</ref> ==Tēnkiong-3 tō-tān hē-thóng == Tsi̍t-thò Tiānkiong-3 hîng hông-khòng tō-tān hē-thóng pau-kua i-hā ê tsong-pī:<ref>{{Cite web|title=弓3進駐宜花東 反制共機擾台|url=https://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1259318|access-date=2022-05-27|author=游太郎|date=2019-01-06|publisher=自由時報|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613103135/http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/focus/paper/1259318|archive-date=2020-06-13|dead-url=no}} {{zh}}</ref> * Siòng-uī tīn-le̽t luî-ta̍t-tshia * Tsèn-su̍t tsí-hui-tshia * Thong-sìn tiòng-kè-tshia * Tēn-guân-tshia * Sí-lên-tsng suî-ti̍t tō-tān huat-siā-khì Í-siōng tsong-pī lóng ē-tàng sú-iōng {{le|Tiōng-hîng tsîng-tîng ki-tōng tsiàn-su̍t khah-tshia|Heavy Expanded Mobility Tactical Truck|M983 khah-tshia}} hi̍k bîn-iōng [[Tho͘-lá-kuh|khah-tshia]] ūn-su. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̽t== *{{le|Harbin BZK-005|Harbin BZK-005}} *{{le|Tengden TB-001|Tengden TB-001}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== *[https://www.ncsist.org.tw/csistdup/products/product.aspx?catalog=28&product_Id=11 Tēnkiong-3 hîng tō-tān] {{zh}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-huâ bîn-kok tsū-tsè to-tān]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tō-tān hông-gū]] 62j1gx8dejzivzryxknojo8xgdylgoi 0 1080113 3136750 3136351 2022-08-24T22:23:35Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox navigation satellite system |name = GLONASS |image = |frameless |image_caption = GLONASS logo |image_size = |country = ''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''<br/>(now {{flag|Russia}}) |type = Military, civilian |status = Operational |operator = [[Roscosmos]]<br/>({{flag|Russia}}) |coverage = Global |precision = 2.8–7.38 metres |satellites_nominal = 26 (operational 22) |satellites_current = 24 |first_launch = 12 October 1982 |last_launch = 7 July 2022 |launch_total = |regime = 3 × [[Medium Earth orbit|MEO]] planes |orbit_height = 19,130 km |website={{url|https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/|glonass-iac.ru/en}} }} '''GLONASS''' ({{lang-ru|ГЛОНАСС|label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ɡɫɐˈnas|IPA}}; {{lang-rus|links=no|Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система|r=Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema|t=Tsuân-kiû tō-hâng uī-tsheñ hē-thóng}}) sī Gôlôsu uī-tsheñ tō-hâng hē-thóng, tsok-uî bô-suàñ-tēn tohang uī-tsheñ ho̍k-bū ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn ūn-hîng. GLONASS thê-kiong [[Choân-kiû Tēng-ūi Hē-thóng|tsuân-kiû tīng-uī hē-thóng]] (GPS) ê thè-tāi hong-àn, sī tē-2 ê teh tsuân-kiû huān-uî lāi-té ūn-hîng lî-tshiánn tsing-khak-tōo siong-tong ê tō-hâng hē-thóng. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *ГЛОНАСС: принципы построения и функционирования / Под ред. А. И. Перова, В. Н. Харисова. — 3-е изд., перераб. — М.: Радиотехника, 2005. — 688 с. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 5-93108-076-7. {{ru}} *Шебшаевич В. С., Дмитриев П. П., Иванцев Н. В. и др. Сетевые спутниковые радионавигационные системы / Под ред. В. С. Шебшаевича. — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Радио и связь, 1993. — 408 с. — ISBN 5-256-00174-4. {{ru}} * {{cite web|date=2008|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_rus_v5.1.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signal in bands L1, L2 (Edition 5.1)|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=21 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021141150/http://www.aggf.ru/gnss/glon/ikd51ru.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090547/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022092222/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022091912/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, General description of CDMA signals, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090410/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf}} {{refend}} ==Iân-sin ua̍t-to̍k== {{refbegin|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161020203029/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_eng_v5.1.pdf ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', Edition 5.1, 2008] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120710133600/http://facility.unavco.org/data/docs/ICD_GLONASS_5.1_(2008)_en.pdf backup]) * [https://www.unavco.org/help/glossary/docs/ICD_GLONASS_4.0_(1998)_en.pdf ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', Version 4.0, 1998] * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Federal Government|title=ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА", ''FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"''|date=2001-08-20 |language=ru|url= http://www.programs-gov.ru/26_1.php|access-date=2007-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190908/http://www.programs-gov.ru/ext/117/content.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)|url=http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO|access-date=2008-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172738/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO |archive-date=24 October 2007}} * {{cite web|publisher=Space and Tech|title=GLONASS Summary|url=http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml|access-date=2007-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426101716/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml|archive-date=26 April 2007}} * {{cite web|title=GLONASS Transmitter Specifications|url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html|access-date=2007-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613234101/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html|archive-date=2007-06-13}} * {{cite web|last=Goebel|first=Greg|title=Navigation Satellites & GPS|pages=Section 2.2|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/ttgps.html|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022114901/http://vectorsite.net/ttgps.html|archive-date=22 October 2018}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС ''Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS''|language=ru|url=http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::|access-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172737/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::|archive-date=24 October 2007}} * {{cite news|title=India joins Russian GPS system|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2007-01-29|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_joins_Russian_GPS_system/articleshow/1502481.cms|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites|publisher=MosNews|date=2005-06-27|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20051121193827/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml|archive-date=2005-11-21|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{cite web|publisher=GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group|title=Joint announcement (in English and Russian)|url=http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml|date=2006-12-14 |access-date=2007-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919124045/http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-19}} * {{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew E.|title=Russia Challenges the U.S. Monopoly on Satellite Navigation|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2007-04-07 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/business/worldbusiness/04gps.html|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Keith M.|title=A Review of GLONASS|journal=Hydrographic Society Journal|date=October 2000|url=http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm |access-date=2007-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012120024/http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm|issue=98|issn=0309-7846|archive-date=2007-10-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS|publisher=GPS World|date=2007-01-22|url=http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210065953/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504|archive-date=2007-02-10}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Allocates US$380 Million for Global Navigation System in 2007|publisher=MosNews|date=2007-03-26|url=http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-date=21 April 2022|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches|publisher=MosNews|date=2007-03-26|url=http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-date=21 April 2022|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit|publisher=Space.com / Associated Press|date=2007-12-25|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html|access-date=2007-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828015513/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html|archive-date=28 August 2008}} * {{Cite news|title=Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India|publisher=MosNews|date=2004-01-12|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050207140740/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml|archive-date=2005-02-07|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{cite web|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|title=Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS"|url=https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm|access-date=2007-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015512/http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm|archive-date=3 April 2007}} * {{Cite news|title=Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатно ''The services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge''|language=ru|publisher=RIA Novosti |date=2007-05-18|url=https://ria.ru/science/20070518/65722212.html|access-date=2007-05-18}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление ''Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off''|language=ru|date=2006-12-26 |url=http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021|access-date=2006-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230705/http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021|archive-date=2007-09-27}} * {{cite web|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|title=Uragan (GLONASS, 11F654)|date=2007-01-16|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/uragan.htm|access-date=2007-04-10}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Web|title=Uragan navsat (11F654)|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html|access-date=2007-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171219/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}} * {{cite web|title=GLONASS News|url=http://www.gpssoft.ru/glonass/|access-date=2007-07-31}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Gô-gú latin-hoà|Romanization of Russian}} (Gô-gú lantin-huà/Romanization of Russian) *{{le|Kugelblitz hêng-tōng|Operation Kugelblitz}} (Kugelblitz hîng-tōng/Operation Kugelblitz) *{{le|Yugoslavia kok-ka kái-hòng-kun hām iû-kek-tūi|Yugoslav Partisans}} (Yugoslavia kok-ka kái-hòng-kun hām iû-kik-tuī/Yugoslav Partisans) *{{link-ja|Utsushikawa Nenozō|移川子之蔵}} (移川子之蔵) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category|GLONASS}} * [https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/ Official GLONASS web page] [[Category:GLONASS| ]] [[Category:Navigation satellite constellations]] [[Category:Space program of Russia]] [[Category:Space program of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Soviet inventions]] [[Category:Bô-sòaⁿ tēng-ūi]] [[Category:Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]] h9f72li7pxg6c8xs5egidaw4memaol2 3136751 3136750 2022-08-24T22:25:13Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Iân-sin ua̍t-to̍k */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox navigation satellite system |name = GLONASS |image = |frameless |image_caption = GLONASS logo |image_size = |country = ''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''<br/>(now {{flag|Russia}}) |type = Military, civilian |status = Operational |operator = [[Roscosmos]]<br/>({{flag|Russia}}) |coverage = Global |precision = 2.8–7.38 metres |satellites_nominal = 26 (operational 22) |satellites_current = 24 |first_launch = 12 October 1982 |last_launch = 7 July 2022 |launch_total = |regime = 3 × [[Medium Earth orbit|MEO]] planes |orbit_height = 19,130 km |website={{url|https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/|glonass-iac.ru/en}} }} '''GLONASS''' ({{lang-ru|ГЛОНАСС|label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ɡɫɐˈnas|IPA}}; {{lang-rus|links=no|Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система|r=Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema|t=Tsuân-kiû tō-hâng uī-tsheñ hē-thóng}}) sī Gôlôsu uī-tsheñ tō-hâng hē-thóng, tsok-uî bô-suàñ-tēn tohang uī-tsheñ ho̍k-bū ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn ūn-hîng. GLONASS thê-kiong [[Choân-kiû Tēng-ūi Hē-thóng|tsuân-kiû tīng-uī hē-thóng]] (GPS) ê thè-tāi hong-àn, sī tē-2 ê teh tsuân-kiû huān-uî lāi-té ūn-hîng lî-tshiánn tsing-khak-tōo siong-tong ê tō-hâng hē-thóng. ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *ГЛОНАСС: принципы построения и функционирования / Под ред. А. И. Перова, В. Н. Харисова. — 3-е изд., перераб. — М.: Радиотехника, 2005. — 688 с. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 5-93108-076-7. {{ru}} *Шебшаевич В. С., Дмитриев П. П., Иванцев Н. В. и др. Сетевые спутниковые радионавигационные системы / Под ред. В. С. Шебшаевича. — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Радио и связь, 1993. — 408 с. — ISBN 5-256-00174-4. {{ru}} * {{cite web|date=2008|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_rus_v5.1.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signal in bands L1, L2 (Edition 5.1)|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=21 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021141150/http://www.aggf.ru/gnss/glon/ikd51ru.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090547/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022092222/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022091912/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, General description of CDMA signals, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090410/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161020203029/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_eng_v5.1.pdf ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', Edition 5.1, 2008] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120710133600/http://facility.unavco.org/data/docs/ICD_GLONASS_5.1_(2008)_en.pdf backup]) * [https://www.unavco.org/help/glossary/docs/ICD_GLONASS_4.0_(1998)_en.pdf ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', Version 4.0, 1998] * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Federal Government|title=ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА", ''FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"''|date=2001-08-20 |language=ru|url= http://www.programs-gov.ru/26_1.php|access-date=2007-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190908/http://www.programs-gov.ru/ext/117/content.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)|url=http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO|access-date=2008-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172738/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO |archive-date=24 October 2007}} * {{cite web|publisher=Space and Tech|title=GLONASS Summary|url=http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml|access-date=2007-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426101716/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml|archive-date=26 April 2007}} * {{cite web|title=GLONASS Transmitter Specifications|url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html|access-date=2007-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613234101/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html|archive-date=2007-06-13}} * {{cite web|last=Goebel|first=Greg|title=Navigation Satellites & GPS|pages=Section 2.2|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/ttgps.html|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022114901/http://vectorsite.net/ttgps.html|archive-date=22 October 2018}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС ''Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS''|language=ru|url=http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::|access-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172737/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::|archive-date=24 October 2007}} * {{cite news|title=India joins Russian GPS system|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2007-01-29|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_joins_Russian_GPS_system/articleshow/1502481.cms|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites|publisher=MosNews|date=2005-06-27|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20051121193827/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml|archive-date=2005-11-21|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{cite web|publisher=GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group|title=Joint announcement (in English and Russian)|url=http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml|date=2006-12-14 |access-date=2007-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919124045/http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-19}} * {{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew E.|title=Russia Challenges the U.S. Monopoly on Satellite Navigation|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2007-04-07 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/business/worldbusiness/04gps.html|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Keith M.|title=A Review of GLONASS|journal=Hydrographic Society Journal|date=October 2000|url=http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm |access-date=2007-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012120024/http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm|issue=98|issn=0309-7846|archive-date=2007-10-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS|publisher=GPS World|date=2007-01-22|url=http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210065953/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504|archive-date=2007-02-10}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Allocates US$380 Million for Global Navigation System in 2007|publisher=MosNews|date=2007-03-26|url=http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-date=21 April 2022|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches|publisher=MosNews|date=2007-03-26|url=http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-date=21 April 2022|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit|publisher=Space.com / Associated Press|date=2007-12-25|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html|access-date=2007-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828015513/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html|archive-date=28 August 2008}} * {{Cite news|title=Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India|publisher=MosNews|date=2004-01-12|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050207140740/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml|archive-date=2005-02-07|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{cite web|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|title=Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS"|url=https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm|access-date=2007-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015512/http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm|archive-date=3 April 2007}} * {{Cite news|title=Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатно ''The services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge''|language=ru|publisher=RIA Novosti |date=2007-05-18|url=https://ria.ru/science/20070518/65722212.html|access-date=2007-05-18}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление ''Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off''|language=ru|date=2006-12-26 |url=http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021|access-date=2006-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230705/http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021|archive-date=2007-09-27}} * {{cite web|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|title=Uragan (GLONASS, 11F654)|date=2007-01-16|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/uragan.htm|access-date=2007-04-10}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Web|title=Uragan navsat (11F654)|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html|access-date=2007-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171219/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}} * {{cite web|title=GLONASS News|url=http://www.gpssoft.ru/glonass/|access-date=2007-07-31}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Gô-gú latin-hoà|Romanization of Russian}} (Gô-gú lantin-huà/Romanization of Russian) *{{le|Kugelblitz hêng-tōng|Operation Kugelblitz}} (Kugelblitz hîng-tōng/Operation Kugelblitz) *{{le|Yugoslavia kok-ka kái-hòng-kun hām iû-kek-tūi|Yugoslav Partisans}} (Yugoslavia kok-ka kái-hòng-kun hām iû-kik-tuī/Yugoslav Partisans) *{{link-ja|Utsushikawa Nenozō|移川子之蔵}} (移川子之蔵) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category|GLONASS}} * [https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/ Official GLONASS web page] [[Category:GLONASS| ]] [[Category:Navigation satellite constellations]] [[Category:Space program of Russia]] [[Category:Space program of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Soviet inventions]] [[Category:Bô-sòaⁿ tēng-ūi]] [[Category:Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]] 2qgjl00o5ycygg5v00knea7ix52k99h 3136752 3136751 2022-08-24T22:26:16Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox navigation satellite system |name = GLONASS |image = |frameless |image_caption = GLONASS logo |image_size = |country = ''{{flag|Soviet Union}}''<br/>(now {{flag|Russia}}) |type = Military, civilian |status = Operational |operator = [[Roscosmos]]<br/>({{flag|Russia}}) |coverage = Global |precision = 2.8–7.38 metres |satellites_nominal = 26 (operational 22) |satellites_current = 24 |first_launch = 12 October 1982 |last_launch = 7 July 2022 |launch_total = |regime = 3 × [[Medium Earth orbit|MEO]] planes |orbit_height = 19,130 km |website={{url|https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/|glonass-iac.ru/en}} }} '''GLONASS''' ({{lang-ru|ГЛОНАСС|label=none}}, {{IPA-ru|ɡɫɐˈnas|IPA}}; {{lang-rus|links=no|Глобальная навигационная спутниковая система|r=Global'naya Navigatsionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema|t=Tsuân-kiû tō-hâng uī-tsheñ hē-thóng}}) sī Gôlôsu uī-tsheñ tō-hâng hē-thóng, tsok-uî bô-suàñ-tēn tohang uī-tsheñ ho̍k-bū ê tsi̍t-pòo-hūn ūn-hîng. GLONASS thê-kiong [[Choân-kiû Tēng-ūi Hē-thóng|tsuân-kiû tīng-uī hē-thóng]] (GPS) ê thè-tāi hong-àn, sī tē-2 ê teh tsuân-kiû huān-uî lāi-té ūn-hîng lî-tshiánn tsing-khak-tōo siong-tong ê tō-hâng hē-thóng. ==GLONASS piau-tsún== {{refbegin|2}} *ГЛОНАСС: принципы построения и функционирования / Под ред. А. И. Перова, В. Н. Харисова. — 3-е изд., перераб. — М.: Радиотехника, 2005. — 688 с. — 1000 экз. — ISBN 5-93108-076-7. {{ru}} *Шебшаевич В. С., Дмитриев П. П., Иванцев Н. В. и др. Сетевые спутниковые радионавигационные системы / Под ред. В. С. Шебшаевича. — 2-е изд., перераб. и доп. — М.: Радио и связь, 1993. — 408 с. — ISBN 5-256-00174-4. {{ru}} * {{cite web|date=2008|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_rus_v5.1.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Navigational radio signal in bands L1, L2 (Edition 5.1)|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=21 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111021141150/http://www.aggf.ru/gnss/glon/ikd51ru.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L1 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090547/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L1-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L2 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022092222/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L2-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, Open CDMA navigational radio signal in L3 band, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022091912/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD-L3-s-kod.-razd.-Red-1.0-2016.pdf}} * {{cite web|date=2016|url=http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf|title=GLONASS Interface Control Document, General description of CDMA signals, Edition 1.0|publisher=Russian Space Systems OJSC|access-date=2016-10-21|language=ru|archive-date=22 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022090410/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/IKD.-Obshh.-opis.-Red.-1.0-2016.pdf}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} * [https://web.archive.org/web/20161020203029/http://russianspacesystems.ru/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/ICD_GLONASS_eng_v5.1.pdf ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', Edition 5.1, 2008] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20120710133600/http://facility.unavco.org/data/docs/ICD_GLONASS_5.1_(2008)_en.pdf backup]) * [https://www.unavco.org/help/glossary/docs/ICD_GLONASS_4.0_(1998)_en.pdf ''GLONASS Interface Control Document'', Version 4.0, 1998] * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Federal Government|title=ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ ЦЕЛЕВАЯ ПРОГРАММА "ГЛОБАЛЬНАЯ НАВИГАЦИОННАЯ СИСТЕМА", ''FEDERAL SPECIAL-PURPOSE PROGRAM "GLOBAL NAVIGATION SYSTEM"''|date=2001-08-20 |language=ru|url= http://www.programs-gov.ru/26_1.php|access-date=2007-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927190908/http://www.programs-gov.ru/ext/117/content.htm|archive-date=27 September 2007}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=GLONASS constellation status for 18.01.08 under the analysis of the almanac and accepted in IANC (UTC)|url=http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO|access-date=2008-01-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172738/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=202:20:4969607893141445194::NO |archive-date=24 October 2007}} * {{cite web|publisher=Space and Tech|title=GLONASS Summary|url=http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml|access-date=2007-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070426101716/http://www.spaceandtech.com/spacedata/constellations/glonass_consum.shtml|archive-date=26 April 2007}} * {{cite web|title=GLONASS Transmitter Specifications|url=http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html|access-date=2007-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070613234101/http://www.atnf.csiro.au/people/dmitchel/glonass.html|archive-date=2007-06-13}} * {{cite web|last=Goebel|first=Greg|title=Navigation Satellites & GPS|pages=Section 2.2|url=http://www.vectorsite.net/ttgps.html|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022114901/http://vectorsite.net/ttgps.html|archive-date=22 October 2018}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=Интегральная доступность навигации наземного потребителя по системе ГЛОНАСС ''Integral accessibility of the navigation of ground-based user along the system GLONASS''|language=ru|url=http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::|access-date=2008-01-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024172737/http://www.glonass-ianc.rsa.ru/pls/htmldb/f?p=201:24:5771576984142464179::NO:::|archive-date=24 October 2007}} * {{cite news|title=India joins Russian GPS system|newspaper=The Times of India|date=2007-01-29|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/India_joins_Russian_GPS_system/articleshow/1502481.cms|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=India to Launch 2 Russian GLONASS Satellites|publisher=MosNews|date=2005-06-27|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml |archive-url=https://archive.today/20051121193827/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2005/06/27/indialaunch.shtml|archive-date=2005-11-21|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{cite web|publisher=GPS/GLONASS Interoperability and Compatibility Working Group|title=Joint announcement (in English and Russian)|url=http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml|date=2006-12-14 |access-date=2007-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070919124045/http://pnt.gov/public/docs/2006-WG1-statement.shtml|archive-date=2007-09-19}} * {{cite news|last=Kramer|first=Andrew E.|title=Russia Challenges the U.S. Monopoly on Satellite Navigation|newspaper=The New York Times|date=2007-04-07 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/04/business/worldbusiness/04gps.html|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite journal|last=Miller|first=Keith M.|title=A Review of GLONASS|journal=Hydrographic Society Journal|date=October 2000|url=http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm |access-date=2007-04-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012120024/http://www.hydrographicsociety.org/Articles/journal/2000/98-1.htm|issue=98|issn=0309-7846|archive-date=2007-10-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Radical Change in the Air for GLONASS|publisher=GPS World|date=2007-01-22|url=http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504|access-date=2007-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070210065953/http://www.gpsworld.com/gpsworld/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=399504|archive-date=2007-02-10}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Allocates US$380 Million for Global Navigation System in 2007|publisher=MosNews|date=2007-03-26|url=http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-date=21 April 2022|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Holds First Place in Spacecraft Launches|publisher=MosNews|date=2007-03-26|url=http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421193356/http://mosnews.com/news/2007/03/26/glonass.shtml|archive-date=21 April 2022|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{Cite news|title=Russia Launches New Navigation Satellites into Orbit|publisher=Space.com / Associated Press|date=2007-12-25|url=http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html|access-date=2007-12-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828015513/http://www.space.com/missionlaunches/ap-071225-proton-glonass.html|archive-date=28 August 2008}} * {{Cite news|title=Russian Space Agency Plans Cooperation With India|publisher=MosNews|date=2004-01-12|url=http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml|archive-url=https://archive.today/20050207140740/http://www.mosnews.com/news/2004/12/01/indiaspace.shtml|archive-date=2005-02-07|access-date=2007-04-12}} * {{cite web|publisher=Federation of American Scientists|title=Space Policy Project's "World Space Guide: GLONASS"|url=https://fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm|access-date=2007-04-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403015512/http://www.fas.org/spp/guide/russia/nav/glonass.htm|archive-date=3 April 2007}} * {{Cite news|title=Услуги системы ГЛОНАСС будут предоставляться потребителям бесплатно ''The services of system GLONASS will be given to users free of charge''|language=ru|publisher=RIA Novosti |date=2007-05-18|url=https://ria.ru/science/20070518/65722212.html|access-date=2007-05-18}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Agency (RSA)|title=Три КА "Глонасс-М" взяты на управление ''Three KA "GLONASS-M" have taken off''|language=ru|date=2006-12-26 |url=http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021|access-date=2006-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927230705/http://www.roscosmos.ru/NewsDoSele.asp?NEWSID=2021|archive-date=2007-09-27}} * {{cite web|publisher=Gunter's Space Page|title=Uragan (GLONASS, 11F654)|date=2007-01-16|url=http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/uragan.htm|access-date=2007-04-10}} * {{cite web|publisher=Russian Space Web|title=Uragan navsat (11F654)|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html|access-date=2007-04-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303171219/http://www.russianspaceweb.com/uragan.html|archive-date=3 March 2016}} * {{cite web|title=GLONASS News|url=http://www.gpssoft.ru/glonass/|access-date=2007-07-31}} {{refend}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Gô-gú latin-hoà|Romanization of Russian}} (Gô-gú lantin-huà/Romanization of Russian) *{{le|Kugelblitz hêng-tōng|Operation Kugelblitz}} (Kugelblitz hîng-tōng/Operation Kugelblitz) *{{le|Yugoslavia kok-ka kái-hòng-kun hām iû-kek-tūi|Yugoslav Partisans}} (Yugoslavia kok-ka kái-hòng-kun hām iû-kik-tuī/Yugoslav Partisans) *{{link-ja|Utsushikawa Nenozō|移川子之蔵}} (移川子之蔵) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{commons category|GLONASS}} * [https://www.glonass-iac.ru/en/ Official GLONASS web page] [[Category:GLONASS| ]] [[Category:Navigation satellite constellations]] [[Category:Space program of Russia]] [[Category:Space program of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Soviet inventions]] [[Category:Bô-sòaⁿ tēng-ūi]] [[Category:Earth observation satellites of the Soviet Union]] [[Category:Military equipment introduced in the 1980s]] q2vpxa4g8gcf4mshohhmxid51shjdr0 0 1080133 3136673 3136646 2022-08-24T16:08:16Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company |company_name = Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán |foundation = 1950-nî 10-gue̍h 10-ji̍t (kong-si ting-kì ji̍t-kî) |location = {{ROC}} [[Sin-pak-chhī|Sin-pak-tshī]] [[Sin-tiàm-khu]] Bîn-kuân lōo 108 tsi 3-h 5-lâu |key_people = [[Ông Tshun-sin]]（[[Táng-sū-tiúⁿ|táng-sū-tiúñ]]） |industry = [[Chhut-pán|Tshut-pán-gia̍p]] |products = [[Chheh|Su-tsik]] |revenue = |operating_income = |num_employees = |parent = |divisions = |subsid = |capital = [[NT$]] 31,400,000 (2021-nî 8gue̍h) |market_value = |accounting_period = |homepage = {{URL|www.cptw.com.tw}} |footnotes = |company_name = Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si |company_name_en = The Commercial Press, Ltd. |company_logo = |company_type = [[Tu-sek-hoē-siā|Kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si]] |company_slogan = |local_code_name = TW |local_code = 03561906 |traded_as = Hui tsiūnn-tshī |profit = |P/E ratio = |earnings per share = |Net asset value = }} '''Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 臺灣商務印書館, kán-tshing Siong-bū hi̍k-tsiá Siong-bū ìn-su; [[ing-gú]]: Taiwan commercial press)，sī tsi̍t-king Tâi-uân ê [[Chhut-pán-siā|tshut-pán]] [[Sió-bē|lîng-siū]] [[Sán-gia̍p|gia̍p-tsiá]], Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán ê tsên-sin sī 1947-nî 10-gue̍h teh [[Tâi-uân]] [[Tâi-pak-chhī|Tâi-pak-tshī]] set-li̍p ê "[[Siong-bū ìn-su-koán|Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] Tâi-uân hun-kuán".<ref name="cntimes1">{{cite web |url = http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 |title = 重慶南路地標 臺灣商務一甲子 雲五大樓改建 |author = 林欣誼 |publisher = [[中國時報]] |date = 2011-08-26 |accessdate = 2013-05-25 |language = zh-tw |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123813/http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== * [[SLWH Pegasus]] * [[Norinco AH4 155 mm howitzer]] * [[Cannon-launched guided projectile]] *{{link-ja|Tang-kiaⁿ tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-hōe|東京大学出版会}} (Tang-kiañ tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-huē/東京大学出版会) *{{le|Piau-tê (chhut-pán)|Title (publishing)}} (piau-tê) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Official website|https://www.cptw.com.tw}} {{zh}} *{{facebook|ecptw}} {{zh}} *{{YouTube|c=UCBry7m6d2zXirsKPWD6WU-w}} {{zh}} *[https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ 臺灣商務印書館] {{zh}} {{Wayback|url=https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ |date=20210115185302 }} - 中央研究院數位文化中心「思想，[[重慶南路(臺北市)|重慶南路]]」特展 {{zh}} {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chhut-pán-siā]] [[Category:Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] [[Category:Chóng-pō͘ khiā-tī Sin-pak-chhī ê kang-siong ki-kò͘]] [[Category:1950 sêng-li̍p ê kong-si]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-tiàm-khu]] g6mr2dcqrxqncqnzh6w0xpcg0mfz8kq 3136674 3136673 2022-08-24T16:10:13Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company |company_name = Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán |foundation = 1950-nî 10-gue̍h 10-ji̍t (kong-si ting-kì ji̍t-kî) |location = {{ROC}} [[Sin-pak-chhī|Sin-pak-tshī]] [[Sin-tiàm-khu]] Bîn-kuân lōo 108 tsi 3-h 5-lâu |key_people = [[Ông Tshun-sin]]（[[Táng-sū-tiúⁿ|táng-sū-tiúñ]]） |industry = [[Chhut-pán|Tshut-pán-gia̍p]] |products = [[Chheh|Su-tsik]] |revenue = |operating_income = |num_employees = |parent = |divisions = |subsid = |capital = [[NT$]] 31,400,000 (2021-nî 8gue̍h) |market_value = |accounting_period = |homepage = {{URL|www.cptw.com.tw}} |footnotes = |company_name = Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si |company_name_en = The Commercial Press, Ltd. |company_logo = |company_type = [[Tu-sek-hoē-siā|Kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si]] |company_slogan = |local_code_name = TW |local_code = 03561906 |traded_as = {{le|Su-jîn kong-si|Privately held company|Hui tsiūnn-tshī}} |profit = |P/E ratio = |earnings per share = |Net asset value = }} '''Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 臺灣商務印書館, kán-tshing Siong-bū hi̍k-tsiá Siong-bū ìn-su; [[ing-gú]]: Taiwan commercial press)，sī tsi̍t-king Tâi-uân ê [[Chhut-pán-siā|tshut-pán]] [[Sió-bē|lîng-siū]] [[Sán-gia̍p|gia̍p-tsiá]], Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán ê tsên-sin sī 1947-nî 10-gue̍h teh [[Tâi-uân]] [[Tâi-pak-chhī|Tâi-pak-tshī]] set-li̍p ê "[[Siong-bū ìn-su-koán|Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] Tâi-uân hun-kuán".<ref name="cntimes1">{{cite web |url = http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 |title = 重慶南路地標 臺灣商務一甲子 雲五大樓改建 |author = 林欣誼 |publisher = [[中國時報]] |date = 2011-08-26 |accessdate = 2013-05-25 |language = zh-tw |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123813/http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== * [[SLWH Pegasus]] * [[Norinco AH4 155 mm howitzer]] * [[Cannon-launched guided projectile]] *{{link-ja|Tang-kiaⁿ tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-hōe|東京大学出版会}} (Tang-kiañ tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-huē/東京大学出版会) *{{le|Piau-tê (chhut-pán)|Title (publishing)}} (piau-tê) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Official website|https://www.cptw.com.tw}} {{zh}} *{{facebook|ecptw}} {{zh}} *{{YouTube|c=UCBry7m6d2zXirsKPWD6WU-w}} {{zh}} *[https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ 臺灣商務印書館] {{zh}} {{Wayback|url=https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ |date=20210115185302 }} - 中央研究院數位文化中心「思想，[[重慶南路(臺北市)|重慶南路]]」特展 {{zh}} {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chhut-pán-siā]] [[Category:Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] [[Category:Chóng-pō͘ khiā-tī Sin-pak-chhī ê kang-siong ki-kò͘]] [[Category:1950 sêng-li̍p ê kong-si]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-tiàm-khu]] 7v70ua1lkjpgdd56d1tmnnow36vjlo7 3136675 3136674 2022-08-24T16:11:23Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company |foundation = 1950-nî 10-gue̍h 10-ji̍t (kong-si ting-kì ji̍t-kî) |location = {{ROC}} [[Sin-pak-chhī|Sin-pak-tshī]] [[Sin-tiàm-khu]] Bîn-kuân lōo 108 tsi 3-h 5-lâu |key_people = [[Ông Tshun-sin]]（[[Táng-sū-tiúⁿ|táng-sū-tiúñ]]） |industry = [[Chhut-pán|Tshut-pán-gia̍p]] |products = [[Chheh|Su-tsik]] |revenue = |operating_income = |num_employees = |parent = |divisions = |subsid = |capital = [[NT$]] 31,400,000 (2021-nî 8gue̍h) |market_value = |accounting_period = |homepage = {{URL|www.cptw.com.tw}} |footnotes = |company_name = Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si |company_name_en = The Commercial Press, Ltd. |company_logo = |company_type = [[Tu-sek-hoē-siā|Kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si]] |company_slogan = |local_code_name = TW |local_code = 03561906 |traded_as = {{le|Su-jîn kong-si|Privately held company|Hui tsiūnn-tshī}} |profit = |P/E ratio = |earnings per share = |Net asset value = }} '''Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 臺灣商務印書館, kán-tshing Siong-bū hi̍k-tsiá Siong-bū ìn-su; [[ing-gú]]: Taiwan commercial press)，sī tsi̍t-king Tâi-uân ê [[Chhut-pán-siā|tshut-pán]] [[Sió-bē|lîng-siū]] [[Sán-gia̍p|gia̍p-tsiá]], Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán ê tsên-sin sī 1947-nî 10-gue̍h teh [[Tâi-uân]] [[Tâi-pak-chhī|Tâi-pak-tshī]] set-li̍p ê "[[Siong-bū ìn-su-koán|Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] Tâi-uân hun-kuán".<ref name="cntimes1">{{cite web |url = http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 |title = 重慶南路地標 臺灣商務一甲子 雲五大樓改建 |author = 林欣誼 |publisher = [[中國時報]] |date = 2011-08-26 |accessdate = 2013-05-25 |language = zh-tw |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123813/http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== * [[SLWH Pegasus]] * [[Norinco AH4 155 mm howitzer]] * [[Cannon-launched guided projectile]] *{{link-ja|Tang-kiaⁿ tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-hōe|東京大学出版会}} (Tang-kiañ tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-huē/東京大学出版会) *{{le|Piau-tê (chhut-pán)|Title (publishing)}} (piau-tê) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Official website|https://www.cptw.com.tw}} {{zh}} *{{facebook|ecptw}} {{zh}} *{{YouTube|c=UCBry7m6d2zXirsKPWD6WU-w}} {{zh}} *[https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ 臺灣商務印書館] {{zh}} {{Wayback|url=https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ |date=20210115185302 }} - 中央研究院數位文化中心「思想，[[重慶南路(臺北市)|重慶南路]]」特展 {{zh}} {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chhut-pán-siā]] [[Category:Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] [[Category:Chóng-pō͘ khiā-tī Sin-pak-chhī ê kang-siong ki-kò͘]] [[Category:1950 sêng-li̍p ê kong-si]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-tiàm-khu]] sii084c8q721hgn4zr4rufmwcw6lvib 3136676 3136675 2022-08-24T16:11:49Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company |foundation = 1950-nî 10-gue̍h 10-ji̍t (kong-si ting-kì ji̍t-kî) |location = {{ROC}} [[Sin-pak-chhī|Sin-pak-tshī]] [[Sin-tiàm-khu]] Bîn-kuân lōo 108 tsi 3-h 5-lâu |key_people = [[Ông Tshun-sin]]（[[Táng-sū-tiúⁿ|táng-sū-tiúñ]]） |industry = [[Chhut-pán|Tshut-pán-gia̍p]] |products = [[Chheh|Su-tsik]] |revenue = |operating_income = |num_employees = |parent = |divisions = |subsid = |capital = [[NT$]] 31,400,000 (2021-nî 8gue̍h) |market_value = |accounting_period = |homepage = {{URL|www.cptw.com.tw}} |footnotes = |company_name = Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán kóo-hun iú-hān kong-si |company_name_en = The Commercial Press, Ltd. |company_logo = |company_type = [[Tu-sek-hoē-siā|Kóo-hun iú-hiān kong-si]] |company_slogan = |local_code_name = TW |local_code = 03561906 |traded_as = {{le|Su-jîn kong-si|Privately held company|Hui tsiūnn-tshī}} |profit = |P/E ratio = |earnings per share = |Net asset value = }} '''Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 臺灣商務印書館, kán-tshing Siong-bū hi̍k-tsiá Siong-bū ìn-su; [[ing-gú]]: Taiwan commercial press)，sī tsi̍t-king Tâi-uân ê [[Chhut-pán-siā|tshut-pán]] [[Sió-bē|lîng-siū]] [[Sán-gia̍p|gia̍p-tsiá]], Tâi-uân siong-bū ìn-su-kuán ê tsên-sin sī 1947-nî 10-gue̍h teh [[Tâi-uân]] [[Tâi-pak-chhī|Tâi-pak-tshī]] set-li̍p ê "[[Siong-bū ìn-su-koán|Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] Tâi-uân hun-kuán".<ref name="cntimes1">{{cite web |url = http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 |title = 重慶南路地標 臺灣商務一甲子 雲五大樓改建 |author = 林欣誼 |publisher = [[中國時報]] |date = 2011-08-26 |accessdate = 2013-05-25 |language = zh-tw |archive-date = 2016-03-04 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304123813/http://chincenter.fg.tp.edu.tw/~writing/news.php?id=1224831030&PHPSESSID=2b45d433329b6e7e5f8edf1e877d2065 }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== * [[SLWH Pegasus]] * [[Norinco AH4 155 mm howitzer]] * [[Cannon-launched guided projectile]] *{{link-ja|Tang-kiaⁿ tāi-ha̍k chhut-pán-hōe|東京大学出版会}} (Tang-kiañ tāi-ha̍k tshut-pán-huē/東京大学出版会) *{{le|Piau-tê (chhut-pán)|Title (publishing)}} (piau-tê) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{div col|2}} *{{Official website|https://www.cptw.com.tw}} {{zh}} *{{facebook|ecptw}} {{zh}} *{{YouTube|c=UCBry7m6d2zXirsKPWD6WU-w}} {{zh}} *[https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ 臺灣商務印書館] {{zh}} {{Wayback|url=https://thinkread.asdc.tw/commercial_press/ |date=20210115185302 }} - 中央研究院數位文化中心「思想，[[重慶南路(臺北市)|重慶南路]]」特展 {{zh}} {{div col end}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chhut-pán-siā]] [[Category:Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] [[Category:Chóng-pō͘ khiā-tī Sin-pak-chhī ê kang-siong ki-kò͘]] [[Category:1950 sêng-li̍p ê kong-si]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-tiàm-khu]] 6idwielvqcpb1gga8ne4jxxcijz09g9 0 1080135 3136672 3136647 2022-08-24T16:06:43Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox Company | name = Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán iú-hān kong-si | name_en = The Commercial Press | former_name = Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán | logo = | local_code_name = CN | local_code = 91110000400005409J | type = Iú-hān tsik-jīm kong-si (hhuat-jîn to̍k-tsu) |foundation = {{le|Siōng-hái kuan|Shanghai County}} (1897-nî 2-gue̍h 11-ji̍t) |location = Tiong-kok siōng-hái Pak-kiann-lōo Lí-tbua̍t ke 3-hō (1897-nî 2-gue̍h 11ji̍t - 1898-nî)<br />Tiong-kok siōng-hái tsoo-kài-lāi ê Pak-kiann-lōo kíng-sūn-lí (1898-nî - 1907-nî)<br />Tiong-kok siōng-hái [[ap-pak]] huâ-kài [[pó-san lōo]] (1907-nî - 1932-nî 1-gue̍h 29ji̍t)<br />Tiông-sua<br />Tiông-kìng<br />Siōng-hái (1945-nî -1954-nî)<br/> 1949-nnî āu siông-kiàn "[[#hiān-tsōng]]" tsi̍t-tsiat | num_employees = 372 | num_employees_year = 2020-nî | slogan = Tiong-kok hiān-tāi tshut-pán, uì tsia khai-sí! | parent = {{link-zh|Tiong-kok tshut-pán tsi̍p-thuân|中國出版集團}} }} '''Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán''' ([[hàn-gú]]: 商務印書館; [[ing-gú]]: The Commercial Press), sī Tiong-kok tē-1 king hiān-tāi tshut-pán ki-kòo, sîng-li̍p tī Kong-sū 23-nî (1897-nî) 2-gue̍h 11-ji̍t. Tshòng-pān-jîn Hā Suī-hong, Pau Hâm-un, Pau Hâm-tshiong, Ko Hōng-tî.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cp.com.cn/it/introduce.cfm|title=商务简介|publisher=商务印书馆官网|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100824045536/http://www.cp.com.cn/it/introduce.cfm|archivedate=2010-08-24|accessdate=2010-09-26}}</ref> Tshòng-pān teh Siōng-hái, [[Tiong-Ji̍t Chiàn-cheng|Tiong-ji̍t tsiàn-tsing]] kî-kan pī-pik lāi-tshian. píng-sîng "Tshiong-bîng kàu-io̍k, khai-khé bîn-tì" tsi tsong-tsí, uī Tiong-kok kīn hiān-tāi tshut-pán-kài ê thâu-lâng, teh tsiūnn pah-nî lò-lò tn̂g ê suè-gua̍t tang-tiong, tuì Tiong-kok hiān-tāi ê tshut-pán, bûn-huà hām kàu-io̍k sū-gia̍p sán-sing tuā-bong -lî-tshiánn koh tshim-tuā ê íng-hióng.<ref>{{Cite web|title=上海出版志|url=http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=29052&tableName=userobject1a&id=54454|accessdate=2919-12-01|author=|date=|format=|publisher=|language=|archive-date=2020-12-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201216015945/http://www.shtong.gov.cn/dfz_web/DFZ/Info?idnode=29052&tableName=userobject1a&id=54454|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.sohu.com/a/293990366_228930 |title=他们，影响了几代中国人 {{!}} 商务印书馆122年 |access-date=2021-09-25 |archive-date=2021-09-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210925150440/https://www.sohu.com/a/293990366_228930 |dead-url=no }}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{le|Devanāgarī|Devanāgarī}} *{{le|Weidenfeld & Nicolson|Weidenfeld & Nicolson}} *{{le|Kēng-ki thé-chhau sè-kài-poe|Artistic Gymnastics World Cup}} (kīng-ki thé-tshau sè-kài-pue/Artistic Gymnastics World Cup) *{{le|Z (kun-sū hû-hō)|Z (military symbol)}} (Z (military symbol)) *{{le|Kok-tsè thé-tshau liân-bîng|International Gymnastics Federation}} (International Gymnastics Federation) ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commons category|Commercial Press, The}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.cp.com.cn The Commercial Press (Beijing)] {{zh}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20110426200234/http://www.cpi1993.com/ The Commercial Press International Co., Ltd.] {{zh}} *[http://www.commercialpress.com.hk The Commercial Press (Hong Kong) Limited] {{zh}} *[http://www.cptw.com.tw/ The Commercial Press, Ltd.] {{zh}} *[http://www.cp1897.com.hk/ Commercial Press (HK) Cyberbooks Ltd.] {{zh}} *[http://www.edfun.com.hk/ EdFun Limited] {{zh}} *[http://www.hkep.com/ Hong Kong Educational Publishing Company] {{zh}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Sin-ka-pho ê kong-si]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Siong-bū ìn-su-kuán]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tiong-kok chhut-pán-siā]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Tâi-oân ê chheh-tiàm]] 0i1zg224zw44wcoq5wrsvrkqqdyvoyn 0 1080136 3136670 3136664 2022-08-24T15:59:30Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heedless Moths (1921) - Photoplay Editorial.jpg|thumb|Editorial from a 1921 issue of ''[[Photoplay]]'' recommending that readers not watch a film, which featured nude scenes.]] '''Siā-lūn''' ([[Bíkok]] kiò-tsò "editorial", tsú-iàu kuan-tiám ê bûn-tsiuñ; hi̍k-tsiá teh [[Ingkok]] kiò-tsò "leader") sī-iû pò-tsuá, tsa̍p-tsì hi̍k-tsiá jīm-hô kî-thañ su-bīn bûn-kiāñ ê ko-kip pian-tsip jîn-uân hi̍k tshut-pán-siong tsuān-siá ê bûn-tsiuñ, thong-siông bī sú-miâ. Au-tsiu kah Bí-kok ê tsú-iàu pò-tsuá, pí-jū "[[New York]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ([[The New York Times]])<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/ |title= Opinion |access-date= 23 May 2012 |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff}}</ref> hām "Boston [[Tē-kiû|khuân-kiû]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ({{le|The Boston Globe|The Boston Globe}})<ref>{{cite news |title= Opinion |url= http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/ |access-date= 23 May 2012 |newspaper= [[The Boston Globe]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author=Staff}}</ref>, tsia-ê pò-tsuá tiāñ-tiāñ kā siā-lūn kui-luī tsò "Ì-kiàn" ê piau-tê. Tshah-tôo siā-lūn khó-lîng iōng siā-lūn bàng-gah ê hîng-sik tshut-hiān.<ref>{{cite web |title= AAEC The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |url= http://editorialcartoonists.com/ |publisher= The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |access-date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff |year= 2012}}</ref> Teh thong-siông ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā, pò-tsuá ê pen-tsip uí-uân-huē ē phîng-kóo tah-tsi̍t-kuá tuì in-ê to̍k-tsiá liáu-kái pò-tsuá ê ì-kiàn tsiâñ-tiōng-iàu.<ref>{{cite book |last= Passante |first= Christopher K. |title= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Journalism – Editorials |publisher= Penguin |year= 2007 |page= 28 |isbn= 978-1-59257-670-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lfh1mufymdsC&q=editorials+%2B+def&pg=PA28 |access-date= 21 February 2010}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist|2}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commonscat}} *{{Wiktionary-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pò-chóa lōe-iông]] [[Category:Î-lūn sin-bûn]] [[Category:Periodical articles]] a2fn5anoui9fbxlh09amkphimflvb3x 3136671 3136670 2022-08-24T16:03:37Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heedless Moths (1921) - Photoplay Editorial.jpg|thumb|Editorial from a 1921 issue of ''[[Photoplay]]'' recommending that readers not watch a film, which featured nude scenes.]] '''Siā-lūn''' ([[Bíkok]] kiò-tsò "editorial", tsú-iàu kuan-tiám ê bûn-tsiuñ; hi̍k-tsiá teh [[Ingkok]] kiò-tsò "leader") sī-iû pò-tsuá, [[Cha̍p-chì|tsa̍p-tsì]] hi̍k-tsiá jīm-hô kî-thañ su-bīn bûn-kiāñ ê ko-kip pian-tsip jîn-uân hi̍k tshut-pán-siong tsuān-siá ê bûn-tsiuñ, thong-siông bī sú-miâ. Au-tsiu kah Bí-kok ê tsú-iàu pò-tsuá, pí-jū "[[New York]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ([[The New York Times]])<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/ |title= Opinion |access-date= 23 May 2012 |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff}}</ref> hām "Boston [[Tē-kiû|khuân-kiû]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ({{le|The Boston Globe|The Boston Globe}})<ref>{{cite news |title= Opinion |url= http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/ |access-date= 23 May 2012 |newspaper= [[The Boston Globe]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author=Staff}}</ref>, tsia-ê pò-tsuá tiāñ-tiāñ kā siā-lūn kui-luī tsò "Ì-kiàn" ê piau-tê. [[Chhah-tô͘|Tshah-tôo]] siā-lūn khó-lîng iōng {{le|Tsìng-tī bàng-gah|Political cartoon|siā-lūn bàng-gah}} ê hîng-sik tshut-hiān.<ref>{{cite web |title= AAEC The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |url= http://editorialcartoonists.com/ |publisher= The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |access-date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff |year= 2012}}</ref> Teh thong-siông ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā, pò-tsuá ê pen-tsip uí-uân-huē ē phîng-kóo tah-tsi̍t-kuá tuì in-ê to̍k-tsiá liáu-kái pò-tsuá ê ì-kiàn tsiâñ-tiōng-iàu.<ref>{{cite book |last= Passante |first= Christopher K. |title= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Journalism – Editorials |publisher= Penguin |year= 2007 |page= 28 |isbn= 978-1-59257-670-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lfh1mufymdsC&q=editorials+%2B+def&pg=PA28 |access-date= 21 February 2010}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist|2}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commonscat}} *{{Wiktionary-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pò-chóa lōe-iông]] [[Category:Î-lūn sin-bûn]] [[Category:Periodical articles]] pcn2hiikbzrnu0o69rqt5rst6ru9lfb 3136678 3136671 2022-08-24T18:57:35Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heedless Moths (1921) - Photoplay Editorial.jpg|thumb|Editorial from a 1921 issue of ''[[Photoplay]]'' recommending that readers not watch a film, which featured nude scenes.]] '''Siā-lūn''' ([[Bíkok]] kiò-tsò "editorial", tsú-iàu kuan-tiám ê bûn-tsiuñ; hi̍k-tsiá teh [[Ingkok]] kiò-tsò "leader") sī-iû pò-tsuá, [[Cha̍p-chì|tsa̍p-tsì]] hi̍k-tsiá jīm-hô kî-thañ su-bīn bûn-kiāñ ê ko-kip pian-tsip jîn-uân hi̍k tshut-pán-siong tsuān-siá ê bûn-tsiuñ, thong-siông bī sú-miâ. Au-tsiu kah Bí-kok ê tsú-iàu pò-tsuá, pí-jū "[[New York]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ([[The New York Times]])<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/ |title= Opinion |access-date= 23 May 2012 |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff}}</ref> hām "Boston [[Tē-kiû|khuân-kiû]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ({{le|The Boston Globe|The Boston Globe}})<ref>{{cite news |title= Opinion |url= http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/ |access-date= 23 May 2012 |newspaper= [[The Boston Globe]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author=Staff}}</ref>, tsia-ê pò-tsuá tiāñ-tiāñ kā siā-lūn kui-luī tsò "Ì-kiàn" ê piau-tê. [[Chhah-tô͘|Tshah-tôo]] siā-lūn khó-lîng iōng {{le|Tsìng-tī bàng-gah|Political cartoon|siā-lūn bàng-gah}} ê hîng-sik tshut-hiān.<ref>{{cite web |title= AAEC The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |url= http://editorialcartoonists.com/ |publisher= The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |access-date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff |year= 2012}}</ref> Teh thong-siông ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā, pò-tsuá ê pen-tsip uí-uân-huē ē phîng-kóo tah-tsi̍t-kuá tuì in-ê to̍k-tsiá liáu-kái pò-tsuá ê ì-kiàn tsiâñ-tiōng-iàu.<ref>{{cite book |last= Passante |first= Christopher K. |title= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Journalism – Editorials |publisher= Penguin |year= 2007 |page= 28 |isbn= 978-1-59257-670-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lfh1mufymdsC&q=editorials+%2B+def&pg=PA28 |access-date= 21 February 2010}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{link-zh|Ti̍k-chai su-lio̍k khai-tê|直齋書錄解題}} (Ti̍k-tsai su-lio̍k khai-tê/直齋書錄解題) *{{le|Igor Konashenkov|Igor Konashenkov}} (Igor Konashenkov) *{{le|Thian-chu e̍k-biâu|Smallpox vaccine}} (then-tsu i̍k-biâu/smallpox vaccine) *{{le|Kâu-chu|Monkeypox}} (kâu-tsu/monkeypox) *{{le|Palytoxin|Palytoxin}} *{{le|Kuldja tiâu-iok|Treaty of Kulja}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commonscat}} *{{Wiktionary-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pò-chóa lōe-iông]] [[Category:Î-lūn sin-bûn]] [[Category:Periodical articles]] 7x27awrdt2c7w1nel8qa423kulfdqkl 3136830 3136678 2022-08-25T08:19:49Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-ua̍t */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Heedless Moths (1921) - Photoplay Editorial.jpg|thumb|Editorial from a 1921 issue of ''[[Photoplay]]'' recommending that readers not watch a film, which featured nude scenes.]] '''Siā-lūn''' ([[Bíkok]] kiò-tsò "editorial", tsú-iàu kuan-tiám ê bûn-tsiuñ; hi̍k-tsiá teh [[Ingkok]] kiò-tsò "leader") sī-iû pò-tsuá, [[Cha̍p-chì|tsa̍p-tsì]] hi̍k-tsiá jīm-hô kî-thañ su-bīn bûn-kiāñ ê ko-kip pian-tsip jîn-uân hi̍k tshut-pán-siong tsuān-siá ê bûn-tsiuñ, thong-siông bī sú-miâ. Au-tsiu kah Bí-kok ê tsú-iàu pò-tsuá, pí-jū "[[New York]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ([[The New York Times]])<ref>{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/pages/opinion/ |title= Opinion |access-date= 23 May 2012 |work= [[The New York Times]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff}}</ref> hām "Boston [[Tē-kiû|khuân-kiû]] [[Sin-bûn-chóa|sî-pò]]" ({{le|The Boston Globe|The Boston Globe}})<ref>{{cite news |title= Opinion |url= http://www.boston.com/bostonglobe/editorial_opinion/ |access-date= 23 May 2012 |newspaper= [[The Boston Globe]] |date= 23 May 2012 |author=Staff}}</ref>, tsia-ê pò-tsuá tiāñ-tiāñ kā siā-lūn kui-luī tsò "Ì-kiàn" ê piau-tê. [[Chhah-tô͘|Tshah-tôo]] siā-lūn khó-lîng iōng {{le|Tsìng-tī bàng-gah|Political cartoon|siā-lūn bàng-gah}} ê hîng-sik tshut-hiān.<ref>{{cite web |title= AAEC The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |url= http://editorialcartoonists.com/ |publisher= The Association of American Editorial Cartoonists |access-date= 23 May 2012 |author= Staff |year= 2012}}</ref> Teh thong-siông ê tsîng-hóng tsi-hā, pò-tsuá ê pen-tsip uí-uân-huē ē phîng-kóo tah-tsi̍t-kuá tuì in-ê to̍k-tsiá liáu-kái pò-tsuá ê ì-kiàn tsiâñ-tiōng-iàu.<ref>{{cite book |last= Passante |first= Christopher K. |title= The Complete Idiot's Guide to Journalism – Editorials |publisher= Penguin |year= 2007 |page= 28 |isbn= 978-1-59257-670-8 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=lfh1mufymdsC&q=editorials+%2B+def&pg=PA28 |access-date= 21 February 2010}}</ref> ==Tsù-kái== {{Reflist|2}} ==Tsham-ua̍t== *{{link-zh|Ti̍k-chai su-lio̍k khai-tê|直齋書錄解題}} (Ti̍k-tsai su-lio̍k khai-tê/直齋書錄解題) *{{le|Igor Konashenkov|Igor Konashenkov}} (Igor Konashenkov) *{{le|Thian-chu e̍k-biâu|Smallpox vaccine}} (then-tsu i̍k-biâu/smallpox vaccine) *{{le|Kâu-chu|Monkeypox}} (kâu-tsu/monkeypox) *{{le|Palytoxin|Palytoxin}} *{{le|Kuldja tiâu-iok|Treaty of Kulja}} *[[Brahui-gú]] ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Commonscat}} *{{Wiktionary-inline}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Pò-chóa lōe-iông]] [[Category:Î-lūn sin-bûn]] [[Category:Periodical articles]] nwecki0yj5m83z8u8y2wuuk09kqx7cj 0 1080142 3136677 2022-08-24T16:59:32Z Adamsexploration 53090 Quran wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-ahzab {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] lrrv6mqrzuxnfdfvjbjrc4s0zui8yd2 3136710 3136677 2022-08-24T20:59:32Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Gōa-pō· liân-kiat */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] jefnvwb3lo38jpabb47jgrt4f59j3p8 3136711 3136710 2022-08-24T21:00:46Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-en = The Clans, The Coalition Forces, The Forces Combined | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = The Coalition, The Combined Forces, The Allies, The Confederates, The Joint Forces, The Parties | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 28rswz4zh080k0tawsy5get76phn6gy 3136717 3136711 2022-08-24T21:11:34Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-en = The Clans, The Coalition Forces, The Forces Combined | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = The Coalition, The Combined Forces, The Allies, The Confederates, The Joint Forces, The Parties | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 26e3283ncdbpvozds65fq9kehatgyfr 3136728 3136717 2022-08-24T21:32:44Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = The Clans, The Coalition Forces, The Forces Combined | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = The Coalition, The Combined Forces, The Allies, The Confederates, The Joint Forces, The Parties | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] n0sdi2avxalz2pjskn6qj6mrkij9kdd 3136729 3136728 2022-08-24T21:34:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = The Coalition, The Combined Forces, The Allies, The Confederates, The Joint Forces, The Parties | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] i31e5spcstys0aqeg9snfp3y7xgn8tc 3136730 3136729 2022-08-24T21:34:55Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahzab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 9el01sra9wms2ocd5tza5negrmmrioz 3136733 3136730 2022-08-24T21:41:55Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahⱬab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] rkbs4mbnez8ghbg0l0kah3soz4h95fd 3136772 3136733 2022-08-24T23:34:44Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] dpwobdr4yvg0aivwn4im9s8o6khj1vm 3136773 3136772 2022-08-24T23:36:34Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Gōa-pō· liân-kiat */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-ket == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 66sn3xkh657o2f96335dkvf51kirhws 3136774 3136773 2022-08-24T23:37:18Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Gōa-pō· liân-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō lên-ket == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] hc8slmxpiupbzvtys6nsmqfsrtnl8u6 3136775 3136774 2022-08-24T23:39:34Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Gōa-pō lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō liân-ket == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 3004rqeoflzap4bcrovslj7si8ib2g6 3136776 3136775 2022-08-24T23:40:15Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Gōa-pō liân-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] dpwobdr4yvg0aivwn4im9s8o6khj1vm 3136821 3136776 2022-08-25T05:04:29Z Adamsexploration 53090 Adamsexploration sóa [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ]] chit ia̍h khì [[Tông-bîng-kun tsiong]]: Tông-bîng-kun tsiong wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] dpwobdr4yvg0aivwn4im9s8o6khj1vm 3136823 3136821 2022-08-25T05:07:36Z Adamsexploration 53090 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 33 | number-3 = 033 | name = Al-Aḥzāb | name-ar = الأحزاب | name-nan = Tông-bîng-kun tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 32 | next_sura = Quran 34 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Ahz̩ab | juz = 21 to 22 | rukus = 9 | verses = 73 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = <!-- optional, if exists --> }} '''Tông-bîng-kun tsiong''' (同盟軍章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الأحزاب}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Ahzab}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == *[https://quran.com/al-ahzab Surah Al-Ahzab - 1-73 - Quran.com] {{-}} {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] jactxvtjcgcpgqo06zcntedxq5w4rg6 2 1080143 3136680 2022-08-24T19:17:42Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet min-nan-cyrl]] chit ia̍h khì [[Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kilil]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Iōng-chiá:Cuaxdon/Alphabet nan kilil]] i88cekexbbxhd6htq68orlyj27whcnb 10 1080144 3136712 2022-08-24T21:01:36Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Infobox | title = [[Sura]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} of the [[Quran]]<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = b…" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Sura]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} of the [[Quran]]<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Arabic text]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} English translation] }} | label1 = Classification | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = [[Medinan surah|Medinan]] |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | data6 = {{{Hizb_number|{{{hizb|}}}}}} | label7 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ruku|Rukus]] | data7 = {{{Number_of_Rukus|{{{rukus|}}}}}} | label8 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ayah|verses]] | data8 = {{{Number_of_verses|{{{verses|}}}}}} | label9 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Sujud#Sajdah of recitation|Sajdah]]s | data9 = {{{Number_of_sajdahs|{{{sajdahs|}}}}}} | label10 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of words | data10 = {{{Number_of_words|{{{words|}}}}}} | label11 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of letters | data11 = {{{Number_of_letters|{{{letters|}}}}}} | label12 = Opening [[muqatta'at|muqaṭṭaʻāt]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}|''{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}''|}} | label13 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of Ayats on particular subjects | data13 = {{{Subjectwise_ayat|{{{subject_ayat|}}}}}} | belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | belowclass = noprint | below = {{succession links |left = {{#if:{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} |right = {{#if:{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> qyzkcz8gsapwz55iyrqllokciqe0p0z 3136713 3136712 2022-08-24T21:04:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Arabic text]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} English translation] }} | label1 = Classification | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = [[Medinan surah|Medinan]] |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | data6 = {{{Hizb_number|{{{hizb|}}}}}} | label7 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ruku|Rukus]] | data7 = {{{Number_of_Rukus|{{{rukus|}}}}}} | label8 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ayah|verses]] | data8 = 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2022-08-24T21:06:21Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Arabic text]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} English translation] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = [[Medinan surah|Medinan]] |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | data6 = {{{Hizb_number|{{{hizb|}}}}}} | label7 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ruku|Rukus]] | data7 = {{{Number_of_Rukus|{{{rukus|}}}}}} | label8 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ayah|verses]] | data8 = {{{Number_of_verses|{{{verses|}}}}}} | label9 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Sujud#Sajdah of recitation|Sajdah]]s | data9 = {{{Number_of_sajdahs|{{{sajdahs|}}}}}} | label10 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of words | data10 = {{{Number_of_words|{{{words|}}}}}} | label11 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of letters | data11 = {{{Number_of_letters|{{{letters|}}}}}} | label12 = Opening [[muqatta'at|muqaṭṭaʻāt]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}|''{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}''|}} | label13 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of Ayats on particular subjects | data13 = {{{Subjectwise_ayat|{{{subject_ayat|}}}}}} | belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | belowclass = noprint | below = {{succession links |left = {{#if:{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} |right = {{#if:{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 9ftgg9c8fdr5yiimke6swbcrd8h9r1x 3136715 3136714 2022-08-24T21:07:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Arabic text]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} English translation] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = 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label13 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of Ayats on particular subjects | data13 = {{{Subjectwise_ayat|{{{subject_ayat|}}}}}} | belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | belowclass = noprint | below = {{succession links |left = {{#if:{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} |right = {{#if:{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 2rbhpaas93ey3tzqf1hvc5w7e6o0fux 3136716 3136715 2022-08-24T21:08:53Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | data6 = {{{Hizb_number|{{{hizb|}}}}}} | label7 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ruku|Rukus]] | data7 = {{{Number_of_Rukus|{{{rukus|}}}}}} | label8 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ayah|verses]] | data8 = {{{Number_of_verses|{{{verses|}}}}}} | label9 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Sujud#Sajdah of recitation|Sajdah]]s | data9 = {{{Number_of_sajdahs|{{{sajdahs|}}}}}} | label10 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of words | data10 = {{{Number_of_words|{{{words|}}}}}} | label11 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of letters | data11 = {{{Number_of_letters|{{{letters|}}}}}} | label12 = Opening [[muqatta'at|muqaṭṭaʻāt]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}|''{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}''|}} | label13 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of Ayats on particular subjects | data13 = {{{Subjectwise_ayat|{{{subject_ayat|}}}}}} | belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | belowclass = noprint | below = {{succession links |left = {{#if:{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} |right = {{#if:{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 4j3ahihvekjc015j6s27bhqdumn96wh 3136718 3136716 2022-08-24T21:14:07Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | data6 = {{{Hizb_number|{{{hizb|}}}}}} | label7 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Ruku]] | data7 = 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}}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 1mqlpvqo8w3b0774nyas5x1mcg7ukoy 3136719 3136718 2022-08-24T21:16:33Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | data6 = {{{Hizb_number|{{{hizb|}}}}}} | label7 = [[Ruku]] ê {{abbr|No.|hō-bé}} | data7 = {{{Number_of_Rukus|{{{rukus|}}}}}} | label8 = [[Āyah|si-kù]] ê {{abbr|No.|hō-bé}} | data8 = {{{Number_of_verses|{{{verses|}}}}}} | label9 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of [[Sujud#Sajdah of recitation|Sajdah]]s | data9 = {{{Number_of_sajdahs|{{{sajdahs|}}}}}} | label10 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of words | data10 = {{{Number_of_words|{{{words|}}}}}} | label11 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of letters | data11 = {{{Number_of_letters|{{{letters|}}}}}} | label12 = Opening [[muqatta'at|muqaṭṭaʻāt]] | data12 = {{#if:{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}|''{{{muqattaat|{{{Harf-e-Mukatta'at|}}}}}}''|}} | label13 = {{abbr|No.|Number}} of Ayats on particular subjects | data13 = {{{Subjectwise_ayat|{{{subject_ayat|}}}}}} | belowstyle = border-top:#aaa 1px solid | belowclass = noprint | below = {{succession links |left = {{#if:{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{prev_sura|{{{Previous_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} |right = {{#if:{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> 9cnzy4z3za31x47n4mc3t6khc4tsdk9 3136720 3136719 2022-08-24T21:18:59Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê [[Surah]] {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan 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solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan surah|Meccan]] |[[Meccan surah|Meccan]]}}{{#if:{{{contested|}}}|^{([[ikhtilaf|contested]])}}} | label2 = Alternate titles <small>([[Quranic Arabic|Ar.]])</small> | data2 = {{{othernames-ar|}}} | label3 = Other names | data3 = {{{othernames|{{{Other_names|}}}}}} | label4 = Time of revelation | data4 = {{{Time_of_revelation|{{{time|}}}}}} | label5 = Position | data5 = {{#if:{{{juz|{{{Juz'_number|}}}}}}|[[Juz'|Juzʼ]] {{{juz|{{{Juz'_number}}}}}}|}} | label6 = Hizb {{abbr|no.|number}} | 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= {{#if:{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura|}}}}}}|[[{{delink|{{{next_sura|{{{Next_Sura}}}}}}}}]]}} }} }}<noinclude> {{documentation}}</noinclude> ddnexszpmq7p7h1lum76z9sok418fqn 3136723 3136722 2022-08-24T21:22:59Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê tē {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} [[Surah]]<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = 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2022-08-24T21:26:16Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox | title = [[Quran]] ê tē {{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} [[Surah]]<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-en|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = 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tē-{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} [[Sulah|Tsiong]]<!--<div><span data-src="//assets-1f14.kxcdn.com/images/number-3.svg"></span></div>--> | titlestyle = font-size:110%; | above = {{#if: {{{name-ar|}}} {{{Arabic_name|}}} | {{lang|ar|{{{name-ar|{{{Arabic_name|}}}}}}}} <br />}}{{{name|{{{Name_of_Surah|{{PAGENAMEBASE}}}}}}}}<br /><small>{{{name-nan|{{{Meaning_of_the_name|}}}}}}</small> | labelstyle = max-width:50% | subheaderstyle = border-top:1px #aaa solid; border-bottom:1px #aaa solid; | subheader = {{hlist | 1 = [[:File:Sura{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}}.pdf|Alapik guân-bûn]] | 2 = {{#if:{{{audio|{{{sound|}}}}}}|{{Audio|{{{audio|{{{sound |}}}}}}|Audio file|help=no}}}} | 3 = [https://en.quranacademy.org/quran/sura/{{{number|{{{Sura_number|}}}}}} Ing-gú huan-i̍k] }} | label1 = Hun-luī | data1 = {{#switch: {{first word|{{delink|{{{Classification|{{{classification|}}}}}} }} }} |Madani|Madinan|Medinan = {{le|Meccan surah|Medinan surah|Medinan}} |Makkan|Makki|Makkiya|Meccan = [[Meccan 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Incubator]]:<ul><li style="margin:5px 10px"> }}'''''[[:incubator:{{#switch:{{lcfirst:{{{2|}}}}}|wikipedia=Wp|wiktionary=Wt|wikibooks=Wb|wikinews=Wn|wikiquote=Wq|#default={{{prefix|Wp}}}<!-- -->}}/{{{1|{{{code}}}}}}|{{{lang|{{{language|{{PAGENAME}}<!-- -->}}}<!-- -->}}} test]]''''' of [[{{ucfirst:{{{2|Wikipedia}}}}}]] {{#if:{{{3|}}}| </li><li style="margin:5px 10px">'''''[[:incubator:{{#switch:{{lcfirst:{{{4|}}}}}|wikipedia=Wp|wiktionary=Wt|wikibooks=Wb|wikinews=Wn|wikiquote=Wq|#default={{{prefix2|Wp}}} }}/{{{3}}}|{{{lang3|{{ISO 639 name|{{{3}}}}}}}} test]]''''' of [[{{ucfirst:{{{4|Wikipedia}}}}}]]</li> | at [[meta:Wikimedia Incubator|Wikimedia Incubator]]}}{{#if:{{{5|}}}| <li style="margin:5px 10px">'''''[[:incubator:{{#switch:{{lcfirst:{{{6}}}}}|wikipedia=Wp|wiktionary=Wt|wikibooks=Wb|wikinews=Wn|wikiquote=Wq|#default={{{prefix3|Wp}}}<!-- -->}}/{{{5}}}|{{{lang3|{{ISO 639 name|{{{5}}}}}}}} test]]''''' of [[{{ucfirst:{{{6|Wikipedia}}}}}]]</li>}}{{#if:{{{7|}}}| <li style="margin:5px 10px">'''''[[:incubator:{{#switch:{{lcfirst:{{{8|}}}}}|wikipedia=Wp|wiktionary=Wt|wikibooks=Wb|wikinews=Wn|wikiquote=Wq|#default={{{prefix4|Wp}}}<!-- -->}}/{{{7}}}|{{{lang4|{{ISO 639 name|{{{7}}}}}}}} test]]''''' of [[{{ucfirst:{{{8|Wikipedia}}}}}]]</li>}}{{#if:{{{3|}}}| </ul>}} }}<noinclude>{{documentation}}<!-- Add categories and interwikis to the /doc subpage, not here! --></noinclude> 6a4v7pnbl00c78f0v11zjpjtcpww4zr 10 1080146 3136754 2022-08-24T22:29:54Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{sister project |project=Wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a category on '''''[[wikt:Category:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki {{sister project |project=Wiktionary |text=[[Wiktionary]] has a category on '''''[[wikt:Category:{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}|{{{1|{{PAGENAME}}}}}]]'''''. }}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> kgcp19237bxx6ul093wdjlocw27pdfl 0 1080147 3136758 2022-08-24T22:42:40Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Obⱬekt 279]] chit ia̍h khì [[Obz̦ekt 279]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Obz̦ekt 279]] 4taon1zpssqnrravaxt1dg1xx7x969w 0 1080148 3136768 2022-08-24T23:05:20Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Obz̦ekt 279]] chit ia̍h khì [[Obz̩ekt 279]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Obz̩ekt 279]] o83zgqxz3k33ammhm7h0eids5dpbmwk 0 1080149 3136820 2022-08-25T05:00:39Z Adamsexploration 53090 Quran wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sèng-lī tsiong''' (勝利章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الفتح}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Fath}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 chiuⁿ (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-fath {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] cvzjk48ebjrh5xsmwsmz6j0qnjp667r 3136824 3136820 2022-08-25T05:09:36Z Adamsexploration 53090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sèng-lī tsiong''' (勝利章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الفتح}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Fath}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-33 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-fath {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] kqz7jhbh8o7lzd09oynvbioorvsdzi3 3136825 3136824 2022-08-25T06:31:34Z Adamsexploration 53090 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Sèng-lī tsiong''' (勝利章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الفتح}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Fath}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-48 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-fath {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] kmd7mtvz7phm5vtsm8774mlmyjksb46 3136828 3136825 2022-08-25T07:45:02Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 48 | number-3 = 048 | name = Al-Fatḥ | name-ar = الفتح | name-en = The Victory | prev_sura = Quran 47 | next_sura = Quran 49 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Tsing-ho̍k | juz = 26 | rukus = 4 | verses = 29 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 48, Al-Fath (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Sèng-lī tsiong''' (勝利章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الفتح}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Fath}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-48 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-fath {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 3f38pakdyh1bsejbte5lg1mzendf03s 3136931 3136828 2022-08-25T11:53:21Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 48 | number-3 = 048 | name = Al-Fatḥ | name-ar = الفتح | name-en = Sìng-lī tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 47 | next_sura = Quran 49 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Tsing-ho̍k | juz = 26 | rukus = 4 | verses = 29 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 48, Al-Fath (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Sèng-lī tsiong''' (勝利章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الفتح}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Fath}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-48 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-fath {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] nzg8pygq89ros48vn6expnign8keaze 3136932 3136931 2022-08-25T11:53:48Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | number = 48 | number-3 = 048 | name = Al-Fatḥ | name-ar = الفتح | name-nan = Sìng-lī tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 47 | next_sura = Quran 49 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Tsing-ho̍k | juz = 26 | rukus = 4 | verses = 29 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 48, Al-Fath (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Sèng-lī tsiong''' (勝利章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الفتح}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Fath}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-48 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-fath {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] lxurlh56dfk5zpnc7gq0bxbgq8p8c6r 0 1080150 3136822 2022-08-25T05:04:30Z Adamsexploration 53090 Adamsexploration sóa [[Tông-bêng-kun-chiuⁿ]] chit ia̍h khì [[Tông-bîng-kun tsiong]]: Tông-bîng-kun tsiong wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Tông-bîng-kun tsiong]] tp1liir1pvntwhm9v7ip28lv3i2ut2o 0 1080151 3136831 2022-08-25T08:23:10Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "'''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan"/> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-…" wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan"/> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{full|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] al8il9z1k4chg2s0h2nito9ih5bp9mf 3136832 3136831 2022-08-25T08:24:07Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan"/> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{full|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 2o0w70qbpab8v53l94rm8f84ipf29hl 3136833 3136832 2022-08-25T08:24:58Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{full|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] mbaerk9d8fp02kif229suovnrwcqc0f 3136834 3136833 2022-08-25T08:26:06Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{full|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 1004fbm3rs431ocg8ceuqn2ojw0ifut 3136835 3136834 2022-08-25T08:27:04Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 198waf49mcrtffczuc73g2sc6vq0krb 3136840 3136835 2022-08-25T08:34:10Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{nq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin script]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] j6r8btintxtayqtjq892qnssihvaqbb 3136841 3136840 2022-08-25T08:34:52Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin script]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 6ffzdvoees6igbmrftd16ee8nnm794x 3136843 3136841 2022-08-25T08:37:12Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = [[Arabic script]] ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 2ftxh2eqdz8ynfzv1r6n1wxkucvakdl 3136844 3136843 2022-08-25T08:38:29Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; [[A-la-pek jī-bó|alapik jī-bó]]: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] kfesfu5tarcfn5l1r4t8vynk2ufbmmw 3136845 3136844 2022-08-25T08:40:05Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui;{{le|Nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] efjy6gyd1mf2s4574hnn1az9m20cl37 3136846 3136845 2022-08-25T08:40:25Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui;{{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] dca3oyenpsqbvlhor2b3m77n88jlcnv 3136847 3136846 2022-08-25T08:40:47Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò Brahvi-gú hi̍k-tsiá Brohi-gú) sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] fqnbp2o4vsaxvydfbs0is5tcb45wpc9 3136848 3136847 2022-08-25T08:41:32Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = [[Brahui people|Brahui]] and [[Baloch people|Baloch]] | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Census | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = The word ''Brahui'' written in the [[Nastaliq script]] | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 48ppmaew8y89hbabjbk933xb31lmjwb 3136849 3136848 2022-08-25T08:45:44Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 in Pakistan (Total users in all countries 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 0004w9nel700a2ytvugohwmqefgccez 3136850 3136849 2022-08-25T08:46:37Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = Dravidian | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] havnh8eojr7jv4nvfq6t6ir9kegri26 3136851 3136850 2022-08-25T08:47:37Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 9syl1gxrssciorilmpcfp32agft0a8z 3136852 3136851 2022-08-25T08:47:59Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607 |s2cid=161638780}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120 |s2cid=165751802 }} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] 6hv9im8z63pkanmoprqs0uuzuxe7ekc 3136853 3136852 2022-08-25T08:49:00Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] r9vki0o8rk0e7siflv7kbp67udrnycc 3136854 3136853 2022-08-25T08:49:31Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Agglutinative languages]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] k8op15dsswfvohaax74jyp7ycmtnr47 3136859 3136854 2022-08-25T08:57:59Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Category:Liâm-tù gí-giân]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] fe8gyuyrnvta7ilc2hnqgamn2ddwf23 3136863 3136859 2022-08-25T09:01:22Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] qk5wgarc3jv9sfiq02s9d4p6j2oa8g0 3136864 3136863 2022-08-25T09:01:39Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravidian languages]] [[Category:Languages of Afghanistan]] [[Category:Languages of Iran]] [[Category:Languages of Iraq]] [[Category:Languages of Turkmenistan]] [[Category:Languages of Qatar]] [[Category:Languages of Pakistan]] [[Category:Languages of Balochistan, Pakistan]] [[Category:Arabic alphabets for South Asian languages]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] tfm2estkbygam6ifc9wy9rsvg7h04xb 3136867 3136864 2022-08-25T09:09:54Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Vulnerable languages]] n1h5aw7f20ppbyun8z63f878k31f6sj 3136868 3136867 2022-08-25T09:11:51Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] jv82hq5xb2t4wj96hhwy8wezkxsf5zz 3136869 3136868 2022-08-25T09:12:25Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Guā-pōo lên-ket */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] 0qwm8byfet5tx1peyl2too87kv99n76 3136872 3136869 2022-08-25T09:22:15Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsù-kái */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== [[File:BrahuiLam.svg|thumb|right|Brahui has one unique letter, "[[ڷ]]", and is written in the Nastaliq script.]] <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Letter !! Latin equivalent !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] rdhftf7elmpsa19ibc74e33b7bul5v8 3136873 3136872 2022-08-25T09:22:33Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Persia-Alapik bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Letter !! Latin equivalent !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{nq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] iyp1c5je5wwzsdvp4h9q7wstpza2kr3 3136874 3136873 2022-08-25T09:25:33Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Persia-Alapik bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Letter !! Latin equivalent !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] m3fw89kohi6q5thc4wsrthfw9cz8evz 3136875 3136874 2022-08-25T09:25:47Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Latin bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Letter !! Latin equivalent !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] 27os7erd5e3d2pif40w7h3y2zzoco7s 3136876 3136875 2022-08-25T09:26:30Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Persia-Alapik bûn-jī */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravidian}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] pmcsa4gg9h84lzbi48hzgn60zebd9yr 3136877 3136876 2022-08-25T09:28:02Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' ê bûn-jī iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] 0lgfd2igfovzot3x4rq11wl20sk9aza 3136878 3136877 2022-08-25T09:29:11Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-giân iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] ajk0xjgj6a6vy6rfpgplhob87xe98wh 3136879 3136878 2022-08-25T09:30:00Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-gên iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] hu9oibaov6clgpnqde1fmn7phzr2u7a 3136880 3136879 2022-08-25T09:31:56Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-gên iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref> [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú'''; '''Brahui-gí''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] pq5kvpbw7jhia401glryy5u09qr1vrq 3136881 3136880 2022-08-25T09:32:59Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-gên iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>; '''Brahui-gí'''; [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] 8wxrarp0ij7jh7243825lx88ub2n28f 3136886 3136881 2022-08-25T09:44:10Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-gên iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>; '''Brahui-gí'''; [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} [[gú-giân]]. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] h1m4w69l1qfbpmp5a1bgccez31a597s 3136887 3136886 2022-08-25T09:45:59Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-gên iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>; '''Brahui-gí'''; [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} [[gú-giân]]. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} {{en}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} {{en}} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} {{en}} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} {{en}} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} {{en}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} {{en}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} {{en}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} {{en}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{en}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] 180ri0kyq6uga2zu0e1jdt65js0k6r9 3136888 3136887 2022-08-25T09:46:23Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Tsham-khó bûn-hèn */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox language | name = Brahui-gú | nativename = <big>{{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|براہوئی}}}}</big> | region = [[Balochistan]] | states = [[Pakistan]], [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]] | map = Dravidische Sprachen.png | pronunciation = {{IPA-to|bɾaːhuiː|}} | mapcaption = Brahui (far upper left) is geographically isolated from all other Dravidian languages.{{sfn|Parkin|1989|p=37}} | ethnicity = {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui|Brahui}} hām {{le|Brahui jîn|Baloch people|Baloch}} | speakers = 2,640,000 teh Pakistan (Teh sóo-ū ê kok-ka lóng-tsóng sú-iōng-tsiá ū 2,864,400) | date = 2017 Phóo-tsa | ref = <ref>{{Cite web | url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/brh | title=Brahui }}</ref> | familycolor = {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages|Dravida}} | fam2 = [[Northern Dravidian languages|Northern]] | script = {{le|Alapik bûn-jī|Arabic script}} ([[Nastaʿlīq]]), [[Latin bûn-jī]] | iso3 = brh | glotto = brah1256 | glottorefname = Brahui | image = File:Brahui language.png | imagecaption = ''Brahui'' gú-gên iōng {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq|Nastaliq bûn-jī}} su-siá | map2 = Lang Status 80-VU.png | mapcaption2 = Brahui is classified as Vulnerable by the [[UNESCO]] [[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]] }} '''Brahui-gú'''<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|b|ɻ|ə|ˈ|h|uː|i}};<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>;<ref>{{Cite OED|Brahui}}</ref>; '''Brahui-gí'''; [[ing-gú]]: Brahui; {{le|nastaliq|Nastaliq}}: براہوئی; mā hông kiò-tsò '''Brahvi-gú''' hi̍k-tsiá '''Brohi-gú''') sī tsi̍t-kuá ê {{le|Brahui jîn|Brahui}} sú-iōng ê {{le|Dravida gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} [[gú-giân]]. Brahui-gú tsit-tsióng gú-giân tsú-iàu teh [[Pakistan]] [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê tiong-pōo tē-khu sú-iōng, khah-sè ê siā-khu hun-pòo teh [[Iran]], [[Afghanistan]] hām [[Turkmenistan]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.livemint.com/Sundayapp/lWCoIZ2K5dPycrhS1gk6nJ/A-slice-of-south-India-in-Balochistan.html|title=A slice of south India in Balochistan|date=2017-02-18}}</ref> ê pōo-hūn tē-khu, í-kip [[Iraq]], [[Qatar]] hām [[A-la-pek Liân-ha̍p Thâu-lâng-kok|Alapik lên-ha̍p thâu-lâng-kok]] ê guā-tsik Brahui-jîn siā-khu.[6] Brahui-gú kah {{le|Ìn-tō͘ lâm-pō͘|Ìn-tōo lâm-pōo}} tsuè-kīn kóng {{le|Dravidian gú-hē|Dravidian languages}} gú-giân ê tshù-pinn jîn-kháu siang-kī tshiau-kuè 1,500 km (930 mi).<ref name="books.google.nl">[https://books.google.com/books?id=bCkaAQAAIAAJ&q=brahui+language+gulf+states&dq=brahui+language+gulf+states&hl=nl&sa=X&ei=PbCVVZSpJoO9ygPxw4SwCg&ved=0CEkQ6AEwCA "International Journal of Dravidian Linguistics, Volumes 36-37"] department of linguistics, University of Kerala{{Full citation needed|date=November 2020}}</ref> Teh [[Balochistan Séng|Balochistan síng]] ê {{le|Kalat koan|Kalat District|Kalat kuan}}, {{le|Khuzdar koan|Khuzdar District|Khuzdar kuan}}, {{le|Mastung koan|Mastung District|Mastung koan}}, {{le|Quetta koan|Quetta District|Quetta kuan}}, {{le|Kachhi koan|Kachhi District|Kachhi kuan}}, {{le|Nasirabad koan|Nasirabad District|Nasirabad kuan}}, {{le|Nushki koan|Nushki District|Nushki kuan}} hām {{le|Kharan koan|Kharan District|Kharan kuan}} tíng-tíng tē-khu tsú-iàu lóng-sī teh kong Brahui-gú. ==Tsìng-jī huat== ===Persia-Alapik bûn-jī=== <!--Brahui is the only [[Dravidian languages|Dravidian language]] which is not known to have been written in a [[Brahmic scripts|Brahmi]]-based script; instead, it has been written in the [[Arabic script]] since the second half of the 20th century.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |title=Бесписьменный язык Б. |access-date=2015-06-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150623210754/http://www.worklib.ru/dic/%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D0%B8/ |archive-date=2015-06-23 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In Iran, Afghanistan and Pakistan, an [[Urdu alphabet|Urdu]] based [[Nastaʿlīq]] script is used in writing:--> {| class="wikitable" ! Jī-bó !! Latin tíng-tī jī-bó !! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]] |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ا}}}} || á, a, i, u || {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ب}}}} || b || {{IPA|/b/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|پ}}}} || p || {{IPA|/p/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ت}}}} || t || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ٹ}}}} || ŧ || {{IPA|/ʈ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ث}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ج}}}} || j || {{IPA|/d͡ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|چ}}}} || c || {{IPA|/t͡ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ح}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|خ}}}} || x || {{IPA|/x/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|د}}}} || d || {{IPA|/d/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڈ}}}} || đ || {{IPA|/ɖ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ذ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ر}}}} || r || {{IPA|/ɾ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڑ}}}} || ŕ || {{IPA|/ɽ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ز}}}} || z || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ژ}}}} || ź || {{IPA|/ʒ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|س}}}} || s || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ش}}}} || ş || {{IPA|/ʃ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ص}}}} || (s) || {{IPA|/s/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ض}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ط}}}} || (t) || {{IPA|/t/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ظ}}}} || (z) || {{IPA|/z/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ع}}}} || ', (a), (i), (u) || {{IPA|/ʔ/}}, {{IPA|/ə/}}, {{IPA|/ɪ/}}, {{IPA|/ʊ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|غ}}}} || ģ || {{IPA|/ɣ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ف}}}} || f || {{IPA|/f/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ق}}}} || (k) || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ک}}}} || k || {{IPA|/k/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|گ}}}} || g || {{IPA|/g/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ل}}}} || l || {{IPA|/l/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ڷ}}}} || ļ || {{IPA|/ɬ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|م}}}} || m || {{IPA|/m/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ن}}}} || n || {{IPA|/n/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ں}}}} || ń || {{IPA|/ɳ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|و}}}} || v || {{IPA|/w~ʋ/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ہ}}}} || h || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ھ}}}} || (h) || {{IPA|/h/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ی}}}} || y, í || {{IPA|/j/}}, {{IPA|/iː/}} |- | style="font-size:150%" | {{lang|brh|{{Script/Nastaliq|ے}}}} || e || {{IPA|/eː/}} |} ===Latin bûn-jī=== <!--More recently, a Roman-based orthography named Brolikva (an abbreviation of ''Brahui Roman Likvar'') was developed by the Brahui Language Board of the [[University of Balochistan]] in Quetta and adopted by the newspaper [[Talár (newspaper)|Talár]]. Below is the new promoted Bráhuí Báşágal Brolikva orthography:<ref name="University of Balochistan">{{citation|publisher=Brahui Language Board, University of Balochistan|location=Quetta|url=https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home|title=Bráhuí Báşágal|date=April 2009|access-date=2010-06-29}}</ref>--> {|class="wikitable" style="font-size: 110%;" |[[b]] |[[á]] |[[p]] |[[í]] |[[s]] |[[y]] |[[ş]] |[[v]] |[[x]] |[[e]] |[[z]] |[[ź]] |[[ģ]] |[[f]] |[[ú]] |[[m]] |[[n]] |[[l]] |[[g]] |[[c]] |[[t]] |[[ŧ]] |[[r]] |[[ŕ]] |[[d]] |[[o]] |[[đ]] |[[h]] |[[j]] |[[k]] |[[a]] |[[i]] |[[u]] |[[ń]] |[[ļ]] |} <!--The letters with diacritics are the long vowels, post-alveolar and retroflex consonants, the voiced velar fricative and the voiceless lateral fricative.--> ==Tsù-kái== {{reflist|2}} ==Tsham-khó bûn-hèn== {{refbegin|2}} *{{Citation|title=South Asian Language Resource Center Workshop on Languages of Afghanistan and neighboring areas|date=December 2003|chapter=Brahui - Notes|first=Elena|last=Bashir|author-link=Elena Bashir|chapter-url=http://salrc.uchicago.edu/workshops/sponsored/121203/resources/brahui.pdf|access-date=2010-06-29}} {{en}} *{{cite book |doi=10.1515/9783110423303-004 |chapter=Contact and convergence |title=The Languages and Linguistics of South Asia |year=2016 |last1=Bashir |first1=Elena |isbn=978-3-11-042330-3 |editor1-last=Hock|editor1-first=Hans Henrich|editor1-link=Hans Henrich Hock|editor2-last=Bashir|editor2-first=Elena|editor2-link=Elena Bashir|pages=241–374 }} {{en}} *Bray, Denys. ''The Brahui Language, an Old Dravidian Language Spoken in Parts of Baluchistan and Sind: Grammar.'' Gian Publishing House, 1986. {{en}} *{{cite journal |last1=Elfenbein |first1=J. |title=A Periplus of the 'Brahi Problem' |journal=Studia Iranica |volume=16 |issue=2 |date=1987 |pages=215–233 |doi=10.2143/SI.16.2.2014604 }} {{en}} *{{cite journal |last1=Emeneau |first1=M. B. |title=Bilingualism and Structural Borrowing |journal=Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society |date=1962 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=430–442 |jstor=985488 }} {{en}} *{{Citation|title=Interactive Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger|year=2009|publisher=UNESCO|editor-first=Christopher|editor-last=Moseley|url=http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?pg=00206|oclc=435877932}} {{en}} *{{Cite journal|first=Robert|last=Parkin|journal=Indo-Iranian Journal|doi=10.1163/000000089790082944|pages=37–43|title=Some comments on Brahui kinship terminology|volume=32|issue=1|year=1989|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00182435|jstor=24654607}} {{en}} *{{Citation|last=Sergent|first=Bernard|author-link=Bernard Sergent|title=Genèse de l'Inde|publisher= Bibliothèque scientifique Payot|year=1997|isbn=9782228891165|oclc=38198091}} {{en}} *{{cite journal |last1=Witzel |first1=Michael |title=The Languages of Harappa: Early Linguistic Data and the Indus civilization |date=2008 |doi=10.11588/xarep.00000120}} {{en}} *{{Cite book|title= The Dravidian Languages |last= Krishnamurti |first= Bhadriraju |year= 2003 |publisher= [[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn= 978-0-521-77111-5 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=54fV7Lwu3fMC}} {{en}} {{refend}} ==Guā-pōo lên-ket== {{Incubator|code= brh}} {{div col|2}} *[http://www.ijunoon.com/Brahui/ Online Brahui Dictionary] {{en}} *[https://books.google.com/books?id=mrcOAAAAQAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Handbook of the Birouhi language'' By Allâh Baksh (1877)] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/home Brahui Language Board] {{en}} *[https://sites.google.com/site/brahuilb/videos-1/untitledpost Bráhuí Báşágal (Brahui Alphabet)] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080106095702/http://www.lmp.ucla.edu/Profile.aspx?LangID=207&menu=004 Profile of the Brahui language] {{en}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050421184249/http://www.southasiabibliography.de/Bibliography/Dravidian/Brahui___Birouhi/brahui___birouhi.html Partial bibliography of scholarly works on Brahui] {{en}} *[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/77229/Brahui-language Britannica Brahui language] {{en}} * [http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\drv\bra&first=0 Brahui basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database] {{en}} {{div col end}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Brahui Language}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] [[Category:Dravida gú-giân]] [[Category:Afghanistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iran ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Iraq ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Turkmenistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Qatar]] [[Category:Pakistan]] [[Category:Pakistan Balochistan ê gú-giân]] [[Category:Lâm-a gú-giân ê Alapik jī-bó]] [[Category:Chhùi-jio̍k ê gú-giân]] 7y5a8xvm1eq3i13zj09mtk0qgiurr75 10 1080152 3136836 2022-08-25T08:27:26Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{ 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|publisher={{#if:{{{short|}}}||[[Oxford University Press]]}} |edition={{#if:{{{short|}}}||Online}} |ref={{#if:{{{term|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{id|}}}|{{SfnRef|Reference-OED-{{{term|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{short|}}}| |&nbsp;{{OEDsub|sentence={{#ifeq:{{{mode|cs1}}}|cs1|yes|no}}}}<!---->}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> myd0vep3zmvkyr8nt77vege6m3w2vbx 3136838 3136837 2022-08-25T08:30:19Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:template wrapper|{{#if:{{{_debug|}}}|list|wrap}}|_template=cite dictionary |_exclude=id, short, term, _debug |url={{#ifeq:{{{term|{{{1|}}}<!-- -->}}}|<!--not set-->| |{{#if:{{{id|}}} |https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/{{{id}}} |https://oed.com/search?searchType=dictionary&q={{urlencode:{{{term|{{{1|}}}}}}}} }} }} |url-access= |title={{{term|{{{1|}}}}}} |dictionary=[[Oxford English Dictionary]] |publisher={{#if:{{{short|}}}||[[Oxford University Press]]}} |edition={{#if:{{{short|}}}||Online}} |ref={{#if:{{{term|}}}{{{1|}}}{{{id|}}}|{{SfnRef|Reference-OED-{{{term|{{{1|}}}}}}}}}} }}{{#if:{{{short|}}}| |&nbsp;{{OEDsub|sentence={{#ifeq:{{{mode|cs1}}}|cs1|yes|no}}}}<!---->}}<noinclude> {{documentation}} </noinclude> o1cv9k6ftd3hb5dd3rv98gycay0zrx3 10 1080154 3136839 2022-08-25T08:31:09Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{link note|note={{#ifeq: {{{sentence|no}}} | yes | S | s }}ubscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership] required{{#ifeq: {{{sentence|no}}} | yes | . | }}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki {{link note|note={{#ifeq: {{{sentence|no}}} | yes | S | s }}ubscription or [https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary participating institution membership] required{{#ifeq: {{{sentence|no}}} | yes | . | }}}}<noinclude> {{Documentation}} </noinclude> bzmyng6hwd6m9kxarqbykn4csg40axi 10 1080155 3136842 2022-08-25T08:35:32Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "<onlyinclude>{{IPA-all|{{{1}}}|{{#switch:{{{2}}}|lang=Tongan:|{{{2|Tongan pronunciation:}}}}}|{{{3|}}}|lang=to}}</onlyinclude><noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Usage of IPA templates}} [[Category:Austronesian languages templates]] [[Category:Future IPA templates]] </noinclude>" wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude>{{IPA-all|{{{1}}}|{{#switch:{{{2}}}|lang=Tongan:|{{{2|Tongan pronunciation:}}}}}|{{{3|}}}|lang=to}}</onlyinclude><noinclude> {{documentation|Template:Usage of IPA templates}} [[Category:Austronesian languages templates]] [[Category:Future IPA templates]] </noinclude> t2rh3jk2zxyr7naw7sqnyzkaj2pmz42 14 1080156 3136857 2022-08-25T08:54:44Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gí]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gú]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[:Lūi-pia̍t:Azerbaijan-gú]] hed0u7e3sn2gz9tmngp5689qf4lujfe 14 1080157 3136860 2022-08-25T08:59:04Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Commons category|Agglutinative languages}} {{Cat main|Liâm-tù gí-giân}} [[Category:Synthetic languages]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Agglutinative languages}} {{Cat main|Liâm-tù gí-giân}} [[Category:Synthetic languages]] o7l75pj8ulep9iugp04dhcctj3byy6r 3136861 3136860 2022-08-25T09:01:00Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gí-giân]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Agglutinative languages}} {{Cat main|Liâm-tù gí-giân}} [[Category:Synthetic languages]] o7l75pj8ulep9iugp04dhcctj3byy6r 3136865 3136861 2022-08-25T09:04:13Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Agglutinative languages}} {{Cat main|Liâm-tù gí-giân}} [[Category:Chòng-ha̍p gú-giân]] 2f6meaa7srhdi8x375neug5zd2dwir7 14 1080158 3136862 2022-08-25T09:01:00Z Andreicuax 54001 Andreicuax sóa [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gí-giân]] chit ia̍h khì [[Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[:Lūi-pia̍t:Liâm-tù gú-giân]] mwjk7w7cf21z4vauqwicczqeq275ioo 14 1080159 3136866 2022-08-25T09:04:55Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Commons category|Synthetic languages}} {{Cat main|Chòng-ha̍p gú-giân}} [[Category:Languages by typology]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Commons category|Synthetic languages}} {{Cat main|Chòng-ha̍p gú-giân}} [[Category:Languages by typology]] 4wmd6uls2vzfj4q4v4wqx9y4pyr9rir 14 1080160 3136870 2022-08-25T09:15:30Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "{{Cat main|Vulnerable language}} {{see also|Endangered language|Linguicide|List of extinct languages}} {{portal|Language}} [[Category:Endangered languages]] [[Category:Languages by place in society]] [[Category:Cultural history]] [[Category:Cultural assimilation]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Vulnerable language}} {{see also|Endangered language|Linguicide|List of extinct languages}} {{portal|Language}} [[Category:Endangered languages]] [[Category:Languages by place in society]] [[Category:Cultural history]] [[Category:Cultural assimilation]] r4ucnoiaucno83ik9ycdjqabnuzzkr4 3136871 3136870 2022-08-25T09:16:22Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Cat main|Vulnerable language}} {{see also|Endangered language|Linguicide|List of extinct languages}} {{portal|Language}} [[Category:Endangered languages]] [[Category:Languages by place in society]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:Bûn-hoà ê le̍k-sú]] [[Category:Cultural assimilation]] 95q45eyo3ikiuzvcx6lv436wo2efeo6 10 1080161 3136890 2022-08-25T09:50:59Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "<onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Ossetian:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|=|Ossetian pronunciation:&nbsp;}}</small>[[Help:IPA|{{IPA|[{{{1}}}]|lang=os}}]]{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> {{documentation|Template:usage of IPA templates}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE, THANKS. --> [[Category:Future IPA templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- PLEASE ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE, THANKS. -->" wikitext text/x-wiki <onlyinclude><small>{{#switch: {{{2}}}|IPA=IPA:&nbsp;|lang=Ossetian:&nbsp;|pron=pronounced&nbsp;|=|Ossetian pronunciation:&nbsp;}}</small>[[Help:IPA|{{IPA|[{{{1}}}]|lang=os}}]]{{#if:{{{3|}}}|{{IPA audio link|{{{3}}} }} }}</onlyinclude> {{documentation|Template:usage of IPA templates}} <!-- PLEASE ADD CATEGORIES BELOW THIS LINE, THANKS. --> [[Category:Future IPA templates|{{PAGENAME}}]] <!-- PLEASE ADD INTERWIKIS BELOW THIS LINE, THANKS. --> 52ko4lp8910f4apwo4e5z0pcx0m9aqm 0 1080162 3136899 2022-08-25T09:58:45Z Andreicuax 54001 Choán khì [[Lō͘-se-a-gí]] wikitext text/x-wiki #重新導向 [[Lō͘-se-a-gí]] 5qv8qb4iu4mywr61w1xb2sd8uuoyr84 14 1080163 3136905 2022-08-25T10:03:59Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "[[Category:Language templates by continent]] [[Category:Asia templates|Language]] [[Category:Wikipedia:Asia languages]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Language templates by continent]] [[Category:Asia templates|Language]] [[Category:Wikipedia:Asia languages]] p6h0vi9vuusqeyh1dn6maz85xntoes3 3136906 3136905 2022-08-25T10:05:03Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Language templates by continent]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-chiu pang-bô͘|Gú-giân]] [[Category:Wikipedia:Asia languages]] 4mjln17npv70zfzmqxd3r0rdwurd3my 14 1080164 3136907 2022-08-25T10:05:29Z Andreicuax 54001 Khui sin ê ia̍h "[[Category:Language templates by continent]] [[Category:Europe society and social science templates|Language]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Language templates by continent]] [[Category:Europe society and social science templates|Language]] 2fv91w75e0s1a20n12dpbiu88bnzuje 0 1080165 3136913 2022-08-25T10:35:29Z Adamsexploration 53090 Quran wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong''' (偽信者章) ({{lang-ar|سورة المنافقون}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Munafiqun}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-63 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-munafiqun {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 799ltreg3q0dulwxo8lbo6vzob8ix74 3136916 3136913 2022-08-25T11:35:15Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | page number = 554 | number = 63 | number-3 = 063 | name = Al-Munāfiqūn | name-ar = المنافقون | name-en = The Hypocrites | prev_sura = Quran 62 | next_sura = Quran 64 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = <!-- alternate English names in Pickthall, Arberry, and Asad translations --> | juz =28 | rukus = 2 | verses = 11 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 63, Al-Munafiqun (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong''' (偽信者章) ({{lang-ar|سورة المنافقون}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Munafiqun}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-63 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-munafiqun {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] alrt6a9nc9sgqhwoxborr1zwmc1x4mg 3136917 3136916 2022-08-25T11:35:53Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | page number = 554 | number = 63 | number-3 = 063 | name = Al-Munāfiqūn | name-ar = المنافقون | name-nan = Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 62 | next_sura = Quran 64 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Munafiqun<!-- alternate English names in Pickthall, Arberry, and Asad translations --> | juz =28 | rukus = 2 | verses = 11 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 63, Al-Munafiqun (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong''' (偽信者章) ({{lang-ar|سورة المنافقون}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Munafiqun}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-63 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-munafiqun {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 71fw1vy70yw7g01rklphqu6a4v87wk0 3136927 3136917 2022-08-25T11:49:35Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox surah | page number = 554 | number = 63 | number-3 = 063 | name = Al-Munāfiqūn | name-ar = المنافقون | name-nan = Gūi-sìn-tsiá tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 62 | next_sura = Quran 64 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = Al-Munafiqun<!-- alternate English names in Pickthall, Arberry, and Asad translations --> | juz =28 | rukus = 2 | verses = 11 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 63, Al-Munafiqun (Murattal) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Gūi-sìn-chiá tsiong''' (偽信者章) ({{lang-ar|سورة المنافقون}}; {{lang-en|Surah Al-Munafiqun}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-63 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-munafiqun {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] b6vkrwktjdx3cwo4cu5y8m1cvag7wud 0 1080166 3136914 2022-08-25T10:45:33Z Adamsexploration 53090 Quran wikitext text/x-wiki '''Chhím-sek tsiong''' (寢室章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الحجرات}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Hujurat}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-49 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-hujurat {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] djlx934vajkobn303tkzn2e4vl6cdhm 3136918 3136914 2022-08-25T11:37:18Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | number = 49 | number-3 = 049 | name = Al-Ḥujurāt | name-ar = الحجرات | name-nan = Chhím-sek tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 48 | next_sura = Quran 50 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = al-Hujurat | juz = 26 | rukus = 2 | verses = 18 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 49, Al-Hujurat (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Chhím-sek tsiong''' (寢室章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الحجرات}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Hujurat}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-49 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-hujurat {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 1j93k98rm238vju57cnm3lks4jb84jf 3136925 3136918 2022-08-25T11:47:31Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | number = 49 | number-3 = 049 | name = Al-Ḥujurāt | name-ar = الحجرات | name-nan = Tshím-sik tsiong | prev_sura = Quran 48 | next_sura = Quran 50 | classification = Medinan | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = al-Hujurat | juz = 26 | rukus = 2 | verses = 18 | words = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | letters = <!-- optional, uncommon --> | muqattaat = <!-- only if applicable --> | sajdahs = <!-- only if applicable --> | audio = Chapter 49, Al-Hujurat (Mujawwad) - Recitation of the Holy Qur'an.mp3 }} '''Chhím-sek tsiong''' (寢室章) ({{lang-ar|سورة الحجرات}}; {{lang-en|Surah al-Hujurat}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-49 tsiong (surah). == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/al-hujurat {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] t3iqxaow0w3opm85jzanycavuf6dsi6 0 1080167 3136915 2022-08-25T11:08:33Z Adamsexploration 53090 Quran wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah seh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 9981w41edj6kpmsb937wjm8tj50lq1q 3136919 3136915 2022-08-25T11:43:17Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | name = Al-Ḥujurāt | name-ar = سورة النور | name-nan = Kong-bêng tsiong | Screenshot_of_Surah = | Caption = | Classification = [[Madinan surah|Madinan]] | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = al-Hujurat | Meaning_of_the_name = Kng-suàñ tsiò-siā | Time_of_revelation = | Sura_number = 24 | Number_of_verses = 64 | Juz'_number = 18 | Hizb_number = 36 | Number_of_Rukus = 9 | Number_of_sajdahs = | Number_of_words = | Number_of_letters = | Harf-e-Mukatta'at = | Subjectwise_ayat = | Previous_Sura = Quran 23 | Next_Sura = Quran 25 | sound = | sound_title = | sound_description = }} '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah seh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] cyqbpbtkpax3unewjrhz1bbe6in8ajl 3136920 3136919 2022-08-25T11:44:30Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | name = An-Nur | name-ar = سورة النور | name-nan = Kong-bêng tsiong | Screenshot_of_Surah = | Caption = | Classification = [[Madinan surah|Madinan]] | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = al-Hujurat | Meaning_of_the_name = Kng-suàñ tsiò-siā | Time_of_revelation = | Sura_number = 24 | Number_of_verses = 64 | Juz'_number = 18 | Hizb_number = 36 | Number_of_Rukus = 9 | Number_of_sajdahs = | Number_of_words = | Number_of_letters = | Harf-e-Mukatta'at = | Subjectwise_ayat = | Previous_Sura = Quran 23 | Next_Sura = Quran 25 | sound = | sound_title = | sound_description = }} '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah seh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 7rm0dryj62wby8976psbrm55gmrnfl4 3136921 3136920 2022-08-25T11:45:34Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | name = An-Nur | name-ar = سورة النور | name-nan = Kong-bêng tsiong | Screenshot_of_Surah = | Caption = | Classification = [[Madinan surah|Madinan]] | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = an-Nur | Meaning_of_the_name = Kng-suàñ tsiò-siā | Time_of_revelation = | Sura_number = 24 | Number_of_verses = 64 | Juz'_number = 18 | Hizb_number = 36 | Number_of_Rukus = 9 | Number_of_sajdahs = | Number_of_words = | Number_of_letters = | Harf-e-Mukatta'at = | Subjectwise_ayat = | Previous_Sura = Quran 23 | Next_Sura = Quran 25 | sound = | sound_title = | sound_description = }} '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah seh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] bpg1c4slgocmc4sl2lr09hkhuy71j0s 3136922 3136921 2022-08-25T11:46:09Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | name = An-Nur | name-ar = سورة النور | name-nan = Kong-bîng tsiong | Screenshot_of_Surah = | Caption = | Classification = [[Madinan surah|Madinan]] | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = an-Nur | Meaning_of_the_name = Kng-suàñ tsiò-siā | Time_of_revelation = | Sura_number = 24 | Number_of_verses = 64 | Juz'_number = 18 | Hizb_number = 36 | Number_of_Rukus = 9 | Number_of_sajdahs = | Number_of_words = | Number_of_letters = | Harf-e-Mukatta'at = | Subjectwise_ayat = | Previous_Sura = Quran 23 | Next_Sura = Quran 25 | sound = | sound_title = | sound_description = }} '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah seh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 5412u6tu5r0g9h7zsbz473v2gq2l1ec 3136923 3136922 2022-08-25T11:46:28Z Andreicuax 54001 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | name = An-Nur | name-ar = سورة النور | name-nan = Kong-bîng tsiong | Screenshot_of_Surah = | Caption = | Classification = [[Madinan surah|Madinan]] | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = an-Nur | Meaning_of_the_name = Kng-suàñ tsiò-siā | Time_of_revelation = | Sura_number = 24 | Number_of_verses = 64 | Juz'_number = 18 | Hizb_number = 36 | Number_of_Rukus = 9 | Number_of_sajdahs = | Number_of_words = | Number_of_letters = | Harf-e-Mukatta'at = | Subjectwise_ayat = | Previous_Sura = Quran 23 | Next_Sura = Quran 25 | sound = | sound_title = | sound_description = }} '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah seh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 9z7nwtfjlk2x9dugcedkrvmt8xjkvd0 3136930 3136923 2022-08-25T11:51:46Z Andreicuax 54001 /* Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox surah | name = An-Nur | name-ar = سورة النور | name-nan = Kong-bîng tsiong | Screenshot_of_Surah = | Caption = | Classification = [[Madinan surah|Madinan]] | othernames-ar = <!-- alternate Arabic names --> | othernames = an-Nur | Meaning_of_the_name = Kng-suàñ tsiò-siā | Time_of_revelation = | Sura_number = 24 | Number_of_verses = 64 | Juz'_number = 18 | Hizb_number = 36 | Number_of_Rukus = 9 | Number_of_sajdahs = | Number_of_words = | Number_of_letters = | Harf-e-Mukatta'at = | Subjectwise_ayat = | Previous_Sura = Quran 23 | Next_Sura = Quran 25 | sound = | sound_title = | sound_description = }} '''Kong-bêng tsiong''' (光明章) ({{lang-ar|سورة النور}}; {{lang-en|Surah an-Nur}}) sī [[Kó͘-lân-keng]] ê tē-24 tsiong (surah). == Koan-u Kong-bêng tsiong == Allah sueh: :اللهُ نوُرُ السَّمَوٰاتِ وَالأَْرْضِ :安拉是天地的光明。 :Allah sī thian-tē ê kong-bêng. (tē-35 si-kù) == Gōa-pō· liân-kiat == * https://quran.com/an-nur {{Surah}} [[Lūi-pia̍t:Islam]] [[Lūi-pia̍t:A-la-pek-gí]] 01e6o26lsy0925t7jatuufkwontxm4r