Iwikipedia

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10.xsd" version="0.10" xml:lang="xh">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>xhwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iphepha_Elingundoqo</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.22</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2300" case="first-letter">Gadget</namespace>
      <namespace key="2301" case="first-letter">Gadget talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2302" case="case-sensitive">Gadget definition</namespace>
      <namespace key="2303" case="case-sensitive">Gadget definition talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Iwikipedia</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>4561</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33869</id>
      <parentid>33793</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T11:15:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8844" xml:space="preserve">'''I-Wikipedia''' (&lt;span class=&quot;mw-default-size&quot;&gt;[./File:Loudspeaker.png [[File:Loudspeaker.png|link=|12x12px]]]&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;mw-default-size&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&amp;nbsp;[[Media:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg|pronunciation]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;small&gt;([[:File:En-us-Wikipedia.ogg|info]]&amp;nbsp;&amp;#x2022;&amp;nbsp;[[Wikipedia:Help with media files|help]])&lt;/small&gt;) yi-intanethi yomsebenzi wengqokolela yamagama kwiilwimi ezininzi.  Isetenziswa simahla: abantu abayisebenzisayo ababhatali. Kananjalo, &lt;nowiki&gt;''ivuleleke kuwonke-wonke''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Oko kuthetha okokuba nabani na angayikopa, kwaye ingalungiswa nangubani na (umntu angabhala kuyo). Kodwa, kukho imigaqo emayilandelwe xa kukotshwa okanye xa kulungiswa.  &lt;span class=&quot;cx-segment&quot; data-segmentid=&quot;110&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;

I-Wikipedia yeyombutho waseMelika, sisiseko seW[[Wikimedia Foundation|ikimedia]], esise[[San Francisco, California|San Francisco]], [[California|eCalifornia]].

Igama layo ngumxube wamagama amabini, elithi ''[[wiki]]'', igama laseHawai elimele 'ukukhawuleza'  kunye nelithi and ''encyclopedia.''&lt;ref&gt;Andreas Kaplan, Haenlein Michael (2014) Collaborative projects (social media application): About Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. &lt;/ref&gt; Because the word was made by combining parts of those words, it is a [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/portmanteau&amp;#x20;word portmanteau].

It was started on January 10, 2001 by [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]] as part of an earlier [[Internet]] encyclopedia named [[Nupedia]]. On January 15, 2001, Wikipedia became a separate [[website]] of its own. It is a [[wiki]] that runs using the [[Computer software|software]] [[MediaWiki]] (like all other [[Wikimedia]] projects).

== History ==
[[File:Nupedia_logo_and_wordmark.png|right|thumb|I-Wikipedia yakhelwa komnye umsebenzi wokuqokolelwa kwamagama, i[[Nupedia]].]]
I-Wikipedia yaqala njengomsebenzi ozalana nowe[[Nupedia]]. I-Nupedia kwakuyiwas a free online [[IsiNgesi|English-language]] encyclopedia project. Nupedia's articles were written and owned by [[Bomis|Bomis, Inc]] which is a [[web portal]] company. The main people of the company were [[Jimmy Wales]], [[CEO|the guy in charge]] of Bomis, and [[Larry Sanger]], the [//simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/editing editor-in-chief] for Nupedia. Nupedia was first licensed under the Nupedia Open Content License which was changed to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] before Wikipedia was founded when [[Richard Stallman]] requested them.&lt;ref name=&quot;stallman1999&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|url = http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html|title = The Free Encyclopedia Project|author = Richard M. Stallman|authorlink = Richard Stallman|date = 2007-06-20|publisher = Free Software Foundation|accessdate = 2008-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

ULarry Sanger noJimmy Wales ngabona bantu baqala iWikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html|author = Jonathan Sidener|title = Everyone's Encyclopedia|date = 2004-12-06|work = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]]|accessdate = 2006-10-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meyers&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first = Peter|last = Meyers|title = Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You|url = http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9800E5D6123BF933A1575AC0A9679C8B63&amp;n=Top%2fReference%2fTimes%20Topics%2fSubjects%2fC%2fComputer%20Software|work = New York Times|publisher = The New York Times Company|date = 2001-09-20|accessdate = 2007-11-22|quote = &amp;nbsp;'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales.}}&lt;/ref&gt; U-Wales unconywa kakhulu ngokuchaza iinjongo zalo msebenzi,&lt;ref name=&quot;SangerMemoir&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Larry|last = Sanger|title = The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir|date = April 18, 2005|work = Slashdot|url = http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml|accessdate = 2008-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first = Larry|last = Sanger|title = Wikipedia Is Up!|date = January 17, 2001|publisher = Internet Archive|url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|accessdate = 2008-12-26|archive-date = 2001-05-06|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html|dead-url = yes}}&lt;/ref&gt; U-Sanger yena wenza izicwangciso ezijongene nemakwenziwe kusetyenziswa i[[wiki]] ukuze kuphuhliswe iinjongo zikaWales'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url = http://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html|title = Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks?|accessdate = 2007-02-20}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngenyanga yomQungu, kumhla we-10, ngo-2001, [[Larry Sanger|U-Larry Sanger]] wenza isicelo kuludwe leembalelwano zomsebenzi weNupedia ukuze enze iwiki ibe yiyo eyenza umsebenzi njengo&lt;nowiki&gt;''mondli''&lt;/nowiki&gt; owondla iNupedia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|first = Larry|last = Sanger|title = Let's Make a Wiki|date = 2001-01-10|publisher = Internet Archive|url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html|archivedate = 2003-04-14|accessdate = 2008-12-26|dead-url = no}}&lt;/ref&gt;
I-Wikipedia yathi yabekwa ngokusesikweni kweyomQungu ngomhla we-15, ngo2001. Yabekwa njengombhalo wolwimi lwesiNgesi kwi-www.wikipedia.com,&lt;ref name=&quot;WikipediaHome&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url = http://www.wikipedia.com/|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/|archivedate = 2001-03-31|title = Wikipedia: HomePage|accessdate = 2001-03-31|dead-url = no}}&lt;/ref&gt; yaza yapapashwa nguSanger kuludwe lwembalelwano olukwiNupedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;SangerMemoir&quot;/&gt; Umthetho weWikipedia othi &quot;ukujonga ngolunye uhlobo&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPOV&quot;&gt;&quot;[http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view&amp;oldid=102236018 Wikipedia:Neutral point of view], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007)&lt;/ref&gt; wathi waphawulwa kwakunyanga zawo zokuqala, kwaye wawufana nqwa nalowo wangaphambili weNupedia umthetho &lt;nowiki&gt;''owawungenamkhethe''&lt;/nowiki&gt;. Ngapha koko, kwakungekho mithetho mininzi ekuqaleni kwaye iWikipedia yayisebenza ingaxhomekekanga kwiNupedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;SangerMemoir&quot;/&gt;

I-Wikipedia yafumana amaxhasi bayo bokuqala kwiNupedia, [[Slashdot|i-Slashdot]], nakwiijini zokusetsha okanye zokukhangela.  Yaakhula ke de yanamaphepha amalunga nama-20, 000, kwiilimi ezili-18 xa kuphela umnyaka wama-2001. Kwathi xa kanye umnya wama-2002 usiya ngasekupheleni, yabe sele ineelwimi ezingama-26, zaza zanga-46 xa kuphela umnyaka wama-2003, zaza zabe zili-161 iilwimi xa kanye kuphela umnyaka wama-2004.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;{{cite web|url = http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics|title = Multilingual statistics|work = Wikipedia|date = March 30, 2005|accessdate = 2008-12-26}}&lt;/ref&gt; I-Nupedia neWikipedia zahlala zikho de zemiswa iinkonzo zeNupedia  ngomnyaka wama-2003. Emva koku, imibhalo yayo yadityaniswa kweyeWikipedia. I-Wikipedia yesiNgesi yaba sele inamaphepha angaphaya kwezigidi ezi-2 million  ngomhla we-9 kwinyanga yomSintsi ngomnyaka wama-2007, loo nto yenza okokuba le ibe ngowona mqulu mkhulu wamagama awakha aqokolelwa ezimbalini, esogqitha nawengqokolela yezinto ezikhoyo nezaziwayo kwi[[Yongle Encyclopedia]] (1407), neyayibambe iintambo iminyaka engama- 600.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Encyclopedias and Dictionaries|encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica, 15th ed.|publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica|year = 2007|volume = 18|pages = 257–286}}&lt;/ref&gt;

I-Wikipedia yesiNgesi sele ibhale amaphepha azizigidi ezi-3 ngenyanga yeThupha kunya wama-2009. Inani lamaphepha kunye nabo bafaka isandla ekubhaleni laa maphepha labonakala lisehla ngokukhawuleza  yomnyaka wama-2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist|title = Wikipedia approaches its limits|author = Bobbie Johnson}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Kwinyanga yeDwarha ngo2014, isakhiwo sesikhumbuzo se[[Wikipedia Monument|Wikipedia satyhilwa phambi koluntu lonke luphela sityhilelwa e]][[Poland]] kunikwa imbeko kusenziwa nombulelo kwabo bathe bafaka isandla kwiWikipedia.

== Igqiba unyaka we-10 ikho  ==
[[File:10piece-english-M.png|thumb|umbhalo oluphawu lokupapasha owasetyenziswa kwiwikipedia yesiNgesi ngomhla we-15 kweyomQungu ngo-2011 ]]
Ngomhla we-[[January 15|15]], kweyomQungu ngo-[[2011]], iWikipedia yabanengxikela yetheko kuvuyiswana nayo ngokugqiba iminyaka eli-10 ikho. Isebenzisa umbhalo oluphawu lokupapasha  (obonakalisa)  ukuvuyisana nokugqiba kwayo iminyaka eli-10 okoko ayathi yavulwa nomhla we-15 kweyomQungu ngo2001,  kwaye lo mbhalo uluphawu lokupapasha wasetyenziswa imini yonke kwindawo elicala lewikipedia yesiNgesi.  

== Amaphepha anxulumene nala ==

== Izalathiso ==
{{Reflist}}</text>
      <sha1>avx6rugsjpfsdpilk6rr43iaasbaq3o</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Inqaku lesiseko eliphambili lephandemikhi</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>6514</id>
    <revision>
      <id>33868</id>
      <parentid>32352</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-30T11:13:15Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>10408</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.8.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="19686" xml:space="preserve">'''Iphandemikhi''' (lo mxholo usuka kwisiGrike), kuxa kukho uqhambuko lwesifo esosulelayo &quot;esihamba&quot; siye kwilizwe elinye nangaphezulu okanye kwingingqi enye nangaphezulu. Ukusuleleka kwesifo ebantwini abaliqela kwingingqi enye kwixesha elifutshane kuthiwa yi-ephidemikhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2020-06-30|title=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url=https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention&amp;oldid=965222741|journal=Wikipedia|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isifo esisuleleka ngokubanzi kodwa esichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo kuthiwa &quot;yi-endemikhi&quot;, hayi iphandemikhi. Usasazeko ngokubanzi lwezifo ezichaphazela abantu benani elizinzileyo, njengophindaphindo lomkhuhlane oluthi lufike ngamaxesha athile onyaka, alubandakanywa kuba luqhubekeka ngexesha elinye kwiingingqi ezinkulu elizweni, hayi ukuthi zisasazeka kwizwe lonke.

=== Inkcazo kunye namanqanaba ===
Iphandemikhi yi-ephidemikhi eyenzeka kwinqanaba elikhulu ngaphesheya kwimida yamazwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/610974909|title=A dictionary of epidemiology.|date=2008|publisher=Oxford University Press|others=Porta, Miquel S., International Epidemiological Association.|isbn=978-0-19-933893-1|edition=5th ed.|location=Oxford|oclc=610974909}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isifo okanye isigulo asiyophandemikhi kuba sisasazeka ngokubanzi okanye kuba sibulala abantu abaninzi; kufuneka sisuleleke. Umzekelo, umhlaza ngunobangela wokusweleka kabantu abaninzi, kodwa awuyophandemikhi kuba awosuleleki.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Dumar, A. M.|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/401165992|title=Swine flu : what you need to know|date=2009|publisher=Brownstone Books|isbn=1-4344-5832-6|location=[Place of publication not identified]|oclc=401165992}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Amazinga osuleleko kwii-ephidemikhi (kunye neephandemikhi) alandela inkqubo elandela umgca onomjikelo xa wakhelwe kwigrafu. Mgca lowo ubonisa inani labantu abosulelweyo kwixesha elithile. Umgca we-ephidemikhi ufana nomgca wephandemikhi ixesha elininzi xa isifo eso &quot;sihamba sisasazeka&quot;. Izifo ezosulelayo zisasazeka ngezigaba ezintathu njengakule grafu ingezantsi.

'''Isigaba sokuqala''' senzeka ekuqaleni komgca onomjikelo. Ukuba umntu usebenzisa usasazeko lweCovid-19 njengomzekelo we-ephendemikhi, oku kungaphawula ukuqala kokusasazeka kwesifo, ngoku abantu abosulelekileyo bebambalwa.

'''Isigaba sesibini''' somgca we-ephidemikhi onomjikelo sibonisa &quot;isigaba soluntu&quot;. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Wiles|first=Siouxsie|date=2020-03-09|title=The three phases of Covid-19 – and how we can make it manageable|url=https://thespinoff.co.nz/society/09-03-2020/the-three-phases-of-covid-19-and-how-we-can-make-it-manageable/|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=The Spinoff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Oku kuxa inani lisanda labantu abatsha abosulelekayo.

'''Isigaba sesithathu''' somgca onomjikelo we-ephidemikhi sibonisa i-ephendemikhi iphantsi kolawulo okanye akukho suleleko lutsha.

=== Ulawulo ===
Akhona amanyathelo angathathwa ngoorhulumente ukulawula usasazeko lwephandemikhi. Ngonyaka wama-2005, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) wamkela iMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations), inkqubo-sikhokelo esemthethweni ukuthintela, ukulawula nokuphendula kumngcipheko wempilo yoluntu olungasasazeka kumazwe amaninzi. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} International Health Regulations (2005)|url=http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en/|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukongeza, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphuhlise incwadi yesikhokelo eneenkcukacha malunga nokusombulula iiphandemikhi zomkhuhlane. Le ncwadi yaqala yapapashwa ngowe-1999, yaze yahlaziywa ngowama-2005 nangowama-2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} International Health Regulations (2005)|url=http://www.who.int/ihr/publications/9789241580496/en/|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uninzi lwamanyathelo athathiweyo ukulwa iphandemikhi yeCovid-19 asuka kwiMigaqo yezeMpilo yeHlabathi (International Health Regulations) yangowama-2005 nakwizikhokelo zokulungiselela iphandemikhi yomkhuhlane zoMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (zeWorld Health Organisation).

Zininzi iingxoxo ezikhoyo malunga nendlela ye3T (Uvavanyo, Unyango, Ulandelelo). Le ndlela ivumela amazwe achonge abantu abachaphazelekileyo nabosulelweyo ngokukhawuleza, phambi kokuba babekelwe bucala banyangwe.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2020-04-08|title=The 3 T’s model: Hitting the nail on the head|url=http://www.jordantimes.com/opinion/mohammad-majed-abufaraj/3-ts-model-hitting-nail-head|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=Jordan Times|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le ndlela ibandakanya ukulandelela bonke abantu abadibene nomntu osulelekileyo, nabo babekelwe bucala. Le ndlela ikhuthazwe kukusebenza kwayo kumazwe afana neSouth Korea neSingapore, kodwa oorhulumente bala mazwe bebeyilungiselele ngcono le meko emva kokuphazamiseka okwenziwe nguSARS.

Ukuqelelana kwabantu yimpilo yoluntu yokuziqhelisana nendlela enenjongo yokuthoba isantya sosasazeko nohambo lwesi sifo, ngokuthi kuthintelwe abantu ukuba bangasondelelani ukuze kuncitshiswe amathuba osulelekho lwesi sifo sosulelayo. UMlawuli uGqirha Michael J Ryan woMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uthe kwingcaciso yomshiceleli ngomhla we-19 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, ukuqelelana kwabantu &quot;lunyathelo lwexeshana ukuthoba isantya sosasazeko lwentsholongwane, nokususa uxinzelelo kwinkqubo yezempilo, hayi ukuxazulula udabi lwentsholongwane. Kuyindleko kwaye kufuneka kusetyenziswe amanye amanyathelo ukuze le ngxaki ixazululeke.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Inc|first=Twitter|title=Reuters Top News @Reuters|url=https://www.pscp.tv/Reuters/1OdJrqYMXMXGX|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=Periscope}}&lt;/ref&gt;. UGqirha Ryan wenze kwacaca ukuba ukuzibhekelisa kodwa akuzususa sifo.

== Iiphandemikhi zangoku ==
=== INtsholongwane kaGawulayo ===
Nangona iWHO isebenzisa ibinzana elithi &quot;i-ephidemikhi yehlabathi&quot; ukuchaza iHIV&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=WHO {{!}} Data and statistics|url=http://www.who.int/hiv/data/en/|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=WHO}}&lt;/ref&gt;, yiphandemikhi ngokulandela intsingiselo yegama kuphela. Ukusukela kowama-2018, izigidi zabantu behlabathi ezingama-37.9 zosuleleke yiHIV. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Horton|first=Richard|date=2019-07|title=Offline: Who should lead UNAIDS?|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31563-6|journal=The Lancet|volume=394|issue=10192|pages=12|doi=10.1016/s0140-6736(19)31563-6|issn=0140-6736}}&lt;/ref&gt;. Ngowama-2018, kubhubhe abantu bamawaka asi-770,000 nguGawulayo (iAIDS). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2019-02-06|title=Knowledge is Power|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.18356/c54bbf5f-en|doi=10.18356/c54bbf5f-en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Okwangoku, iSub-Sahara yeAfrika yeyona ngingqi ichaphazekileyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Steele|first=Russell W.|date=2016-03-21|title=Zika Virus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0009922816638660|journal=Clinical Pediatrics|volume=55|issue=8|pages=698–700|doi=10.1177/0009922816638660|issn=0009-9228}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

=== IiCorona Virus/ IiNtsholongwane zeCorona ===
Iintsholongwane zeCorona (iiCoV) zilusapho lweentsholongwane ezibangela izigulo eziqala kumkhuhlane wesiqhelo ukuyoqhina kwizifo ezifana nezifo zokuphefumla iMiddle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS-CoV) kunye neSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS-CoV). Uhlobo olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona (SARS-CoV-2) lubangela isifo sentsholongwane yeCorana (seCoronavirus) yama-2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=1984-03-18|title=ABC News/Washington Post Poll of Public Opinion on Aging, March 1982|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/icpsr08024|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=ICPSR Data Holdings}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ezinye iintsholongwane zecorona zosuleleka kwabantu zibe zisuka kwizilwanyana. Uphando oluneenkcukacha lufumanise ukuba iSARS-CoV yosuleleke ebantwini ibe isuka kwiikati ezizii-civet. I-MERS-CoV yona isuka kwiinkamela ezizii-dromedary yaze yosuleleka ebantwini. Zininzi iintsholongwane zecorona ezisezilwanyaneni ezingekosuleleki ebantwini.

Udidi olutsha lwentsholongwane yecorona luqale eWuhan, kwiphondo leHubei, eChina, kwimihla yokugqibela kweyoMnga kowama-2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007-12-01|title=Boyle, Sir Edward, (12 June 1878–31 March 1945)|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u222922|journal=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Le ntsholongwane ibangele iqela lezifo zokuphefumla ezinzima, ekuthiwa sisifo sentsholongwane yecorona (okanye secoronavirus) sonyaka wama-2019 (iCOVID-19). NgokweDashboard yeYunivesithi iJohn Hopkins&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=JOAO|first=BELMIRO N|date=2020-03-03|title=Geographic Information Systems and COVID-19: The Johns Hopkins University Dashboard|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-15447/v1|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=dx.doi.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;, amazwe achatshazelwe yiCOVID-19 angama-200. Awona mazwe abenosoluleleko oluninzi yiMelika, yiChina kwiingingqi ezisembini, yintshona eYurophu kunye neIran.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mayurnikova|first=Larisa|last2=Koksharov|first2=Arkadiy|last3=Krapiva|first3=Tatyana|date=2020-04-15|title=Food safety practices in catering during the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-197-203|journal=Foods and Raw Materials|pages=197–203|doi=10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-197-203|issn=2308-4057}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ngomhla we-11 kweyoKwindla kowama-2020, uMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation) uphawule usasazeko lweCOVID-19 njengephandemikhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007-12-01|title=Winegarten, Asher, (26 March 1922–19 Sept. 1979), Director General, National Farmers’ Union, 1978|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u161119|journal=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007-12-01|title=Yentob, Alan, (born 11 March 1947), Creative Director, BBC, 2004–15|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u41305|journal=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ukusuka kumhla wama-23 kuTshazimpunzi kowama-2020, inani labantu abosuleleke yiCOVID-19 zizigidi ezi-2.63 kwihlabathi lilonke, ababhubhileyo beli-184,249 kwaye abanyangekileyo bengama-722,055.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Mayurnikova|first=Larisa|last2=Koksharov|first2=Arkadiy|last3=Krapiva|first3=Tatyana|date=2020-04-15|title=Food safety practices in catering during the coronavirus COVID-19 pandemic|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-197-203|journal=Foods and Raw Materials|pages=197–203|doi=10.21603/2308-4057-2020-2-197-203|issn=2308-4057}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Usasazeko oluphawulekayo ==
=== IMalariya ===
IMalariya idla ngokusasazeka kwiinginqi ezisondele kwi-ikhweyitha ezishushu ezifumileyo. Oku kubandakanya iingqingqi kwiiAmericas, eAsia naseAfrika. Nyaka ngamnye, kosuleleka abantu abazizigidi ezingama-350-500 yimalariya. Ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya yingxaki ekhulayo ekuyinyangeni imalariya ukusekela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yama-21, kuba ukuxhathisa kwamayeza okunyanga imalariya kuxhaphakile kuwo onke amayeza okunyanga imalariya, ngaphandle kwe-artemisinins.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|date=2012-12-29|title=CDC - Malaria - Page Not Found|url=http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=web.archive.org|archive-date=2012-12-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121229091605/http://www.cdc.gov/malaria/facts.htm|dead-url=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

IMalariya yayixhaphake eYurophu naseNtshona-Melika, apho ingasekhoyo ngoku.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gratz|first=Norman G.|title=Tick-borne diseases of Europe|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511541896.014|journal=The vector- and rodent-borne diseases of Europe and North America|location=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=89–148|isbn=978-0-511-54189-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kusenokwenzeka ukuba iMalariya ibinegalelo ekutshabalaleni kwesizwe samaRoma.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Bower|first=Bruce|date=2001-10-20|title=Lemurs Reveal Clues to Ancient Asian Roots|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/4012974|journal=Science News|volume=160|issue=16|pages=245|doi=10.2307/4012974|issn=0036-8423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Esi sifo saqale saziwa &quot;njengomkhuhlane wamaRoma&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Sallares|first=Robert|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199248506.001.0001|title=Malaria and Rome|date=2002-09-05|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-924850-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; I-Plasmodium falciparum yabasisoyikiso esikhulu kubahlali beekoloni nakubantu bemveli ukufika kwayo kwiiAmericas ngexesha lokuthengiswa kwamakhoboka.

=== UMkhulhane weSpanish ===
Umkhulhane weSpanish (ngowe-1918 - 1920) wosulele abantu abazizigidi ezingama-500 kwihlabathi lilonke,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Taubenberger|first=Jeffery K.|last2=Morens|first2=David M.|date=2006-01|title=Influenza Revisited|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1201.051442|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=1–2|doi=10.3201/eid1201.051442|issn=1080-6040}}&lt;/ref&gt; oku kubandakanya abantu abakwiingingqi ezikude njengeziQithi zePacific nakwiArctic, lomkhuhlane waze wabulala abantu abazizigidi ezingama-200 ukuya kwezili-100.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Taubenberger|first=Jeffery K.|last2=Morens|first2=David M.|date=2006-01|title=1918 Influenza: the Mother of All Pandemics|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1209.05-0979|journal=Emerging Infectious Diseases|volume=12|issue=1|pages=15–22|doi=10.3201/eid1209.05-0979|issn=1080-6040}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Swanson|first=David A.|last2=Tayman|first2=Jeff|date=2012|title=Historical Estimates|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8954-0_17|journal=The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis|location=Dordrecht|publisher=Springer Netherlands|pages=331–355|isbn=978-90-481-8953-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uninzi losasazeko lomkhuhlane lubulala ngokungakhethiyo abancinci kakhulu kunye nabadala kakhulu. Aba baphakathi ngabona banethuba lokusinda. Nangona, umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale isikakhulu abaphakathi ngendlela engaqondakaliyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Gagnon|first=Alain|last2=Miller|first2=Matthew S.|last3=Hallman|first3=Stacey A.|last4=Bourbeau|first4=Robert|last5=Herring|first5=D. Ann|last6=Earn|first6=David JD.|last7=Madrenas|first7=Joaquín|date=2013-08-05|title=Age-Specific Mortality During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic: Unravelling the Mystery of High Young Adult Mortality|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0069586|journal=PLoS ONE|volume=8|issue=8|pages=e69586|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0069586|issn=1932-6203}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umkhuhlane weSpanish ubulale ukodlula iMfazwe yeHlabathi yoku-1 kwaye ubulale abantu abaninzi kwiiveki zawo zokuqala ezingama-25 ukodlula uGawulayo kwiminyaka yokuqala engama-25. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2003-07-21|title=The Advance of the Influenza Virus|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511586576.003|journal=America's Forgotten Pandemic|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=17–36|isbn=978-0-521-83394-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1976-10-30|title=Swine Flu Vaccine: Facts vs. Fears|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3961152|journal=Science News|volume=110|issue=18|pages=277|doi=10.2307/3961152|issn=0036-8423}}&lt;/ref&gt; Intshukumo yabantu abaninzi kunye neendawo zokuhlala ezisondeleleneyo kubangele ukuba isasazeke ngokukhawuleza kwaye itshintshatshintshe iindidi ngesantya esiphezulu. Usuleleko olulula kwamajoni lungaba lubangelwe luxinzelelo, ukungondleki, kunye nokuhlaselwa ngemichiza.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Qureshi|first=Adnan I|date=2016|title=Treatment of Ebola Virus Disease|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-12-804230-4.00011-x|journal=Ebola Virus Disease|publisher=Elsevier|pages=159–166|isbn=978-0-12-804230-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Uphuhliso lweenkqubo lwezithutho lwenze kwalula ukuba amajoni, oomatiloshe kunye nabantu basasaze esi sifo.

== Inkxalabo malunga neeNtsholongwane ezizayo ==
=== Ukuxathisa kwezibulala-ntsholongwane ===
Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane ziqhele ukubizwa &quot;izinambuzane ezinamandla&quot;. Zinganegalelo ekuvukeni kwezifo eziphantsi kolawulo olulungileyo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2007-06-15|title=NETWATCH: Botany's Wayback Machine|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d|journal=Science|volume=316|issue=5831|pages=1547d–1547d|doi=10.1126/science.316.5831.1547d|issn=0036-8075}}&lt;/ref&gt; Umzekelo, usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisayo kumayeza onyango aqhele ukusebenza luhlala liluxhala kubasebezi lwecandelo lezempilo. Inani losuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kumayeza onyango (MDR-TB) kwihlabathi lonke nyaka ngamnye liphantse lafika kwama-500.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2010-12-01|title=Mace, Andrew Stephen, (born 31 Dec. 1973), Senior UK Government Relations Officer, Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation, since 2014|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ww/9780199540884.013.u250738|journal=Who's Who|publisher=Oxford University Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; IChina neIndiya ngawona mazwe ahambela phambili kusuleleko lweMDR-TB.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1994-02-15|title=CDC efforts reflect concern about drug-resistant TB|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ajhp/51.4.448b|journal=American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy|volume=51|issue=4|pages=448–452|doi=10.1093/ajhp/51.4.448b|issn=1079-2082}}&lt;/ref&gt;. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi (iWorld Health Organisation/ iWHO) uxela ukuba inani labantu abosulelekileyo yiMDR-TB kwihlabathi lonke zizigidi ezingama-50. Iipersenti ezingama-79 kwabobantu bosulelekileyo abanyangeki kuba isifo sabo sixhathisile kwizibulala-ntsholongwane. Ngowama-2005, useleleko lweMDR-TB kubantu abali-124 lwenzeke eMelika. Usuleleko lwesifo sephepha esixhathisa kakhulu kunyango (XMDR-TB) luchongwe eAfrika ngowama-2006, kwaye kufunyaniswe ukuba lukhona kumazwe angama-49 - oku kubandakanya iMelika. I-WHO iqikelela ukuba kubakho usuleleko lweXMDR-TB olunani lingama-40 000 nyaka ngamnye.

Kwiminyaka engama-20 edlulileyo, iibhaktheriya eziqhelekileyo iStaphylococcus aureus, iSerratia marcescens kunye neEnterococcus ziphuhlule uxhathiso lwezibulala-ntsholongwane ezininzi ezifana ne-vancomcyn, i-aminoglycosides kunye ne-cephalosporins. Iintsholongwane ezixhathisayo kwizibulala-ntsholongwane zibangela usuleleko (HAI) oluninzi okunxulumene nokhathalelo lwempilo (nosocomial). Ngaphezulu, usuleleko olubangelwe ziindidi zeentsholongowane ezisuka eluntwini lwengingqi ze-methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) kubantu abanempilo entle luye lwaxhaphaka kwiminyaka edlulileyo.

=== Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic ===
Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic yosuleleka kakhulu kwaye iyabulala. Imizekelo ibandakanya intsholongwane yeEbola, umkhuhlane weLassa, umkhuhlane waseRift Valley, isifo sentsholongwane yeMarburg kunye nomkhuhlane weBolivian hemorrhagic. Imikhuhlane yeViral hemorrhagic inaso isakhono sokubayiphandemikhi.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=DR Congo: IFRC expands Ebola preparedness as fears of regional spread grow|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/2210-7975_hrd-9813-20180017|accessdate=2020-07-04|website=Human Rights Documents Online}}&lt;/ref&gt; Isakhono sayo sokubangela iphandemikhi sithintelwe kuba usuleleko lwezi ntsholongwane ludinga ukusondela kakhulu emntwini osulelekileyo kwaye umntu osulelekileyo ugula ixesha elifutshane phambi kokuba abhubhe. Ixesha lifutshane sokuba umntu asisulele esi sifo kwaye ukukhawuleza lokuqala kweempawu luvumela oogqirha bakhawuleze bambeke ekhusini, bamthintele angakwazi ukuyisulela mntu intsholongwane.

=== IZika Virus/ INtsholongwane yeZika ===
Amanqaku aphambili:2015–16 Zika virus epidemic, Zika virus, and Zika fever.

Usasazeko lwentsholongwanye yeZika luqale ekuqaleni lowama-2015 lwaze lwaqhina ekuqaleni lowama-2016, kusuleleke abantu abasisigidi esi-1.5 kumazwe angaphaya kwe-12 kwiiAmericas. UMbutho wezeMpilo weHlabathi ulumkise ukuba iZika inesakhono sokubayiphandemiki eza konakalisa ihlabathi ukuba ayilawulwanga.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Izifo esosulelayo]]</text>
      <sha1>5gylrvf2e0iipaevdpnkrn4ycuxa3zp</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
</mediawiki>