Заглавная страница

<mediawiki xmlns="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10/ http://www.mediawiki.org/xml/export-0.10.xsd" version="0.10" xml:lang="en">
  <siteinfo>
    <sitename>Wikipedia</sitename>
    <dbname>testwiki</dbname>
    <base>https://test.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page</base>
    <generator>MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26</generator>
    <case>first-letter</case>
    <namespaces>
      <namespace key="-2" case="first-letter">Media</namespace>
      <namespace key="-1" case="first-letter">Special</namespace>
      <namespace key="0" case="first-letter" />
      <namespace key="1" case="first-letter">Talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2" case="first-letter">User</namespace>
      <namespace key="3" case="first-letter">User talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="4" case="first-letter">Wikipedia</namespace>
      <namespace key="5" case="first-letter">Wikipedia talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="6" case="first-letter">File</namespace>
      <namespace key="7" case="first-letter">File talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="8" case="first-letter">MediaWiki</namespace>
      <namespace key="9" case="first-letter">MediaWiki talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="10" case="first-letter">Template</namespace>
      <namespace key="11" case="first-letter">Template talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="12" case="first-letter">Help</namespace>
      <namespace key="13" case="first-letter">Help talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="14" case="first-letter">Category</namespace>
      <namespace key="15" case="first-letter">Category talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="90" case="first-letter">Thread</namespace>
      <namespace key="91" case="first-letter">Thread talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="92" case="first-letter">Summary</namespace>
      <namespace key="93" case="first-letter">Summary talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="100" case="first-letter">Test namespace 1</namespace>
      <namespace key="101" case="first-letter">Test namespace 1 talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="102" case="first-letter">Test namespace 2</namespace>
      <namespace key="103" case="first-letter">Test namespace 2 talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="118" case="first-letter">Draft</namespace>
      <namespace key="119" case="first-letter">Draft talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="460" case="case-sensitive">Campaign</namespace>
      <namespace key="461" case="case-sensitive">Campaign talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="710" case="first-letter">TimedText</namespace>
      <namespace key="711" case="first-letter">TimedText talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="828" case="first-letter">Module</namespace>
      <namespace key="829" case="first-letter">Module talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="830" case="first-letter">SecurePoll</namespace>
      <namespace key="831" case="first-letter">SecurePoll talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="866" case="first-letter">CNBanner</namespace>
      <namespace key="867" case="first-letter">CNBanner talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="1198" case="first-letter">Translations</namespace>
      <namespace key="1199" case="first-letter">Translations talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2300" case="first-letter">Gadget</namespace>
      <namespace key="2301" case="first-letter">Gadget talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2302" case="case-sensitive">Gadget definition</namespace>
      <namespace key="2303" case="case-sensitive">Gadget definition talk</namespace>
      <namespace key="2600" case="first-letter">Topic</namespace>
      <namespace key="5500" case="first-letter">Newsletter</namespace>
      <namespace key="5501" case="first-letter">Newsletter talk</namespace>
    </namespaces>
  </siteinfo>
  <page>
    <title>Заглавная страница</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>49296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>539995</id>
      <parentid>467116</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T15:55:45Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 0 sources and tagging 1 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="8036" xml:space="preserve">Это тестовая вики, работающая на [[mw:|движке MediaWiki]]. Изменения движка обычно появляются здесь, прежде чем устанавливаются на остальных вики. Содержимое этой вики может быть нестабильным и содержать ошибки&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; &lt;big&gt;'''не'''&lt;/big&gt; используйте код, найденный здесь, на своих вики!

Текущая версия MediaWiki, запущенная на этой вики,&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; {{CURRENTVERSION}}. 
 
== Что мы делаем здесь ==
Этот сайт создан для разработчиков вики на движке Wikimedia (это означает некоторых известных вики, включая перечисленные ниже) для ''проверки'' последних изменений в коде. Этот сайт&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; своего рода «полигон» для проверки кода в контролируемой среде без возможности нанести повреждения другим вики.

Это&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; не Википедия или другая содержащая контент вики, скорее&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; это тестовая площадка для разработчиков. Используйте этот сайт только для тестирования кода; если вы хотите создавать полезный контент, то посетите один из проектов, перечисленных ниже.

'''Пожалуйста, обратите внимание:''' создан новый сайт для замены prototype.wikimedia, доступный [http://deployment.wmflabs.org здесь]{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, который является клоном всех самых продуктивных вики, где разработчики и обычные пользователи могут тестировать новые возможности перед тем, как они будут доступны в остальных вики. В случае, если вы хотите протестировать гаджеты или пользовательские скрипты, делайте это на данном сайте. test.wikipedia.org&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; не место для тестирования непроверенного кода или MediaWiki, и это&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; последнее место, где ПО тестируется перед выпуском. Новое программное обеспечение, расширения и гаджеты могут быть немедленно быть протестированы в новом кластере.

== Пожалуйста, прочтите, прежде чем начать делать правки ==
'''Тестовая вики не является:'''
* местом для размещения контента или чего либо значимого;
* ареной для проверки работы инструментов администраторов. Если вам это необходимо, то просмотрите [[Wikipedia:Requests/Tools]];
* местом, где незначимые статьи будут храниться;
* веб хостингом, вики хостингом или хостингом изображений;
* местом, где вам может все сойти с рук;
* местом, где допустима клевета;
* сообществом.

&lt;big&gt;''Тестовая вики создана для разработчиков для тестирования их кода без возможности нанести повреждения другим вики и взорвать весь мир.''&lt;/big&gt;

&lt;small&gt;'''Тестовая вики может быть также использована для обучения основам вики-правок, чтобы избежать путаницы во время создания страниц и порчи других проектов, однако это не всегда возможно из-за возможных различий между тестовым и типичным интерфейсом.'''&lt;/small&gt;

=== Запрос полномочий ===

==== Администраторы ====
[[File:Admin mop.PNG|100px|right|One of the administrator logos]]
'''Администраторы'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; это пользователи, обладающие возможностями:
* блокировать и разблокировать чужие аккаунты;
* удалять и восстанавливать страницы на этом сайте;
* устанавливать и снимать защиту страниц;
* редактировать страницы в пространстве MediaWiki (например, [[MediaWiki:Sidebar]]);
* просматривать удалённые правки на страницах;
* просматривать вклад каждого пользователя для удалённых страниц.

Список всех администраторов тестовой Википедии можно посмотреть [[Special:ListUsers/sysop|здесь]].

===== Назначение администратора =====
Права администратора можно запросить на странице [[Wikipedia:Requests/Permissions]]. Затем [[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|бюрократы]] примут решения по запросу. Кандидат должен отвечать следующим требованиям:
# Быть активным и доверенным пользователем на других проектах, и желательно быть администратором;
# Или демонстрировать необходимость в правах (например, разработчик).

===== Разжалование администратора =====
Пользователь лишается флага администратора, если не заходил на вики в течении последних 6 месяцев. Однако разработчики MediaWiki не лишаются этих прав за неактивность.
	
&lt;noinclude&gt; &lt;/noinclude&gt;

==== Бюрократы ====
[[Image:Wikipedia bureaucrat.svg|100px|right|The Bureaucrats' logo]]
'''Бюрократы'''&amp;nbsp;&amp;mdash; это пользователи, обладающие возможностями:
* выдавать и снимать [[Wikipedia:Administrators|права администраторов]];
* назначать других бюрократов (снятие прав производится на [[meta:Steward requests/Permissions|Meta-Wiki]]);
* устанавливать и снимать флаг [[Wikipedia:Bots|бота]] и
* переименовывать пользователей.

Чтобы стать бюрократом, пользователь сначала должен быть администратором ([[Wikipedia:Administrators#Becoming an administrator|подробнее]]). Список всех бюрократов тестовой Википедии можно посмотреть [[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|здесь]]. Пожалуйста, не просите бюрократов о назначении на их страницах обсуждения, если вы с ними не знакомы.

&lt;noinclude&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;

== Родственные проекты ==
{{Родственные проекты}}
{{HomePages}}

[[Category:Article Feedback Pilot]]

[[ru:Заглавная страница]]</text>
      <sha1>t5q7diq7j59kzwgr6kheav2gmzvpvd3</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Test table page</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>54296</id>
    <revision>
      <id>539957</id>
      <parentid>398228</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:58:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="7696" xml:space="preserve">{| border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;0&quot;
!Area
!Programa
!Version
!Descripción
!URL
!MS Windows?
!GNU/Linux?
!Euskara
!Castellano 
!English
!Comentarios
|-
!rowspan=9 | Ofimática
|-
|OpenOffice.org
|3.1.1
|Suite ofimática: Writer, Calc, Impress, Draw, Base. Correctores en inglés, castellano y euskara.
|http://www.openoffice.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Xuxen
|2
|Extensión para OpenOffice para corrección ortográfica en Euskara.
|http://extensions.services.openoffice.org/project/xuxen
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Correctores ortográficos para OpenOffice de español (http://extensions.services.openoffice.org/project/es_ES-dictspell) e inglés (http://extensions.services.openoffice.org/project/en_GB-oed)
|-
|Sun PDF Import extension
|0.4 / 1.0
|Extensión para OpenOffice.org que permite editar PDFs.
|http://extensions.services.openoffice.org/project/pdfimport
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Freemind
|0.8.1
|Mapas mentales
|http://freemind.sourceforge.net/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|X-mind
|3.0.3
|Mapas mentales
|http://www.xmind.net/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|TuxTyping
|1.5.2
|Mecanografía
|http://tux4kids.alioth.debian.org/tuxtype/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Klavaro
|1.3.1
|Mecanografía
|http://klavaro.sourceforge.net/en/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|No
|Sí
|
|-
|Dia
|0,97
|Diagramas
|http://live.gnome.org/Dia
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
!rowspan=7 | Internet
|-
|Mozilla Firefox
|3,5
|Navegador web
|http://mozilla-europe.org/es/firefox/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Euskalbar
|3
|Extensión para Mozilla Firefox relacionada con el Euskara (diccionarios, traductores, etc.).
|http://www.interneteuskadi.org/euskalbar/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Xuxen
|4
|Extensión para Mozilla Firefox para corrección ortográfica en Euskara.
|https://addons.mozilla.org/es-ES/firefox/addon/4020
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|No estaría mal tampoco incluir los diccionarios de español (https://addons.mozilla.org/eu/firefox/addon/3554) e inglés (https://addons.mozilla.org/eu/firefox/addon/3497)
|-
|Mozilla Thunderbird
|2
|Cliente de correo y RSS
|http://www.mozilla-europe.org/es/products/thunderbird/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080802232251/http://www.mozilla-europe.org/es/products/thunderbird/ |date=2008-08-02 }}
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Pidgin
|2.6.2
|Cliente de mensajería instantánea multiprotocolo (MSN Messenger, Google Talk, Jabber, ICQ, Yahoo Messenger, etc.).
|http://www.pidgin.im/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Ekiga
|3,2
|Cliente de VoIP y videoconferencia
|http://ekiga.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
! rowspan=6 |Gráficos
|-
|Tuxpaint
|0.9.2
|Editor gráfico sencillo
|http://tuxpaint.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|GIMP
|2,6
|Programa de retoque fotográfico.
|http://www.gimp.org
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Inkscape
|0,46
|Programa de diseño vectorial
|http://www.inkscape.org
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|QCAD
|2.2.2
|Diseño gráfico en 2D
|http://www.qcad.org/qcad_downloads.html
|Si
|Si
|No
|Si
|Si
|
|-
|Google Sketchup
|7
|Programa de modelado 3D
|http://sketchup.google.com/intl/es/
|Si
|Si, con Wine
|No
|Si
|Si
|Funciona en Linux a través de Wine (http://wiki.winehq.org/GoogleSketchup)
|-
!rowspan=5 | Multimedia
|-
|VLC
|1.0.2
|Reproductor multimedia
|http://www.videolan.org/vlc
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|VLC está traducido al euskara? No, solamente al 5% http://www.videolan.org/developers/i18n/vlcstat.php
|-
|Avidemux
|2.5.1
|Editor de vídeo sencillo
|http://fixounet.free.fr/avidemux/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Audacity
|1.2.6 / 1.3.9
|Editor y grabador de audio
|http://audacity.sourceforge.net/?lang=es
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Infrarecorder
|3,
|Grabador de CD/DVD
|http://infrarecorder.org/
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
!rowspan=4 | Generadores de contenidos
|-
|JClic
|0.2.0.6
|
|http://infrarecorder.org/
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Si
|
|-
|HotPotatoes
|6,3
|
|http://hotpot.uvic.ca/index.php#downloads
|Si
|Si
|No
|Si
|Si
|&quot;No se trata de una aplicación con licencia libre; es freeware&quot;
|-
|Ardora
|5
|Generador de actividades educativas
|http://webardora.net/
|Si
|Si, con Wine
|Si
|Si
|Si
|&quot;No se trata de una aplicación con licencia libre; es freeware&quot;
|-
!rowspan=8 | Educación
|-
|GCompris
|8.4.4
|Suite de software educativo, a partir de 2 años.
|http://gcompris.net
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|TuxMath
|1.7.2
|Software educativo para las matemáticas
|http://sourceforge.net/projects/tuxmath/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Scratch
|1,4
|Suite de programación para niños
|http://scratch.mit.edu
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Google Earth
|5,1
|Software de geografía
|http://earth.google.com/download-earth.html
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Stellarium
|0.10.2
|Software de astronomía
|http://www.stellarium.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Celestia
|1.6.0 
|Software de astronomia
|http://www.shatters.net/celestia/ {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131016222559/http://www.shatters.net/celestia/ |date=2013-10-16 }}
|Si
|Si
|No
|No
|Si
|
|-
|FisicaLab
|0,1
|Software de física
|http://www.nongnu.org/fisicalab/index.es.html
|Si
|Si
|¿?
|Sí
|Si
|
|-
!rowspan=4 | Utilidades
|-
|7-zip
|4,65
|Compresor / descompresor
|http://www.7-zip.org/
|Sí
|X
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|ClamWin
|0.95.2
|Antivirus
|http://es.clamwin.com/content/view/18/46/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Wine
|
|Permite ejecutar programas para MS-DOS, Windows 3.11, 95, 98, ME, NT, 2000, XP, Vista y Windows 7
|http://www.winehq.org/
|X
|Si
|No
|No
|Si
|Existen aplicaciones libres que solamente corren en Windows y necesitan de Wine para funcionar en GNU-Linux
|-
!rowspan=8 | Gestión
|-
|iTalc
|1.0.9
|Gestión del aula, compartición de escritorio, etc.
|
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|TCOS
|
|Gestión del aula, compartición de escritorio, etc. a través de clientes ligeros.
|http://www.tcosproject.org/
|No
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|AulaLinex
|3,2
|Gestión del aula, compartición de escritorio, etc. a través de clientes ligeros.
|http://www.educarex.es/aulalinex/
|No
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|SIESTTA
|2.0 / 3.0
|Gestión de centros educativos y aulas
|http://siestta.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Clonezilla
|1.2.2-28
|Clonado de ordenadores
|http://clonezilla.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Brutalix
|
|Clonado de ordenadores
|http://osluz.unizar.es/proyectos/brutalix
|Sí
|Sí
|No
|Sí
|Sí
|
|-
|Moodle
|1.9.5
|LMS, Learning Management System, sistema de gestión del aprendizaje
|http://moodle.org/
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Sí
|Quizá deberíamos de crear un apartado para aplicaciones web, ¿no? En esta lista estamos recogiendo aplicaciones que se deberían instalar en los netbooks pero recomendar algunas opciones libres a nivel web tampoco estaría de sobra.(jlacalle). En esta sección he puesto software que viene bien al proyecto, pero que no se instalará en los PCs (txipi).
|-
!rowspan=3 | GApps, Zoho o parecidos
|-
|Email corporativo y herramientas de comunicación y colaboración
|
|
|
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Si
|Personalmente pienso que todo proyecto TIC que se desarrolle en cualquier colegio debería estar sustentado sobre un sistema de comunicación alumno/alumno y alumno/profesor eficiente. Puede ser a través de email (GMail o similares), mensajería (Google Talk) o de sistemas que están a punto de llegar (Google Wave). Para mi esto es algo básico y más en alumnos de 5º. No olvidemos que cada netbook va a tener un recorrido de cuatro años por lo que cada alumno usará su equipo hasta 2º de la ESO
|-
|Mahara
|1.1.3
|Portfolio electrónico
|http://mahara.org
|Si (pero no soportado oficialmente por ahora)
|Si
|Si (a falta de algunos textos que se terminarán de traducir en las próximas semanas)
|Si
|Si
|Complemento ideal de Moodle
|}

test</text>
      <sha1>nr7bpn4zx690h9iqhxfq53jfllhxb1q</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Test/VEtest</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>71404</id>
    <revision>
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      <text bytes="46215" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox person
| name       = Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī
| image      = 1983 CPA 5426 (1).png
| image_size = 250px
| caption    = A [[commemorative stamp|stamp]] issued September 6, 1983 in the [[Soviet Union]], commemorating al-Khwārizmī's (approximate) 1200th birthday.
| ethnicity  =  [[Persian people|Persian]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hogendijk&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oaks&quot;/&gt;
| known_for  = Treatises on algebra and [[Indian numerals]]
| birth_date = c. 780
| death_date = c. 850
| era        = Medieval era ([[Islamic Golden Age]])
| influenced = [[Abu Kamil]]&lt;ref name=MacTutor-AK&gt;O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., [http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Abu_Kamil.html &quot;Abū Kāmil Shujāʿ ibn Aslam&quot;], MacTutor History of Mathematics archive, University of St Andrews.&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
'''Abdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī'''&lt;ref group=note&gt;There is some confusion in the literature on whether al-Khwārizmī's full name is '''Abdallāh Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī''' or '''Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizm'''. Ibn Khaldun notes in his encyclopedic work: &quot;The first who wrote upon this branch (algebra) was Abu ʿAbdallah al-Khowarizmi, after whom came Abu Kamil Shojaʿ ibn Aslam.&quot; (MacGuckin de Slane). (Rosen 1831, pp. xi–xiii) mentions that &quot;[Abu Abdallah Mohammed ben Musa] lived and wrote under the caliphat of Al Mamun, and must therefore be distinguished from Abu Jafar Mohammed ben Musa, likewise a mathematician and astronomer, who flourished under the Caliph Al Motaded (who reigned A.H. 279-289, A.D. 892-902).&quot; In the introduction to his critical commentary on Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's ''Algebra'', L.C. Karpinski notes that Abū Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā refers to the eldest of the [[Banū Mūsā]] brothers. Karpinski notes in his review on (Ruska 1917) that in (Ruska 1918): &quot;Ruska here inadvertently speaks of the author as Abū Gaʿfar M. b. M., instead of Abū Abdallah M. b. M.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ({{lang-ar| عَبْدَالله مُحَمَّد بِن مُوسَى اَلْخْوَارِزْمِي}}), earlier transliterated as '''Algoritmi''' or '''Algaurizin''', (c. 780, [[Khwarezm|Khwārizm]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hogendijk&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Berggren|1986}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Struik 93&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Struik|1987| p= 93}}&lt;/ref&gt;&amp;nbsp;– c. 850) was a [[Persian people|Persian]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hogendijk&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first=Jan P.|last=Hogendijk|title=al-Khwarzimi|journal=Pythagoras|volume=38|issue=2|year=1998|pages=4–5|url=http://www.kennislink.nl/web/show?id=116543|format=|ref=harv|issn=0033–4766|access-date=2013-07-29|archive-date=2009-04-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412193516/http://www.kennislink.nl/web/show?id=116543|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oaks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first=Jeffrey A.|last= Oaks|url=http://facstaff.uindy.edu/~oaks/MHMC.htm|title=Was al-Khwarizmi an applied algebraist?|publisher=[[University of Indianapolis]]|accessdate=2008-05-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Islamic mathematics|mathematician]], [[Islamic astronomy|astronomer]] and [[Islamic geography|geographer]] during the [[Abbasid Empire]], a [[scholar]] in the [[House of Wisdom]] in [[Baghdad]].

In the twelfth century, [[Greek]] translations of [[#Arithmetic|his work]] on the [[Indian numerals]] introduced the [[decimal]] [[Positional notation|positional number system]] to the [[Western world]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Struik 93&quot; /&gt; His ''[[Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing]]'' presented the first systematic solution of [[linear equation|linear]] and [[quadratic equation]]s in Arabic. In Renaissance Europe, he was considered the original inventor of algebra, although it is now known that his work is based on older Indian or Greek sources.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Rosen|1831|p=v&amp;ndash;vi}}; {{harvnb|Toomer|1990}}&lt;/ref&gt; He revised [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geography (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'' and wrote on astronomy and astrology.

Some words reflect the importance of al-Khwarizmi's contributions to mathematics. &quot;Algebra&quot; is derived from ''al-jabr'', one of the two operations he used to solve [[quadratic equations]]. ''[[Algorism]]'' and ''[[algorithm]]'' stem from ''Algoritmi'', the [[Latin]] form of his name.&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Daffa|1977}}&lt;/ref&gt; His name is also the origin of ([[Spanish language|Spanish]]) ''guarismo''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Knuth, Donald|url=http://historical.ncstrl.org/litesite-data/stan/CS-TR-80-786.pdf|title=Algorithms in Modern Mathematics and Computer Science|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|year=1979|isbn= 0-387-11157-3|authorlink= Donald Knuth}}&lt;/ref&gt; and of ([[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]) ''[[wikt:pt:algarismo|algarismo]]'', both meaning [[numerical digit|digit]].

== Life ==
He was born in a [[Persian people|Persian]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Hogendijk&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oaks&quot;/&gt; family, and his birthplace is given as [[Chorasmia]]&lt;ref&gt;Cristopher Moore and Stephan Mertens, ''The Nature of Computation'', (Oxford University Press, 2011), 36.&lt;/ref&gt; by [[Ibn al-Nadim]].

Few details of al-Khwārizmī's life are known with certainty. His name may indicate that he came from [[Khwarezm]] (Khiva), then in [[Greater Khorasan]], which occupied the eastern part of the [[Greater Iran]], now [[Xorazm Province]] in [[Uzbekistan]].

[[Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari|Al-Tabari]] gave his name as Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī al-[[Majousi]] al-Katarbali ({{lang|ar|محمد بن موسى الخوارزميّ المجوسـيّ القطربّـليّ}}). The [[epithet]] ''al-Qutrubbulli'' could indicate he might instead have come from Qutrubbul (Qatrabbul),&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Iraq After the Muslim Conquest&quot;, by [[Michael G. Morony]], ISBN 1-59333-315-3 (a 2005 facsimile from the original 1984 book), [http://books.google.com/books?id=uhjSiRAwGuEC&amp;pg=PA145&amp;dq=qatrabbul#v=onepage&amp;q=qatrabbul&amp;f=false p. 145 ]&lt;/ref&gt; a [[viticulture]] district near [[Baghdad]]. However, Rashed&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last = Rashed | first = Roshdi | contribution = al-Khwārizmī's Concept of Algebra | editor-last={{unicode|Zurayq}} | editor-first={{unicode|Qusṭanṭīn}} | editor2-last={{unicode|Atiyeh}} | editor2-first={{unicode|George Nicholas}} | editor3-last={{unicode|Oweiss}} | editor3-first={{unicode|Ibrahim M.}} | title = Arab Civilization: Challenges and Responses : Studies in Honor of Constantine K. Zurayk | publisher=SUNY Press|year= 1988|page=108 | isbn = 0-88706-698-4 | contribution-url = http://books.google.com/books?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC&amp;pg=PA108&amp;dq=Qutrubbulli#PPA108,M1 | url = http://books.google.com/?id=JXbXRKRY_uAC | ref = harv | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; }}&lt;/ref&gt; suggests:

{{quote|There is no need to be an expert on the period or a philologist to see that al-Tabari's second citation should read &quot;Muhammad ibn Mūsa al-Khwārizmī ''and'' al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli,&quot; and that there are two people (al-Khwārizmī and al-Majūsi al-Qutrubbulli) between whom the letter ''wa'' [Arabic '{{lang|ar|و}}' for the article '[[wikt:ar:wa|and]]'] has been omitted in an early copy. This would not be worth mentioning if a series of errors concerning the personality of al-Khwārizmī, occasionally even the origins of his knowledge, had not been made. Recently, [[G. J. Toomer]] ... with naive confidence constructed an entire fantasy on the error which cannot be denied the merit of amusing the reader.}}

Regarding al-Khwārizmī's religion, Toomer writes:

{{quote|Another epithet given to him by al-Ṭabarī, &quot;al-Majūsī,&quot; would seem to indicate that he was an adherent of the old [[Zoroastrian]] religion. This would still have been possible at that time for a man of Iranian origin, but the pious preface to al-Khwārizmī's ''Algebra'' shows that he was an orthodox [[Muslim]], so al-Ṭabarī's epithet could mean no more than that his forebears, and perhaps he in his youth, had been Zoroastrians.&lt;ref name=&quot;toomer&quot;&gt;{{harvnb|Toomer|1990}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[Ibn al-Nadīm]]'s ''Kitāb al-Fihrist'' includes a short biography on al-Khwārizmī, together with a list of the books he wrote. Al-Khwārizmī accomplished most of his work in the period between 813 and 833. After the [[Islamic conquest of Persia]], Baghdad became the centre of scientific studies and trade, and many merchants and scientists from as far as [[China]] and [[History of India|India]] traveled to this city, as did Al-Khwārizmī. He worked in Baghdad as a scholar at the [[House of Wisdom]] established by [[Caliph]] {{unicode|[[al-Maʾmūn]]}}, where he studied the sciences and mathematics, which included the translation of [[Greek language|Greek]] and [[Sanskrit]] scientific manuscripts.

[[D. M. Dunlop]] suggests that it may have been possible that Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Khwārizmī was in fact the same person as [[Muḥammad ibn Mūsā ibn Shākir]], the eldest of the three [[Banū Mūsā]].&lt;ref&gt;Dunlop&lt;/ref&gt;{{year missing|date=May 2011}}

=== Contributions ===
[[File:Image-Al-Kitāb al-muḫtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-ğabr wa-l-muqābala.jpg|thumb|A page from al-Khwārizmī's ''Algebra'']]
&lt;!--[[File:The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (frontispiece).png|150px|thumb|The [[frontispiece]] of Frederic Rosen's ''The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa'' (1831)]]--&gt;

Al-Khwārizmī's contributions to [[mathematics]], [[geography]], [[astronomy]], and [[cartography]] established the basis for innovation in [[algebra]] and [[trigonometry]]. His systematic approach to solving [[linear equation|linear]] and [[quadratic equation]]s led to ''algebra'', a word derived from the title of his 830 book on the subject, &quot;The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing&quot; (''al-Kitab al-mukhtasar fi hisab al-jabr wa'l-muqabala''الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة).

''On the Calculation with Hindu Numerals'' written about 825, was principally responsible for spreading the [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system|Indian system of numeration]] throughout the [[Middle East]] and [[Europe]]. It was translated into Latin as ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum''. Al-Khwārizmī, rendered as (Latin) ''Algoritmi'', led to the term &quot;[[algorithm]]&quot;.

Some of his work was based on [[Iran|Persian]] and [[Babylonian]] [[astronomy]], [[Indian numerals|Indian numbers]], and [[ancient Greece|Greek]] mathematics.

Al-Khwārizmī systematized and corrected [[Ptolemy]]'s data for Africa and the Middle East. Another major book was ''Kitab surat al-ard'' (&quot;The Image of the Earth&quot;; translated as Geography), presenting the coordinates of places based on those in the Geography of [[Ptolemy]] but with improved values for the [[Mediterranean Sea]], Asia, and Africa.

He also wrote on mechanical devices like the &lt;!-- [[clock]], al-Biruni? --&gt;[[astrolabe]] and [[sundial]]. &lt;!-- His other contributions include tables of [[trigonometric function]]s, refinements in the geometric representation of [[conic sections]], and aspects of the [[calculus of two errors]]. More al-Biruni? al-Khwārizmī's made a table of sien values. --&gt;

He assisted a project to determine the circumference of the Earth and in making a world map for [[al-Ma'mun]], the caliph, overseeing 70 geographers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-30|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366|title=al-Khwarizmi|publisher=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When, in the 12th century, his works spread to Europe through Latin translations, it had a profound impact on the advance of mathematics in Europe. He introduced Arabic numerals into the Latin West, based on a place-value decimal system developed from Indian sources.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.oxfordislamicstudies.com/article/opr/t125/e1305 &quot;Khwarizmi, Abu Jafar Muhammad ibn Musa al-&quot; in Oxford Islamic Studies Online]&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Algebra ===
{{Main|The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing}}
{{Further|Latin translations of the 12th century|Islamic science}}
{{double image|right|The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (Arabic).png|130|The Algebra of Mohammed ben Musa (English).png|120|Left: The original Arabic print manuscript of the Book of Algebra by [[Al-Khwarizmi]]. Right: A page from The Algebra of [[Al-Khwarizmi]] by Fredrick Rosen, in [[English language|English]].}}

''{{transl|ar|ALA|Al-Kitāb al-mukhtaṣar fī ḥisāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala}}''
({{lang-ar|الكتاب المختصر في حساب الجبر والمقابلة}}, 'The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion &lt;!-- &lt;small&gt;(variants: Restoring, Reuniting)&lt;/small&gt; --&gt;and Balancing') is a mathematical book written approximately 830 CE. The book was written with the encouragement of the [[Al-Ma'mun|Caliph al-Ma'mun]] as a popular work on calculation and is replete with examples and applications to a wide range of problems in trade, surveying and legal inheritance.&lt;ref name=Algebra_1831_translation_rosen&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.wilbourhall.org/index.html#algebra The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing
 |work=1831 English Translation
 |title=The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing, al-Khwārizmī
 |first=Frederic
 |last=Rosen
 |accessdate=2009-09-14
}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term ''[[algebra]]'' is derived from the name of one of the basic operations with equations ({{transl|ar|ALA|al-jabr}}, meaning completion, or, subtracting a number from both sides of the equation) described in this book. The book was translated in Latin as ''Liber algebrae et almucabala'' by [[Robert of Chester]] ([[Segovia]], 1145) hence &quot;algebra&quot;, and also by [[Gerard of Cremona]]. A unique Arabic copy is kept at Oxford and was translated in 1831 by F. Rosen. A Latin translation is kept in Cambridge.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|author=Karpinski, L. C.|year=1912|title=History of Mathematics in the Recent Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica|journal=[[American Association for the Advancement of Science]]|ref=harv|authorlink=L. C. Karpinski}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It provided an exhaustive account of solving polynomial equations up to the second degree,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Carl B.|last=Boyer|authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer|title=A History of Mathematics|edition=Second|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|year=1991|chapter=The Arabic Hegemony|pages=228|isbn=0-471-54397-7}}
{{quote|&quot;The Arabs in general loved a good clear argument from premise to conclusion, as well as systematic organization&amp;nbsp;— respects in which neither Diophantus nor the Hindus excelled.&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt; and discussed the fundamental methods of &quot;reduction&quot; and &quot;balancing&quot;, referring to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation, that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.&lt;ref name=Boyer-229&gt;{{Harv|Boyer|1991|loc=&quot;The Arabic Hegemony&quot; p. 229}} &quot;It is not certain just what the terms ''al-jabr'' and ''muqabalah'' mean, but the usual interpretation is similar to that implied in the translation above. The word ''al-jabr'' presumably meant something like &quot;restoration&quot; or &quot;completion&quot; and seems to refer to the transposition of subtracted terms to the other side of an equation; the word ''muqabalah'' is said to refer to &quot;reduction&quot; or &quot;balancing&quot;&amp;nbsp;— that is, the cancellation of like terms on opposite sides of the equation.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Khwārizmī's method of solving linear and quadratic equations worked by first reducing the equation to one of six standard forms (where ''b'' and ''c'' are positive integers)

* squares equal roots (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''bx'')
* squares equal number (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = ''c'')
* roots equal number (''bx'' = ''c'')
* squares and roots equal number (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ''bx'' = ''c'')
* squares and number equal roots (''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; + ''c'' = ''bx'')
* roots and number equal squares (''bx'' + ''c'' = ''ax''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;)

by dividing out the coefficient of the square and using the two operations ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-jabr}}'' ({{lang-ar|الجبر}} &quot;restoring&quot; or &quot;completion&quot;) and ''{{transl|ar|ALA|al-muqābala}}'' (&quot;balancing&quot;). {{transl|ar|ALA|Al-jabr}} is the process of removing negative units, roots and squares from the equation by adding the same quantity to each side. For example, ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 40''x''&amp;nbsp;−&amp;nbsp;4''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; is reduced to 5''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; = 40''x''. {{transl|ar|ALA|Al-muqābala}} is the process of bringing quantities of the same type to the same side of the equation. For example, ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;14 = ''x''&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;5 is reduced to ''x''&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;&amp;nbsp;+&amp;nbsp;9 = ''x''.

The above discussion uses modern mathematical notation for the types of problems which the book discusses. However, in al-Khwārizmī's day, most of this notation [[History of mathematical notation|had not yet been invented]], so he had to use ordinary text to present problems and their solutions. For
example, for one problem he writes, (from an 1831 translation)
{{quote|&quot;If some one say: &quot;You divide ten into two parts: multiply the one by itself; it will be equal to the other taken eighty-one times.&quot; Computation: You say, ten less thing, multiplied by itself, is a hundred plus a square less twenty things, and this is equal to eighty-one things. Separate the twenty things from a hundred and a square, and add them to eighty-one. It will then be a hundred plus a square, which is equal to a hundred and one roots. Halve the roots; the moiety is fifty and a half. Multiply this by itself, it is two thousand five hundred and fifty and a quarter. Subtract from this one hundred; the remainder is two thousand four hundred and fifty and a quarter. Extract the root from this; it is forty-nine and a half. Subtract this from the moiety of the roots, which is fifty and a half. There remains one, and this is one of the two parts.&quot;&lt;ref name=Algebra_1831_translation_rosen /&gt;}}
In modern notation this process, with 'x' the &quot;thing&quot; (shay') or &quot;root&quot;, is given by the steps,
:&lt;math&gt;(10-x)^2=81 x&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;x^2 - 20 x + 100 = 81 x&lt;/math&gt;
:&lt;math&gt;x^2+100=101 x&lt;/math&gt;
Let the roots of the equation be 'p' and 'q'. Then &lt;math&gt;\tfrac{p+q}{2}=50\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt;, &lt;math&gt;pq =100&lt;/math&gt; and
:&lt;math&gt;\frac{p-q}{2} = \sqrt{\left(\frac{p+q}{2}\right)^2 - pq}=\sqrt{2550\tfrac{1}{4} - 100}=49\tfrac{1}{2}&lt;/math&gt;
So a root is given by
:&lt;math&gt;x=50\tfrac{1}{2}-49\tfrac{1}{2}=1&lt;/math&gt;

Several authors have also published texts under the name of ''{{transl|ar|ALA|Kitāb al-jabr wa-l-muqābala}}'', including |[[al-Dinawari|Abū Ḥanīfa al-Dīnawarī]], [[Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam]], Abū Muḥammad al-ʿAdlī, Abū Yūsuf al-Miṣṣīṣī, [['Abd al-Hamīd ibn Turk]], Sind ibn ʿAlī, Sahl ibn Bišr, and [[Sharaf al-Dīn al-Tūsī|Šarafaddīn al-Ṭūsī]].

J. J. O'Conner and E. F. Robertson wrote in the ''[[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]]'':

{{quote|&quot;Perhaps one of the most significant advances made by [[Mathematics in medieval Islam|Arabic mathematics]] began at this time with the work of al-Khwarizmi, namely the beginnings of algebra. It is important to understand just how significant this new idea was. It was a revolutionary move away from the Greek concept of mathematics which was essentially geometry. Algebra was a unifying theory which allowed [[rational numbers]], [[irrational number]]s, geometrical magnitudes, etc., to all be treated as &quot;algebraic objects&quot;. It gave mathematics a whole new development path so much broader in concept to that which had existed before, and provided a vehicle for future development of the subject. Another important aspect of the introduction of algebraic ideas was that it allowed mathematics to be applied to itself in a way which had not happened before.&quot;&lt;ref name=MacTutor&gt;{{MacTutor|id=Al-Khwarizmi|name=Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

R. Rashed and Angela Armstrong write:

{{quote|&quot;Al-Khwarizmi's text can be seen to be distinct not only from the [[Babylonian mathematics|Babylonian tablets]], but also from [[Diophantus]]' ''[[Arithmetica]]''. It no longer concerns a series of [[problem]]s to be resolved, but an [[Expository writing|exposition]] which starts with primitive terms in which the combinations must give all possible prototypes for equations, which henceforward explicitly constitute the true object of study. On the other hand, the idea of an equation for its own sake appears from the beginning and, one could say, in a generic manner, insofar as it does not simply emerge in the course of solving a problem, but is specifically called on to define an infinite class of problems.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | last1=Rashed | first1=R. | last2=Armstrong | first2=Angela | year=1994 | title=The Development of Arabic Mathematics | publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media|Springer]] | isbn=0-7923-2565-6 | oclc=29181926 | pages=11–2 | ref=harv | postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
=== Arithmetic ===
Al-Khwārizmī's second major work was on the subject of arithmetic, which survived in a Latin translation but was lost in the original [[Arabic language|Arabic]]. The translation was most likely done in the twelfth century by [[Adelard of Bath]], who had also translated the astronomical tables in 1126.

The Latin manuscripts are untitled, but are commonly referred to by the first two words with which they start: ''Dixit algorizmi'' (&quot;So said al-Khwārizmī&quot;), or ''Algoritmi de numero Indorum'' (&quot;al-Khwārizmī on the Hindu Art of Reckoning&quot;), a name given to the work by [[Baldassarre Boncompagni]] in 1857. The original Arabic title was possibly ''{{unicode|Kitāb al-Jamʿ wa-l-tafrīq bi-ḥisāb al-Hind}}''&lt;ref&gt;Ruska&lt;/ref&gt; (&quot;The Book of Addition and Subtraction According to the Hindu Calculation&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Berggren|1986|p=7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Khwarizmi's work on arithmetic was responsible for introducing the [[Arabic numerals]], based on the [[Hindu-Arabic numeral system]] developed in [[Indian mathematics]], to the [[Western world]]. The term &quot;[[algorithm]]&quot; is derived from the [[algorism]], the technique of performing arithmetic with Hindu-Arabic numerals developed by al-Khwarizmi. Both &quot;algorithm&quot; and &quot;algorism&quot; are derived from the [[List of Latinised names|Latinized forms]] of al-Khwarizmi's name, ''Algoritmi'' and ''Algorismi'', respectively.

=== Astronomy ===
[[File:Corpus Christ College MS 283 (1).png|thumb|Page from ''Corpus Christi College MS 283''. A Latin translation of al-Khwārizmī's ''Zīj''.]]

{{unicode|Al-Khwārizmī's ''Zīj al-Sindhind''}}&lt;ref name=&quot;toomer&quot; /&gt; (Arabic: زيج &quot;astronomical tables of [[Sindh|Sind]] and [[Indian subcontinent|Hind]]&quot;) is a work consisting of approximately 37 chapters on calendrical and astronomical calculations and 116 tables with calendrical, astronomical and astrological data, as well as a table of [[sine]] values. This is the first of many Arabic ''[[Zij]]es'' based on the [[Indian astronomy|Indian astronomical]] methods known as the ''sindhind''.&lt;ref name=Kennedy-1956&gt;{{harvnb|Kennedy|1956|pp= 26–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The work contains tables for the movements of the [[sun]], the [[moon]] and the five [[planet]]s known at the time. This work marked the turning point in [[Islamic astronomy]]. Hitherto, Muslim astronomers had adopted a primarily research approach to the field, translating works of others and learning already discovered knowledge. &lt;!-- Al-Khwarizmi's work marked the beginning of non-traditional methods of study and calculations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harv|Dallal|1999|p=163}}&lt;/ref&gt; ?????? --&gt;

The original Arabic version (written c. 820) is lost, but a version by the Spanish astronomer [[Maslamah Ibn Ahmad al-Majriti]] (c. 1000) has survived in a Latin translation, presumably by [[Adelard of Bath]] (January 26, 1126).&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Kennedy|1956|p=128}}&lt;/ref&gt; The four surviving manuscripts of the Latin translation are kept at the Bibliothèque publique (Chartres), the Bibliothèque Mazarine (Paris), the Biblioteca Nacional (Madrid) and the [[Bodleian Library]] (Oxford).
&lt;!-- FAILED VERIFICATION!!!
Al-Khwarizmi made several important improvements to the theory and construction of [[sundial]]s, which he inherited from his [[Indian astronomy|Indian]] and [[Hellenistic civilization|Hellenistic]] predecessors. He made tables for these instruments which considerably shortened the time needed to make specific calculations. His sundial was universal and could be observed from anywhere on the Earth. From then on, sundials were frequently placed on mosques to determine the [[Salah|time of prayer]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Harv|King|1999a|pp=168–9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shadow square, an instrument used to determine the linear height of an object, in conjunction with the [[alidade]] for angular observations, was also invented by al-Khwārizmī in ninth-century [[Baghdad]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = King | first1 = David A. | year = 2002 | title = A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus | url = | journal = Journal for the History of Astronomy | volume = 33 | issue = | pages = 237–255 [238–9] |bibcode = 2002JHA....33..237K }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}

The first [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrants]] and [[mural instrument]]s were invented by al-Khwarizmi in ninth century Baghdad.&lt;ref name=King&gt;[[David A. King]], &quot;Islamic Astronomy&quot;, in Christopher Walker (1999), ed., ''Astronomy before the telescope'', p. 167-168. [[British Museum]] Press. ISBN 0-7141-2733-7.&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}} The sine quadrant, invented by al-Khwārizmī, was used for astronomical calculations.&lt;ref name=King-2002/&gt;{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}} The first horary [[Quadrant (instrument)|quadrant]] for specific [[latitude]]s, was also invented by al-Khwārizmī in Baghdad, then center of the development of quadrants.&lt;ref name=King-2002/&gt;{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}} It was used to determine time (especially the times of prayer) by observations of the Sun or stars.&lt;ref&gt;{{Harv|King|1999a|pp=167–8}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Quadrans Vetus'' was a universal horary quadrant, an ingenious mathematical device invented by al-Khwarizmi in the ninth century and later known as the ''Quadrans Vetus'' (''Old Quadrant'') in medieval Europe from the thirteenth century. It could be used for any [[latitude]] on Earth and at any time of the year to determine the time in hours from the [[altitude]] of the Sun. This was the second most widely used astronomical instrument during the [[Middle Ages]] after the [[astrolabe]]. One of its main purposes in the Islamic world was to determine the times of [[Salah]].&lt;ref name=King-2002&gt;{{Harv|King|2002|pp=237–238}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=April 2010}}
--&gt;

== Trigonometry ==
Al-Khwārizmī's ''Zīj al-Sindhind'' also contained tables for the [[trigonometric functions]] of sines and cosine.&lt;ref name=Kennedy-1956/&gt; &lt;!-- CITATION NEEDED alongside the first tables for tangents. --&gt;A related treatise on [[spherical trigonometry]] is also attributed to him.&lt;ref name=MacTutor/&gt;

=== Geography ===
[[File:al-Khwarizmi's map.png|thumb|Hubert Daunicht's reconstruction of al-Khwārizmī's [[planisphere]].]] &lt;!--[[File:PtolemyWorldMap.jpg|thumb|A fifteenth century map based on Ptolomy's ''Geography'' for comparison.]]--&gt;

Al-Khwārizmī's third major work is his ''{{unicode|Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ}}'' (Arabic: كتاب صورة الأرض &quot;Book on the appearance of the Earth&quot; or &quot;The image of the Earth&quot; translated as ''Geography''), which was finished in 833. It is a revised and completed version of [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geography]]'', consisting of a list of 2402 coordinates of cities and other geographical features following a general introduction.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|accessdate=2008-05-30|url=http://www-gap.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/HistTopics/Cartography.html|title=The history of cartography|publisher=[[GAP computer algebra system]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There is only one surviving copy of ''{{unicode|Kitāb ṣūrat al-Arḍ}}'', which is kept at the [[Strasbourg University Library]]. A Latin translation is kept at the [[Biblioteca Nacional de España]] in [[Madrid]]. The complete title translates as ''Book of the appearance of the Earth, with its cities, mountains, seas, all the islands and rivers, written by Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa al-Khwārizmī, according to the geographical treatise written by Ptolemy the Claudian''.

The book opens with the list of [[latitudes]] and [[longitudes]], in order of &quot;weather zones&quot;, that is to say in blocks of latitudes and, in each [[weather]] zone, by order of longitude. As [[Paul Gallez]]{{Dubious|date=January 2011}} points out, this excellent system allows the deduction of many latitudes and longitudes where the only extant document is in such a bad condition as to make it practically illegible.

Neither the Arabic copy nor the Latin translation include the map of the world itself; however, Hubert Daunicht was able to reconstruct the missing map from the list of coordinates. Daunicht read the latitudes and longitudes of the coastal points in the manuscript, or deduces them from the context where they were not legible. He transferred the points onto [[graph paper]] and connected them with straight lines, obtaining an approximation of the coastline as it was on the original map. He then does the same for the rivers and towns.&lt;ref&gt;Daunicht.&lt;/ref&gt;

Al-Khwārizmī corrected Ptolemy's gross overestimate for the length of the [[Mediterranean Sea]]&lt;ref name=Kennedy-188&gt;Edward S. Kennedy, ''Mathematical Geography'', p. 188, in {{Harv|Rashed|Morelon|1996|pp=185–201}}&lt;/ref&gt; from the [[Canary Islands]] to the eastern shores of the Mediterranean; Ptolemy overestimated it at 63 degrees of [[longitude]], while al-Khwarizmi almost correctly estimated it at nearly 50 degrees of longitude. He &quot;also depicted the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]] and [[Indian Ocean]]s as [[Ocean|open bodies of water]], not land-locked [[sea]]s as Ptolemy had done.&quot;&lt;ref name=Covington&gt;{{Cite journal|first=Richard|last=Covington|journal=[[Saudi Aramco World]], May–June 2007|year=2007|pages=17–21|url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.third.dimension.htm|accessdate=2008-07-06|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; Al-Khwarizmi thus set the [[Prime Meridian]] of the [[Old World]] at the eastern shore of the Mediterranean, 10–13 degrees to the east of [[Alexandria]] (the prime meridian previously set by Ptolemy) and 70 degrees to the west of [[Baghdad]]. Most medieval Muslim geographers continued to use al-Khwarizmi's prime meridian.&lt;ref name=Kennedy-188/&gt;
&lt;!--One of the corrections which al-Khwārizmī made in Ptolemy's work is the reduction of the latitude of the [[Mediterranean]] from 62° to 52° when, in actual fact, it should be only 42°. The Arab opts for the same zero meridian as Ptolemy, that of the [[Canaries]]. The amount of inhabited land extends over 180°.

The majority of the placenames used by al-Khwārizmī match those of Ptolemy, [[Martellus]] and [[Behaim]]. The general shape of the coastline is the same between [[Taprobane]] and [[Cattigara]]. The Atlantic coast of the [[Dragon's Tail]], which does not exist in Ptolemy's map, is traced in very little detail on al-Khwārizmī's map, but is clear and precise on the [[Martellus map]] and on the later [[Behaim]] version.--&gt;

=== Jewish calendar ===
Al-Khwārizmī wrote several other works including a treatise on the [[Hebrew calendar]] (''{{unicode|Risāla fi istikhrāj taʾrīkh al-yahūd}}'' &quot;Extraction of the Jewish Era&quot;). It describes the [[Metonic cycle|19-year intercalation cycle]], the rules for determining on what day of the week the first day of the month [[Tishrei|Tishrī]] shall fall; calculates the interval between the [[Anno Mundi|Jewish era]] (creation of Adam) and the [[Seleucid era]]; and gives rules for determining the mean longitude of the sun and the moon using the Jewish calendar. Similar material is found in the works of [[al-Bīrūnī]] and [[Maimonides]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toomer&quot; /&gt; &lt;!-- Folkerts / More in Kenedy / Only Sezgin mentions &quot;risala fi&quot; --&gt;

=== Other works ===
[[Ibn al-Nadim]] in his ''{{unicode|[[Kitab al-Fihrist]]}}'' (an index of Arabic books) mentions al-Khwārizmī's ''{{unicode|Kitab al-Tarikh}}'', a book of annals. No direct manuscript survives; however, a copy had reached [[Nisibis]] by the 1000s, where its metropolitan, Elias bar Shinaya, found it. Elias's chronicle quotes it from &quot;the death of the Prophet&quot; through to 169 AH, at which point Elias's text itself hits a lacuna.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book
|author= LJ Delaporte
|title=Chronographie de Mar Elie bar Sinaya
|year=1910
|location=Paris
|page=xiii}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Several Arabic manuscripts in Berlin, Istanbul, Tashkent, Cairo and Paris contain further material that surely or with some probability comes from al-Khwārizmī. The Istanbul manuscript contains a paper on sundials; the ''[[Ibn al-Nadim#Fihrist|Fihrist]]'' credits al-Khwārizmī with ''{{unicode|Kitāb ar-Rukhāma(t)}}''.&lt;!-- This is likely an error in the Fihirst (Dunlop) --&gt; Other papers, such as one on the determination of the direction of [[Mecca]], are on the [[spherical astronomy]].

Two texts deserve special interest on the [[morning width]] (''Maʿrifat saʿat al-mashriq fī kull balad'') and the determination of the [[azimuth]] from a height &lt;!-- Bestimmung des Azimuts aus der Höhe --&gt; (''Maʿrifat al-samt min qibal al-irtifāʿ''). &lt;!-- see Rosenfeld 1993 --&gt;

He also wrote two books on using and constructing [[astrolabe]]s.

== Notes ==
{{reflist|2|group=note}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}

== Further reading ==
{{Refbegin|2}}
;Biographical
* {{cite encyclopedia
  | last = Toomer
  | first = Gerald
  | authorlink = Gerald Toomer
  | title = Al-Khwārizmī, Abu Jaʿfar Muḥammad ibn Mūsā
  | encyclopedia = [[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]
  | volume = 7
  | editor = Gillispie, Charles Coulston
  | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons
  | location = New York
  | year = 1990
  | isbn = 0-684-16962-2
  | ref=harv
  | url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G2-2830902300.html
 }}
* [[Sonja Brentjes|Brentjes, Sonja]] (2007). &quot;[http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.htm Khwārizmī: Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al‐Khwārizmī]&quot; in Thomas Hockey et al. (eds.). ''[[The Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers]]'', Springer Reference. New York: Springer, 2007, pp.&amp;nbsp;631–633. ([http://islamsci.mcgill.ca/RASI/BEA/Khwarizmi_BEA.pdf PDF version])
* {{cite journal|last=Dunlop|first=Douglas Morton|authorlink=Douglas Morton Dunlop|year=1943|title=Muḥammad b. Mūsā al-&lt;u&gt;Kh&lt;/u&gt;wārizmī|journal=[[The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland]]|pages=248–250|publisher=Cambridge University|ref=harv|jstor=25221920|issue=2}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Al-Khwarizmi|title=Abu Ja'far Muhammad ibn Musa Al-Khwarizmi}}
* [[Fuat Sezgin]]. ''Geschichte des arabischen Schrifttums''. 1974, E. J. Brill, Leiden, the Netherlands.
* Sezgin, F., ed., ''Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy'', Frankfurt: Institut für Geschichte der arabisch-islamischen Wissenschaften, 1997–9. &lt;!-- This is a collection of (mostly) reprints, consisting of 112 volumes to date. Practically all the literature on Islamic mathematics published before 1960 will be reprinted in these volumes. The volumes are compiled thematically, for example vols. 1–4 are about Al-Khwarizmi, vols. 14–20 on Euclid in the Arabic tradition, vols. 21–22 on Tabit ibn Qurra, vol. 23 on Abu Kamil, vols. 24–25 on Ibn Yunis, vols. 32–36 on al-Biruni, etc. --&gt;
;Algebra
* {{cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|authorlink=Solomon Gandz|title=The Origin of the Term &quot;Algebra&quot;|journal=The American Mathematical Monthly|volume=33|issue=9|year=1926|month=November|pages=437–440|doi=10.2307/2299605|publisher=The American Mathematical Monthly, Vol. 33, No. 9|ref=harv|issn=0002–9890|jstor=2299605}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|year=1936|title=The Sources of al-Khowārizmī's Algebra|journal=Osiris|volume=1|pages=263–277|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0369-7827%28193601%291%3A1%3C263%3ATSOAA%3E2.0.CO%3B2–3|doi=10.1086/368426|issue=1|ref=harv|issn=0369–7827}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gandz|first=Solomon|year=1938|title=The Algebra of Inheritance: A Rehabilitation of Al-Khuwārizmī|journal=Osiris|volume=5|pages=319–391|url=http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0369-7827%281938%291%3A5%3C319%3ATAOIAR%3E2.0.CO%3B2–2|issue=5|doi=10.1086/368492|ref=harv|issn=0369–7827}}
* {{cite journal|last=Hughes|first=Barnabas|authorlink=Barnabas Hughes|title=Gerard of Cremona's Translation of al-Khwārizmī's al-Jabr: A Critical Edition|year=1986|journal=Mediaeval Studies|volume=48|pages=211–263|ref=harv}}
* Barnabas Hughes. ''Robert of Chester's Latin translation of al-Khwarizmi's al-Jabr: A new critical edition''. In Latin. F. Steiner Verlag Wiesbaden (1989). ISBN 3-515-04589-9.
* {{cite book|first=L. C.|last=Karpinski|authorlink=L. C. Karpinski|title=Robert of Chester's Latin Translation of the Algebra of Al-Khowarizmi: With an Introduction, Critical Notes and an English Version|year=1915|publisher=The Macmillan Company|url=http://library.albany.edu/preservation/brittle_bks/khuwarizmi_robertofchester/}}
* {{cite book|last=Rosen|first=Fredrick|authorlink=Frederick Rosen|title=The Algebra of Mohammed Ben Musa|year=1831|publisher=Kessinger Publishing|isbn=1-4179-4914-7|url=http://www.archive.org/details/algebraofmohamme00khuwrich|ref=harv}} &lt;!-- Arabic text of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi, with English translation. Various medieval Latin translations of the Algebra of al-Khwarizmi have also been published. --&gt;
* {{cite journal|author=Ruska, Julius|title=Zur ältesten arabischen Algebra und Rechenkunst|journal=[[Sitzungsberichte der Heidelberger Akademie der Wissenschaften, Philosophisch-historische Klasse]]|pages=1&amp;ndash;125|year=1917|ref=harv|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001653568|authorlink=Julius Ruska}}
;Arithmetic
* {{cite book|last=Folkerts|first=Menso|authorlink=Menso Folkerts|title=Die älteste lateinische Schrift über das indische Rechnen nach al-Ḫwārizmī|year=1997|publisher=Bayerische Akademie der Wissenschaften|location=München|language=German and Latin|isbn=3-7696-0108-4}} &lt;!-- / Ed., Übers. und Kommentar von Menso Folkerts unter Mitarb. von Paul Kunitzsch --&gt;&lt;!-- This is a new edition of the complete medieval Latin translation of the Arithmetic of al-Khwarizmi (previous editions are all incomplete). This work is lost in Arabic. --&gt;
* [[Kurt Vogel|Vogel, Kurt]] (1968). ''[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000404668 Mohammed ibn Musa Alchwarizmi's Algorismus; das früheste Lehrbuch zum Rechnen mit indischen Ziffern. Nach der einzigen (lateinischen) Handschrift (Cambridge Un. Lib. Ms. Ii. 6.5) in Faksimile mit Transkription und Kommentar herausgegeben von Kurt Vogel.]'' Aalen, O. Zeller.
;Astronomy
* {{cite book|title=Commentary on the Astronomical Tables of Al-Khwarizmi: By Ibn Al-Muthanna|first=B. R.|last=Goldstein|authorlink=B. R. Goldstein|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1968|isbn=0-300-00498-2}}
* {{cite journal|first=Jan P.|last=Hogendijk|authorlink=Jan Hogendijk|title=Al-Khwārizmī's Table of the &quot;Sine of the Hours&quot; and the Underlying Sine Table|year=1991|journal=Historia Scientiarum|volume=42|pages=1–12|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=King|first=David A.|authorlink=David A. King|title=Al-Khwārizmī and New Trends in Mathematical Astronomy in the Ninth Century|year=1983|publisher=Hagop Kevorkian Center for Near Eastern Studies: Occasional Papers on the Near East '''2'''|location=New York University|lccn=85150177}} &lt;!-- Description and analysis of seven recently discovered minor works related to al-Khwarizmi. --&gt;
* {{cite book|last=Neugebauer|first=Otto|authorlink=Otto Neugebauer|title=The Astronomical Tables of al-Khwarizmi|year=1962}}
* {{cite journal|first=Boris A.|last=Rosenfeld|authorlink=Boris A. Rosenfeld|title=&quot;Geometric trigonometry&quot; in treatises of al-Khwārizmī, al-Māhānī and Ibn al-Haytham|journal=Vestiga mathematica: Studies in Medieval and Early Modern Mathematics in Honour of H. L. L. Busard|editor=Menso Folkerts and J. P. Hogendijk|publisher=Rodopi|location=Amsterdam|year=1993|isbn=90-5183-536-1|ref=harv}}
* [[Heinrich Suter|Suter, Heinrich]]. [Ed.]: Die astronomischen Tafeln des Muhammed ibn Mûsâ al-Khwârizmî in der Bearbeitung des Maslama ibn Ahmed al-Madjrîtî und der latein. Übersetzung des Athelhard von Bath auf Grund der Vorarbeiten von A. Bjørnbo und R. Besthorn in Kopenhagen. Hrsg. und komm. Kopenhagen 1914. 288 pp. Repr. 1997 (Islamic Mathematics and Astronomy. 7). ISBN 3-8298-4008-X.
* [[Benno van Dalen|Van Dalen, B]]. Al-Khwarizmi's Astronomical Tables Revisited: Analysis of the Equation of Time. &lt;!-- Published in &quot;Casulleras, J, Samsó, J., eds.,  ''From Baghdad to Barcelona: Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences in Honour of Prof. Juan Vernet''. 2 vols. Barcelona: Universitat de Barcelona 1996.&quot;, pp. 195–252. With survey of all work done on the tables of al-Khwarizmi. --&gt;
;Jewish calendar
* {{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=E. S.|authorlink=Edward Stewart Kennedy|title=Al-Khwārizmī on the Jewish Calendar|year=1964|journal=[[Scripta Mathematica]]|volume=27|pages=55–59|ref=harv}} &lt;!-- reprinted in Studies in the Islamic Exact Sciences. Beirut 1983, 661–665 --&gt;
;Geography
* {{cite book|last=Daunicht|first=Hubert|authorlink=Hubert Daunicht|title=Der Osten nach der Erdkarte al-Ḫuwārizmīs : Beiträge zur historischen Geographie und Geschichte Asiens|year=1968–1970|publisher=Bonner orientalistische Studien. N.S.; Bd. 19|language=[[German language|German]]|lccn=71468286}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|authorlink=Hans von Mžik|title=Ptolemaeus und die Karten der arabischen Geographen|journal=Mitteil. D. K. K. Geogr. Ges. In Wien|volume=58|year=1915|page=152|ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|title=Afrika nach der arabischen Bearbeitung der γεωγραφικὴ ὑφήγησις des Cl. Ptolomeaus von Muh. ibn Mūsa al-Hwarizmi|journal=Denkschriften d. Akad. D. Wissen. In Wien, Phil.-hist. Kl.|volume=59|year=1916|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book|last=Mžik|first=Hans von|title=Das Kitāb Ṣūrat al-Arḍ des Abū Ǧa‘far Muḥammad ibn Mūsā al-Ḫuwārizmī|year=1926|location=Leipzig}}
* {{citation|last=Nallino|first=C. A.|authorlink=Carlo Alfonso Nallino|title=Al-Ḫuwārizmī e il suo rifacimento della Geografia di Tolemo|journal=Atti della R. Accad. dei Lincei, Arno 291, Serie V, Memorie, Classe di Sc. Mor., Vol. II, Rome|year=1896}}
* {{cite journal|author=Ruska, Julius|title=Neue Bausteine zur Geschichte der arabischen Geographie|journal=Geographische Zeitschrift|volume=24|year=1918|pages=77–81|ref=harv|authorlink=Julius Ruska}}
* {{cite journal|last=Spitta|first=W.|authorlink=W. Spitta|title=Ḫuwārizmī's Auszug aus der Geographie des Ptolomaeus|journal=Zeitschrift Deutschen Morgenl. Gesell.|volume=33|year=1879|ref=harv}}
;Spherical trigonometry
* B. A. Rozenfeld. &quot;Al-Khwarizmi's spherical trigonometry&quot; (Russian), ''Istor.-Mat. Issled.'' '''32-33''' (1990), 325-339.
{{Refend}}

=== General references ===
:''For a more extensive bibliography see: [[History of mathematics]], [[Mathematics in medieval Islam]], and [[Astronomy in medieval Islam]].''
{{Refbegin|2}}
* {{Cite book|last=Berggren|first=J. Lennart|authorlink=Len Berggren|title=Episodes in the Mathematics of Medieval Islam|year=1986|publisher=[[Springer Science+Business Media]]|location=[[New York]]|isbn= 0-387-96318-9|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}
* {{cite book|first=Carl B.|last=Boyer|authorlink=Carl Benjamin Boyer|title=A History of Mathematics|edition=Second|publisher=John Wiley &amp; Sons, Inc.|year=1991|chapter=The Arabic Hegemony|isbn=0-471-54397-7}}
* {{Cite book|last=Daffa|first=Ali Abdullah al-|authorlink=Ali Abdullah Al-Daffa|title=The Muslim contribution to mathematics|year=1977|publisher=[[Croom Helm]]|location=[[London]]|isbn= 0-85664-464-1|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}
* {{Cite book|last=Dallal |first=Ahmad  |authorlink=Ahmad Dallal|contribution=Science, Medicine and Technology |editor-last=Esposito |editor-first=John |title=The Oxford History of Islam |year=1999 |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]], [[New York]]|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt; }}
* {{Cite document|last=Kennedy|first=E. S.|authorlink=Edward Stewart Kennedy|title=A Survey of Islamic Astronomical Tables; Transactions of the American Philosophical Society| year=1956|location=[[Philadelphia]]| publisher=[[American Philosophical Society]]|volume=46|issue=2|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}
* {{Cite book|last=King |first=David A. |authorlink=David A. King (historian)|year=1999a |contribution=Islamic Astronomy |title=Astronomy before the telescope |editor-first=Christopher |editor-last=Walker |publisher=[[British Museum]] Press |pages=143–174 |isbn=0-7141-2733-7 |editor-link=Christopher Walker|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt; }}
* {{Cite journal|last=King |first=David A. |year=2002 |title=A Vetustissimus Arabic Text on the Quadrans Vetus |journal=Journal for the History of Astronomy |volume=33 |pages=237–255|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt; |bibcode = 2002JHA....33..237K }}
* {{Cite book|last=Struik|first= Dirk Jan|authorlink=Dirk Jan Struik|title=A Concise History of Mathematics|year=1987|isbn= 0-486-60255-9|edition=4th|publisher=[[Dover Publications]]|ref=harv|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}
&lt;!-- *Nito Verdera. [http://www.cristobalcolondeibiza.com/2eng/2eng00.htm ''South America on ancient, medieval and Renaissance maps'']. Comment: Contains a bit of useful info on the Geography, but also presents a crank theory (see talk page).--&gt;
&lt;!-- muslim&lt;ref name=&quot;Britannica&quot;&gt;Britannica, [http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9045366 ''al-Khw&lt;u&gt;a&lt;/u&gt;rizm&lt;u&gt;i&lt;/u&gt;'']&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt;
&lt;!-- * [http://www.iranica.com Encyclopaedia Iranica] what page/chapter/article??? --&gt;
&lt;!-- * William Muir (revised edition by T. H. WEIR, M.A., D.D.). [http://answering-islam.org.uk/Books/Muir/Caliphate/ The Caliphate Its Rise, Decline, and Fall]. relevance?? --&gt;
* {{MacTutor Biography|id=Abraham|title=Abraham bar Hiyya Ha-Nasi}}
* {{MacTutor Biography|class=HistTopics|id=Arabic_mathematics|title=Arabic mathematics: forgotten brilliance?}}
* [[Roshdi Rashed]], ''The development of Arabic mathematics: between arithmetic and algebra'', London, 1994.
{{Refend}}

{{Islamic mathematics}}
{{Islamic astronomy}}
{{Islamic geography}}
{{Scholars of Khorasan}}

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'''Singur Reservoir''' is a [[reservoir]] formed by back waters of [[Singur Dam]] located  on [[Manjira River]] in [[Medak District]], [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[India]]. It is a sustained drinking water source of [[Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh|Hyderabad]] city.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=TNN May 31, 2003, 02.16am IST |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-31/hyderabad/27283371_1_m-g-gopal-water-board-osman-sagar |title=Water twice a week from June 15 - Times Of India |publisher=Articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com |date=2003-05-31 |accessdate=2012-08-04 |archive-date=2012-09-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120916205421/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2003-05-31/hyderabad/27283371_1_m-g-gopal-water-board-osman-sagar |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hindu.com/2003/07/29/stories/2003072908390300.htm |title=End to water blues in sight |publisher=The Hindu |date=2003-07-29 |accessdate=2012-08-04 |archive-date=2012-11-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121110091325/http://www.hindu.com/2003/07/29/stories/2003072908390300.htm |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

==References==
{{Reflist}}</text>
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    <title>The Big Bang Theory (season 1)</title>
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{{Infobox television season
| season_name      = The Big Bang Theory&lt;br&gt; (season 1)
| bgcolour         = #B30E1C
| fgcolour         = #FFFFFF
| image            = [[File:Big Bang Theory 1.jpg|200px]]
| caption          = First season DVD cover art
| show_name        = [[The Big Bang Theory]]
| country          = United States
| network          = [[CBS]]
| first_aired      = {{Start date|2007|9|24}}
| last_aired       = {{End date|2008|5|19}}
| num_episodes     = 17
| region_1         = September 2, 2008
| region_2         = January 12, 2009
| region_4         = April 3, 2009
| next_season      = [[The Big Bang Theory (season 2)|Season 2]]
| episode_list     = [[List of The Big Bang Theory episodes|List of ''The Big Bang Theory'' episodes]]
}}
The first season of the American [[sitcom]] ''[[The Big Bang Theory]]'' was originally aired on [[CBS]] from September 24, 2007 to May 19, 2008, over 17 episodes. An unaired pilot also exists. The Season 1 DVD came without a gag reel and is, so far, the only ''Big Bang Theory'' DVD set not to have one. The reissued [[Blu-ray Disc|Blu-ray]], was released July 10, 2012, and includes a gag reel that is exclusive to the set. The episodes on Blu-ray are all in remastered surround sound, whereas the DVD version had stereo. Test123. 

==Cast==
{{Main|List of The Big Bang Theory characters}}
&quot;Season&quot; one introduced the main characters:
* [[Leonard Hofstadter|Dr. Leonard Hofstadter]], portrayed by [[Johnny Galecki]], is an [[experimental physicist]] with an [[IQ]] of 173 who received his doctorate when he was 24 years old. He shares an apartment with colleague and friend Sheldon Cooper. He was attracted to his new neighbor Penny at first sight. Test edits.
* [[Sheldon Cooper|Dr. Sheldon Cooper]], portrayed by [[Jim Parsons]], is a [[theoretical physicist]]. Originally from [[East Texas]], he was a [[child prodigy]], starting college at the age of 11, right after completing the [[fifth grade]]. He has an IQ of 187 and exhibits a strict adherence to routine; a lack of understanding of irony, sarcasm and humor; and a complete lack of humility.
* [[Penny (The Big Bang Theory)|Penny]], portrayed by [[Kaley Cuoco]], is a waitress who lives across the hall from Sheldon and Leonard. She has aspirations of a career in show business, and has been to casting calls and auditions but has not been successful thus far. Her last name has never been revealed.
* [[Howard Wolowitz]], portrayed by [[Simon Helberg]], works as an [[Aerospace engineering|aerospace engineer]]. He is Jewish, and lives with his mother. Unlike Sheldon, Leonard, and Raj, Howard lacks a Ph.D. He defends this by pointing out that he has a master's degree in Engineering from [[MIT]] and the apparatus he designs are actually built and launched into space, unlike the purely abstract work of his friends. He provides outrageous [[pick-up line]]s and fancies himself a ladies man with suitably unimpressed reactions from Penny and has limited success with other women.
* [[Raj Koothrappali|Dr. Rajesh &quot;Raj&quot; Koothrappali]], portrayed by [[Kunal Nayyar]], originally comes from [[New Delhi]], India. Known commonly as &quot;Raj&quot;, he works as a particle astrophysicist at Caltech. He is very shy around women, and is physically unable to talk to them unless he drinks alcohol. However, he has much better luck with women as opposed to his overly confident best friend Howard.

Sheldon and Leonard are named after actor, director, and producer [[Sheldon Leonard]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://weblogs.variety.com/season_pass/2009/05/big-bang-theory-we-didnt-anticipate-how-protective-the-audience-would-feel-toward-our-guys.html|title='Big Bang Theory': 'We didn't anticipate how protective the audience would feel about our guys'|work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|date=May 5, 2009|accessdate=May 16, 2010|quote=Q. Are Sheldon and Leonard named after the brilliant (producer) Sheldon Leonard of &quot;The Andy Griffith Show,&quot; &quot;The Danny Thomas Show,&quot; &quot;The Dick Van Dyke Show,&quot; &quot;My Favorite Martian&quot; and &quot;I Spy?&quot; (Binnie) A. Yep. Chuck and I are both fans. Chuck’s idea.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Production ==
{{Further|The Big Bang Theory#Production}}

The program's initial pilot, developed for the 2006/07 television season, was substantially different from its current form. Only Johnny Galecki and Jim Parsons were in the cast, and their across-the-hall neighbor Katie was envisioned as &quot;a street-hardened, tough-as-nails woman with a vulnerable interior&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spinoff.comicbookresources.com/2013/11/20/tv-legends-revealed-big-bang-theorys-sheldon-originally-had-a-sex-drive/|title=TV Legends Revealed {{!}} ‘Big Bang Theory’s’ Sheldon Originally Had a Sex Drive|work=[[Comic Book Resources]]|date=Nov 20, 2013|accessdate=Dec 3, 2013|archive-date=November 22, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131122043734/http://spinoff.comicbookresources.com/2013/11/20/tv-legends-revealed-big-bang-theorys-sheldon-originally-had-a-sex-drive/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Katie was played by actress [[Amanda Walsh]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?date=05/26/06&amp;id=7165|title=Breaking News&amp;nbsp;— Development Update: May 22–26 (Weekly Round-Up)|publisher=TheFutonCritic.com|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; They also had a female friend called Gilda (played by [[Iris Bahr]]). The program's original theme music was also different, using [[Thomas Dolby]]'s hit &quot;[[She Blinded Me with Science]]&quot;. The program was not picked up, but the creators were given an opportunity to revise it, bringing in the remaining leading cast and retooling the show to its current format. The original unaired pilot has never been released on any official format, but copies of it are on the internet with various collectors.

The second pilot of ''The Big Bang Theory'' was directed by [[James Burrows]], who did not continue with the show. This reworked pilot led to a 13-episode order by CBS on May 14, 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CBS Picks Up 'Bang,' 'Power' Plus Four Dramas|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=7387|publisher=The Futon Critic |date=May 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Prior to its airing on CBS, the pilot episode was distributed on [[iTunes]] free of charge. The show premiered September 24, 2007, and was picked up for a full 22-episode season on October 19, 2007.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|publisher=[[CBS]]|date=October 19, 2007|accessdate=May 16, 2010|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20071019cbs02 |title=Breaking News&amp;nbsp;— Cbs Gives Freshman Comedy &quot;The Big Bang Theory&quot; And Drama &quot;The Unit&quot; Full Season Orders}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Production on the show was halted on November 6, 2007, due to the [[2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike]], only to be replaced by a short-lived sitcom, ''[[Welcome to the Captain]]'' on February 4, 2008, but returning on March 17, 2008 in an earlier time slot with nine new episodes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/news.aspx?id=20080220cbs01|title=&quot;The Big Bang Theory&quot; And &quot;How I Met Your Mother&quot; to Swap Time Periods|publisher=The Futon Critic|date=February 20, 2008|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.zap2it.com/tv/news/zap-cbsreturndates,0,7656374.story|title=CBS Sets Series Return Dates|work=zap2it.com|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[David Saltzberg]], a professor of [[physics]] and [[astronomy]] at the [[University of California, Los Angeles]], checks scripts and provides dialogue, math equations and diagrams used as props.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usatoday.com/life/television/news/2007-11-04-big-bang_N.htm|title=There's a science to CBS' Big Bang Theory|author=Gary Strauss|publisher=[[USA Today]]|date=April 11, 2007|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Clips from the season finale, &quot;The Tangerine Factor&quot;, gained popularity on the Chinese video-sharing website [[Tudou]] because of Sheldon's inaccurate Mandarin.{{citation needed|date=November 2012}}&lt;!--potential source (added July 2013) http://www.sinosplice.com/life/archives/2010/04/14/the-big-bang-theory-sheldons-chinese  --&gt;

== Episodes ==
{{See also|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes}}
The lives of physicists Dr. Leonard Hofstadter and Dr. Sheldon Cooper are shaken up when an attractive young aspiring actress from [[Omaha]], [[Nebraska]] named Penny moves into the apartment across the hall from theirs. Leonard begins to become hopelessly enamored of Penny, while she feels only platonic affection for him; as a result, she finds herself putting up with his closest and ever-present friends: his roommate, Sheldon, who appears borderline [[obsessive-compulsive personality disorder|obsessive-compulsive]]; engineering whiz Howard Wolowitz, a desperately sex-crazed [[Mother's boy|mama's boy]] who thinks that his 1960s-style clothing and hairstyle give him an air of cool hipness; and Dr. Rajesh &quot;Raj&quot; Koothrappali, who will not speak to her as he is too shy to talk to women (a case of [[selective mutism]]), unless intoxicated in which case he becomes a smooth talking yet highly overly aggressive womanizing flirt.

During Season One, Sheldon loses his job for insulting his new boss, finds his ego bruised by a child prodigy, becomes unable to bear being part of a lie that Leonard has told, and is always attacking the world with a relentless need to assert his supremacy. Rajesh first learns that he can talk to women, but only when he is drunk, and Penny and Leonard finally go out in the season finale.
&lt;onlyinclude&gt;
&lt;!-- When adjusting the following column widths, all season articles should be adjusted to assure a consistent appearance at the main episode list article (List of The Big Bang Theory episodes). --&gt;
{{Episode table |color=white |background=#B30E1C |series=5 |season=5 |title=22 |director=11 |writer=31 |airdate=12 |prodcode=5 |viewers=9 |country=U.S. |episodes=
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 1
|EpisodeNumber2  = 1
|Title           = [[Pilot (The Big Bang Theory)|Pilot]]
|DirectedBy      = [[James Burrows]]
|WrittenBy       = [[Chuck Lorre]] &amp; [[Bill Prady]]
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|9|24}}
|ProdCode        = 276023
|Aux4            = 9.52&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/03/nielsen-top-new-shows-tv-ratings-sept-24-30/1032|title=Nielsen Top 20 New Shows TV Ratings, Sept 24–30|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Gorman|first=Bill|date=October 3, 2007|accessdate=June 14, 2010|archive-date=August 22, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090822072008/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/03/nielsen-top-new-shows-tv-ratings-sept-24-30/1032|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = After an unsuccessful visit to the high-IQ [[sperm bank]], Dr. Leonard Hofstader and Dr. Sheldon Cooper return home to find out Penny, a new neighbor, has moved in across the hall from their apartment. Leonard immediately becomes interested in her, while Sheldon feels his friend is chasing a dream he will never catch. Later, Leonard invites Penny to his and Sheldon's apartment for Indian food where Penny asks to use their shower, since hers is broken. While wrapped in a towel, she gets to meet their friends Howard Wolowitz, a wannabe ladies man who tries to hit on her, and Rajesh Koothrappali, who suffers from [[selective mutism]] in the presence of women, and is unable to speak to her.

Leonard is so infatuated with Penny that, after letting her use their shower, he agrees to retrieve her TV from her ex-boyfriend Kurt. However, Kurt's physical superiority overpowers Leonard and Sheldon's combined IQ of 360, and they return with a walk of shame, empty handed, and [[Debagging|without pants]]. Feeling bad for them, Penny offers to take the guys to dinner, in what is the start of a new friendship between them.

'''Recurring characters''': [[Brian Patrick Wade]] as [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Recurrent characters|Kurt]] and [[Vernee Watson-Johnson|Vernee Watson]] as Althea
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 2
|EpisodeNumber2  = 2
|Title           = The Big Bran Hypothesis
|DirectedBy      = [[Mark Cendrowski]]
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre &amp; Bill Prady|t=[[Robert Cohen (writer)|Robert Cohen]] &amp; Dave Goetsch}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|10|1}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6601
|Aux4            = 8.58&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/02/nielsen-overnight-tv-ratings-monday-oct-1/992|title=Nielsen Overnight TV Ratings, Monday Oct 1|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=October 2, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = When Sheldon and Leonard go over to Penny's apartment to drop off a box of [[Ready-to-assemble furniture|flat pack furniture]] that came for her, Sheldon is deeply disturbed when he sees how messy and disorganized her apartment appears. Later that night, while Penny sleeps, Sheldon, who is extremely obsessive-compulsive and cannot sleep because of the fact, sneaks into her apartment to clean and organize it; Leonard catches him and reluctantly helps him clean.

The next morning, Penny realizes that they had been in her apartment and becomes furious. Sheldon tries apologizing to Penny but fails after remarking that Leonard is a &quot;gentle and thorough lover&quot;. Later, Penny encounters Raj in the hallway and talks to him, finally reasoning with herself that the guys were just trying to help her though Raj does not utter a word as he is not able to speak to women, unless drunk, due to his selective mutism. Leonard then apologizes, prompting Penny to hug him and forgive him.

'''Title reference''': Sheldon having ''Big Bran'' cereal (with higher [[dietary fiber|fiber]] content) after Penny finds out her apartment has been rearranged.
|LineColor=    B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 3
|EpisodeNumber2  = 3
|Title           = The Fuzzy Boots Corollary
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre|t=Bill Prady &amp; [[Steven Molaro]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|10|8}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6602
|Aux4            = 8.36&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/09/cuban-dancing-to-the-top-abc-wins/1157|title=Cuban Dancing to the Top? ABC Wins|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=October 9, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = When Leonard sees Penny kissing a man in front of her apartment door, he is devastated thinking she has &quot;rejected&quot; him. The guys convince him to ask someone out at work, so he asks out fellow scientist [[Leslie Winkle]], who preemptively turns him down. As Leonard slips deeper into his depression, which involves thinking about buying a cat, Sheldon points out that he was not actually rejected by Penny, as he had not asked her out. Leonard agrees and promptly asks Penny out to dinner, but she mistakes his invite as an invitation to hang with all the guys. Despite being aware of this, Leonard keeps the date and makes up excuses as to why the guys were absent.

On the date, Penny mentions the man Leonard saw was not her boyfriend, but that she has a habit of having weekend-long casual sex encounters to get over relationships. Excited, Leonard begins to become more confident but he accidentally hurts himself and Penny has to take him home. In the end, Leonard does not get the courage to reveal his true feelings to Penny, even though she suspected what he was up to.

'''Recurring character''': [[Sara Gilbert]] as Leslie Winkle&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': One of the names that Leonard was considering for his cat.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 4
|EpisodeNumber2  = 4
|Title           = The Luminous Fish Effect
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre &amp; Bill Prady|t=[[David Litt]] &amp; [[Lee Aronsohn]]}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|10|15}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6603
|Aux4            = 8.15&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/16/overnight-results-monday-1015-abc-dances-on-top/1277|title=Overnight Results Monday 10/15: ABC Dances on Top|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=October 16, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Sheldon is fired from his job as a physicist at the university when he insults his new boss [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Recurrent characters|Dr. Eric Gablehauser]]. His change of circumstance sends him into a downward spiral of depression which results in working on developing luminous fish for nightlights and buying a loom for himself. Leonard tries to cure him by calling Sheldon's mother, [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Recurrent characters|Mary Cooper]].

When she arrives for a visit, the men realize she is completely the opposite of what they expected: she is sweet and down-to-earth (if culturally ignorant) and a devout [[Christian]], a really good and loving and caring mother, which they have not expected. After waiting it out, Mary finally forces Sheldon to apologize, and he is given his job back after she flirts with Dr. Gablehauser. As Mary is a widow, Sheldon asks if Dr. Gablehauser will be his new daddy and his mother replies, &quot;We'll see...&quot;

'''Recurring characters''': [[Laurie Metcalf]] as Mary Cooper and [[Mark Harelik]] as Dr. Eric Gablehauser&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': Sheldon creating glow-in-the-dark fish during his period of unemployment.  A line of genetically modified fluorescent fish using the [[green fluorescent protein]] (and variants) from [[jellyfish]], the [[GloFish]], was actually developed and began selling in 2003.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 5
|EpisodeNumber2  = 5
|Title           = The Hamburger Postulate
|DirectedBy      = [[Andrew D. Weyman]]
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Jennifer Glickman|t=Dave Goetsch &amp; Steven Molaro}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|10|22}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6604
|Aux4            = 8.81&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|title=Weekly Program Rankings (Wk of 10/22)|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=103007_06 |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]|date=October 30, 2007|accessdate=December 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = While eating at [[the Cheesecake Factory]] where Penny works, the guys run into Leslie and she suggests that Leonard play in her [[string quartet]] as they are in need of a new [[Cello|cellist]] as the other players are uncomfortable near the other guy due to the chance he was [[radiation|irradiated]] at work. Later, after the practice in Leonard and Sheldon's apartment, Leslie offers herself to Leonard and they have sex.

Meanwhile, Sheldon is uneasy as to how to act after realizing Leslie slept with Leonard. Later on, Penny congratulates Leonard, and he tries to figure out what Penny's words meant. Leonard eventually decides to pursue a real relationship with Leslie over an imaginary one with Penny. However, when Leonard arrives in the lab, Leslie makes it clear she is not interested in a relationship, and was only using him for a one-night stand to satisfy her sex drive. Leonard later tells Penny, who walks away with a smile on her face, seemingly happy to hear this news.

'''Recurring character''': [[Sara Gilbert]] as Leslie Winkle&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': This episode was selected as a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] submission for [[Johnny Galecki]] and [[Sara Gilbert]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series]] and [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Guest Actress in a Comedy Series]], respectively, but they both ended up not receiving a nomination.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY08&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title = Official 2008 EMMYS Episode Submissions|url = http://goldderbyforums.latimes.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1106078764/m/340102161|publisher = The Envelope Forum, [[Los Angeles Times]]|access-date = August 15, 2015|archive-date = October 8, 2008|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081008112622/http://goldderbyforums.latimes.com/eve/forums/a/tpc/f/1106078764/m/340102161|url-status = bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': Sheldon switching his favorite burger restaurant.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 6
|EpisodeNumber2  = 6
|Title           = The Middle-Earth Paradigm
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Dave Goetsch|t=David Litt &amp; Robert Cohen}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|10|29}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6605
|Aux4            = 8.92&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/30/overnight-results-1029-abc-dancing-on-mondays/1514|title=Overnight Results 10/29: ABC Dancing on Mondays|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=October 30, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=July 7, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100707082516/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/10/30/overnight-results-1029-abc-dancing-on-mondays/1514|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = The guys are invited to Penny's [[Halloween]] party, first turning it down as they do not dance but changing their mind when costumes are mentioned. At the party, the guys have problems [[socializing]]. Sheldon is unable to explain his costume as the [[Doppler effect]] since none of Penny's friends are physicists or smart enough to understand his explanation, Raj cannot speak to women, Howard is mistaken for [[Peter Pan]] instead of [[Robin Hood]], and Leonard is insecure. Later, Penny's ex-boyfriend [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Recurrent characters|Kurt]] shows up and confronts Leonard, causing Leonard (and later Penny) to leave.

Later that night, Penny goes to check on him and apologizes while also very upset about Kurt. Leonard tells her that she is perfect and she kisses him. Leonard asks her how much she has had to drink, she claims &quot;a lot&quot; and that he was smart for figuring that out. Leonard sarcastically admits &quot;yea, I'm a fricking genius&quot; for stopping Penny's advances. She goes back to the party kissing him again in front of Kurt, prompting Leonard to say &quot;That's how we roll at the Shire!&quot;, before locking the doors in panic. Meanwhile, Howard cannot find Raj, who ends up going home and has sex with a woman he had met at the party, who found him to be a &quot;good listener&quot;.

'''Recurring character''': [[Brian Patrick Wade]] as Kurt&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': Leonard's Halloween costume; he dressed up as [[Frodo Baggins]] from ''[[The Lord of the Rings]]''.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 7
|EpisodeNumber2  = 7
|Title           = The Dumpling Paradox
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre &amp; Bill Prady|t=Lee Aronsohn &amp; Jennifer Glickman}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|11|5}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6606
|Aux4            = 9.68&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/11/06/overnight-results-115/1628|title=Overnight Results 11/5: Dance, Dance, Dance|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=November 6, 2007|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=December 11, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071211012609/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2007/11/06/overnight-results-115/1628|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Penny's [[promiscuity|promiscuous]] friend [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Minor characters|Christy]] from [[Nebraska]] is in town, and ends up sleeping with Howard almost instantly, who is dragged to her. The pair takes over Penny's apartment, causing Penny to sleep on Leonard and Sheldon's couch for the night. With Howard gone, Penny takes his place playing ''[[Halo 3]]'', causing Sheldon much distress as she is naturally good at it. Furthermore, Howard invites Christy to move in with him (and his mother), taking up all his time.

Sheldon is distraught over the odd number in the group believing they can no longer function. He is even more distraught when he invites Penny again to play ''Halo'' but she declines the offer to go dancing. Believing that they are falling apart as a group, the guys go to speak to Howard. When they arrive, they hear Christy and Howard's mother arguing loudly, causing Christy to leave. Howard, once again single, goes with the guys to play ''Halo'' and the group is restored yet again.

'''Recurring character''': [[Carol Ann Susi]] as Mrs. Wolowitz&lt;br /&gt;
'''Guest stars''': [[Brooke D'Orsay]] as Christy and [[James Hong]] as Chen&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': This is the first episode where Raj talks with Penny in the room without alcohol and Mrs. Wolowitz makes her first vocal appearance. This was the most watched of season 1, with 9.68 millions viewers.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': The scene where Leonard, Sheldon, and Raj are at the Chinese restaurant and do not know what to do with an extra dumpling, which Howard normally would have eaten.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 8
|EpisodeNumber2  = 8
|Title           = The Grasshopper Experiment
|DirectedBy      = [[Ted Wass (actor)|Ted Wass]]
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Dave Goetsch &amp; Steven Molaro|t=Lee Aronsohn &amp; Robert Cohen}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2007|11|12}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6607
|Aux4            = 9.32&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=112007_06|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]|date=November 20, 2007|title=Weekly Program Rankings (Wk of 11/12)|accessdate=December 13, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Raj introduces his parents, [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Recurring characters|Dr. V.M. Koothrappali and Mrs. Koothrappali]], via [[webcam]] to his friends. However, Raj immediately becomes overwhelmed after his parents try to arrange a date with [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Minor characters|Lalita Gupta]], a childhood friend and dental student, as he cannot talk to women. Howard pretends to be Raj and sets up the date with Lalita (using a fake Indian accent, much to the annoyance of Raj). Meanwhile, Penny takes up bar tending for some extra money. As she practices mixing drinks with the guys, they discover that after drinking an [[alcoholic beverage]], Raj can actually talk to women. They decide the date should be at Penny's restaurant, so she and the guys can keep an eye on Raj's behavior while drinking.

However, on his date Raj becomes a very obnoxious drunk, and Lalita ends up leaving with Sheldon, who compliments her by comparing her to [[Draupadi|''Princess Panchali'']], a princess in an Indian fairy tale, and she is very impressed with Sheldon. Back from the restaurant, Raj tries to explain to his parents what happened. Even though he is already upset, things become worse when his parents find out he was drinking. Leonard asks Sheldon if he is going to see Lalita again and he replies that he already has a dentist.

'''Recurring characters''': [[Brian George]] as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali and [[Alice Amter]] as Mrs. Koothrappali&lt;br /&gt;
'''Guest star''': [[Sarayu Rao]] as Lalita Gupta&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': This was the last episode aired prior to the 2007–2008 Writers' Strike.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': The drink (a [[Grasshopper (cocktail)|Grasshopper]]) that enabled Raj to speak to women.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 9
|EpisodeNumber2  = 9
|Title           = The Cooper-Hofstadter Polarization
|DirectedBy      = [[Joel Murray]]
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Bill Prady &amp; Stephen Engel|t=Chuck Lorre, Lee Aronsohn &amp; Dave Goetsch}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|3|17}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6608
|Aux4            = 9.11&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/03/18/nielsen-ratings-mon-march-17-dancing-is-back/2976|title=Neilsen Ratings Mon March 17: Dancing is Back|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=March 18, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=July 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080723135924/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/03/18/nielsen-ratings-mon-march-17-dancing-is-back/2976|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Cleaning up after an Internet experiment, Leonard discovers a letter in the trash can. He and Sheldon had been invited to present some research they had done together at an [[academic conference]]. However, Sheldon disapproves of presenting research in person and says Leonard cannot go without him. Leonard defies him and says he will go and present the findings on his own. This causes a rift between the two which Penny tries to mend but accidentally makes the things even worse. At the conference Sheldon appears, tries to discredit Leonard's presentation, tries to &quot;blow up&quot; Leonard's head with his mind ''à la'' the movie ''[[Scanners]]'' and then has a physical altercation with Leonard. Howard captures the fight with his cell-phone camera and puts on [[YouTube]], but also earns the ire of Penny because he took a picture of her sleeping on his shoulder and posted to [[Facebook]] with the caption &quot;me and my girlfriend&quot;.

'''Note''': This was the first episode aired since November 2007, due to the 2007–2008 Writers' Strike.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': The rift between Leonard and Sheldon.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 10
|EpisodeNumber2  = 10
|Title           = The Loobenfeld Decay
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre|t=Bill Prady &amp; Lee Aronsohn}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|3|24}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6609
|Aux4            = 8.63&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/03/25/nielsen-ratings-mon-march-24-youth-demo-loves-britney/3056|title=Neilsen Ratings Mon March 24: Youth Demo Loves Britney?|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=March 25, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=May 29, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080529155020/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/03/25/nielsen-ratings-mon-march-24-youth-demo-loves-britney/3056|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Penny is given a part in ''[[Rent (musical)|Rent]]'', though after Leonard and Sheldon hear her sing extremely [[off-key]] (with Sheldon commenting, &quot;but if cats could sing, they'd hate it too&quot;), Leonard lies to avoid seeing her performance so he will not hurt her feelings. Sheldon becomes worried that Leonard's lie was not good enough, so he creates an intricate lie about his non-existent drug addicted cousin &quot;Leopold Houston&quot;, who was in need of an [[intervention (counseling)|intervention]] (and thus why they could not see the [[play (theater)|play]]).

Soon enough, Sheldon becomes so obsessed with the credibility of his lie that he has [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Minor characters|Toby Loobenfeld]], a research assistant who [[double major]]ed in [[Physics]] and Theatre, [[acting|impersonate]] cousin &quot;Leo&quot; to convince Penny that the lie is true. In the end, not only does Leonard still have to see the videotape of Penny's performance, but Penny and &quot;Leo&quot; start flirting as well.

'''Guest star''': [[DJ Qualls]] as Toby Loobenfeld&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': This is the first episode where Sheldon's knocking habits are shown, although with 4 knocks, which changes to 3 knocks in the next season and remains so. &lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': The name of the physicist/actor, Toby Loobenfeld, who plays the fictional cousin.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 11
|EpisodeNumber2  = 11
|Title           = The Pancake Batter Anomaly
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre &amp; Lee Aronsohn|t=Bill Prady &amp; Stephen Engel}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|3|31}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6610
|Aux4            = 8.68&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/04/01/nielsen-ratings-mon-march-31-cbs-goes-young-vs-abc/3144|title=Nielsen Ratings Mon March 31: CBS Goes Young vs. ABC|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=April 1, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=April 8, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100408025721/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/04/01/nielsen-ratings-mon-march-31-cbs-goes-young-vs-abc/3144|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Penny returns from visiting family in Nebraska and as she picks up her mail from Leonard, she mentions most of her relatives got sick. Sheldon freaks out as, according to Leonard, he is a [[Mysophobia|germophobe]]. Sure enough, Sheldon becomes sick and instantly becomes the biggest pain possible, since he ''is'' a germophobe and his obnoxious personality drastically increases when he is sick.

Familliar with Sheldon being sick, Leonard and the guys hide from him at a ''[[Planet of the Apes (1968 film)|Planet of the Apes]]'' series marathon, leaving Penny to take care of Sheldon when Sheldon becomes too demanding. However, Leonard accidentally breaks his glasses and must re-enter the apartment using help with a web-cam from Howard and Raj, as he is almost blind without them. Penny catches him and sticks him with Sheldon. As he tries to escape after her, he runs headlong into a wall and nearly knocks himself out. In the end, both Leonard and Sheldon are sitting sick or injured on the couch.

'''Recurring character''': Carol Ann Susi as Mrs. Wolowitz&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': This is the first episode where Penny sings &quot;[[Soft Kitty]]&quot; to a sick Sheldon and was selected as a [[Primetime Emmy Award]] submission for [[Jim Parsons]] for [[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series|Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series]], but ended up not receiving a nomination.&lt;ref name=&quot;EMMY08&quot;/&gt;
'''Title reference''': Sheldon's urine sample measuring cup, which turned out to be the same cup Leonard uses to mix pancake batter.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 12
|EpisodeNumber2  = 12
|Title           = The Jerusalem Duality
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Jennifer Glickman &amp; Stephen Engel|t=Dave Goetsch &amp; Steven Molaro}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|14}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6611
|Aux4            = 7.69&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/04/15/nielsen-ratings-mon-april-14-cbs-feels-young-again/3340|title=Nielsen Ratings Mon April 14: CBS Feels Young Again|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=April 15, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=June 23, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080623072801/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/04/15/nielsen-ratings-mon-april-14-cbs-feels-young-again/3340|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Sheldon is envious when he meets 15-year-old [[child prodigy]] [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Minor characters|Dennis Kim]], who was invited to work at the university, and soon realizes that not only is Kim like Sheldon himself (a child prodigy, obnoxious, and arrogant), but is even smarter than he is. Losing faith in his research, Sheldon annoys his friends by criticizing their work more than he used to and contributing to their work much to their annoyance. Deciding his work in physics is useless, he aims for the [[Nobel Peace Prize]] by attempting to solve the Middle East [[List of conflicts in the Middle East|conflicts]]: he proposes the creation of an exact replica of Jerusalem in the Mexican desert, which ends up in a giant failure.

The others, tired of Sheldon's behavior, decide to distract Dennis with girls of his age. At his welcome party, their plan works unexpectedly and Dennis leaves with a blonde 15-year-old, using money to get her with him. Sheldon resumes his research while the others are perplexed at how easily Dennis was able to get a girl. Soon enough, the guys spot Dennis drinking heavily and making out in a park, and feel sorry for him, but Sheldon mocks Dennis in victory.

'''Recurring character''': Mark Harelik as Dr. Eric Gablehauser&lt;br /&gt;
'''Guest star''': Austin Lee as Dennis Kim&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': Sheldon's proposed duplication of [[Jerusalem]].
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 13
|EpisodeNumber2  = 13
|Title           = The Bat Jar Conjecture
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Stephen Engel &amp; Jennifer Glickman|t=Bill Prady &amp; Robert Cohen}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|21}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6612
|Aux4            = 7.51&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/04/22/nielsen-ratings-mon-april-21-nobody-watched-gossip-girl-and-cbs-is-young-again/3455|title=Nielsen Ratings Mon April 21: Nobody Watched Gossip Girl and CBS is Young Again|work=TV by the Numbers|last=Seidman|first=Robert|date=April 22, 2008|accessdate=June 12, 2010|archive-date=August 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090830165214/http://tvbythenumbers.com/2008/04/22/nielsen-ratings-mon-april-21-nobody-watched-gossip-girl-and-cbs-is-young-again/3455|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = The guys decide to compete in a [[knowledge bowl|physics bowl]] after finding out that the strong competitors have dropped out. However, they find Sheldon's showboating too much and kick him off the team. Upset, Sheldon vows to form his own team and compete against them. The guys, in need of a fourth member, ask Leslie to join them; she rejects the offer at first, but reconsiders after finding out they are going against Sheldon, who has often criticized her research and gender (saying of Sheldon, &quot;that arrogant, misogynistic East-Texas doorknob that told me I should abandon my work with high-energy particles for laundry and child-bearing?&quot;).

At the bowl, the guys team is called PMS (''[[perpetual motion|Perpetual Motion Squad]]'', an unintentional pun on [[premenstrual syndrome]]), while Sheldon's team is named AA (''[[Army ant]]s'', an unintentional pun on [[Alcoholics Anonymous]]) and is composed of himself, the 3rd floor [[janitor]], the lunch lady, and her son (or butcher). PMS wins the competition when Sheldon, himself unable to answer the last question, will not accept the janitor's answer, which turns out to be correct. The latter explains that despite working in America as a janitor, he was a [[physicist]] in the former [[Soviet Union]].

'''Recurring characters''': Sara Gilbert as Leslie Winkle and Mark Harelik as Dr. Eric Gablehauser&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': When attempting to find a replacement for Sheldon on their Physics Bowl team, Raj suggests 'TV's '[[Blossom (TV series)|Blossom]]' ([[Mayim Bialik]]), citing her PhD. Bialik would later join the cast of the series as Amy Farrah Fowler in the show's fourth season. Raj also suggests &quot;That girl from [[The Wonder Years]]&quot; ([[Danica McKellar]]), coauthor of [[Danica McKellar#Mathematics|scientific papers]] and best-selling [[Danica McKellar#Books|math-based books]], who would appear in the Season 3 episode &quot;[[The Big Bang Theory (season 3)#ep52|The Psychic Vortex]]&quot;.&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': The [[Batman]] cookie jar (&quot;Bat Jar&quot;) given to Sheldon when he is kicked out of the original team.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 14
|EpisodeNumber2  = 14
|Title           = The Nerdvana Annihilation
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Bill Prady|t=Stephen Engel &amp; Steven Molaro}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|4|28}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6613
|Aux4            = 8.07&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=050608_02|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]|title=Weekly Program Rankings (Wk of 4/28)|date=May 6, 2008|accessdate=December 13, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Online, Leonard buys a time machine from the 1960 film, ''[[The Time Machine (1960 film)|The Time Machine]]'', believing it to be a miniature, though it turns out to be the full-sized original. Because the men's efforts to move the cumbersome object into the apartment cause Penny to lose a shift at work and much of her day's time, she furiously lashes out at the men for their childlike preoccupation with various genre memorabilia. Leonard, upset that such interests may cost him the respect and attention he craves from Penny, decides to get rid of all his collectibles, which Howard refers to as &quot;Nerdvana&quot;, while his friends try to convince him not to, leading to a conflict among the other men over the collectibles of his that they want. 

But, Sheldon turns the tables in Leonard's favor, when he accuses Penny of hypocrisy, pointing out her own love of things such as [[Hello Kitty]], [[Care Bears]], [[Beanie Baby|Beanie Babies]] and [[My Little Pony]]. Penny, realizing his point, apologizes to Leonard, and encourages him not to give up the things he loves. Leonard's hope of a relationship with Penny is then renewed, as is his decision to keep his belongings. However, when a new boyfriend of Penny's named Mike shows up, he reverts to his old ways. In the end, Sheldon decides to get rid of the time machine after he has a nightmare that he travels to the future and is attacked by the [[Morlock]]s. He then wakes up to tell Leonard about this and attacked by the &quot;guys&quot; Leonard hired, who are dressed as Morlocks.

'''Guest Star''': [[Andrew Walker (actor)|Andrew Walker]] as Mike&lt;br&gt;
'''Note''': In this episode, Leonard says that the elevator has been broken for two years, implying that the incident happened in 2006; however, in the [[The Big Bang Theory (season 3)|season three]] episode, &quot;The Staircase Implementation,&quot; it is revealed that the elevator was destroyed in 2003.

'''Title reference''': Leonard getting rid of his collectibles, which Howard refers to as &quot;Nerdvana&quot;.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 15
|EpisodeNumber2  = 15
|Title           = The Shiksa Indeterminacy
|RTitle          = &lt;ref name=tfc1x15&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/listings/20080428cbs05|title=(#115) &quot;The Shiksa Indeterminacy&quot;|work=Listings – Big Bang Theory, The on CBS|publisher=the Futon Critic|accessdate=January 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|AltTitle        = The Pork Chop Indeterminacy
|RAltTitle       = &lt;ref name=cbs1x15&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbs.com/shows/big_bang_theory/episodes/6628|title=Big Bang Theory: The Pork Chop Indeterminacy|publisher=[[CBS]]|accessdate=January 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre|t=Lee Aronsohn &amp; Bill Prady}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|5}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6614
|Aux4            = 7.38&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=051308_06|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]|title=Weekly Program Rankings (W/O 5/5)|date=May 13, 2008|accessdate=December 13, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = The guys see an attractive woman in Sheldon's office, and they become even more surprised when Sheldon introduces her as his twin sister, Missy. After meeting her, Raj decides to take part in a [[drug trial]] to cure his inability to talk to women, and Leonard insists she stay with them at the apartment. Of course, the men begin awkwardly [[flirting]] with her, causing Penny to come to her rescue.

Later, Leonard convinces Sheldon to be protective of Missy, so he can have a chance at her over Howard and Raj, believing that he will let him date her; however, much to Leonard's chagrin, Sheldon deems all three unsuitable to be with his sister. Upon learning about Sheldon's plan to find a suitable mate for her, Missy confronts her brother, and Sheldon agrees to let Missy date whoever she wants (after they have a little talk in which Missy kicks him in the groin). Leonard wins first chance to ask Missy out, but she turns him down; Howard tries next, but she turns him down as well; finally, Raj goes to talk to Missy, and it appears that she has been waiting eagerly for him, but at that precise moment the drug wears off and he is unable to speak to her, forcing him to leave defeated.

'''Guest star''': Courtney Henggeler as [[List of The Big Bang Theory characters#Minor characters|Missy Cooper]]&lt;br /&gt;
'''Note''': This episode was originally aired as &quot;The Shiksa Indeterminacy&quot;,&lt;ref name=tfc1x15 /&gt; but CBS now refers to this episode as &quot;The Pork Chop Indeterminacy&quot; on its website.&lt;ref name=cbs1x15 /&gt;
'''Title reference''': Howard saying he would kill his [[rabbi]] with a pork chop to be with Missy, who was not Jewish (hence a [[shiksa]]).
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 16
|EpisodeNumber2  = 16
|Title           = The Peanut Reaction
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Bill Prady &amp; Lee Aronsohn|t=Dave Goetsch &amp; Steven Molaro}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|12}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6615
|Aux4            = 7.79&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=052008_05|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]|title=Weekly Program Rankings (Wk of 5/12)|date=May 20, 2008|accessdate=December 13, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Penny learns that Leonard has never had a birthday party, as his parents did not believe in celebrating anything but achievements. She decides to throw him a surprise party, and blackmails Sheldon to join her by threatening to draw a smiley face on one of his mint condition comic books. However, when the day of the party arrives, Penny finds Sheldon did not buy a birthday gift, so she has to drive him to a computer store to pick up a present.

Meanwhile, Howard is in charge of keeping Leonard out of his apartment until the party. Howard pretends to eat a peanut bar, to which he is [[Peanut allergy|allergic]], so Leonard can drive him to the emergency room. However, due to Sheldon's absent-mindedness in the computer store, Howard has to keep Leonard distracted even longer, and he is forced to actually eat the peanut bar, causing him to swell up in a severe allergic reaction.

After being at the hospital for several hours, Howard and Leonard arrive back at the apartment to find the party has ended.

'''Recurring character''': Vernee Watson as Althea
'''Title reference''': Howard's serious peanut allergy.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of The Big Bang Theory episodes
|EpisodeNumber   = 17
|EpisodeNumber2  = 17
|Title           = The Tangerine Factor
|DirectedBy      = Mark Cendrowski
|WrittenBy       = {{StoryTeleplay|s=Chuck Lorre &amp; Bill Prady|t=Lee Aronsohn &amp; Steven Molaro}}
|OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2008|5|19}}
|ProdCode        = 3T6616
|Aux4            = 7.34&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.abcmedianet.com/web/dnr/dispDNR.aspx?id=052808_05|publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC Medianet]]|title=Weekly Program Rankings (Wk of 5/19)|date=May 28, 2008|accessdate=December 13, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|ShortSummary    = Penny is furious and breaks up with her boyfriend after he posted details about their sex life on his [[blog]]. Meanwhile, Sheldon asks Howard to teach him [[Standard Chinese|Mandarin]] as he is convinced the Chinese restaurant is selling &quot;[[Tangerine]] chicken&quot; yet is really using oranges, a cheaper [[citrus]] fruit.

As Penny laments her choices in men, Leonard awkwardly asks her out. A few days pass and both Leonard and Penny are worried that this relationship could ruin their friendship. They both seek Sheldon's advice, who uses the &quot;[[Schrödinger's cat]]&quot; thought experiment to explain that at this time, the date has both &quot;good&quot; and &quot;bad&quot; possible outcomes, and the only way to find out is to go on the date and find which outcome it is. When Leonard arrives to pick Penny up, he mentions the &quot;Schrödinger's cat&quot; experiment, passionately kisses her, she concludes that &quot;the cat is alive&quot; and they leave for dinner.

In the end, Leonard and Penny are seen going to the Chinese restaurant, but they leave before entering as they realize Sheldon is fighting with the owner in Mandarin, and is doing it very badly, disturbing the visitors.

'''Guest star''': James Hong as Chen&lt;br /&gt;
'''Title reference''': The Chinese [[orange chicken|Tangerine chicken]] which Sheldon believed was actually prepared with oranges.
|LineColor       = B30E1C
}}
}}
&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{refbegin}}
;General references &lt;!-- These references will apply to most, if not all, episodes --&gt;
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/tvshows/big-bang-theory/episodes-season-1/288041|title=''The Big Bang Theory''  Season 1 episodes|publisher=[[TV Guide]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch.aspx?id=big_bang_theory&amp;view=listings|title=Shows A-Z – big bang theory, the on CBS|publisher=the Futon Critic|accessdate=May 16, 2010}}
* {{Cite web|url=http://tv.msn.com/tv/series-episodes/the-big-bang-theory/?ipp=25|title=The Big Bang Theory: Episode Guide|publisher=[[MSN TV]]|accessdate=May 16, 2010|archive-date=September 2, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120902093319/http://tv.msn.com/tv/series-episodes/the-big-bang-theory/?ipp=25|url-status=dead}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{IMDb episodes|id=0898266|title=The Big Bang Theory}}
*{{Rotten Tomatoes TV|id=the-big-bang-theory/s01|title=The Big Bang Theory: Season 1}}

{{The Big Bang Theory}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Big Bang Theory, The}}

[[Category:2007 television seasons]]
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| official_name            =  North Hanover Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 7,678
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 444.2
| area_total_km2           = 17.42
| area_land_km2            = 17.28
| area_water_km2           = 0.14
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''﻿வட கனோவர் நகரியம்''' ( North Hanover Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 17.42 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 17.28 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.14 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 7,678 ஆகும். ﻿வட கனோவர் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  444.2 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>hhrf2rijbwdmzqdw3pn0nnidrr52vzo</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>பல்மேரா, நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87626</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540010</id>
      <parentid>261816</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:55Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = பல்மேரா
| official_name            =  Palmyra
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 7,398
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 3,968.4
| area_total_km2           = 2.55
| area_land_km2            = 1.86
| area_water_km2           = 0.69
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''பல்மேரா''' ( Palmyra) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 2.55 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 1.86 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.69 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 7,398 ஆகும். பல்மேரா பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  3,968.4 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>tcowm1p77zh391kzpjf80r6a8sqwnp8</sha1>
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    <title>பெம்பேர்டன் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87628</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540011</id>
      <parentid>261818</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:58Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = பெம்பேர்டன் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Pemberton Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 27,912
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 455.5
| area_total_km2           = 62.50
| area_land_km2            = 61.28
| area_water_km2           = 1.22
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''பெம்பேர்டன் நகரியம்''' ( Pemberton Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 62.50 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 61.28 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 1.22 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 27,912 ஆகும். பெம்பேர்டன் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  455.5 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>d7zh1smw9rbo7bkwah2mxazqxl08oae</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>ரிவெர்சைட் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87629</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540015</id>
      <parentid>454426</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:03:36Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ரிவெர்சைட் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Riverside Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 8,079
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 5,425.9
| area_total_km2           = 1.61
| area_land_km2            = 1.49
| area_water_km2           = 0.12
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''ரிவெர்சைட் நகரியம்''' ( Riverside Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 1.61 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 1.49 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.12 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.
foobar

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 8,079 ஆகும். ரிவெர்சைட் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  5,425.9 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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    <title>ரிவெர்டன், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
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        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3912" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ரிவெர்டன்
| official_name            =  Riverton
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 2,779
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 4,179.4
| area_total_km2           = 0.97
| area_land_km2            = 0.66
| area_water_km2           = 0.30
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''ரிவெர்டன்''' ( Riverton) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 0.97 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 0.66 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.30 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 2,779 ஆகும். ரிவெர்டன் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  4,179.4 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>squ7rcbz0g89efn2yle61ohz7vhtous</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>சாமொங் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87631</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540004</id>
      <parentid>261821</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:34Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = சாமொங் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Shamong Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 6,490
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 146.2
| area_total_km2           = 44.99
| area_land_km2            = 44.39
| area_water_km2           = 0.60
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''சாமொங் நகரியம்''' ( Shamong Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 44.99 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 44.39 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.60 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 6,490 ஆகும். சாமொங் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  146.2 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>5m83n7h4cvg7uybh9c9qiz72rvbwrpp</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>சவுத்தாம்டன் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87632</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540003</id>
      <parentid>261822</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:32Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = சவுத்தாம்டன் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Southampton Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 10,464
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 239.6
| area_total_km2           = 44.22
| area_land_km2            = 43.67
| area_water_km2           = 0.56
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''சவுத்தாம்டன் நகரியம்''' ( Southampton Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 44.22 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 43.67 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.56 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 10,464 ஆகும். சவுத்தாம்டன் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  239.6 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>tmaaq73f2yozfjoid2kpv6unhfx1b5y</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>இசுபிரிங்பீல்ட் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87633</id>
    <revision>
      <id>539999</id>
      <parentid>261823</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:20Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3945" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = இசுபிரிங்பீல்ட் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Springfield Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 3,414
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 114.0
| area_total_km2           = 30.00
| area_land_km2            = 29.94
| area_water_km2           = 0.06
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''இசுபிரிங்பீல்ட் நகரியம்''' ( Springfield Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 30.00 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 29.94 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.06 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 3,414 ஆகும். இசுபிரிங்பீல்ட் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  114.0 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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    <revision>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:42Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = தபெர்னக்கில் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Tabernacle Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 6,949
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 141.5
| area_total_km2           = 49.61
| area_land_km2            = 49.12
| area_water_km2           = 0.49
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''தபெர்னக்கில் நகரியம்''' ( Tabernacle Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 49.61 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 49.12 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.49 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 6,949 ஆகும். தபெர்னக்கில் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  141.5 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>5c4e09s5ni5ia2uz66y4z71qls3iqw7</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>வாசிங்டன் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87635</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540019</id>
      <parentid>261825</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:03:50Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3883" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = வாசிங்டன் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Washington Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 687
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 6.9
| area_total_km2           = 102.71
| area_land_km2            = 99.52
| area_water_km2           = 3.18
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''வாசிங்டன் நகரியம்''' ( Washington Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 102.71 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 99.52 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 3.18 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 687 ஆகும். வாசிங்டன் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  6.9 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>qejls5sz9cpwn5dggkljyf6ujeh9clt</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>வெசுட்டாம்டன் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87636</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540022</id>
      <parentid>261826</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:04:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3925" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = வெசுட்டாம்டன் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Westampton Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 8,813
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 799.4
| area_total_km2           = 11.19
| area_land_km2            = 11.03
| area_water_km2           = 0.17
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''வெசுட்டாம்டன் நகரியம்''' ( Westampton Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 11.19 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 11.03 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.17 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 8,813 ஆகும். வெசுட்டாம்டன் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  799.4 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>tn0ueu1mkabbdp3x4esiq6is38gspsx</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>வில்லிங்போரோ நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87637</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540020</id>
      <parentid>261827</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:03:57Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3920" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = வில்லிங்போரோ நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Willingboro Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 31,629
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 4,087.3
| area_total_km2           = 8.15
| area_land_km2            = 7.74
| area_water_km2           = 0.41
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''வில்லிங்போரோ நகரியம்''' ( Willingboro Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 8.15 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 7.74 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.41 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 31,629 ஆகும். வில்லிங்போரோ நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  4,087.3 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>nsj3i6jsnoqw6v2rpi5de4oxx5egrx6</sha1>
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    <title>வூட்லாந்து நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87638</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540021</id>
      <parentid>261828</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:04:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = வூட்லாந்து நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Woodland Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 1,788
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 18.9
| area_total_km2           = 96.39
| area_land_km2            = 94.56
| area_water_km2           = 1.83
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''வூட்லாந்து நகரியம்''' ( Woodland Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 96.39 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 94.56 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 1.83 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 1,788 ஆகும். வூட்லாந்து நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  18.9 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>da9yzf2sh83hm3qu3j7ato5etipmpo2</sha1>
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    <title>ரைட்சுடவுன், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87639</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540017</id>
      <parentid>354640</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:03:43Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3899" xml:space="preserve">{{db-nonsense}}
 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ரைட்சுடவுன்
| official_name            =  Wrightstown
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|பேர்லிங்டன்]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 802
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 453.6
| area_total_km2           = 1.77
| area_land_km2            = 1.77
| area_water_km2           = 0.00
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''ரைட்சுடவுன்''' ( Wrightstown) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் பேர்லிங்டன் கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 1.77 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் மொத்த பரப்பான 1.77 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றரும் நிலத்தினாலேயே சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. இங்கு நீரினால் சூழப்பட்ட பிரதேசமே இல்லை.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 802 ஆகும். ரைட்சுடவுன் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  453.6 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Burlington County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201256/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34005 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[:en:United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:பேர்லிங்டன் மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>q9rn2izeovv0xnboyih1xlpkr9ph98e</sha1>
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    <title>﻿அவலோன், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87640</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540024</id>
      <parentid>261830</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:11:03Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3824" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ﻿அவலோன்
| official_name            =  Avalon
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கேப் மே கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கேப் மே]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 1,334
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 321.3
| area_total_km2           = 4.93
| area_land_km2            = 4.15
| area_water_km2           = 0.77
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''﻿அவலோன்''' ( Avalon) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கேப் மே கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 4.93 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 4.15 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.77 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 1,334 ஆகும். ﻿அவலோன் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  321.3 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34009 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cape May County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201130/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34009 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கேப் மே மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>nr5ve7vt9ywf1lfyrm6ko7pp0osknr2</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>பயனர்:Maathavan/﻿அவலோன், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87641</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540009</id>
      <parentid>261831</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="3878" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ﻿அவலோன்
| official_name            =  Avalon
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கேப் மே கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கேப் மே]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 1,334
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 321.3
| area_total_km2           = 4.93
| area_land_km2            = 4.15
| area_water_km2           = 0.77
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''மாதிரிக் கட்டுரை'''

'''﻿அவலோன்''' ( Avalon) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கேப் மே கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 4.93 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 4.15 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.77 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 1,334 ஆகும். ﻿அவலோன் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  321.3 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34009 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cape May County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201130/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34009 |date=2020-02-12 }}, [[United States Census Bureau]]. Accessed May 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கேப் மே மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>anluvqtfeq1pp8jm8g45gnzjth0bc5x</sha1>
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    <id>87642</id>
    <revision>
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      <parentid>261832</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:48Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3998" xml:space="preserve"> 
{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ﻿அவலோன்
| official_name            =  Avalon
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கேப் மே கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கேப் மே]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 1,334
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 321.3
| area_total_km2           = 4.93
| area_land_km2            = 4.15
| area_water_km2           = 0.77
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}

'''test article'''
'''﻿அவலோன்''' ( Avalon) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கேப் மே கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 4.93 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 4.15 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.77 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 1,334 ஆகும். ﻿அவலோன் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  321.3 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34009 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cape May County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200212201130/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34009 |date=2020-02-12 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கேப் மே மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>﻿பிரிட்ஜடன், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87653</id>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3964" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = ﻿பிரிட்ஜடன்
| official_name            =  Bridgeton
| settlement_type          = நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 25349
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 4,102.5
| area_total_km2           = 6.43
| area_land_km2            = 6.18
| area_water_km2           = 0.25
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''﻿பிரிட்ஜடன்''' ( Bridgeton) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 6.43 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 6.18 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.25 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 25,349 ஆகும். ﻿பிரிட்ஜடன் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  4,102.5 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>s0zzhimwtziglyfwxau9weu6e0wivjj</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>கொமேர்சியல் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="4066" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = கொமேர்சியல் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Commercial Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 5178
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 161.2
| area_total_km2           = 34.44
| area_land_km2            = 32.13
| area_water_km2           = 2.31
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''கொமேர்சியல் நகரியம்''' ( Commercial Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 34.44 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 32.13 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 2.31 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 5,178 ஆகும். கொமேர்சியல் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  161.2 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>o8hs3wmzgykgclpc0v8kdspj1mgtrnk</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87655</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540006</id>
      <parentid>261869</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:02:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="4064" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Deerfield Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 3119
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 186.1
| area_total_km2           = 16.80
| area_land_km2            = 16.76
| area_water_km2           = 0.03
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம்''' ( Deerfield Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 16.80 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 16.76 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.03 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 3,119 ஆகும். டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  186.1 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>7r2xctmbqep8z6z59r49pkpnozk208y</sha1>
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    <title>பெயார்பீல்ட் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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    <revision>
      <id>540012</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:03:00Z</timestamp>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="4073" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = பெயார்பீல்ட் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Fairfield Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 6295
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 152.6
| area_total_km2           = 43.95
| area_land_km2            = 41.26
| area_water_km2           = 2.69
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''பெயார்பீல்ட் நகரியம்''' ( Fairfield Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 43.95 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 41.26 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 2.69 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 6,295 ஆகும். பெயார்பீல்ட் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  152.6 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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    <title>கிரீன்விச் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
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        <id>34092</id>
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      <text bytes="4050" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = கிரீன்விச் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Greenwich Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 804
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 45.1
| area_total_km2           = 18.83
| area_land_km2            = 17.84
| area_water_km2           = 1.00
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''கிரீன்விச் நகரியம்''' ( Greenwich Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 18.83 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 17.84 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 1.00 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 804 ஆகும். கிரீன்விச் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  45.1 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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    <title>கோப்வெல் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
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      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="4035" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = கோப்வெல் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Hopewell Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 4571
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 153.0
| area_total_km2           = 30.83
| area_land_km2            = 29.87
| area_water_km2           = 0.95
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''கோப்வெல் நகரியம்''' ( Hopewell Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 30.83 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 29.87 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.95 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 4,571 ஆகும். கோப்வெல் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  153.0 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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    <title>லோவ்ரன்சு நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
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        <id>34092</id>
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      <text bytes="4047" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = லோவ்ரன்சு நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Lawrence Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 3290
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 89.1
| area_total_km2           = 38.33
| area_land_km2            = 36.92
| area_water_km2           = 1.41
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''லோவ்ரன்சு நகரியம்''' ( Lawrence Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 38.33 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 36.92 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 1.41 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 3,290 ஆகும். லோவ்ரன்சு நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  89.1 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]

bar</text>
      <sha1>eaw86vp5o6qel5yizarasn1z4u50sls</sha1>
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    <title>மோரிசு நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>87661</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540014</id>
      <parentid>429633</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T16:03:33Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="4022" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = மோரிசு நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Apples River Apples
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 7976
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 85.7
| area_total_km2           = 95.76
| area_land_km2            = 93.11
| area_water_km2           = 2.65
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''மோரிசு நகரியம்''' ( Maurice River Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 95.76 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 93.11 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 2.65 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 7,976 ஆகும். மோரிசு நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  85.7 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>7947iyu14zx57ngnmoeyoiqpnxmwrql</sha1>
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    <title>மில்வில்லே, நியூ செர்சி</title>
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        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3955" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = மில்வில்லே
| official_name            =  Millville
| settlement_type          = நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 28400
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 676.2
| area_total_km2           = 44.49
| area_land_km2            = 42.00
| area_water_km2           = 2.49
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''மில்வில்லே''' ( Millville) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 44.49 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 42.00 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 2.49 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 28,400 ஆகும். மில்வில்லே பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  676.2 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
      <sha1>jo6ps1gg5k598d71kqqwd5b3myr3msx</sha1>
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    <title>சிலோ, நியூ செர்சி</title>
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        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="3987" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = சிலோ
| official_name            =  Shiloh
| settlement_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 516
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 427.3
| area_total_km2           = 1.21
| area_land_km2            = 1.21
| area_water_km2           = 0.00
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''சிலோ''' ( Shiloh) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு தன்னாட்சியுள்ள நகரம் ஆகும்.

[[Category:Foo]]
==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 1.21 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் மொத்த பரப்பான 1.21 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றரும் நிலத்தினாலேயே சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. இங்கு நீரினால் சூழப்பட்ட பிரதேசமே இல்லை.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 516 ஆகும். சிலோ பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  427.3 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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      <text bytes="4085" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = இசுடோவ் கிரீக் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Stow Creek Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 1431
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 78.2
| area_total_km2           = 18.85
| area_land_km2            = 18.30
| area_water_km2           = 0.55
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''இசுடோவ் கிரீக் நகரியம்''' ( Stow Creek Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 18.85 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 18.30 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.55 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 1,431 ஆகும். இசுடோவ் கிரீக் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  78.2 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>அப்பெர் டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம், நியூ செர்சி</title>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="4142" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox settlement
| name                     = அப்பெர் டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம்
| official_name            =  Upper Deerfield Township
| settlement_type          = நகரியம்
| subdivision_type         = [[உலக நாடுகள் பட்டியல் (அகர வரிசையில்)|நாடு]]
| subdivision_name         = {{nowrap|{{flag|United States}}}}
| subdivision_type1        = [[மாநிலம்]]
| subdivision_name1        = {{flag|New Jersey}}
| subdivision_type2        = [[கவுன்ட்டி (ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்கா)|கவுன்ட்டி]]
| subdivision_name2        = [[கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டி,  நியூ செர்சி|கம்பர்லாந்து]]
| government_type          = நகரியம்
| population_footnotes     = 
| population_total         = 7660
| population_as_of         = 2010 கணக்கெடுப்பு
| population_density_km2   = 246.3
| area_total_km2           = 31.27
| area_land_km2            = 31.10
| area_water_km2           = 0.18
| timezone                 = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset               = -5
| timezone_DST             = [[கிழக்கு நேர வலயம் (வட அமெரிக்கா)|கிழக்கு நே.வ]]
| utc_offset_DST           = -4
}}
'''அப்பெர் டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம்''' ( Upper Deerfield Township) என்பது [[ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள்|ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளில்]] அமைந்துள்ள [[நியூ ஜேர்சி]] மாநிலத்தின் கம்பர்லாந்து கவுன்டியில் அமைந்துள்ள ஒரு நகரியம் ஆகும்.

==பரப்பளவு==
2010இன் மதிப்பீட்டின் அடிப்படையில் இது 31.27 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பரப்பளவைக் கொண்டுள்ளது. இதில் 31.10 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் நிலத்தினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது. மிகுதியாக இருக்கும் 0.18 சதுர கிலோ மீற்றர் பிரதேசம் நீரினால் சூழப்பட்டுள்ளது.

== மக்கள் தொகை ==
2010 ஆம் ஆண்டில் இடம்பெற்ற ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகளின் மக்கள் தொகைக் கணக்கெடுப்பின் அடிப்படையில், இந்நகரத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை 7,660 ஆகும். அப்பெர் டியர்பீல்ட் நகரியம் பிரதேசத்தின் மக்கள் தொகை அடர்த்தி ஒரு கிலோ மீற்றருக்கு  246.3 குடிமக்கள் ஆகும். &lt;ref&gt;[http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 GCT-PH1: Population, Housing Units, Area, and Density: 2010 - County -- County Subdivision and Place from the 2010 Census Summary File 1 for Cumberland County, New Jersey] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20150427182737/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/DEC/10_SF1/GCTPH1.CY10/0500000US34011 |date=2015-04-27 }}, ஐக்கிய அமெரிக்க நாடுகள் மக்கள் தொகை கணக்கெடுப்பு பணியகம். பார்த்த நாள் மே 11, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

== மேற்கோள்கள் ==
{{Reflist}}

[[பகுப்பு:கம்பர்லாந்து மாவட்ட நகரங்கள்]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Testing replacement links</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-24T14:01:00Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="2912" xml:space="preserve">'''Extraído de [[:es:Guía de Isora]]''' (obviar los enlaces rojos dado que esto ocurre debido a que son llamadas a artículos y plantillas de la wiki-es). 

=== Transporte público ===
El municipio cuenta con varias '''paradas de taxis''' El municipio cuenta con varias '''paradas de taxis''' localizadas en el casco del pueblo y en las localidades costeras.&lt;ref name=&quot;IDECalle&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20150326104028/http://www.idecan.grafcan.es/idecan/ Infraestructura de Datos Espaciales de Canarias. Callejero Turístico] Fuente: Consejería de Educación, Universidades y Sostenibilidad. Gobierno de Canarias.&lt;/ref&gt;

En '''autobús —guagua—''' queda conectado mediante las siguientes líneas de [[TITSA]]:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Línea !! Trayecto !! Recorrido 
|----
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|325|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[[Puerto de la Cruz]] - [[Acantilados de Los Gigantes (localidad)|Acantilados Los Gigantes]] (por Icod de los Vinos)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=325 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|417|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[[Los Cristianos]] - [[Guía de Isora (capital municipal)|Guía de Isora]] (por [[Costa Adeje]])&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=417 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|460|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Icod de los Vinos - Costa Adeje (por Guía de Isora)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=460 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|462|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Guía de Isora - A. Los Gigantes (por [[Tamaimo]])&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=462 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|473|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Los Cristianos - A. Los Gigantes (por [[Adeje (capital municipal)|Adeje]])&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=473 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|477|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Los Cristianos - A. Los Gigantes (directo)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=477 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|490|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Guía de Isora - [[Vera de Erques]] (por Tejina de Guía)&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=490 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|492|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;Guía de Isora - [[Chío]] (por [[Chiguergue]])&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=492 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|&lt;center&gt;{{Línea|493|Titsa|DarkGreen|white}}&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt; Guía de Isora - A. Los Gigantes (por [[Alcalá (Guía de Isora)|Alcalá]])&lt;/center&gt;||&lt;center&gt;[http://www.titsa.com/index.php?accion=linea&amp;IdLinea=493 Horario/Línea]&lt;/center&gt;
|-
|}</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Queer as Folk (season 1)</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <comment>Rescuing 2 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="20602" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Japanese video game and media franchise}}{{Infobox television season
| show_name            = 
| season_name          = Queer as Folk Season 1
| season_number        = 
| bgcolour             = #B60000
| image                = [[File:QueerAsFolkSeason1.jpg]]
| image_alt            = 
| caption              = DVD cover art
| starring             = 
| country              = 
| num_episodes         = 22
| network              = [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Showcase (Canadian TV channel)|Showcase]]
| first_aired          = {{Start date|2000|12|03}}
| last_aired           = {{End date|2001|06|24}}
| next_season          = [[Queer as Folk (season 2)|Season 2]]
| episode_list         = List of Queer as Folk episodes
}}

The '''first season''' of ''[[Queer as Folk (2000 TV series)|Queer as Folk]]'', an [[United States|American]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] television series, consisted of twenty-two episodes and premiered on [[Showtime (TV network)|Showtime]] on December 3, 2000, in the United States and on [[Showcase (Canadian TV channel)|Showcase]] on January 22, 2001, in Canada.

==Cast==

===Main cast===
* [[Gale Harold]] as [[Brian Kinney]]
* [[Randy Harrison]] as [[Justin Taylor]]
* [[Hal Sparks]] as [[Michael Novotny]]
* [[Peter Paige]] as [[Emmett Honeycutt]]
* [[Scott Lowell]] as [[Ted Schmidt]]
* [[Thea Gill]] as [[Lindsay Peterson]]
* [[Michelle Clunie]] as [[Melanie Marcus]]
* [[Sharon Gless]] as [[Debbie Novotny]]
* [[Jack Wetherall]] as [[Vic Grassi]]

===Supporting cast===
* [[Chris Potter (actor)|Chris Potter]] as Dr. David Cameron
* [[Sherry Miller]] as [[Jennifer Taylor (Queer As Folk)|Jennifer Taylor]]
* [[Makyla Smith]] as [[Daphne Chanders]]
* [[Dean Armstrong]] as [[Blake Wyzecki]]
*Lindsey Connell as Tracey
* [[Stephanie Moore]] as Cynthia

==Episodes==
{{See also|List of Queer as Folk episodes}}
&lt;onlyinclude&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable plainrowheaders&quot; style=&quot;width: 100%; margin-right: 0;&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Series #
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Season #
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Title
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Directed by
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Written by
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Original air date
! style=&quot;background:#B60000; color:#fff;&quot;| Production&lt;br /&gt;code
|-
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 1
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 1&lt;ref name=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20110716065653/http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=101&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=101 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065653/http://web.archive.org/web/20110716065653/http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=101 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Premiere
 |DirectedBy = [[Russell Mulcahy]]
 |WrittenBy = [[Ron Cowen]] &amp; [[Daniel Lipman]]
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2000|12|03}} (United States){{ref|PR|1}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|01|22}} (Canada){{ref|PR|2}}
 |ProdCode = 101
 |ShortSummary = After a night out at the club Babylon with Michael, Emmett and Ted; Brian picks up a cute guy named Justin for a night of fun, but afterwards coldly rebuffs Justin's attempts to see him again. Michael also gets lucky taking home a hunk only to be happily interrupted for a trip to the hospital after Brian learns that Lindsay and Melanie have had a baby boy, Gus. In the meantime, Michael stays in the closet at work, which causes some problems with an interested co-worker while at the same time he struggles with feelings of jealousy over Brian's relationship with Justin.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 2
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 2&lt;ref name=&quot;http://web.archive.org/web/20110716065653/http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=101&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=101 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716065653/http://web.archive.org/web/20110716065653/http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=101 |archivedate=2011-07-16 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Queer, There and Everywhere
 |DirectedBy = Russell Mulcahy
 |WrittenBy = Ron Cowen &amp; Daniel Lipman
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2000|12|03}} (United States){{ref|PR|1}}&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|01|22}} (Canada){{ref|PR|2}}
 |ProdCode = 102
 |ShortSummary = After a night out at the club Babylon with Michael, Emmett and Ted; Brian picks up a cute guy named Justin for a night of fun, but afterwards coldly rebuffs Justin's attempts to see him again. Michael also gets lucky taking home a hunk only to be happily interrupted for a trip to the hospital after Brian learns that Lindsay and Melanie have had a baby boy, Gus. In the meantime, Michael stays in the closet at work, which causes some problems with an interested co-worker while at the same time he struggles with feelings of jealousy over Brian's relationship with Justin.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 3
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 3&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=103 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = No Bris, No Shirt, No Service
 |DirectedBy = Russell Mulcahy
 |WrittenBy = Ron Cowen &amp; Daniel Lipman
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2000|12|10}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|01|22}} (Canada){{ref|PR|2}}
 |ProdCode = 103
 |ShortSummary = Lindsay and Melanie have a bris for their new baby Gus, which Brian decides to miss until Michael convinces him otherwise. Brian decides to crash the party and put his parental foot down. Justin seeking to regain the attention of Brian decides to make himself noticed at Babylon. Meanwhile, Brian's involvement as the father of Gus causes some relationship strain between Lindsay and Melanie. Michael attempting to continue his straight act, runs into a co-worker in front of the gay bars. Also, Ted finally gets lucky with a guy who he's been denying the advances of all night, but ends up with devastating results.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 4
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 4&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=104 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Ted's Not Dead
 |DirectedBy = Kevin Inch
 |WrittenBy = [[Richard Kramer (writer)|Richard Kramer]]
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2000|12|17}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|01|29}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 104
 |ShortSummary = While Ted lies in a drug-induced coma, Brian learns he's named the executor of his friend's living will. Also, Justin's mother suspects the truth about her son's sexuality and Michael and Emmett try to remove incriminating evidence from Ted's apartment but discover Ted's longtime crush on Michael.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 5
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 5&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=105 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Now Approaching... The Line
 |DirectedBy = [[Kari Skogland]]
 |WrittenBy = Jason Schafer
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|01|07}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|02|02}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 105
 |ShortSummary = Michael fends off the romantic interest of a female coworker who doesn't know he's gay and instead dates a handsome chiropractor, while Brian is propositioned by a potentially lucrative client of his firm. Meanwhile, Justin struggles to repair his fractured relationship with his mother Jennifer.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 6
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 6&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=106 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = The Art of Desperation
 |DirectedBy = Kari Skogland
 |WrittenBy = Jonathan Tolins
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|01|21}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|02|12}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 106
 |ShortSummary = Michael's new chiropractor boyfriend gets into a tug of war with Brian over Michael, as Ted recovers from his O.D. by dating Roger, a stable but overweight chorus director. Also, Justin meets Lindsay, who is impressed with his artwork.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 7
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 7&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=107 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Smells Like Codependence
 |DirectedBy = [[David Wellington (director)|David Wellington]]
 |WrittenBy = Ron Cowen &amp; Daniel Lipman
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|01|28}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|02|19}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 107
 |ShortSummary = Debbie meets Dr. David; Michael and Dr. David spend a weekend in the country; Justin's father learns the truth and decides to send Justin away to school; Brian's emotional hold on Michael and dislike for Dr. David intensifies.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 8
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 8&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=108 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Babylon Boomerang
 |DirectedBy = Steve DiMarco
 |WrittenBy = Richard Kramer
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|02|04}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|02|26}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 108
 |ShortSummary = Justin's father attacks Brian outside Babylon; Michael gets a promotion at work; Justin moves in with Brian.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 9
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 9&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=109 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Daddy Dearest (Sonny Boy)
 |DirectedBy = [[John Greyson]]
 |WrittenBy = Jason Schafer &amp; Jonathan Tolins
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|02|11}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|03|05}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 109
 |ShortSummary = Michael decides to break up with Dr. David, who surprises Michael by asking him to move in with him; Lindsay and Melanie ask Brian to relinquish his parental rights to Gus; Emmett becomes addicted to cyber-sex.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 10
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 10&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=110 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Queens of the Road
 |DirectedBy = [[John L'Ecuyer]]
 |WrittenBy = Doug Guinan
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|02|18}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|03|12}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 110
 |ShortSummary = Dr. David pressures Michael to move in with him; Brian's loft is burglarized; Justin runs away to New York City; Lindsay and Melanie begin to drift apart.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 11
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 11&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=111 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Surprise!
 |DirectedBy = [[Michael DeCarlo]]
 |WrittenBy = Jason Schafer &amp; Jonathan Tolins
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|02|25}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|03|19}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 111
 |ShortSummary = Michael ends the relationship with Dr. David; Ted and Emmett get tested for AIDS; Brian throws Michael a surprise 30th birthday party and outs Michael to his co-worker; Emmett makes a pact with God.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 12
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 12&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=112 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Move It or Lose It
 |DirectedBy = John Greyson
 |WrittenBy = Richard Kramer, Ron Cowen &amp; Daniel Lipman
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|03|04}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|03|26}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 112
 |ShortSummary = Michael and Dr. David enjoy their new-found domestic bliss; Emmett joins a &quot;conversion therapy&quot; group; Lindsay and Melanie continue to fight about Brian, finances and their future; Ted becomes very sexually active.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 13
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 13&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=113 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Very Stupid People
 |DirectedBy = [[Ron Oliver]]
 |WrittenBy = [[Drew Z. Greenberg]]
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|03|11}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|04|02}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 113
 |ShortSummary = Brian sleeps with a co-worker who then files a complaint against him; Emmett continues to try to go straight; Melanie finds solace from Lindsay in the arms of another woman. 
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 14
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 14&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=114 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = A Change of Heart
 |DirectedBy = Michael DeCarlo
 |WrittenBy = Doug Guinan
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|03|18}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|04|09}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 114
 |ShortSummary = Brian is named in the sexual harassment suit and turns to Melanie for legal advice; Emmett starts dating a woman in his continuing attempt to go straight; Michael lies to David about seeing Brian.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 15
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 15&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=115 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = The Ties That Bind
 |DirectedBy = [[Alex Chapple]]
 |WrittenBy = Garth Wingfield
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|04|01}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|04|16}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 115
 |ShortSummary = Lindsay leaves Gus in Brian's care on the weekend of the Leather Ball. Michael is nervous about meeting David's son. Ted takes a walk on the wild side. Brian comes out to his father after he learns that Jack has cancer.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 16
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 16&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=116 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = French Fried
 |DirectedBy = [[Jeremy Podeswa]]
 |WrittenBy = Jason Schafer
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|04|08}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|04|23}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 116
 |ShortSummary = Michael and Dr. David disagree about finances; a strange Frenchman moves in with Lindsay and Gus causing a stir; Justin is suspended from school.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 17
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 17&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=117 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Solution (How TLFKAM Got Her Name Back)
 |DirectedBy = Michael DeCarlo
 |WrittenBy = Jonathan Tolins
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|04|15}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|04|30}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 117
 |ShortSummary = Dr. David and Michael host a high-society fundraiser-Michael excludes the gang; Lindsay and Guillaume prepare for the big day; Justin continues to be harassed at school.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 18
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 18&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=118 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Surprise Kill
 |DirectedBy = Russell Mulcahy
 |WrittenBy = Ron Cowen, Daniel Lipman, Jason Schafer &amp; Jonathan Tolins
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|04|22}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|05|07}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 118
 |ShortSummary = Brian discovers David at the baths; Justin finds out his parents are getting a divorce; Ted reconnects with Blake; a hunk from Babylon hits on Michael.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 19
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 19&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=119 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Good Grief!
 |DirectedBy = David Wellington
 |WrittenBy = Garth Wingfield
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|04|29}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|05|14}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 119
 |ShortSummary = In the throes of a hot session Brian gets upsetting news; Daphne asks Justin to be her first time; Ted wants Blake, despite his crystal meth addiction. 
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 20
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 20&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=120 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = The King of Babylon
 |DirectedBy = Russell Mulcahy
 |WrittenBy = Jason Schafer &amp; Jonathan Tolins
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|06|10}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|05|21}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 120
 |ShortSummary = Who will be crowned King of Babylon? An innocent trip to the mall lands Vic in jail; Brian is beaten at his own game.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 21
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 21&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=121 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Running to Stand Still
 |DirectedBy = Michael DeCarlo
 |WrittenBy = Garth Wingfield
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|06|17}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|05|28}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 121
 |ShortSummary = Brian is chosen 'Ad person of the Year' and encouraged to take his talent to the Big Apple; Vic appears in court to plead his case; Blake gets a job; David's ex-wife's divorce takes him to Portland.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
{{Episode list/sublist|List of Queer as Folk episodes
 |EpisodeNumber = 22
 |EpisodeNumber2 = 22&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sho.com/site/queer/episode_archive.do?episodeid=122 |title=Showtime : Queer As Folk : Home |publisher=Sho.com |date= |accessdate=2013-11-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Title = Full Circle
 |DirectedBy = Alex Chapple
 |WrittenBy = Ron Cowen &amp; Daniel Lipman
 |OriginalAirDate = {{Start date|2001|06|24}} (United States)&lt;br /&gt;{{Start date|2001|06|25}} (Canada)
 |ProdCode = 122
 |ShortSummary = Brian turns 30; Michael and David prepare for their move to Portland; Ted faces the truth about Blake; Justin and Daphne attend their prom where a big surprise awaits.
 |LineColor = B60000
}}
|}
&lt;/onlyinclude&gt;
{{note|PR|1}} In the United States, the first episode aired #1 and #2 back-to-back.&lt;br /&gt;{{note|PR|2}} In Canada, the first episode consisted of #1-#3.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

{{Queer as Folk - US &amp; Canada Navigation}}

[[Category:2000 television seasons]]
[[Category:2001 television seasons]]</text>
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  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Zimbabwe flyafrica.com</title>
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    <id>91741</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-24T15:49:47Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="15470" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox airline
| airline          = Zimbabwe flyafrica.com
| image            = Flyafrica.com_logo.png
| image_size       = 250
| alt              = &lt;!-- Describe the logo to a sight impared user --&gt;
| caption          = &lt;!-- Caption for the image --&gt;
| IATA             = Z7
| ICAO             = FZW
| callsign         = FRESH EXPRESS
| founded          = &lt;!-- {{Start date|YYYY|MM|DD}}&lt;br /&gt;[[City]], [[State/Province]], [[Country]] --&gt;
| commenced        = {{Start date|2014|08}}
| ceased           =
| aoc              = &lt;!-- XNXN --&gt; &lt;!-- Alpha numeric pattern varies --&gt;
| bases            = [[Harare International Airport]]
| hubs             = &lt;!-- {{plainlist|
*[[Airport Name1]]
*[[Airport Name2]]
}} --&gt;
| secondary_hubs   = &lt;!-- {{plainlist|
*[[Airport Name1]]
*[[Airport Name2]]
}} --&gt;
| focus_cities     = &lt;!-- {{plainlist|
*[[Airport Name1]]
*[[Airport Name2]]
}} --&gt;
| frequent_flyer   = &lt;!-- Name of frequent flyer program --&gt;
| lounge           = &lt;!-- Name of airport lounge or member's club --&gt;
| alliance         = &lt;!-- Name of multi-airline alliance --&gt;
| subsidiaries     = &lt;!-- {{plainlist|
*[[Subsidiary1]]
*[[Subsidiary2]]
}} --&gt;
| fleet_size       = 5
| destinations     = 0
| company_slogan   = ''Africa's Low Fare Airline''
| parent           = &lt;!-- Parent company's legal name, if applicable --&gt;
| headquarters     = &lt;!-- [[City]], [[State/Province]], [[Country]] --&gt;
| key_people       =
| revenue          = &lt;!-- {{Increase/decrease/steady compared to previous year}} [[United States Dollar|US$]]XXX million &lt;small&gt;(''FY YYYY'')&lt;/small&gt; --&gt;
| operating_income = &lt;!-- {{Increase/decrease/steady compared to previous year}} [[United States Dollar|US$]]XXX million &lt;small&gt;(''FY YYYY'')&lt;/small&gt; --&gt;
| net_income       = &lt;!-- {{Increase/decrease/steady compared to previous year}} [[United States Dollar|US$]]XXX million &lt;small&gt;(''FY YYYY'')&lt;/small&gt; --&gt;
| profit           = &lt;!-- see [[profit (accounting)]] --&gt;
| assets           = &lt;!-- {{Increase/decrease/steady compared to previous year}} [[United States Dollar|US$]]XXX million &lt;small&gt;(''FY YYYY'')&lt;/small&gt; --&gt;
| equity           = &lt;!-- {{Increase/decrease/steady compared to previous year}} [[United States Dollar|US$]]XXX million &lt;small&gt;(''FY YYYY'')&lt;/small&gt; --&gt;
| num_employees    = &lt;!-- NNN --&gt;
| website          = {{URL|flyafrica.com}}
}}

'''Zimbabwe flyafrica.com''' is/was a [[low cost carrier]], the first from the ''flyafrica.com'' group to start operations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimbabwe LCC flyafrica set to launch in July&quot; /&gt;  Flights commenced in {{start date|2014|8}} between [[Victoria Falls Airport|Vitoria Falls]] and [[O. R. Tambo International Airport|Johannesburg]], and subsequently on additional routes. However operations have been suspended since October 2015, on removal of the airline's operating licence, reportedly following shareholder disputes and failure to meet statutory requirements.&lt;ref name=&quot;suspended&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Fly Africa airline suspended|first= |last= |location= |work= |url= http://www.zbc.co.zw/news-categories/top-stories/62113-fly-africa-airline-suspended-|date=28 October 2015 |website= |publisher= Zimbabwe Broadcasting Corporation|accessdate=23 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Harare court upholds suspension of Zimbabwe flyafrica's AOC|first= |last= |location= |work= |url= http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/news/41974-harare-court-upholds-suspension-of-zimbabwe-flyafricas-aoc|date=24 November 2015 |website= |publisher= ch-aviation|accessdate=23 January 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
 
==History==
Test flights were conducted in {{start date|2014|7}} in order to meet [[South African Civil Aviation Authority]] and [[Civil Aviation Authority of Zimbabwe]] (CAAZ) requirements.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fly Africa conducts Zim demo flights&quot; /&gt; The carrier advised that the first service was launched between [[Victoria Falls]] and [[Johannesburg]] on {{start date|2014|7|17|df=yes}}, and scheduled services were slated to commence a week later, on {{date|23 jul}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com Operates Inaugural Victoria Falls–Johannesburg Flight&quot; /&gt; However, these services reportedly did not commence citing operational logistics issues.&lt;ref name=&quot;Flyafrica fails to fly&quot; /&gt; It was later advised that the fact the carrier had their [[aircraft]] registered in Zimbabwe and their pilots licensed in South Africa prevented scheduled services from being launched, as the CAAZ demanded the pilots to be licensed in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fly Africa flights to start this week after pilot licencing delay&quot; /&gt;  Flights eventually commenced in August 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;suspended&quot; /&gt;

Flights on all routes were suspended in October 2015, after the airline's AOC was withdrawn by the CAAZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;suspended&quot; /&gt; In addition to disputes between the shareholders, there was a failure to meet the regulatory requirements (including that the aircraft were not based in Zimbabwe, and the company did not have an accountable manager and a local head of maintenance) and the airline had not been remitting [[passenger]] services charges to CAAZ.&lt;ref name=&quot;suspended&quot; /&gt; The suspension was upheld by the High Court of Zimbabwe in November 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt;

There was a sister carrier '''Namibia flyafrica''' (based at [[Hosea Kutako International Airport|Windhoek]], [[Namibia]]), which was also forced to suspend operations given that it was wet-leasing a B737-500 from Zimbabwe flyafrica for its flights to South Africa. The Namibian Department of Civil Aviation (DCA) suspended the carrier's licence in November 2015 after an investigation showed it had failed to inform the DCA of Zimbabwe flyafrica's AOC revocation while continuing to operate its aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt;

==Corporate affairs==
===Ownership===
The airline is a joint venture between the Zimbabwean infrastructure company ''Nu.com'' (previously associated to the Zimbabwean start-up carrier Fresh Air, a project that never materialised)&lt;ref name=&quot;Flyafrica to start operations in July&quot; /&gt; and ''Flyafrica Ltd'', a private aviation group.&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimbabwe LCC flyafrica set to launch in July&quot; /&gt;

===Key people===
Zimbabwe flyafrica.com{{'s}} [[CEO]] was Chakanyuka Karase,&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimbabwe LCC flyafrica set to launch in July&quot; /&gt; but he is no longer an officer of the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;upholds&quot; /&gt;

==Destinations==
According to its timetable, the carrier served the following destinations {{as of|2015|5|lc=yes}}, although these have now all been terminated:

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|-
|style=&quot;background-color: #FFE6BD&quot;|
|Base
|-
|style=&quot;background-color:#DDDDDD&quot;|
|Suspended route
|}
{|class=&quot;sortable wikitable toccolours&quot;
|-
!style=&quot;background-color: #ED2939; color: white&quot;|Country
!style=&quot;background-color: #ED2939; color: white&quot;|City
!style=&quot;background-color: #ED2939; color: white&quot;|Airport
!style=&quot;background-color: #ED2939; color: white&quot;|Begin
!style=&quot;background-color: #ED2939; color: white&quot;|End
!style=&quot;background-color: #ED2939; color: white&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot;|Refs
|-
|[[Democratic Republic of Congo]]||[[Lubumbashi]]||style=&quot;background-color: #DDDDDD&quot;|[[Lubumbashi International Airport]]||{{dts|2015|9|14|format=dmy}}||{{n/a}}||align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;julyschedule&quot; /&gt;
|-
|[[South Africa]]||[[Johannesburg]]||style=&quot;background-color: #DDDDDD&quot;|[[Lanseria International Airport]]|| ||{{n/a}}||align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;FlyAfrica: Lanseria move reduces Namibia travel by R300&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://traveller24.news24.com/News/Flights/FlyAfrica-Lanseria-move-reduces-Namibia-ticket-prices-by-R300-20150914|title=FlyAfrica: Lanseria move reduces Namibia travel by R300|publisher=News24|date=17 September 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[South Africa]]||[[Johannesburg]]||style=&quot;background-color: #DDDDDD&quot;|[[O.R. Tambo International Airport]]&amp;nbsp;{{sup|[Terminated]}}||{{unknown}}||{{unknown}}||align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;FlyAfrica: Lanseria move reduces Namibia travel by R300&quot;/&gt;
|-
|[[Zambia]]||[[Lusaka]]||style=&quot;background-color: #DDDDDD&quot;|[[Lusaka International Airport]]||align=center|{{dts|2015|7|27|format=dmy}}||{{n/a}}||align=center|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://airlineroute.net/2015/03/03/z7-lun-may15/|title=Fly Africa Delays Lusaka Launch to May 2015|publisher=Airline Route|date=3 March 2015|accessdate=3 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]||[[Bulawayo]]||style=&quot;background-color: #DDDDDD&quot;|[[Bulawayo Airport]]||align=center|{{dts|2015|7|27|format=dmy}}||{{n/a}}||align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com 2015 outlook: rapid expansion and new Namibia base as competition intensifies&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=julyschedule&gt;{{cite web|title=flyafrica Schedule|url=http://flyafrica.com/en/plan-my-trip/schedules-fares|website=flyafrica.com|accessdate=6 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]||[[Harare]]||style=&quot;background-color: #FFE6BD&quot;|[[Harare International Airport]]&amp;nbsp;{{sup|[[Point-to-point transit|Base]]}}||||{{n/a}}||align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com 2015 outlook: rapid expansion and new Namibia base as competition intensifies&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Schedules&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Flight Schedules |publisher=Flyafrica.com |url=http://flyafrica.com/en/plan-my-trip/flight%20schedules |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213053009/http://flyafrica.com/en/plan-my-trip/flight%20schedules |archivedate=13 December 2014 |df=dmy |access-date=8 December 2014 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|[[Zimbabwe]]||[[Victoria Falls]]||style=&quot;background-color: #DDDDDD&quot;|[[Victoria Falls Airport]]||align=center| ||{{n/a}}||align=center|&lt;ref name=&quot;Schedules&quot; /&gt;
|}

==Fleet==
Flyafrica acquired {{cardinal to word|5}} ex-[[Czech Airlines]] [[Boeing 737-500]] aircraft.&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up&quot; /&gt; {{As of|2015|1}}, the airline{{'s}} fleet consisted of the following equipment, although only two aircraft were ever registered for use in Zimbabwe:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Fleet|work= ch-aviation GmbH|url= http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/aircraft/search?search=1&amp;cha=FYF|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20150120130217/http://www.ch-aviation.com/portal/aircraft/search?search=1&amp;cha=FYF|archivedate= 20 January 2015|access-date= 26 July 2014|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;toccolours&quot; border=&quot;1&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; style=&quot;border-collapse:collapse;text-align:center&quot;
|+ '''Zimbabwe flyafrica.com fleet'''
|- bgcolor= #ED2939
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:200px;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Aircraft
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:40px;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;In service
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:40px;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Orders
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Passengers
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;width:200px;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Notes
|- bgcolor= #ED2939
! style=&quot;width:25px;&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;Business Class&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;C&lt;/abbr&gt;
! style=&quot;width:25px;&quot; |&lt;abbr title=&quot;Economy Class&quot;&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Y&lt;/abbr&gt;
! style=&quot;width:25px;&quot; |&lt;span style=&quot;color:white;&quot;&gt;Total
|-
|[[Boeing 737-500]]
|5
|&amp;mdash;
|colspan=&quot;2&quot; {{dunno}}
|120&lt;ref name=&quot;Fly Africa flights to start this week after pilot licencing delay&quot; /&gt;
|Three aircraft stored at [[Václav Havel Airport Prague|PRG]]
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

==See also==
{{portal|Aviation|Zimbabwe}}
*[[Transport in Zimbabwe]]
{{clear right}}

==References==
{{Reflist|refs=
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Flyafrica fails to fly&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Flyafrica fails to fly|work= Bulawayo24 News|date= 25 July 2014|url= http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-business-sc-companies-byo-51148.html|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20140726143807/http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-business-sc-companies-byo-51148.html|archivedate= 26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Flyafrica to start operations in July&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Flyafrica to start operations in July|first= Oliver|last= Clark|location= [[London]]|work= [[Flightglobal]]|date= 19 June 2014|url= http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flyafrica-to-start-operations-in-july-400582/|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20140726172201/http://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/flyafrica-to-start-operations-in-july-400582/|archivedate= 26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=flyafrica.com and fastjet give Zimbabwe its first taste of LCCs with local start-up |work=Centre for Aviation |date=2 July 2014 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/flyafricacom-and-fastjet-give-zimbabwe-its-first-taste-of-lccs-with-local-start-up-175431 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140809204316/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/flyafricacom-and-fastjet-give-zimbabwe-its-first-taste-of-lccs-with-local-start-up-175431 |archivedate=2014-08-09 |df=dmy }}&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com Operates Inaugural Victoria Falls–Johannesburg Flight&quot;&gt;{{cite press release|title= flyafrica.com Operates Inaugural Victoria Falls–Johannesburg Flight|publisher= flyafrica.com|date= 17 July 2014|url= http://flyafrica.com/upload/Press%20Release%2017_07_2014_Global%20FINAL.pdf|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20140726142925/http://flyafrica.com/upload/Press%20Release%2017_07_2014_Global%20FINAL.pdf|archivedate= 26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;flyafrica.com 2015 outlook: rapid expansion and new Namibia base as competition intensifies&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=flyafrica.com 2015 outlook: rapid expansion and new Namibia base as competition intensifies |work=CAPA Centre for Aviation |date=7 January 2015 |url=http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/flyafricacom-2015-outlook-rapid-expansion-and-new-namibia-base-as-competition-intensifies-203091 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20150107203145/http://centreforaviation.com/analysis/flyafricacom-2015-outlook-rapid-expansion-and-new-namibia-base-as-competition-intensifies-203091 |archivedate=2015-01-07 |df=dmy }}&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Fly Africa conducts Zim demo flights&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Fly Africa conducts Zim demo flights|first= Roberta|last= Katunga|work= Bulawayo24 News|date= 13 July 2014|url= http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-regional-byo-50493.html|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20140726145653/http://www.bulawayo24.com/index-id-news-sc-regional-byo-50493.html|archivedate= 26 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Fly Africa flights to start this week after pilot licencing delay&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Fly Africa flights to start this week after pilot licencing delay |newspaper=New Zimbabwe |date=26 July 2014 |url=http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-16961-Fly+Africa+flights+to+start+this+week/business.aspx |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=http://web.archive.org/web/20140810000253/http://www.newzimbabwe.com/business-16961-Fly+Africa+flights+to+start+this+week/business.aspx |archivedate=2014-08-10 |df=dmy }}&amp;nbsp;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- + --&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Zimbabwe LCC flyafrica set to launch in July&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= Zimbabwe LCC flyafrica set to launch in July|first= Cuckoo|last= Paul|work= [[Air Transport World]]|date= 20 June 2014|url= http://atwonline.com/finance-data/zimbabwe-lcc-flyafrica-set-launch-july|archiveurl= http://web.archive.org/web/20140701152322/http://atwonline.com/finance-data/zimbabwe-lcc-flyafrica-set-launch-july|archivedate= 1 July 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|30em}}

==External links==
*{{official website}}

{{Airlines of Zimbabwe}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2014}}

[[Category:Low-cost airlines]]
[[Category:Airlines of Zimbabwe]]</text>
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      <text bytes="80957" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-pc1|expiry=June 6, 2020}}{{About|the color}}{{technical reasons|Yellow #5|that title|Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Infobox colour|title=Yellow|image={{photomontage
|photo1a=Aspen-PopulusTremuloides-2001-09-27.jpg
|photo1b=Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg
|photo1c=20130304FeteDuCitronMenton 010.jpg
|photo2a=Bradley Wiggins, 2012 Tour de France finish.jpg
|photo2b=清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg
|photo2c=Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg
|photo3a=Cornwall Daffodils.jpg
| size = 243
| color_border = #009001
| color =  #000000
| caption=
| foot_montage = }}|wavelength=575–585&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.info/color/|title=Color|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=521–512|hex=FFFF00|textcolour=purple|spelling=Color|r=255|g=255|b=0|c=0|m=0|y=100|k=0|h=60|s=100|v=100|source=[[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]&lt;ref name=&quot;css3-color&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;!-- 1st para – definition, place in science and nature--&gt; '''Yellow''' is the color of Judas, the man whom betrays JESUS AND JACOB. The living son of GOD, Emanuel is Hispanic A.K.A yellow. Who betrays me? Time has repeated!! [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and [[green]] on the [[Visible spectrum|spectrum of visible light]]. It is evoked by light with a [[dominant wavelength]] of roughly 570{{ndash}}590 [[Nanometre|nm]]. It is a [[primary color]] in [[subtractive color]] systems, used in painting or color printing. In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a [[secondary color]] made by combining red and green at equal intensity.   [[Carotenoids]] give the characteristic yellow color to [[Autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]], [[Maize|corn]], [[Domestic Canary|canaries]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], and [[lemons]], as well as [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]],  [[Buttercup|buttercups]], and [[Banana|bananas]]. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=G.A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J.E.|title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis|journal=FASEB J.|volume=10|issue=2|pages=228–37|year=1996|pmid=8641556|doi=|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8641556}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sunlight]] has a slight yellowish hue when sun is near a horizon, due to atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet).&lt;!-- 2nd para – In history and culture--&gt;Because it was widely available, [[yellow ochre]] pigment was one of the first colors used in art;  the [[Lascaux]] cave in '''France''' has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old.  Ochre and [[orpiment]] pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in the murals in Roman villas.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html%7cWebexhibits|title=Pigments through the Ages – Antiquity|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the [[Pope]] and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but was also associated with [[Judas Iscariot]] and was used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow star]]. In China, bri&lt;br&gt;

Test edit one[[File:Yellow Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa Twisted Pair DoF 2000px.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]&lt;br&gt;ght yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the Emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on a yellow carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot;&gt;Cited in Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 3rd para – symbolism and common associations--&gt;According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chaharshanbe Suri|In Iran]] it has connotations of pallor/sickness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php|title=Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire|website=www.iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also wisdom and connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html|title=Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture|website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86&lt;/ref&gt;


Rurjdj

== Etymology ==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', ''geolwe'' ([[oblique case]]), meaning &quot;yellow, yellowish&quot;, derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz'' &quot;yellow&quot;. It has the same Indo-European base, ''gʰel-'', as the words ''gold'' and ''yell''; ''gʰel-'' means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out.&lt;ref&gt;''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988)&lt;/ref&gt;

The English term 

is related to other Germanic words for ''yellow'', namely Scots ''yella'', East Frisian ''jeel'', West Frisian ''giel'', Dutch ''geel'', German ''gelb'', and Swedish and Norwegian ''gul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&amp;searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the oldest known use of this word in English is from ''The Epinal Glossary'' in 700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/231534|title=yellow, adj. and n|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Science and nature ==

=== Optics, color printing, and computer screens ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
CMYK color swatches.svg| Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). When CMY &quot;primaries&quot; are combined at full strength, the resulting &quot;secondary&quot; mixtures are red, green, and blue
SubtractiveColor.svg |Mixing all three theoretically results in black, but imperfect ink formulations do not give true black, which is why an additional ''K'' component is needed.
File:NIEdot367.jpg|An example of color printing from 1902. Combining images in yellow, magenta and cyan creates a full-color picture.  This is called the CMYK color model.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer display, yellow is created by combining green and red light at the right intensity on a black screen. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a [[dominant wavelength]] between 570 and 590 nanometers.

In color printing, yellow is one of the three colors of ink, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]], which, along with black,  can be overlaid in the right combination, along with black, to print any full color image. (See the [[CMYK color model]]).  A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as &quot;pigment yellow&quot;, &quot;printer's yellow&quot;, and &quot;canary yellow&quot;) subtractive [[Primary color|primary colors]], along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]].   Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See [[RGB color model]]).

==== Complementary colors ====
[[File:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480&amp;nbsp;nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the &quot;[[Planckian locus]]&quot;.]]
Traditionally, the [[complementary color]] of yellow is [[purple]]; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Roelofs|first1=Isabelle|last2=Petillion|first2=Fabien|title=La couleur expliquée aux artistes|year=2012|publisher=Eyrolles|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-212-13486-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Vincent Van Gogh]], an avid student of color theory,  used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Gage|year=2006|title=La Couleur dans l'art|pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunt defines that &quot;two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hunt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Measuring Color|first=J. W. G.|last=Hunt|year=1980|publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd|isbn=978-0-7458-0125-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are [[Complementary color|complementary]]. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call '''violet or purple'''. Helmholtz says &quot;Yellow and indigo blue&quot; are complements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Physiological Optics|first=Hermann|last=von Helmholtz|publisher=Dover|year=1924|isbn=978-0-486-44260-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says &quot;This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Theory of Compound Colors|first=Hermann Günter|last=Grassmann|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=4|year=1854|pages=254–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450&amp;nbsp;nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580&amp;nbsp;nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[Kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[Color wheel|color wheels]], painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

==== Lasers ====
[[Laser|Lasers]] emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=27 March 2009|quote=described as an &quot;extremely rare yellow&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In commercial products diode pumped solid state ([[Diode-pumped solid-state laser|DPSS]]) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808&amp;nbsp;nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76&amp;nbsp;THz and 223.39&amp;nbsp;THz: 1064&amp;nbsp;nm and 1342&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15&amp;nbsp;THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5&amp;nbsp;nm (&quot;yellow&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ledmuseum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm|title=Yellow (593.5&amp;nbsp;nm) DPSS Laser Module|last=Johnson|first=Craig|date=22 March 2009|publisher=The LED Museum|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a [[helium–neon laser]]. However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590&amp;nbsp;nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589&amp;nbsp;nm, which is considered a true yellow color.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of yellow lasers at 589&amp;nbsp;nm and 594&amp;nbsp;nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of [[optogenetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koala can operate yellow lasers using their claw. They are responsible for multiple yellow laser attacks on kangaroos that were teasing them.

=== Astronomy ===
[[Star|Stars]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] F have [[Color temperature|color temperatures]] that make them look &quot;yellowish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stars and Galaxies|first=Ron|last=Miller|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7613-3466-8|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=spectral-class+yellow}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|F. G. W. Struve]] in 1827. One of his classifications was ''flavae'', or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Murdin|year=1984|page=18|title=Colours of the stars|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25714-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Strömgren photometric system]] for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550&amp;nbsp;nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strömgren|first=Bengt|title=Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|pages=8–37|bibcode=1963QJRAS...4....8S|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Andrew|last2=Cooper|first2=W. Alan|title=Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science|journal=Observing the Universe : A Guide to Observational Astronomy and Planetary Science|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60393-5|page=63|bibcode=2004ougo.book.....N}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biology ===
Autumn [[leaves]], yellow flowers, [[Banana|bananas]], [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and other yellow [[Fruit|fruits]] all contain [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]], yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] and [[Chromoplast|chromoplasts]] of plants and some other [[photosynthetic]] organisms like [[algae]], some [[bacteria]] and some [[fungi]]. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in [[photosynthesis]], and they protect the green [[chlorophyll]] from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot; /&gt;

In late summer, as [[daylight]] hours shorten and temperatures cool, the [[Vein|veins]] that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and [[mineral]] intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic [[autumn leaf color]].

Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to [[Carrot|carrots]], [[maize]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], [[Rutabaga|rutabagas]], [[Buttercup|buttercups]] and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked [[Lobster|lobsters]], the pink of [[flamingoes]] and [[salmon]] and the yellow of [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]].

[[Xanthophylls]] are the most common yellow [[Pigment|pigments]] that form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. The name is from Greek ''xanthos'' ('''ξανθος''', &quot;yellow&quot;) + ''phyllon'' ('''φύλλον''', &quot;leaf&quot;). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], usually [[lutein]], to make the egg yolks more yellow.

Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; [[hormones]] in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several [[enzymes]]. These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of the carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;
File:Fall colors near the Eagle Lake trailhead.jpg|Autumn colors along the [[Eagle River (Cook Inlet)|Eagle River]] near [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
File:Cornwall Daffodils.jpg|[[Daffodils]] in [[Cornwall]]
File:Bananas.jpg|[[Banana]]s, like autumn [[leaves]], [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[egg yolks]], get their yellow color from natural pigments called [[carotenoids]].
File:Raw egg.jpg|The yolk of a raw egg. The color comes from the [[xanthophyll]] carotenoids [[lutein]] and [[zeaxanthin]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fish ====

* [[Yellowtail (fish)|Yellowtail]] is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''Thunnus albacares'') is a species of tuna, having bright yellow [[Anal fin|anal]] and second [[Dorsal fin|dorsal fins]]. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, it is caught as a replacement for depleted stocks of [[bluefin tuna]].

==== Insects ====
[[File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg|thumb|A [[yellow jacket]] [[wasp]]]]

* The [[yellow-fever mosquito]] (''Aedes aegypti'') is a mosquito so named because it transmits [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-borne viruses.
* [[Yellowjacket|Yellowjackets]] are black-and-yellow [[Wasp|wasps]] of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].

==== Trees ====
[[File:Snowbowlaspens.jpg|left|thumb|American aspens, ''[[Populus tremuloides]]'']]

* [[Populus tremuloides]] is a [[deciduous]] tree native to cooler areas of [[North America]], one of several species referred to by the common name [[aspen]].  ''Populus tremuloides'' is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico.
* The [[yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reach about {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tall, trunks up to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/cs/fallfoliagetrees/a/fall_foliage4.htm|title=Fall Foliage of 4 Types of Birch Trees|author=David Beaulieu|website=About.com Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
* The [[Thorny Yellowwood|thorny yellowwood]] is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
* [[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]] is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The ''[[Handroanthus albus]]'' is a tree with yellow flowers native to the [[Cerrado]] of Brazil.

== History, art, and fashion ==

=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of [[gold]]. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot; /&gt;

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent [[gold]] and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]]. from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the [[Bible]] never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In 16th century Spain, those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Karen|year=2010|title=Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. (Circa 1200).
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], c. 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (c. 1658)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Modern history ===

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

Circa 1776, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is &quot;considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=John|year=1975|title=National Gallery of Art, Washington|location=New York|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 19th-century British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.&lt;ref&gt;John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt;

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, &quot;Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!&quot; In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as &quot;buttery yellow.&quot; Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809, and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as &quot;[[yellow journalism]]&quot;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32&quot; x 25 1/2&quot; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the &quot;Eye Saver Yellow&quot; [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt;

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of [[sugar]] and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker.com&quot;&gt;Cynthia Zarin (November 13, 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] ''New Yorker''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|[[Jew]]s in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s like this.
File:Horse&amp;rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Fruits, vegetables, and eggs ===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk|Egg yolks]] gain their color from [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Aconitum lycoctonum DSCF1355.JPG|''[[Aconitum lycoctonum]]'' (northern wolfsbane)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:Mother and daughter edit.jpg| ''[[Anthemis tinctoria]]'' &lt;br /&gt;(golden marguerite)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Arnica montana.JPG|''[[Arnica montana]]'' (leopard's bane)
File:Balsamorhiza sagittata.jpg| ''[[Balsamorhiza sagittata]]'' (arrowleaf balsamroot)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Other plants ====

* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan_yellow.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]

* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]] and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),&lt;ref name=&quot;nile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm|title=Titan Yellow|date=26 July 2008|publisher=Nile Chemicals|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaton1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Heaton|first=F.W.|title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–60|date=July 1960|pmid=14400446|pmc=480095|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14400446|doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Methyl yellow]] (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;iarc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=1975|title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene|journal=IARC – Summaries &amp; Evaluations|volume=8|page=125|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain|year=2003|publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|archivedate=12 November 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&amp;nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[Allotrope|allotropes]] which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre_quarry,_Roussillon,_France_(465185258).jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]

* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),&lt;ref name=&quot;hsarts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|title=Health &amp; Safety in the Arts|publisher=City of Tucson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|archivedate=10 May 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|.H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-ochre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;harley&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Harley|first=Rosamond Drusilla|title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835|edition=2|year=2001|page=117|publisher=Archetype Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-873132-91-3|oclc=47823825|url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-naples&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cds&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow|Chrome Yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointilist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow|Titanium Yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO.Sb|2|O|5|.20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code &quot;Y10&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbnl2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html|title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)|date=14 February 2005|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOEgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge|title=gamboge (gum resin)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name &quot;gamboge&quot; is derived from &quot;[[Cambodia]]&quot; – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEWgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&amp;Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|title=Gamboge|date=16 July 2002|publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|archivedate=10 April 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=7 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field-orp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Field|first=George|title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists|editor=Salter, Thomas|publisher=Winsor and Newton|location=London|year=1869|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====

* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a [[spice]] and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.

* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)&lt;/ref&gt; In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&amp;pg=PA1352&amp;lpg=PA1352&amp;dq|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|accessdate=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments|first1=Nicholas|last1=Eastaugh|first2=Valentine|last2=Walsh|first3=Tracey|last3=Chaplin|first4=Ruth|last4=Siddall|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5749-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;dq=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kambuj&quot; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic [[Lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[azo dye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fanl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|title=Food Additives- Numerical List|author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|authorlink=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|archivedate=25 June 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]&quot;, Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&amp;C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|title=Acid Yellow 23|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as &quot;color&quot;, &quot;tartrazine&quot;, or &quot;E102&quot;. In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.&lt;ref&gt;[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20&lt;/ref&gt;

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as '''orange yellow S'', ''FD&amp;C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbons]] from [[petroleum]]. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-85573-722-1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Roger M.|title=Analytical methods for food additives|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2004|pages=|isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism and associations ==
In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color; in a 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it was their least favorite color.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; the color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot; /&gt; But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is a color of virtue and nobility.

=== In China ===
Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions of the compass; north, south, east, west, and the middle, each with a symbolic color. Yellow signifies the middle. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The legendary first emperor of China was called the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The last emperor of China, [[Puyi]] (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. &quot;It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|script-title=zh:我的前半生|trans-title=The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|orig-year=First published 1964&lt;!-- , 1987, 2002 --&gt;|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=978-7-119-00772-4|language=zh|title=From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1989}}&amp;nbsp;– original&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot; /&gt;

The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both a political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the [[Song Dynasty]], bright yellow color can only be worn by the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet.

In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of the two opposites which complement each other, the [[yin and yang]], the masculine yang is traditionally represented by yellow. Just as there are five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese world-view, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, fall, spring, and the end of summer, symbolized by yellow leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot; /&gt;

In current [[Chinese culture|Chinese pop culture]], the term &quot;yellow movie&quot; (黃色電影) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature and is analogous to the English term &quot;[[wiktionary:blue movie|blue movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm|title=Chinese porn trader jailed for life|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 March 2009|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|date=28 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, this became the basis of the '[[very erotic very violent]]' (literally, 'very yellow very violent') controversy in mainland China.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Zhengde.jpg|Portrait of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] from the [[Ming dynasty]].
File:Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in court dress (18th century).
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase Closeup.jpg|[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. The color is named &quot;Imperial Yellow&quot; after the banner of the Qing Dynasty.
File:Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, with tourists 2.jpg|Yellow roofs in the [[Forbidden City]], which are limited to imperial buildings.
File:Shanghainanjingroadpic1.jpg|Neon lights in modern [[Shanghai]] show a predominance of red and yellow.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Light and reason ===
{{Anchor|Light and Reason}}&lt;!--Old section name--&gt; Yellow, as the color of sunlight when sun is near the horizon, is commonly associated with warmth. Yellow combined with red symbolized heat and energy. A room painted yellow feels warmer than a room painted white, and a lamp with yellow light seems more natural than a lamp with white light.

As the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, &quot;brilliant&quot; and &quot;bright&quot; mean intelligent. In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, red symbolized passion, blue symbolized the spiritual, and yellow symbolized reason. In many European universities, yellow gowns and caps are worn by members of the faculty of physical and natural sciences, as yellow is the color of reason and research.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gold and blond ===
In ancient Greece and Rome,  the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair;  which was described in literature as 'golden'.  The color yellow was associated with the sun gods [[Helios]] and [[Apollo]].  It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ancient Rome,  prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain,  and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html|title=Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often  &quot;golden&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000),  ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Visibility and caution ===
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxicabs. It is also often used for warning signs, since yellow traditionally signals caution, rather than danger. [[Shades of yellow#Safety yellow|Safety yellow]] is often used for safety and accident prevention information. A yellow light on a traffic signal means slow down, but not stop. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses Pantone 116 (a yellow hue) as their standard color implying &quot;general warning,&quot; while the Federal Highway Administration similarly uses yellow to communicate warning or caution on highway signage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; A yellow [[penalty card]] in a soccer match means warning, but not expulsion.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:First Student 132.jpg|School bus
File:Gelber Briefkasten der Deutschen Post.JPG|A mailbox in Germany. Yellow was the color of the early postal service in the Habsburg Empire.
File:Crashtender BC.jpg|A crash tender of the [[Royal Danish Air Force]].
File:Sea King HAR3 XZ585 at RIAT 2010 arp.jpg|An RAF Sea King rescue helicopter.
File:Massimo Busacca, Referee, Switzerland (10).jpg|Yellow [[penalty card]] used during an [[association football]] match
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Optimism and pleasure ===
Yellow is the color most associated with [[optimism]] and [[pleasure]]; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for amusement. Yellow dresses in [[fashion]] are rare, but always associated with gaiety and celebration.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:L'impératrice Eugénie à la Marie-Antoinette, 1854, Franz Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|The [[Empress Eugenie]] dressed as [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1854)
File:Kuznetsova by Repin.jpg|''Portrait of Madame Kuznetsova'', by [[Ilya Repin]]. (1901)
File:James Tissot - The Ball.jpg|''The Ball'' by [[James Tissot]] (1880)
File:Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg|Yellow Dress – Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer
File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]] dansers
File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|Singer [[Kylie Minogue]] performs at a [[Nobel Prize]] Concert
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== In other cultures ===

* The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] associated the color yellow with the direction South. The Maya glyph for &quot;yellow&quot; (k'an) also means &quot;precious&quot; or &quot;ripe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kettunen2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kettunen|first1=Harri|last2=Helmke|first2=Christophe|title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference)|publisher=Wayeb &amp; Leiden University|location=Leiden|date=5 December 2005|page=75|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow&quot; (&quot;[[giallo]]&quot;), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers.

=== Music ===

* [[The Beatles]] 1966 album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' features the No. 1 hit, &quot;[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]&quot;. Subsequently, [[United Artists]] released an animated film in 1968 called ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', based on the music of the Beatles.
* The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' reached number 2 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' charts in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The featured song on the album, &quot;[[Mellow Yellow]]&quot;, popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[Banana peel|banana peels]], although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by [[Country Joe McDonald]].
* [[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single &quot;[[Yellow (Coldplay song)|Yellow]]&quot;.
* &quot;[[Yellow River (song)|Yellow River]]&quot; is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
* The ''[[Yellow River Piano Concerto]]'' is a [[piano concerto]] arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. Its premiere was in 1969 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

=== Politics ===
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul_17nov2018_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Yellow vests&quot; protest in France, November 2018]]

* In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a &quot;yellow dog&quot; before voting for a Republican.
* In China the [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
* Yellow is an important color of [[anarcho-capitalist symbolism]].
* The 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] was also known as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations. Liberal and pro-democracy political parties and organizations such as [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization|UNIDO]], [[PDP–Laban|PDP-Laban]], and the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] have used the color yellow. More recently, it has become a pejorative term used by some pro-Ferdinand Marcos and pro-Rodrigo Duterte against the opposition.
* Contemporary political parties using yellow include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and [[UKIP]] in the [[UK]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] in [[Scotland]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] in the US.
* In France in November and December 2018, an opposition movement called the [[Yellow vests movement|Yellow Vests]] went into the streets to protest against the fiscal policies of President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. They wore yellow safety vests, which French motorists are required by law to have in their cars.&lt;ref&gt;Essay on Yellow by Michel Pastoureau, ''Liberation'', 5 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historic flags ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433.svg|The banner of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century). The black, yellow and red colors reappeared first in 1848 and then in the 20th century in the German flag.
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg| (1819) The flag of [[Gran Colombia]], which won independence from Spain, then broke into three countries ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]) in 1830.
File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Imperial flag of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China (1890–1912), the last dynasty of China, overthrown by the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.
File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|Flag of [[South Vietnam]] (1955–75). This was the flag of the anti-communist southern part of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. It was replaced by the flag of North Vietnam after communist forces took [[Saigon]] on April 30, 1975.
File:Flag of East Germany.svg|The flag of [[East Germany]] (1959–90). It differs from the West German flag by the presence of a communist symbol in the center, and it fell out of use when Germany was reunified after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Selected national and international flags ===
Three of the five most populous countries in the world (China, India, and Brazil) have yellow or gold in their flag, representing about half of the world's population. While many flags use yellow, their symbolism varies widely, from civic virtue to golden treasure, golden fields, the desert, royalty, the keys to Heaven and the leadership of the Communist Party. In classic European [[heraldry]], yellow, along with white, is one of the two [[Tincture (heraldry)|metals]] (called gold and silver) and therefore flags following heraldic design rules must use either yellow or white to separate any of their other colors (see [[rule of tincture]]).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Flag of India.svg|[[Flag of India]] (1947). The yellow color is officially called India saffron, and represents courage and sacrifice.
File:Flag of Germany.svg|[[Flag of Germany]]. Black, red and yellow were the colors of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and, in 1919, of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. The modern German flag was adopted in 1949.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]] (1992 (originally in 1918)).
File:Flag of Belgium.svg|[[Flag of Belgium]] (1831). The yellow comes from the yellow lion in the coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Brabant]], founded in 1183–84.
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|[[Flag of Bhutan]] (1956). The Bhutan flag features [[Druk]], the thunder dragon of [[Bhutanese mythology]]. The yellow represents civic tradition, the red the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] (1949). The four small gold stars represent the workers, peasants, urban middle class, and rural middle class. The large star represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|[[Flag of Vietnam]] (1955). The big gold star represents five main classes (laborers, soldiers, peasants, intellectuals and bourgeois).
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|[[Flag of Brazil]] (1889). The yellow color was inherited from the flag of the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889), where it represented the color of the [[House of Habsburg]].
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|[[Flag of Brunei]] (1956). In Southeast Asia yellow is the color of royalty. it is the color of the [[Sultan of Brunei]], and also appears on the flag of Thailand and of Malaysia.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|[[Flag of Colombia]]. The asymmetric design of the flag is based on the old [[Flag of Gran Colombia]]. The yellow color represents the golden treasure taken from Colombia over the centuries.
File:Flag of Spain.svg|[[Flag of Spain]] (1978). The yellow in the Spanish flag comes from the traditional [[Crown of Castille]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. The general design was adopted in 1785 for the Spanish Navy, to be visible from a great distance at sea.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|[[Flag of Lithuania]] (1918 to 1940, restored in 1989, modified in 2004). Yellow represents the golden fields of Lithuania, green the countryside, and red the blood of Lithuanian martyrs.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]] (original version, 1950, current version 1963.) The yellow crescent represents Islam, the yellow star the unity of the fourteen states of Malaysia. The red and white stripes (like the stripes on the U.S. flag) are adopted from the flag of the [[British East India Company]].
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|[[Flag of Mozambique]] (1983). The colors are those of the Marxist Liberation Front of Mozambique, or [[FRELIMO]], which rules the country. Yellow represents the country's mineral wealth.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|[[Flag of the Philippines]] (1898). The yellow sun is in the left middle of the triangle shape.
File:Flag of Romania.svg|[[Flag of Romania]] (1848, and again in 1989, after the fall of the Communist regime.) Blue, yellow and red were the colors of the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolution which won independence for Romania. Yellow represents justice.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg|[[Flag of Sweden]] (adopted 1906, but colors in use since at least the mid-16th century). The legend says that in 1157, during the [[First Swedish Crusade]], the Swedish king [[Eric the Holy]] saw a golden cross appear in the blue sky.
File:Flag of Chad.svg|[[Flag of Chad]] (1959). The color yellow here represents the sun and the desert in the north of the country. This flag is identical to that of Romania, except that it uses a slightly darker indigo blue rather than cobalt blue.
File:Flag of Europe.svg|[[Flag of the European Union]]. The flag of the European Union was first created for the [[Council of Europe]] in 1953, then adopted by the [[European Union]] in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – The symbols of the European Union – The European Flag |url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The yellow color represents the golden key of the Kingdom of heaven, described in the [[Book of Matthew]] of the [[New Testament]], and part of the Papal seal on the flag. &lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Religion ===

* In [[Buddhism]], the saffron colors of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the [[Buddha]] himself and his followers in the 5th century BCE. The robe and its color is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm, and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot;&gt;Henri Arvon (1951). ''Le bouddhisme'', pp. 61–64.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober color. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the [[curcuma longa]] plant or the heartwood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, are the most common colors. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm|title=The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe|accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The color of robes also varies somewhat among the different &quot;vehicles&quot;, or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict [[Vajrayana]], or [[Tantric Buddhism]], practiced in [[Tibet]], wear the most colorful robes of saffron and red. The monks of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], practiced mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of [[Hinayana Buddhism]], practiced in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron color. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot;&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[Hinduism]], the divinity [[Krishna]] is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow. Yellow and saffron are also the colors worn by [[sadhu]], or wandering holy men in India. The Hindu almighty and divine god Lord Ganesha or Ganpati is mostly dressed with a dhotar in yellow, which is popularly known as pivla pitambar and is considered to be the most auspicious one.
* In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom.
* In the religions of the islands of [[Polynesia]], yellow is a sacred color, the color of the divine essence; the word &quot;yellow&quot; in the local languages is the same as the name of the [[curcuma longa]] plant, which is considered the food of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot; /&gt;
* In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], yellow symbolizes gold, and in [[Christian mythology]] the golden key to the Kingdom of Heaven, which divine Christ gave to Saint Peter. The flag of the [[Vatican City]] and the colors of the pope are yellow and white, symbolizing the gold key and the silver key. White and yellow together can also symbolize [[easter]], rebirth and Resurrection. Yellow also has a negative meaning, symbolizing betrayal; [[Judas Iscariot]] is usually portrayed wearing a pale yellow toga. Yellow and golden [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] mark the saints in religious paintings.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Rank celebration of Thai Buddhist monk 1.jpg|Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand
File:Buddhist monks of Tibet7.jpg|Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ueno monk.jpg|A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo
File:Sadou Kathmandu 04 04.jpg|A Hindu [[sadhu]], or ascetic wandering monk or holy man, in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].
File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|Christ giving the golden key of the kingdom heaven to [[Saint Peter]] (1481–82), by [[Pietro Perugino]]. The golden key is the symbol of the Pope.
File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 4.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Pope traditionally wears gold and white outside St. Peter's Basilica.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Metaphysics ===

* In the [[metaphysics]] of the [[New Age]] author, [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical [[psychological types]], the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Alice A.|authorlink=Alice Bailey|title=The Seven Rays of Life|location=New York|year=1995|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-85330-142-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus [[chakra]] ([[Manipura]]).&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-894663-49-7}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Psychic|Psychics]] who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wiktionary:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a scientist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Swami Panchadasi]] (1912). ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois: Yogi Publications Society, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
[[File:Bradley_Wiggins_Tour_2012_EZF.jpg|thumb|[[Bradley Wiggins]] wears the yellow jersey in the 2012 [[Tour de France]].]]

* In Association football (soccer), the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] shows a [[Yellow card (sports)|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially warned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
* Originally in [[Rugby league]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[Penalty card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
* In [[Road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] – or ''maillot jaune'' – is awarded to the leader in some stage races. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' newspaper (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].

[[File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter EC135]]P1 of [[Western Power Distribution]], used for electricity line inspection]]

=== Transportation ===

* In some countries, [[Taxicab|taxicabs]] are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur [[John D. Hertz]] painted his taxis yellow based on a [[University of Chicago]] study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php|title=History of the Main Taxi Groups|publisher=Taxi Register|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Canada and the United States, [[School bus|school buses]] are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as &quot;[[school bus yellow]]&quot;) for purposes of visibility and safety,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=8 September 1995|title=Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'|journal=Columbia University Record|volume=21|issue=1|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup]] are attempting to introduce the concept there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm|title=Review backs yellow school buses|date=12 September 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow&quot; and &quot;high-visibility yellow&quot; are used for highway construction equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maximizing Mining Safety|journal=Caterpillar Global Mining|page=4|url=http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]], yellow (called &quot;amber&quot; in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal meaning &quot;slow down&quot;, &quot;caution&quot;, or &quot;slow speed ahead&quot;. It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|title=Learning the [&quot;typical&quot; US&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Aspects|last=Bej|first=Mark|date=16 April 1994|accessdate=4 April 2009|archive-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://archive.is/20120708160508/http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Selective yellow]] is used in some automotive headlamps and fog lights to reduce the dazzling effects of rain, snow, and fog.

=== Vexillology ===

* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter &quot;Q&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html|title=Pratique|last=Flag and Etiquette Committee|date=12 June 2006|website=Flag Etiquette|publisher=United States Power Squadrons|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be quarantined.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot; /&gt;

== Idioms and expressions ==

* Yellow-belly is an American expression which means a [[coward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term comes from the 19th century and the exact origin is unknown, but it may refer to the color of sickness, which means a person lacks strength and stamina.&lt;ref&gt;''Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary'', 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yellow pages]] refers in various countries to directories of telephone numbers, arranged alphabetically by the type of business or service offered.
* The [[Yellow Peril]] was a term used in politics and popular fiction in the late 19th and early 20th century to describe the alleged economic and cultural danger posed to Europe and America by Chinese immigration. The term was first used by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] in Germany in 1895, and was the subject of numerous books and later films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Keevak|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[High yellow]] was a term sometimes used in the early 20th century, to describe light-skinned African-Americans.

== See also ==&lt;!-- Please respect alphabetical order --&gt;

* [[Chromophobia]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons category}}

* {{cite book|last=Doran|first=Sabine|title=The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip|title=Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour|year=2001|publisher=Hazan (French translation)|isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Eva|title=Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques|year=2009|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)|isbn=978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pastoureau|first=Michel|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|year=2005|publisher=Editions du Panama|isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gage|first=John|title=Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|year=1993|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)|isbn=978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Varichon|first=Anne|title=Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples|year=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuffi|first=Stefano|title=Color in Art|year=2012|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&amp;q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&amp;f=false|editor1=Ethan Russo|editor2=Melanie Creagan Dreher|editor3=Mary Lynn Mathre|publication-date=March 2003|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Pat|last=Willard|publication-date=11 April 2002|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvon|first=Henri|title=Le bouddhisme|year=1951|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-055064-8}}

{{Electromagnetic spectrum}} {{Shades of yellow}} {{Web colors}} {{Color topics}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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'''Su Jok''' je podle svých propagátorů univerzální diagnostická a bezléková léčebná metoda, která zmírňuje bolest, umožňuje první pomoc při akutních onemocněních, úrazech, léčbu funkčních poruch v těle, stabilizaci stavu a zlepšení při nemocfech s chronickým ptestrůběhem.  
 
Autorem metody Su Jok je jihokorejský vědec, profesor [[Park Jae Woo]], který na základě hlubokých znalostí východní filosofie a medicíny, shromažďovaných tisíce let a medicíny západní zpracoval přehled léčebných alternativních metod a vytvořil v nich systém a řád. Jeho hlavní zásluhou je kompletní přístup v diagnostice a léčbě člověka. Jasně a srozumitelně sjednotil tři školy přírodní medicíny — indickou, čínskou a egyptskou.  

== Su Jok ==
Tradiční přírodní orientální medicína má komplexní přístup. Předpokládá, že člověk je bioenergetický systém s fyzickou, emocionální a mentální složkou a respektuje jej jako nedílnou část vesmíru podléhající jeho obecně platným a jednoduchým zákonům.

Léčebný systém komplexní medicíny je založen na respektování následujících principů, které považuje za neměnné a obecně platné:

* harmonie, rovnováha ([[Akupunktura#Princip Jin-Jang|princip Jin-Jang]])
* homosystémy člověka, systémy podobnosti, holografie
* energetický systém

Su Jok terapie využívá podobnosti ruky a nohy k celému tělu člověka (holografie) a předpokládá, že pomoci si lze přes jejich aktivní přirozené využívaní. Podle Su Jok mají ruce a nohy dvě základní funkce — první zabezpečuje úchop a vertikální stabilitu těla, druhá je léčebně-preventivní.

Su Jok terapie využívá tři základní systémy podobnosti:

* Základní analogický systém — projekce na ruku od zápěstí a na nohu od kotníku k prstům

* Systém hmyzu — projekce na jednotlivé prsty

* Minisystém — projekce na poslední článek prstu

Navíc se využívají další systémy částečných projekcí.

=== Základní systém podobnosti terapie Su Jok ===

Tělo má trup a pět vystupujících částí — hlavu s krkem a čtyři končetiny. Ruka má dlaň a pět vystupujících částí — palec a čtyři prsty. Hlava je směrována na jednu stranu, končetiny na opačnou. Na dlani je palec postaven stranou od ostatních prstů. Horní a dolní končetiny mají po třech článcích a po třech velkých kloubech, rovněž tak prsty. Hlava a krk, stejně jako palec, tvoří dvoučlánkovou vystupující soustavu. Palec je, obdobně jako hlava, nejaktivnější a nejvýznamnější. Nejdelší, vnitřní prsty rukou (prostředníček a prsteníček) jsou projekcí nohou, krajní a kratší prsty (ukazováček a malíček) jsou projekcí rukou. U člověka je palec orientován do strany z hlediska úchopu. Představíme-li si na ruce palec otočený opačným směrem než jsou ostatní prsty tak, jak ho mají opice, vidíme analogii ruky a těla zřetelněji. Rozumíme-li mapě ruky a nohy jako projekci těla člověka, můžeme ji využít pro pomoc a léčbu.

Podle učení Su Jok jsou při vzniku patologického procesu v těle tyto změny reflektovány v bodech podobnosti příslušných homosystémů (systémů podobnosti). Tyto body na „mapě“ ruky a nohy se liší od ostatního povrchu — mají zvýšenou bolestivost, histologické (mikroskopické) změny, jinou teplotu, jiné elektrické parametry než zdravá pokožka, občas mají i klinické změny (skvrny, bradavice atd.). Body jsou důležitým informačním vstupem do těla. Při jejich ošetření je posílána informace poškozenému orgánu k normalizaci jeho činnosti.

Homosystémů, mapujících jednotlivé části těla na body podobnosti, je známo více. Každý z nich je vhodnější k léčbě jiných problémů.

=== Systém hmyzu ===

Tento systém projektuje orgány celého těla na tři články každého prstu.

V systému hmyzu odpovídá poslední článek prstu (nehtový) hlavě, projekce krku je zhuštěna, promítá se na kloub a poslední rýhu. Střední článek prstů odpovídá hrudnímu koši, včetně projekce všech orgánů, sedmi hrudním obratlům, sedmi párům žeber. Na prostřední kloub prstu se promítá bránice. Nejbližší článek k dlani (chodidlu) odpovídá dutině břišní, včetně všech jejích orgánů, části hrudní páteře (8. až 12. obratli), bederní páteři, kříži a kostrči. „Končetiny“ jsou umístěny po stranách prstů. Tato mapka se jmenuje '''homosystém „prst“ (systém hmyzu)'''. Je vhodný a pohodlný především pro léčbu kloubů, páteře, větších orgánů jako jsou srdce, plíce, játra atd.

=== Minisystém ===

V základním systému podobnosti na posledním (nehtovém) článku každého prstu je projekce nohy nebo ruky. Tak, jak je v základním systému podobnosti na ruce nebo noze mapa orgánů celého těla, tak v minisystému je tato na posledních článcích těchto prstů. Tak vznikají miniaturní mapky těla člověka (minisystémy).

== Princip léčby ==

Princip léčby přes body podobnosti spočívá ve stimulaci potřebných bodů, souvisejících s léčeným onemocněním. Při problémech (onemocněních) je nutno najít příslušný patologický bod, který je bolestivý, signalizuje poruchu a ošetřit jej. Analýzou pozice a stavu bodu podobnosti lze diagnostikovat a léčit související problémy.

== Léčebné postupy ==

=== Jak najít bod ===

Bod lze nalézt diagnostickou tyčinkou nebo jiným předmětem s kulatým zakončením (v průměru asi 2 mm). Tlačíme mírným tlakem v předpokládaném místě patologického bodu. Výrazně bolestivý bod (tlak na tkáň je stále stejný) je bodem podobnosti porušeného orgánu (místa) a léčebným bodem.

=== Způsoby ošetření bodu ===

==== Tlaková masáž bodu podobnosti (akupresura) ====

Při akutních problémech se používá uvolňující masáž kruhovými pohyby asi 1-2 minuty, do odeznění nebo výrazného zmenšení bolesti. Při chronických problémech se používá stimulační masáž – intenzivní, rychlá, 5-10 sekund, víckrát denně.

Dá se masírovat konkrétní bod nebo skupina bodů v zóně podobnosti, oblast se masíruje masážním prstýnkem nebo válečkem. Pro akupresuru se dají použít umělé i přírodní pomůcky: kovové kuličky, hvězdičky, semínka různých rostlin (fazolky mungo, adzuky, „ledvinky“, pohanka, kukuřice, pepř, jádra jablek, hroznového vína), která se připevňují k bodu náplastí a občas se mačkají. Semínka kromě akupresurního účinku působí svojí biologickou silou – mají i bioenergetický účinek. Používání semínek různých barev a tvarů pomáhá konkretizovat působení.

==== Působení magnetického pole ====

Na bolestivé body se přikládají speciální magnetky tvaru čočky. Při kontaktu bolestivého bodu se severním pólem magnetu probíhá podle Su Jok v poškozeném místě stimulace, aktivace, zlepšení funkce. Při kontaktu s jižním pólem se odebírá přebytek energie, a tím se zmírňují bolesti, odeznívají záněty. Kombinací magnetu s akupresurními hvězdičkami dochází ke zdvojenému účinku magnetického pole a akupresury.

Kromě toho se přikládají na bod speciální prstencové magnety, které buď koncentrují patologický proces a vytahují jej na povrch (např. rozšířený zánět, vyrážka) nebo jej rozptylují (např. bolest v konkrétním místě).

==== Působení tepla a chladu ====

Teplo má stimulační účinky, proto při onemocněních, které souvisí s celkovým nedostatkem energií nebo nadbytkem chladu v těle, má dobrý efekt prohřívání bodu. Patologický bod prohříváme nějakým zdrojem tepla, nejlépe zapálenou [[moxa|moxou]], kdy současně s teplem působí léčivě i [[moxovací olej]] z moxy. Moxa je lisovaný, sušený, různě tvarovaný [[pelyněk]]. K bodu, na který máme působit, přiblížíme zapálenou moxu a bod prohříváme. Lze použít i minimoxu v podstavci, který se přikládá na bolestivý bod. Moxa se zapaluje a kouř jde jejím kanálkem a otvorem v podstavci a ovlivňuje bod. Na kůži se objeví skvrna od moxového oleje, který má léčebný účinek. Moxování je univerzální metoda, použitelná u chronických problémů, ve stavech vyčerpanosti, při bolestech páteře, při nachlazení, virových infekcích atd. Při prvních příznacích nachlazení je dobré namoxovat 1 až 3 krát aktivní body na ruce nebo noze v intervalu 6-12 hodin.

Chlad (led) na body podobnosti přikládáme při krvácení, zánětu, horečce v těle člověka.

==== Barvoléčba ====

Podle Ju Sok se  dají ovlivňovat patologické změny v těle i působením na aktivní body ruky nebo nohy pomocí barev (nabarvení fixem). Např. při zčervenání pokožky je dobré ošetřit bod podobnosti černou barvou, při otoku, svědění a tupých bolestech zelenou barvou. Při bolestech páteře, při zhoršení funkce orgánu, artrózách se používá na body podobnosti barva červená.

Kromě uvedených způsobů léčby Su Jok lékař používá mikrojehličky pro ošetření energetických bodů, provádí diagnostiku energetického systému celého těla nebo jeho částí, konkrétních orgánů a harmonizaci energie v těle (např. pomocí akupunktury, magnetického pole, laseru atd.)

== Praktikování Su Jok terapie ==

Použití Su Jok terapie je bezpečné, univerzální, má vysoký efekt, rozšiřuje diagnostické a léčebné možnosti. Nemůže zhoršit stav. Su Jok terapií lze zmírnit bolest, podpořit uzdravení, mobilizovat síly organizmu na boj s nemocí. Podle potřeby kontaktujte lékaře, aby odborně ohodnotil váš stav a případně doporučil léčbu, případně se můžete přihlásit na kurzy Su Jok terapie a dalších terapií. Kromě uvedených způsobů léčby Su Jok lékař používá mikrojehličky pro ošetření energetických bodů, provádí diagnostiku energetického systému celého těla nebo jeho částí, konkrétních orgánů a harmonizaci energie v těle (např. pomocí [[akupunktura|akupunktury]], magnetického pole, [[laser]]u atd.)

Pozor! Závažná onemocnění patří do rukou lékařů! Nevíte-li přesně, co děláte, poraďte se s lékařem!

== Externí odkazy ==
* [http://sujok-biljakova.cz/Su-Jok_terapie.html] článek Su Jok lékařky, který je (se souhlasem autorky) základem tohoto článku
* [http://sujok-biljakova.cz/publication/Zaklady_Su-Jok_terapie.html] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310122346/http://sujok-biljakova.cz/publication/Zaklady_Su-Jok_terapie.html |date=2007-03-10 }} podrobnější popis Su Jok terapie, kurzy, diagnostika a léčba v ČR

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    <title>Teorie o řízené demolici budov Světového obchodního centra</title>
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      <text bytes="34228" xml:space="preserve">'''Teorie o řízené demolici budov Světového obchodního centra''' jsou [[konspirační teorie]] předpokládající, že [[zhroucení budov Světového obchodního centra]] v roce 2001 nebylo způsobeno nárazem letadel a následným požárem, ale hořením pyrotechnických směsí a/nebo explozí trhavin uložených v budovách.&lt;ref name=&quot;Clarke&quot;&gt;Clarke, Steve. &quot;Conspiracy Theories and the Internet: Controlled Demolition and Arrested Development&quot;. ''Episteme'', Volume 4, Issue 2, 2007, pp. 167-180.&lt;/ref&gt; Jsou součástí širšího komplexu [[Konspirační teorie o útocích z 11. září 2001|konspiračních teorií kolem událostí 11. září 2001]]. Zastánci této teorie jako fyzik [[Steven E. Jones]], architekt Richard Gage, softwarový inženýr [[Jim Hoffman]] a [[teologie|teolog]] [[David Ray Griffin]], tvrdí, že nárazy letadel a následné požáry nemohly budovy oslabit natolik, aby došlo k jejich úplnému zhroucení a budovy by se tak neměly zhroutit úplně a jejich pád by měl být pomalejší, protože mu energii odebírala destrukce spodních pater budovy.&lt;ref&gt;http://issuu.com/mehdizejnulahu/docs/nemec_i_2/1&lt;/ref&gt; Tito výše zmínění zastánci teorie o demolici ale nejsou spolehlivými a racionálními zdroji informací (např. podvodník a vůdce kultu AE911Truth Richard Gage dlouho razil teorii o tom, že Pentagon nezasáhl Boeing 757 ale raketa/popř. nic a nově razí bizarní paranoidní hypotézu o tom, že pád budovy Plasco v roce 2017 byl demolicí s výbušninami, kterou naplánovala vláda Íránu s cílem &quot;dokázat&quot;, že oheň může shodit ocelovou výškovou budovu - pravděpodobně za peníze od vlády USA pro vrchní představitele režimu)&lt;ref&gt;http://www0.ae911truth.org/news/349-news-media-events-plasco-report.html&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S4enzRooqVk&lt;/ref&gt;.

[[Soubor:WTC útok na konstrukci dle konspirační teorie.png|náhled|Zjednodušené schéma útoku: Tři vertikální čáry jsou jádro (ve skutečnosti 6×8 sloupů široké), vodorovné čáry jsou nosníky podlah a dvě vnější čáry jsou externí steny budovy. Hvězdičky označují termitové nálože. Druhý obrázek ukazuje zkroucený jádrový sloup vlivem tepelného oslabení od termitu a zároveň termitem naříznutý podlahový (příhradový nosník, pro zjednodušení reprezentován jednou čarou). Tento nosník podlahy se prohýbá a tak snižuje svůj stabilizační účinek na externí stenu budovy a zároveň se na ni částečně zavěšuje. Toto následně vede k prohnutí vnější stěny a jejímu kolapsu i přesto, že na ni nebyly instalovány nálože. Zkroucený jádrový sloup nemá nosnou schopnost. Toto pak vede ke kolapsu věže.]]

[[Soubor:Přiklad nálože termitu ve sloupu profilu I, resp. H.jpg|náhled|Příklad termitové nálož ukryté v dutině menšího sloupu profilu I (H). Jádrové sloupy v dopadových patrech WTC byly asi 2× širší a o síle stěn 3 - 7 cm. Nálož je velmi dobře chráněna před dopadem lehkých trosek samotným sloupem. Termit je inherentně odolný proti zvýšené teplotě. Velmi silný požár schopný jej po delší zapálit by zároveň poskytl zástupný důvod pro selhání sloupu/části budovy. ]]
[[Soubor:Rezacka vtahuje dovnitr.jpg|náhled|Malá termitová řezačka narušuje celistvost podlahového nosníku. Ten se prohne a částečně se zavěsí na venkovní stenu. Ta ztratí horizontální oporu a prohne se. Zaútočeno je na 10 - 20 podlahových nosníků. Na jednom podlahovém nosníku mohlo být instalováno více náloží pro zajištění přežití alespoň 1 řezačky - podlahové nosníky, na rozdíl od sloupů, netvořily přirozený štít proti troskám letadla.]]


[[Soubor:WTC utok - udajne umisteni nalozi.jpg|náhled| Nálože jsou umístěny ve stejných místech v obou věžích - kolem sloupu 1007. Čára na exteriéru vyznačuje maximum konkávního prohýbání stěny před kolapsem věží. ilustrace jádrové struktury není přesná - v dopadových patrech mela mnohem méně výtahových šachet. nálože byly údajně umístěny 2 - 3 patra nad patrem, kde dopadla kabina letadla tak, aby je nezasáhl hlavni proud trosek. Navíc byla dána křídla (po směru letu levé u AA 11 a pravé u UA 175 natočena tak, aby mířila směrem dolu, tak aby dané patro bylo co nejméně poškozeno a aby se zachovaly steny bránící ve výhledu do jádra budovy skrze dopadovou díru (blokování záře termitových náloží). Další bod, kde konspirační teorie vyžaduje velmi přesný zásah s pomoci přesného autopilota. ]]

[[Soubor:Orientace letadel wtc.jpg|náhled|Orientace letadel vzhledem k dopadové stene. Černý obdélník vyznačuje pozici hypotetických náloží. Nálože se v obou případech nachází 40 m za stěnou a hluboko v jádru budovy. Organizátoři útoku by si nemohli dovolit udělat díru letadlem přesně ve stejném místě, kde by byla nálože, protože si nemohli být jistí její hloubkou a délkou trvání hustého dýmu v nárazové díře. Možná absence stěn při hluboké penetraci letadla a rozptýlení dýmu hodinu po nárazu by hrozilo prozrazením termitových náloží skrze zář. Konspirační teorie tak vyžadují vysokou důvěru hypotetických organizátorů v to, že umístí dopady letadel s přesností kolem 5 - 10 m a zároveň s daným natočením křídel.]]

Hlavním impulzem pro vznik těchto teorií a hypotéz byl způsob, jakým bylo nakládáno s troskami budov Světového obchodního centra. Pro budoucí vyšetřování bylo klíčové sesbírat a zachovat jádrové sloupy z dopadových zón věží (tj. asi 200 kusů sloupů). Z těchto sloupů by např. šlo odečíst jejich finální teplotu v požáru (mikrostruktura oceli, poškození barvy). Bez těchto sloupů lze stěží přesně modelovat finální teploty konstrukce. Simulátory požárů vykazují i v předem známých kondicích 10 - 15 % chybu. Stav budovy (tj. rozmístění hořlavého materiálu, poškození protipožární izolace, poškození stěn a tedy i vlastnosti výsledných proudů horkých plynů) nelze po nárazu letadla dostatečně přesně stanovit. Toto mělo a má veliký dopad na přesnost simulací požáru a teploty konstrukce. Reálně nemají takové simulace velikou cenu. Bez přesných znalostí teplot částí konstrukce pak nelze definitivně stanovit a dokázat přesnou příčinu pádu budov. To mimo jiné otevřelo dveře konspiračním teoretikům, kteří tvrdí, že ocel budov nedosáhla dostatečných teplot nutných pro kolaps budovy.


Už zmíněné jádrové sloupy byly nápadné svým tvarem, tloušťkou a vyraženými čísly (horní třetinu jádra každé budovy tvořilo něco přes 500 téměř 12 metrů dlouhých I profilů, které byly snadno identifikovatelné ve změti trosek pro absenci jiných podobných kusů oceli (i rám jádra byl tvořen I profily, ale ty byly relativně drobné). I přes dostatek pracovních sil a prostoru nebyly tyto sloupy až na 3 kusy zachovány ani prozkoumány odborníky. I přesto, že agentura FEMA zajišťující preliminární vyšetřování kolapsu toto výslovně chtěla uskutečnit (to samé chtělo i dalších asi 20 členů ASCE přítomných v New Yorku). Dokonce neexistují ani fotografie zbylých sloupů (mimo obecných fotografií pole trosek, kde lze některé z těchto sloupů při pozorném pohledu vidět). Toto bylo hlasitě kritizováno příbuznými oběti a forenzními specialisty. &lt;ref&gt;{{Citace elektronického periodika
| příjmení = JOHNSON
| jméno = DENNE
| titul = $ELLING OUT THE INVESTIGATION
| periodikum =
| vydavatel =
| url = https://www.fireengineering.com/articles/print/volume-155/issue-1/departments/editors-opinion/elling-out-the-investigation.html
| datum vydání =
| datum přístupu = 10.10.2018
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zastánci konspiračních teorií tvrdí, že tyto sloupy byly narychlo a bez analýzy odklizeny proto, že vykazovaly známky horké koroze a napadení termitem či podobnými materiály (jednalo by se asi o 5 - 10 takto poškozených sloupů na věž, více napadených sloupů by věž po poškození letadlem neustála).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citace elektronického periodika
| příjmení =
| jméno =
| titul = Metallurgical Examination of WTC Steel Suggests Explosives
| periodikum =
| vydavatel =
| url = http://911research.wtc7.net/wtc/evidence/metallurgy/index.html
| datum vydání =
| datum přístupu = 10.10.2018
}}&lt;/ref&gt; Tyto materiály měly být skryté před zraky běžných pracovníků v dutinách jádrových sloupů na dopadových patrech věží (měly profil H, samotné sloupy byly kryty obdélníkovým obalem ze sádrokartonu a jen některé obsahovaly trubky a šachty), což mělo nálože krýt před dopadem trosek letadla (lehké trosky by nálože nepoškodily a zásah těžkými troskami by sloup poškodil tak, že akce nálože by nebyla nutná). Proti vlivu požáru je měla krátkodobě chránit dobrá tepelná odolnost termitu (stechiometrický termit z oxidu železitého vydrží desítky minut teploty kolem 400&amp;nbsp;°C a odchylkami od dokonalé stechiometrie a přidáním oxidu křemičitého lze učinit termit odolným až do teplot 600 - 700&amp;nbsp;°C, zapalovací element by pak byl hluboko v náloži a jeho zahřátí nad 200&amp;nbsp;°C by trvalo desítky minut) a důmyslný odpalovací systém. Podobně měly být zabezpečeny před vyražením z věže (buď příliš křehké a nebo naopak velmi pevně připevněné). Po vyhoření se měly od sloupu odpojit, popř. spojení se sloupem mělo být středně robustní a to tak, aby se v průběhu kolapsu nevyhořelé nálože odpojily od sloupu, popř. byly časovače nastaveny na zpožděné zapálení v průběhu dne uvnitř trosek) Proti prozrazení vlivem silné záře je měla chránit pomalá doba hoření (řádové kg/s) určená použitím slisované a relativně pomalé termitové směsi (slisovaný termit hoří pomalu a navíc jej lze zpomalit odchylkami od přesné stechiometrie a přidáním oxidu křemičitého), dým z požárů, jejich lokace 20 m hluboko uvnitř budovy a zorný úhel pozorovatelů, který znemožňoval pohled do tohoto místa budov z větší než 2 km vzdálenosti (podlahy blokující výhled). Tepelné oslabení jednoho sloupu si mělo vyžádat kolem 200 - 500 kg termitu (tj. asi 70 - 170 l slisované směsi což je asi 1 - 3 m vysoká nálož uvnitř dutiny sloupu, popř. termitové řezačky s přibližně 75 - 150 kg směsi)- sloupy v dopadové zóně WTC 2 byly 2× masivnější než sloupy v dopadové zóně WTC 1, navíc se mohutnost sloupů na jednom patře značně měnila - jádrové sloupy u vnější části jádra (řady 500 nebo 1000) byly mnohem mohutnější než ty ve středové části (např. řada 700 a 800) a vůbec nejmasivnější jádrové sloupy byly 4 rohové sloupy číslo 501, 508, 1001 a 1008.

Tyto nálože měly pak tepelně oslabit, popřípadě nařezat některé jádrové sloupy a společně tak s poškozením vyvolaným požáry a dopady letadel zapříčinit pád věží. Další teorie tvrdí, že kromě náloží u jádrových sloupů byly použity i malé termitové řezačky (řádově jednotky kg) na oslabení podlahových nosníků, které na nich byly přidělány u jádrového konce (řezačky podlahových nosníků byly skryty před běžnými kancelářskými pracovníky za stropy/podhledy). Tyto měly narušit integritu těchto podlahových nosníků a donutit je se prohnout směrem dolů a spolu tak s přetížením vlivem poškození jádrových sloupů vyvolat vnitřní prohnutí externí nosné stěny a následný její kolaps i přesto, že na ni samotné nebyly pro její viditelnost z venku instalovány nálože.

Aktivace náloží by proběhla radiovým signálem/elektrickým signálem vyslaným v momentě, kdy by organizátoři viděli letadlo nad New Yorkem. Od této doby by se nálože řídily interními časovači, akcelerometry a vzájemnými signály skrze elektrické vedení (absence komunikace od vedlejší nálože znamená poškození drátů troskami a tedy i další pozitivní signál, že trosky letadla dopadly na dané patro a tedy další &quot;go&quot; signál pro vyhoření nálože).

K zapálení termitových náloží na dopadových patrech se silnými požáry nakonec došlo i bez zapalovacího systému, neboť i termitová nálož se po desítkách minut přímého vystavení plameni zapálí - ať už vlivem zahřátí termitu či dosažení teploty vzplanutí pyrotechnické zápalky (200&amp;nbsp;°C) ve středu nálože. Toto je výhodné, neboť překryv zapálených náloží a dlouhotrvajících plamenů by poskytl krytí pro účinek a přítomnost náloží. Jako první by se pravděpodobně samo-odpálily řezačky podlahových nosníků, pro jejich menší hmotnost a objem a tedy i nižší tepelnou setrvačnost. Naopak kondice na ne-dopadových patrech by dovolily organizátorům intaktní sítě náloží vypnout dalším signálem (dle konspirační teorie).&lt;ref&gt;http://911research.wtc7.net/essays/thermite/blasting_scenario.html&lt;/ref&gt;


Účinnost termitových řezaček s relativně malým množstvím termitu proti vertikálním sloupům profilu I byla některými konspiračními teoretiky prokázána.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5d5iIoCiI8g&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruční termitové řezačky jsou rovněž komerčně dostupné.&lt;ref&gt;https://empi-inc.com/tec-torch/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://youtu.be/TRJpguvXExI&lt;/ref&gt;

Obecně se nepředpokládá, že by na dopadových patrech byly klasické trhaviny, neboť ty začínají od teplot kolem 200&amp;nbsp;°C hořet a jejich vyhoření by bylo rapidní a mohlo by přejít do exploze jako samotné nebo po zasažení rozbušky plamenem. Design ochranných schránek pro trhaviny by byl náročný, protože by musely ochránit celý povrch trhaviny - i malá škvírka po zásahu fragmentem letadla by vedla k rapidnímu vyhoření nálože - oproti termitu, kde by menší trhliny až tak nevadily. Trhaviny by tak nepřežily 56 minut (102 minut ve WTC 1) dlouhou periodu od nárazu letadla po kolaps budovy. Popřípadě by detonovaly během několika minut, což by znemožňovalo použití krycí verze s požárem - požár by za pár minut nestihl dostatečně oslabit konstrukci, čehož by si odborná veřejnost velmi rychle všimla. Navíc by jejich detonace byla extrémně hlučná - a tento hluk by nešel schovat za hřmot padající budovy protože by mu předcházel.

Množství termitu mělo skončit po vyražení nálože či náloží troskami letadla v severovýchodním rohu WTC 2, kde tento měl shořet krátce před iniciací kolapsu, způsobit pulz bílého dýmu a ohřát hliník z letadla v daném místě nad 1000&amp;nbsp;°C. Výron roztaveného kovu pak měl vytéci z rohu budovy těsně před kolapsem vlivem zakřivení podlahy. Pulz bílého dýmu, proud roztaveného materiálu a požár kovu je zmiňován i v oficiální zpravě od NIST.&lt;ref&gt;http://911blogger.com/news/2010-04-13/kind-metal-fire&lt;/ref&gt; Absence podobných proudů kovu v jiných částech věže je vysvětlována tím, že toto bylo jediné místo, kde byly nakupeny trosky letadla u venkovní stěny a tedy i jediné místo, kde by skončily potenciální části náloží.

Zastánci konspiračních teorií taktéž poukazují na nesoulad mezi oblastí maximálního konkávního prohnutí jižní stěny WTC 1 (východní část, naproti jádrovému sloupu 1007) a poškozením od požáru. Východní polovina této oblasti věže totiž neutrpěla poškození protipožární ochrany od letadla a do posledních 15 minut do kolapsu viditelně nehořela.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yTqY_dld08g&lt;/ref&gt; Navíc toto bývá dáváno do souvislosti s tím, že i u WTC 2 bylo nalezeno maximum konkávního prohnutí stěny naproti sloupu 1007. U WTC 1 i 2 došlo ke kolapsu přibližně do 30 minut od prvních náznaků průhybu dané externí stěny. Toto je zastánci konspiračních teorií vysvětlováno jako důsledek stejné sekvence a polohy oslabování jádrových sloupů náložemi v případě obou věží. V případě WTC 1 údajně existují silné náznaky iniciace kolapsu v jádru budovy.

Instalace náloží měla proběhnout především v technických místnostech (např. iniciační zóna kolapsu WTC 2 ve východní části WTC 2 obsahovala rozsáhlou technickou místnost s bateriemi) a ve výtahových šachtách (např. výtahové šachty 6A/7A ve WTC 1 procházely iniciační zónou WTC 1 a byly před a během 11. září odstaveny. Krytím pro přinesení materiálu měly být blízké renovace (např. taková renovace probíhala v červenci na patře 85 ve WTC 2 - pouze jedno patro nad vrchem dopadové zóny).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citace elektronického periodika |titul=Archivovaná kopie |url=http://www.bollyn.com/who-put-thermate-in-the-world-trade-center |datum přístupu=2019-04-01 |url archivu=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110213523/http://www.bollyn.com/who-put-thermate-in-the-world-trade-center |datum archivace=2018-11-10 |nedostupné=ano }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://911blogger.com/news/2018-06-18/security-alerts-disabled-fire-alarms-and-unused-elevators-suspicious-events-world-trade-center-911&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://youtu.be/uotoNAxmI2o&lt;/ref&gt; V každé věži mělo být instalováno přibližně 30 - 100 náloží (nálože u jádrových sloupů + řezačky podlahových nosníků) o celkové hmotnosti kolem 5 - 50 tun (1 - 15 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; materiálu), stovky metrů kabelů a desítky radiových vysílačů/přijímačů.

Teorie o kontrolované demolici WTC obecně předpokládají, že použitá letadla byla v konečné fázi několik minut pilotovaná autopilotem, protože zásah pouze jedním křídlem letadla by vyvolal požáry, které by eventuálně odpálily i tepelně odolné termitové nálože a výsledný kolaps budov by se dal jen stěží obhájit jako přirozený (piloti Atta a Shehi měli každý jen hodinu zkušeností na simulátoru z prosince 2000 a tedy se na jejich přesnost nedalo spolehnout). Navíc by použití autopilota omezilo počet instalovaných náloží z vysokých stovek na střední desítky až sto náloží, protože by bylo předem známé, kam letadla narazí.

Údajným důkazem použití autopilota má být především velmi přesný náraz letu AA 11, který narazil s přesností na jeden metr do centra severní stěny WTC 1 a to téměř dokonale kolmo k dané stěně. Let AA 11 přitom letěl rychlostí 220 m/s a (z pohledu konspiračních teoretiků) údajný pilot Muhammad Atta měl jen jednu hodinu zkušenosti ze simulátoru v prosinci 2000 - tedy skoro rok před útokem.

Konspirační teoretici se liší v názoru na to, jestli upravený auto-pilot aktivovali v závěrečných minutách letů samotní únosci nebo jestli byl aktivován bez jejich přispění.

Existují i teorie nezávislé od výše popsaných a to takové, které nevyžadují použití letadel s přesným autopilotem - pouze s vědomím, že letadlo narazí někde nad úrovní okolních budov (50 pater). Zde by organizátoři útoku utočili na vnitřní jádrové sloupy (tj. s výjimkou sloupů sousedících s podlahami) pomocí termitových náloží. Tyto nálože by by byly umístěny někde mezi 50. patrem a skalním podložím (suterén WTC byl 27 m hluboký). Ve všech těchto úrovních byly jádrové sloupy krabicového profilu a velmi masivní. Díky tomu by musely být nasazeny nálože až s tunou termitu (250 - 300 l) na jeden sloup a tyto by byly buď připevněny z vnějšku hluboko v suterénu (tj. tam, kde by veliké nálože neblokovaly průjezd výtahů) a nebo uvnitř sloupů samotných (byly by navrtané), Takto by bylo připraveno asi 25 sloupů. Po zásahu letadla by se počkalo a organizátoři by krátce před kolapsem nařezali jádrové sloupy nejblíže kritickým místům (tj. některé sloupy 902 - 907 a 802 - 807). Toto by vytvořilo zvýšený tlak na již tak oslabené venkovní stěny a jádrovou řadu 1000, což by vedlo k deformaci dopadové zóny a kolapsu. Tato teorie má výhodu v tom, že není potřeba autopilota a ani by nebylo nutné mít obavy z vyražených náloží z věže/nepřesného zásahu (jak popsáno výše průhled stěnami k záři termitových náloží, požáry po zásahu jen jedním křídlem). Navíc snižuje komplexnost odpalovacího systému. Ovšem klade vysoké nároky na jistotu organizátorů v to, že dopad letadla a požár dodá přes asi 70 % nutného poškození k nastartování kolapsu (méně a budova zůstane stát s nařezanými sloupy někde mezi suterénem a 50. patrem, což by nešlo utajit a nebo by v průběhu akce bylo nutno přepálit opravdu mnoho sloupů (cca 7 a více) a toto by se mohlo projevit viditelnými deformacemi mimo dopadové zóny či zjevnou iniciací kolapsu mimo dopadovou zónu - a tedy okamžitým vyzrazením akce. Navíc by nebylo možné postupně oslabovat strukturu věže skrze akci náloží, všechny nálože potřebné k iniciaci kolapsu by musely vyhořet v průběhu nízkých jednotek minut - jejich hoření by bylo spektakulární. Sice by bylo skryté před zraky z vnějšku budovy intaktními stěnami ale lidé uvnitř budovy by si jejich hoření mohli všimnout a telefonicky předat informace o neobvyklém zdroji záře, hluku, lokálních deformací konstrukce, požáru a dýmu v nečekaných místech (suterén až 50. patro - dopadová patra letadel WTC 2 - 77 - 85 a ve WTC 1 93 - 99).

Jiná teorie hovoří o narušení masivní nosníkové konstrukce, kterýá spojovala jádro budovy a venkovní stěnu na samém vrcholu věžě, tzv. hat truss. Odborníci se shodují, že tato konstrukce významně zvyšovala pevnost budovy tím, že umožnila přenos sil mezi exteriérem a jádrem budovy, tj. pokud bylo poškozeno jádro, tak část hmotnosti byla přenesena na přilehlou stěnu a naopak a toto bránilo další progresi selhání. Odborníci z NIST dokonce konstatují, že bez této konstrukce by mohly věže WTC spadnout ihned po zásahu letadlem. Teorie postuluje, že někde mezi 106. a 110. patrem byly termitové nálože na konstrukci hat truss. Jejich zář a hoření by bylo skryto intaktními stěnami a instalace by byla usnadněna absencí kanceláří (šlo o technická patra). Po zásahu letadla by demoliční tým sledoval poškození věže a určil by nejvíce poškozenou/plameny zasaženou stěnu (třeba východní ve WTC 2) a pak by poškodil spoje hat trussu k této stěně (byly celkem 4, dva v rozích a dva uprostřed stěny). Toto technické řešení netrpí na zásadní problémy. Pouze by bylo nutno spoléhat na veliký rozsah poškození věže, protože takovýto útoky by sice pomohl ke kolapsu ale nemusel by sám o sobě stačit. Další teorie hovoří jak o útoku na hat truss, tak i kombinovaném útoku na spodní jádrové sloupy (viz odstave výše). Takový útok by pak v kombinaci s poškozením od letadla a plamenů zcela jistě poslal věže dolů. Tato teorie také netrpí na závažné logické problémy, ale demoliční tým by pravděpodobně potřeboval kvalitní FEA model pro naplánování útoku a samozřejmě by se musel spolehnout na kontrolu nad troskami budov (stopy od termitu na některých sloupech) + problémy s telefonáty z věží zmíněné v předchozím odstavci (hořící nálože hluboko pod zásahovou zónou.

Dle konspiračních teorií měla být i budova WTC 7 zničena kontrolovanou demolicí. Ve WTC 7 byla rampa pro nakládání zásob z nákladních aut a jejich distribuci po komplexu WTC. Této rampy mělo být využito po transport termitových náloží, které byly nainstalovány na některé, popř. všechny jádrové sloupy WTC 7 (24 sloupů celkem). Tyto nálože měly být instalované na technických patrech 5 - 7, tedy mimo běžné kancelářské pracovníky. V průběhu 11. září pak mělo probíhat ve WTC 7 rozsáhlé žhářství, především na patrech SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission) z cílem zničit důkazy z vyšetřování různých finančních kauz a zároveň měly požáry poskytnout zástupný důvod pro pád budovy. Budova samotná měla být stržena pro znesnadnění brzkého otevření daných sekcí SEC. Pád budovy měl navíc skrýt důkazy žhářství. Ten měl být postupně realizován oslabováním jádrových sloupů termitovými náložemi na patrech 5 - 7 v průběhu celého dne. Nakonec měly být po 5. odpolední hodině přeřezány sloupy 79 a/nebo 80 a/nebo 81, což mělo vyvolat finální kolaps budovy. Vysoká symetrie a rychlost kolapsu se vysvětluje rychlým kolapsem jádra, který byl zapříčiněn jeho výrazným oslabením termitovými náložemi v průběhu dne. Na demolici WTC 7 mělo být použito 10 - 20 náloží s celkovou hmotností 10 - 20 tun (3 - 7 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;/sup&gt; termitu - sloupy ve spodních patrech WTC 7 byly masivnější než ty v dopadových patrech hlavních věží a tak vyžadovaly použití velikého množství termitu. Údajně intaktní stěny na technických patrech WTC 7 měly blokovat jasnou záři náloží.

Instalaci náloží v komplexu WTC měla mít na starosti samostatná buňka Mossadu. Tito lidé neměli mít motivaci finanční ale náboženskou a nacionalistickou. V případě odhalení demolice měli vzít vinu na pouze sebe jako více/méně nezávislí aktéři a ochránit tak mezinárodní postavení Izraele. Jiné konspirační teorie hovoří o agentech CIA.

[[Národní institut standardů a technologie]] (NIST) a časopis ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' tyto teorie údajně otestovaly a zamítly (ve skutečnosti tyto teorie nebyly testovány ale ignorovány). Odborná veřejnost většinou přijímá model ohněm způsobeného, gravitací vedeného kolapsu budov Světového obchodního centra, i když mezi odborníky existují výrazné rozpory mezi specifickými mechanismy a názorem na ultimátní odolnost věží.&lt;ref name=&quot;bazant07&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal | last=Bažant | first=Zdeněk P. | coauthors=Mathieu Verdure | authorlink=Zdeněk Bažant | title=Mechanics of Progressive Collapse: Learning from World Trade Center and Building Demolitions | year=2007 | month=March | journal=J Engrg Mech | volume=133 | issue=3 | pages=308–319 | doi=10.1061/(ASCE)0733-9399(2007)133:3(308) | url=http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/466.pdf | accessdate=2007-08-22 | quote=As generally accepted by the community of specialists in structural mechanics and structural engineering (though not by a few outsiders claiming a conspiracy with planted explosives), the failure scenario was as follows [...] | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070809030224/http://www.civil.northwestern.edu/people/bazant/PDFs/Papers/466.pdf | archivedate=2007-08-09 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Asquith|first=Christina|date=2006-09-07|title=Conspiracies continue to abound surrounding 9/11: on the eve of the fifth anniversary, a group of professors say the attacks were an &quot;inside job.&quot;|journal=Diverse Issues in Higher Education|page=12|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WMX/is_15_23/ai_n27000635/pg_1?tag=artBody;col1|accessdate=2008-10-09|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120709210146/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0WMX/is_15_23/ai_n27000635/|archivedate=2012-07-09|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; NIST netestoval potenciální [[Reziduum|rezidua]] výbušnin na zbylých ocelových nosnících, a to z důvodu pravděpodobných neprůkazných výsledku, protože podobné sloučeniny mohly vzniknout již při stavbě věží.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm |title=NIST's Investigation of the Sept. 11 World Trade Center Disaster |publisher=NIST |date=August, 2006 |accessdate=June 13, 2010 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080214013343/http://wtc.nist.gov/pubs/factsheets/faqs_8_2006.htm |archivedate=2008-02-14 |deadurl=yes |dead-url=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

V roce 2006 Jones přišel s hypotézou, že řízenou demolici provedli vládní agenti, kteří měli přístup do budov WTC a měli k dispozici [[termit (chemie)|termit]] nebo [[super-termit]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYTCountersTheories&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|journal=New York Times|author=Jim Dwyer|title=2 U.S. Reports Seek to Counter Conspiracy Theories About 9/11|date=September 2, 2006|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/02/nyregion/02conspiracy.html|accessdate=April 30, 2009 | work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Deseret-Dean-2006&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Dean|first=Suzanne|journal=Deseret Morning News|title=Physicist says heat substance felled WTC|date=April 10, 2006|url=http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1,5143,635198488,00.html|accessdate=May 7, 2009|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510002116/http://www.deseretnews.com/article/1%2C5143%2C635198488%2C00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Barber&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Barber|first=Peter|date=June 7, 2008|journal=Financial Times|title=The truth is out there|url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/2/8d66e778-3128-11dd-ab22-000077b07658.html|accessdate=May 23, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;kmphGage&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.kmph.com/global/video/flash/popupplayer.asp?ClipID1=3804709&amp;h1=Great%20Day%20Talks%20To%20Architect%20Richard%20Gage%20About%209/11&amp;vt1=v&amp;at1=Promotion%201&amp;d1=449534&amp;LaunchPageAdTag=Search%20Results&amp;activePane=info&amp;rnd=89888300|accessdate=May 28, 2009|title=Great Day Talks To Architect Richard Gage About 9/11|publisher=KMPH Fox 26}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{Nedostupný zdroj}}&lt;/ref&gt; V dubnu 2009 Jones, Niels H. Harrit a sedm dalších autorů publikovalo v časopise ''The Open Chemical Physics Journal'' článek, kvůli kterému hlavní editorka, Prof. Marie-Paule Pileni, rezignovala a obvinila nakladatelství &quot;Bentham Scientific&quot; z vydávání pseudovědeckého časopisu.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chefredaktor&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Hoffmann|first=Thomas|title=Chefredaktør skrider efter kontroversiel artikel om 9/11|journal=Videnskab|date=April 28, 2009|url=http://videnskab.dk/content/dk/naturvidenskab/chefredaktor_skrider_efter_kontroversiel_artikel_om_911|accessdate=November 15, 2009|quote=Mailen får hende til med det samme at smække med døren til tidsskriftet.|archive-date=July 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706232349/http://videnskab.dk/content/dk/naturvidenskab/chefredaktor_skrider_efter_kontroversiel_artikel_om_911|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Oder&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6664637.html|title=Hoax Article Accepted by &quot;Peer-Reviewed&quot; OA Bentham Journal|accessdate=2011-01-01|last=Oder|first=Norman}}&lt;!-- or if link goes bad, use http://www.webcitation.org/query?url=http://www.libraryjournal.com/article/CA6664637.html&amp;date=2011-01-01 --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Dotčený článek nesl název &quot;Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe&quot; a uváděl, že výzkumníci nalezli důkazy přítomnosti [[nano-termit]]u ve vzorcích prachu vzniklého při kolapsu věží Světového obchodního centra.&lt;ref name=&quot;ActiveThermitic&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal
 |title       = Active Thermitic Material Discovered in Dust from the 9/11 World Trade Center Catastrophe
 |journal     = The Open Chemical Physics Journal
 |date        = 2009-04-03
 |first       = Niels H.
 |last        = Harrit
 |coauthors   = Jeffrey Farrer, Steven E. Jones, Kevin R. Ryan, Frank M. Legge, Daniel Farnsworth, Gregg Roberts, James R. Gourley, Bradley R. Larsen
 |volume      = 2
 |issue       = 1
 |doi         = 10.2174/1874412500902010007
 |url         = http://www.bentham.org/open/tocpj/articles/V002/7TOCPJ.pdf
 |accessdate  = October 11, 2010
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20110202230446/http://www.bentham.org/open/tocpj/articles/V002/7TOCPJ.pdf
 |archivedate = February 2, 2011
 |url-status  = dead
}}{{Wayback|url=http://www.bentham.org/open/tocpj/articles/V002/7TOCPJ.pdf |date=20170420071647 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Stejně tak Steven Jones tvrdí, že vysoký obsah železných mikro-kuliček v prachu WTC poukazuje na použití termitu - část roztaveného železa z termitu přechází vlivem povrchového napětí na kuličky. Výskyt železných mikro-kuliček je v prostředí běžný (beton, barvy, požáry) ale Steven Jones tvrdí, že některé z těchto kuliček obsahují srovnatelné stopové množství kyslíku a hliníku jako kuličky vytvořené hořením termitu a tak je lze odlišit od běžně se vyskytujících se železných mikro-kuliček.

Celkově lze teorie o řízené demolici budov WTC spíše odmítnout jako nepravděpodobné a neprokázané. Hlavním problémem by především byla nutnost použití velmi přesně naváděných letadel a tedy spoléhání se na spolupráci únosců (popř. spoléhání se na riskantní samo-zapnutí autopilota). Popřípadě nutnost organizátorů se spolehnout na to, že nárazy a požáry poskytnou alespoň 50 - 70 % nutného poškození k iniciaci kolapsu a ochotu vzdát se možnosti zcela indukovat postupné deformace venkovní stěny s možností ji pouze zhoršit (viz odstavec s náložemi mimo dopadové zóny, popř. již zmíněné hat truss teorie).

Existují ale stále otazníky kolem specifických mechanizmů, které vedly k pádu věží. Způsob, jakým byly odklízeny trosky WTC (nezachování jádrových sloupů z dopadových pater, které by byly extrémně snadno identifikovatelné, skladné a jednoduše uchovatelné), si zasluhuje pozornost ve smyslu pokusů zhatit vyšetřování události (Porth Authority, politici jako je Rudy Giuliani, Bloomberg a stavitelé budov, vč. Leslieho Robertsona, Tomasettiho atd.).

== Odkazy ==

=== Reference ===
&lt;references/&gt;

=== Související články ===
* [[Konspirační teorie o útocích z 11. září 2001]]
* [[Zhroucení budov Světového obchodního centra]]
* [[Teroristické útoky 11. září 2001]]
* [[Světové obchodní centrum]]

[[Kategorie:Konspirační teorie o útocích z 11. září]]
[[Kategorie:Světové obchodní centrum]]</text>
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    <title>Sibebe Survivor</title>
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      <text bytes="12491" xml:space="preserve">{{update|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox athletics race
| bg colour      = blue
| image           =
| imagesize    = 100px
| caption         = The Sibebe Survivor Logo
| date              = July
| location        = [[Mbuluzi]], [[Eswatini]]&lt;br /&gt;
 
'''coordinates:''' 
{{ Coord|26.154098|S|31.101722|E}}
| type              = scenic [[walk]]/[[running|run]]
| distance        = [[10K run|10K]]
| est                = 2004
| homepage     = [http://www.sibebe.co.sz/ www.sibebe.co.sz]
}}

'''Sibebe Survivor''' is an annual hike in Mbuluzi, [[Eswatini]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Swaziland Tourism|title=Events/Activities in Swaziland|url=http://www.thekingdomofswaziland.com/pages/activities/activity.asp?Activity=Events|accessdate=11 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  involving a climb to the top of [[Sibebe]], the world's second largest single [[granite]] [[monolith]]. Initiated by the [[Rotary Club]] of [[Mbabane]]-Mbuluzi in July 2004, the Sibebe Survivor hike follows a course from Mbuluzi High School to the top of the rock and back. The number of participants has increased annually, with almost 3,300 climbers in 2011. Due to growing interest in the event, a website&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Resting|first=John|title=Sibebe Survival - 2012|url=http://www.clubrunner.ca/Portal/news/HomeNewsDetail.aspx?accountid=50107&amp;nid=2428|accessdate=12 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; has been created for online registration to avoid long queues on registration day.

People from all around the world are motivated to join in the annual climb of Sibebe Rock, which is always scheduled for the last Sunday in July. In 2012, the climb was even undertaken by an amputee using his wheelchair and crutches. In 2011, the event raised over 501 thousand [[Emalangeni]] (Swazi currency), equivalent to approximately 50,000 Euros. Participants are required to carry at least 1 [[litre]] of water, which is supplied at the start of the hike. The Rotary Club also provides a pre-hike breakfast and presents participants with certificates and prizes afterwards.
{{Emergency-bot-shutoff}}

==Details of the event==

[[File:Granite monolith.jpg|thumb|280px|Thousands of participants walk up to Sibebe Rock]]

&quot;Sibebe Rock&quot;, an 800-meter-high [[monolith]] in Eswatini  , is the second largest exposed monolith in the world (after [[Ayers Rock]] in central Australia).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Swaziland Tourism Office|url=http://www.thekingdomofswaziland.com/pages/attractions/the_attraction.asp?AttractionsID=15|accessdate=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Sibebe Survivor walk is a 10&amp;nbsp;km walk that starts from Mbuluzi High School, where participants can park their cars. Hikers climb the rock in an average time of 3 or 4 hours. Though Sibebe Survivor is a race, most of the participants just come to enjoy the views from Sibebe Rock and help people in need.  The funds raised by the event are used to finance [[Rotary Foundation]] projects such as the distribution of wheelchairs and support for government hospitals. There is no cash reward for the winner of the race. The number of participants has gradually increased since the event was first held in July 2004. Whereas 1,500 hikers made the climb in 2008,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Proceed From 2008|url=http://www.sibebe.co.sz/about.html|work=sibebe.co.sz|author=Sibebe Survivor Official Website|accessdate=26 October 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130706124145/http://www.sibebe.co.sz/about.html|archivedate=6 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; the 2011 event drew 3,284 hikers.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.times.co.sz/Community-News/66078.html | work=The Swazi Times | first=Simon | last=Shabangu | title=E115 000 for Sibebe Survivor Challenge | date=June 19, 2012 | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130418154058/http://www.times.co.sz/Community-News/66078.html | archivedate=April 18, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2012, the Rotary club limited the number of participants to a maximum of 4,000 people in order to limit the event's impact on the environment.

Sibebe Survivor is not only a walk but a popular social event in Eswatini. Some activities are prepared before the run, such as parties in restaurants and clubs.  For example, in 2011, the event featured an African night&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Aimienoho|first=Nokukhanya|title=Exciting month-end!|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=27961|date=29 July 2011|work=www.observer.co.za|accessdate=27 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; at the Greans Restaurant where [[African food]] was served and people were allowed to compete at playing [[drum]]s. [[DJ Toxik]] provided lively dance music. The many other parties organized in clubs included a Sibebe Survivor Party featuring DJ Cybos at House on Fire.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Nhlabatsi|first=Sifiso|title=DJ Cybos for Sibebe Survivor Party|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=27869|date=27 July 2011|work=www.observer.org.sz|accessdate=26 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; By means of these warm-up parties&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=DUBE|first=Velile|title=DJ Cybos thrills at Sibebe Challenge warm up party|url=http://www.times.co.sz/Entertainment/67151.html|accessdate=12 November 2012|newspaper=Swazi Times|date=August 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Facebook]] ads, participation in the hike is encouraged.

==Location==
[[File:Wz-map Eswatini 2.gif&quot;.gif|thumb|220px|Location of Sibebe Rock]]

The Sibebe Survivor event allows many people to discover the remarkable Sibebe Rock, which remains relatively unknown outside of Eswatini due to a decline in [[Tourism in Swaziland|foreign tourism]] in the post-[[apartheid]] era.  Rising 1,378 meters&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sibebe Rock|url=http://www.google.earth.com|work=www.google.earth.com|accessdate=27 October 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318045221/http://google.earth.com/|archive-date=18 March 2011|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; above sea level, Sibebe Rock is the second largest rock in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Pejstrup|first=Cecius Larsen|title=Swaziland in transition|journal=The Interdisciplinary Journal of International Studies|year=2011|volume=7|issue=1|pages=16|url=http://www.ijis.aau.dk/articles/vol7_no1/IJIS2011-SignePejstrupSwazilandinTransition-pp15-26.pdf|accessdate=26 October 2012}}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In Eswatini, it is commonly compared to the [[Uluru Rock]], or Ayers Rock, in Australia. However, the Sibebe rock is much older, having an estimated age of 3 billion years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Sibebe Hiking Trails|url=http://www.dirtyboots.co.za/operators/sibebe-hiking-trails/|work=dirtyboots.co.za|accessdate=24 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  According to the archaeologist Peter Beaumont, some artifacts discovered in the late 20th century in caves of the Sibebe valley also date from the Middle Ages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Price-Williams|first=David|title=A Preliminary Report on Recent Excavations of Middle and Late Stone Age Levels at Sibebe Shelter, North-West Swaziland|journal=The South African Archaeological Bulletin|volume=36|issue=133|date=June 1981|pages=22–28|jstor=3888015|doi=10.2307/3888015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The valley has an altitude of 1,400 meters.  A unique Swazi beer, [[Sibebe Lager]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=pawpawjam|title=Sibebe launch at Bushfire 9|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0fITwAl0H_M|accessdate=11 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; has also been named after Sibebe Rock, honoring it as a symbol of Eswatini.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Thorne|first=Roland|title=Climb, Drink and Jive Sibebe!|url=http://www.swaziplace.com/whatshappening/november/climbdrinkjive.html|accessdate=30 October 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130203104717/http://www.swaziplace.com/whatshappening/november/climbdrinkjive.html|archivedate=3 February 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== History ==
The annual Sibebe Survivor event began in 2004 under the leadership of Dudu Dhlamini of the [[Rotary International|International Rotary]] Club of Mbabane-Mbuluzi. His main purpose was to raise money for various community projects in [[Mbuluzi]], [[Eswatini]]. For example, they have helped children from Founteyn Primary School&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Rotary Club of Mbabane-Mbuluzi|title=Fonteyn Primary School|url=http://mbuluzi.spruz.com/view/list/user/Jan/photos.htm?cid=B9C1BF6C-ACF4-496B-8BCB-5AFF5743555D|accessdate=29 October 2012}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; to buy school uniforms, financed free eye-testing for Swazi citizens, and donated wheelchairs to people who could not afford them in rural towns. They have also financed projects for deaf people, helped provide scholarships for OVCs (Orphans and Vulnerable Children),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Swazi Travel|title=Sibebe Survior|url=http://www.swazi.travel/event/Sibebe_Survivor|accessdate=11 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and supported causes such as breast cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Swazi Trails|title=Did you survive Sibebe? Now you can Brave the Breast!|url=http://brave-the-breast.org/2011/08/09/did-you-survive-sibebe-now-you-can-brave-the-breast/|accessdate=11 November 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130414084515/http://brave-the-breast.org/2011/08/09/did-you-survive-sibebe-now-you-can-brave-the-breast/|archivedate=14 April 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Organization ==

===Participants===
Anyone can participate in the climb,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Anon.|title=Sibebe Survivor|url=http://gingerinswaziland.wordpress.com/2012/07/30/sibebe-survivor/|work=gingerinswaziland.wordpress.com/|date= June 30, 2012|accessdate=23 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; with hikers ranging in age from children to elderly people. In 2011, the oldest participant was 76 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;times&quot; /&gt; 
At the end of the event, participants are ranked either by groups or individually.  Recognition is given in various categories, such as to the oldest and youngest participants, for cultural distinctions such as “Best [[Swazi people|National Dress]],”,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Prizes|url=http://www.sibebe.co.sz/prizes.html|work=www.sibebe.co.sz/|accessdate=24 October 2012|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20130706130502/http://www.sibebe.co.sz/prizes.html|archivedate=6 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and for the largest team registered by one company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Royal Swaziland Sugar Corporation|title=RSSC the biggest corporate team at Sibebe...again|url=http://www.rssc.co.sz/in_the_news/rssc_the_biggest_corporate/|accessdate=11 November 2012|archive-date=5 November 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105012329/http://www.rssc.co.sz/in_the_news/rssc_the_biggest_corporate/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sponsors===

Sibebe Survivor is [[Sponsor (commercial)|sponsored]] by various companies, each donating some of their products to the Sibebe Survivor Challenge.
* '''Money''': [[Nedbank]], [[Eswatini Beverages Ltd|Eswatini Beverages]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Mbingo|first=Bodwa|title=SB Come Through For Sibebe Survivor|url=http://www.observer.org.sz/index.php?news=41254|accessdate=30 October 2012|newspaper=The Swazi Observer|date=27 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Eswatini Electricity company (EEC)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Swaziland Electricity Company|title=CSI/R Actual Spending BY SEC During the 2011/2012 Financial Year|url=http://www.sec.co.sz/CorporateSocialInvestments/spend.php|accessdate=11 November 2012}}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''Adverts''': The Swazi Times, The [[Eswatini Observer]] and Eswatini TV
* '''Water and other drinks''': Eswatini Beverages, Water Corporation and Sibebe Lager&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Simelane|first=Timothy|title=Sibebe Lager donates E75 000 to Rotary Club|url=http://www.times.co.sz/News/77993.html|accessdate=27 October 2012|newspaper=The Swazi Times|date=July 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Promotional merchandise|Goody bags]]''': Real Image
* '''Food''': Fedics
* '''Tents''': Grand Air Investments
* '''T-shirts''': Dixies
* '''Transport''': African Distributors

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.sibebe.co.sz/ Official Sibebe Survivor website]
*[http://mbuluzi.spruz.com/ Official Rotary Club of Mbabane Mbuluzi website]
*[http://www.rotary.org/en/ Official Rotary International Foundation website]   [[Category:Hiking]] [[Category:Sport in Eswatini]] [[Category:Recurring sporting events established in 2004]] [[Category:2000s establishments in Swaziland]] &lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Sibebe Survivor]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Sibebe Survivor/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Thomas Abbey</title>
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      <text bytes="7165" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Ghanaian association football player}}

{{Infobox football biography
| name = '''Thomas Arnold Arnetey Abbey'''
| image = 
| image_size = 
| caption = 
| fullname       = Thomas Arnold Arnetey Abbey
| birth_date     = {{birth date and age|1993|8|16|df=y}}
| birth_place    = [[Winneba]], Ghana
| death_date     =
| death_place    =
| height         = {{convert|1.70|m|ftin|0|abbr=on}}
| position       = [[Midfielder|Midfielder]]
| currentclub    = [[PKNP F.C.]]
| clubnumber     = 12
| youthyears1    = 2000–2005
| youthclubs1    = Soccer Intellectuals
| youthyears2    = 2010–2011
| youthclubs2    = Windy Professionals
| years1         = 2010–2017 | clubs1 = [[Accra Hearts of Oak SC|Hearts of Oak]]   | caps1 = 86  | goals1 = 31
| years2         = 2018 | clubs2 = [[Ismaily SC]]   | caps2 = 6  | goals2 = 2
| years3         = 2019– | clubs3 = [[PKNP F.C.]]   | caps3 = 16  | goals3 = 2
| nationalyears1 = 2013–2016      
| nationalteam1  = [[Ghana national under-20 football team|Ghana U-23]] 
| nationalcaps1  = 22 
| nationalgoals1 = 6
| nationalyears2 = 2017
| nationalteam2  = [[Ghana national football team|Ghana]]           
| nationalcaps2  = 30 
| nationalgoals2 = 7
| club-update    = 14 February 2019
| nationalteam-update = 23:48, 17 June 2019 (UTC)
}}

'''Thomas Abbey''' (born 16 August 1993) is a [[Ghana]]ian professional [[Association football|football]] midfielder who currently plays for Malaysian club [[PKNP F.C.]]. Abbey played for [[Malaysia Premier League]] club [[PKNP F.C.]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bharian.com.my/sukan/bola/2019/01/520639/pknp-fc-ikat-abbey-siyavush PKNP FC ikat Abbey, Siyavush]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Career==
Thomas began his career at Soccer Intellectuals in 2000-2005. In the 2010–11 season, Abbey joined [[Accra Hearts of Oak SC|Hearts of Oak]] from divisional club [[Windy Professionals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ismaiiy-fc-winger-thomas-abbey-pens-emotional-message-to-hearts-of-oak-fans |title=IsmaiIy FC winger Thomas Abbey pens emotional message to Hearts of Oak fans  |website=Ghanasoccernet.com |date= 27 January 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://ghanasoccernet.com/ismaiiy-fc-winger-thomas-abbey-pens-emotional-message-to-hearts-of-oak-fans |title=IsmaiIy FC winger Thomas Abbey pens emotional message to Hearts of Oak fans  |website=Ghanasoccernet.com |date= 27 January 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://www.graphic.com.gh/sports/sports-news/thomas-abbey-writes-farewell-message-to-hearts-fans.html|title=Thomas Abbey writes farewell message to Hearts fans  |website=Graphic.com.gh |date= 27 January 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018, Abbey ended his six years stay at Hearts of Oak and signed a two-year contract with Egyptian club [[Ismaily SC]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://www.kickgh.com/ghana-premier-league/4445-breaking-thomas-abbey-joins-ismaily-sc|title=BREAKING: Thomas Abbey joins Ismaily SC |website=kickgh.com |date= 24 January 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=https://twitter.com/ismailyofficial/status/956578717811331072|title=لاعبنا الجديد توماس أيبيا على ملعب إسماعيلية |website=Ismaily official twitter |date= 25 January 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=|url=http://citifmonline.com/2018/01/25/thomas-abbey-joins-ismaily-sc/|title=Thomas Abbey joins Ismaily SC |website=citifm |date= 25 January 2018|accessdate=2018-11-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Ismaily SC===
Abbey's contract at Ismaily SC was terminated on 1 August 2018 after reaching a mutual agreement.&lt;ref name=&quot;futaa&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Thomas Abbey cancels Ismaily contract|url=https://futaa.com/gh/article/161466/thomas-abbey-cancels-ismaily-contract|accessdate=9 November 2018|work=Futaa|date=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pulsenews&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Ex-Hearts captain Thomas Abbey terminates contract with Ismaily|url=https://www.pulse.com.gh/sports/football/players/ex-hearts-player-thomas-abbey-terminates-contract-with-ismaily-id8678903.html|accessdate=9 November 2018|work=pulse|date=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===PKNP FC===
On 16 January 2019, Abbey signed for [[Malaysia Super League]] club, [[PKNP F.C.|PKNP FC]]. He was out for weeks after picking a foot injury in the [[Malaysia Super League]], during a [[Malaysia FA Cup]] clash with [[Perak FA]] on Saturday 12 May 2019. He underwent a successful surgery at a hospital at [[Ipoh]].  He has scored two goals in his 16 appearances for [[PKNP FC]] in his debut season.{{update needed|date=August 2019}}

==Honours==
SWAG Footballer of the Year, 2017

===Hearts of Oak===
*'''[[FA Cup]] (1):'''Runner up 2016-2017

===Ismaily===
*'''[[Egyptian Premier League]] (1):'''Runner up 2017-2018

==Personal==
*'''Hearts of Oak:''' Player of the Month (July 2017)&lt;ref&gt;https://ghanasoccernet.com/in-form-thomas-abbey-wins-clubs-player-of-the-month-for-july&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Sports Writers Association of Ghana:''' Home based Player of the Year (2017)&lt;ref&gt;https://ghanasoccernet.com/former-hearts-of-oak-captain-thomas-abbey-named-2017-swag-best-home-based-player&lt;/ref&gt;
*'''Hearts of Oak:''' Player Of The Year Award (2017)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.modernghana.com/sports/827168/hearts-of-oak-shortlist-four-players-for-player-of-the-year.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==International==
Abbey was a member of the Ghana Black Stars Team B who won the 2017 WAFU Nations Cup in Ghana.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goal.com/en/news/ghana-confirm-final-wafu-cup-of-nations-squad-ahead-of/8o33gmeng5ju1kugwozfd0p62&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.goal.com/en-gh/news/ghana-name-squad-for-wafu-cup-of-nations/1a6u968nkff7z1unws65qo5fsm&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2017/September-24th/ghana-crush-rivals-nigeria-to-win-wafu-cup.php |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2018-11-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000834/https://www.myjoyonline.com/sports/2017/September-24th/ghana-crush-rivals-nigeria-to-win-wafu-cup.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://footy-ghana.com/2017/09/wafu-cup-ghana-reveal-final-squad-shirt-numbers/&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EBC3Yz8jOEw
*https://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/SportsArchive/Thomas-Abbey-rejects-offer-from-Hapoel-Petah-Tikvah-677834
*https://www.graphic.com.gh/graphicsports/football/lack-of-play-time-forced-me-out-of-ismaily-thomas-abbey.html
*https://www.soccerladuma.co.za/news/articles/local/categories/siyagobhoza/thomas-abbey-is-keen-to-make-a-move-to-south-africa/299837

{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbey, Thomas}}
[[Category:1993 births]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Ghanaian footballers]]
[[Category:Accra Hearts of Oak S.C. players]]
[[Category:Expatriate footballers in Egypt]]
[[Category:Ghanaian expatriate sportspeople in Egypt]]
[[Category:Ghanaian expatriate footballers]]
[[Category:Ghana Premier League players]]
[[Category:Association football wingers]]


{{Ghana-footy-bio-stub}}&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Thomas Abbey]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Thomas Abbey/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Shocker Toys</title>
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      <text bytes="31428" xml:space="preserve">{{update|date=December 2011}}

{{Infobox company
| name             = Shocker Toys
| logo             =
| type             =
| genre            =
| foundation       = [[New Jersey]], [[United States|U.S.]] ({{Start date|1998}})
| founder          = Geoff Beckett Jr
| location_city    = New Jersey
| location_country = United States
| location         =
| locations        =
| area_served      =
| key_people       = Geoff Beckett Jr&lt;small&gt; ([[President (corporate title)|President]])&lt;/small&gt; &lt;br /&gt;
Lance Buttiglieri &lt;small&gt; ([[Chief executive officer|CEO]])&lt;/small&gt;
| industry         =
| products         =
| services         =
| market cap       =
| revenue          =
| operating_income =
| net_income       =
| assets           =
| equity           =
| owner            =
| num_employees    =
| parent           =
| divisions        =
| subsid           =
| homepage         =
| footnotes        =
| intl             =
}}

'''Shocker Toys''' was a company that manufactured limited release toys and products based on comic book and cartoon characters, as well as original creations. Founded in 1998, the company was run by Geoff Beckett Jr., Lance Buttiglieri, and Bill Roshia and was based in [[Ridgewood, New Jersey|Ridgewood]], [[New Jersey]].

In 2012 Beckett rebranded the company as '''GBJR Toys''' and began raising money for the company through fundraising sites. It has since come under fire for allegedly using licenses without permission and failing to deliver product as promised.&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |date= December 3, 2012 |title= Geoff Beckett of GBJR Toys Wants You to Save Indie Spotlight – Should You? |url= http://www.actionfigurepics.com/2012/12/geoff-beckett-of-gbjr-toys-wants-you-to-save-indie-spotlight-should-you |accessdate= February 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;richjohnston&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last= Johnston |first= Rich |date= February 6, 2013 |title= Paul Grist, Geoff Beckett And Shocker Toys |url= http://www.bleedingcool.com/2013/02/06/paul-grist-geoff-beckett-and-shocker-toys/ |accessdate= February 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beckett, however, has claimed that GBJR toys is in no way associated with Shocker Toys.

==History==
Shocker Toys was founded in 1998 in [[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]], [[New York (state)|New York]] by Geoff Beckett Jr.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRecord2006&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last= Thompson |first= Clecia |date= July 26, 2002 |title= Christmas Comes Early for Young Ridgewood, N.J.-Based Toy Company |url= http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-8826231_ITM |work= [[The Record (Bergen County)|The Record]] |accessdate= November 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beckett had previously worked in [[construction]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonTimes2008&quot;&gt;{{cite news | date = March 8, 2008 | title = Shocker standing tall after action-figure flap | work = [[Washington Times]] | url = http://washingtontimes.com/news/2008/mar/08/shocker-standing-tall-after-action-figure-flap/ | accessdate = October 28, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and claims he was inspired to venture into the toy industry while &quot;playing games with his brother&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRecord2006&quot; /&gt; The company operated primarily on the Internet, and by 2002 the company had two full-time employees: CEO Beckett and Marketing Director Dana Newsom.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRecord2006&quot; /&gt;

Shocker Toys relocated twice prior to 2002, moving to [[Glen Rock, New Jersey]] in 2000 before relocating to [[Ridgewood, New Jersey]]. During this early period, the company's primary focus was on card games featuring characters developed by Beckett. However, these card games were never brought to market.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRecord2006&quot; /&gt; Instead, the company began to focus on developing action figures, and in 2004 they released their first product: the Shockini block figure. According to Shocker Toys, this was a significant year for the company, as it was also the year in which Shocker Toys was incorporated and Beckett was joined by Lance Buttiglieri as a new partner.&lt;ref name=&quot;AboutShocker&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = About Shocker Toys | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/about.php | accessdate = 2008-10-31 | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080111103123/http://www.shockertoys.com/about.php | archivedate=January 11, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequent to Buttiglieri joining the company, Shocker Toys continued to develop the Shockinis line, and in 2006 displayed the figures at the [[American International Toy Fair]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Playthings2006&quot; /&gt;

While Shocker Toys became &quot;best known for being plagued by delays and other problems&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;The Hot Plate&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| title=The Hot Plate| newspaper=[[ToyFare]]| issue=146| pages=10| year=1835|date=October 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; the company released the first series of Indie Spotlight figures &lt;ref name=&quot;IndieCrazeShockerToys&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = April 13, 2009 | title = The Indie Spotlight craze has begun! | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/news.php?article=41 | accessdate = August 6, 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the &quot;Mallow&quot; line of marshmallow-themed figures in 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ToyFair2009ShockerToys&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = February 13, 2009 | title = Toy Fair 2009 and Shocker Toys booth# 4923 | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/news.php?article=34&amp;story=Toy-Fair-2009-and-Shocker-Toys-booth#-4923 | accessdate = August 6, 2009 | archive-date = March 5, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305074239/http://www.shockertoys.com/news.php?article=34&amp;story=Toy-Fair-2009-and-Shocker-Toys-booth#-4923 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In January 2010, Dave Ryan was named Shocker Toys' first sales agent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://comicrelated.com/news/5054/dave-ryan-joins-shocker-toys Comic Related - Dave Ryan@Shocker Toys&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100202153509/http://comicrelated.com/news/5054/dave-ryan-joins-shocker-toys |date=2010-02-02 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2011, Shocker Toys was accused of nonpayment for work done for them by artist Tony Robles and then attempted to have the artist's website shut down by Robles' domain host using legal threats.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleeding Cool: Geoff Beckett Of Shocker Toys Tries To Take Down Website&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Rich|title=Geoff Beckett Of Shocker Toys Tries To Take Down Website|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2011/05/17/geoff-beckett-of-shocker-toys-tries-to-take-down-website/|publisher=Bleeding Cool|accessdate=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the Shocker Toys panel at the 2011 Comic-Con International: San Diego, court papers were served to Geoff Beckett by Jim MacQuarrie on behalf of Robles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bleeding Cool: Court Papers Served On Shocker Toys At Their Own San Diego Comic Con Panel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Johnston|first=Rich|title=Court Papers Served On Shocker Toys At Their Own San Diego Comic Con Panel|url=http://www.bleedingcool.com/2011/07/22/court-papers-served-on-shocker-toys-at-their-own-san-diego-comic-con-panel/|publisher=Bleeding Cool|accessdate=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Topless Robot: SDCC: Shocker Toys Gets Their Own Shocker&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Bricken|first=Rob|title=SDCC: Shocker Toys Gets Their Own Shocker|url=http://www.toplessrobot.com/2011/07/sdcc_shocker_toys_gets_their_own_shocker.php|publisher=Topless Robot|accessdate=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;The Beat: The Watchtower: Comic-Con — Sex, Rock’n'Roll, and Even Crazier Stuff!&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Adair|first=Torsten|title=The Watchtower: Comic-Con — Sex, Rock’n'Roll, and Even Crazier Stuff!|url=http://www.comicsbeat.com/2011/07/22/the-watchtower-comic-con/|publisher=The Beat|accessdate=3 August 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110828120348/http://www.comicsbeat.com/2011/07/22/the-watchtower-comic-con/|archivedate=28 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MTV Geek: SDCC 2011: The Shocker Toys Panel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=McGee|first=Lemonjuice|title=SDCC 2011: The Shocker Toys Panel|url=http://geek-news.mtv.com/2011/07/25/sdcc-2011-the-shocker-toys-panel/?xrs=share_twitter|publisher=MTV Geek|accessdate=3 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In late 2011, Shocker Toys announced that the company had new partners and that they had undergone a change in ownership.&lt;ref name = &quot;Shocker Ending Delays&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title= Working to End the Delays |url= http://www.shockertoys.com/news/working-to-end-the-delays.html |work= Shocker Toys |date= December 10, 2011 |accessdate= May 17, 2012 |archive-date= June 6, 2012 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120606014702/http://www.shockertoys.com/news/working-to-end-the-delays.html |url-status= dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  One of the new owners of Shocker Toys is Eric Nyenhuis, the current owner of GLOW (Gorgeous Ladies Of Wrestling).&lt;ref&gt;http://www.infinitehollywood.com/2012/03/glow-wrestling-and-shocker-toys.html&lt;/ref&gt; Packaging mock-ups of GLOW action figures bearing the Shocker Toys logo have been shown online.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.facebook.com/media/set/?set=a.304657926260006.70772.273227522736380&amp;type=1&lt;/ref&gt;

During the first half of 2012, Geoff Beckett rebranded the company as GBJRToys, through which he now holds the licenses to make Indie Spotlight and Mallow figures.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.linkedin.com/in/shockertoys&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Geoff Beckett, he quit GBJR Toys in December 2015 and sold it to new owners. &lt;ref&gt;https://www.facebook.com/gbjrtoys&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://twitter.com/GBJRTOYS&lt;/ref&gt; The Shocker Toys/GBJR Toys website remains registered in his name. &lt;ref&gt;http://web.horde.ws/shockertoys.com&lt;/ref&gt;

==Products==

===Shockinis===
&lt;!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:ToxicAvengerShockini.JPG|thumb|Toxic Avenger Shockini]] --&gt;
Debuting in 2004, Shockinis were the company's first product to be released.&lt;ref name=&quot;Playthings2006&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | year = 2006 | title = On with the Show | journal = [[Playthings (magazine)|Playthings]] | volume = 104 | issue = 2 | pages = 92 | url = http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6307673.html?q=shocker%2Btoys | accessdate = 2008-11-17 }}{{dead link|date=May 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;StLouis2004&quot; /&gt; Shockinis were 3&amp;nbsp;inch action figures intended for customization, with multiple points of articulation. Geoff Beckett has stated that while there are many similar toy lines – including [[Kubricks]], Pocket Heroes, and [[Minimates]] – Shockinis, and their predecessor, [[Stikfas]], are the only two designed specifically for customization.  Beckett has differentiated Shockinis from Stikfas on the basis that Shockinis were &quot;conceived in the USA&quot; and were available as preassembled figures rather than as model kits.&lt;ref name=&quot;StLouis2004&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last = St. Louis | first = Hervé | date = May 17, 2004 | title = Interview with Geoff Beckett of Shocker Toys | work = Comic Book Bin | url = http://www.comicbookbin.com/shocker01.html | accessdate = 2008-10-31 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Different versions of Shockinis, including a [[The Toxic Avenger (character)|Toxic Avenger]] Shockini, Kade from Arcana comics and other comic book convention exclusives were sold online, at conventions, and through a few comic book shops&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.comicreaders.com/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=803 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2009-02-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028105803/http://www.comicreaders.com/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=803 |archivedate=2006-10-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt; in limited runs of 50 to 1000 pieces. No new Shockinis have been produced since 2006.

===Indie Spotlight===
In 2006, Shocker Toys started work on Indie Spotlight, a line of six-inch action figures based on characters from various independent comic book series. The first series consisted of Katchoo from [[Terry Moore (comics)|Terry Moore's]] ''[[Strangers in Paradise]]'', Scud and Sol from [[Rob Schrab|Rob Schrab's]] ''[[Scud: The Disposable Assassin]]'', the [[The Maxx|Maxx]] from [[Sam Kieth|Sam Kieth's]] series of the same name, [[David W. Mack|David Mack's]] ''[[Kabuki (comics)|Kabuki]]'' and two different versions of [[Jim Valentino|Jim Valentino's]] ''[[Shadowhawk]]''. A small figurine of an [[The Maxx#Isz|Isz]] was included with each figure, as well as other, character specific accessories.&lt;ref name=&quot;ProductsJanuary2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Products: Indie Spotlight | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/products.php | accessdate = January 26, 2009 | archive-date = January 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090125224348/http://www.shockertoys.com/products.php | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Plans to include a comic book or poster packed in with each figure, similar to the packaging of Toybiz's Marvel Legends figures, were announced but later abandoned. Shocker Toys also announced a &quot;mail away&quot; figure of [[Mister Gone|Mr. Gone]] from The Maxx, available to customers who purchase all seven figures in the first series. This figure has yet to be made available, however a sculpt did appear at the 2010 Toy Fair.

Development of the Indie Spotlight series encountered several problems, among them [[Marvel Toys]]' 2007 release of their own line of action figures including independent comic book characters announced for the Shocker Toys line.&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonTimes2008&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Playthings2007&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last = Annicelli | first = Cliff | author2 = Benitez, Tina | author3 = Brill, Pamela | author4 = Kellachan,  Lauren | author5 = Peterson, Karyn | author6 = Suciu, Peter | year = 2007 | title = Next Stop: TOY FAIR | journal = Playthings | volume = 105 | issue = 2 | pages = 95 | url = http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6415284.html | accessdate = 2008-11-09 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20081204233237/http://www.playthings.com/article/CA6415284.html | archivedate = 2008-12-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Prototypes of Indie Spotlight Series 1 were displayed at the 2007 American International Toy Fair,&lt;ref name=&quot;WashingtonTimes2008&quot; /&gt; and new versions of that series were shown at the following year's show&lt;ref name=&quot;SDCC08 ST&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = July 2008 | title = SDCC08: Shocker Toys' Indie Spotlight | work = Superherotimes | url = http://www.superherotimes.com/newsarchive/003688.php | accessdate = 2008-11-14 | url-status = dead | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716164331/http://www.superherotimes.com/newsarchive/003688.php | archivedate = 2011-07-16 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and at the San Diego Comic-Con – the latter also including Series 2 prototypes.&lt;ref name=&quot;IndieDecember&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = October 7, 2008 | title = Indie Spotlight Comic Book Heroes Action Figures is the Future of Toys (Press Release) | work = [[Comics Bulletin]] | url = http://www.comicsbulletin.com/news/122335675257817.htm | accessdate = January 1, 2009 | archive-date = May 23, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110523082458/http://www.comicsbulletin.com/news/122335675257817.htm | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Following numerous announced (and subsequently missed) release dates, the first series of Indie Spotlight action figures was available for purchase online as of April 2009.

In February, 2011, a limited run, preview edition of The Tick from the planned second series of Indie Spotlight figures was released, along with a &quot;Mucus Tick&quot; variant produced as an exclusive for the ''Idle Hands'' website.&lt;ref name=&quot;HappyTickDay&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = February 3, 2011 | title = Happy Tick Day! | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/news/happy-tick-day-.html | accessdate = February 20, 2011 | archive-date = July 16, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060043/http://www.shockertoys.com/news/happy-tick-day-.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  As of 2014, GBJR Toys no longer has the right to produce any further Tick related figures.

===Limited convention exclusives===
Shocker Toys has produced a number of convention exclusives over the years. These include a [[Gwar]] &quot;[[Beefcake the Mighty|Beefcake]]&quot; statue, a 3&quot; [[The Maxx|Maxx]] vinyl figurine for the [[San Diego Comic-Con International|San Diego Comic-Con]], and a [[Scud: The Disposable Assassin|Scud]] statue for the [[New York Comic Con]]. Shocker Toys also released a pair of statues and a box set of five vinyl figures based on the fictional band [[Dethklok]] from the [[Adult Swim]] series [[Metalocalypse]] as San Diego Comic-Con exclusives. The box sets of vinyl figures were limited to 500 pieces and sold at the 2008 San Diego Comic-Con,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | date = February 27, 2009 | title = Shocker Toys' Updated 2008 San Diego Comic Con Exclusives And Booth Info! (Press Release) | work = PRLog | publisher = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.prlog.org/10086417-shocker-toys-updated-2008-san-diego-comic-con-exclusives-and-booth-info.html | accessdate = February 27, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; the subsequent 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, and the 2009 [[Wizard World Chicago]] Comic Con.

At the 2009 New York Comic Con, Shocker Toys had planned to sell two translucent versions of their then-forthcoming Scud and Maxx figures from the Indie Spotlight line. The figures were unavailable for the event, but were shipped out to customers roughly a month later, starting on March 3, 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;ShockerToysLEMar2009&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = March 3, 2009 | title = Maxx and Scud smokey versions have shipped! | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/news.php?article=36 | accessdate = March 3, 2009 }}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; A similar variant was offered at the [[Wizard World#Conventions|Wizard World]] convention in Philadelphia that year, with a transparent Maxx incorporating painted highlights. At the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, Shocker Toys offered figures based on their forthcoming Indie Spotlight Series 2 – a &quot;black and white&quot; [[Dick Tracy]] figure and a trench-coated variant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | date = July 13, 2009 | title = Dick Tracy responds to wrist radio and is coming to SDCC! | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/news.php?article=34&amp;story=Toy-Fair-2009-and-Shocker-Toys-booth#-4923 | accessdate = August 6, 2009 | archive-date = March 5, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090305074239/http://www.shockertoys.com/news.php?article=34&amp;story=Toy-Fair-2009-and-Shocker-Toys-booth#-4923 | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  At the same event, convention exclusive Mallows also debuted, including Dr. Rockso, the Phantom, and an SDCC Guy.

Convention exclusives have also been sold through their website, and unsold figures have subsequently been made available at later conventions.

===Mallows===
In 2009, Shocker Toys started a new line of marshmallow themed figures called &quot;Mallows.&quot;  Similar to [[Hasbro]]'s [[Mighty Muggs]] and [[Kidrobot]]'s [[Munny]] and [[Dunny]] figures, Mallows feature multiple points of articulation, interchangeable parts, and are available in blank, black or white, do-it-yourself versions.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Blot - Mallo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author= The Blot |title= Shocker Toys - Mallow Vinyl Figures |url= http://www.theblotsays.com/2009/06/shocker-toys-mallow-vinyl-figures.html |work= [http://www.theblotsays.com/ The Blot Says...] |date= June 23, 2009 |accessdate= May 17, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cancelled or unreleased items==

===Card games===
Shocker Toys first planned products were card games featuring characters developed by Beckett. Despite promoting them online, none of the card games were brought to market.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRecord2006&quot; /&gt; Beckett cited cost fixing by competitors as the cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicreaderInterview&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Tillusz |first=Dana |title=Small and mighty: An interview with Shocker Toys |work=ComicReaders.com |url=http://www.comicreaders.com/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=803 |accessdate=February 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061028105803/http://www.comicreaders.com/modules.php?name=News&amp;file=article&amp;sid=803 |archivedate=October 28, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Manga===
Using characters from the unreleased card games, the company turned its attention to developing an &quot;American Manga magazine&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicreaderInterview&quot; /&gt; The magazine was never published, but the characters developed for the stories lead to the company's next effort.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicreaderInterview&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web | last = St. Louis | first = Hervé | date = May 17, 2004 | title = Interview with Geoff Beckett of Shocker Toys | work = Comic Book Bin | url = http://www.comicbookbin.com/shocker01.html | accessdate = October 31, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Shoulder Action Figures===
After its attempts at manga creation and publication, the company changed direction to focus on the production of action figures. In 2002 Shocker Toys displayed prototypes of their Shoulder Action Figures, or SAFs, at the &quot;Christmas in July&quot; event in New York run by public relations firm Steven Style Group.&lt;ref name=&quot;TheRecord2006&quot; /&gt; In spite of early publicity for the concept, the product was never released, with Beckett citing problems arising from outsourcing as the cause.&lt;ref name=&quot;StLouis2004&quot;/&gt; The company's attention then shifted to developing the Shockini line of action figures.

===Mutant Mania Shockinis===
Shocker Toys announced a line of &quot;mutant and monster&quot; Shockinis in October 2004, for release the following February.   Aside from a Toxic Avenger Shockini which was released as a convention exclusive, no other figure from the line was released.&lt;ref&gt;http://bloody-disgusting.com/news/2662/got-some-toy-news-for-all-you-collectors/&lt;/ref&gt;

===Other Licensed Shockinis===
Shockinis based on characters from [[Bucky O'Hare]], [[Gwar]], ''[[2000 AD (comics)|2000AD]]'' (including [[Judge Dredd]]), [[Metalocalypse]], the Indie Spotlight line, and [[Who Wants to be a Superhero?]] were announced as early as 2005. Other than the Toxic Avenger and Kade from Arcana comics, no other licensed properties were produced as Shockinis.

===Gwar===
Shocker Toys acquired the license to produce toys based on the band [[Gwar]],&lt;ref name=&quot;MTV&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = January 12, 2006 | title = For The Record: Quick News On Diddy, Michael Jackson, Snoop Dogg, B.G., Korn, Mandy Moore &amp; More | work = [[MTV]] | url = http://www.mtv.com/news/articles/1520680/20060112/puff_daddy.jhtml | accessdate = October 31, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; releasing a 500 piece run, resin statue of the band member Beefcake as a San Diego Comic-Con exclusive in 2006. However, the announced line of articulated PVC Gwar action figures was canceled before reaching the market. The proposed replacement line of vinyl Gwar figures was never released.

===Metalocalypse===
In 2007, Shocker Toys acquired a license to the characters in the fictional band [[Dethklok]] from the [[Adult Swim]] series [[Metalocalypse]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Ball2007&quot;&gt;{{cite web | last = Ball | first = Ryan | date = June 25, 2007 | title = Shocker Toys Jams with Metalocalypse | work = [[Animation Magazine]] | url = http://www.animationmagazine.net/article/7026# | accessdate = November 8, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The announced regular retail line of Metalocalypse figures was never released, although San Diego Comic-Con exclusives were sold in 2008 and again in 2009, including Dr. Rockzo as a Mallow designer figure in a limited run of 500 pieces.  An expansion of the Metalocalypse line was announced December 23, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://tomopop.com/metalocalypse-toys-are-bringing-the-awesome-to-a-shelf-near-you-10256.phtml Metalocalypse toys are bringing the awesome to a shelf near you - TOMOPOP - COLLECTIBLE TOY CULTURE - Vinyl toys, Papercraft, Garage kits, Gamer toys, Japanese toys, robots, m...&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;  On January 12, 2010, it was announced that Adult Swim discontinued the Metalocalypse license with Shocker Toys.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shockertoys.com/forum/ |title=Shocker Toys Forums • Index page&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2012-07-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120730011858/http://www.shockertoys.com/forum/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Who Wants to Be a Superhero?===
Shocker Toys also licensed the characters from the reality television series [[Who Wants to Be a Superhero?]], including [[Feedback (Dark Horse Comics)|Feedback]], the winner of the first season in 2006, with the well publicized, though unrealized, aim of producing action figures based on the property.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.realitytvworld.com/news/sci-fi-reveals-who-wants-be-superhero-2-cast-bumps-debut-5399.php Sci Fi reveals 'Who Wants To Be A Superhero? 2' cast, bumps debut - Reality TV World&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tvguide.com/news/Wants-Action-Figure-16243.aspx Who Wants to Be an Action Figure? - Today's News: Our Take | TVGuide.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;

===Indie Spotlight Series 1 Mail Away Figure===
The Mr. Gone mail away figure, an incentive for customers who bought all of the first series of Indie Spotlight figures released in 2009, was never released.

===Indie Spotlight Series 2===
A second series of Indie Spotlight figures was announced at Toy Fair in February 2009 and then displayed at San Diego Comic Con in July 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;DreadCentralZombie&quot;&gt;{{cite web | date = July 6, 2009  | title = Wanna Play in the DeadWorld? | work = Dread Central.com | url = http://www.dreadcentral.com/news/32389/wanna-play-deadworld | accessdate = August 6, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The line was announced to be available in August 2009, with a lineup of [[Deadworld|King Zombie]], [[Dick Tracy]], [[Wildguard|Ignacia]], [[Jack Staff]] and [[The Tick]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DreadCentralZombie&quot;/&gt; The official release date was pushed back to Q4 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;ShockerStore&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title = Shocker Toys Online Store | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/store.php | accessdate = September 6, 2009 | archive-date = June 26, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090626141540/http://www.shockertoys.com/store.php | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and then again to Q1 2010.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.comicsalliance.com/2009/11/20/shocker-toys-indie-spotlight-wave-2-will-have-you-shouting-spo/ Shocker Toys' Indie Spotlight Wave 2 Will Have You Shouting 'Spooooon!' - ComicsAlliance | Comics culture, news, humor, commentary, and reviews&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091128104333/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2009/11/20/shocker-toys-indie-spotlight-wave-2-will-have-you-shouting-spo/ |date=2009-11-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The figures, aside from a small run of The Tick, were never released.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shocker Ending Delays&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title = Store: Action Figures | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/store.php?type=action+figure | accessdate = February 12, 2012 | archive-date = January 26, 2012 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120126123917/http://www.shockertoys.com/store.php?type=action+figure | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Indie Spotlight Series 3===
A third series of Indie Spotlight figures was announced at Toy Fair in February 2010.&lt;ref name=&quot;toynewsi.com&quot;&gt;http://toynewsi.com/news.php?catid=288&amp;itemid=15481&lt;/ref&gt;  These figures were never released.

===Other Spotlight lines===
In April 2008, the expansion of the Indie Spotlight line was announced to include Horror Spotlight, Anime Spotlight, Manga Spotlight, Movie Spotlight, and Gamer Spotlight.&lt;ref&gt;[http://toynewsi.com/news.php?catid=261&amp;itemid=12870 Indie Spotlight Series 2 Images - Shocker Toys - ToyNewsI.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt; Illustrations depicting the proposed Anime Spotlight designs were displayed at the 2011 New York Toy Fair.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | last = Dilworth Jr. | first = Joseph | date = February 17, 2011 | title = Toy Fair 2011: Shocker Toys Unveils 2011 Line-Up | work = Pop Culture Zoo | url = http://popculturezoo.com/2011/02/toy-fair-2011-shocker-toys-unviels-2011-line-up/ | accessdate = February 20, 2011 | archive-date = February 21, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195057/http://popculturezoo.com/2011/02/toy-fair-2011-shocker-toys-unviels-2011-line-up/ | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Further announced Indie Spotlight lines from February 2010 include Golden Age Spotlight series 1 and Indie Spotlight Two Packs.&lt;ref name=&quot;toynewsi.com&quot;/&gt;  These figures were never released.

===2010 Summer Convention Exclusives===
Shocker Toys sold four convention exclusive Indie Spotlight figures during the 2010 Summer Convention season: [[Barry Hubris]], [[List of recurring characters in Dick Tracy#Enemies|The Blank]], the [[Blue Beetle]] and [[Grendel (comics)|Hunter Rose]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | date = July 10, 2010 | title = Shocker Toys returns to the San Diego Comic-Con Booth #3849 | work = Shocker Toys | url = http://www.shockertoys.com/news/shocker-toys-returns-to-the-san-diego-comic-con-booth-3849.html | accessdate = February 20, 2011 | archive-date = July 16, 2011 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716060055/http://www.shockertoys.com/news/shocker-toys-returns-to-the-san-diego-comic-con-booth-3849.html | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The figures were not released.

===DMC SDCC Exclusive Figure and Comic===
At the 2011 New York Toy Fair, Shocker Toys announced an exclusive figure and comic book based on DMC of Run DMC.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.oafe.net/blog/2011/02/atfc-shocker-toys-at-toy-fair-2011/&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://popculturezoo.com/2011/02/shocker-toys-bring-special-guest-to-toy-fair-2011/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2011-11-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112080223/http://popculturezoo.com/2011/02/shocker-toys-bring-special-guest-to-toy-fair-2011/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://s59.photobucket.com/albums/g298/theevaletudo/DMC/{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3jF0mUS7Zek&lt;/ref&gt;  Neither figure nor comic book were released due to a dispute.&lt;ref&gt;http://popculturenetwork.com/article.php?story=20110728174807359  {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418005445/http://popculturenetwork.com/article.php?story=20110728174807359 |date=April 18, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===American Greetings Licensed Mallows===
Licensed Mallow offerings announced, though  never released, include [[Madballs]], [[My Pet Monster]], and [[Sushi Pack]] figures.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Blot - Mallo&quot; /&gt;

===Indieverse Comics===
In 2010, Shocker Toys announced the Indieverse line of comics, intended to create a crossover universe for participating independent comics titles.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.shockertoys.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=78&amp;t=3685 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2012-04-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120430092714/http://www.shockertoys.com/forum/viewtopic.php?f=78&amp;t=3685 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.facebook.com/pages/TheIndieverse/123175334407192#!/pages/TheIndieverse/123175334407192?sk=info&lt;/ref&gt;  No comics were ever released.

===GLOW Action Figures===
The GLOW action figures announced in 2011 were never released.

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shockertoys.com/ Official Shocker Toys website]  [[Category:Toy companies of the United States]] &lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Shocker Toys]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Shocker Toys/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Warren Bullock</title>
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      <text bytes="6098" xml:space="preserve">{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
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{{Infobox person
| name        = Warren Bullock
| image       = Warren Bullock in 2015.jpg
| caption     = Warren Bullock in 2015
| birth_name  = Warren James Bullock
| birth_date  = {{birth date and age|df=yes|1965|1|12}}
| birth_place = [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]], England
| occupation  = Professional dancer
| spouse      = Jane Phillips
| nationality = British
}}

'''Warren James Bullock''' (born January 12, 1965) is an English professional [[ballroom dancer]] and dance teacher. Together with his wife Jane, Bullock taught Ballroom and [[Latin]] American dancing in schools (including [[King Edward VI High School for Girls]] in [[Edgbaston]]) and [[Glebefields Primary School]] in [[Tipton]] where they pioneered the teaching of ballroom dancing in schools before launching the concept to the Ballroom Dancers Federation which initiated dance being included into the curriculum.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.strictlymanx.com/warren-bullock.html&lt;/ref&gt; 

==Biography==
Warren James Bullock was born on January 12, 1965 in [[Stoke-on-Trent]], [[Staffordshire]] to Maurice Bullock and Jean Bullock (née Beaumont), owners of a local [[pub]].{{cn|date=December 2019}}

At the age of 19, he met his last partner (and now wife) Jane Bullock at a studio in [[Birmingham]] run by competitive coaches Robin Short and Rita Last, who introduced them. Still financed by his parents, Bullock had a string of jobs; of note was work as an airbrush artist.&lt;ref&gt;https://reader.exacteditions.com/issues/35820/page/10&lt;/ref&gt;

==Dance school==
In 1994, Warren and his wife Jane started Zig Zag Dance Factory started initially as a way of earning an income to continue competing.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.zigzagdance.co.uk/&lt;/ref&gt;
Since 2014, Bullock has hosted an annual awards event; The Galaxy Classique awards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.dsi-london.com/galaxyclassique |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190802232343/https://www.dsi-london.com/galaxyclassique |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Family==

Warren is married to Jane Bullock, his professional dancing partner; they married in 1995. He lives in [[Lower Penn]], [[Wolverhampton]] with Jane and their triplet children.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.shropshirestar.com/entertainment/weekend/2018/06/17/what-its-like-to-be-a-father-of-triplets/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Philanthropy==

Warren Bullock supports and raises money for Starlight Children's Foundation.&lt;ref&gt;https://issuu.com/jonathonwiley/docs/wwm-nov-issue-78-2016-v4/153&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards and achievements==

Warren Bullock and his wife Jane have received two [[Carl Alan Awards]] in both amateur dancing and professional teaching. The first Carl Alan Award was in 1993 for Amateur Ballroom, and the second was in the category of &quot;Ballroom, Latin and Sequence Teacher&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.idta.co.uk/site3/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CARL-ALAN-AWARD-WINNERS-2010-press-release.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=16 April 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170416044153/http://www.idta.co.uk/site3/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/CARL-ALAN-AWARD-WINNERS-2010-press-release.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and was presented to Warren and Jane on 10 February 2009. They are winners of the Le Classique du Dance Awards 2008.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.dancefestivals4you.co.uk/past_winners.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Filmography==
===Film===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''The Weather in the Streets''
| &lt;center&gt;1983&lt;/center&gt;
| Dancer/Actor
| Danced with [[Joanna Lumley]]
|}

===Television===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable plainrowheaders&quot;
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Title
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Year
! scope=&quot;col&quot; | Role
! scope=&quot;col&quot; class=&quot;unsortable&quot; | Notes
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''[[Baby Ballroom]]'' (5 Star) (Netflix)
| &lt;center&gt;2017–2018&lt;/center&gt;
| Himself
| 15 episodes  
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Come Dancing'' (BBC)
| &lt;center&gt;1988–1994&lt;/center&gt;
| Professional Dancer
| Approximately 20 episodes
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Doctors'' (BBC)
| &lt;center&gt;2004&lt;/center&gt;
| Extra and Dance Choreographer
| 1 episode
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''United Kingdom Dance Championships''
| &lt;center&gt;1992–1994&lt;/center&gt;
| Himself
| 3 episodes
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''How to Live with Women'' (BBC3)&lt;ref&gt;https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00ft0tb&lt;/ref&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;2011&lt;/center&gt;
| Himself
| Episode 4: &quot;Paul and Nisaa&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;row&quot; | ''Rumba in the Jungle''&lt;ref&gt;https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og_l6YaeRv4&lt;/ref&gt;
| &lt;center&gt;1997&lt;/center&gt;
| Himself
| This is the last professional event Bullock competed in.
|-
|}

== Dance Competition Creation ==

=== Global Internet Dance Championships ===
Bullock created and organised the Global Internet Dance Championships to unite dancers from around the world during the coronavirus pandemic. This free to enter competition drew over 200 entries from around the world with competitors submitting their entry on either Facebook or YouTube.

=== Strictly Ability ===
Through his Zig Zag Dance school, in 2019 Warren created &quot;[https://www.facebook.com/StrictlyAbility/ Strictly Ability]&quot;  the first open competition for children with special needs and disabilities.

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.zigzagdance.co.uk  Zig Zag Dance Factory]
*[[imdbname:9708221|IMDB Link for Warren Bullock]]
*{{YouTube|sPzyvwm_iDE}} (YouTube)
*[http://www.strictlymanx.com/warren-bullock.html Strictly Manx]
*[https://flixable.com/actor/?name=Warren%20Bullock Flixable]
*[https://www.netflix.com/gb/title/80217151 Baby Ballroom on Netflix]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bullock, Warren}}
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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Warren Bullock]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Warren Bullock/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Tudor Rickards</title>
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      <text bytes="15811" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|British writer}}
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[[File:TudorRickardsUppsala2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tudor Rickards at Uppsala Creativity Day 2009, Uppsala Sweden]]
'''Tudor Rickards''' (born 1941 in [[Pontypridd]], [[Wales]]) is a self published author of non-fiction and fiction, a business academic, and a scientist. He is Professor Emeritus at [[University of Manchester]] and formerly Professor of creativity and Organisational change at [[Alliance Manchester Business School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/tudor.rickards/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506021920/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. His fiction works include ''The Unnamed Threat: A Wendy Lockinge Mystery (2019)'', ''Seconds Out'' (2018) and ''Chronicles of Leadership'' (2016). His non-fiction includes ''Tennis Matters: A Leaders We Deserve Monograph'' (2015), ''Tennis Tensions'' (2015), ''The Manchester Method'' (2015) and ''The Double Houdini'' (2016).

By the mid-70s he had established international contacts. A collaboration with [[:de:Horst Geschka|Horst Geschka]] at the Battelle Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, lead to a joint publication comparing practices and deficiencies in the application of creativity techniques in the UK and in Germany. Furthermore, he participated in most of the European creativity conferences a speaker or active participant. During this time he intensively worked on the development of networks enabling European creativity practitioners to work together and explore alternatives to the dominant US models.&lt;ref&gt;Gryskiewicz, S., (1992) Letter from America (With respectful acknowledgement to Alistair Cooke), Creativity and Innovation Management, 1,4, 214–215&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van de Meer, H., (2006) Conference Report ECCI-9 Creativity and Innovation Management 15,1, 120–122 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8691.2006.00376.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He co-founded the academic journal, ''Creativity and Innovation Management, '' in 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Wiley Online Library | website=Wiley Online Library | date=2020-06-15 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is Alex Osborn Visiting Professor at State University of New York, Buffalo, a lifetime position offered to scholars who are deemed to enrich teaching at the University’s Centre for Studies in Creativity.

Rickards is regularly quoted in the British media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8645018.stm | work=BBC News | title=The trouble with blue sky thinking | date=2010-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/business/s/143/143758_studying_law_of_nature_in_the_office.html |title = Studying law of nature in the office|date = 30 June 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4358255,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=A nose for business | first=Francis | last=Beckett | authorlink = Francis Beckett |date=2002-02-19 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Breaking News, World News &amp; Multimedia | website=The New York Times | date=2001-04-07 | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/04/07/mold_ed3_.php | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a pioneer and advocate of the ‘Manchester Method’ – the system of creative and applied learning championed by Manchester Business School – on which he has written widely.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/horses-for-mba-courses-544429.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Horses for MBA courses | date=2004-10-21 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art23-drinkwater.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040325152644/http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art23-drinkwater.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See also p xviii in Educating Managers Through Real World Projects by Charles Wankel, Bob DeFillippi, Robert Defillipi, published by IAP, 2005 {{ISBN|978-1-59311-370-4}} for reference to Rickards' work in this area.&lt;/ref&gt;

He was an early promoter in Europe of the [[TRIZ]] system of creativity and idea generation, inviting TRIZ pioneer Dr Phan Dung to speak at EACI (European Association of Creativity and Innovation) conferences&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.eaci.net/EACI_-_European_Association_for_Creativity_%26_Innovation/Home.html | title=EACI - European Association for Creativity &amp; Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt; and publishing some of the first papers in English by Dr Phan Dung on the subject in ''Creativity and Innovation Management''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.osaka-gu.ac.jp/php/nakagawa/TRIZ/eTRIZ/eforum/ePhanDungForum990708.html |title = TRIZ in Vietnam (Phang Dung) (Jul. 1999)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Challenging traditional models of creative thinking, leadership, problem solving and team building, Rickards’ research has been described by ''The Financial Times'' as non-traditional.&lt;ref&gt;Financial Times, 20 September 1996
&lt;/ref&gt;  The influences and inspirations for his insights and research are diverse, and include chess, poetry, sport and politics. He is developing the use of non-traditional fictional modes for exploring issues in leadership theory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/2012/06/24/recent-research-into-leaders-to-the-tune-of-the-eton-boating-song/ |title = Recent research into leaders &amp;#91;to the tune of the Eton Boating Song&amp;#93;|date = 24 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The world of nature has also been a powerful source of inspiration, with well-publicised work on intelligent horsemanship&lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/managers-learn-hollywoodstyle-horse-whispering-703698.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Managers learn Hollywood-style horse whispering | first=Ben | last=Russell | date=2001-01-08 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot; /&gt; and the lessons it offers for the workplace, and profiling management and leadership styles using animal behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/can-we-learn-from-the-apes-562335.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Can we learn from the apes? | date=2004-05-06 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  His work has been criticised for attempting to learn lessons from studying animal rather than human behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Rickards was educated at Pontypridd Boys’ Grammar School and went on to study chemistry and radiation chemistry at The University of Wales at Cardiff (now [[Cardiff University]]).  Following post-doctoral research at New York Medical College&lt;ref&gt;^ Rickards, T., Herp, A., &amp; Pigman, W., (1966) The kinetics of depolymerization of hyaluronic acid by l-ascorbic acid, and the inhibition of this reaction by anions of the lyotropic series, J of Polymer Science Part A-1 Polymer Chemistry, 5,4. pp 931–934&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515014530/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the 1960s, he returned to the UK to work in the R&amp;D department of [[Unilever]] Laboratories,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Espacenet - Bibliographic data | website=Espacenet - Home page | url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=AU&amp;NR=8289775&amp;KC=&amp;FT=E | access-date=2020-06-16}}.&lt;/ref&gt; based in Port Sunlight, Merseyside, UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2008/09/18/obituary-richard-duggan-64375-21844124/ |title = Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was there that he became interested in creativity and its role in structured problem-solving systems, and from there that he joined Manchester Business School in 1972. Alan Pearson, founding editor of R&amp;D management journal invited him to join MBS to study creativity techniques in R&amp;D laboratories.  The work was subsequently subsumed by the INCA programme (Innovation through Creative Analysis.&lt;ref&gt;J.F. Wilson The Manchester Experiment: A History of Manchester Business School 1965–1990, SAGE Publications Limited, pp92–93&lt;/ref&gt;

Rickards contributed as keynote speaker at the 1st National Medical Leadership Conference of the Mersey &amp; North Western Deaneries, Reebok Stadium Bolton, 10 March 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merseydeanery.nhs.uk/graphics/nwe_Medical%20Leadership%20Conference%20Flyer%20%282%29.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316123556/http://www.merseydeanery.nhs.uk/graphics/nwe_Medical%20Leadership%20Conference%20Flyer%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and at the [[Institute of Directors]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.iod.com/home/default.aspx | title=Institute of Directors &amp;#124; Inspiring business|website=www.iod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; North West annual conference on Leading through Change, Manchester, 22 March 2012.

In August 2010, Rickards contributed to an eBook collection of political poems entitled ''Emergency Verse – Poetry in Defence of the Welfare State'' edited by [[Alan Morrison (poet)|Alan Morrison]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Recusant | website=The Recusant | date=2019-11-21 | url=http://www.therecusant.org.uk | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of August 2011, Rickards has been appointed to the board of international advisors to the Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, [[Kinki University]], Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kindai.ac.jp/sangaku/kenkyu/icmi |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807003700/http://www.kindai.ac.jp/sangaku/kenkyu/icmi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

His recent media contributions include the BBC Radio 4 documentary Oblique Strategies, broadcast on 13 June 2013, examining a technique developed by Brian Eno for stimulating creativity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b02qncrt |title = BBC Radio 4 - Oblique Strategies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the guest speaker for the 2014 Alex Osborn memorial event at Buffalo State University on the theme of [ Dissecting Creativity]. The interview was conducted by Gerard Puccio, chair and Professor at the International Center for Studies in Creativity [ICSC] at Buffalo State University. The annual event honors the life and work of Alex Osborn who did much of his pioneering work on stimulating creativity at ICSC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaders We Deserve 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dissecting Creativity: Interview with Tudor Rickards | website=Leaders We Deserve | date=2015-03-10 | url=https://leaderswedeserve.blog/2015/03/10/dissecting-creativity-interview-with-tudor-rickards/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2015, Rickards took part in a keynote introduction to the ARTEM Organizational Creativity International Conference&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=1st ARTEM Organizational Creativity International Conference | website=Sciencesconf.org | date=2015-03-26 | url=http://artemocc2015.sciencesconf.org/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Nancy, France, on rethinking paths on creativity to move organizations towards sustainability.

On 17 April 2015, Rickards co-presented ''Taking Tough Decisions: A Creative Problem-Solving Approach'' with Dr Rebecca Baron (Associate Dean General Practice Health Education North West) at the Fifth National Medical Leadership conference&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/medical-leadership/national-medical-leadership-conference |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929141156/https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/medical-leadership/national-medical-leadership-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; at the Macron Stadium, Bolton.

In 2015, Rickards began his first self-publishing project which culminated in the release of the eBook &quot;The Manchester Method: A Leaders We Deserve Monograph&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Manchester-Method-Leaders-Monograph-ebook/dp/B00V4WB1VK |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212645/http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Manchester-Method-Leaders-Monograph-ebook/dp/B00V4WB1VK |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; which is based on over a thousand posts originally published on his blog, Leaders We Deserve, over the period 2006–2015.

He also lectures at the Research University - Higher School of Economics in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Tudor Rickards: about creativity, leadership and president Trump | website=HSE University | date=2016-11-23 | url=https://www.hse.ru/en/ma/sti/rickards | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Problem Solving Through Creativity | publisher = Wiley | year = 1974 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-470-72045-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Creativity and Problem Solving at Work | publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd | year = 1997 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-566-07961-0 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor |last2=Clark |first2=M. | title = Dilemmas of Leadership| publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | location = | url = http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415355850/about/default.asp | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-415-35584-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor |last2=Runco |first2=Mark A. |last3=Moger|first3=Susan
| title = The Routledge Companion To Creativity | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | location = | url = https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-Creativity-1st-Edition/Rickards-Runco-Moger/p/book/9780415773171 | isbn = 978-0-415-77317-1}}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Dilemmas of Leadership| publisher = Routledge | edition = 2nd |year = 2011 | location = | url = http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9780415618540/ | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-415-61854-0}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/ Tudor Rickards' website at the University of Manchester]
* [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/publications Tudor Rickards' list of publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109064744/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/publications |date=9 November 2012 }}
* [http://tudorrickards.co.uk/ Tudor Rickards' personal website]
* [http://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/ Tudor Rickards' Blog 'exploring leadership stories in business, politics and sport']
* [http://www.eaci.net/EACI_-_European_Association_for_Creativity_%26_Innovation/Home.html The European Association for Creativity and Innovation]

{{Authority control}}

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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Tudor Rickards]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Tudor Rickards/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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[[File:TudorRickardsUppsala2009 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Tudor Rickards at Uppsala Creativity Day 2009, Uppsala Sweden]]
'''Tudor Rickards''' (born 1941 in [[Pontypridd]], [[Wales]]) is a self published author of non-fiction and fiction, a business academic, and a scientist. He is Professor Emeritus at [[University of Manchester]] and formerly Professor of creativity and Organisational change at [[Alliance Manchester Business School]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/tudor.rickards/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=6 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506021920/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;. His fiction works include ''The Unnamed Threat: A Wendy Lockinge Mystery (2019)'', ''Seconds Out'' (2018) and ''Chronicles of Leadership'' (2016). His non-fiction includes ''Tennis Matters: A Leaders We Deserve Monograph'' (2015), ''Tennis Tensions'' (2015), ''The Manchester Method'' (2015) and ''The Double Houdini'' (2016).

By the mid-70s he had established international contacts. A collaboration with [[:de:Horst Geschka|Horst Geschka]] at the Battelle Institute in Frankfurt, Germany, lead to a joint publication comparing practices and deficiencies in the application of creativity techniques in the UK and in Germany. Furthermore, he participated in most of the European creativity conferences a speaker or active participant. During this time he intensively worked on the development of networks enabling European creativity practitioners to work together and explore alternatives to the dominant US models.&lt;ref&gt;Gryskiewicz, S., (1992) Letter from America (With respectful acknowledgement to Alistair Cooke), Creativity and Innovation Management, 1,4, 214–215&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Van de Meer, H., (2006) Conference Report ECCI-9 Creativity and Innovation Management 15,1, 120–122 {{doi|10.1111/j.1467-8691.2006.00376.x}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He co-founded the academic journal, ''Creativity and Innovation Management, '' in 1991&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Wiley Online Library | website=Wiley Online Library | date=2020-06-15 | url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is Alex Osborn Visiting Professor at State University of New York, Buffalo, a lifetime position offered to scholars who are deemed to enrich teaching at the University’s Centre for Studies in Creativity.

Rickards is regularly quoted in the British media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8645018.stm | work=BBC News | title=The trouble with blue sky thinking | date=2010-04-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.manchestereveningnews.co.uk/news/business/s/143/143758_studying_law_of_nature_in_the_office.html |title = Studying law of nature in the office|date = 30 June 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/Archive/Article/0,4273,4358255,00.html | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=A nose for business | first=Francis | last=Beckett | authorlink = Francis Beckett |date=2002-02-19 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Breaking News, World News &amp; Multimedia | website=The New York Times | date=2001-04-07 | url=http://www.iht.com/articles/2001/04/07/mold_ed3_.php | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is a pioneer and advocate of the ‘Manchester Method’ – the system of creative and applied learning championed by Manchester Business School – on which he has written widely.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/horses-for-mba-courses-544429.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Horses for MBA courses | date=2004-10-21 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art23-drinkwater.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=25 March 2004 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040325152644/http://www.ejel.org/volume-2/vol2-issue1/issue1-art23-drinkwater.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;See also p xviii in Educating Managers Through Real World Projects by Charles Wankel, Bob DeFillippi, Robert Defillipi, published by IAP, 2005 {{ISBN|978-1-59311-370-4}} for reference to Rickards' work in this area.&lt;/ref&gt;

He was an early promoter in Europe of the [[TRIZ]] system of creativity and idea generation, inviting TRIZ pioneer Dr Phan Dung to speak at EACI (European Association of Creativity and Innovation) conferences&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.eaci.net/EACI_-_European_Association_for_Creativity_%26_Innovation/Home.html | title=EACI - European Association for Creativity &amp; Innovation}}&lt;/ref&gt; and publishing some of the first papers in English by Dr Phan Dung on the subject in ''Creativity and Innovation Management''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.osaka-gu.ac.jp/php/nakagawa/TRIZ/eTRIZ/eforum/ePhanDungForum990708.html |title = TRIZ in Vietnam (Phang Dung) (Jul. 1999)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Challenging traditional models of creative thinking, leadership, problem solving and team building, Rickards’ research has been described by ''The Financial Times'' as non-traditional.&lt;ref&gt;Financial Times, 20 September 1996
&lt;/ref&gt;  The influences and inspirations for his insights and research are diverse, and include chess, poetry, sport and politics. He is developing the use of non-traditional fictional modes for exploring issues in leadership theory.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/2012/06/24/recent-research-into-leaders-to-the-tune-of-the-eton-boating-song/ |title = Recent research into leaders &amp;#91;to the tune of the Eton Boating Song&amp;#93;|date = 24 June 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The world of nature has also been a powerful source of inspiration, with well-publicised work on intelligent horsemanship&lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/education/education-news/managers-learn-hollywoodstyle-horse-whispering-703698.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Managers learn Hollywood-style horse whispering | first=Ben | last=Russell | date=2001-01-08 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent.co.uk&quot; /&gt; and the lessons it offers for the workplace, and profiling management and leadership styles using animal behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/student/postgraduate/mbas-guide/can-we-learn-from-the-apes-562335.html | work=The Independent | location=London | title=Can we learn from the apes? | date=2004-05-06 | accessdate=2010-05-26}}&lt;/ref&gt;  His work has been criticised for attempting to learn lessons from studying animal rather than human behaviour.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;

Rickards was educated at Pontypridd Boys’ Grammar School and went on to study chemistry and radiation chemistry at The University of Wales at Cardiff (now [[Cardiff University]]).  Following post-doctoral research at New York Medical College&lt;ref&gt;^ Rickards, T., Herp, A., &amp; Pigman, W., (1966) The kinetics of depolymerization of hyaluronic acid by l-ascorbic acid, and the inhibition of this reaction by anions of the lyotropic series, J of Polymer Science Part A-1 Polymer Chemistry, 5,4. pp 931–934&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=15 May 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090515014530/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; in the 1960s, he returned to the UK to work in the R&amp;D department of [[Unilever]] Laboratories,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Espacenet - Bibliographic data | website=Espacenet - Home page | url=http://v3.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?CC=AU&amp;NR=8289775&amp;KC=&amp;FT=E | access-date=2020-06-16}}.&lt;/ref&gt; based in Port Sunlight, Merseyside, UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.liverpooldailypost.co.uk/views/obituaries/2008/09/18/obituary-richard-duggan-64375-21844124/ |title = Liverpool Echo: Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news, sports and what's on}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was there that he became interested in creativity and its role in structured problem-solving systems, and from there that he joined Manchester Business School in 1972. Alan Pearson, founding editor of R&amp;D management journal invited him to join MBS to study creativity techniques in R&amp;D laboratories.  The work was subsequently subsumed by the INCA programme (Innovation through Creative Analysis.&lt;ref&gt;J.F. Wilson The Manchester Experiment: A History of Manchester Business School 1965–1990, SAGE Publications Limited, pp92–93&lt;/ref&gt;

Rickards contributed as keynote speaker at the 1st National Medical Leadership Conference of the Mersey &amp; North Western Deaneries, Reebok Stadium Bolton, 10 March 2011,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.merseydeanery.nhs.uk/graphics/nwe_Medical%20Leadership%20Conference%20Flyer%20%282%29.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=16 March 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110316123556/http://www.merseydeanery.nhs.uk/graphics/nwe_Medical%20Leadership%20Conference%20Flyer%20(2).pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and at the [[Institute of Directors]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.iod.com/home/default.aspx | title=Institute of Directors &amp;#124; Inspiring business|website=www.iod.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; North West annual conference on Leading through Change, Manchester, 22 March 2012.

In August 2010, Rickards contributed to an eBook collection of political poems entitled ''Emergency Verse – Poetry in Defence of the Welfare State'' edited by [[Alan Morrison (poet)|Alan Morrison]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The Recusant | website=The Recusant | date=2019-11-21 | url=http://www.therecusant.org.uk | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of August 2011, Rickards has been appointed to the board of international advisors to the Institute for Creative Management and Innovation, [[Kinki University]], Japan.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.kindai.ac.jp/sangaku/kenkyu/icmi |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=7 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120807003700/http://www.kindai.ac.jp/sangaku/kenkyu/icmi/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

His recent media contributions include the BBC Radio 4 documentary Oblique Strategies, broadcast on 13 June 2013, examining a technique developed by Brian Eno for stimulating creativity.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b02qncrt |title = BBC Radio 4 - Oblique Strategies}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He was the guest speaker for the 2014 Alex Osborn memorial event at Buffalo State University on the theme of [ Dissecting Creativity]. The interview was conducted by Gerard Puccio, chair and Professor at the International Center for Studies in Creativity [ICSC] at Buffalo State University. The annual event honors the life and work of Alex Osborn who did much of his pioneering work on stimulating creativity at ICSC.&lt;ref name=&quot;Leaders We Deserve 2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web | title=Dissecting Creativity: Interview with Tudor Rickards | website=Leaders We Deserve | date=2015-03-10 | url=https://leaderswedeserve.blog/2015/03/10/dissecting-creativity-interview-with-tudor-rickards/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2015, Rickards took part in a keynote introduction to the ARTEM Organizational Creativity International Conference&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=1st ARTEM Organizational Creativity International Conference | website=Sciencesconf.org | date=2015-03-26 | url=http://artemocc2015.sciencesconf.org/ | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; in Nancy, France, on rethinking paths on creativity to move organizations towards sustainability.

On 17 April 2015, Rickards co-presented ''Taking Tough Decisions: A Creative Problem-Solving Approach'' with Dr Rebecca Baron (Associate Dean General Practice Health Education North West) at the Fifth National Medical Leadership conference&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/medical-leadership/national-medical-leadership-conference |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=29 September 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110929141156/https://www.nwpgmd.nhs.uk/medical-leadership/national-medical-leadership-conference |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; at the Macron Stadium, Bolton.

In 2015, Rickards began his first self-publishing project which culminated in the release of the eBook &quot;The Manchester Method: A Leaders We Deserve Monograph&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Manchester-Method-Leaders-Monograph-ebook/dp/B00V4WB1VK |title=Archived copy |access-date=6 July 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304212645/http://www.amazon.co.uk/The-Manchester-Method-Leaders-Monograph-ebook/dp/B00V4WB1VK |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; which is based on over a thousand posts originally published on his blog, Leaders We Deserve, over the period 2006–2015.

He also lectures at the Research University - Higher School of Economics in Moscow.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=Tudor Rickards: about creativity, leadership and president Trump | website=HSE University | date=2016-11-23 | url=https://www.hse.ru/en/ma/sti/rickards | access-date=2020-06-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Problem Solving Through Creativity | publisher = Wiley | year = 1974 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-470-72045-5 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Creativity and Problem Solving at Work | publisher = Gower Publishing, Ltd | year = 1997 | location = | url = | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-566-07961-0 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor |last2=Clark |first2=M. | title = Dilemmas of Leadership| publisher = Routledge | year = 2006 | location = | url = http://www.routledge.com/textbooks/0415355850/about/default.asp | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-415-35584-1 }}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor |last2=Runco |first2=Mark A. |last3=Moger|first3=Susan
| title = The Routledge Companion To Creativity | publisher = Routledge | year = 2008 | location = | url = https://www.routledge.com/The-Routledge-Companion-to-Creativity-1st-Edition/Rickards-Runco-Moger/p/book/9780415773171 | isbn = 978-0-415-77317-1}}
*{{cite book | last = Rickards | first = Tudor | title = Dilemmas of Leadership| publisher = Routledge | edition = 2nd |year = 2011 | location = | url = http://www.taylorandfrancis.com/books/details/9780415618540/ | doi = | id = | isbn = 978-0-415-61854-0}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/ Tudor Rickards' website at the University of Manchester] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120506021920/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards |date=6 May 2012 }}
* [http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/publications Tudor Rickards' list of publications] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121109064744/http://www.manchester.ac.uk/research/mbs/Tudor.rickards/publications |date=9 November 2012 }}
* [http://tudorrickards.co.uk/ Tudor Rickards' personal website]
* [http://leaderswedeserve.wordpress.com/ Tudor Rickards' Blog 'exploring leadership stories in business, politics and sport']
* [http://www.eaci.net/EACI_-_European_Association_for_Creativity_%26_Innovation/Home.html The European Association for Creativity and Innovation]

{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Unilever people]]
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&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Tudor Rickards]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Tudor Rickards/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Raxco</title>
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{{POV|date=October 2017}}
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}}

'''Raxco''' Software Inc. is a [[Gaithersburg, Maryland]] software company. Founded in 1978,&lt;ref name=BloomB&gt;{{cite web
|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=33632
|title=Company Overview of Raxco Software, Inc}}&lt;/ref&gt; the company's products have been sold internationally.&lt;ref&gt;Japanese site: {{cite web |url=http://www.powerx.jp/product/catalog/enhancement/xpd |title=PowerX PerfectDisk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Raxco transitioned from its 1980s&lt;ref&gt;&quot;RABBIT Software from RAXCO ... speed up response times, .. improve your through-put without having to purchase more (hardware)&quot; {{cite magazine
|magazine=Computer Decisions  |date=1983|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZBVAAAAMAAJ |title=Snippet view}}&lt;/ref&gt;
and 1990s [[VAX]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite newspaper|newspaper=Computerworld |date=October 19, 1987 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIpG6vryR8AC  
|title=Raxco Rabbit Software, Monitors DEC VAX, Provides graphics analysis...}}&lt;/ref&gt; ([[OpenVMS|VMS]])&lt;ref&gt;pre-OpenVMS&lt;/ref&gt; and [[OpenVMS]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite newspaper |newspaper=Computerworld   |date=October 24, 1994  |page=84
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ilp0BEVTY3gC
|title=Raxco optimizes OpenVMS}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;In 1991, Digital announced that the VAX/VMS operating system would ...&quot;{{cite book
|title=Getting Started with OpenVMS: A Guide for New Users
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0080507352    |isbn=0080507352
|author=Michael D Duffy   |date=2002}}&lt;/ref&gt; software product line, and did a [[Management buyout]]&lt;ref&gt;led by Robert Nolan {{cite web
|url=https://washingtontechnology.com/articles/1998/07/17/raxco-has-innovative-recipe-for-nt-market.aspx  
|title=Raxco Has Innovative Recipe for NT Market}}, who back in 1991 – 1993 &quot;Developed and managed channel sales partners for Raxco software products throughout Europe and Asia.&quot; {{cite web
|url=https://www.linkedin.com/in/bob-nolan-02009111 |title=Robert Nolan}}&lt;/ref&gt; to become a private,&lt;ref name=BloomB/&gt; independent company after 
* first being swallowed up by Axent Technologies Inc,&lt;ref name=Forbes.Ax&gt;{{cite magazine
|magazine=Forbes  |date=May 20, 1998 |url=https://www.forbes.com/1998/05/20/feat.html
|title=Axent: digital bodyguards}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* which was acquired by Symantec&lt;ref name=NYT.975&gt;{{cite newspaper
|newspaper=The New York Times
|title=Symantec Will Purchase Axent in $975 Million Stock Transaction
|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/07/28/technology/symantec-will-purchase-axent-in-975-million-stock-transaction.html  
|date=July 28, 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* which then dropped some of its acquisitions in 2001&lt;ref name=DROP.01&gt;&quot;What makes PassGo interesting is that it was founded in 1983 and was then acquired by Axent. Axent was then taken over by Symantec, and then in 2001 the original founders did a management buyout and got the company back again.&quot; {{cite web
|url=http://mainframeupdate.blogspot.com/2007/12/soa-still-offering-availability.html
|author=Trevor Eddolls  |date=December 17, 2007
|title=SOA still offering availability}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* in time to begin its change of course from VAX/VMS to the PC/Server world in 2003.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Raxco is a noted name in the business of disk defragmentation.&quot; {{cite book
|title=Group Policy, Profiles, and IntelliMirror for Windows 2003, Windows ...
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0470113219  |isbn=0470113219 
|author=Jeremy Moskowitz  |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!--- [[File:Raxco Software Logo.jpg|thumb|right|Raxco's products include [[PerfectDisk]]]] --&gt;
{{Infobox company
| name = Raxco Software, Inc.
| logo = [[File:Raxco Software Logo.jpg|Raxco's products include [[PerfectDisk]]]]
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| logo_caption = Raxco Software, Inc.
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| industry = Software
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| fate = 
| predecessor = &lt;!-- or: | predecessors = --&gt;
| successor = &lt;!-- or: | successors = --&gt;
| founded = 1978 
| founder = &lt;!-- or: | founders = --&gt;
| defunct = &lt;!-- {{End date|YYYY|MM|DD}} --&gt;
| hq_location = 
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| num_locations_year = &lt;!-- Year of num_locations data (if known) --&gt;
| area_served = &lt;!-- or: | areas_served = --&gt;
| key_people = 
| products = [[PerfectDisk]], PerfectUpdater,&lt;br&gt; PerfectRegistry, PerfectGuard, InstantRescue, 
PerfectFileRecovery 
| brands = 
| production = 
| production_year = &lt;!-- Year of production data (if known) --&gt;
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| income_year = &lt;!-- Year of operating_income data (if known) --&gt;
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| ratio = &lt;!-- Basel III ratio, for BANKS ONLY --&gt;
| rating = &lt;!-- credit rating, for BANKS ONLY --&gt;
| website = {{URL|http://www.raxco.com}}
| footnotes = 
}}

==History==
During the 1980s,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;RABBIT Software from RAXCO ... speed up response times, .. improve your through-put without having to purchase more (hardware)&quot; {{cite magazine  |magazine=Computer Decisions  |date=1983
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZBVAAAAMAAJ |title=Snippet view}}&lt;/ref&gt; using the collective name RAXCO Rabbit Software,&lt;ref name=CW.1980s&gt;{{cite newspaper  |newspaper=Computerworld |date=October 19, 1987 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIpG6vryR8AC  
|title=Raxco Rabbit Software, Monitors DEC VAX, Provides graphics analysis...}}&lt;/ref&gt; the company marketed a series of nine software packages for the [[VAX]]:
* Resource Accounting
* Capacity Planner / Performance Analyzer
* Disk Monitor
* High-Speed Backup
* Disk-Optimizer &lt;ref&gt;prior to [[PerfectDisk]], which came a decade or so later!&lt;/ref&gt;
* Report Generator
* System Accelerator&lt;ref&gt;full title: V.A.S.T. - VAX Accelerator Software Technology&lt;/ref&gt;

===1990s===
Raxco's VAX product line was still active in the 1990s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite newspaper
|newspaper=[[Computerworld]]   |date=October 24, 1994  |page=84 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ilp0BEVTY3gC
|title=Raxco optimizes OpenVMS}}&lt;/ref&gt; even as it was building and expanding its PC Product line.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine
|magazine=[[PC Magazine]] |publisher=[[Ziff Davis]]  |date=June 8, 1999 |title=Raxco presents new PerfectDisk 2000 
|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XrdgwdYfGrUC }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Somewhat beyond===
By 2003 the PC desktop and server market became the company's focus.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Raxco is a noted name in the business of disk defragmentation.&quot;{{cite book
|title=Group Policy, Profiles, and IntelliMirror for Windows 2003, Windows ...
|url=https://books.google.com/books?isbn=0470113219  |isbn=0470113219 
|author=Jeremy Moskowitz  |date=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Today==
Now a 30+ year old&lt;ref name=CW.1980s/&gt;&lt;ref name=UK.TM&gt;UK Trademark 1351517 RAXCO RABBIT SOFTWARE - British Trademark database {{cite web
|url=http://www.trademarkuk.info/tm/1351517/raxco_rabbit_software
|title=UK Trademark 1351517 RAXCO RABBIT SOFTWARE
|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2017-10-23
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023115834/http://www.trademarkuk.info/tm/1351517/raxco_rabbit_software
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Blurb from a multi-national software [[reseller]] from this and other software companies {{cite web
|url=http://www.qbssoftware.com/publishers/Raxco/products/_pubraxco
|title=QBS Software
|access-date=2020-07-06
|archive-date=2017-12-05
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171205094229/http://www.qbssoftware.com/publishers/Raxco/products/_pubraxco
|url-status=dead
}}&lt;/ref&gt; software company,&lt;ref&gt;Bloomberg reports &quot;Founded in 1978&quot; - marking '''40''' years in 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BloomB/&gt; among its present competitors are:
* [[Acronis]]
* [[Diskeeper Corporation]]
* [[Paragon Software Group]]  and
* [[NortonLifeLock|Symantec]].

==Product line==
Aside from [[PerfectDisk]], the company also markets:
* '''PerfectUpdater''' - improves system stability/minimizes hardware conflicts by detecting/installing appropriate drivers for unknown devices&lt;ref&gt;introduced 2011 {{cite web
|url=https://www.wilderssecurity.com/threads/raxco-markets-new-product-perfectupdater.308108
|title=RAXCO Markets New Product &quot;Perfectupdater&quot;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''PerfectRegistry''' - Fix registry rotdsrs that slow down booting up&lt;ref&gt;Reviewed in {{cite magazine
|magazine=PCworld  |date=March 20, 2013 
|url=https://www.pcworld.com/article/2029141/review-perfectregistry-aims-to-speed-up-your-pc.html
|title=Review: PerfectRegistry aims to speed up your PC}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;noting that it &quot;automatically creates a system restore point before fixing anything so you can undo the changes if needed.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''PerfectGuard''' - Blocks/removes spyware, helps protect privacy&lt;ref&gt;Trademark file June 20, 2012 {{cite web
|title=PERFECTGUARD Trademark of Raxco Software, Inc.
|url=https://trademarks.justia.com/856/56/perfectguard-85656279.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''InstantRescue''' - quicker rollback /[[system restore]]
* '''PerfectFileRecovery''' - an advanced [[Undeletion|undelete]] tool

==References==
{{reflist}}

[[Category:Software companies based in Maryland]]
[[Category:Companies based in Gaithersburg, Maryland]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1978 establishments in Maryland]]
[[Category:Software companies established in 1978]]
[[Category:Companies established in 1978]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Raxco]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Raxco/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Puerto Rico</title>
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{{short description|Island of the Greater Antilles in the Caribbean}}
{{redirect-multi|2|Porto Rico|Borinquen|other uses|Porto Rico (disambiguation)|and|Borinquen (disambiguation)|and|Puerto Rico (disambiguation)}}
{{coord|18.2|-66.5|display=title}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2020}}
{{Infobox dependency
| name = Puerto Rico
| settlement_type = [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|U.S. commonwealth]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Unincorporated territories of the United States|Unincorporated and organized territory]]
| official_name = {{raise|0.2em|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico}}&lt;br /&gt;{{nobold|''Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico'' {{small|([[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]])}}}}
| image_flag = Flag of Puerto Rico.svg
| flag_size = 125px
| flag_link = Flag of Puerto Rico
| image_seal = Coat of arms of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico.svg
| seal_size = 85px
| seal_type = Coat of arms
| seal_link = Coat of arms of Puerto Rico
| nickname = {{native phrase|es|&quot;Isla del Encanto&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;('Island of Enchantment')
| nickname_link = List of U.S. state and territory nicknames
| motto_link = List of U.S. state and territory mottos
| motto = {{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Coat of arms of Puerto Rico#History|Joannes est nomen ejus]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;('[[Saint John the Baptist|John]] is his name')
| anthem_link = List of U.S. state songs
| anthem = {{native phrase|es|&quot;[[La Borinqueña]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;br /&gt;('The Borinquenian')&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:United States Navy Band - La Borinqueña.ogg]]}}&lt;/div&gt;
| image_map = Puerto_Rico_(orthographic_projection).svg
| map_alt = Location of Puerto Rico
| map_caption = Location of Puerto Rico
| mapsize = 290px
| image_map2 = 
| subdivision_type = [[Sovereign state]]
| subdivision_name = [[United States]]
| established_title = Before annexation
| established_date = [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico]]
| established_title2 = {{nowrap|[[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Cession from Spain]]}}
| established_date2 = April 11, 1899
| established_title3 = [[Puerto Rican constitutional referendum, 1952|Current constitution]]
| established_date3 = July 25, 1952
| official_languages = {{hlist|[[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish]]|[[English language in Puerto Rico|English]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.efe.com/efe/english/life/p-rico-senate-declares-spanish-over-english-as-first-official-language/50000263-2704154 |title=P. Rico Senate declares Spanish over English as first official language |work=News Report |date=September 4, 2015 |agency=Agencia EFE |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |location=San Juan, Puerto Rico}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| common_languages = 94.3% Spanish&lt;br /&gt;5.5% English&lt;br /&gt;0.2% [[French language|French]]&lt;br /&gt;0.1% other&lt;ref name=&quot;census1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Puerto Rico 2012–2016 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2016 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=September 25, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 
| demonym = [[Puerto Ricans|Puerto Rican]]
| capital = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| largest_city = capital
| coordinates = {{Coord|18|27|N|66|6|W|type:city}}
| ethnic_groups = 75.8% [[White Puerto Ricans|White]]&lt;br /&gt;12.4% [[Afro-Puerto Ricans|Black]]&lt;br /&gt;3.3% [[Multiracial Americans|Two or more races]]&lt;br /&gt;0.5% [[Native Americans in the United States|Indigenous American &amp; Alaskan Native]]&lt;br /&gt;0.2% [[Asian Americans|Asian]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;0.1% [[Pacific Islands Americans|Pacific Islander]]&lt;br /&gt;7.8% [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|other]]&lt;ref name=&quot;2010profile&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.census.gov/geo/maps/dc10_thematic/2010_Profile/2010_Profile_Map_Puerto_Rico.pdf |title=2010 Census: Puerto Rico Profile |date= |accessdate=June 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| ethnic_groups_year = 2010
| government_type = [[Devolution|Devolved]] [[Presidential system|presidential]] [[constitution]]al [[Dependent territory|dependency]]
| leader_title1 = [[Governor of Puerto Rico|Governor]]
| leader_name1 = [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]] ([[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|PNP]]/[[Republican Party of Puerto Rico|R]])
| national_representation = [[United States Congress]]
| national_representation_type1 = [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Resident Commissioner]]
| national_representation1 = [[Jenniffer González]] ([[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|PNP]]/[[Republican Party (United States)|R]])
| legislature = [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]]
| upper_house = [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]]
| lower_house = [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]]
| area_km2 = 9,104
| area_rank =
| area_sq_mi = 3,515&lt;!--Do not remove per [[WP:MOSNUM]]--&gt;
| percent_water = 1.6
| elevation_max_ft = 4,390
| elevation_max_m = 1,340
| population_estimate = 3,193,694&lt;ref name=&quot;pop-2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nevada and Idaho Are the Nation's Fastest-Growing States|url=https://www.census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2018/estimates-national-state.html|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|date=December 19, 2018|accessdate=December 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/PR/PST045219|title=U.S. Census Bureau QuickFacts: Puerto Rico|website=www.census.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| population_census = 3,725,789
| population_estimate_year = 2019
| population_estimate_rank = 136th
| population_census_year = 2010
| population_density_km2 = 350.8
| population_density_sq_mi = 908.6
| population_density_rank = 39th
| GDP_PPP = {{increase}} $128.556&amp;nbsp;billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/02/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=85&amp;pr.y=4&amp;sy=2017&amp;ey=2024&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=359&amp;s=NGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC&amp;grp=0&amp;a= |title=World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 |publisher=[[International Monetary Fund]] |website=IMF.org |access-date=15 January 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GDP_PPP_year = 2020
| GDP_PPP_rank = 78th
| GDP_PPP_per_capita = {{increase}} $41,198&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_PPP_per_capita_rank = 33rd
| GDP_nominal = {{increase}} $100.169 billion&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_year = 2020
| GDP_nominal_rank = 61st
| GDP_nominal_per_capita = {{increase}} $32,100&lt;ref name=&quot;IMFWEOPR&quot;/&gt;
| GDP_nominal_per_capita_rank = 27th
| Gini = 53.1
| Gini_year = 2011
| Gini_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf |title=Household Income for States: 2010 and 2011 |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=September 2012 |website= |publisher=U.S. Census Bureau |accessdate=May 16, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140528184959/http://www.census.gov/prod/2012pubs/acsbr11-02.pdf |archive-date=May 28, 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI = 0.845
| HDI_year = 2015
| HDI_ref =&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |format=PDF |first=Ricardo R. |last=Fuentes-Ramírez |url=https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ |title=Human Development Index Trends and Inequality in Puerto Rico 2010–2015 |journal=Ceteris Paribus: Journal of Socio-Economic Research |volume=7 |year=2017 |accessdate=May 15, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013711/https://ceterisparibusuprm.org/volumen-actual/human-development-index-trends-and-inequality-in-puerto-rico-2010-2015-by-ricardo-r-fuentes-ramirez/ |archive-date=25 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| HDI_rank = 40th
| currency = [[United States dollar]] (US$)
| currency_code = USD
| timezone = [[Atlantic Time Zone|AST]]
| utc_offset = -04:00
| date_format = mm/dd/yyyy
| drives_on = right
| calling_code = [[Telephone numbers in Puerto Rico|+1 (787), +1 (939)]]
| postal_code_type = {{nowrap|[[USPS abbreviation]]}}
| postal_code = PR
| iso_code = {{hlist|[[ISO 3166-2:PR|PR]]|[[ISO 3166-2:US|US-PR]]}}
| cctld = [[.pr]]
| website = {{URL|www.pr.gov}}
}}
'''Puerto Rico'''{{efn|Pronunciation: {{IPAc-en|lang|ˌ|p|ɔr|t|ə|_|ˈ|r|iː|k|oʊ|,_|-|t|oʊ|_|ˈ|-}} &lt;small&gt;or&lt;/small&gt; {{IPAc-en|ˌ|p|w|ɛər|t|ə|_|ˈ|r|iː|k|oʊ|,_|-|t|oʊ|_|ˈ|-}}; {{IPA-es|ˈpweɾto ˈriko|lang}}, {{IPA-all|ˈpwelto ˈχiko, - ˈʀ̥iko|local rural:}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=l9jLBAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT113&amp;lpg=PT113&amp;dq=pwelto#v=onepage |title=Portuguese-Spanish Interfaces: Diachrony, synchrony, and contact |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |author1=Amaral, Patrícia |author2=Ana Maria Carvalho |lastauthoramp=yes |year=2014 |location=Philadelphia |page=130 |isbn=9789027258007}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} ({{langnf||Spanish|Rich Port}}; abbreviated '''PR'''),&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico |accessdate=5 August 2019 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; officially the '''Commonwealth of Puerto Rico''' ({{lang-es|link=yes|Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico|lit=Free Associated State of Puerto Rico}}&lt;!-- {{IPA-es|esˈtaðo ˈliβɾe asoˈsjaðo ðe ˈpweɾto ˈriko|}} --&gt;){{efn|The Spanish word for commonwealth is typically ''[[mancomunidad]]''.}} and in previous centuries called '''Porto Rico''' in English,{{efn|In 1932, the [[U.S. Congress]] officially back-corrected the former [[Anglicization]] of ''Porto Rico'' into the Spanish name ''Puerto Rico''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Pedro A. Malavet |title=America's colony: the political and cultural conflict between the United States and Puerto Rico |url=https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC |year=2004 |publisher=NYU Press |isbn=978-0-8147-5680-5 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&amp;pg=PA43 43], [https://books.google.com/?id=pKqVpqGVsJYC&amp;pg=PA181 181 note 76]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;To change the name of the island of ''Porto Rico'' to ''Puerto Rico'', S.J. Res 36, 72nd Congress, enacted {{date|1932|05|17|mdy}}. ({{USStat|47|158}})&lt;/ref&gt; It had been using the former spelling in its legislative and judicial records since it acquired the territory. Patricia Gherovici states that both ''Porto Rico'' and ''Puerto Rico'' were used interchangeably in the news media and documentation before, during, and after the U.S. conquest of the island in 1898. The ''Porto'' spelling, for instance, was used in the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], but ''Puerto'' was used by ''[[The New York Times]]'' that same year. Nancy Morris clarifies that &quot;a curious oversight in the drafting of the [[Foraker Act]] caused the name of the island to be officially misspelled&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Patricia Gherovici |title=The Puerto Rican syndrome |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC |year=2003 |publisher=Other Press, LLC |isbn=978-1-892746-75-7 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=2jSsxVWxu2sC&amp;pg=PA140 140–141]}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Gervasio Luis Garcia traces the Anglicized spelling to a ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' article from 1899, after which the spelling was kept by many agencies and entities because of the ethnic and linguistic pride of the English-speaking citizens of the American mainland.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Dw2ZjkgjchkC |title=Hispanic Americans in Congress, 1822–2012 |last=Historian |first=Office of the |date=January 1, 2013 |publisher=Government Printing Office |isbn=9780160920684 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/registerportori03ricogoog |title=Register of Porto Rico |last=Secretary's |first=Puerto Rico |last2=Office |first2=Puerto Rico Secretary's |date=January 1, 1903 |publisher=Office of the Secretary |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=gWczAQAAIAAJ |title=Porto Rico: A Caribbean Isle |last=Deusen |first=Richard James Van |last2=Deusen |first2=Elizabeth Kneipple Van |date=1931 |publisher=Henry Holt |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jGhNAAAAYAAJ |title=Scientific survey of Porto Rico and the Virgin Islands |last=Sciences |first=New York Academy of |date=1922 |publisher=New York Academy of Sciences |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]] located in the northeast [[Caribbean Sea]], approximately {{convert|1000|mi}} southeast of [[Miami]], [[Florida]].

Puerto Rico is an [[archipelago]] among the [[Greater Antilles]] located between the [[Dominican Republic]] and the [[US Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]]; it includes the eponymous main island and several smaller islands, such as [[Isla de Mona|Mona]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], and [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]]. The [[List of capitals in the United States|capital]] and [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|most populous city]] is [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; The territory's total population is approximately 3.2&amp;nbsp;million, more than [[List of states and territories of the United States|20 U.S. states.]] [[Spanish language|Spanish]] and [[English language|English]] are the [[official languages]] of the executive branch of government,&lt;ref&gt;Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also Lopez-Baralt Negron, ''Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Español: Idioma del proceso judicial'', 36, Revista Jurídica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and Vientos-Gaston, ''Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma'', 36 Revista del Colegio de Abogados de PuertO Rico. (P.R.) 843 (1975).&lt;/ref&gt; though Spanish predominates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp |title=Puerto Rico |accessdate=September 21, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150912144331/http://prfaa.pr.gov/puertoricond2.asp |archivedate=September 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Originally populated by the [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] people, Puerto Rico was colonized by Spain following the arrival of [[Christopher Columbus]] in 1493.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; It was contested by various other European [[Regional power|powers]], but remained a Spanish possession for the next four centuries. The island's cultural and demographic landscapes were shaped by the displacement and assimilation of the native population, the forced migration of [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies|African slaves]], and settlement primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]]. In the [[Spanish Empire]], Puerto Rico played a secondary but strategic role compared to wealthier colonies like [[Viceroyalty of Peru|Peru]] and [[New Spain]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Constructing A Colonial People: Puerto Rico And The United States, 1898–1932 |last=Caban |first=Pedro A. |publisher=Westview Press |year=2009 |isbn=978-0786748174 |page=10}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=fb2PmghQ-DsC |title=Subject People and Colonial Discourses: Economic Transformation and Social Disorder in Puerto Rico, 1898–1947 |last=Santiago-Valles |first=Kelvin A. |publisher=SUNY Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0791415894 |page=ix}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the late 19th century, a distinct Puerto Rican identity began to emerge, based on a unique creole Hispanic culture and language that combined indigenous, African, and European elements.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HjkhAwAAQBAJ |title=A History of Afro-Hispanic Language: Five Centuries, Five Continents |last=Lipski |first=John M. |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2005 |isbn=978-1107320376 |page=37}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/collections/puerto-rico-books-and-pamphlets/articles-and-essays/nineteenth-century-puerto-rico/documenting-puerto-rican-identity/|title=Documenting a Puerto Rican Identity {{!}} In Search of a National Identity: Nineteeth and Early-Twentieth-Century Puerto Rico {{!}} Articles and Essays {{!}} Puerto Rico at the Dawn of the Modern Age: Nineteenth- and Early-Twentieth-Century Perspectives {{!}} Digital Collections {{!}} Library of Congress|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1898, following the [[Spanish–American War]], the United States [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|acquired Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; which remains an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territorial]] possession, making it the world's oldest colony.&lt;ref&gt;José Trı́as Monge. ''Puerto Rico : the trials of the oldest colony in the world.'' New Haven, CT; London, England : Yale University Press, 1999. p. 4.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Puerto Ricans]] have been [[United States nationality law|citizens of the United States]] since 1917, and can move freely between the island and the mainland.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/8/1402 8 U.S. Code § 1402 – Persons born in Puerto Rico on or after April 11, 1899] (1941) Retrieved: January 14, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt; As it is not a [[U.S. state|state]], Puerto Rico does not have a vote in the [[United States Congress|U.S. Congress]], which governs the territory with full jurisdiction under the [[Puerto Rico Federal Relations Act of 1950]]. Puerto Rico's sole congressional representation is through one [[Non-voting members of the United States House of Representatives|non-voting member of the House]] called a Resident Commissioner. As residents of a [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]], American citizens in Puerto Rico are [[Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico#Disenfranchisement in Puerto Rico|disenfranchised at the national level]], do not [[United States presidential election|vote for the president or vice president of the U.S.]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf Igartúa–de la Rosa v. United States (Igartúa III)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316075619/http://puertoricoadvancement.org/Documents/Igartua%20de%20la%20Rosa_V_United%20States.pdf |date=March 16, 2012 }}, 417 F.3d 145 (1st Cir. 2005) (en banc), [https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html GREGORIO IGARTÚA, ET AL., Plaintiffs, Appellants, v. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA, ET AL., Defendants, Appellees. No. 09-2186] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180905103026/https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-1st-circuit/1545899.html |date=September 5, 2018 }} (November 24, 2010)&lt;/ref&gt; and in most cases do not pay federal income tax.&lt;ref&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/Health/trauma-puerto-ricos-maria-generation/story?id=60980466 ''The trauma of Puerto Rico's 'Maria Generation' ''.] Robin Ortiz. ABC News. 17 February 2019. Accessed 24 September 2019.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541 ''PUERTO RICO: Fiscal Relations with the Federal Government and Economic Trends during the Phaseout of the Possessions Tax Credit.''] General Accounting Office publication number GAO-06-541. US Gen. Acctg. Office, Washington, DC. May 19, 2006. Public Release: Jun 23, 2006. (Note: All residents of Puerto Rico pay federal taxes, with the exception of federal '''income''' taxes which only &lt;u&gt;'''some'''&lt;/u&gt; residents of Puerto Rico must still pay).&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;Contrary to common misconception, residents of Puerto Rico do pay U.S. federal taxes: customs taxes (which are subsequently returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury) (See [http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm Dept of the Interior, Office of Insular Affairs. DOI.gov)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120610225702/http://www.doi.gov/oia/Islandpages/prpage.htm |date=2012-06-10 }}, import/export taxes (See [http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 Stanford.wellsphere.com)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |date=2010-04-01 }}, federal commodity taxes (See [http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 Stanford.wellsphere.com)], social security taxes (See [https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html IRS.gov)], etc. Residents pay federal [[payroll tax]]es, such as [[Social Security (United States)|Social Security]] (See [https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html IRS.gov]) and [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] (See [https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924 Reuters.com)], as well as Commonwealth of Puerto Rico income taxes (See [http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2003/vol7n19/USNotInnocent-en.html Puertorico-herald.org] and [http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html HTRCPA.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110429222842/http://www.htrcpa.com/businessinpr1.html |date=April 29, 2011 }}). All federal employees (See [http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/wm2338.cfm Heritage.org)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210124900/http://www.heritage.org/Research/Taxes/wm2338.cfm |date=2010-02-10 }}, those who do business with the federal government (See [http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf MCVPR.com)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142411/http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |date=15 May 2011 }}, Puerto Rico-based corporations that intend to send funds to the U.S. (See [http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf p. 9, line 1.)], and some others (For example, Puerto Rican residents that are members of the U.S. military, See [http://www.heritage.org/research/taxes/wm2338.cfm Heritage.org]; and Puerto Rico residents who earned income from sources outside Puerto Rico, See [http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf, pp 14–15.)] also pay federal '''income''' taxes. In addition, because the cutoff point for income taxation is lower than that of the U.S. IRS code, and because the per-capita income in Puerto Rico is much lower than the average per-capita income on the mainland, more Puerto Rico residents pay income taxes to the local taxation authority than if the IRS code were applied to the island. This occurs because &quot;the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico government has a wider set of responsibilities than do U.S. State and local governments&quot; (See [http://www.gao.gov/products/GAO-06-541 GAO.gov]). As residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, Puerto Ricans are eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement, but are excluded from the [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI) (Commonwealth of Puerto Rico residents, unlike residents of the Commonwealth of the Northern Mariana Islands and residents of the 50 States, do not receive the SSI. See [http://www.socialsecurity.gov/OP_Home/handbook/handbook.21/handbook-2114.html Socialsecurity.gov)], and the island actually receives less than 15% of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would normally receive if it were a U.S. state. Additionally, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system (See [http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 p 252).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |date=2011-05-11 }} In general, &quot;many federal social welfare programs have been extended to Puerto Rico residents, although usually with caps inferior to those allocated to the states.&quot; ('''The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898'''. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman and Littlefield Publishers. 2005. Page 167.  For a comprehensive coverage of federal programs made extensive to Puerto Rico see Richard Cappalli's '''Federal Aid to Puerto Rico''' (1970)). It has also been estimated (See [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2007/mar07/07-03-28.html Egleforum.org]) that, because the population of the Island is greater than that of 50% of the States, if it were a state, Puerto Rico would have six to eight seats in the House, in addition to the two seats in the Senate.(See [http://www.eagleforum.org/column/2007/mar07/07-03-28.html Eagleforum.org], [http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html# CRF-USA.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090610210536/http://www.crf-usa.org/bill-of-rights-in-action/bria-17-4-c.html |date=2009-06-10 }} and [http://www.thomas.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/?&amp;sid=cp1109rs5H&amp;refer=&amp;r_n=hr597.110 Thomas.gov] [For the later, the official U.S. Congress database website, a query must be resubmitted. The document in question is called &quot;House Report 110-597 - [[Puerto Rico Democracy Act#Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007|Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]].&quot; These are the steps to follow to submit a query: [http://www.thomas.gov THOMAS.gov] &gt; Committee Reports &gt; 110 &gt; drop down &quot;Word/Phrase&quot; and pick &quot;Report Number&quot; &gt; type &quot;597&quot; next to Report Number. This will provide the document &quot;House Report 110-597 -  2007&quot;. Then, from the Table of Contents choose &quot;Background and need for legislation&quot;.). Another misconception is that the import/export taxes collected by the U.S. on products manufactured in Puerto Rico are all returned to the Puerto Rico Treasury. This is not the case. Such import/export taxes are returned ''only'' for rum products and, even then, the US Treasury keeps a portion of those taxes (See the &quot;House Report 110-597 - [[Puerto Rico Democracy Act#Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007|Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2007]]&quot; mentioned above.)&lt;/ref&gt; Congress approved [[Constitution of Puerto Rico|a local constitution]] in 1952, allowing U.S. citizens of the territory to elect [[Governor of Puerto Rico|a governor]]. Puerto Rico's [[Puerto Rican status|future political status]] has consistently been a matter of significant debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42765.pdf |title=Puerto Rico's Political Status and the 2012 Plebiscite: Background and Key Questions |date=June 25, 2013|access-date = January 17, 2016 |website=fas.org |publisher=Congressional Research Service}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/ |title=El Nuevo Día |website=Elnuevodia.com|date=April 18, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

By Latin American standards, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita and the most developed and competitive economy; however, its poverty rate is higher than the poorest U.S. state,&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-puertorico-debt-idUSKBN1AK2AG |title=Puerto Rico oversight board orders furloughs, governor defiant |date=August 5, 2017 |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the territory struggles with chronically large debt, considerable unemployment, and a high rate of emigration. The 21st century has seen several major challenges, including a  [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis|government-debt crisis]] and devastation by [[Hurricane Maria]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/21/hurricane-maria-strengthens-ahead-expected-turn-north-far-off-u-s-coast/688146001/|title=Hurricane Maria heads away from P.R. ahead of expected turn to the north far off U.S. coast|work=USA TODAY|access-date=October 31, 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{TOC limit}}

==Etymology==
Puerto Rico is Spanish for &quot;rich port&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Ricans]] often call the island {{lang|es|Borinquén}} – a derivation of {{lang|tnq|Borikén}}, its [[indigenous peoples|indigenous]] [[Taíno]] name, which means &quot;Land of the Valiant Lord&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Allatson |first=Paul |title=Key Terms in Latino/a Cultural and Literary Studies |page=47 |location=Malden, Mass. |publisher=Blackwell Publishing |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-4051-0250-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm#anchor250018 |title=Taino Indigenous Peoples of the Caribbean |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071013032642/http://www.taino-tribe.org/terms1.htm |archivedate=October 13, 2007 |encyclopedia=Clásicos de Puerto Rico |edition=2nd |editor=Cayetano Coll y Toste |publisher=Ediciones Latinoamericanas, S.A. |year=1972}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/advanceinantill00grosgoog |title=H. B. Grose, Advance in the Antilles: the new era in Cuba and Porto Rico, Presbyterian Home Missions, 1910 |publisher=Literature Dept., Presbyterian Home Missions |year=1910 |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |last1=Grose |first1=Howard Benjamin}}&lt;/ref&gt; The terms {{lang|es|boricua}} and {{lang|es|borincano}} derive from {{lang|tnq|Borikén}} and {{lang|tnq|Borinquen}} respectively, and are commonly used to identify someone of Puerto Rican heritage.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}} The island is also popularly known in Spanish as {{lang|es|la isla del encanto}}, meaning &quot;the island of enchantment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rc7FAAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA121 |chapter=¡Adelante Hermanas de la Raza!, Josefina Silva de Cintron and Puerto Rican Women's Feminismo. – The New York's World Fair: 1939–1940 |title=Exploring the Decolonial Imaginary: Four Transnational Lives |first=Patricia A. |last=Schechter |location=New York |publisher=MacMillan |year=2012 |postscript=. Note: The phase &quot;The Island of Enchantment&quot; has been traced back to a travel guide by that title that [[Theodore Roosevelt, Jr]]. offered in ''[[House &amp; Garden (magazine)|House &amp; Garden]]'' magazine in 1938 |isbn=9781137012845}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Columbus named the island {{lang|es|San Juan Bautista}}, in honor of Saint [[John the Baptist]], while the capital city was named {{lang|es|Ciudad de Puerto Rico}} (&quot;Rich Port City&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt; Eventually traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, while San Juan became the name used for the main trading/shipping port and the capital city.{{efn|Proyecto Salón Hogar (in Spanish) &quot;{{lang|es|Los españoles le cambiaron el nombre de Borikén a San Juan Bautista y a la capital le llamaron Ciudad de Puerto Rico. Con los años, Ciudad de Puerto Rico pasó a ser San Juan, y San Juan Bautista pasó a ser Puerto Rico.}}&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/HistoriaPR1.htm |title=Historia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Proyectosalonhogar.com |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

The island's name was changed to ''Porto Rico'' by the United States after the [[Treaty of Paris of 1898]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain; December 10, 1898 |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |website=The Avalon Project |publisher=[[Yale Law School]] |accessdate=July 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The anglicized name was used by the U.S. government and private enterprises. The name was changed back to Puerto Rico by a joint resolution in Congress introduced by [[Félix Córdova Dávila]] in 1931.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Crafting an Identity |url=http://history.house.gov/Exhibitions-and-Publications/HAIC/Historical-Essays/Foreign-Domestic/Crafting-Identity/ |website=History, Art &amp; Archives |publisher=Office of the Historian and the Clerk of the House's Office of Art and Archives |accessdate=July 27, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The official name of the entity in Spanish is {{lang|es|[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]}} (&quot;free [[associated state]] of Puerto Rico&quot;), while its official English name is [[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)#Commonwealth of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth of Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CIA World Factbook - Puerto Rico&quot;/&gt;

==History==
{{Main|History of Puerto Rico}}

===Pre-Columbian era===
[[File:Taino Village.JPG|thumb|A reconstructed [[Taíno]] village at the [[Tibes Indigenous Ceremonial Center|Tibes Ceremonial Center]]]]
The ancient history of the archipelago which is now Puerto Rico is not well known. Unlike other indigenous cultures in the New World ([[Aztec]], [[Mayan civilization|Maya]] and [[Inca]]) which left behind abundant archeological and physical evidence of their societies, scant artifacts and evidence remain of the Puerto Rico's indigenous population. Scarce archaeological findings and early Spanish accounts from the colonial era constitute all that is known about them. The first comprehensive book on the history of Puerto Rico was written by [[Fray Íñigo Abbad y Lasierra]] in 1786, nearly three centuries after the first Spaniards landed on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Abbad y Lasierra |first=Iñigo |title=Historia Geográfica, Civil y Natural de la Isla de San Juan Bautista de Puerto Rico|url=https://archive.org/details/historiageografi00abba |year=1866 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first known settlers were the [[Ortoiroid people]], an [[Archaic period in the Americas|Archaic Period]] culture of [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian]] hunters and fishermen who migrated from the South American mainland. Some scholars suggest their settlement dates back about 4,000 years.&lt;ref name =Rouse&gt;Rouse, Irving. ''The Tainos : Rise and Decline of the People Who Greeted Columbus'' {{ISBN|0-300-05696-6}}.&lt;/ref&gt; An archeological dig in 1990 on the island of [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]] found the remains of a man, designated as the &quot;Puerto Ferro Man&quot;, which was dated to around 2000 BC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Mahaffy, Cheryl |title=Vieques Island – What lies beneath |date=January 28, 2006 |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |accessdate=February 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092855/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |archivedate=October 11, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Ortoiroid people|Ortoiroid]] were displaced by the [[Saladoid]], a culture from the same region that arrived on the island between 430 and 250 BCE.&lt;ref name=Rouse/&gt;

The [[Igneri]] tribe migrated to Puerto Rico between 120 and 400&amp;nbsp;AD from the region of the [[Orinoco]] river in northern South America. The Arcaico and Igneri co-existed on the island between the 4th and 10th centuries.

Between the 7th and 11th centuries, the [[Taíno]] culture developed on the island. By approximately 1000&amp;nbsp;AD, it had become dominant. At the time of Columbus' arrival, an estimated 30,000 to 60,000 Taíno Amerindians, led by the ''[[cacique]]'' (chief) [[Agüeybaná (The Great Sun)|Agüeybaná]], inhabited the island. They called it ''Boriken'', meaning &quot;the great land of the valiant and noble Lord&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Pedro Torres |work=Taíno Inter-Tribal Council Inc. |title=The Dictionary of the Taíno Language |url=http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html |accessdate=February 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060213164808/http://members.dandy.net/~orocobix/tedict.html |archivedate=February 13, 2006 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The natives lived in small villages, each led by a cacique. They subsisted by hunting and fishing, done generally by men, as well as by the women's gathering and processing of indigenous [[cassava]] root and fruit. This lasted until Columbus arrived in 1493.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |title=Vieques Island: What lies beneath |author=Cheryl Mahaffy |date=January 30, 2006 |newspaper=Edmonton Journal |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071011092855/http://canada.com/edmontonjournal/news/travel/story.html?id=eb3c0119-8328-4b52-96ed-4a63763160f7 |archivedate=October 11, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newberry.org/exhibits/PuertoRico.html |title=500 Years of Puerto Rican History through the Eyes of Others |publisher=The Newberry Library |website=Newberry.org |date=July 12, 2008 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Spanish colony (1493–1898)===
{{Further|Columbian Viceroyalty|New Spain|Captaincy General of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:RUIDIAZ(1893) 1.083 JUAN PONCE DE LEÓN.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Juan Ponce de León]] ([[Santervás de Campos]], [[Province of Valladolid|Valladolid]], Spain), Puerto Rico's first governor]]

====Conquest and early settlement====
When Columbus arrived in Puerto Rico during his second voyage on November 19, 1493, the island was inhabited by the Taíno. They called it ''Borikén'' (''Borinquen'' in Spanish [[transliteration]]). Columbus named the island San Juan Bautista, in honor of St [[John the Baptist]].{{efn|Today, Puerto Ricans are also known as Boricuas, or people from Borinquen.}} Having reported the findings of his first travel, Columbus brought with him this time a letter from King Ferdinand&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=King Ferdinand's letter to the Taino-Arawak Indians |url=http://www.let.rug.nl/usa/documents/before-1600/king-ferdinands-letter-to-the-taino-arawak-indians.php |publisher=University of Groningen}}&lt;/ref&gt; empowered by a [[Inter caetera|papal bull]] that authorized any course of action necessary for the expansion of the [[Spanish Empire]] and the Christian faith. [[Juan Ponce de León]], a [[lieutenant]] under Columbus, founded the first Spanish settlement, [[Caparra Archaeological Site|Caparra]], on August 8, 1508. He later served as the first [[List of Governors of Puerto Rico|governor]] of the island.{{efn|[[Vicente Yañez Pinzón]] is considered the first appointed governor of Puerto Rico, but he never arrived from Spain.}} Eventually, traders and other maritime visitors came to refer to the entire island as Puerto Rico, and San Juan became the name of the main trading/shipping port.

At the beginning of the 16th century, the Spanish people began to colonize the island. Despite the [[Laws of Burgos]] of 1512 and other decrees for the protection of the indigenous population, some Taíno Indians were forced into an [[encomienda]] system of [[Slavery in the Spanish New World colonies|forced labor]] in the early years of colonization. The population suffered extremely high fatalities from epidemics of European [[infectious]] diseases.{{efn|[[PBS]], to which they had no natural [[immunity (medical)|immunity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author1=Arthur C. Aufderheide |author2=Conrado Rodríguez-Martín |author3=Odin Langsjoen |title=The Cambridge encyclopedia of human paleopathology |url=https://books.google.com/?id=qubTdDk1H3IC |year=1998 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-55203-5 |page=[https://books.google.com/?id=qubTdDk1H3IC&amp;pg=PA204 204]}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, a [[smallpox]] outbreak in 1518–1519 killed much of the Island's indigenous population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=George C. |last=Kohn |title=Encyclopedia of Plague and Pestilence: From Ancient Times to the Present |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tzRwRmb09rgC&amp;pg=PA160 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |page=160 |isbn=978-0-8160-6935-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The first ''repartimiento'' in Puerto Rico is established, allowing colonists fixed numbers of Tainos for wage-free and forced labor in the gold mines. When several priests protest, the crown requires Spaniards to pay native laborers and to teach them the Christian religion; the colonists continue to treat the natives as slaves.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/masterpiece/americancollection/woman/timeline.html |title=Masterpiece Theatre – American Collection – Almost a Woman – Puerto Rico: A Timeline |publisher=Pbs.org |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|Poole (2011) &quot;[The Taíno] began to starve; many thousands fell prey to smallpox, measles and other European diseases for which they had no immunity [...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.smithsonianmag.com/people-places/What-Became-of-the-Taino.html |title=History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places – Smithsonian |publisher=Smithsonianmag.com |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|[[PBS]] &quot;[The Taíno] eventually succumbed to the Spanish soldiers and European diseases that followed Columbus's arrival in the New World in 1492.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_taino.html |title=taino |website=PBS |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130208073734/https://www.pbs.org/wnet/nature/spirits/html/body_taino.html |archivedate=February 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|[[Yale University]] &quot;[...] the high death rate among the Taíno due to enslavement and European diseases (smallpox, influenza, measles, and typhus) persisted.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/ |title=Puerto Rico – Colonial Genocides – Genocide Studies Program – Yale University |publisher=Yale.edu |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130520120915/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/ |archivedate=May 20, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

====Colonization, the Habsburgs====
In 1520, [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|King Charles I of Spain]] issued a royal decree collectively emancipating the remaining Taíno population. By that time, the Taíno people were few in number.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html |title=Puerto Rico – Colonial Genocides – Genocide Studies Program |publisher=Yale University |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908234849/http://www.yale.edu/gsp/colonial/puerto-rico/index.html |archivedate=September 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[slavery in the Spanish Empire|Enslaved Africans had already begun to be imported]] to compensate for the native labor loss, but their numbers were proportionate to the diminished commercial interest Spain soon began to demonstrate for the island colony. Other nearby islands, like Cuba, Hispaniola, and [[Guadeloupe|Guadalupe]], attracted more of the slave trade than Puerto Rico, probably because of greater agricultural interests in those islands, on which colonists had developed large sugar plantations and had the capital to invest in the [[Atlantic slave trade]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Stark&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=A New Look at the African Slave Trade in Puerto Rico Through the Use of Parish Registers: 1660–1815 |last=Stark |first=David M. |journal=Slavery &amp; Abolition a Journal of Slave and Post-Slave Studies |year=2009 |volume=30 |issue=4 |pages=491–520 |doi=10.1080/01440390903245083}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the beginning of the country, the colonial administration relied heavily on the industry of enslaved Africans and creole blacks for public works and defenses, primarily in coastal ports and cities, where the tiny colonial population had hunkered down. With no significant industries or large-scale agricultural production as yet, enslaved and free communities lodged around the few littoral settlements, particularly around San Juan, also forming lasting [[Afro-creole]] communities. Meanwhile, in the island's interior, there developed a mixed and independent peasantry that relied on a subsistence economy. This mostly unsupervised population supplied villages and settlements with foodstuffs and, in relative isolation, set the pattern for what later would be known as the [[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rican Jíbaro culture]]. By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish Empire was diminishing and, in the face of increasing raids from European competitors, the colonial administration throughout [[the Americas]] fell into a &quot;bunker mentality&quot;. Imperial strategists and urban planners redesigned port settlements into military posts with the objective of protecting Spanish territorial claims and ensuring the safe passing of the king's silver-laden [[Spanish treasure fleet|Atlantic Fleet]] to the [[Iberian Peninsula]]. San Juan served as an important port-of-call for ships driven across the Atlantic by its powerful [[Atlantic Ocean#Climate|trade winds]]. West Indies convoys linked Spain to the island, sailing between [[Cádiz]] and the Spanish West Indies. The colony's seat of government was on the forested [[Isleta de San Juan|Islet of San Juan]] and for a time became one of the most heavily fortified settlements in the [[Spanish West Indies|Spanish Caribbean]] earning the name of the &quot;Walled City&quot;. The islet is still dotted with the various forts and walls, such as [[La Fortaleza]], [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]], and [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Castillo San Cristóbal]], designed to protect the population and the strategic [[Port of San Juan]] from the raids of the Spanish European competitors.

[[File:Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Hendricksz 1625 attack on San Juan, Puerto Rico]]

In 1625, in the [[Battle of San Juan (1625)|Battle of San Juan]], the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] commander [[Boudewijn Hendricksz]] tested the defenses' limits like no one else before. Learning from [[Francis Drake]]'s previous [[Battle of San Juan (1595)|failures here]], he circumvented the cannons of the castle of San Felipe del Morro and quickly brought his 17 ships into the [[San Juan Bay]]. He then occupied the port and attacked the city while the population hurried for shelter behind the Morro's moat and high battlements. Historians consider this event the worst attack on San Juan. Though the Dutch set the village on fire, they failed to conquer the Morro, and its batteries pounded their troops and ships until Hendricksz deemed the cause lost. Hendricksz's expedition eventually helped propel a fortification frenzy. Constructions of defenses for the San Cristóbal Hill were soon ordered so as to prevent the landing of invaders out of reach of the Morro's artillery. Urban planning responded to the needs of keeping the colony in Spanish hands.

====Late colonial period====
[[File:Hacienda La Fortuna Francisco Oller 1885 Brooklyn Museum.jpg|thumb|''Hacienda La Fortuna''. A sugar mill complex in Puerto Rico painted by [[Francisco Oller]] in 1885 ([[Brooklyn Museum]])]]

During the late 16th and early 17th centuries, Spain concentrated its colonial efforts on the more prosperous mainland North, Central, and South American colonies. With the advent of the lively Bourbon Dynasty in Spain in the 1700s, the island of Puerto Rico began a gradual shift to more imperial attention. More roads began connecting previously isolated inland settlements to coastal cities, and coastal settlements like Arecibo, Mayaguez, and Ponce began acquiring importance of their own, separate from San Juan. By the end of the 18th century, merchant ships from an array of nationalities threatened the tight regulations of the Mercantilist system, which turned each colony solely toward the European metropole and limited contact with other nations. U.S. ships came to surpass Spanish trade and with this also came the exploitation of the island's natural resources. Slavers, which had made but few stops on the island before, began selling more enslaved Africans to growing sugar and coffee plantations. The increasing number of Atlantic wars in which the Caribbean islands played major roles, like the [[War of Jenkins' Ear]], the [[Seven Years' War]] and the [[Atlantic Revolutions]], ensured Puerto Rico's growing esteem in Madrid's eyes. On April 17, 1797, Sir [[Ralph Abercromby]]'s fleet invaded the island with a force of 6,000–13,000 men,&lt;ref&gt;Confirmation of troop count is unattainable, only Spanish and Puerto Rican sources are available regarding troop count.&lt;/ref&gt; which included German soldiers and Royal Marines and 60 to 64 ships. Fierce fighting continued for the next days with Spanish troops. Both sides suffered heavy losses. On Sunday April 30 the British ceased their attack and began their retreat from San Juan. By the time independence movements in the larger Spanish colonies gained success, new waves of loyal creole immigrants began to arrive in Puerto Rico, helping to tilt the island's political balance toward the Crown.

[[File:EAGLE Old San Juan 2014.jpg|thumb|The 16th-century fort, [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]], in San Juan, Puerto Rico]]

In 1809, to secure its political bond with the island and in the midst of the European [[Peninsular War]], the [[Junta (Peninsular War)|Supreme Central Junta]] based in [[Cádiz]] recognized Puerto Rico as an overseas province of Spain. This gave the island residents the right to elect representatives to the recently convened [[Cádiz Cortes|Spanish parliament]] (Cádiz Cortes), with equal representation to mainland Iberian, Mediterranean (Balearic Islands) and Atlantic maritime Spanish provinces (Canary Islands).{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

[[Ramón Power y Giralt]], the first Spanish parliamentary representative from the island of Puerto Rico, died after serving a three-year term in the Cortes. These [[Spanish Constitution of 1812|parliamentary and constitutional reforms]] were in force from 1810 to 1814, and again from 1820 to 1823. They were twice reversed during the restoration of the traditional monarchy by [[Ferdinand VII of Spain|Ferdinand VII]]. Immigration and commercial trade reforms in the 19th century increased the island's ethnic European population and economy and expanded the Spanish cultural and social imprint on the local character of the island.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Minor slave revolts had occurred on the island throughout the years, with the revolt planned and organized by [[Marcos Xiorro]] in 1821 being the most important. Even though the conspiracy was unsuccessful, Xiorro achieved legendary status and is part of Puerto Rico's folklore.&lt;ref name=&quot;GB&quot;&gt;[[Guillermo A. Baralt]], ''Slave revolts in Puerto Rico: conspiracies and uprisings, 1795–1873''; Markus Wiener Publishers. {{ISBN|978-1-55876-463-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Politics of liberalism====
[[File:Intentona de Yauco.jpg|thumb|left|The flag flown by Fidel Vélez and his men during the &quot;Intentona de Yauco&quot; revolt]]

In the early 19th century, Puerto Rico spawned an independence movement that, due to harsh persecution by the Spanish authorities, convened in the island of St. Thomas. The movement was largely inspired by the ideals of [[Simón Bolívar]] in establishing a [[United Provinces of New Granada]] and [[Venezuela]], that included Puerto Rico and Cuba. Among the influential members of this movement were Brigadier General [[Antonio Valero de Bernabé]] and [[María de las Mercedes Barbudo]]. The movement was discovered, and Governor [[Miguel de la Torre]] had its members imprisoned or exiled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.raquelrosario.net/Historias%20Claridad%20Mercedes%20Bar.pdf |title=María de las Mercedes Barbudo; Primera mujer independentista de Puerto Rico; ''CLARIDAD''; December 1994; p. 19 |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With the increasingly rapid growth of independent former Spanish colonies in the South and Central American states in the first part of the 19th century, the Spanish Crown considered Puerto Rico and Cuba of strategic importance. To increase its hold on its last two New World colonies, the Spanish Crown revived the [[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]] as a result of which 450,000 immigrants, mainly Spaniards, settled on the island in the period up until the American conquest. Printed in three languages—Spanish, English, and French—it was intended to also attract non-Spanish Europeans, with the hope that the independence movements would lose their popularity if new settlers had stronger ties to the Crown. Hundreds of non-Spanish families, mainly from [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Corsica]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|France]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], Italy and Scotland, also immigrated to the island.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graces&quot;/&gt;

Free land was offered as an incentive to those who wanted to populate the two islands, on the condition that they swear their loyalty to the Spanish Crown and allegiance to the Roman Catholic Church.&lt;ref name=&quot;Graces&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ensayistas.org/antologia/XIXE/castelar/esclavitud/cedula.htm |title=Real Cédula de 1789 &quot;para el comercio de Negros&quot; |language=Spanish |publisher=Ensayistas.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The offer was very successful, and European immigration continued even after 1898. Puerto Rico still receives Spanish and European immigration.

[[File:1868 Lares Revolutionay Flag.svg|thumb|The Lares revolutionary flag of 1868, also known as the &quot;First Puerto Rican Flag&quot; in Puerto Rico]]

Poverty and political estrangement with Spain led to a small but significant uprising in 1868 known as ''[[Grito de Lares]].'' It began in the rural town of Lares, but was subdued when rebels moved to the neighboring town of San Sebastián.

Leaders of this independence movement included [[Ramón Emeterio Betances]], considered the &quot;father&quot; of the Puerto Rican independence movement, and other political figures such as [[Segundo Ruiz Belvis]]. Slavery was abolished in Puerto Rico in 1873, &quot;with provisions for periods of apprenticeship&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |title=Ways of ending slavery |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |accessdate=April 29, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130309101044/http://www.britannica.com/blackhistory/article-24160 |archivedate=March 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:IMG 2972 - Abolition Park in Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|left|upright|[[Parque de la Abolición|Abolition Park]] in Ponce, Puerto Rico]]

Leaders of &quot;El Grito de Lares&quot; went into exile in New York City. Many joined the [[Revolutionary Committee of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican Revolutionary Committee]], founded on December 8, 1895, and continued their quest for Puerto Rican independence. In 1897, [[Antonio Mattei Lluberas]] and the local leaders of the independence movement in Yauco organized another uprising, which became known as the ''[[Intentona de Yauco]]''. They raised what they called the Puerto Rican flag, which was adopted as the national flag. The local conservative political factions opposed independence. Rumors of the planned event spread to the local Spanish authorities who acted swiftly and put an end to what would be the last major uprising in the island to Spanish colonial rule.&lt;ref name=&quot;HMPR&quot;&gt;{{Cite book |title=Historia militar de Puerto Rico |first=Héctor Andrés |last=Negroni |authorlink=Hector Andres Negroni |publisher=Sociedad Estatal Quinto Centenario |year=1992 |language=Spanish |isbn=978-84-7844-138-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1897, [[Luis Muñoz Rivera]] and others persuaded the liberal Spanish government to agree to grant limited self-government to the island by [[Decree|royal decree]] in the Autonomic Charter, including a [[Bicameralism|bicameral legislature]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.proyectosalonhogar.com/enciclopedia_ilustrada/Carta_Autonomica.htm] Retrieved: January 8, 2015. Carta Autonómica de Puerto Rico, 1897.&lt;/ref&gt; In 1898, Puerto Rico's first, but short-lived, quasi-autonomous government was organized as an &quot;overseas province&quot; of Spain. This bilaterally agreed-upon charter maintained a governor appointed by the [[Monarchy of Spain|King of Spain]] – who held the power to annul any legislative decision – and a partially elected parliamentary structure. In February, Governor-General [[Manuel Macías y Casado|Manuel Macías]] inaugurated the new government under the Autonomic Charter. General elections were held in March and the new government began to function on July 17, 1898.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |title=USA Seizes Puerto Rico |year=2000 |work=History of Puerto Rico |publisher=solboricua.com |access-date=September 30, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140515120148/http://www.solboricua.com/history2.htm#usa |archive-date=May 15, 2014 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history4.shtml |title=History |accessdate=October 1, 2007 |author=Magaly Rivera |publisher=topuertorico.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/hispanic/1898/chronpr.html |title=Chronology of Puerto Rico in the Spanish–American War |work=The World of 1898: The Spanish–American War |publisher=Hispanic Division, Library of Congress}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===American territory (1898–present)===
{{Main|Spanish–American War|Puerto Rican Campaign|Treaty of Paris (1898)}}
[[File:Bombardment of San Juan, Porto (sic) Rico LCCN2001695573.jpg|thumb|[[Bombardment of San Juan]] during the [[Spanish–American War]]]]

In 1890, Captain [[Alfred Thayer Mahan]], a member of the Navy War Board and leading U.S. strategic thinker, published a book titled ''[[The Influence of Sea Power upon History]]'' in which he argued for the establishment of a large and powerful navy modeled after the British [[Royal Navy]]. Part of his strategy called for the acquisition of colonies in the Caribbean, which would serve as coaling and naval stations. They would serve as strategic points of defense with the construction of a canal through the [[Isthmus of Panama]], to allow easier passage of ships between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.&lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;&gt;Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, ''Strategy as Politics'', Universidad de Puerto Rico: La Editorial; p. 7; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0160-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:First Company of native Puerto Ricans in the American Army.jpg|thumb|left|upright|The first company of Puerto Ricans enlisted in the U.S. Army, 1899]]

[[William H. Seward]], the former Secretary of State under presidents [[Abraham Lincoln]] and [[Andrew Johnson]], had also stressed the importance of building a canal in [[Honduras]], [[Nicaragua]] or [[Panama]]. He suggested that the United States annex the Dominican Republic and purchase Puerto Rico and Cuba. The U.S. Senate did not approve his annexation proposal, and Spain rejected the U.S. offer of {{Nowrap|160 million}} dollars for Puerto Rico and Cuba.&lt;ref name=&quot;SP&quot;/&gt;

Since 1894, the United States [[Naval War College]] had been developing [[contingency plan]]s for a war with Spain. By 1896, the U.S. Office of Naval Intelligence had prepared a plan that included military operations in Puerto Rican waters. Except for one 1895 plan, which recommended annexation of the island then named ''Isle of Pines'' (later renamed as [[Isla de la Juventud]]), a recommendation dropped in later planning, plans developed for attacks on Spanish territories were intended as support operations against Spain's forces in and around Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=2f0Gf0DQfmUC&amp;pg=PA72 |author=David F. Trask |title=The War with Spain in 1898 |pages=72–78 |publisher=University of Nebraska Press |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |isbn=978-0-8032-9429-5 |year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recent research suggests that the U.S. did consider Puerto Rico valuable as a naval station, and recognized that it and Cuba generated lucrative crops of sugar – a valuable commercial commodity which the United States lacked,&lt;ref&gt;Jorge Rodriguez Beruff, ''Strategy as Politics'', La Editorial; Universidad de Puerto Rico; p. 13; {{ISBN|978-0-8477-0160-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; before the development of the [[sugar beet]] industry in the United States.

[[File:Children in a company housing settlement, Puerto Rico 1a34030u.jpg|thumb|Children in a company housing settlement, 1941]]

On July 25, 1898, during the [[Spanish–American War]], the U.S. invaded Puerto Rico with a landing at [[Guánica, Puerto Rico|Guánica]]. After the U.S. victory in the war, Spain ceded Puerto Rico, along with the [[Philippines]] and [[Guam]], then under Spanish sovereignty, to the U.S. under the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]], which went into effect on April 11, 1899. Spain relinquished sovereignty over [[Cuba]], but did not cede it to the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://avalon.law.yale.edu/19th_century/sp1898.asp |title=Treaty of Peace Between the United States and Spain |date=December 10, 1898 |work=The Avalon Project at the Yale Law School |publisher=Yale Law School, Lillian Goldman Law Library}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====United States unincorporated organized territory (1900–1952)====
The United States and Puerto Rico began a long-standing metropolis-colony relationship.&lt;ref&gt;Truman R. Clark. ''Puerto Rico and the United States, 1917–1933.'' 1975. University of Pittsburgh Press. p. 129.&lt;/ref&gt; In the early 20th century, Puerto Rico was ruled by the military, with officials including the governor appointed by the [[president of the United States]]. The [[Foraker Act]] of 1900 gave Puerto Rico a certain amount of civilian popular government, including a popularly elected House of Representatives. The upper house and governor were appointed by the United States.

[[File:First Supreme Court PR.JPG|thumb|The First Supreme Court of Puerto Rico, appointed pursuant to the [[Foraker Act]]]]

Its judicial system was reformed to bring it into conformity with the [[Law of the United States|American legal system]]; a [[Supreme Court of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Supreme Court]] and a [[United States territorial court|United State District Court]] for the territory were established. It was authorized a non-voting member of Congress, by the title of &quot;Resident Commissioner&quot;, who was appointed. In addition, this Act extended all U.S. laws &quot;not locally inapplicable&quot; to Puerto Rico, specifying, in particular, exemption from U.S. Internal Revenue laws.&lt;ref name=status&gt;{{cite web |url=http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf |title=Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status |date=December 2005 |accessdate=October 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070925184244/http://charma.uprm.edu/~angel/Puerto_Rico/reporte_status.pdf |archivedate=September 25, 2007 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Act empowered the civil government to legislate on &quot;all matters of legislative character not locally inapplicable&quot;, including the power to modify and repeal any laws then in existence in Puerto Rico, though the U.S. Congress retained the power to annul acts of the Puerto Rico legislature.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Efrén Rivera Ramos |title=American Colonialism in Puerto Rico: The Judicial and Social Legacy |url=https://books.google.com/?id=J5l55R3_mPoC |year=2007 |publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers |isbn=978-1-55876-410-1 |pages=[https://books.google.com/?id=J5l55R3_mPoC&amp;pg=PA54 54–55]}}&lt;/ref&gt; During an address to the Puerto Rican legislature in 1906, President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] recommended that Puerto Ricans become U.S. citizens.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Porto Rico En Fete: President's Auto Tour Amid Shower of Roses: He Promises Citizenship |work=The Washington Post |page=1 |date=November 22, 1906 |id={{ProQuest|144628701}} }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1914, the Puerto Rican House of Delegates voted unanimously in favor of independence from the United States, but this was rejected by the U.S. Congress as &quot;unconstitutional&quot;, and in violation of the 1900 [[Foraker Act]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzalez&quot; /&gt;

====U.S. citizenship and Puerto Rican citizenship====
In 1917, the U.S. Congress passed the [[Jones–Shafroth Act]] (popularly known as the Jones Act), which granted Puerto Ricans born on or after April 25, 1898, U.S. citizenship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898 |first1=Sanford |last1=Levinson |first2=Bartholomew H. |last2=Sparrow |location=New York |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers |year=2005 |pages=166, 178 |quote=U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)) }}&lt;/ref&gt; Opponents, including all of the Puerto Rican House of Delegates (who voted unanimously against it), claimed that the U.S. imposed citizenship in order to draft Puerto Rican men into the army as [[American entry into World War I]] as the likely motive.&lt;ref name=&quot;Gonzalez&quot;&gt;Juan Gonzalez; ''Harvest of Empire'', pp. 60–63; Penguin Press, 2001; {{ISBN|978-0-14-311928-9}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The same Act provided for a popularly elected Senate to complete a bicameral Legislative Assembly, as well as a [[bill of rights]]. It authorized the popular election of the Resident Commissioner to a four-year term.

[[File:Puerto Ricans in WWII.jpg|thumb|Soldiers of the [[65th Infantry Regiment (United States)|65th Infantry]] training in Salinas, Puerto Rico (August 1941)]]

Natural disasters, including a major [[1918 San Fermín earthquake|earthquake]] and [[tsunami]] in 1918 and several [[hurricane]]s, as well as the Great Depression, impoverished the island during the first few decades under U.S. rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://redsismica.uprm.edu/spanish/tsunami/index.php |title=Sistema de Alerta de Tsunamis de Puerto Rico y el Caribe |publisher=Red Sísmica de Puerto Rico |language=Spanish |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123161343/http://redsismica.uprm.edu/Spanish/tsunami/index.php |archivedate=January 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some political leaders, such as [[Pedro Albizu Campos]], who led the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], demanded a change in relations with the United States. He organized a protest at the [[University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras Campus|University of Puerto Rico]] in 1935, in which [[Río Piedras massacre|four were killed]] by police.

In 1936, U.S. senator [[Millard Tydings]] introduced a bill supporting independence for Puerto Rico; he had previously co-sponsored the [[Tydings–McDuffie Act]], which provided independence to the [[Philippines]] following a 10-year transition period of limited autonomy. While virtually all Puerto Rican political parties supported the bill, it was opposed by [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] of the [[Liberal Party of Puerto Rico]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Gatell&quot;/&gt; leading to its defeat&lt;ref name=&quot;Gatell&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |jstor = 2510353|title = Independence Rejected: Puerto Rico and the Tydings Bill of 1936|journal = The Hispanic American Historical Review|volume = 38|issue = 1|pages = 25–44|last1 = Gatell|first1 = Frank Otto|year = 1958|doi = 10.2307/2510353}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1937, Albizu Campos' party organized a protest in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]]. The Insular Police, similar to the [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]], opened fire upon unarmed cadets and bystanders alike.&lt;ref name=1937inquiry /&gt; The attack on unarmed protesters was reported by U.S. Congressman [[Vito Marcantonio]] and confirmed by a report from the Hays Commission, which investigated the events, led by [[Arthur Garfield Hays]], counsel to the [[American Civil Liberties Union]].&lt;ref name=1937inquiry&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&amp;Cat=136&amp;TID=7037&amp;TName=Ponce%20Massacre,%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry,%201937 |title=Report of the Commission of Inquiry on Civil Rights in Puerto Rico. The Commission, 70p, np, May&amp;nbsp;22, 1937 |publisher=Llmc.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101214194610/http://llmc.com/TitleLLMC.asp?ColID=3&amp;Cat=136&amp;TID=7037&amp;TName=Ponce%20Massacre%2C%20Com.%20of%20Inquiry%2C%201937 |archivedate=December 14, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nineteen people were killed and over 200 were badly wounded, many shot in the back while running away.&lt;ref name=&quot;5yrs&quot;&gt;[http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html &quot;Five Years of Tyranny&quot;, Speech before the U.S. House of Representatives.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112031601/http://www.cheverote.com/reviews/marcantonio.html |date=January 12, 2012 }} The entire speech is contained in the ''Congressional Record'' of {{Nowrap|August 14}}, 1939. It is reported in the Congressional record, and various other publications elsewhere, that among those shot in the back was a 7-year-old girl, Georgina Maldonado, who &quot;was killed through the back while running to a nearby church&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Antonio de la Cova |url=http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ponce-1937.htm |title=Photos of police shooting with rifles (from positions previously occupied by marchers and bystanders) at bystanders running away |publisher=Latinamericanstudies.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Hays Commission declared it a [[List of events named massacres|massacre]] and police mob action,&lt;ref name=&quot;5yrs&quot; /&gt; and it has since become known as the [[Ponce massacre]]. In the aftermath, on April 2, 1943, Tydings introduced another bill in Congress calling for independence for Puerto Rico, though it was again defeated.&lt;ref name=&quot;status&quot; /&gt;

During the latter years of the [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|Roosevelt]]–[[Harry S. Truman|Truman]] administrations, the internal governance of the island was changed in a compromise reached with Luis Muñoz Marín and other Puerto Rican leaders. In 1946, President Truman appointed the first Puerto Rican-born governor, [[Jesús T. Piñero]].

Since 2007, the Puerto Rico State Department has developed a protocol to issue certificates of [[Puerto Rican citizenship]] to Puerto Ricans. In order to be eligible, applicants must have been born in Puerto Rico, born outside of Puerto Rico to a Puerto Rican–born parent, or be an American citizen with at least one year of residence in Puerto Rico.

====United States unincorporated organized territory with commonwealth constitution (1952–present)====
In 1947, the U.S. Congress passed the Elective Governor Act, signed by President Truman, allowing Puerto Ricans to vote for their own [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]]. The first elections under this act were held the following year, on November 2, 1948.

On May 21, 1948, a bill was introduced before the [[Puerto Rican Senate]] which would restrain the rights of the independence and Nationalist movements on the island. The Senate, controlled by the ''Partido Popular Democrático'' ([[Popular Democratic Party (Puerto Rico)|PPD]]) and presided by [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], approved the bill that day.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120327121629/http://academiajurisprudenciapr.org/en/revistas/volumen-vii/ |url-status=dead |title=La obra jurídica del Profesor David M. Helfeld (1948–2008) |first=Dr. Carmelo |last=Delgado Cintron |archive-date=March 27, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; This bill, which resembled the anti-communist [[Smith Act]] passed in the United States in 1940, became known as the ''Ley de la Mordaza'' ([[Gag Law (Puerto Rico)|Gag Law]]) when the U.S.-appointed governor of Puerto Rico, [[Jesús T. Piñero]], signed it into law on June 10, 1948.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=January 13, 1941 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Under this new law it would be a crime to print, publish, sell, or exhibit any material intended to paralyze or destroy the insular government; or to organize any society, group or assembly of people with a similar destructive intent. It made it illegal to sing a patriotic song, and reinforced the 1898 law that had made it illegal to display the [[Flag of Puerto Rico]], with anyone found guilty of disobeying the law in any way being subject to a sentence of up to ten years imprisonment, a fine of up to US$10,000 ({{Inflation|US|10000|1948|r=-3|fmt=eq}}), or both.{{efn|Cockcroft (2001; in Spanish) &quot;[La Ley 53] fué llamada la 'pequeña ley Smith', debido a la semejanza con la Ley Smith de Estados Unidos [...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |first=James |last=Cockcroft |title=América Latina y Estados Unidos: historia y política país por país |publisher=Siglo XXI Editores |language=Spanish |year=2001 |accessdate=September 24, 2013 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=rUGFqxW_zHQC&amp;lpg=PA383&amp;dq=peque%C3%B1a%20ley%20smith%20puerto%20rico&amp;pg=PA383#v=onepage |isbn=978-9682323324}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/history5.shtml |title=Puerto Rican History |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date=January 13, 1941 |accessdate=November 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Dr. [[Leopoldo Figueroa]], the only non-PPD member of the Puerto Rico House of Representatives, the law was repressive and in violation of the First Amendment of the [[U.S. Constitution]], which guarantees [[Freedom of Speech]]. He asserted that the law as such was a violation of the civil rights of the people of Puerto Rico. The law was repealed in 1957.&lt;ref name=&quot;LG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://issuu.com/jaimepartsch/docs/jes_s_t._pi_ero_y_la_guerra_fria?mode=a_p |title=La Gobernación de Jesús T. Piñero y la Guerra Fría |publisher=Issuu.com |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the November 1948 election, Muñoz Marín became the first popularly elected governor of Puerto Rico, replacing U.S.-appointed Piñero on January 2, 1949.

[[File:US 65th Infantry Regiment.Painting.Korean War.Bayonet charge against Chinese division.jpg|thumb|Painting of a bayonet charge by the [[U.S. 65th Infantry Regiment]], made up of Puerto Rican troops, against a Chinese division during the [[Korean War]]]]

====''Estado Libre Asociado''====
&lt;!---probably duplicates below. needs editing---&gt;
In 1950, the U.S. Congress granted Puerto Ricans the right to organize a [[constitutional convention (political meeting)|constitutional convention]] via a referendum that gave them the option of voting their preference, &quot;yes&quot; or &quot;no&quot;, on a proposed U.S. law that would organize Puerto Rico as a &quot;commonwealth&quot; that would continue United States sovereignty over Puerto Rico and its people. Puerto Rico's electorate expressed its support for this measure in 1951 with a second referendum to ratify the constitution. The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was formally adopted on July 3, 1952. The Constitutional Convention specified the name by which the [[body politic]] would be known.

On February 4, 1952, the convention approved Resolution 22 which chose in English the word ''[[Commonwealth (U.S. insular area)|Commonwealth]]'', meaning a &quot;politically organized community&quot; or &quot;state&quot;, which is simultaneously connected by a compact or treaty to another political system. Puerto Rico officially designates itself with the term &quot;Commonwealth of Puerto Rico&quot; in its constitution, as a translation into English of the term to &quot;Estado Libre Asociado&quot; (ELA).

In 1967 Puerto Rico's Legislative Assembly polled the political preferences of the Puerto Rican electorate by passing a [[plebiscite]] act that provided for a vote on the status of Puerto Rico. This constituted the first plebiscite by the Legislature for a choice among three status options (commonwealth, statehood, and independence). In subsequent plebiscites organized by Puerto Rico held in 1993 and 1998 (without any formal commitment on the part of the U.S. government to honor the results), the current political status failed to receive majority support. In 1993, Commonwealth status won by a plurality of votes (48.6% versus 46.3% for statehood), while the &quot;none of the above&quot; option, which was the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]]-sponsored choice, won in 1998 with 50.3% of the votes (versus 46.5% for statehood). Disputes arose as to the definition of each of the ballot alternatives, and Commonwealth advocates, among others, reportedly urged a vote for &quot;none of the above&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf ''Political Status of Puerto Rico: Options for Congress.'' Report RL32933. By Keith Bea and R. Sam Garrett, Congressional Research Service. Dated {{Nowrap|June 19}}, 2009. p. 29. Table B-1: Puerto Rico Status Votes in Plebiscites and Referenda, 1967–1998. p. 29.]. Retrieved December 5, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1993/summary.html |title=1993 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=November 14, 1993 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://electionspuertorico.org/1998/summary.html |title=1998 Status Plebiscite Vote Summary |publisher=Electionspuertorico.org |date=December 13, 1998 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&lt;!---probably duplicates the above. Needs editing---&gt;
In 1950, the U.S. Congress approved Public Law 600 (P.L. 81-600), which allowed for a democratic [[referendum]] in Puerto Rico to determine whether Puerto Ricans desired to draft their own local constitution.&lt;ref&gt;Act of {{Nowrap|July 3}}, 1950, Ch. 446, 64 Stat. 319.&lt;/ref&gt; This Act was meant to be adopted in the &quot;nature of a compact&quot;. It required congressional approval of the Puerto Rico Constitution before it could go into effect, and repealed certain sections of the Organic Act of 1917. The sections of this statute left in force were entitled the ''Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act''.&lt;ref name=&quot;View&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricousa.com/english/views.htm |title=View of Congress, the Courts and the Federal Government |publisher=Puertoricousa.com |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2004/vol8n42/CBOnNatureV.html |title=On The Nature of Commonwealth V |publisher=Puertorico-herald.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. Secretary of the Interior [[Oscar L. Chapman]], under whose Department resided responsibility of Puerto Rican affairs, clarified the new commonwealth status in this manner:{{quote|The bill (to permit Puerto Rico to write its own constitution) merely authorizes the people of Puerto Rico to adopt their own constitution and to organize a local government...The bill under consideration would not change Puerto Rico's political, social, and economic relationship to the United States.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.puertorico-herald.org/issues/2002/vol6n30/LetPRDecideHow2End-en.html &quot;Let Puerto Rico Decide How to end its Colony Status: True Nationhood Stands on the Pillar of Independence&quot;]. Rosalinda de Jesus. ''The Allentown Morning Call''. Republished by the ''Puerto Rico Herald''. July 21, 2002. San Juan, Puerto Rico. Retrieved June 21, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.independencia.net/ingles/let_pr_decide &quot;Let Puerto Rico Decide How To End Its Colony Status&quot;] {{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}. Rosalinda De Jesus. ''The Morning Call''. July 21, 2002. Retrieved June 21, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;}}

{{External media
| align  = right
| video1 = [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_71hkXrTTf8 Puerto Rico], U.S. Embassy in Vienna, October 24, 2014
| video2 = View newsreel scenes in Spanish of the {{YouTube|RfOJj0nmGEU|''Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s''}}
}}

On October 30, 1950, [[Pedro Albizu Campos]] and other nationalists led a three-day revolt against the United States in various cities and towns of Puerto Rico, in what is known as the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party Revolts of the 1950s]]. The most notable occurred in [[Jayuya]] and [[Utuado]]. In the Jayuya revolt, known as the &quot;[[Jayuya Uprising]]&quot;, the Puerto Rican governor declared [[martial law]], and attacked the insurgents in Jayuya with infantry, artillery and bombers under control of the Puerto Rican commander. The &quot;[[Utuado Uprising]]&quot; culminated in what is known as the Utuado massacre.

On November 1, 1950, Puerto Rican nationalists from New York City, [[Griselio Torresola]] and [[Oscar Collazo]], [[Truman assassination attempt|attempted to assassinate]] President [[Harry S. Truman]] at his temporary residence of Blair House. Torresola was killed during the attack, but Collazo was wounded and captured. He was convicted of murder and sentenced to death, but President Truman commuted his sentence to life. After Collazo served 29 years in a federal prison, President Jimmy Carter commuted his sentence to times served and he was released in 1979.

Pedro Albizu Campos served many years in a federal prison in [[Atlanta]], for seditious conspiracy to overthrow the U.S. government in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=García |first=Marvin |url=http://www.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm |title=Dr. Pedro Albizu Campos |publisher=National-Louis University |accessdate=April 28, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20051224214401/http://www3.nl.edu/academics/cas/ace/resources/campos.cfm |archivedate=December 24, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Constitution of Puerto Rico]] was approved by a Constitutional Convention on February 6, 1952, and 82% of the voters in a March referendum. It was modified and ratified by the U.S. Congress, approved by President Truman on July 3 of that year, and proclaimed by Gov. Muñoz Marín on July 25, 1952. This was the anniversary of July 25, 1898, landing of U.S. troops in the [[Puerto Rican Campaign]] of the [[Spanish–American War]], until then celebrated as an annual Puerto Rico holiday.

[[File:MODERN BUILDINGS TOWER OVER THE SHANTIES CROWDED ALONG THE MARTIN PENA CANAL - NARA - 546368.jpg|thumb|A [[shantytown]] along the Martin Peña Channel (1973)]]

Puerto Rico adopted the name of ''[[Estado Libre Asociado de Puerto Rico]]'' (literally &quot;Associated Free State of Puerto Rico&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://books.google.com/?id=DcMh3sI0daAC&amp;pg=PA56 ''Responses from Hon. Luis G. Fortuño to questions from Senator Domenici.''] Hearing before the Committee on Energy and Natural Resources on the Report by the President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status. United States Senate. One Hundredth Ninth Congress. Second Session. U.S. Senate 109–796. November 15, 2006. (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2007. p. 56.) Retrieved December 13, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;), officially translated into English as [[Commonwealth (United States insular area)|Commonwealth]], for its [[body politic]].{{efn|However, as Robert William Anderson states on page 14 of his book &quot;Party Politics in Puerto Rico&quot; (Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. 1965.), ''No one disputes the ambiguous status of the current Commonwealth. It is illustrated in the very different images conjured up by the English term &quot;commonwealth&quot; and the Spanish version, Estado Libre Asociado (literally, free associated state). The issue seems to be whether this ambiguity is a purposeful virtue or a disguised colonial vice.''}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – in Spanish |publisher=Lexjuris.com |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114003340/http://www.lexjuris.com/lexprcont.htm |archivedate=November 14, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://topuertorico.org/constitu.shtml |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico – (English translation) |publisher=Topuertorico.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;The United States Congress legislates over many fundamental aspects of Puerto Rican life, including citizenship, the currency, the postal service, [[foreign policy]], military defense, communications, [[labor relations]], the environment, commerce, finance, health and welfare, and many others.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ayINMX_RtkEC&amp;pg=PA166 |title=The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion, 1803–1898. Ed. by Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. (Lanham: Rowman &amp; Littlefield, 2005. Cloth, ISBN 0-7425-4983-6. Paper, ISBN 0-7425-4984-4.) pp. 166–67 |accessdate=November 5, 2012 |isbn=978-0-7425-4984-5 |year=2005 |last1=Levinson |first1=Sanford |last2=Sparrow |first2=Bartholomew H}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 1950s and 1960s, Puerto Rico experienced rapid industrialization, due in large part to ''Operación Manos a la Obra'' (&quot;[[Operation Bootstrap]]&quot;), an offshoot of FDR's New Deal. It was intended to transform Puerto Rico's economy from agriculture-based to manufacturing-based to provide more jobs. Puerto Rico has become a major tourist destination, as well as a global center for pharmaceutical manufacturing.&lt;ref name=pharma&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmaceuticalonline.com/article.mvc/Puerto-Ricos-Pharmaceutical-Industry-40-Years-0003 |title=Puerto Rico's Pharmaceutical Industry |date=September 20, 2006 |accessdate=November 18, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Referenda on statehood or independence===

{{Main|Statehood movement in Puerto Rico}}

Four referenda have been held since the late 20th century to resolve the political status. The [[Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012|2012 referendum]] showed a majority (54% of the voters) in favor of a change in status, with full statehood the preferred option of those who wanted a change.
Because there were almost 500,000 blank ballots in the 2012 referendum, creating confusion as to the voters' true desire, Congress decided to ignore the vote.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article128782174.html |title=Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag? |last=Wyss |first=Jim |date=January 26, 2017 |website=Miami Herald |publisher=Miami Herald |access-date=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Willie |first=Santana |date=January 1, 2016 |title=Incorporating the Lonely Star: How Puerto Rico Became Incorporated and Earned a Place in the Sisterhood of States |url=http://trace.tennessee.edu/tjlp/vol9/iss4/5/ |journal=Tennessee Journal of Law &amp; Policy |volume=9 |issue=4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first three plebiscites provided voters with three options: statehood, free association, and independence. The [[Puerto Rican status referendum, 2017]] in June 2017 was going to offer only two options: Statehood and Independence/Free Association. However, a letter from the [[Donald Trump]] administration recommended adding the Commonwealth, the current status, in the plebiscite. The option had been removed from this plebiscite in response to the results of the plebiscite in 2012 which asked whether to remain in the current status and No had won. The Trump administration cited changes in demographics during the past 5 years to add the option once again. Amendments to the plebiscite bill were adopted making ballot wording changes requested by the Department of Justice, as well as adding a &quot;current territorial status&quot; option.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/noticias/politica/nota/elsenadoapruebaenmiendasalaleydelplebiscito-2312006/ |title=El Senado aprueba enmiendas a la ley del plebiscito |date=April 18, 2017 |website=Elnuevodia.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; While 97 percent voted in favor of statehood, the turnout was low; only some 23 percent voted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jun/12/puerto-rico-governor-washington-statehood-us |title=Puerto Rico governor to take statehood case to Washington but faces US snub |first=Ed |last=Pilkington |date=June 12, 2017 |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the ballots were counted the Justice Department was non-committal. The Justice Department had asked for the 2017 plebiscite to be postponed but the Rosselló government chose not to do so. After the outcome was announced, the department told the Associated Press that it had &quot;not reviewed or approved the ballot's language&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/puerto-rico-mulls-political-status-in-new-referendum/2017/06/11/20415f7a-4e5b-11e7-987c-42ab5745db2e_story.html |title=- The Washington Post |website=Washington Post |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-date=17 June 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170617080052/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/congress/puerto-rico-mulls-political-status-in-new-referendum/2017/06/11/20415f7a-4e5b-11e7-987c-42ab5745db2e_story.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Former governor [[Aníbal Acevedo Vilá]] (2005–2009) is convinced that statehood is not the solution for either the U.S. or for Puerto Rico &quot;for economic, identity and cultural reasons&quot;. He pointed out that voter turnout for the 2017 referendum was extremely low, and suggests that a different type of mutually-beneficial relationship should be found.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2017/07/04/clash-looms-as-puerto-rico-prepares-to-send-reps-to-washington-after-statehood-vote.html |title=Clash looms as Puerto Rico prepares to send reps to Washington, after statehood vote |date=July 4, 2017 |website=Foxnews.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

If the federal government agrees to discuss an association agreement, the conditions would be negotiated between the two entities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricoreport.com/whats-free-associated-state/#.WK-D7m8rLX4 |title=What's a Free Associated State? |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=February 3, 2017 |website=Puerto Rico Report |publisher=Puerto Rico Report  |access-date=February 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The agreement might cover topics such as the role of the U.S. military in Puerto Rico, the use of the U.S. currency, free trade between the two entities, and whether [[Puerto Ricans]] would be U.S. citizens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ballotpedia.org/Puerto_Rico_Statehood,_Independence,_or_Free_Association_Referendum_(2017) |title=Puerto Rico Statehood, Independence, or Free Association Referendum (2017) |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=February 6, 2017 |website=Ballotpedia |publisher=BALLOTPEDIA |access-date=February 24, 2017 |quote=With my vote, I make the initial request to the Federal Government to begin the process of the decolonization through: (1) Free Association: Puerto Rico should adopt a status outside of the Territory Clause of the Constitution of the United States that recognizes the sovereignty of the People of Puerto Rico. The Free Association would be based on a free and voluntary political association, the specific terms of which shall be agreed upon between the United States and Puerto Rico as sovereign nations. Such agreement would provide the scope of the jurisdictional powers that the People of Puerto Rico agree to confer to the United States and retain all other jurisdictional powers and authorities. Under this option the American citizenship would be subject to negotiation with the United States Government; (2) Proclamation of Independence, I demand that the United States Government, in the exercise of its power to dispose of territory, recognize the national sovereignty of Puerto Rico as a completely independent nation and that the United States Congress enact the necessary legislation to initiate the negotiation and transition to the independent nation of Puerto Rico. My vote for Independence also represents my claim to the rights, duties, powers, and prerogatives of independent and democratic republics, my support of Puerto Rican citizenship, and a &quot;Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation&quot; between Puerto Rico and the United States after the transition process}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The three current Free Associated States ([[Marshall Islands]], [[Federated States of Micronesia|Micronesia]] and [[Palau]]) use the American dollar, receive some financial support and the promise of military defense if they refuse military access to any other country. Their citizens are allowed to work in the U.S. and serve in its military.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;/&gt;

Governor [[Ricardo Rosselló]] is strongly in favor of statehood to help develop the economy and help to &quot;solve our 500-year-old colonial dilemma ... Colonialism is not an option .... It's a civil rights issue ... 3.5&amp;nbsp;million citizens seeking an absolute democracy,&quot; he told the news media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wyss |first=Jim |date= |title=Will Puerto Rico become the newest star on the American flag? |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/nation-world/world/americas/article128782174.html#storylink=cpy |newspaper=Miami Herald |location=Miami |access-date=February 24, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Benefits of statehood include an additional $10&amp;nbsp;billion per year in federal funds, the right to vote in presidential elections, higher Social Security and Medicare benefits, and a right for its government agencies and municipalities to file for bankruptcy. The latter is currently prohibited.&lt;ref name=&quot;Danica Coto&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Coto |first=Danica |date=February 3, 2017 |title=Puerto Rico gov approves referendum in quest for statehood |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/puerto-rico-gov-approves-referendum-in-quest-for-statehood/2017/02/03/ddea7392-ea54-11e6-903d-9b11ed7d8d2a_story.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170204020835/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/puerto-rico-gov-approves-referendum-in-quest-for-statehood/2017/02/03/ddea7392-ea54-11e6-903d-9b11ed7d8d2a_story.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 4, 2017 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |location=DC|access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Statehood might be useful as a means of dealing with the financial crisis, since it would allow for bankruptcy and the relevant protection. According to the Government Development Bank, this might be the only solution to the debt crisis. Congress has the power to vote to allow Chapter 9 protection without the need for statehood, but in late 2015 there was very little support in the House for this concept. Other benefits to statehood include increased disability benefits and Medicaid funding, the right to vote in presidential elections and the higher (federal) minimum wage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2015/11/ben-carson-puerto-rico/415014/ |title=Why Puerto Rican Statehood Matters So Much Right Now |last=White |first=Gillian B. |date=November 9, 2017 |website=[[The Atlantic]] |publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group |access-date=February 21, 2017 |quote=Six words: the ability to file for bankruptcy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Subsequent to the 2017 referendum, Puerto Rico's legislators are also expected to vote on a bill that would allow the governor to draft a state constitution and hold elections to choose senators and representatives to the federal Congress.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-holds-vote-sunday-statehood-amid-criticism-over-timing-n770496 |title=Puerto Rico goes to polls Sunday on statehood issue despite criticism over costs, timing |website=Nbcnews.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://caribbeanbusiness.com/puerto-rico-governor-approves-tennessee-plan/ |title=Puerto Rico governor approves Tennessee Plan – Caribbean Business |website=caribbeanbusiness.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017|date=June 5, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In spite of the outcome of the referendum, {{clarify |text=and the so-called Tennessee Plan (above), |reason=The &quot;Tennessee Plan&quot; is not mentioned above |date=May 2020 }} action by the [[United States Congress]] would be necessary to implement changes to the status of Puerto Rico under the [[Article Four of the United States Constitution#Federal property and the Territorial Clause|Territorial Clause of the United States Constitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Danica Coto&quot; /&gt;

===United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization===
Since 1953, the [[United Nations|UN]] has been considering the [[political status of Puerto Rico]] and how to assist it in achieving &quot;independence&quot; or &quot;decolonization&quot;. In 1978, the Special Committee determined that a &quot;colonial relationship&quot; existed between the U.S. and Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;colonial relationship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nacla.org/article/puerto-rico-united-nations |title=Puerto Rico at the United Nations |last=López |first=Ana M. |date=2014 |website=The North American Congress on Latin America |publisher=The North American Congress on Latin America  |access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The UN's [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] has often referred to Puerto Rico as a &quot;nation&quot; in its reports, because, internationally, the people of Puerto Rico are often considered to be a Caribbean nation with their own national identity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC&amp;pg=PA10 |title=Report of the Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries &amp; Peoples: 60th Session Supplement |first=United Nations: Special Committee on the Situation with regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and |last=Peoples |date=November 22, 2005 |publisher=United Nations Publications |via=Google Books|isbn=9789218102119 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040820.pdf |title=XIV Ministerial Conference of the Movement of Non-Aligned Nations. Durban, South Africa, 2004. See pp. 14–15. |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090731065406/http://www.nam.gov.za/media/040820.pdf |archivedate=July 31, 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=Report of the Special Committee on the Situation with Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |volume=23 |author=United Nations. General Assembly. Special Committee on the Situation With Regard to the Implementation of the Declaration on the Granting of Independence to Colonial Countries and Peoples |publisher=United Nations Publications |year=1971 |isbn=978-92-1-810211-9 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC&amp;pg=PA10 10–11] |url=https://books.google.com/?id=4nEyLDpKZjMC}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recently, in a June 2016 report, the Special Committee called for the United States to expedite the process to allow self-determination in Puerto Rico. More specifically, the group called on the United States to expedite a process that would allow the people of Puerto Rico to exercise fully their right to self-determination and independence. ... allow the Puerto Rican people to take decisions in a sovereign manner, and to address their urgent economic and social needs, including unemployment, marginalization, insolvency and poverty&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/press/en/2016/gacol3296.doc.htm |title=Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling upon United States Government to Expedite Self-Determination Process for Puerto Rico |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=June 20, 2016 |website=United Nations |publisher=UN |access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, these efforts have been meaningless and without effect for the most part.

====International status====
On November 27, 1953, shortly after the establishment of the Commonwealth, the General Assembly of the [[United Nations]] approved [[UN General Assembly Resolution|Resolution 748]], removing Puerto Rico's classification as a [[United Nations list of Non-Self-Governing Territories|non-self-governing territory]]. The General Assembly did not apply the full list of criteria which was enunciated in 1960 when it took favorable note of the cessation of transmission of information regarding the non-self-governing status of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/086/13/IMG/NR008613.pdf?OpenElementGA resolution 740] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514234427/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/086/13/IMG/NR008613.pdf?OpenElementGA |date=May 14, 2011 }} (November 27, 1953), &quot;''Cessation of transmission o the information under article 73 e of the Charter in respect of Puerto Rico''&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/153/15/IMG/NR015315.pdf?OpenElement GA Resolution 1541] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514234116/http://daccess-dds-ny.un.org/doc/RESOLUTION/GEN/NR0/153/15/IMG/NR015315.pdf?OpenElement |date=May 14, 2011 }} ({{Nowrap|December 15}} 1960), &quot;''Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for in article 73 e of the Charter. (See ANNEX).''&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the White House Task Force on Puerto Rico's Political Status in its December 21, 2007 report, the U.S., in its written submission to the UN in 1953, never represented that Congress could not change its relationship with Puerto Rico without the territory's consent.&lt;ref name=status2007&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/whitehousestatusreport.pdf |title=Report by the President's task force on Puerto Rico's Status |date=December 2007 |accessdate=December 24, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080216013058/http://www.primerahora.com/XStatic/primerahora/docs/espanol/whitehousestatusreport.pdf |archivedate=February 16, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It stated that the U.S. Justice Department in 1959 reiterated that Congress held power over Puerto Rico pursuant to the Territorial Clause&lt;ref name=&quot;Artice4&quot;&gt;Art. IV, Sec. 3, clause 2, U.S. Constitution.&lt;/ref&gt; of the U.S. Constitution.&lt;ref name=status2007 /&gt;

In 1993 the [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]] stated that Congress may unilaterally repeal the Puerto Rican Constitution or the Puerto Rican Federal Relations Act and replace them with any rules or regulations of its choice.&lt;ref name=&quot;ftp.resources.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/992/992.F2d.1143.90-5749.html |title=United States v. Sanchez, 992 F.2D 1143 (1993) United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit (Paragraphs 44–46) |publisher=ftp.resources.com |date=June 4, 1993 |accessdate=January 21, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504030244/http://ftp.resource.org/courts.gov/c/F2/992/992.F2d.1143.90-5749.html |archivedate=May 4, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 1996 report on a Puerto Rico status political bill, the [[United States House Committee on Natural Resources|U.S. House Committee on Resources]] stated, &quot;Puerto Rico's current status does not meet the criteria for any of the options for full self-government under Resolution 1541&quot; (the three established forms of full self-government being stated in the report as (1) national independence, (2) free association based on separate sovereignty, or (3) full integration with another nation on the basis of equality). The report concluded that Puerto Rico &quot;... remains an unincorporated colony and does not have the status of 'free association' with the United States as that status is defined under United States law or international practice&quot;, that the establishment of local self-government with the consent of the people can be unilaterally revoked by the U.S. Congress, and that U.S. Congress can also withdraw the U.S. citizenship of Puerto Rican residents of Puerto Rico at any time, for a legitimate Federal purpose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp105:FLD010:@1%28hr131%29: |title=Puerto Rico Status Field Hearing |publisher=Committee on Resources, U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Congress |date=April 19, 1997 |accessdate=October 1, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110614123206/http://www.congress.gov/cgi-bin/cpquery/R?cp105%3AFLD010%3A%401%28hr131%29%3A |archivedate=June 14, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/GAres-1541.htm |title=1541 (XV). Principles which should guide Members in determining whether or not an obligation exists to transmit the information called for under Article 73 e of the Charter |publisher=United Nations General Assembly |date=December 15, 1960 |access-date=August 11, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101014223032/http://www.burmalibrary.org/docs3/GAres-1541.htm |archive-date=October 14, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The application of the U.S. Constitution to Puerto Rico is limited by the [[Insular Cases]].

In 2006,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm June 13, 2006. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Puerto Rican Self-determination Process. Draft Resolution Urges Probe of Pro-Independence Leader's Killing, Human Rights Abuses; Calls for Clean-up, Decontamination of Vieques. (June 13, 2006)] Retrieved December 3, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; 2007,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm 14 June 2007. Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process: Text Also Requests General Assembly to Consider Question; Urges Clean Up of Vieques Island, Release of Puerto Rican Political Prisoners. (June 14, 2007)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118113208/http://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/ |date=January 18, 2006 }} Retrieved June 21, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; 2009,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm June 15, 2009. Special Committee on Decolonization Approves Text Calling on United States to Expedite Self-determination Process for Puerto Rico. Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association. (June 15, 2009)] Retrieved September 3, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; 2010,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2010/gacol3209.doc.htm June 21, 2010. Special Committee on Decolonization Passes Text Urging General Assembly to Consider Formally Situation Concerning Puerto Rico: Draft Resolution Calls on United States to Expedite Island's Self-Determination. (June 21, 2010)] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060118113208/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/ |date=January 18, 2006 }} Retrieved July 11, 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; and 2011&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3224.doc.htm June 20, 2011. Special Committee on Decolonization Calls on United States, in Consensus Text, to Speed up Process Allowing Puerto Rico to Exercise Self-Determination: Nearly 25 Petitioners Underscore Gravity of Situation on Island, Buckling Under Economic Strain; Vigorous Opposition to Death Penalty Also Expressed. (June 20, 2011)] Retrieved April 22, 2012.{{Dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; the United Nations [[Special Committee on Decolonization]] passed resolutions calling on the United States to expedite a process &quot;that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and independence&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;UN decolonization committee eyes PR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=casiano communications |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=58665&amp;ct_id=1 |title=UN decolonization committee eyes PR |publisher=Caribbeanbusinesspr.com |date=June 21, 2011 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013213/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=58665&amp;ct_id=1 |archivedate=November 24, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and to release all Puerto Rican political prisoners in U.S. prisons, to clean up, decontaminate and return the lands in the islands of Vieques and Culebra to the people of Puerto Rico, and to perform a probe into U.S. human rights violations on the island and into the killing by the FBI of pro-independence leader [[Filiberto Ojeda Rios]].
&lt;!---- a lot of duplication from other subsections will need to be rewritten/merged---&gt;

===21st century===
{{further|Proposed political status for Puerto Rico|Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012|President's Task Force on Puerto Rico's Status}}
{{Infobox multichoice referendum
| name = Puerto Rican status referendum, 2012
| location = Puerto Rico
| date = {{start date and years ago|2012|11|06}}
| width = 300px
| barwidth = 100px
| voting_system = [[Majority|simple majority]] for the first question&lt;br /&gt;[[first-past-the-post]] for the second question
| part1_subject = Should Puerto Rico continue its current territorial status?
| part1_choice1 = Yes
| part1_choice1_color = silver
| part1_percentage1 = 46.00
| part1_choice2 = No
| part1_choice2_color = slategray
| part1_percentage2 = 54.00
| part2_subject = Which non-territorial option do you prefer?
| part2_choice1 = [[Statehood movement in Puerto Rico|Statehood]]
| part2_choice1_color = blue
| part2_percentage1 = 61.16
| part2_choice2 = [[Free association movement in Puerto Rico|Sovereign Free Associated State]]
| part2_choice2_color = red
| part2_percentage2 = 33.34
| part2_choice3 = [[Independence movement in Puerto Rico|Independence]]
| part2_choice3_color = green
| part2_percentage3 = 5.49
| results2_caption = There were 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots counted alongside the 1,363,854 ballots which indicated a choice for one of the non-territorial alternatives. Under Puerto Rico Law, these ballots are not considered cast votes and are therefore not reflected in the final tally.&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr.org&quot;&gt;{{cite act |title=Puerto Rico Election Code for the 21st Century |number=78 |language=English |date=2011 |article=2.003(54) |url=http://www.oslpr.org/download/en/2011/A-0078-2011.pdf |accessdate=August 10, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140521105857/http://www.oslpr.org/download/en/2011/A-0078-2011.pdf |archivedate=May 21, 2014 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

On July 15, 2009, the [[Special Committee on Decolonization|United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization]] approved a draft resolution calling on the government of the United States to expedite a process that would allow the Puerto Rican people to exercise fully their inalienable right to self-determination and independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2009/gacol3193.doc.htm |title=Members Hear Petitioners Speak up for Independence, Statehood, Free Association |publisher=General Assembly of the United Nations |date=June 15, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On April 29, 2010, the U.S. House voted 223–169 to approve a measure for a federally sanctioned process for Puerto Rico's self-determination, allowing Puerto Rico to set a new referendum on whether to continue its present form of commonwealth, or to have a different political status. If Puerto Ricans voted to continue as a commonwealth, the government of Puerto Rico was authorized to conduct additional plebiscites at intervals of every eight years from the date on which the results of the prior plebiscite were certified; if Puerto Ricans voted to have a different political status, a second referendum would determine whether Puerto Rico would become a U.S. state, an independent country, or a sovereign nation associated with the U.S. that would not be subject to the [[Territorial Clause]] of the United States Constitution.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp-referendum&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hbnA3Ucau6IF7lEjqdfo40sqVy3A |title=US lawmakers clear path for new Puerto Rico referendum |newspaper=[[Agence France-Presse]] |date=April 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130130220029/https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hbnA3Ucau6IF7lEjqdfo40sqVy3A |archivedate=January 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the House debate, a fourth option, to retain its present form of commonwealth (sometimes referred to as &quot;the [[status quo]]&quot;) political status, was added as an option in the second plebiscite.&lt;ref name=&quot;afp-referendum&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |url=http://www.govtrack.us/congress/billtext.xpd?bill=h111-2499 |title=Text of H.R. 2499: Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 |journal=[[govtrack.us]] |date=April 29, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Immediately following [[United States House of Representatives|U.S. House]] passage, H.R. 2499 was sent to the [[United States Senate|U.S. Senate]], where it was given two formal readings and referred to the [[United States Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources|Senate Committee on Energy and Natural Resources]]. On December 22, 2010, the 111th United States Congress adjourned without any Senate vote on H.R.2499, killing the bill.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.govtrack.us/congress/bills/111/hr2499|title=Puerto Rico Democracy Act of 2010 (2010 - H.R. 2499)|website=GovTrack.us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The latest Task Force report was released on March 11, 2011. The report suggested a two-plebiscite process, including a &quot;first plebiscite that requires the people of Puerto Rico to choose whether they wish to be part of the United States (either via Statehood or Commonwealth) or wish to be independent (via Independence or Free Association). If continuing to be part of the United States were chosen in the first plebiscite, a second vote would be taken between Statehood and Commonwealth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;President Task Force Status Report 2011&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Puerto_Rico_Task_Force_Report.pdf |title=REPORT BY THE PRESIDENT'S TASK FORCE ON PUERTO RICO'S STATUS |date=March 11, 2011 |publisher=The White House |accessdate=July 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150205020912/http://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/uploads/Puerto_Rico_Task_Force_Report.pdf |archivedate=February 5, 2015  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 14, 2011, President [[Barack Obama]] &quot;promised to support 'a clear decision' by the people of Puerto Rico on statehood&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2011/06/15/us/politics/15obama.html ''In Visit to Puerto Rico, Obama Offers (and Seeks Out) Support''.] Helene Cooper. New York Times. June 14, 2011. Retrieved November 9, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; That same month, the United Nations Special Committee on Decolonization passed a resolution and adopted a consensus text introduced by Cuba's delegate on June 20, 2011, calling on the United States to expedite a process &quot;that would allow Puerto Ricans to fully exercise their inalienable right to self-determination and independence&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;UN decolonization committee eyes PR&quot;/&gt;

On November 6, 2012, a two-question referendum took place, simultaneous with the general elections.&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr1&quot;&gt;[http://www.oslpr.org/2009-2012/leyes/pdf/ley-283-28-Dic-2011.pdf ''Ley Numero 283 del 28 de diciembre de 2011.''] Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico. December 28, 2011. Retrieved January 10, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 ''Fortuño calls for status vote next August.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 |date=November 24, 2011 }} John Marino. Caribbean Business. Released on October 4, 2011. Retrieved December 8, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; The first question, voted on in August, asked voters whether they wanted to maintain the current status under the territorial clause of the U.S. Constitution. 54% voted against the status quo, effectively approving the second question to be voted on in November. The second question posed three alternate status options: statehood, independence, or [[Compact of Free Association|free association]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=casiano communications |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 |title=Fortuño calls for status, legislative reform votes on 12 August 2012 |publisher=Caribbeanbusinesspr.com |date=October 4, 2011 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124013232/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news03.php?nt_id=62931&amp;ct_id=1 |archivedate=November 24, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 61.16% voted for statehood, 33.34% for a sovereign free associated state, and 5.49% for independence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico votes on whether to change relationship with US, elects governor and legislators |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/puerto-rico-votes-on-whether-to-change-relationship-with-us-elects-governor-and-legislators/2012/11/06/d87278ae-288b-11e2-aaa5-ac786110c486_story.html |agency=Associated Press |accessdate=November 6, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/ |archivedate=January 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were also 515,348 blank and invalidated ballots, which are not reflected in the final tally, as they are not considered cast votes under Puerto Rico law.&lt;ref name=&quot;oslpr.org&quot;/&gt; On December 11, 2012, Puerto Rico's Legislature passed a concurrent resolution to request to the president and the U.S. Congress action on November 6, 2012, plebiscite results.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.puertoricoreport.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/2012-concurrent-resolution.pdf ''The Senate and the House of Representative of Puerto Rico: Concurrent Resolution.''] Retrieved December 16, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; But on April 10, 2013, with the issue still being widely debated, the White House announced that it will seek $2.5&amp;nbsp;million to hold another referendum, this next one being the first Puerto Rican status referendum to be financed by the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. Federal government]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ap_referendum&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Danica |last=Coto |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/us-seeks-fund-new-puerto-rico-status-plebiscite |title=US Seeks to Fund New Puerto Rico Status Plebiscite |work=Associated Press |date=April 11, 2013 |accessdate=May 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2015, the U.S. government submitted a brief as [[Amicus Curiae]] to the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] related to the case ''[[Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle]]''. The U.S. government official position is that the U.S. Constitution does not contemplate &quot;sovereign territories&quot;. That the Court has consistently recognized that &quot;there is no sovereignty in a Territory of the United States but that of the United States itself&quot;. and a U.S. territory has &quot;no independent sovereignty comparable to that of a state. That is because &quot;the Government of a territory owes its existence wholly to the United States&quot;. Congress's plenary authority over federal territories includes the authority to permit self-government, whereby local officials administer a territory's internal affairs.&lt;ref name=Valle&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/12/US-amicus-brief-in-Valle-15-108.pdf |title=Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Petitioner v. Luis M. Sanchez Valle, et al |website=Scotusblog.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;  On June 9, 2016, the court ruled by a 6–2 majority that Puerto Rico is a territory and thus lacks sovereignty.&lt;ref name=Valle/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Puerto Rico v. Sanchez Valle (slip opinion) |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/15-108_k4mp.pdf |publisher=Supreme Court of the United States |accessdate=25 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 30, 2016, the President signed a new law approved by [[U.S. Congress]], H.R. 5278: PROMESA, establishing a Control Board over the Puerto Rico government. This board will have a significant degree of federal control involved in its establishment and operations.  In particular, the authority to establish the control board derives from the federal government's constitutional power to &quot;make all needful rules and regulations&quot; regarding U.S. territories; The president would appoint all seven voting members of the board; and the board would have broad sovereign powers to effectively overrule decisions by Puerto Rico's legislature, governor, and other public authorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa |title=H.R. 5278, Puerto Rico Oversight, Management and Economic Stability Act of 2016 (PROMESA) |date=June 6, 2016 |website=Policy.house.gov |accessdate=July 14, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160819125905/https://policy.house.gov/legislative/bills/hr-5278-puerto-rico-oversight-management-and-economic-stability-act-2016-promesa |archive-date=August 19, 2016 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---moved from below. probably needs to be integrated in the above---&gt;

===Hurricanes Irma and Maria===
[[File:Buildings damaged (23538370818).jpg|thumb|A neighborhood in Puerto Rico heavily damaged by the storm]]

In September 2017, the island was hit by two major hurricanes: [[Hurricane Irma|Irma]] and [[Hurricane Maria|Maria]]. Hurricane Irma hit the island on September 6 as a [[category 5 hurricane]] with maximum sustained winds of {{cvt|180|mph}}, and was the most powerful hurricane to hit the island in recorded history. The heart of the storm stayed off-shore, but the northeast of Puerto Rico, including [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], saw catastrophic damage. Nearly half of the island lost power, and the already weak power grid was significantly weakened. This led to a humanitarian crisis, which was further exacerbated by [[Hurricane Maria]]'s landfall as a Category 4 storm. After the two hurricanes hit, the entire island was without power, and total casualties topped 3,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/29/us/puerto-rico-growing-death-toll/index.html|title=How Puerto Rico's death toll climbed from 64 to 2,975 in Hurricane Maria|author=Ray Sanchez|website=CNN|accessdate=June 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The recovery as of late November was slow but progress had been made. Electricity was restored to two-thirds of the island, although there was some doubt as to the number of residents getting reliable power.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Sutter |first=John D. |url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/30/health/puerto-rico-death-toll-update-quintin-vidal/index.html |title=Puerto Rico updates Hurricane Maria death toll |publisher=CNN |date=November 30, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2018, it was reported that close to 40 percent of the island's customers still did not have electricity.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Puerto Rico Governor Asks DOJ To Investigate Island's Public Power Utility|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/01/11/577439244/puerto-rico-governor-asks-doj-to-investigate-island-s-public-power-utility|website=NPR|accessdate=January 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
The vast majority had access to water but were still required to boil it. The number still living in shelters had dropped to 982 with thousands of others living with relatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cnn.com/2017/11/23/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-holidays/index.html |title=Puerto Rico: This is not how the island usually does Christmas |publisher=CNN |date=December 20, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The official death toll at the time was 58 but some sources indicated that the actual number is much higher.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnn.com&quot;/&gt; A dam on the island was close to failure and officials were concerned about additional flooding from this source.&lt;ref name=&quot;sierraclub.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sierraclub.org/compass/2017/11/puerto-rico-after-hurricane-maria |title=Puerto Rico After Hurricane Maria |publisher=Sierra Club |date=November 28, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Thousands had left Puerto Rico, with close to 200,000 having arrived in Florida alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/its-been-10-weeks-since-hurricane-maria-hit-puerto-rico-heres-where-recovery-stands|title=It's been 10 weeks since Hurricane Maria hit Puerto Rico. Here's where recovery stands – PBS NewsHour|date=November 30, 2017|publisher=Pbs.org|accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those who were then living on the mainland experienced difficulty in getting health care benefits.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://usa-today-news.com/news/displaced-puerto-ricans-face-obstacles-getting-health-care/ |title=Displaced Puerto Ricans Face Obstacles Getting Health Care |accessdate=December 3, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171204061347/https://usa-today-news.com/news/displaced-puerto-ricans-face-obstacles-getting-health-care/ |archivedate=December 4, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.salon.com/2017/12/02/displaced-puerto-ricans-face-obstacles-getting-health-care_partner/ |title=Displaced Puerto Ricans face obstacles getting health care |work=Salon.com |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A ''[[The New York Times]]'' report on November 27 said it was understandable that Puerto Ricans wanted to leave the island. &quot;Basic essentials are hard to find and electricity and other utilities are unreliable or entirely inaccessible. Much of the population has been unable to return to jobs or to school and access to health care has been severely limited.&quot;  The Center for Puerto Rican Studies at New York's [[Hunter College]] estimated that some half million people, about 14% of the population, may permanently leave by 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=RICK ROJAS|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/26/nyregion/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria.html |title=Added to the Storm's Toll, Guilt and Heartache for Puerto Ricans Who Fled – The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=November 26, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The total damage on the island was estimated as up to $95&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Creede Newton2|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/11/puerto-rico-crisis-ongoing-months-hurricane-maria-171129160235620.html |title=Puerto Rico crisis ongoing months after Hurricane Maria – News |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=November 29, 2017 |accessdate=February 20, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of November, FEMA had received over a million applications for aid and had approved about a quarter of those.  The US government had agreed in October to provide funding to rebuild and up to $4.9&amp;nbsp;billion in loans to help the island's government. FEMA had $464&amp;nbsp;million earmarked to help local governments rebuild public buildings and infrastructure. Bills for other funding were being considered in Washington but little progress had been made on those.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs.org&quot;/&gt;

A November 28, 2017 report by the [[Sierra Club]] included this comment: &quot;It will take years to rebuild Puerto Rico, not just from the worst hurricane to make landfall since 1932, but to sustainably overcome environmental injustices which made Maria's devastation even more catastrophic&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sierraclub.org&quot;/&gt;

In May 2017, the [[Natural Resources Defense Council]] reported that Puerto Rico's water system was the worst as measured by the [[Clean Water Act]]. 70% of the population drank water that violated U.S. law.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | first=Oren | last=Doreli | title=Puerto Rico's water woes raise fears of health crisis | url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2017/11/02/puerto-rico-water-woes-raise-fears-health-crisis-six-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/808672001/| newspaper=USA Today | location=New York City | pages= 1A, 2A | date=November 3, 2017 | accessdate=November 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Rebuilding efforts====
A tourism web site report in March 2018 indicated that all airports were operating, although [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] would not be back to handling the full number of flights until July 2018. Some 90% of the island was receiving electricity, although the power structure would require another $17.6&amp;nbsp;billion for full rebuilding, according to the [[United States Department of Energy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/nation/puerto-ricos-recovery-7-months-after-hurricane-maria|title=Puerto Rico's recovery, 7 months after Hurricane Maria|website=PBS NewsHour}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Nearly all residents had access to telecommunications service and running water. All hospitals were operating. Some 83% of hotel rooms were available for use and the cruise ship port was receiving ships; 58 arrived in San Juan in February. The island was encouraging operators to increase the number of tourists.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Caribbean-islands-affected-by-hurricanes-mapped|title=Updated: Mapping what's open and closed in the Caribbean: Travel Weekly|website=www.travelweekly.com|access-date=April 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429015912/http://www.travelweekly.com/Caribbean-Travel/Caribbean-islands-affected-by-hurricanes-mapped|archive-date=April 29, 2018|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Reports in April 2018 stated that Puerto Rico will receive $18.5&amp;nbsp;billion from the [[United States Department of Housing and Urban Development]] to help rebuild homes and infrastructure. This was substantially less than the $46&amp;nbsp;billion requested by the governor. However, the island was expecting to receive approximately $50&amp;nbsp;billion for disaster relief over the subsequent six years mostly via the [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/puerto-rico-crisis/hud-announces-puerto-rico-funding-rebuild-hurricane-damaged-housing-infrastructure-n864961|title=Puerto Rico to get HUD funding to rebuild hurricane-damaged housing, infrastructure|website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt; FEMA also has granted Puerto Rico a grant of $79&amp;nbsp;million in order to update [[building code]] and construction code as well as increasing the number of compliance officers for permitting from 11 to 200.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fema.gov/news-release/2019/01/02/new-building-codes-support-puerto-rico-building-back-stronger|title=New Building Codes Support Puerto Rico in Building Back Stronger {{!}} FEMA.gov|website=www.fema.gov|access-date=2019-12-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, nearly 2800 families were living in FEMA-sponsored short-term housing across 34 states and Puerto Rico. Nearly half of the schools are operating at only 60% classroom capacity. Over 280 public schools would not reopen in the fall; 827 were expected to be operational. Almost 40,000 students left the island's schools since May 2017; some of these were in schools in the mainland U.S. (Before the hurricanes, Puerto Rico had planned to close 179 schools due to inadequate numbers of students.)&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;

Rebuilding efforts in Puerto Rico were set back again by an [[earthquake swarm]] beginning in December 2019 and continuing into 2020. The earthquakes have caused structural damage across Puerto Rico including  collapsing resident homes and historical landmarks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://temblor.net/earthquake-insights/puerto-ricos-winter-2019-2020-seismic-sequence-leaves-the-island-on-edge-10321/|title=Puerto Rico's Seismic Sequence Leaves the Island On Edge {{!}} Temblor.net|last=Inc|first=Temblor|date=2020-01-08|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Death toll====
The official number of Hurricane Maria-related deaths as reported by the government of Puerto Rico was 64. The Commonwealth commissioned [[George Washington University]] to assess the death toll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/05/29/us/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-death-toll/index.html|title=Hurricane Maria death toll may be more than 4,600 in Puerto Rico|last1=Sutter|first1=John D.|last2=Santiago|first2=Leyla|date=May 29, 2018|work=CNN|accessdate=June 2, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An academic study based on household surveys and reported in the [[New England Journal of Medicine]]&amp;nbsp;estimated that the number of hurricane-related deaths during the period September 20, 2017 to December 31, 2017 was around 4,600 (range 793–8,498)&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Kishore|first=Nishant|display-authors=etal|date=May 29, 2018|title=Mortality in Puerto Rico after Hurricane Maria|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=379|issue=2|pages=162–170|language=en|doi=10.1056/nejmsa1803972|pmid=29809109|issn=0028-4793|url=https://dash.harvard.edu/bitstream/1/37309252/1/nejmsa1803972.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 28, Governor Rosselló acknowledged the results of the George Washington University study and revised the island's official death toll to 2,975&amp;nbsp;people. Rosselló described the effects of the hurricane as &quot;unprecedented devastation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN_Aug2818&quot;&gt;{{cite news|first1=Leyla|last1=Santiago|first2=Catherine E.|last2=Shoichet|first3=Jason|last3=Kravarik|publisher=CNN|date=August 28, 2018|accessdate=August 28, 2018|title=Puerto Rico's new Hurricane Maria death toll is 46 times higher than the government's previous count|url=https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/28/health/puerto-rico-gw-report-excess-deaths/index.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828202406/https://www.cnn.com/2018/08/28/health/puerto-rico-gw-report-excess-deaths/index.html|archive-date=August 28, 2018|url-status=live|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hurricane Dorian===
[[Hurricane Dorian]] was the third hurricane in three years to hit Puerto Rico. The recovering infrastructure from the 2017 hurricanes, as well as new governor [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]], were put to the test against a potential humanitarian crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://triblive.com/local/pittsburgh-allegheny/pittsburgh-army-corps-teams-in-puerto-rico-florida-ahead-of-dorian-arrival/|title=Pittsburgh Army Corps teams in Puerto Rico, Florida ahead of Dorian's mainland arrival &amp;#124; TribLIVE.com|website=triblive.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/latino/puerto-rico-dorian-s-bullseye-three-things-know-island-braces-n1047196|title=Puerto Rico is in Dorian's bull's-eye: Three things to know as island braces for the storm|website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Environment==
{{Main|Geography of Puerto Rico|Geology of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Rico (1).png|thumb|upright=2.5]]
Puerto Rico consists of the main island of Puerto Rico and various smaller islands, including [[Vieques, Puerto Rico|Vieques]], [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], [[Mona, Puerto Rico|Mona]], [[Desecheo Island|Desecheo]], and [[Caja de Muertos, Puerto Rico|Caja de Muertos]]. Of these five, only Culebra and Vieques are inhabited year-round. Mona, which has played a key role in maritime history, is uninhabited most of the year except for employees of the [[Department of Natural and Environmental Resources (Puerto Rico)|Puerto Rico Department of Natural Resources]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Ciencia y economía del guano: La isla mona en puerto rico, siglo XIX |author1=Cortés Zavala |author2=María Teresa |author3=José Alfredo Uribe Salas |last-author-amp=yes |journal=Memorias: Revista Digital de Historia y Arqueología Desde el Caribe |year=2014 |volume=11 |issue=22 |pages=81–106 |doi=10.14482/memor.22.5948|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; There are many other even smaller [[islets]], like [[Monito Island|Monito]], which is near to Mona,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://drive.google.com/open?id=0B_q6VhhkczIYV3NTbkNYMmpIWk0 |title=Marine Managed Areas and Associated Fisheries in the US Caribbean |author=Schärer-Umpierre, Michelle T. |journal=Marine Managed Areas and Fisheries |year=2014 |page=140|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Isla de Cabras]] and [[Isleta de San Juan|La Isleta de San Juan]], both located on the [[San Juan Bay]]. The latter is the only inhabited islet with communities like [[Old San Juan]] and [[Puerta de Tierra]], and connected to the main island by bridges.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=La ciudad contemporanea, una polis sin politica? |author=Helmer, Etienne |journal=Boletin Cientifico Sapiens Research |year=2011 |volume=1 |issue=2 |page=88}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Edenes insostenibles: El campo de la ciudad en la intentona cultural de los cincuenta |author=Esterrich, Carmelo |journal=CENTRO: Journal of the Center for Puerto Rican Studies |year=2009 |volume=21 |issue=1 |page=180}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Commonwealth of Puerto Rico has an area of {{convert|5320|sqmi|km2|sp=us}}, of which {{convert|3420|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is land and {{convert|1900|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} is water.&lt;ref name=ciafactbook&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook – Puerto Rico#Geography |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html#Geo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rico is larger than Delaware and Rhode Island. The maximum length of the main island from east to west is {{convert|110|mi|km|abbr=on}}, and the maximum width from north to south is {{convert|40|mi|km|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=topuertorico.com&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/descrip.shtml |title=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |publisher=topuertorico.org |accessdate=December 30, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rico is the smallest of the Greater Antilles. It is 80% of the size of [[Jamaica]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook – Jamaica |publisher=[[CIA]] |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archive-date=24 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224150649/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/jm.html#Geo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; just over 18% of the size of [[Hispaniola]] and 8% of the size of Cuba, the largest of the Greater Antilles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#Geo |title=The World Factbook – Cuba |publisher=CIA |accessdate=April 24, 2008 |archive-date=10 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160210152814/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/cu.html#Geo |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The island is mostly mountainous with large coastal areas in the north and south. The main mountain range is called &quot;[[Cordillera Central (Puerto Rico)|La Cordillera Central]]&quot; (The Central Range). The highest elevation in Puerto Rico, [[Cerro de Punta]] {{convert|4390|ft|m}},&lt;ref name=&quot;ciafactbook&quot;/&gt; is located in this range.

Another important peak is [[El Yunque, Puerto Rico|El Yunque]], one of the highest in the ''Sierra de Luquillo'' at the [[El Yunque National Forest]], with an elevation of {{convert|3494|ft|m|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html |title=Caribbean National Forest – El Yunque Trail # 15 |publisher=GORP.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100818050917/http://www.gorp.com/parks-guide/travel-ta-caribbean-national-forest-hiking-fishing-puerto-rico-sidwcmdev_066593.html |archivedate=August 18, 2010 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Patillas Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|The coast at Patillas, Puerto Rico]]

Puerto Rico has 17 lakes, all man-made, and more than [[List of Puerto Rico rivers|50 rivers]], most originating in the Cordillera Central.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm |title=Los Lagos de Puerto Rico |accessdate=June 29, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20041225032628/http://www.gobierno.pr/DRNA/ReservasNaturales/LagosRiosLagunas/Lagos/Lagos_I.htm |archivedate=December 25, 2004 |df=}} (archived from on June 29, 2007). {{in lang|es}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rivers in the northern region of the island are typically longer and of higher [[Volumetric flow rate|water flow rates]] than those of the south, since the south receives less rain than the central and northern regions.

Puerto Rico is composed of [[Cretaceous]] to [[Eocene]] [[volcanic]] and [[plutonic]] rocks, overlain by younger [[Oligocene]] and more recent [[carbonate]]s and other [[sedimentary rocks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064 |title=Late Cretaceous Siliceous Sponges From El Rayo Formation, Puerto Rico |author1=Andrzej Pisera |author2=Michael Martínez |author3=Hernan Santos |publisher=[[Journal of Paleontology]] |date=May 2006 |accessdate=May 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105065534/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3790/is_200605/ai_n17177064 |archivedate=January 5, 2009 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of the [[caverns]] and [[karst]] topography on the island occurs in the northern region in the carbonates. The oldest rocks are approximately {{Nowrap|190 million}} years old ([[Jurassic]]) and are located at Sierra Bermeja in the southwest part of the island. They may represent part of the [[oceanic crust]] and are believed to come from the Pacific Ocean realm.

Puerto Rico lies at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American [[plate tectonics|plates]] and is being deformed by the [[tectonics|tectonic]] stresses caused by their interaction. These stresses may cause [[earthquakes]] and [[tsunami]]s. These [[seismic]] events, along with [[landslide]]s, represent some of the most dangerous [[geologic hazards]] in the island and in the northeastern Caribbean.

The [[1918 San Fermín earthquake]] occurred on {{Nowrap|October 11}}, 1918, and had an estimated magnitude of 7.5 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]].&lt;ref name=&quot;1918 quake&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php |title=Earthquake History of Puerto Rico |publisher=U.S. Geological Survey |accessdate=September 11, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070714105156/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/world/puerto_rico/puerto_rico_history.php |archivedate=July 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; It originated off the coast of [[Aguadilla]], several kilometers off the northern coast, and was accompanied by a [[tsunami]]. It caused extensive property damage and widespread losses, damaging infrastructure, especially bridges. It resulted in an estimated 116 deaths and $4&amp;nbsp;million in property damage. The failure of the government to move rapidly to provide for the general welfare contributed to political activism by opponents and eventually to the rise of the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]].

On January 7, 2020, the country experienced [[2019–20 Puerto Rico earthquakes|its second largest earthquake]], estimated at a 6.4 on the [[Richter magnitude scale|Richter scale]]. Its estimated economic loss is more than $100&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/us/live-news/puerto-rico-earthquake-01-07-2020/index.html |title=Live updates: Puerto Rico earthquake |publisher=Cnn.com |date=2020-01-07 |accessdate=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/06/us/puerto-rico-earthquake.html|title=Earthquake Strikes Puerto Rico, Toppling a Well-Known Natural Wonder|publisher=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Puerto Rico Trench]], the largest and deepest trench in the Atlantic, is located about {{convert|71|mi|km|abbr=on}} north of Puerto Rico at the boundary between the Caribbean and North American plates.&lt;ref name=&quot;trench&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=Uri ten Brink |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html |title=Explorations: Puerto Rico Trench 2003 – Cruise Summary and Results |publisher=National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration |accessdate=November 20, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is {{convert|170|mi|km|abbr=on}} long.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://oceanexplorer.noaa.gov/explorations/03trench/welcome.html |title=NOAA Ocean Explorer: Puerto Rico Trench |publisher=Oceanexplorer.noaa.gov |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; At its deepest point, named the [[Milwaukee Deep]], it is almost {{convert|27600|ft|m|abbr=on}} deep.&lt;ref name=&quot;trench&quot;/&gt;

===Climate===
[[File:STS034-76-88.jpg|thumb|right|upright|Puerto Rico seen from [[space]] ([[STS-34]] mission)]]
{{Main|Climate of Puerto Rico}}
The climate of Puerto Rico in the Köppen climate classification is [[tropical rainforest]]. Temperatures are warm to hot year round, averaging near 85&amp;nbsp;°F (29&amp;nbsp;°C) in lower elevations and 70&amp;nbsp;°F (21&amp;nbsp;°C) in the mountains. Easterly trade winds pass across the island year round. Puerto Rico has a rainy season which stretches from April into November. The mountains of the Cordillera Central are the main cause of the variations in the temperature and rainfall that occur over very short distances. The mountains can also cause wide variation in local wind speed and direction due to their sheltering and channeling effects adding to the climatic variation.

The island has an average temperature of {{convert|82.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} throughout the year, with an average minimum temperature of {{convert|66.9|°F|°C|sigfig=2}} and maximum of {{convert|85.4|°F|°C|sigfig=2}}. Daily temperature changes seasonally are quite small in the lowlands and coastal areas. The temperature in the south is usually a few degrees higher than those in the north and temperatures in the central interior mountains are always cooler than those on the rest of the island.

Between the dry and wet season, there is a temperature change of around {{convert|6|F-change|1}}. This change is due mainly to the warm waters of the tropical [[Atlantic Ocean]], which significantly modify cooler air moving in from the north and northwest. Coastal waters temperatures around the years are about {{convert|75|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in February to {{convert|85|°F|°C|abbr=on}} in August. The highest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|99|F}} at [[Arecibo, Puerto Rico|Arecibo]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.sercc.com/cgi-bin/sercc/cliMAIN.pl?pr0410 |title=ARECIBO 3 ESE, PUERTO RICO – Climate Summary |publisher=Sercc.com |accessdate=January 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; while the lowest temperature ever recorded was {{convert|40|F}} in the mountains at [[Adjuntas, Puerto Rico|Adjuntas]], [[Aibonito, Puerto Rico|Aibonito]], and [[Corozal, Puerto Rico|Corozal]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NOAA-PR&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results |title=NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data |publisher=[[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] |accessdate=October 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111009161414/http://nowdata.rcc-acis.org/SJU/pubACIS_results |archivedate=October 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The average yearly precipitation is {{convert|66|in|0|abbr=on}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Daly2003&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Daly |first1=Christopher |last2=Helmer |first2=Eileen H. |last3=Quiñonez |first3=Maya |year=2003 |title=Mapping the Climate of Puerto Rico, Vieques and Culebra |url= |journal=International Journal of Climatology |volume=23 |issue=11 |pages=1359–81 |doi=10.1002/joc.937 |bibcode=2003IJCli..23.1359D}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{clear}}

{{Weather box
| location = [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]]
| single line= yes
&lt;!-- Average high temperatures --&gt;
|Jan high F= 83
|Feb high F= 84
|Mar high F= 85
|Apr high F= 86
|May high F= 88
|Jun high F= 89
|Jul high F= 89
|Aug high F=89
|Sep high F=89
|Oct high F=89
|Nov high F=86
|Dec high F=84
|year high F=87
&lt;!-- Average low temperatures --&gt;
|Jan low F=72
|Feb low F=72
|Mar low F=73
|Apr low F=74
|May low F=76
|Jun low F=78
|Jul low F=78
|Aug low F=78
|Sep low F=78
|Oct low F=77
|Nov low F=75
|Dec low F=73
|year low F=75
&lt;!-- Rainfall --&gt;
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain inch =3.76
|Feb rain inch =2.47
|Mar rain inch =1.95
|Apr rain inch =4.68
|May rain inch =5.90
|Jun rain inch =4.41
|Jul rain inch =5.07
|Aug rain inch =5.46
|Sep rain inch =5.77
|Oct rain inch =5.59
|Nov rain inch =6.35
|Dec rain inch =5.02
&lt;!-- Average number of rainy days --&gt;
|Jan rain days=17
|Feb rain days=13
|Mar rain days=12
|Apr rain days=13
|May rain days=17
|Jun rain days=15
|Jul rain days=19
|Aug rain days=18
|Sep rain days=17
|Oct rain days=17
|Nov rain days=18
|Dec rain days=19
|year rain days=196
&lt;!-- Average daily % humidity --&gt;
|Jan humidity=78.0
|Feb humidity=75.5
|Mar humidity=73.9
|Apr humidity=75.0
|May humidity=77.2
|Jun humidity=77.0
|Jul humidity=78.0
|Aug humidity=77.6
|Sep humidity=77.7
|Oct humidity=78.2
|Nov humidity=78.6
|Dec humidity=78.3
|year humidity=77.1
&lt;!-- Average daily sunshine hours. Use either the monthly or daily sunshine (depending on the source) but not both. --&gt;
|Jand sun=8
|Febd sun= 8
|Mard sun=9
|Aprd sun=9
|Mayd sun=8
|Jund sun=9
|Juld sun=9
|Augd sun=9
|Sepd sun=9
|Octd sun=9
|Novd sun=8
|Decd sun=8
|yeard sun=8.6
| source = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.weather.com/weather/wxclimatology/monthly/graph/USPR0087 |title=Average Weather for San Juan, PR |publisher=[[The Weather Channel]] |accessdate=March 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
{{clear}}
Puerto Rico experiences the [[Atlantic hurricane season]], similar to the remainder of the Caribbean Sea and North Atlantic oceans. On average, a quarter of its annual rainfall is contributed from tropical cyclones, which are more prevalent during periods of La Niña than [[El Niño]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Rodgers |first1=Edward B. |last2=Adler |first2=Robert F. |last3=Pierce |first3=Harold F. |title=Contribution of Tropical Cyclones to the North Atlantic Climatological Rainfall as Observed from Satellites |journal=Journal of Applied Meteorology |date=November 2001 |volume=40 |issue=11 |pages=1785–1800 |doi=10.1175/1520-0450(2001)040&lt;1785:COTCTT&gt;2.0.CO;2|bibcode=2001JApMe..40.1785R |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; A cyclone of tropical storm strength passes near Puerto Rico, on average, every five years. A hurricane passes in the vicinity of the island, on average, every seven years.  Since 1851, the [[1928 Okeechobee Hurricane|Lake Okeechobee Hurricane]] (also known as the San Felipe Segundo hurricane in Puerto Rico) of September 1928 is the only hurricane to make landfall as a Category 5 hurricane.&lt;ref&gt;Aurelio Mercado and Harry Justiniano. [http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/ Coastal Hazards of Puerto Rico.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006134919/http://coastalhazards.uprm.edu/ |date=October 6, 2011 }} Retrieved on January 23, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

In the busy [[2017 Atlantic hurricane season]], Puerto Rico avoided a direct hit by the Category 5 [[Hurricane Irma]] on September 6, 2017, as it passed about {{cvt|60|mi}} north of Puerto Rico, but high winds caused a loss of electrical power to some one million residents. Almost 50% of hospitals were operating with power provided by generators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/damage-hurricane-irma-caribbean-49703893 |title=A look at the damage from Hurricane Irma in the Caribbean |website=ABC News |publisher=ABC News |language=en |access-date=September 20, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170910132716/http://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/damage-hurricane-irma-caribbean-49703893 |archivedate=September 10, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Category 4 [[Hurricane Jose (2017)|Hurricane Jose]], as expected, veered away from Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ketv.com/article/katia-strengthens-jose-maintains-wind-speed-in-the-atlantic/12197516 |title=Jose remains dangerous Category 4 hurricane |last= |first= |date=September 9, 2017 |website=KETV |language=en |access-date=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A short time later, the devastating [[Hurricane Maria]] made landfall on Puerto Rico on Wednesday, September 20, near the [[Yabucoa]] municipality at 10:15&amp;nbsp;UTC (6:15&amp;nbsp;am local time) as a high-end Category&amp;nbsp;4 hurricane with sustained winds of 155&amp;nbsp;mph (250&amp;nbsp;km/h), powerful rains and widespread flooding causing tremendous destruction, including the electrical grid, which would remain out for 4–6 months in many portions of the island.&lt;ref name=&quot;MariaDisc18&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/archive/2017/al15/al152017.discus.018.shtml |title=Hurricane Maria |last=Berg |first=Robbie |date=September 20, 2017 |publisher=National Hurricane Center |access-date=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/weather/hurricane-maria-makes-landfall-puerto-rico-category-4-storm-n802911|title=Hurricane Maria cuts all electricity as it crushes Puerto Rico|website=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2017/9/23/16354564/puerto-rico-hurricane-maria-electricity-relief-dam-breaking |title=The entire island of Puerto Rico may be without electricity for months |date=September 23, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Biodiversity===
{{main|Fauna of Puerto Rico|Flora of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Common Coquí.jpg|thumb|right|alt=In this image there is a brown coquí. The species resembles a small frog.|Common Coquí]]

Species [[endemic (ecology)|endemic]] to the archipelago number 239 plants, 16 birds and 39 [[amphibian]]s/[[reptile]]s, recognized as of 1998. Most of these (234, 12 and 33 respectively) are found on the main island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://islands.unep.ch/ISV.htm#459 |title=Island Directory |publisher=Islands.unep.ch |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The most recognizable endemic species and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the ''[[coquí]]'', a small frog easily identified by the sound of its call, from which it gets its name. Most ''coquí'' species (13 of 17) live in the [[El Yunque National Forest]],{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} a [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical rainforest]] in the northeast of the island previously known as the Caribbean National Forest. El Yunque is home to more than 240 plants, 26 of which are endemic to the island. It is also home to 50 bird species, including the critically endangered [[Puerto Rican amazon]].

Across the island in the southwest, the {{convert|15|sqmi|km2|abbr=on}} of dry land at the Guánica Commonwealth Forest Reserve contain over 600 uncommon species of plants and animals, including 48 endangered species and 16 endemic to Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146 |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=Scholastic.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100601022607/http://www2.scholastic.com/browse/article.jsp?id=5146 |archivedate=June 1, 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Rico has three bioluminescent bays: rare bodies of water occupied by microscopic marine organisms that glow when touched.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/bioluminescent-bay-puerto-rico-unique-places-around-the-world.html Bioluminescent Bay, Puerto Rico - Unique Places around the World - WorldAtlas.com&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;]&lt;/ref&gt;{{better source|date=February 2020}} However, tourism, pollution, and hurricanes have threatened the organisms.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Yancey-Bragg|first=N'dea|title=After Hurricane Maria, Puerto Rico's rare bioluminescent bays may go dark|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/09/22/after-hurricane-maria-puerto-ricos-rare-bioluminescent-bays-may-go-dark/694833001/|access-date=2020-06-29|website=USA TODAY|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Demographics==
{{Main|Demographics of Puerto Rico|Cultural diversity in Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Population Density, PR, 2000 (sample).jpg|thumb|Population density, Census 2000]]
The population of Puerto Rico has been shaped by initial [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Amerindian settlement]], [[Spanish Empire|European colonization]], [[slavery]], economic migration, and Puerto Rico's status as unincorporated territory of the United States.

===Population makeup===
{{main|Puerto Rican people}}
{{Historical populations
|1765 |44,883
|1775 |70,250
|1800 |155,426
|1815 |220,892
|1832 |350,051
|1846 |447,914
|1860 |583,308
|1877 |731,648
|1887 |798,565
|1899 |953,243
|1910 |1,118,012
|1920 |1,299,809
|1930 |1,543,913
|1940 |1,869,255
|1950 |2,210,703
|1960 |2,349,544
|1970 |2,712,033
|1980 |3,196,520
|1990 |3,522,037
|2000 |3,808,610
|2010 |3,725,789
|2019 |3,193,694
|align-fn=center
|footnote=1765–2010&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://welcome.topuertorico.org/reference/pophistory.shtml |title=Population History, 1765–2010 |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |accessdate=September 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;2019 Estimate&lt;ref name=&quot;PopEstUS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/pr,US/PST045218|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico; UNITED STATES|format=|website=2019 Population Estimates|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division|date=February 26, 2019|accessdate=February 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

The estimated population of Puerto Rico as of July 1, 2019 was 3,193,694, a 14.28% decrease since the [[2010 United States Census]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PopEstUS&quot;/&gt; From 2000 to 2010, the population declined for the first time in census history for Puerto Rico, from 3,808,610 to 3,725,789.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wall&quot;&gt;[http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html &quot;Wall Street eyes PR population loss&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105165520/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/news/wall-street-eyes-pr-population-loss-79553.html |date=November 5, 2013 }}, ''Caribbean Business'', December 14, 2012, accessed December 14, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

Continuous European immigration and high [[natural increase]] helped the population of Puerto Rico grow from 155,426 in 1800 to almost a million by the close of the 19th century. A census conducted by royal decree on September 30, 1858, gave the following totals of the Puerto Rican population at that time: 341,015 were [[free people of color|free colored]]; 300,430 identified as [[White people|Whites]]; and 41,736 were [[slaves]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Van Middeldyk |first=R.A |title=The History of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico.html |accessdate=May 29, 2008 |chapter=Part 4 |chapterurl=http://www.fullbooks.com/The-History-of-Puerto-Rico4.html |isbn=978-0-405-06241-4|year=1975 }}&lt;/ref&gt;  A census in 1887 found a population of around 800,000, of which 320,000 were black.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trove&quot;&gt;{{cite news| title=PUERTO RICO |newspaper= Kalgoorlie Western Argus (WA : 1896 - 1916)|date= 28 April 1898 | url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article32192140 | access-date=29 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 19th century, hundreds of families arrived in Puerto Rico, primarily from the [[Canary Islands]] and [[Andalusia]], but also from other parts of Spain such as [[Catalonia]], [[Asturias]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]] and numerous Spanish loyalists from Spain's former colonies in South America. Settlers from outside Spain also arrived in the islands, including from [[Corsica]], [[France]], [[Lebanon]], [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|China]], [[Portugal]], [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Ireland]], [[Scotland]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|Germany]] and [[Italian people|Italy]]. This immigration from non-Hispanic countries was the result of the ''Real Cedula de Gracias de 1815'' (&quot;[[Royal Decree of Graces of 1815]]&quot;), which allowed European Catholics to settle in the island with land allotments in the interior of the island, provided they paid taxes and continued to support the Catholic Church.
{{bar box
|title=Racial and Ethnic Composition in Puerto Rico (2010 Census)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/BZA010212/72/embed/accessible |title=Quick Facts |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2016 |website=US Census |publisher=Department of Commerce |access-date=February 21, 2017 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170206171312/http://www.census.gov/quickfacts/table/BZA010212/72/embed/accessible |archivedate=February 6, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|title bar=#fff
|left1=Ethnicity
|float=left
|bars=
{{bar percent|[[White Puerto Rican|White]]|Blue|75.8}}
{{bar percent|[[Black history in Puerto Rico|Black or African American]]|Black|12.4}}
{{bar percent|[[Asian people|Asian]]|yellow|0.2}}
{{bar percent|[[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]|green|3.3}}
{{bar percent|[[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]|red|0.5}}
{{bar percent|[[Pacific Islander American|Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander]]|orange|0.1}}
{{bar percent|Other races|#9999FF|7.8}}
}}

Between 1960 and 1990 the census questionnaire in Puerto Rico did not ask about race or ethnicity. The [[2000 United States Census]] included a racial self-identification question in Puerto Rico. According to the census, most Puerto Ricans identified as White and Hispanic; few identified as Black or some other race.

====Population genetics====
A group of researchers from Puerto Rican universities conducted a study of [[mitochondrial DNA]] that revealed that the modern population of Puerto Rico has a high genetic component of Taíno and [[Guanches|Guanche]] (especially of the island of Tenerife).&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100206133647/http://lacomunidad.elpais.com/amazonasfilm/2009/7/12/un-estudio-del-genoma-taino-y-guanche-adn-o-dna-primera-parte Estudio del genoma Taíno y Guanche]&lt;/ref&gt;
Other studies show Amerindian ancestry in addition to the Taíno.&lt;ref name=&quot;native&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal |doi=10.1353/hub.2001.0056 |last1=Martínez-Cruzado |first1=J. C. |last2=Toro-Labrador |first2=G. |last3=Ho-Fung |first3=V. |last4=Estévez-Montero |first4=M. A. |last5=Lobaina-Manzanet |first5=A. |last6=Padovani-Claudio |first6=D. A. |last7=Sánchez-Cruz |first7=H. |last8=Ortiz-Bermúdez |first8=P. |last9=Sánchez-Crespo |first9=A. |title=Mitochondrial DNA analysis reveals substantial Native American ancestry in Puerto Rico |journal=Human Biology |volume=73 |issue=4 |pages=491–511 |year=2001 |pmid=11512677}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Madrigal&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Lorena Madrigal |first=Madrigal |title=Human biology of Afro-Caribbean populations |publisher=Cambridge University Press, 2006 |page=121 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ddnkIaZRHxEC&amp;pg=PA121 |isbn=978-0-521-81931-2 |year=2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bonilla |year=2004 |title=Ancestral proportions and their association with skin pigmentation and bone mineral density in Puerto Rican women from New York City |url= |journal=Hum Genet |volume=115 |issue=1 |pages=57–58 |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1125-7|display-authors=etal |pmid=15118905|title-link=New York City }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Martinez-Cruzado |year=2005 |title=Reconstructing the population history of Puerto Rico by means of mtDNA phylogeographic analysis |url= |journal=Am J Phys Anthropol |volume=128 |issue=1 |pages=131–55 |pmid=15693025 |doi=10.1002/ajpa.20108|display-authors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One genetic study on the racial makeup of Puerto Ricans (including all races) found them to be roughly around 61% [[West Eurasian]]/[[North Africa]]n (overwhelmingly of Spanish provenance), 27% [[Sub-Saharan African]] and 11% [[Indigenous peoples of the Americas|Native American]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://genographic.nationalgeographic.com/reference-populations/ |journal=The Genographic Project |title=Your Regional Ancestry: Reference Populations}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another genetic study from 2007, claimed that &quot;the average genomewide individual (ie. Puerto Rican) ancestry proportions have been estimated as 66%, 18%, and 16%, for European, West African, and Native American, respectively.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Tang |first1=Hua |last2=Choudhry |first2=Shweta |last3=Mei |first3=Rui |last4=Morgan |first4=Martin |last5=Rodríguez-Clintron |first5=William |last6=González Burchard |first6=Esteban |last7=Risch |first7=Neil |title=Recent Genetic Selection in the Ancestral Admixture of Puerto Ricans |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |date=August 1, 2007 |volume=81 |issue=3 |pages=626–633 |doi=10.1086/520769 |pmid=17701908 |pmc=1950843}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another study estimates 63.7% European, 21.2% (Sub-Saharan) African, and 15.2% Native American; European ancestry is more prevalent in the West and in Central Puerto Rico, African in Eastern Puerto Rico, and Native American in Northern Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Via |first1=Mark |last2=Gignoux |first2=Christopher R. |last3=Roth |first3=Lindsey |last4=Fejerman |first4=Laura |last5=Galander |first5=Joshua |last6=Choudhry |first6=Shweta |last7=Toro-Labrador |first7=Gladys |last8=Viera-Vera |first8=Jorge |last9=Oleksyk |first9=Taras K.|last10=Beckman|first10=Kenneth |last11=Ziv |first11=Elad |last12=Risch |first12=Neil |last13=González Burchard |first13=Esteban |last14=Nartínez-Cruzado |first14=Juan Carlos |title=History Shaped the Geographic Distribution of Genomic Admixture on the Island of Puerto Rico |journal=PLOS ONE |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=e16513 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016513 |pmid=21304981 |pmc=3031579 |year=2011 |bibcode=2011PLoSO...616513V}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Literacy====
A Pew Research survey indicated an adult literacy rate of 90.4% in 2012 based on data from the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.globalreligiousfutures.org/countries/puerto-rico#/?affiliations_religion_id=0&amp;affiliations_year=2010 |title=Demography – Puerto Rico |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=January 2017 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research, DC |access-date=February 18, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Life expectancy====
Puerto Rico has a life expectancy of approximately 81.0 years according to the CIA World Factbook, an improvement from 78.7 years in 2010. This means Puerto Rico has the second highest life expectancy in the United States, if territories are taken into account.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html|title=Central America :: Puerto Rico — The World Factbook - Central Intelligence Agency|website=www.cia.gov|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=8 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Immigration and emigration===
{| style=&quot;float:center;&quot; class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
| colspan=&quot;7&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center;&quot; | Racial groups
|-
! Year !! Population !! White !! Mixed (mainly biracial white European and black African ) !! Black !! Asian !! Other
|-
| 2000
| 3,808,610
| 80.5% (3 064 862)
| 11.0% (418 426)
| 8.0% (302 933)
| 0.2% (7 960)
| 0.4% (14 429)
|-
| 2010
| 3,725,789
| 75.8% ('2 824 148)
| 11.1% ('413 563)
| 12.4% ('461 998)
| 0.2% ('7 452)
| 0.6% ('22 355)
|-
| 2016
| 3,195,153
| 68.9% ('2 201 460)
|  (')
| 9.8% ('313 125)
| 0.2% ('6 390)
| 0.8% ('25 561)
|}

As of 2019, Puerto Rico was home to 100,000 permanent legal residents.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=September 30|first=Elizabeth Corpus|last2=2019|title=Migrants rebuild their lives in Puerto Rico despite challenges|url=http://www.uscannenbergmedia.com/2019/09/30/migrants-rebuild-their-lives-in-puerto-rico-despite-challenges/|access-date=2020-06-29|website=Arc Publishing|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; The vast majority of recent immigrants, both legal and illegal, come from the [[Dominican Republic immigration to Puerto Rico|Dominican Republic]] and [[Haitian diaspora|Haiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;refworld.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749cc7c.html |title=World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Puerto Rico : Dominicans |publisher=[[Minority Rights Group International]] |year=2008 |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://latinousa.org/2014/03/28/border-puerto-ricos-seas/ |title=The Other Border: Puerto Rico's Seas |work=Latino USA|date=March 28, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120114122818/http://www.hispanicmarketinfo.com/2011/12/23/census-2010-puerto-rico-dominicans-and-other-immigrants-a-growing-population/|date=January 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Portadilla de Revista&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt; |access-date=January 17, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013730/http://www.havenscenter.org/files/Dominican%20Migration%20to%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/haitian-immigrants-puerto-rico-_n_3225298.html |title=Haiti Immigrants Using Puerto Rico As Gateway To U.S. In New Migrant Route |date=May 6, 2013 |work=The Huffington Post |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150724054450/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/05/06/haitian-immigrants-puerto-rico-_n_3225298.html |archivedate=July 24, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other major sources of recent immigrants include [[Cuba]], [[Mexico]], [[Colombia]], [[Panama]], [[Jamaica]], [[Venezuela]], [[Spain]], and [[Nigeria]].&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder.census.gov&quot;&gt;[https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&amp;prodType=table PLACE OF BIRTH FOR THE FOREIGN-BORN POPULATION IN PUERTO RICO] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20200214061315/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_14_5YR_B05006PR&amp;prodType=table |date=14 February 2020 }} Universe: Foreign-born population in Puerto Rico excluding population born at sea. 2010–2014 American Community Survey 5-Year Estimates&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.insightcrime.org/news-briefs/dominican-people-smugglers-trafficked-cubans-to-puerto-rico |title=Dominican People Smugglers Trafficked Cubans to Puerto Rico |author=James Bargent |date=March 27, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are many non-Puerto Rican U.S. citizens settling in Puerto Rico from the mainland United States and the [[U.S. Virgin Islands]], as well as [[Nuyorican]]s (stateside Puerto Ricans) coming back.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Puerto Rico's population swap: The middle class for millionaires |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-32344131 |accessdate=June 3, 2015 |work=BBC |date=May 5, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most recent immigrants settle in and around San Juan.

[[Emigration]] is a major part of contemporary Puerto Rican history. Starting soon after [[World War&amp;nbsp;II]], poverty, cheap airfares, and promotion by the island government caused waves of Puerto Ricans to move to the United States, particularly to the [[Northeastern United States|northeastern states]] and nearby [[Florida]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&amp;prodType=table |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150227055528/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_13_1YR_S0201&amp;prodType=table |url-status=dead |archive-date=2015-02-27 |title=American FactFinder – Results |author=Data Access and Dissemination Systems (DADS) }}&lt;/ref&gt; This trend continued even as Puerto Rico's economy improved and its birth rate declined. Puerto Ricans continue to follow a pattern of &quot;[[circular migration]]&quot;, with some migrants returning to the island. In recent years, the population has declined markedly, falling nearly 1% in 2012 and an additional 1% (36,000 people) in 2013 due to a falling birthrate and emigration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=February 9, 2014 |work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The impact of hurricanes Maria and Irma, combined with the territory's worsening economy, led to its greatest population decline since the U.S. acquired the territory. 

According to the 2010 Census, the number of Puerto Ricans living in the United States outside of Puerto Rico far exceeds those living in Puerto Rico. Emigration exceeds immigration. As those who leave tend to be better educated than those who remain, this accentuates the drain on Puerto Rico's economy.

Based on the July 1, 2019 estimate by the U.S. Census Bureau, the population of the Commonwealth had declined by 532,095 people since the 2010 Census data had been tabulated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/pr|last= |first=|date=|title=QuickFacts Puerto Rico
|work=[[United States Census Bureau]]|accessdate=April 20, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Population distribution===
The most populous city is the capital, [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]], with 318,441 people based on a 2019 estimate by the Census Bureau.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov |title=Quick Facts – San Juan |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2015 |website=US Census |publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce |access-date=February 18, 2017 |quote=2015 ACS 5-Year Population Estimate }}&lt;/ref&gt; Other major cities include [[Bayamón, Puerto Rico|Bayamón]], [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]], and [[Caguas, Puerto Rico|Caguas]]. Of the ten most populous cities on the island, eight are located within what is considered [[San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area|San Juan's metropolitan area]], while the other two are located in the south ([[Ponce metropolitan area|Ponce]]) and west ([[Mayagüez metropolitan area|Mayagüez]]) of the island.
{{clear}}

{{Largest cities
|name        = :Puerto Rico
|country     = Puerto Rico
|stat_ref    = 2010 Census&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://electionspuertorico.org/referencia/censo2010/|title=Población de Puerto Rico por Municipios 2010 y 2000|work=Elections Puerto Rico|accessdate=October 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|list_by_pop = List of cities in Puerto Rico
|div_name    = Metropolitan Statistical Area
|div_link    = Metropolitan Statistical Area&lt;!-- the template will automatically create a link for &quot;div_name of country&quot; (e.g. Provinces of Chile), if this doesn't work you can use this field --&gt;
|city_1 = San Juan, Puerto Rico{{!}}San Juan | div_1 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_1 = 395,326 | img_1 = Puerto Rico 07.jpg
|city_2 = Bayamón | div_2 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_2 = 208,116 | img_2 = Bayamon Puerto Rico aerial view.jpg
| city_3 = Carolina, Puerto Rico{{!}}Carolina | div_3 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_3 = 176,762 | img_3 = Islaverdeskyline.jpg
| city_4 = Ponce, Puerto Rico{{!}}Ponce | div_4 = Ponce metropolitan area{{!}}Ponce | pop_4 = 166,327 | img_4 = Partial view of the City of Ponce, looking SSW from Cerro El Vigía, Barrio Portugués Urbano, Ponce, Puerto Rico.jpg
| city_5 = Caguas | div_5 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_5 = 142,893
| city_6 = Guaynabo | div_6 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_6 = 97,924
| city_7 = Arecibo | div_7 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_7 = 96,440
| city_8 = Toa Baja | div_8 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_8 = 89,609
| city_9 = Mayagüez | div_9 = Mayagüez metropolitan area{{!}}Mayagüez | pop_9 = 89,080
| city_10 = Trujillo Alto | div_10 = San Juan–Caguas–Guaynabo metropolitan area{{!}}San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo | pop_10 = 74,842
}}
{{clear}}

===Languages===
{{Main|Puerto Rican Spanish|English language in Puerto Rico}}

The [[official language]]s&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Official Language&quot;, ''Concise Oxford Companion to the English Language'', Ed. Tom McArthur, Oxford University Press, 1998.&lt;/ref&gt; of the executive branch of government of Puerto Rico&lt;ref&gt;Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior, 92 D.P.R. 596 (1965). Translation taken from the English text, 92 P.R.R. 580 (1965), pp. 588–89. See also LOPEZ-BARALT NEGRON, &quot;Pueblo v. Tribunal Superior: Espanol: Idioma del proceso judicial&quot;, 36 Revista Juridica de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. 396 (1967), and VIENTOS-GASTON, &quot;Informe del Procurador General sobre el idioma&quot;, 36 Rev. Col. Ab. (P.R.) 843 (1975).&lt;/ref&gt; are Spanish and English, with Spanish being the primary language. Spanish is, and has been, the only official language of the entire Commonwealth judiciary system, despite a 1902 English-only language law.&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426041859/http://muniz-arguelles.com/resources/The%2Bstatus%2Bof%2Blanguages%2Bin%2BPuerto%2BRico.pdf ''The Status of Languages in Puerto Rico.''] Muniz-Arguelles, Luis. University of Puerto Rico. c.&amp;nbsp;1988. Page 466. Retrieved December 4, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; However, all official business of the [[U.S. District Court]] for the District of Puerto Rico is conducted in English. English is the primary language of less than 10% of the population. Spanish is the dominant language of business, education and daily life on the island, spoken by nearly 95% of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;factfinder.census.gov2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/ADPTable?_bm=y&amp;-geo_id=04000US72&amp;-context=adp&amp;-ds_name=ACS_2007_1YR_G00_&amp;-tree_id=307&amp;-_lang=en&amp;-_caller=geoselect&amp;-format= |title=U.S. Census Annual Population Estimates 2007 |publisher=Factfinder.census.gov |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170524214928/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t |archivedate=May 24, 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The U.S. Census Bureau's 2016 update provides the following facts: 94.3% of adults speak only Spanish at home, which compares to 5.5% who speak English, 0.2% who speak French, and 0.1% who speak another language at home.&lt;ref name=&quot;census1&quot;/&gt;

In Puerto Rico, public school instruction is conducted almost entirely in Spanish. There have been pilot programs in about a dozen of the over 1,400 public schools aimed at conducting instruction in English only. Objections from teaching staff are common, perhaps because many of them are not fully fluent in English.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html ''Puerto Rico Governor Luis Fortuño Proposes Plan For Island's Public Schools To Teach In English Instead Of Spanish.''] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831055841/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/08/puerto-rico-governor-fortuno-bilingual_n_1501225.html |date=August 31, 2012 }} Danica Coto. Huffington Latino Voices. 05/08/12 (May 8, 2012). Retrieved December 4, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; English is taught as a second language and is a compulsory subject from elementary levels to high school. The languages of the deaf community are [[American Sign Language]] and its local variant, [[Puerto Rican Sign Language]].

The [[Puerto Rican Spanish|Spanish of Puerto Rico]] has evolved into having many idiosyncrasies in vocabulary and syntax that differentiate it from the Spanish spoken elsewhere. As a product of Puerto Rican history, the island possesses a unique Spanish dialect. Puerto Rican Spanish utilizes many [[Taíno language|Taíno]] words, as well as English words. The largest influence on the Spanish spoken in Puerto Rico is that of the Canary Islands. Taíno [[loanword]]s are most often used in the context of vegetation, natural phenomena, and native musical instruments. Similarly, words attributed to primarily West [[African languages]] were adopted in the contexts of foods, music, and dances, particularly in coastal towns with concentrations of descendants of Sub-Saharan Africans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.languageeducationpolicy.org/lepbyworldregion/caribbeanpuertorico.html |title=Language Education Policy in Puerto Rico |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=2013 |website=Language Education Policy Studies |publisher=International Association for Language Education Policy Studies|access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Religion===
{{Pie chart
|thumb = right
|caption = Religious affiliation in Puerto Rico (2014)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2017/03/29/key-findings-about-puerto-rico/ |title=Key findings about Puerto Rico |date=March 29, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/#religious-affiliations-of-latin-americans-and-u-s-hispanics |title=Religion in Latin America |date=November 13, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|label1 = [[Roman Catholic]]
|value1 = 56
|color1 = Blue
|label2 = [[Protestant]]
|value2 = 33
|color2 = Violet
|label3 = Other
|value3 = 3
|color3 = Red
|label4 = [[Irreligious]]
|value4 = 8
|color4 = Black
}}
The [[Roman Catholicism in Puerto Rico|Roman Catholic Church]] was brought by Spanish colonists and gradually became the dominant religion in Puerto Rico. The first [[dioceses]] in the Americas, including that of Puerto Rico, were authorized by [[Pope Julius&amp;nbsp;II]] in 1511.&lt;ref&gt;{{CathEncy|wstitle=Porto Rico}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1512, priests were established for the parrochial churches. By 1759, there was a priest for each church.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puerto Rico Office of Historian 1949&quot;&gt;{{cite book | author=Puerto Rico. Office of Historian | title=Tesauro de datos historicos: indice compendioso de la literatura histórica de Puerto Rico, incluyendo algunos datos inéditos, periodísticos y cartográficos | publisher=Impr. del Gobierno de Puerto Rico|issue=v. 2 | year=1949 | url=https://books.google.com/?id=IVRnAAAAMAAJ&amp;pg=PA306 | language=es | access-date=4 January 2020 | page=306}}&lt;/ref&gt;

One Pope, [[John Paul&amp;nbsp;II]], visited Puerto Rico in October 1984. All [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]] in Puerto Rico have at least one Catholic church, most of which are located at the town center, or plaza. African slaves brought and maintained various ethnic African religious practices associated with different peoples; in particular, the [[Yoruba religion|Yoruba]] beliefs of [[Santería]] and/or [[Ifá]], and the [[Kongo people|Kongo]]-derived [[Palo Mayombe]]. Some aspects were absorbed into syncretic Christianity.

[[Protestantism in Puerto Rico|Protestantism]], which was suppressed under the Spanish Catholic regime, has reemerged under United States rule, making contemporary Puerto Rico more interconfessional than in previous centuries, although Catholicism continues to be the dominant religion. The first Protestant church, [[Iglesia de la Santísima Trinidad]], was established in Ponce by the [[Anglican]] [[Diocese of Antigua]] in 1872.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |title=Sobre Nosotros |publisher=Episcopalpr.org |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317153425/http://www.episcopalpr.org/sobre_nosotros/sobre_nosotros.html |archivedate=March 17, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the first non-Roman Catholic Church in the entire [[Spanish Empire]] in [[the Americas]].&lt;ref&gt;Luis Fortuño Janeiro. ''Album Histórico de Ponce (1692–1963).'' Page 165. Ponce, Puerto Rico: Imprenta Fortuño. 1963.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.preb.com/articulos/aleman2.htm |title=La presencia Germanica en Puerto Rico |publisher=Preb.com |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Pollster Pablo Ramos stated in 1998 that the population was 38% Roman Catholic, 28% Pentecostal, and 18% were members of independent churches, which would give a Protestant percentage of 46% if the last two populations are combined. Protestants collectively added up to almost two million people. Another researcher gave a more conservative assessment of the proportion of Protestants:
&lt;blockquote&gt;Puerto Rico, by virtue of its long political association with the United States, is the most Protestant of Latin American countries, with a Protestant population of approximately 33 to 38 percent, the majority of whom are [[Pentecostal]]. David Stoll calculates that if we extrapolate the growth rates of evangelical churches from 1960 to 1985 for another twenty-five years Puerto Rico will become 75 percent evangelical. (Ana Adams: &quot;Brincando el Charco...&quot; in ''Power, Politics and Pentecostals in Latin America'', Edward Cleary, ed., 1997. p.&amp;nbsp;164).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.english.turkcebilgi.com/Protestants+in+Puerto+Rico |title=Protestants in Puerto Rico |publisher=english.turkcebilgi.com |accessdate=April 21, 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

An [[Associated Press]] article in March 2014 stated that &quot;more than 70 percent of whom identify themselves as Catholic&quot; but provided no source for this information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.foxnews.com/world/2014/03/12/catholic-church-and-puerto-rico-officials-at-odds-in-widening-sex-abuse.html |title=Catholic Church and Puerto Rico officials at odds in widening sex abuse investigation |author=Associated Press&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=March 12, 2014 |website=FOX News |publisher=FOX News |access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The CIA World Factbook reports that 85% of the population of Puerto Rico identifies as Roman Catholic, while 15% identify as Protestant and Other. Neither a date or a source for that information is provided and may not be recent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=Puerto Rico People and Society |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |date=2015 |website=CIA Library |publisher=CIA |access-date=February 17, 2017 |quote=Roman Catholic 85%, Protestant and other 15% |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2013 Pew Research survey found that only about 45% of Puerto Rican adults identified themselves as Catholic, 29% as Protestant and 20% as unaffiliated with a religion. The people surveyed by Pew consisted of Puerto Ricans living in the 50 states and DC and may not be indicative of those living in the Commonwealth.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewhispanic.org/2015/09/15/hispanics-of-puerto-rican-origin-in-the-united-states-2013/ |title=Hispanics of Puerto Rican Origin in the United States, 2013 |last=LÓPEZ |first=Gustavo |date=September 15, 2015 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center, DC |access-date=February 17, 2017 |quote=Puerto Ricans in this statistical profile are people who self-identified as Hispanics of Puerto Rican origin; this means either they themselves were born in Puerto Rico1 or they were born in the 50 U.S. states, the District of Columbia or elsewhere, but trace their family ancestry to Puerto Rico.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By 2014, a Pew Research report, with the sub-title ''Widespread Change in a Historically Catholic Region'', indicated that only 56% of Puerto Ricans were Catholic and that 33% were Protestant; this survey was completed between October 2013 and February 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2014/11/13/religion-in-latin-america/ |title=Religion in Latin America |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=November 13, 2014 |website=Pew Research |publisher=Pew Research Center |access-date=February 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot; /&gt;

An [[Eastern Orthodox]] community, the Dormition of the Most Holy Theotokos / St. Spyridon's Church is located in Trujillo Alto, and serves the small Orthodox community. This affiliation accounted for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |title=Welcome |publisher=Parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org |date= |accessdate=November 25, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110304223521/http://parish.orthodoxtheologicalinstitute.org/Dormition_of_the_Theotokos/Welcome.html |archivedate=March 4, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1940, [[Juanita García Peraza]] founded the [[Mita Congregation]], the first religion of Puerto Rican origin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |title=Latin American issues Vol. 3 |publisher=Webpub.allegheny.edu |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202221418/http://webpub.allegheny.edu/group/LAS/LatinAmIssues/Articles/Vol13/LAI_vol_13_section_I.html |archivedate=December 2, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Taíno people|Taíno religious practices]] have been rediscovered/reinvented to a degree by a handful of advocates. Similarly, some aspects of African religious traditions have been kept by some adherents. In 1952, a handful of American Jews established the island's first [[synagogue]]; this religion accounts for under 1% of the population in 2010 according to the Pew Research report.&lt;ref name=&quot;EG&quot;&gt;''Eduardo Giorgetti Y Su Mundo: La Aparente Paradoja De Un Millonario Genio Empresarial Y Su Noble Humanismo''; by [[Delma S. Arrigoitia]]; Publisher: Ediciones Puerto; {{ISBN|978-0-942347-52-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prairieschooltraveler.com/html/world/pr/Korber.html |title=Korber House |publisher=Prairieschooltraveler.com |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The synagogue, called ''Sha'are Zedeck'', hired its first rabbi in 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;JVL&quot;/&gt; Puerto Rico has the largest Jewish community in the Caribbean, numbering 3000 people (date not stated),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=The Jewish Palate: The Jews of Puerto Rico |url=http://www.jpost.com/Food-Index/The-Jewish-Palate-The-Jews-of-Puerto-Rico |accessdate=February 18, 2017 |newspaper=The Jerusalem Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is the only Caribbean island in which the [[Conservative Jews|Conservative]], [[Reform Jews|Reform]] and [[Orthodox Jews|Orthodox Jewish]] movements all are represented.&lt;ref name=&quot;JVL&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/vjw/Puerto_Rico.html |title=The Virtual Jewish History Tour Puerto Rico |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;LN&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |title=Luxner News |publisher=Luxner.com |date=August 3, 2004 |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051107203700/http://www.luxner.com/cgi-bin/view_article.cgi?articleID=1237 |archive-date=November 7, 2005 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, there were about 5,000 Muslims in Puerto Rico, representing about 0.13% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.iiie.net/index.php?q=node/65 |title=Number of Muslims and Percentage in Puero Rico |publisher=Institute of Islamic Information and Education |date= February 8, 2006|accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |title=Percent Puerto Rican population that are Muslims |accessdate=February 14, 2015 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194154/http://www.religiousintelligence.co.uk/country/?CountryID=29 |archivedate=September 27, 2007 }} Retrieved {{Nowrap|June 8}}, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Eight [[mosques]] are located throughout the island, with most Muslims living in [[Río Piedras]] and [[Caguas]]; most Muslims are of Palestinian and Jordanian descent.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120805220625/http://www.pupr.edu/msa/mosques.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 5, 2012 |title=Muslim mosques in Pto. Rico |publisher=Pupr.edu |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |title=Muslims concentrated in Rio Piedras |publisher=Saudiaramcoworld.com |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120505090834/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/198706/muslims.in.the.caribbean.htm |archive-date=May 5, 2012 |url-status=dead  }}&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a [[Bahá'í]] community.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bahaipr.org/index.php/en/|title=Home|website=Bahá'ís of Puerto Rico}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, the 25,832 [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] represented about 0.70% of the population, with 324 congregations.&lt;ref&gt;''2016 Yearbook of Jehovah's Witnesses'', pp. 184–85&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Chinese immigration to Puerto Rico|Padmasambhava Buddhist Center]], whose followers practice [[Tibetan Buddhism]], as well as [[Nichiren Buddhism]] have branches in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhanet.net/l_tibet.htm |title=Budda Net |publisher=Buddhanet.net |accessdate=February 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are several atheist activist and educational organizations, and an atheistic parody religion called the [[Pastafarian]] Church of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.facebook.com/IglesiaPastafarianaPuertoRico |title=Iglesia Pastafariana de Puerto Rico |publisher=Facebook |accessdate=June 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; An[[ISKCON]] temple in Gurabo is devoted to [[Krishna]] Consciousness, with two preaching centers in the metropolitan area.

&lt;gallery&gt;
File:San Juan Cathedral.JPG|Roman Catholic Cathedral of '''San Juan Bautista'''.
File:Iglesia de la Santisima Trinidad, Barrio Cuarto, Ponce, PR (6728612217).jpg|Anglican Iglesia Santísima Trinidad in Ponce
File:Centro Islamico de Ponce, Bo Cuarto, Ponce, PR (IMG 3392).jpg|Islamic Center at Ponce
File:Shaare Zedeck.jpg|Inside Sha'are Zedeck in San Juan
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==Government==
{{Main|Government of Puerto Rico|Politics of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has [[Puerto Rico senatorial districts|8 senatorial districts]], [[Puerto Rico representative districts|40 representative districts]] and [[municipalities of Puerto Rico|78 municipalities]]. It has a republican form of government with [[separation of powers]] subject to the jurisdiction and sovereignty of the United States.&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/english/PDF/The%20Constitution%20of%20the%20Commonwealth%20of%20Puerto%20Rico.pdf |title=Constitution of the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico, Article&amp;nbsp;I, Section 2 |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229150849/http://www.oslpr.org/english/pdf/the%20constitution%20of%20the%20commonwealth%20of%20puerto%20rico.pdf |archivedate=December 29, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ussd&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/s/inr/rls/10543.htm |title=U.S. Department of State. Dependencies and Areas of Special Sovereignty |publisher=State.gov |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its current powers are all delegated by the [[United States Congress]] and lack full protection under the [[United States Constitution]].&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. Department of State&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html |title=U.S. Department of State. Foreign Affairs Manual: Volume 7 – Consular Affairs (7 FAM 1120), 'Acquisition of U.S. Nationality in U.S. Territories and Possessions', pp. 1–3. |format=PDF |accessdate=December 13, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222081013/https://fam.state.gov/FAM/07FAM/07FAM1120.html |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rico's head of state is the [[president of the United States]].

The government of Puerto Rico, based on [[Republicanism in the United States|the formal republican system]], is composed of three branches: the [[executive branch of the government of Puerto Rico|executive]], [[legislative branch of the government of Puerto Rico|legislative]], and [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|judicial branch]]. The executive branch is headed by the [[governor of Puerto Rico|governor]], currently [[Wanda Vázquez Garced]]. The [[legislative branch]] consists of a [[bicameral]] legislature called the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico|Legislative Assembly]], made up of a [[Senate of Puerto Rico|Senate]] as its upper chamber and a [[House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|House of Representatives]] as its lower chamber. The Senate is headed by the [[President of the Senate of Puerto Rico|president of the Senate]], currently [[Thomas Rivera Schatz]], while the House of Representatives is headed by the [[Speaker of the House of Representatives of Puerto Rico|speaker of the House]], currently [[Carlos Johnny Méndez]]. The governor and legislators are elected by popular vote every four years with [[Puerto Rican general election, 2016|the last election held in November 2016]].

The [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|judicial branch]] is headed by the [[Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico|chief justice of the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico]], currently [[Maite Oronoz Rodríguez]]. Members of the judicial branch are appointed by the governor with the [[advice and consent]] of the Senate.

Puerto Rico is represented in the United States Congress by a nonvoting delegate, the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner]], currently [[Jenniffer González]]. Current congressional rules have removed the commissioner's power to vote in the [[Committee of the Whole (United States House of Representatives)|Committee of the Whole]], but the commissioner can vote in committee.&lt;ref name=&quot;rhg&quot;&gt;[http://clerk.house.gov/legislative/house-rules.pdf Rules of the House of Representatives. Rule III].&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Rican elections are governed by the [[Federal Election Commission]] and the [[State Elections Commission of Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pages/report_notices/State_Notices/prprim.shtml |title=Puerto Rico Primary Election Report Notice |publisher=Fec.gov |date=February 2, 2008 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.fec.gov/pubrec/2008pdates.pdf |title=2008 Presidential Primary Dates and Candidates Filling Datelines for Ballot Access |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Failed verification|date=February 2013}} While residing in Puerto Rico, Puerto Ricans cannot vote in U.S. presidential elections, but they can vote in [[United States presidential primary|primaries]]. Puerto Ricans who become residents of a [[U.S. state]] can vote in presidential elections.

Puerto Rico hosts [[Consul (representative)|consulates]] from 41 countries, mainly from the [[Americas]] and Europe, with most located in San Juan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html |title=Consulados. ''Link to Puerto Rico'' |accessdate=February 3, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040411192635/http://www.linktopr.com/consulados.html |archivedate=April 11, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As an unincorporated territory of the United States, Puerto Rico does not have any first-order administrative divisions as defined by the U.S. government, but has 78 [[municipalities]] at the second level. [[Mona Island]] is not a municipality, but part of the municipality of [[Mayagüez, Puerto Rico|Mayagüez]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702 |title=Mayagüez. Enciclopedia de Puerto Rico |publisher=Enciclopediapr.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111005223516/http://www.enciclopediapr.org/ing/article.cfm?ref=08021702 |archivedate=October 5, 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Municipalities are subdivided into wards or [[barrio]]s, and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[Mayors of Puerto Rico|mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected for a four-year term. The municipality of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] (previously called &quot;town&quot;), was founded first, in 1521, [[San Germán]] in 1570, [[Coamo]] in 1579, [[Arecibo]] in 1614, [[Aguada, Puerto Rico|Aguada]] in 1692 and [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] in 1692. An increase of settlement saw the founding of 30 municipalities in the 18th century and 34 in the 19th. Six were founded in the 20th century; the last was [[Florida, Puerto Rico|Florida]] in 1971.&lt;ref name='fundacion'&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html |title=LinktoPR.com – Fundación de los Pueblos |accessdate=April 21, 2004 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040421093959/http://www.linktopr.com/fundacion.html |archivedate=April 21, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Political parties and elections===
{{main|Political party strength in Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Political-party-strength-in-puerto-rico-2012.png|thumb|right|The difference between the incumbent party, the PPD, and its opponent, the PNP, was a mere 0.6% in the last election. This difference is common as the political landscape experiences political cycles between both parties, with the PPD ruling all branches of government for 36 of the past 64 years. The PNP, on the other hand, has ruled both the executive and legislative branch concurrently for 16 years. The other 12 years experienced a [[Divided government in the United States|divided government]].]]
Since 1952, Puerto Rico has had three main political parties: the [[Popular Democratic Party of Puerto Rico|Popular Democratic Party]] (PPD in Spanish), the [[New Progressive Party of Puerto Rico|New Progressive Party]] (PNP in Spanish) and the [[Puerto Rican Independence Party]] (PIP). The three parties stand for different political status. The PPD, for example, seeks [[status quo movement in Puerto Rico|to maintain the island's status with the U.S. as a commonwealth]], while the PNP, on the other hand, seeks [[statehood movement in Puerto Rico|to make Puerto Rico a state of the United States]]. The PIP, in contrast, seeks a complete separation from the United States by seeking [[independence movement in Puerto Rico|to make Puerto Rico a sovereign nation]]. In terms of party strength, the PPD and PNP usually hold about 47% of the vote each while the PIP holds only about 5%.

After 2007, other parties emerged on the island. The first, the [[Puerto Ricans for Puerto Rico Party]] (PPR in Spanish) was registered that same year. The party claims that it seeks to address the islands' problems from a status-neutral platform. But it ceased to remain as a registered party when it failed to obtain the required number of votes in the 2008 general election. Four years later, the 2012 election saw the emergence of the [[Movimiento Unión Soberanista]] (MUS; English: ''Sovereign Union Movement'') and the [[Partido del Pueblo Trabajador]] (PPT; English: ''Working People's Party'') but none obtained more than 1% of the vote.

Other non-registered parties include the [[Puerto Rican Nationalist Party]], the [[Socialist Workers Movement (Puerto Rico)|Socialist Workers Movement]], and the [[Hostosian National Independence Movement]].

===Law===
{{main|Constitution of Puerto Rico|Law of Puerto Rico}}
The insular legal system is a blend of [[Civil law (legal system)|civil law]] and the [[common law]] systems.

Puerto Rico is the only current U.S. possession whose legal system operates primarily in a language other than American English: namely, [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. Because the [[Federal government of the United States|U.S. federal government]] operates primarily in English, all Puerto Rican attorneys must be bilingual in order to litigate in English in [[United States federal courts|U.S. federal courts]], and litigate federal preemption issues in Puerto Rican courts.

[[Title 48 of the United States Code]] outlines the role of the United States Code to United States territories and insular areas such as Puerto Rico. After the U.S. government assumed control of Puerto Rico in 1901, it initiated legal reforms resulting in the adoption of codes of criminal law, criminal procedure, and civil procedure modeled after those then in effect in [[California]]. Although Puerto Rico has since followed the federal example of transferring criminal and civil procedure from statutory law to rules promulgated by the judiciary, several portions of its criminal law still reflect the influence of the [[California Penal Code]].

The judicial branch is headed by the [[Chief Justice|chief justice]] of the [[Puerto Rico Supreme Court]], which is the only appellate court required by the Constitution. All other courts are created by the [[Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]]. There is also a [[United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico|Federal District Court for Puerto Rico]]. Someone accused of a criminal act at the federal level may not be accused for the same act in a Commonwealth court, unlike a state court, since Puerto Rico as a territory lacks sovereignty separate from Congress as a state does.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martínez Torres&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ramajudicial.pr/ts/2015/2015tspr25.pdf |title=Opinión del Tribunal emitida por el Juez Asociado señor Martínez Torres |publisher=El Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico |work=Legal Document |date=March 20, 2015 |accessdate=February 7, 2016 |author=Martínez Torres, Juez (Judge)}}&lt;/ref&gt; Such a parallel accusation would constitute [[double jeopardy]].

===Political status===
{{Main|Political status of Puerto Rico|Proposed political status for Puerto Rico}}
The nature of Puerto Rico's political relationship with the U.S. is the subject of ongoing debate in Puerto Rico, the [[United States Congress]], and the [[United Nations]].&lt;ref name=&quot;sdc&quot;&gt;{{cite press release |title=Special committee on decolonization approves text calling on United States to expedite Puerto Rican self-determination process |date=June 13, 2006 |publisher=Department of Public Information, United Nations General Assembly |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2006/gacol3138.doc.htm |accessdate=October 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Specifically, the basic question is whether Puerto Rico should remain a [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territory]], become a [[U.S. state]], or become an independent country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL32933.pdf |title=Political Status of Puerto Rico: Background, Options, and Issues in the 109th Congress |date=May 25, 2005 |author=Keith Bea |publisher=Congressional Research Service |accessdate=October 1, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Within the United States====
[[File:PR Capitol, south side.JPG|thumb|The [[Capitol of Puerto Rico]], home of the Legislative Assembly in Puerto Rico]]

Constitutionally, Puerto Rico is subject to the [[plenary powers]] of the [[United States Congress]] under the [[territorial clause]] of [[Article Four of the United States Constitution|Article IV of the U.S. Constitution]].&lt;ref&gt;U.S. Const. art. IV, § 3, cl. 2 (&quot;The Congress shall have Power to dispose of and make all needful Rules and Regulations respecting the Territory or other Property belonging to the United States&amp;nbsp;...&quot;).&lt;/ref&gt; [[U.S. federal law|Laws enacted at the federal level in the United States]] apply to Puerto Rico as well, regardless of its political status. Their residents [[Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico|do not have voting representation in the U.S. Congress]]. Like the different states of the United States, Puerto Rico lacks &quot;the full sovereignty of an independent nation&quot;, for example, the power to manage its &quot;external relations with other nations&quot;, which is held by the U.S. federal government. The Supreme Court of the United States has indicated that once the U.S. Constitution has been extended to an area (by Congress or the courts), its coverage is irrevocable. To hold that the political branches may switch the Constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this Court, say &quot;what the law is&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[[Downes v. Bidwell]], 182 U.S. 244, 261 (1901), commenting on an earlier Supreme Court decision, Loughborough v. Blake, 18 U.S. (5 Wheat.) 317 (1820); Rasmussen v. United States, 197 U.S. 516, 529–530, 536 (1905)(concurring opinions of Justices Harlan and Brown), that once the Constitution has been extended to an area, its coverage is irrevocable; [[Boumediene v. Bush]] – That where the Constitution has been once formally extended by Congress to territories, neither Congress nor the territorial legislature can enact laws inconsistent therewith. The Constitution grants Congress and the President the power to acquire, dispose of, and govern territory, not the power to decide when and where its terms apply.&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Ricans &quot;were collectively made [[U.S. citizenship#Birthright citizenship|U.S. citizens]]&quot; in 1917 as a result of the [[Jones-Shafroth Act]].&lt;ref&gt;''The Louisiana Purchase and American Expansion: 1803–1898''. By Sanford Levinson and Bartholomew H. Sparrow. New York: Rowman &amp; Littlefield Publishers. 2005. pp. 166, 178. &quot;U.S. citizenship was extended to residents of Puerto Rico by virtue of the Jones Act, chap. 190, 39 Stat. 951 (1971)(codified at 48 U.S.C. § 731 (1987)&quot;)&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. citizens residing in Puerto Rico cannot vote for the U.S. president, though both major parties, Republican and Democratic, run primary elections in Puerto Rico to send delegates to vote on a presidential candidate. Since Puerto Rico is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] (see above) and not a U.S. state, the [[United States Constitution]] does not fully [[enfranchise]] [[U.S. citizen]]s residing in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;U.S. Department of State&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Constitutional Topic: Citizenship&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.usconstitution.net/consttop_citi.html |title=Constitutional Topic: Citizenship |publisher=U.S. Constitution Online |accessdate=June 6, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Only [[fundamental right]]s under the American federal constitution and adjudications are applied to Puerto Ricans. Various other U.S. Supreme Court decisions have held which rights apply in Puerto Rico and which ones do not. Puerto Ricans have a long history of service in the U.S. Armed Forces and, since 1917, they have been included in the U.S. [[compulsory draft]] whensoever it has been in effect.

Though the Commonwealth government has its own tax laws, Puerto Ricans are also required to pay many kinds of U.S. federal taxes, not including the federal personal income tax for Puerto Rico-sourced income, but only under certain circumstances.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 1, 2010 |title=Puerto Ricans pay import/export taxes |publisher=Stanford.wellsphere.com |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100401034052/http://stanford.wellsphere.com/healthcare-industry-policy-article/puerto-rico/267827 |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 1, 2010 |title=Puerto Ricans pay federal commodity taxes |publisher=Stanford.wellsphere.com |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/taxtopics/tc903.html |title=Internal Revenue Service. ', Topic 903 – Federal Employment Tax in Puerto Rico' |publisher=Irs.gov |date=December 18, 2009 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=reuters2009-09-24&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/healthNews/idUSTRE58N5X320090924 |title=Reuters, 'Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform', 24&amp;nbsp;September 2009 |agency=Reuters |date=September 24, 2009 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Schaefer |first=Brett |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2009/03/dc-voting-rights-no-representation-no-taxation |title=The Heritage Foundation, 11&amp;nbsp;March 2009. &quot;D.C. Voting Rights: No Representation? No Taxation!&quot;, By Robert A. Book, PhD |publisher=Heritage.org |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110515142411/http://www.mcvpr.com/CM/CurrentEvents/CEOsummitarticle.pdf |archivedate=May 15, 2011 |title=Puerto Rico Manufacturers Association, CEO Summit, Federal and Local Incentives: Where we are, Where We Want to be. Amaya Iraolagoitia, Partner, Tax Dept. |accessdate=August 14, 2010 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=jct&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jct.gov/x-24-06.pdf |title=Joint Committee on Taxation. ''An Overview of the Special Tax Rules Related to Puerto Rico and an Analysis of the Tax and Economic Policy Implications of Recent Legislative Options'' |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{#Tag:Ref|Members of the military must pay federal income tax&lt;ref name=reuters2009-09-24 /&gt;&lt;ref name=jct /&gt;}} In 2009, Puerto Rico paid {{Nowrap|$3.742 billion}} into the [[U.S. Treasury]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.irs.gov/pub/irs-soi/09db05co.xls |title=Table 5. Internal Revenue Gross Collections, by Type of Tax and State, Fiscal year 2009 |publisher=[[Internal Revenue Service]] |format=XLS}}&lt;/ref&gt; Residents of Puerto Rico pay into Social Security, and are thus eligible for Social Security benefits upon retirement. They are excluded from the [[Supplemental Security Income]] (SSI), and the island actually receives a smaller fraction of the [[Medicaid]] funding it would receive if it were a U.S. state.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/24/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924 ''Puerto Rico hopes to gain from U.S. healthcare reform.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022450/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/24/us-healthcare-puertorico-idUSTRE58N5X320090924 |date=16 October 2015 }} Reuters. September 24, 2009. Retrieved July 19, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Also, Medicare providers receive less-than-full state-like reimbursements for services rendered to beneficiaries in Puerto Rico, even though the latter paid fully into the system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |title=News &amp; Media |publisher=PRFAA |date=July 6, 2009 |accessdate=October 30, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110511054048/http://www.prfaa.com/news/?p=252 |archivedate=May 11, 2011 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While a state may try an individual for the same crime he/she was tried in federal court, this is not the case in Puerto Rico. Being a U.S. territory, Puerto Rico's authority to enact a criminal code derives from Congress and not from local sovereignty as with the states. Thus, such a parallel accusation would constitute double jeopardy and is constitutionally impermissible.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martínez Torres&quot; /&gt;

In 1992, President [[George H. W. Bush]] issued a memorandum to heads of executive departments and agencies establishing the current administrative relationship between the federal government and the Commonwealth of Puerto Rico. This memorandum directs all federal departments, agencies, and officials to treat Puerto Rico administratively as if it were a state, insofar as doing so would not disrupt federal programs or operations.

Many federal executive branch agencies have significant presence in Puerto Rico, just as in any state, including the [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]], [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]], [[Transportation Security Administration]], [[Social Security Administration]], and others. While Puerto Rico has its own [[judiciary of Puerto Rico|Commonwealth judicial system]] similar to that of a U.S. state, there is also a U.S. federal district court in Puerto Rico, and Puerto Ricans have served as judges in that Court and in other federal courts on the U.S. mainland regardless of their residency status at the time of their appointment. [[Sonia Sotomayor]], a [[Nuyorican|New Yorker of Puerto Rican descent]], serves as an [[Associate Justice|associate justice]] of the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. Puerto Ricans have also been frequently appointed to high-level federal positions, including serving as [[Ambassadors of the United States|United States ambassadors]] to other nations.

===Foreign and intergovernmental relations===
{{more citations needed section|date=November 2017}}
{{main|Foreign and intergovernmental relations of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico is subject to the [[Commerce Clause|Commerce]] and [[Territorial Clause]] of the Constitution of the United States and, therefore, is restricted on how it can engage with other nations, sharing the opportunities and limitations that state governments have albeit not being one. As is the case with state governments, it has established several trade agreements with other nations, particularly with Hispanic American countries such as Colombia and Panamá.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/colombiaypuertoricosedanlamano-1556164.html |title=Colombia y Puerto Rico se dan la mano |date=July 20, 2013 |accessdate=August 11, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.icesi.edu.co/blogs/paises/2013/07/23/puerto-rico/ |title=Relaciones comerciales entre Colombia y Puerto Rico |date=July 23, 2013 |accessdate=August 11, 2013 |language=Spanish |publisher=[[Universidad ICESI]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

It has also established trade promotion offices in many foreign countries, all Spanish-speaking, and within the United States itself, which now include Spain, the Dominican Republic, Panama, Colombia, Washington, D.C., New York City and Florida, and has included in the past offices in Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico. Such agreements require permission from the U.S. Department of State; most are simply allowed by existing laws or trade treaties between the United States and other nations which supersede trade agreements pursued by Puerto Rico and different U.S. states.

At the local level, Puerto Rico established by law that the international relations which states and territories are allowed to engage must be handled by the [[Department of State of Puerto Rico]], an [[executive departments of the government of Puerto Rico|executive department]], headed by the [[Secretary of State of Puerto Rico|secretary of state of Puerto Rico]], who also serves as the territory's lieutenant governor. It is also charged to liaise with general [[consul (representative)|consuls]] and [[honorary consul]]s based in Puerto Rico. The [[Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration]], along with the [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|Office of the Resident Commissioner]], manages all its intergovernmental affairs before entities of or in the United States (including the federal government of the United States, local and state governments of the United States, and public or private entities in the United States).

Both entities frequently assist the Department of State of Puerto Rico in engaging with Washington, D.C.-based ambassadors and federal agencies that handle Puerto Rico's foreign affairs, such as the U.S. Department of State, the [[Agency for International Development]], and others. The current secretary of state is [[Elmer Román]] from the [[New Progressive Party (Puerto Rico)|New Progressive Party]], while the current [[List of Directors of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration|director of the Puerto Rico Federal Affairs Administration]] is [[Jennifer M. Stopiran]] also from the NPP and a member of the Republican Party of the United States.

The [[Resident Commissioner of Puerto Rico|resident commissioner of Puerto Rico]], the [[delegate (United States Congress)|delegate]] elected by Puerto Ricans to represent them before the federal government, including the U.S. Congress, sits in the United States House of Representatives, serves and votes on congressional committees, and functions in every respect as a legislator except being denied a vote on the final disposition of legislation on the House floor. The current resident commissioner is [[Jenniffer González|Jenniffer González-Colón]], a Republican, elected in 2016. She received more votes than any other official elected in Puerto Rico that year.&lt;ref name=&quot;wines19&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Wines |first=Michael |title=She's Puerto Rico's Only Link to Washington. She Could Be Its Future Governor. |newspaper=New York Times |date=July 26, 2019 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/26/us/Jenniffer-Gonzalez-Colon-puerto-rico.html |quote=She noted that her campaign to become resident commissioner garnered more votes in 2016 than any other candidate for office in the territory.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Many Puerto Ricans have served as United States ambassadors to different nations and international organizations, such as the Organization of American States, mostly but not exclusively in Latin America. For example, Maricarmen Aponte, a Puerto Rican and now an acting assistant secretary of state, previously served as U.S. ambassador to El Salvador.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/biog/148343.htm |title=Mari Carmen Aponte |website=State.gov |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Military===
{{main|Military of Puerto Rico}}
As it is a territory of the United States of America, the defense of Puerto Rico is provided by the United States as part of the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|Treaty of Paris]] with the president of the United States as its [[commander-in-chief]]. Puerto Rico has its own [[Puerto Rico National Guard]], and its own [[state defense force]], the [[Puerto Rico State Guard]], which by local law is under the authority of the Puerto Rico National Guard.

The [[commander-in-chief]] of both local forces is the [[governor of Puerto Rico]] who delegates his authority to the [[Puerto Rico Adjutant General|Puerto Rico adjutant general]], currently [[Major General]] [[José J. Reyes]]. The Adjutant General, in turn, delegates the authority over the State Guard to another officer but retains the authority over the Puerto Rico National Guard as a whole.
{{clear}}

[[File:Federal lands in Puerto Rico and VI.JPG|upright=3.65|thumb|center|U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico (including the United States Virgin Islands) throughout the 20th century]]
{{clear}}
U.S. military installations in Puerto Rico were part of the [[United States Atlantic Command|U.S. Atlantic Command]] (LANTCOM after 1993 USACOM), which had authority over all U.S. military operations that took place throughout the Atlantic. Puerto Rico had been seen as crucial in supporting LANTCOM's mission until 1999, when U.S. Atlantic Command was renamed and given a new mission as [[United States Joint Forces Command]]. Puerto Rico is currently under the responsibility of [[United States Northern Command]].

Both the Naval Forces Caribbean (NFC) and the Fleet Air Caribbean (FAIR) were formerly based at the Roosevelt Roads Naval Station. The NFC had authority over all U.S. Naval activity in the waters of the Caribbean while FAIR had authority over all U.S. military flights and air operations over the Caribbean. With the closing of the Roosevelt Roads and Vieques Island training facilities, the U.S. Navy has basically exited from Puerto Rico, except for the ships that steam by, and the only significant military presence in the island is the U.S. Army at [[Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico|Ft Buchanan]], the Puerto Rican Army and Air National Guards, and the [[U.S. Coast Guard]]. Protests over the noise of bombing practice forced the closure of the naval base. This resulted in a loss of 6,000 jobs and an annual decrease in local income of $300&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2005/04/03/national/after-closing-of-navy-base-hard-times-in-puerto-rico.html |title=After Closing of Navy Base, Hard Times in Puerto Rico |date=April 3, 2005   |work=The New York Times| accessdate=October 31, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A branch of the [[United States Army National Guard|U.S. Army National Guard]] is stationed in Puerto Rico – known as the [[Puerto Rico Army National Guard]] – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Army National Guards of the different [[states of the United States]], including ground defense, disaster relief, and control of civil unrest. The local National Guard also incorporates a branch of the [[United States Air National Guard|U.S. Air National Guard]] – known as the [[Puerto Rico Air National Guard]] – which performs missions equivalent to those of the Air National Guards of each one of the U.S. states.

[[File:USS Maryland (SSBN-738) 1997.jpg|thumb|{{sclass-|Ohio|submarine|0}} [[ballistic missile submarine]] USS ''Maryland'', [[Roosevelt Roads Naval Station]], 1997]]

At different times in the 20th century, the U.S. had about 25 military or naval installations in Puerto Rico, some very small ones,&lt;ref name=&quot;WQS&quot;&gt;OSD, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (DIOR); &quot;Atlas/Data Abstract for the United States and Selected Areas – Fiscal Year 1997;&quot; Department of Defense; 1998. Note: The count of 25 military installations included the branch component of the Roosevelt Roads Naval facility on the island of Vieques, as distinct from the Roosevelt Roads Naval station in Cieba&lt;/ref&gt; as well as large installations. The largest of these installations were the former [[Roosevelt Roads Naval Station]] in [[Ceiba, Puerto Rico|Ceiba]], the Atlantic Fleet Weapons Training Facility (AFWTF) on [[Vieques]], the National Guard training facility at [[Camp Santiago]] in [[Salinas, Puerto Rico|Salinas]], [[Fort Allen, Puerto Rico|Fort Allen]] in [[Juana Diaz]], the Army's [[Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico|Fort Buchanan]] in San Juan, the former U.S. Air Force Ramey Air Force Base in Aguadilla, and the Puerto Rico Air National Guard at Muñiz Air Force base in [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CD&quot;&gt;Meléndez, Edwin; Meléndez, Edgardo; Colonial Dilemma; [[South End Press]]; Boston; 1993&lt;/ref&gt;

The former U.S. Navy facilities at Roosevelt Roads, Vieques, and Sabana Seca have been deactivated and partially turned over to the local government. Other than [[U.S. Coast Guard]] and Puerto Rico National Guard facilities, there are only two remaining military installations in Puerto Rico: the U.S. Army's small Ft. Buchanan (supporting local veterans and reserve units) and the PRANG (Puerto Rico Air National Guard) Muñiz Air Base (the C-130 Fleet). In recent years, the [[U.S. Congress]] has considered their deactivations, but these have been opposed by diverse public and private entities in Puerto Rico – such as retired military who rely on Ft. Buchanan for the services available there.

Puerto Ricans have participated in many of the military conflicts in which the United States has been involved. For example, they participated in the [[American Revolution]], when volunteers from Puerto Rico, [[Cuba]], and [[Mexico]] fought the [[Kingdom of Great Britain|British]] in 1779 under the command of General [[Bernardo de Gálvez]] (1746–1786),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://mlis.state.md.us/1997rs/billfile/sj0002.htm |title=Participation of Hispanics in the American Revolution |work=SJR2 |author=Maryland General Assembly |date=April 8, 1997 |accessdate=August 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; and have continued to participate up to the present-day conflicts in [[Iraq]] and [[Afghanistan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Danny Nieves |url=http://www.valerosos.com/anouncements.html |title=Special Announcements |publisher=Valerosos.com |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A significant number of Puerto Ricans participate as members and work for the U.S. Armed Services, largely as [[National Guard of the United States|National Guard]] members and civilian employees. The size of the overall military-related community in Puerto Rico is estimated to be 100,000 individuals. This includes retired personnel.&lt;ref name=&quot;CD&quot;/&gt; Fort Buchanan has about 4,000 military and civilian personnel. In addition, approximately 17,000 people are members of the Puerto Rico Army and Air National Guards, or the U.S. Reserve forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;OSD&quot;&gt;Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense, Reserve Affairs; &quot;Official Guard and Reserve Manpower Strengths and Statistics – Summary End Fiscal Year 1996;&quot; 1996&lt;/ref&gt; Puerto Rican soldiers have served in every U.S. military conflict from [[World War I]] to the current military engagement known by the United States and its allies as the [[War on Terror|War against Terrorism]].

The [[65th Infantry Regiment]], nicknamed &quot;''The Borinqueneers''&quot; from the original Taíno name of the island (Borinquen), is a [[Puerto Rican people|Puerto Rican]] regiment of the [[United States Army]]. The regiment's motto is ''Honor et Fidelitas'', Latin for ''Honor and Fidelity''. The 65th Infantry Regiment participated in [[World War I]], [[World War II]], the [[Korean War]], and the [[War on Terror]] and in 2014 was awarded the [[Congressional Gold Medal]], presented by [[President of the United States|President]] [[Barack Obama]], for its heroism during the Korean War.

===Administrative divisions===
{{Main|Municipalities of Puerto Rico}}
There are no counties, as there are in 48 of the 50 United States. There are 78 [[Municipalities of Puerto Rico|municipalities]]. Municipalities are subdivided into ''[[barrio]]s'', and those into sectors. Each municipality has a [[mayor]] and a municipal legislature elected to four-year terms.

{{clear}}
[[File:USA Puerto Rico labeled.svg|thumb|center|upright=3.65|A map of Puerto Rico showing its municipalities]]
{{clear}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico government-debt crisis}}
[[File:Puerto-rico-gdp-by-sector.png|thumb|upright=1.6|Puerto Rico's [[gross domestic product]] (GDP) by [[economic sector]]]]
The economy of Puerto Rico is classified as a [[high income economy]] by the [[World Bank]] and as the most competitive economy in [[Latin America]] by the [[World Economic Forum]], but Puerto Rico currently has a public debt of $72.204&amp;nbsp;billion (equivalent to 103% of GNP), and a government deficit of $2.5&amp;nbsp;billion.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.worldbank.org/country/puerto-rico |title=World Bank Indicators 2012: Puerto Rico |accessdate=February 5, 2012 |author1=World Bank Indicators |author2=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wef-gcr-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GlobalCompetitivenessReport_2013-14.pdf |title=The Global Competitiveness Report 2013–2014 |publisher=[[World Economic Forum]] |year=2013 |accessdate=September 7, 2013 |first=Klaus |last=Schwab}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to [[World Bank]], [[gross national income]] per capita of Puerto Rico in 2013 is $23,830 (PPP, International Dollars), ranked as 63rd among all sovereign and dependent territories entities in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://databank.worldbank.org/data/download/GNIPC.pdf |title=Gross national income per capita 2013 |accessdate=September 22, 2014 |author1=World Bank Indicators |author2=World Bank}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its economy is mainly driven by [[Manufacturing in Puerto Rico|manufacturing]] (primarily pharmaceuticals, textiles, petrochemicals and electronics) followed by the service industry (primarily finance, insurance, [[real estate in Puerto Rico|real estate]] and [[tourism in Puerto Rico|tourism]]).{{efn|pr.gov (in Spanish) &quot;La manufactura es el sector principal de la economía de Puerto Rico.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;manufacturing-by-pr.gov&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx |title=Manufactura |language=Spanish |publisher=[[Government of Puerto Rico]] |accessdate={{date|2013-09-07|mdyh}} |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002150143/http://www2.pr.gov/GobiernoEmpresas/SectoresInversion/Pages/Manufactura.aspx |archivedate=October 2, 2013 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|pr.gov (in Spanish) &quot;Algunas de las industrias más destacadas dentro del sector de la manufactura son: las farmacéuticas, los textiles, los petroquímicos, las computadoras, la electrónica y las compañías dedicadas a la manufactura de instrumentos médicos y científicos, entre otros.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;manufacturing-by-pr.gov&quot; /&gt;}} In recent years, the territory has also become a popular destination for MICE ([[meetings, incentives, conferencing, exhibitions]]), with a modern convention centre district overlooking the [[Port of San Juan]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessdestinations.com/destinations/puerto-ricos-tourism-industry-continues-to-expand/ |title=Puerto Rico's tourism industry continues to expand |work=Business Destinations |accessdate=April 27, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[geography of Puerto Rico]] and [[political status of Puerto Rico|its political status]] are both determining factors on its economic prosperity, primarily due to its relatively small size as an island; [[Natural resource economics|its lack of natural resources]] used to produce [[raw material]]s{{Citation needed|date=October 2015}}, and, consequently, its dependence on [[import]]s; as well as its territorial status with the United States, which controls its [[foreign policy]] while exerting trading restrictions, particularly in [[transportation in Puerto Rico|its shipping industry]].

Puerto Rico experienced a recession from 2006 to 2011, interrupted by 4 quarters of economic growth, and entered into recession again in 2013, following growing fiscal imbalance and the expiration of the IRS Section 936 corporate incentives that the [[Internal Revenue Code|U.S. Internal Revenue Code]] had applied to Puerto Rico. This IRS section was critical to the economy, as it established [[tax exemption]]s for U.S. corporations that settled in Puerto Rico, and allowed their insular subsidiaries to send their earnings to the parent corporation at any time, without paying federal tax on corporate income. Puerto Rico has surprisingly been able to maintain a relatively low inflation in the past decade while maintaining a [[purchasing power parity]] per capita higher than 80% of the rest of the world.&lt;ref&gt;[[Alan Heston]], [[Robert Summers]] and Bettina Aten, [https://web.archive.org/web/20120822040945/http://pwt.econ.upenn.edu/php_site/pwt71/pwt71_form.php Penn World Table Version 7.1], Center for International Comparisons of Production, Income and Prices at the [[University of Pennsylvania]], July 2012. Accessed on August 19, 2012. Note: GDP per capita data are &quot;PPP Converted GDP Per Capita, average GEKS-CPDW, at current prices (in I$)&quot;, labeled as variable &quot;cgdp2&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Academically, most of Puerto Rico's economic woes stem from federal regulations that expired, have been repealed, or no longer apply to Puerto Rico; its inability to become self-sufficient and self-sustainable throughout history;{{efn|Torrech San Inocencio (2011; in Spanish) &quot;Con los más de $1,500 millones anuales que recibimos en asistencia federal para alimentos podríamos desarrollar una industria alimentaria autosuficiente en Puerto Rico.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html |title=La autosuficiencia alimentaria |first=Rafael |last=Torrcech San Inocencio |date=December 7, 2011 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153646/http://www.elnuevodia.com/voz-titulo-1137663.html |archivedate=November 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} its highly politicized public policy which tends to change [[political party strength in Puerto Rico|whenever a political party gains power]];{{efn|Millán Rodriguez (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Los representantes del Pueblo en la Junta de Gobierno de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica [...] denunciaron ayer que la propuesta del Gobernador para hacer cambios en la composición del organismo institucionaliza la intervención político partidista en la corporación pública y la convierte en una agencia del Ejecutivo..&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/ |title=Denuncian politización de Junta AEE |first=Yamilet |last=Millán Rodríguez |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |date=April 4, 2013 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104002045/http://www.vocero.com/denuncian-politizacion-de-junta-aee/ |archivedate=November 4, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} as well as [[government of Puerto Rico|its highly inefficient local government]]{{efn|Vera Rosa (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Aunque Puerto Rico mueve entre el sector público y privado $15 billones en el área de salud, las deficiencias en el sistema todavía no alcanzan un nivel de eficiencia óptimo.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/ |title=Ineficiencia arropa a los recursos económicos de salud |date=May 17, 2013 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |first=Ileanexis |last=Vera Rosado |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131104000540/http://www.vocero.com/ineficiencia-arropa-a-los-recursos-economicos-de-salud/ |archivedate=November 4, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|Vera Rosado (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Para mejorar la calidad de servicio, que se impacta principalmente por deficiencias administrativas y no por falta de dinero[...]&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;el-vocero-inefficient-health-2013&quot; /&gt;}} which has accrued a [[public debt of Puerto Rico|public debt]] equal to 68% of its [[gross domestic product]] throughout time.{{efn|González (2012; in Spanish) &quot;[...] al analizarse la deuda pública de la Isla contra el Producto Interno Bruto (PIB), se ubicaría en una relación deuda/PIB de 68% aproximadamente.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html |title=Debemos más de lo que producimos |first=Jenisabel |last=González |date=June 13, 2012 |accessdate=September 19, 2013 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131106153626/http://www.elnuevodia.com/debemosmasdeloqueproducimos-1278143.html |archivedate=November 6, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}{{efn|Bauzá (2013; in Spanish) &quot;La realidad de nuestra situación económica y fiscal es resultado de años de falta de acción. Al Gobierno le faltó creatividad, innovación y rapidez en la creación de un nuevo modelo económico que sustentara nuestra economía. Tras la eliminación de la Sección 936, debimos ser proactivos, y no lo fuimos.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/garciapadillainsisteenqueheredounpaisencantos-1657317.html |title=García Padilla insiste en que heredó un país &quot;en cantos&quot; |first=Nydia |last=Bauzá |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=December 2, 2013 |accessdate=December 2, 2013 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

In comparison to [[U.S. state|the different states of the United States]], Puerto Rico is poorer than Mississippi (the poorest state of the U.S.) with 41% of its population below the [[poverty threshold|poverty line]].{{efn|Quintero (2013; in Spanish) &quot;Los indicadores de una economía débil son muchos, y la economía en Puerto Rico está sumamente debilitada, según lo evidencian la tasa de desempleo (13.5%), los altos niveles de pobreza (41.7%), los altos niveles de quiebra y la pérdida poblacional.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html |title=Las estadísticas hablan: Puerto Rico camino a ser el &quot;Detroit del Caribe&quot; |first=Laura |last=Quintero |date=September 14, 2013 |accessdate=January 22, 2014 |language=Spanish |newspaper=[[NotiCel]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140201150906/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/148055/las-estadisticas-hablan-puerto-rico-camino-a-ser-el-detroit-del-caribe.html |archive-date=1 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} When compared to Latin America, Puerto Rico has the highest GDP per capita in the region. Its main trading partners are the [[United States]], [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]], and [[Japan]], with most products coming from [[East Asia]], mainly from [[China]], [[Hong Kong]], and [[Taiwan]]. At a global scale, Puerto Rico's dependency on oil for [[transportation in Puerto Rico|transportation]] and electricity generation, as well as its dependency on food imports and raw materials, makes Puerto Rico volatile and highly reactive to changes in [[global economy|the world economy]] and [[climate]]. Puerto Rico's agricultural sector represents less than 1% of GNP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf |title=PUERTO RICO FACT SHEET |website=Gdb-pur.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013719/http://www.gdb-pur.com/economy/documents/PREconomicFactSheet-March2016.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Tourism====
[[Tourism in Puerto Rico]] is also an important part of the economy. In 2017, [[Hurricane Maria]] caused severe damage to the island and its infrastructure, disrupting tourism for many months. The damage was estimated at $100&amp;nbsp;billion. An April 2019 report indicated that by that time, only a few hotels were still closed, that life for tourists in and around the capital had, for the most part, returned to normal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/news/2019/04/02/puerto-rico-breaks-tourism-record-while-rebuilding-hurricane-maria/3346139002/ |title=Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=USA Today |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=Brief power outages still hit occasionally as the government prepares to privatize an aging and poorly maintained grid that was destroyed by the hurricane, and water shortages have hit parts of Puerto Rico’s north coast since 30 percent of the island is experiencing a moderate drought that is affecting 791,000 of its 3.2 million inhabitants.}}&lt;/ref&gt; By October 2019, nearly all of the popular amenities for tourists, in the major destinations such as San Juan, Ponce and Arecibo, were in operation on the island and tourism was rebounding. This was important for the economy, since tourism provides up 10% of Puerto Rico's GDP, according to Discover Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.viahero.com/travel-to-puerto-rico/puerto-rico-tourism-update |title=Nearly two years after Hurricane Maria devastation, Puerto Rico welcomes record number of tourists |date=2 April 2019 |publisher=ViaHero |access-date=16 October 2019 |quote=Almost all of Puerto Rico’s hotels are open for business. The beaches are ready for swimming and sunbathing, and even remote places to visit like El Yunque rainforest are receiving visitors. }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The latest Discover Puerto Rico campaign started in July 2018. An April 2019 report stated that the tourism team &quot;after hitting the one-year anniversary of the storm in September [2018], the organization began to shift towards more optimistic messaging. The &quot;Have We Met Yet?&quot; campaign was intended to highlight the island's culture and history, making it distinct, different than other Caribbean destinations. In 2019, Discover Puerto Rico planned to continue that campaign, including &quot;streaming options for branded content&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://skift.com/2019/04/24/culture-is-central-in-puerto-ricos-new-marketing-campaign/ |title=Culture Is Central in Puerto Rico's New Marketing Campaign |date=24 April 2019 |publisher=Skift |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=In creating the site, the team added photos, videos and information about all of the 78 municipalities of Puerto Rico, in an effort to draw people away from San Juan, and into lesser-known areas.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In late November 2019, reports indicated that 90 calls to San Juan by [[Royal Caribbean Cruises Ltd.|Royal Caribbean]] ships would be cancelled during 2020 and 2021. This step would mean 360,000 fewer visitors, with a loss to the island's economy of 44&amp;nbsp;million. As well, 30 ship departures from San Juan were being canceled. The rationale for this decision was discussed in a news report:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cruisehive.com/cruise-ship-visits-to-san-juan-puerto-rico-are-being-canceled/35941 |title=Cruise Ship Visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico Are Being Canceled |date=27 November 2019 |publisher=Cruise Hive |access-date=27 November 2019 |quote=Cruise ship visits to San Juan, Puerto Rico are being canceled for the 2020-21 season due to the privatization of the cruise port.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;blockquote&gt;The reason for the cancellations is the privatization of the cruise docks in San Juan due to much-needed maintenance that is needed. Around $250 million investment is needed to make sure cruise ships can continue to dock there in the years to come. There is an urge for governor Wanda Vazquez to not go ahead with the privatization so this news is fluid.&lt;/blockquote&gt;

===Heavy debt load===
In early 2017, the [[Puerto Rican government-debt crisis]] posed serious problems for the government which was saddled with outstanding bond debt that had climbed to $70&amp;nbsp;billion at a time with a 45-percent poverty rate and 12.4% unemployment that is more than twice the mainland U.S. average.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks |title=Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks |author=Nick Brown, Reuters |date=January 18, 2017 |website=Fiscal Times |publisher=The Fiscal Times |access-date=February 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debt had been increasing during a decade-long recession.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.starherald.com/news/nation_world/puerto-rico-gets-more-time-to-propose-fiscal-plan/article_b805f0e6-f333-5d33-8d94-d29a610d820a.html|title=Puerto Rico Gets More Time|date=January 29, 2017|newspaper=Star Herald|access-date=February 16, 2017|agency=Associated Press|location=Scottsbluff, ME}}{{dead link|date=May 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Commonwealth had been defaulting on many debts, including bonds, since 2015.  With debt payments due, the governor was facing the risk of a government shutdown and failure to fund the managed health care system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Platt |first=Eric |date=January 19, 2017 |title=New Puerto Rico governor seeks amicable debt crisis resolution |url=https://www.ft.com/content/d9551584-de66-11e6-86ac-f253db7791c6 |newspaper=Financial Times |location=New York |access-date=February 17, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.treasury.gov/connect/blog/Pages/Secretary-Lew-Sends-Letter-to-115th-Congress-on-Puerto-Rico.aspx |title=Secretary Lew Sends Letter to 115th Congress on Puerto Rico |last=Watson |first=Dan |date=January 17, 2017 |website=Department of the Treasury |publisher=Department of the Treasury |access-date=February 16, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Without action before April, Puerto Rico's ability to execute contracts for Fiscal Year 2018 with its managed care organizations will be threatened, thereby putting at risk beginning July 1, 2017 the health care of up to 900,000 poor U.S. citizens living in Puerto Rico&quot;, according to a letter sent to Congress by the Secretary of the Treasury and the Secretary of Health and Human Services. They also said that &quot;Congress must enact measures recommended by both Republicans and Democrats that fix Puerto Rico's inequitable health care financing structure and promote sustained economic growth.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;/&gt;

Initially, the oversight board created under [[PROMESA]] called for Puerto Rico's governor [[Ricardo Rosselló]] to deliver a fiscal turnaround plan by January 28. Just before that deadline, the control board gave the Commonwealth government until February 28 to present a fiscal plan (including negotiations with creditors for restructuring debt) to solve the problems. A moratorium on lawsuits by debtors was extended to May 31.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; It is essential for Puerto Rico to reach restructuring deals to avoid a bankruptcy-like process under [[PROMESA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.thefiscaltimes.com/latestnews/2017/01/18/Puerto-Rico-oversight-board-favors-more-time-restructuring-talks |title=Puerto Rico oversight board favors more time for restructuring talks |author=Nick Brown, Reuters |date=January 18, 2017 |website=Fiscal Times |publisher=The Fiscal Times |access-date=February 16, 2017 |quote=The bipartisan, seven-member oversight board was created under the federal Puerto Rico rescue law known as PROMESA, passed by the U.S. Congress last year. It is charged with helping the island manage its finances and navigate its way out of the economic jam, including by negotiating restructuring deals with creditors.}}&lt;/ref&gt; An internal survey conducted by the Puerto Rican Economists Association revealed that the majority of Puerto Rican economists reject the policy recommendations of the Board and the Rosselló government, with more than 80% of economists arguing in favor of auditing the debt.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=&quot;Economistas se Oponen a las Reformas para &quot;estimular la economía&quot; |agency=El Nuevo Día. |date=February 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early August 2017, the island's financial oversight board (created by PROMESA) planned to institute two days off without pay per month for government employees, down from the original plan of four days per month; the latter had been expected to achieve $218&amp;nbsp;million in savings. Governor Rossello rejected this plan as unjustified and unnecessary. Pension reforms were also discussed including a proposal for a 10% reduction in benefits to begin addressing the $50&amp;nbsp;billion in unfunded pension liabilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html |title=Puerto Rico to furlough workers, proposes pension plan reform |first=Daniel |last=Bases |date=August 4, 2017 |website=Cnbc.com |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170806222116/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/04/reuters-america-puerto-rico-to-furlough-workers-proposes-pension-plan-reform.html |archive-date=August 6, 2017 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Public finances===
{{main|Puerto Rico government-debt crisis|Budget of the Government of Puerto Rico|public debt of Puerto Rico}}
Puerto Rico has an [[operating budget]] of about U.S.$9.8&amp;nbsp;billion with expenses at about $10.4&amp;nbsp;billion, creating a structural deficit of $775&amp;nbsp;million (about 7.9% of the budget).&lt;ref name=&quot;el-vocero-la-estadidad-es-uniforme&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/ |title=La Estadidad es una, única, uniforme e irreversible |first=José |last=Castrodad |newspaper=[[El Vocero]] |date=April 7, 2014 |accessdate=April 8, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409052840/http://elvocero.com/la-estadidad-es-una-unica-uniforme-e-irreversible/ |archivedate=April 9, 2014  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The practice of approving budgets with a structural deficit has been done for {{years ago|2000}} consecutive years starting in 2000. Throughout those years, including present time, all budgets contemplated issuing bonds to cover these projected deficits rather than making structural adjustments. This practice increased Puerto Rico's cumulative debt, as the government had already been issuing bonds [[Puerto Rico government budget balance|to balance its actual budget]] for four decades beginning in 1973.{{efn|Walsh (2013) &quot;In each of the last six years, Puerto Rico sold hundreds of millions of dollars of new bonds just to meet payments on its older, outstanding bonds – a red flag. It also sold $2.5&amp;nbsp;billion worth of bonds to raise cash for its troubled pension system – a risky practice – and it sold still more long-term bonds to cover its yearly budget deficits.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/10/07/worsening-debt-crisis-threatens-puerto-rico/ |title=Worsening Debt Crisis Threatens Puerto Rico |first=Mary |last=Walsh |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 7, 2013 |accessdate=October 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/comopuertoricollegoatenercreditochatarra-1704621.html |title=¿Cómo Puerto Rico llegó a tener crédito chatarra? |newspaper=[[El Nuevo Día]] |date=February 4, 2014 |accessdate=March 2, 2014 |language=Spanish}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Budget-of-the-government-of-puerto-rico-2012-percentage.png|thumb|upright=1.8|The 2012 Budget of the government of Puerto Rico]]

Projected deficits added substantial burdens to an already indebted nation which accrued [[Public debt of Puerto Rico|a public debt]] of $71B or about 70% of Puerto Rico's gross domestic product. This sparked [[Puerto Rico government-debt crisis|an ongoing government-debt crisis]] after Puerto Rico's general obligation bonds were downgraded to speculative non-investment grade (&quot;junk status&quot;) by three credit-rating agencies. In terms of financial control, almost 9.6%—or about $1.5&amp;nbsp;billion—of Puerto Rico's central government budget expenses for FY2014 is expected to be spent on debt service.{{efn|PRGDB &quot;Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013&quot; p. 142&lt;ref name=&quot;gdb-report-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf |title=Financial Information and Operating Data Report to October 18, 2013 |publisher=[[Puerto Rico Government Development Bank]] |date=October 18, 2013 |accessdate=March 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140422202646/http://www.gdb-pur.com/spa/documents/commonwealthreport.pdf |archive-date=April 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Harsher budget cuts are expected as Puerto Rico must now repay larger chunks of debts in the coming years.{{update inline|date=July 2016}}

For practical reasons the budget is divided into two aspects: a &quot;general budget&quot; which comprises the assignments funded exclusively by the [[Department of Treasury of Puerto Rico]], and the &quot;consolidated budget&quot; which comprises the assignments funded by the general budget, by [[List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico's government-owned corporations]], by revenue expected from loans, by the sale of government bonds, by subsidies extended by the [[federal government of the United States]], and by other funds.

Both budgets contrast each other drastically, with the consolidated budget being usually thrice the size of the general budget; currently $29B and $9.0B respectively. Almost one out of every four dollars in the consolidated budget comes from U.S. federal subsidies while government-owned corporations compose more than 31% of the consolidated budget.

The critical aspects come from the sale of bonds, which comprise 7% of the consolidated budget – a ratio that increased annually due to the government's inability to prepare a balanced budget in addition to being incapable of generating enough income to cover all its expenses. In particular, the government-owned corporations add a heavy burden to the overall budget and public debt, as none is self-sufficient. For example, in FY2011 the government-owned corporations reported aggregated losses of more than $1.3B with the [[Puerto Rico Highways and Transportation Authority]] (PRHTA) reporting losses of $409M, the [[Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority]] (PREPA; the government monopoly that controls all electricity on the island) reporting losses of $272M, while the [[Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority]] (PRASA; the government monopoly that controls all water utilities on the island) reported losses of $112M.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://grupocne.org/2013/01/31/san-juan-2023-o-la-decadencia-de-un-pais/ |title=San Juan 2023 o la decadencia de un País |work=Centro Para Una Nueva Economía |publisher=Center for a New Economy|date=January 31, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Losses by government-owned corporations have been defrayed through the issuance of bonds compounding more than 40% of Puerto Rico's entire public debt today.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf |title=SERVICIO DE LA DEUDA |website=&quot;.pr.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014050/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/presupuesto2011-2012/Resumen%20del%20Presupuesto/Servicio%20de%20la%20Deuda.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Holistically, from FY2000–FY2010 Puerto Rico's debt grew at a [[compound annual growth rate]] (CAGR) of 9% while GDP remained stagnant.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf |title=Reporte General sobre Deuda Pública |website=&quot;.pr.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525013905/http://gdbpr.com/spa/investors_resources/documents/2011-07-12-DeudaPublicaDic2010-GS.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; This has not always provided a long-term solution. In early July 2017 for example, the PREPA power authority was effectively bankrupt after defaulting in a plan to restructure $9&amp;nbsp;billion in bond debt; the agency planned to seek Court protection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/02/business/puerto-ricos-electric-power-authority-effectively-files-for-bankruptcy.html |title=Puerto Rico's Power Authority Effectively Files for Bankruptcy |first=Mary Williams |last=Walsh |date=July 2, 2017 |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |website=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In terms of protocol, the governor, together with the [[Puerto Rico Office of Management and Budget]] (OGP in Spanish), formulates the budget he believes is required to operate all government branches for the ensuing fiscal year. He then submits this formulation as a budget request to the Puerto Rican legislature before July 1, the date established by law as the beginning of Puerto Rico's fiscal year. While the constitution establishes that the request must be submitted &quot;at the beginning of each regular session&quot;, the request is typically submitted during the first week of May as the regular sessions of the legislature begin in January and it would be impractical to submit a request so far in advance. Once submitted, the budget is then approved by the legislature, typically with amendments, through a [[joint resolution]] and is referred back to the governor for his approval. The governor then either approves it or vetoes it. If vetoed, the legislature can then either refer it back with amendments for the governor's approval, or approve it without the governor's consent by two-thirds of the bodies of each chamber.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/PresupuestoAprobado2013-2014/Informacin%20General/Proceso%20Presupuestario.pdf |title=PROCESO PRESUPUESTARIO |website=2.pr.gov |accessdate=August 26, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525014054/http://www2.pr.gov/presupuestos/PresupuestoAprobado2013-2014/Informacin%20General/Proceso%20Presupuestario.pdf |archive-date=May 25, 2017 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Once the budget is approved, the Department of Treasury disburses funds to the Office of Management and Budget which in turn disburses the funds to the respective agencies, while the [[Puerto Rico Government Development Bank]] (the government's intergovernmental bank) manages all related banking affairs including those related to the government-owned corporations.

===Cost of living===
[[File:Map-of-jones-act-carrier-routes-for-puerto-rico.png|thumb|upright=1.6|A map of [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]] carrier routes for Puerto Rico]]
The cost of living in Puerto Rico is high and has increased over the past decade.{{efn|MRGI (2008) &quot;Many female migrants leave their families behind due to the risk of illegal travel and the high cost of living in Puerto Rico.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;refworld.org&quot;/&gt;}}&lt;ref&gt;[https://archive.today/20140618035840/http://www.militaryinstallations.dod.mil/pls/psgprod/f?p=132:CONTENT:618940367579001::NO::P4_INST_ID,P4_INST_TYPE:4150,INSTALLATION &quot;Fort Buchanan, Puerto Rico&quot;]. ''Military Installations''. Department of Defense. Retrieved June 17, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html |title=Puerto Rico's Cost of Living Skyrockets |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date=September 29, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140313113741/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2013/09/29/puerto-ricos-cost-of-livi_n_4013350.html |archivedate=March 13, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/us/economy-and-crime-spur-new-puerto-rican-exodus.html?_r=0 |work=The New York Times |first=Lizette |last=Alvarez |title=Economy and Crime Spur New Puerto Rican Exodus |date=February 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html |title=Home – El Nuevo Día |publisher=Elnuevodia.com |date=August 31, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140208121032/http://www.elnuevodia.com/sigueenaumentoelcostodevidaenpuertorico-1585599.html |archivedate=February 8, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.primerahora.com/noticias/gobierno-politica/nota/midaconcluyealtocostodevidaeslapreocupacionmayordelboricua-399279/ |title=MIDA concluye alto costo de vida es la preocupación mayor del boricua |publisher=Primerahora.com |date=February 13, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Dougherty |first=Conor |url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB118705864479596908 |title=Puerto Rico's Economic Slump Weighs Hard on Consumers |publisher=Online.wsj.com |date=August 14, 2007 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Coto |first=Danica |url=http://nbclatino.com/2013/09/29/life-in-puerto-rico-becomes-costlier-amid-crisis/ |title=Life in Puerto Rico becomes costlier amid crisis |publisher=Nbclatino.com |date=September 29, 2013 |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; San Juan's in particular is higher than [[Atlanta]], [[Dallas]], and [[Seattle]] but lower than [[Boston]], [[Chicago]], and [[New York City]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1420615 |title=Worldwide Cost of Living Survey 2011 |publisher=Mercer.com |date= |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410174442/http://www.mercer.com/press-releases/1420615 |archivedate=April 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; One factor is housing prices which are comparable to [[Miami]] and [[Los Angeles]], although property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the United States.{{efn|Rivera. &quot;Housing prices in Puerto Rico are comparable to Miami or Los Angeles, but property taxes are considerably lower than most places in the US.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.topuertorico.org/moving.shtml |title=Moving to Puerto Rico |first=Magaly |last=Rivera |publisher=Welcome to Puerto Rico! |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

Statistics used for cost of living sometimes do not take into account certain costs, such as the high cost of electricity, which has hovered in the 24¢ to 30¢ range per kilowatt/hour, two to three times the national average, increased travel costs for longer flights, additional shipping fees, and the loss of promotional participation opportunities for customers &quot;outside the continental United States&quot;. While some online stores do offer free shipping on orders to Puerto Rico, many merchants exclude Hawaii, Alaska, Puerto Rico and other United States territories.

The household median income is stated as $19,350 and the mean income as $30,463 in the U.S. Census Bureau's 2015 update. The report also indicates that 45.5% of individuals are below the poverty level.&lt;ref name=&quot;census1&quot;/&gt; The median home value in Puerto Rico ranges from U.S.$100,000 to U.S.$214,000, while the national median home value sits at $119,600.{{efn|FRBNY (2011) &quot;...home values vary considerably across municipios: for the metro area overall, the median value of owner-occupied homes was estimated at $126,000 (based on data for 2007–09), but these medians ranged from $214,000 in Guaynabo to around $100,000 in some of the outlying municipios. The median value in the San Juan municipio was estimated at $170,000.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.newyorkfed.org/regional/profile_puertorico.html |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=[[Federal Reserve Bank of New York]] |date=August 2011 |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

[[File:Flying into San Juan-Puerto Rico.jpg|thumb|Flying into San Juan]]

One of the most cited contributors to the high cost of living in Puerto Rico is the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920]], also known as the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|Jones Act]], which prevents foreign-flagged ships from carrying cargo between two American ports, a practice known as [[cabotage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;erg-trade&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf |title=Impact of the Coastwise Trade Laws on the Transportation System of the United States of America |first=Elías |last=Gutierrez |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131002122312/http://graduados.uprrp.edu/planificacion/facultad/elias-gutierrez/ERGTRADE.pdf |archivedate=October 2, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of the Jones Act, foreign ships inbound with goods from [[Central America|Central]] and [[South America]], [[Western Europe]], and [[Africa]] cannot stop in Puerto Rico, offload Puerto Rico-bound goods, load mainland-bound Puerto Rico-manufactured goods, and continue to U.S. ports. Instead, they must proceed directly to U.S. ports, where distributors [[break bulk cargo|break bulk]] and send Puerto Rico-bound manufactured goods to Puerto Rico across the ocean by U.S.-flagged ships.&lt;ref name=&quot;erg-trade&quot; /&gt;

The [[government of Puerto Rico|local government of Puerto Rico]] has requested several times to the [[U.S. Congress]] to exclude Puerto Rico from the Jones Act restrictions without success.{{efn|Santiago (2021) &quot;Local detractors of the Jones Act [...] for many years have unsuccessfully tried to have Puerto Rico excluded from the law's provisions[...]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Jones Act requirement comes under new light |first=Jaime |last=Santiago |newspaper=[[Caribbean Business]] |url=http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&amp;ct_id=0 |date=November 29, 2012 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308221156/http://www.caribbeanbusinesspr.com/prnt_ed/news02.php?nw_id=7877&amp;ct_id=0 |archivedate=March 8, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} The most recent measure has been taken by the [[17th Legislative Assembly of Puerto Rico]] through R. Conc. del S. 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.oslpr.org/files/docs/{A8F2DF0C-A03D-40C7-A198-ED9C945F81C4}.doc |title=R. Conc. del S. 21 |format=[[Microsoft Word]] |publisher=[[Puerto Rico Office of Legislative Services]] |date=May 6, 2013 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |language=Spanish }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.noticel.com/noticia/141423/senado-aprueba-proyecto-para-pedir-trato-preferencial-en-leyes-de-cabotaje.html |title=Senado aprueba proyecto para pedir trato preferencial en leyes de cabotaje |newspaper=[[NotiCel]] |date=June 5, 2013 |accessdate=September 6, 2013 |language=Spanish |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131113112757/http://www.noticel.com/noticia/141423/senado-aprueba-proyecto-para-pedir-trato-preferencial-en-leyes-de-cabotaje.html |archive-date=13 November 2013 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; These measures have always received support from all the [[Political party strength in Puerto Rico|major local political parties]].

In 2013 the [[Government Accountability Office]] published a report which concluded that &quot;repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs&quot; and that &quot;shippers believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs&quot;.{{efn|name=joc-gao-report-repeal-quote|JOC (2013) &quot;Repealing or amending the Jones Act cabotage law might cut Puerto Rico shipping costs&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;joc-gao-report&quot;/&gt;}}{{efn|name=joc-gao-report-lower-costs-quote|JOC (2013) &quot;The GAO report said its interviews with shippers indicated they [...] believed that opening the trade to non-U.S.-flag competition could lower costs.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;joc-gao-report&quot; /&gt;}} However, the same GAO report also found that &quot;[shippers] doing business in Puerto Rico that GAO contacted reported that the freight rates are often—although not always—lower for foreign carriers going to and from Puerto Rico and foreign locations than the rates shippers pay to ship similar cargo to and from the United States, despite longer distances. Data were not available to allow us to validate the examples given or verify the extent to which this difference occurred.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;gao-report-pdf&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/assets/660/653046.pdf |title=GAO-13-260, Puerto Rico: Characteristics of the Island's Maritime Trade and Potential Effects of Modifying the Jones Act |publisher=[[Government Accountability Office|United States Government Accountability Office]] |date=March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Ultimately, the report concluded that &quot;[the] effects of modifying the application of the Jones Act for Puerto Rico are highly uncertain&quot; for both Puerto Rico and the United States, particularly for the [[United States Merchant Marine|U.S. shipping industry]] and the military preparedness of the United States.&lt;ref name=&quot;joc-gao-report&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.joc.com/regulation-policy/transportation-regulations/united-states/gao's-jones-act-report-inconclusive_20130320.html |title=GAO's Jones Act Report Is Inconclusive |newspaper=[[The Journal of Commerce]] |date=March 20, 2013 |accessdate=September 6, 2013}}{{dead link|date=May 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gao-report-pdf&quot; /&gt;

A 2018 study by economists at Boston-based Reeve &amp; Associates and Puerto Rico-based Estudios Tecnicos has concluded that the [[Merchant Marine Act of 1920|1920 Jones Act]] has no impact on either retail prices or the cost of livings on Puerto Rico. The study found that Puerto Rico received very similar or lower shipping freight rates when compared to neighboring islands, and that the transportation costs have no impact on retail prices on the island. The study was based in part on actual comparison of consumer goods at retail stores in San Juan, Puerto Rico, and Jacksonville, Florida, finding: no significant difference in the prices of either grocery items or durable goods between the two locations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite report|url=https://3snn221qaymolkgbj4a0vpey-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/07/Report_Impact-of-the-Jones-Act-on-Puerto-Rico_FINAL2.pdf|title=Impact of the U.S. Jones Act on Puerto Rico|date=June 2018|author1=Reeve &amp; Associates |author2=Estudios Técnicos, Inc.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education==
{{Main|Education in Puerto Rico}}
The first school in Puerto Rico was the ''Escuela de Gramática'' (Grammar School). It was established by Bishop [[Alonso Manso]] in 1513, in the area where the Cathedral of San Juan was to be constructed. The school was free of charge and the courses taught were Latin language, literature, history, science, art, philosophy and theology.&lt;ref&gt;Nicolas Kanellos, &quot;Hispanic Firsts&quot;, Visible Ink Press ({{ISBN|0-7876-0519-0}}), p. 40.&lt;/ref&gt;

Education in Puerto Rico is divided in three levels—Primary (elementary school grades 1–6), Secondary (intermediate and high school grades 7–12), and Higher Level (undergraduate and graduate studies). As of 2002, the literacy rate of the Puerto Rican population was 94.1%; by gender, it was 93.9% for males and 94.4% for females.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |title=CIA FactBook |publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |archive-date=8 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the 2000 Census, 60.0% of the population attained a high school degree or higher level of education, and 18.3% has a bachelor's degree or higher.

Instruction at the primary school level is compulsory between the ages of 5 and 18. {{As of|2010}}, there are 1539 public schools and 806 private schools.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Perfil del Sistema Educativo – Año Escolar 2010–2011 |url=http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3d&amp;tabid=186 |website=estadisticas.gobierno.pr |accessdate=January 8, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091542/http://www.estadisticas.gobierno.pr/iepr/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=JmyeNRFU1ZI%3D&amp;tabid=186 |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The largest and oldest university system is the public [[University of Puerto Rico]] (UPR) with 11 campuses. The largest private university systems on the island are the [[Sistema Universitario Ana G. Mendez]] which operates the [[University of Turabo|Universidad del Turabo]], [[Metropolitan University (Puerto Rico)|Metropolitan University]] and [[Universidad del Este]]. Other private universities include the multi-campus [[Inter American University of Puerto Rico|Inter American University]], the [[Catholic University of Puerto Rico|Pontifical Catholic University]], [[Polytechnic University of Puerto Rico|Universidad Politécnica de Puerto Rico]], and the [[University of the Sacred Heart (Puerto Rico)|Universidad del Sagrado Corazón]]. Puerto Rico has four schools of Medicine and three ABA-approved Law Schools.

==Public health and safety==
{{As of|2015}}, medical care in Puerto Rico had been heavily impacted by emigration of doctors to the mainland and underfunding of the Medicare and Medicaid programs which serve 60% of the island's population. Since Puerto Ricans pay no income tax, they are not eligible for health insurance subsidies under the [[Affordable Care Act]].&lt;ref name=NYT8215&gt;{{cite news |author1=Lizette Alvarez |author2=Abby Goodnough |title=Puerto Ricans Brace for Crisis in Health Care |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/03/us/health-providers-brace-for-more-cuts-to-medicare-in-puerto-rico.html |accessdate=August 3, 2015 |work=The New York Times |date=August 2, 2015 |quote=...more than 60 percent of residents receive Medicare or Medicaid...}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The city of [[San Juan, Puerto Rico|San Juan]] has a system of [[triage]], hospital, and preventive care health services. The municipal government sponsors regular health fairs in different areas of the city focusing on health care for the elderly and the disabled.

In 2017, there were 69 hospitals in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |first=Oren |last=Dorell |title=Puerto Rico's health system 'on life support' after blow |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/2017/10/05/puerto-rico-health-system-life-support-two-weeks-after-hurricane-maria/734130001/ |newspaper=USA Today |location=Melbourne, Florida |pages=1B, 2B |date=October 6, 2017 |accessdate=October 6, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!---the following is interesting but should be moved to San Juan, not here---&gt;
There are twenty hospitals in San Juan, half of which are operated by the government. The largest hospital is the ''Centro Médico de Río Piedras'' (the Río Piedras Medical Center). Founded in 1956, it is operated by the Medical Services Administration of the Department of Health of Puerto Rico, and is actually a network of eight hospitals:

:* San Juan Municipal Hospital: This hospital is operated by the San Juan municipal government.
:* Industrial Hospital: This is the hospital for Puerto Rico government employees, whether municipal or Commonwealth government employees. Normally, injured police officers and firefighters are cared for here.
:* San Juan Pediatric Hospital – Also operated by the San Juan municipal government.
:* Pediatric Hospital: Operated by the government of the Commonwealth, this is the main trauma hospital for pediatric cases.
:* Centro Medico Emergency Room: This is the main hospital for trauma cases for Puerto Rico and the Caribbean.
:* ''Centro Cardiovascular del Caribe'' (Caribbean Cardiovascular Center): This is the main hospital for open heart surgery in the Caribbean. It features a hotel for the patients' families.
:* Psychiatric Hospital: The main psychiatric hospital in Puerto Rico. Operated by the government of Puerto Rico.
:* Psychiatric Correctional Hospital: It is both a hospital and correctional facility. It is operated jointly by the Puerto Rico Department of Corrections and the Medical Services Administration.

The city of San Juan operates nine other hospitals. Of these, eight are Diagnostic and Treatment Centers located in communities throughout San Juan. These nine hospitals are:

:* [[La Perla, San Juan, Puerto Rico|La Perla]]
:* [[Puerta de Tierra, Puerto Rico|Puerta de Tierra]]
:* Llorens Torres
:* Puerto Nuevo
:* San José
:* Río Piedras
:* Sabana Llana
:* Hoare
:* Santurce Parada 19

There are also ten private hospitals in San Juan. These are:

:* ''Hospital Metropilitano''
:* ''Hospital Auxilio Mutuo''
:* ''Hospital Auxilio Mutuo Expreso''
:* Hospital de Veteranos: The main Veterans hospital in the Caribbean. Operated by the U.S. Veteran Healthcare System.
:* Ashford Presbyterian Hospital
:* Hospital Pavia Hato Rey
:* Hospital Pavia Santurce
:* San Jorge Children's Hospital: The most well known children's hospital in the San Juan Metropolitan Area.
:* Hospital San Gerardo: Located at the Cupey neighborhood, is a small hospital but is also specialized in psychiatry and elderly.
:* Hospital del Maestro (Teachers Hospital): Located in Hato Rey, this hospital is operated by the Puerto Rico Teachers Association.

The city of [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] is served by several clinics and hospitals. There are four comprehensive care hospitals: [[Hospital Dr. Pila]], Hospital San Cristobal, [[Hospital San Lucas]],&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ssepr.com/ Hospital San Lucas] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212090009/http://www.ssepr.com/ |date=12 February 2014 }} Retrieved July 28, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Hospital de Damas]]. In addition, [[Hospital Oncológico Andrés Grillasca]] specializes in the treatment of cancer,&lt;ref&gt;[http://senadopr.us/Proyectos%20del%20Senado/rcs0402-10.pdf ''Resolucion Conjunta.''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426050127/http://senadopr.us/Proyectos%20del%20Senado/rcs0402-10.pdf |date=April 26, 2012 }} Hon. Seilhamer Rodríguez. 16th Assembly – 3rd Session. [[Senate of Puerto Rico]]. Joint Resolution Number 402. March 3, 2010. Retrieved November 15, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; and Hospital Siquiátrico specializes in mental disorders.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3296:con-160-pacientes-pero-cabida-para-125-denuncian-crisis-en-hospital-psiquiatrico-de-ponce&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 ''Denuncian crisis en hospital siquiátrico.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030424/http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=3296:con-160-pacientes-pero-cabida-para-125-denuncian-crisis-en-hospital-psiquiatrico-de-ponce&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 |date=March 22, 2014 }} Reinaldo Millán. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. November 9, 2011. Year 30. No. 1458. Page 14. Retrieved November 15, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; There is also a [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs]] Outpatient Clinic that provides health services to U.S. veterans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.caribbean.va.gov/visitors/ponce.asp VA Clinic] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140107134022/http://www.caribbean.va.gov/visitors/ponce.asp |date=January 7, 2014 }} Retrieved July 28, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. Veterans Administration will build a new hospital in the city to satisfy regional needs.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4359:sera-en-ponce-con-luz-verde-federal-el-nuevo-hospital-de-veteranos&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 ''Ponce tendrá su Hospital de Veteranos.''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140322030450/http://www.periodicolaperla.com/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=4359:sera-en-ponce-con-luz-verde-federal-el-nuevo-hospital-de-veteranos&amp;catid=81:locales&amp;Itemid=198 |date=March 22, 2014 }} Jason Rodríguez Grafal. La Perla del Sur. Ponce, Puerto Rico. October 10, 2012. Year 30. Issue 1506. Page 11. (Title in printed version: &quot;Sera en Ponce: Con luz verde federal el nuevo Hospital de Veteranos&quot;.) Retrieved October 18, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Hospital de Damas is listed in the [[U.S. News &amp; World Report]] as one of the best hospitals under the U.S. flag.&lt;ref&gt;[http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals/hospital-de-damas-6040250 U.S. News and World Report.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412004915/http://health.usnews.com/health/best-hospitals/hospital-de-damas-6040250 |date=April 12, 2010 }} Hospital de Damas: among the best. Retrieved July 29, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Ponce has the highest concentration of medical infrastructure per inhabitant of any municipality in Puerto Rico.

On the island of [[Culebra, Puerto Rico|Culebra]], there is a small hospital in the island called ''Hospital de Culebra''. It also offers [[pharmacy]] services to residents and visitors. For emergencies, patients are transported by plane to [[Fajardo, Puerto Rico|Fajardo]] on the main island.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.letsgo.com/154-puerto_rico-travel-guides-culebra-d Culebra Overview] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618091710/http://www.letsgo.com/154-puerto_rico-travel-guides-culebra-d |date=June 18, 2012 }} on ''Let's Go''&lt;/ref&gt;

The town of [[Caguas]] has three hospitals: Hospital Hima San Pablo, Menonita Caguas Regional Hospital, and the San Juan Bautista Medical Center.

The town of [[Cayey]] is served by the ''Hospital Menonita de Cayey'', and the ''Hospital Municipal de Cayey.''

''Reforma de Salud de Puerto Rico'' ([[Puerto Rico Health Reform]]) – locally referred to as ''La Reforma'' (The Reform) – is a government-run program which provides medical and health care services to the indigent and [[impoverished]], by means of contracting private [[health insurance]] companies, rather than employing government-owned hospitals and emergency centers. The Reform is administered by the Puerto Rico Health Insurance Administration.&lt;ref name=&quot;Form_10K&quot;&gt;[https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1171662/000095014406002885/g00487e10vk.htm Triple-S Management Corporation Annual Report (Form 10-K)] for the fiscal year ended on December 31, 2005, pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, accessed on November 4, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Crime===
{{see also|Illegal drugs in Puerto Rico}}
The overall rate of crime is low in Puerto Rico.{{citation needed|date=March 2020}} The territory has a high firearm homicide rate. The homicide rate of 19.2 per 100,000 inhabitants was significantly higher than any U.S. state in 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ucr.fbi.gov/crime-in-the-u.s/2014/crime-in-the-u.s.-2014/tables/table-5/table_5_crime_in_the_united_states_by_state_2014.xls|title=Table 5|website=FBI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2012/jul/22/gun-homicides-ownership-world-list |title=Gun homicides and gun ownership listed by country |first=Mona |last=Chalabi |date=July 22, 2012 |newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most homicide victims are gang members and drug traffickers with about 80% of homicides in Puerto Rico being drug related.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=345039&amp;CategoryId=14092 |title=Latin American Herald Tribune – 80% of Puerto Rico Murders Called Drug-Related |website=Laht.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Carjackings]] happen often in many areas of Puerto Rico. In 1992, the FBI made it a Federal crime and rates decreased per statistics,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1994/07/31/us/after-carjacking-surge-puerto-rico-is-wary-behind-the-wheel.html|title=After Carjacking Surge, Puerto Rico Is Wary Behind the Wheel|first=Mireya|last=Navarro|date=July 31, 1994|accessdate=June 23, 2019|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; but as of 2019, the problem continued in municipalities like Guaynabo and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.metro.pr/pr/noticias/2018/02/08/sacan-familia-auto-carjacking-guaynabo.html|title=Sacan familia de auto para hacer carjacking en Guaynabo|first=Metro Puerto|last=Rico|website=Metro|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telemundopr.com/noticias/destacados/Video-Carjacking-en-centro-comercial-de-Guaynabo-415767433.html|title=Video: Carjacking en centro comercial de Guaynabo|website=Telemundo PR|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.elvocero.com/ley-y-orden/investigan-carjacking-en-guaynabo/article_10c65766-3100-11e8-a045-d7c8b1099ad8.html|title=Investigan carjacking en Guaynabo|first=Nicole Candelaria, Especial para EL|last=VOCERO|website=El Vocero de Puerto Rico|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.primerahora.com/noticias/policia-tribunales/nota/mujervictimadecarjackingapuntadepistolaenguaynabo-1322156/|title=Mujer víctima de carjacking a punta de pistola en Guaynabo|date=19 January 2019|website=Primera Hora|language=es|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fbi.gov/sanjuan/press-releases/2014/arrests-of-elvin-manuel-otero-tarzia-sebastian-angelo-saldana-kevin-rivera-ruiz-and-a-male-juvenile|title=Arrests of Elvin Manuel Otero Tarzia, Sebastian Angelo Saldana, Kevin Rivera Ruiz, and a Male Juvenile|website=FBI|accessdate=23 June 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; From January 1, 2019, to March 14, 2019, thirty carjackings had occurred on the island.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.notiuno.com/noticias/seguridad-y-justicia/alarmante-la-cifra-de-carjackings-en-la-isla/article_8aca3e14-4604-11e9-abb1-83bb825a5e77.html|title=Alarmante la cifra de &quot;carjackings&quot; en la Isla|publisher=Redacción Digital|website=UNO Radio Group|accessdate=June 23, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Culture==
{{Main|Culture of Puerto Rico}}
Modern Puerto Rican culture is a unique mix of cultural antecedents: including European (predominantly Spanish, [[Corsican immigration to Puerto Rico|Italian]], [[French immigration to Puerto Rico|French]], [[German immigration to Puerto Rico|German]] and [[Irish immigration to Puerto Rico|Irish]]), African, and, more recently, some North American and many South Americans. Many Cubans and Dominicans have relocated to the island in the past few decades.

From the Spanish, Puerto Rico received the Spanish language, the Catholic religion and the vast majority of their cultural and moral values and traditions. The United States added English-language influence, the university system and the adoption of some holidays and practices. On March 12, 1903, the [[University of Puerto Rico]] was officially founded, branching out from the &quot;Escuela Normal Industrial&quot;, a smaller organization that was founded in Fajardo three years earlier.

Much of Puerto Rican culture centers on the influence of music and has been shaped by other cultures combining with local and traditional rhythms. Early in the history of Puerto Rican music, the influences of Spanish and African traditions were most noticeable. The cultural movements across the Caribbean and North America have played a vital role in the more recent musical influences which have reached Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;Giovannetti, Jorge L. &quot;Popular Music and Culture in Puerto Rico: Jamaican and Rap Music as Cross-Cultural Symbols&quot;, in ''Musical Migrations: Transnationalism and Cultural Hybridity in the Americas'', ed. Frances R. Aparicio and Cándida F. Jáquez, 81–98.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.puertoricanmusictv.com/ |title=Puerto Rican Music TV |publisher=Puerto Rican Music TV |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The official symbols of Puerto Rico are the ''reinita mora'' or [[Puerto Rican spindalis]] (a type of bird), the [[Thespesia grandiflora|''flor de maga'']] (a type of flower), and the ''ceiba'' or [[Ceiba pentandra|kapok]] (a type of tree). The unofficial animal and a symbol of Puerto Rican pride is the [[common coquí|coquí]], a small frog. Other popular symbols of Puerto Rico are the ''[[Jíbaro (Puerto Rico)|jíbaro]]'' (the &quot;countryman&quot;) and the carite.

===Architecture===
{{main|Architecture of Puerto Rico}}
The architecture of Puerto Rico demonstrates a broad variety of traditions, styles and national influences accumulated over four centuries of Spanish rule, and a century of American rule. [[Spanish colonial architecture]], [[Islamic architecture|Ibero-Islamic]], [[art deco]], [[Post-modern architecture|post-modern]], and many other architectural forms are visible throughout the island. From town to town, there are also many regional distinctions.

[[File:The Colors of Old San Juan (28488284470).jpg|thumb|[[Old San Juan]]]]

Old San Juan is one of the two ''barrios'', in addition to [[Santurce, San Juan, Puerto Rico|Santurce]], that made up the [[municipality]] of San Juan from 1864 to 1951, at which time the former independent municipality of [[Río Piedras]] was annexed. With its abundance of shops, historic places, museums, open air cafés, restaurants, gracious homes, tree-shaded plazas, and its old beauty and architectonical peculiarity, Old San Juan is a main spot for local and internal tourism. The district is also characterized by numerous public plazas and churches including [[San José Church]] and the [[Cathedral of San Juan Bautista]], which contains the tomb of the Spanish explorer [[Juan Ponce de León]]. It also houses the oldest Catholic school for elementary education in Puerto Rico, the Colegio de Párvulos, built in 1865.

The oldest parts of the district of Old San Juan remain partly enclosed by massive walls. Several defensive structures and notable [[fort]]s, such as the emblematic [[Fort San Felipe del Morro]], [[Castillo San Cristóbal (San Juan)|Fort San Cristóbal]], and [[El Palacio de Santa Catalina]], also known as [[La Fortaleza]], acted as the primary defenses of the settlement which was subjected to numerous attacks. [[La Fortaleza]] continues to serve also as the executive mansion for the [[governor of Puerto Rico]]. Many of the historic fortifications are part of [[San Juan National Historic Site]].

During the 1940s, sections of Old San Juan fell into disrepair, and many renovation plans were suggested. There was even a strong push to develop Old San Juan as a &quot;small [[Manhattan]]&quot;. Strict remodeling codes were implemented to prevent new constructions from affecting the common colonial Spanish architectural themes of the old city. When a project proposal suggested that the old Carmelite Convent in San Juan be demolished to erect a new hotel, the Institute had the building declared as a historic building, and then asked that it be converted to a hotel in a renewed facility. This was what became the ''Hotel El Convento'' in Old San Juan. The paradigm to reconstruct and renovate the old city and revitalize it has been followed by other cities in the Americas, particularly [[Havana]], [[Lima]] and [[Cartagena de Indias]].

Ponce Creole is an [[architectural style]] created in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico]], in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This style of Puerto Rican buildings is found predominantly in residential homes in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] that developed between 1895 and 1920. Ponce Creole architecture borrows heavily from the traditions of the French, the Spaniards, and the Caribbean to create houses that were especially built to withstand the hot and dry climate of the region, and to take advantage of the sun and sea breezes characteristic of the southern Puerto Rico's [[Caribbean Sea]] coast.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|author=Randall Peffer|title=Puerto Rico, a Travel Guide|url=https://books.google.com/?id=MjXG2vg5YFsC&amp;pg=PA225|year=2002|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-274-1|page=225}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is a blend of wood and masonry, incorporating architectural elements of other styles, from [[Classical revival]] and [[Spanish Revival]] to [[Victorian architecture|Victorian]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100302194306/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/traveler/articles/1056puerto_rico.html|url-status=dead|title=National Geographic Traveler Article: Puerto Rico|archivedate=March 2, 2010|website=www.nationalgeographic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Arts===
{{main|Puerto Rican art}}
Puerto Rican art reflects many influences, much from its ethnically diverse background. A form of [[folk art]], called ''santos'' evolved from the Catholic Church's use of [[sculpture]]s to convert indigenous Puerto Ricans to [[Christianity]]. ''Santos'' depict figures of saints and other religious icons and are made from native wood, clay, and stone. After shaping simple, they are often finished by painting them in vivid colors. ''Santos'' vary in size, with the smallest examples around eight inches tall and the largest about twenty inches tall. Traditionally, santos were seen as messengers between the earth and Heaven. As such, they occupied a special place on household [[altar]]s, where people prayed to them, asked for help, or tried to summon their protection.

Also popular, ''caretas'' or ''vejigantes'' are masks worn during [[carnival]]s. Similar masks signifying evil spirits were used in both Spain and Africa, though for different purposes. The Spanish used their masks to frighten lapsed [[Christians]] into returning to the church, while tribal Africans used them as protection from the evil spirits they represented. True to their historic origins, Puerto Rican ''caretas'' always bear at least several horns and fangs. While usually constructed of [[papier-mâché]], coconut shells and fine metal screening are sometimes used as well. Red and black were the typical colors for ''caretas'' but their palette has expanded to include a wide variety of bright hues and patterns.

===Literature===
{{main|Puerto Rican literature}}
[[File:Retrato de EMdeHostos por Francisco Oller.jpg|thumb|right|upright|[[Eugenio María de Hostos]]]]

Puerto Rican literature evolved from the art of [[oral literature|oral story telling]] to its present-day status. Written works by the native islanders of Puerto Rico were prohibited and repressed by the Spanish colonial government. Only those who were commissioned by the Spanish Crown to document the chronological history of the island were allowed to write.

[[Diego de Torres Vargas]] was allowed to circumvent this strict prohibition for three reasons: he was a priest, he came from a prosperous Spanish family, and his father was a Sergeant Major in the Spanish Army, who died while defending Puerto Rico from an invasion by the [[Dutch people|Dutch]] armada. In 1647, Torres Vargas wrote {{lang|es|Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico}} (&quot;Description of the Island and City of Puerto Rico&quot;). This historical book was the first to make a detailed geographic description of the island.&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://newdeal.feri.org/pr/pr03.htm |title=Puerto Rico in the Great Depression |publisher=Newdeal.feri.org |date= |accessdate=April 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The book described all the fruits and commercial establishments of the time, mostly centered in the towns of San Juan and Ponce. The book also listed and described every mine, church, and hospital in the island at the time. The book contained notices on the State and Capital, plus an extensive and erudite bibliography. {{lang|es|Descripción de la Ciudad e Isla de Puerto Rico}} was the first successful attempt at writing a comprehensive history of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;DT&quot;/&gt;

Some of Puerto Rico's earliest writers were influenced by the teachings of [[Rafael Cordero (educator)|Rafael Cordero]]. Among these was Dr. [[Manuel A. Alonso]], the first Puerto Rican writer of notable importance. In 1849 he published {{lang|es|El Gíbaro}}, a collection of verses whose main themes were the poor Puerto Rican country farmer. [[Eugenio María de Hostos]] wrote {{lang|es|La peregrinación de Bayoán}} in 1863, which used [[Bartolomé de las Casas]] as a spring board to reflect on Caribbean identity. After this first novel, Hostos abandoned fiction in favor of the essay which he saw as offering greater possibilities for inspiring social change.

In the late 19th century, with the arrival of the first printing press and the founding of the Royal Academy of Belles Letters, Puerto Rican literature began to flourish. The first writers to express their political views in regard to Spanish colonial rule of the island were journalists. After the United States invaded Puerto Rico during the Spanish–American War and the island was ceded to the Americans as a condition of the Treaty of Paris of 1898, writers and poets began to express their opposition to the new colonial rule by writing about patriotic themes.

[[Alejandro Tapia y Rivera]], also known as the Father of Puerto Rican Literature, ushered in a new age of [[historiography]] with the publication of ''The Historical Library of Puerto Rico''. [[Cayetano Coll y Toste]] was another Puerto Rican historian and writer. His work ''The Indo-Antillano Vocabulary'' is valuable in understanding the way the [[Taínos]] lived. [[Manuel Zeno Gandía]] in 1894 wrote {{lang|es|La Charca}} and told about the harsh life in the remote and mountainous coffee regions in Puerto Rico. [[Antonio S. Pedreira]], described in his work {{lang|es|Insularismo}} the cultural survival of the Puerto Rican identity after the American invasion.

With the Puerto Rican diaspora of the 1940s, Puerto Rican literature was greatly influenced by a phenomenon known as the [[Nuyorican Movement]]. Puerto Rican literature continued to flourish and many Puerto Ricans have since distinguished themselves as authors, journalists, poets, novelists, playwrights, screenwriters, essayists and have also stood out in other literary fields. The influence of Puerto Rican literature has transcended the boundaries of the island to the United States and the rest of the world. Over the past fifty years, significant writers include [[Ed Vega]], [[Luis Rafael Sánchez]], [[Piri Thomas]], [[Giannina Braschi]], and [[Miguel Piñero]]. [[Esmeralda Santiago]] has written an autobiographical trilogy about growing up in modern Puerto Rico as well as an historical novel, {{lang|es|Conquistadora}}, about life on a sugar plantation during the mid-19th century.

===Media===
{{main|Media in Puerto Rico}}
The [[mass media]] in Puerto Rico includes local [[radio stations]], [[television stations]] and [[newspapers]], the majority of which are conducted in [[Spanish language|Spanish]]. There are also three stations of the [[American Forces Network|U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service]]. Newspapers with daily distribution are {{lang|es|[[El Nuevo Día]]}}, {{lang|es|[[El Vocero]]}} and {{lang|es|[[Índice (newspaper)|Índice]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Metro (Puerto Rico)|Metro]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[Primera Hora (Puerto Rico)|Primera Hora]]}}. {{lang|es|El Vocero}} is distributed free of charge, as are {{lang|es|Índice}} and {{lang|es|Metro}}.

Newspapers distributed on a weekly or regional basis include {{lang|es|[[Claridad]]}}, {{lang|es|[[La Perla del Sur]]}}, {{lang|es|[[La Opinión]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Visión (Puerto Rico)|Visión]]}}, and {{lang|es|[[La Estrella del Norte]]}}, among others. Several television channels provide local content in the island. These include [[WIPR-TV]], {{lang|es|[[Telemundo Puerto Rico (TV channel)|Telemundo]]}}, {{lang|es|[[Univision Puerto Rico]]}}, [[WAPA-TV]], and [[WKAQ-TV]].

===Music===
{{main|Music of Puerto Rico}}
[[File:Bomba-1.ogv|thumb|A dancer performs typical ''[[bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]]'' choreography]]

The music of Puerto Rico has evolved as a heterogeneous and dynamic product of diverse cultural resources. The most conspicuous musical sources have been Spain and West Africa, although many aspects of Puerto Rican music reflect origins elsewhere in Europe and the Caribbean and, over the last century, from the U.S. Puerto Rican music culture today comprises a wide and rich variety of genres, ranging from indigenous genres like [[Bomba (Puerto Rico)|bomba]], [[plena]], [[aguinaldo (music)|aguinaldo]], [[danza]] and [[Salsa music|salsa]] to recent hybrids like [[reggaeton]].

Puerto Rico has some national instruments, like the [[Puerto Rican cuatro|cuatro]] (Spanish for &quot;four&quot;). The cuatro is a local instrument that was made by the &quot;Jibaro&quot; or people from the mountains. Originally, the Cuatro consisted of four steel strings, hence its name, but currently the Cuatro consists of five double steel strings. It is easily confused with a guitar, even by locals. When held upright, from right to left, the strings are G, D, A, E, B.

In the realm of [[classical music]], the island hosts two main orchestras, the [[Orquesta Sinfónica de Puerto Rico]] and the Orquesta Filarmónica de Puerto Rico. The [[Casals Festival]] takes place annually in San Juan, drawing in classical musicians from around the world.

With respect to [[opera]], the legendary Puerto Rican tenor [[Antonio Paoli]] was so celebrated, that he performed private recitals for [[Pope Pius X]] and the [[Czar Nicholas II of Russia]]. In 1907, Paoli was the first operatic artist in world history to record an entire opera – when he participated in a performance of ''[[Pagliacci]]'' by [[Ruggiero Leoncavallo]] in Milan, Italy.

Over the past fifty years, Puerto Rican artists such as Jorge Emmanuelli, [[Yomo Toro]], [[Ramito]], [[Jose Feliciano]], [[Bobby Capo]], [[Rafael Cortijo]], [[Ismael Rivera]], [[Chayanne]], [[Tito Puente]], [[Eddie Palmieri]], [[Ray Barreto]], [[Dave Valentin]], [[Omar Rodríguez-López]], [[Hector Lavoe]], [[Ricky Martin]], [[Marc Anthony]] and [[Luis Fonsi]] have gained fame internationally.
{{clear}}

===Cuisine===
{{main|Puerto Rican cuisine}}
[[File:Cuchifritos.jpg|thumb|''[[Cuchifritos]]'' (''Carnitas'') in New York]]
[[File:Aranitas tostones.jpg|thumb|Plantain &quot;arañitas&quot; and &quot;tostones rellenos&quot;]]

Puerto Rican cuisine has its roots in the cooking traditions and practices of Europe (Spain), Africa and the native [[Taíno]]s. In the latter part of the 19th century, the cuisine of Puerto Rico was greatly influenced by the [[Cuisine of the United States|United States]] in the ingredients used in its preparation. Puerto Rican cuisine has transcended the boundaries of the island, and can be found in several countries outside the [[archipelago]]. Basic ingredients include [[grain]]s and [[legume]]s, [[herb]]s and [[spice]]s, starchy tropical [[tuber]]s, vegetables, meat and poultry, seafood and shellfish, and fruits. Main dishes include ''[[mofongo]]'', ''[[arroz con gandules]]'', ''[[pasteles]]'', ''[[alcapurrias]]'' and [[pig roast]] (or lechón). Beverages include ''[[mauby|maví]]'' and ''[[piña colada]]''. Desserts include flan, ''arroz con dulce'' (sweet [[rice pudding]]), ''[[Piragua (food)|piraguas]]'', ''[[brazo gitano]]s'', ''[[tembleque]]'', ''[[Polvorón|polvorones]]'', and ''[[dulce de leche]]''.

Locals call their cuisine '''''cocina criolla'''''. The traditional Puerto Rican cuisine was well established by the end of the 19th century. By 1848 the first restaurant, [[La Mallorquina]], opened in [[Old San Juan]]. ''El Cocinero Puertorriqueño'', the island's first cookbook was published in 1849.&lt;ref&gt;Ortiz, Yvonne. A Taste of Puerto Rico: Traditional and New Dishes from the Puerto Rican Community. Penguin group, 1997. p. 3&lt;/ref&gt;

From the diet of the [[Taíno]] people come many tropical roots and tubers like ''[[taro|yautía]]'' (taro) and especially ''Yuca'' (cassava), from which thin cracker-like ''[[casabe]]'' bread is made. Ajicito or cachucha pepper, a slightly hot habanero pepper, ''[[culantro|recao/culantro]]'' (spiny leaf), ''[[annatto|achiote]]'' (annatto), ''[[Capsicum|peppers]]'', ''[[ají caballero]]'' (the hottest pepper native to Puerto Rico), peanuts, [[guava]]s, [[pineapple]]s, ''[[cocoplum|jicacos]]'' (cocoplum), ''[[mamoncillo|quenepas]]'' (mamoncillo), ''[[Calathea allouia|lerenes]]'' (Guinea arrowroot), ''[[calabaza]]s'' (tropical pumpkins), and ''[[soursop|guanabanas]]'' (soursops) are all Taíno foods. The Taínos also grew varieties of [[bean]]s and some maize/corn, but maize was not as dominant in their cooking as it was for the peoples living on the mainland of [[Mesoamerica]]. This is due to the frequent hurricanes that Puerto Rico experiences, which destroy crops of maize, leaving more safeguarded plants like ''conucos'' (hills of ''yuca'' grown together).

Spanish / European influence is also seen in Puerto Rican cuisine. Wheat, [[chickpea]]s (garbanzos), [[caper]]s, [[olive]]s, [[olive oil]], [[black pepper]], onions, garlic, ''cilantrillo'' ([[cilantro]]), [[oregano]], [[basil]], [[sugarcane]], [[citrus]] fruit, [[eggplant]], [[ham]], [[lard]], [[Chicken (food)|chicken]], beef, pork, and cheese all came to Puerto Rico from Spain. The tradition of cooking complex stews and rice dishes in pots such as rice and beans are also thought to be originally European (much like Italians, Spaniards, and the British). Early [[Dutch people|Dutch]], French, Italian, and Chinese immigrants influenced not only the culture but Puerto Rican cooking as well. This great variety of traditions came together to form La Cocina Criolla.

Coconuts, coffee (brought by the Arabs and Corsos to Yauco from [[Kaffa Province, Ethiopia|Kafa]], Ethiopia), [[okra]], [[Yam (vegetable)|yams]], [[sesame seeds]], ''gandules'' ([[pigeon pea]]s in English) sweet bananas, plantains, other root vegetables and Guinea hen, all come to Puerto Rico from Africa.

===Philately===
{{main|Puerto Rico on stamps}}
[[File:San Juan 1971 U.S. stamp.1.jpg|thumb|upright|San Juan 450th 1971 issue, depicting one of the [[:File:Lookout Station.JPG|garitas]] of El Morro]]

Puerto Rico has been commemorated on four U.S. postal stamps and four personalities have been featured. Insular Territories were commemorated in 1937, the third stamp honored Puerto Rico featuring '[[La Fortaleza]]', the Spanish Governor's Palace.&lt;ref&gt;[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;img=&amp;mode=1&amp;pg=1&amp;tid=2033211 3-cent Puerto Rico Issue] Arago: people, postage &amp; the post. Viewed March 4, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; The first free election for governor of the U.S. colony of Puerto Rico was honored on April 27, 1949, at San Juan, Puerto Rico. 'Inauguration' on the 3-cent stamp refers to the election of [[Luis Muñoz Marín]], the first democratically elected governor of Puerto Rico.&lt;ref name=&quot;Puerto Rico Election Issue&quot;&gt;Rod, Steven J. [http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;img=&amp;mode=1&amp;pg=1&amp;tid=2028823 Puerto Rico Election Issue] Arago: people, postage &amp; the post. Viewed March 4, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; San Juan, Puerto Rico was commemorated with an 8-cent stamp on its 450th anniversary issued September 12, 1971, featuring a sentry box from [[Castillo San Felipe del Morro]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;tid=2038993 San Juan Issue] Arago: people, postage &amp; the post. Viewed March 17, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; In the &quot;Flags of our nation series&quot; 2008–2012, of the fifty-five, five territorial flags were featured. Forever stamps included the [[Flags of Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Flag]] illustrated by a bird issued 2011.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Flags of our nation series 2008–2012, Arago: people, postage &amp; the post&quot;, National Postal Museum. Viewed March 7, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Four Puerto Rican personalities have been featured on U.S. postage stamps. These include [[Roberto Clemente]] in 1984 as an individual and in the Legends of Baseball series issued in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Roberto Clemente (1934–1972)&quot; p. 178, &quot;Legends of Baseball&quot; p. 254, Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Luis Muñoz Marín]] in the Great Americans series,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Great Americans Issue&quot; Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 183&lt;/ref&gt; on February 18, 1990,&lt;ref name=&quot;Puerto Rico Election Issue&quot;/&gt; [[Julia de Burgos]] in the Literary Arts series, issued 2010,&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Literary Arts&quot; Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 308&lt;/ref&gt; and [[José Ferrer]] in the Distinguished American series, issued 2012.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Distinguished Americans&quot; Scott's Specialized Catalogue, 2013, {{ISBN|0-89487-475-6}}, p. 317&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sports===
{{Main|Sports in Puerto Rico}}
[[Baseball]] was one of the first sports to gain widespread popularity in Puerto Rico. The [[Puerto Rico Baseball League]] serves as the only active professional league, operating as a winter league. No [[Major League Baseball]] franchise or affiliate plays in Puerto Rico, however, San Juan hosted the [[Montreal Expos]] for several series in 2003 and 2004 before they moved to Washington, D.C. and became the [[Washington Nationals]].

The [[Puerto Rico national baseball team]] has participated in the [[World Cup of Baseball]] winning one gold (1951), four silver and four bronze medals, the [[Caribbean Series]] (winning fourteen times) and the [[World Baseball Classic]]. On {{Nowrap|March 2006}}, San Juan's [[Hiram Bithorn Stadium]] hosted the opening round as well as the second round of the newly formed [[World Baseball Classic]]. Puerto Rican baseball players include [[Hall of Fame]]rs [[Roberto Clemente]], [[Orlando Cepeda]] and [[Roberto Alomar]], enshrined in 1973, 1999, and 2011 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/clemente-roberto |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Clemente |publisher=Baseballhall.org |date= |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/cepeda-orlando |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Orlando Cepeda |publisher=Baseballhall.org |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://baseballhall.org/hof/alomar-roberto |title=Baseball Hall of Fame entry for Roberto Alomar |publisher=Baseballhall.org |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Boxing]], [[basketball]], and [[volleyball]] are considered popular sports as well. [[Wilfredo Gómez]] and [[McWilliams Arroyo]] have won their respective divisions at the [[World Amateur Boxing Championships]]. Other medalists include [[José Pedraza (boxer)|José Pedraza]], who holds a silver medal, and three boxers who finished in third place, José Luis Vellón, [[Nelson Dieppa]] and [[McJoe Arroyo]]. In the professional circuit, Puerto Rico has the third-most [[List of Puerto Rican boxing world champions|boxing world champions]] and it is the global leader in champions per capita. These include [[Miguel Cotto]], [[Félix Trinidad]], [[Wilfred Benítez]] and Gómez among others.

The [[Puerto Rico national basketball team]] joined the [[International Basketball Federation]] in 1957. Since then, it has won more than 30 medals in international competitions, including gold in three [[FIBA Americas Championship]]s and the 1994 [[Goodwill Games]] August 8, 2004, became a landmark date for the team when it became the first team to defeat the [[United States men's national basketball team|United States]] in an Olympic tournament since the integration of [[National Basketball Association]] players. Winning the inaugural game with scores of 92–73 as part of the [[2004 Summer Olympics]] organized in [[Athens]], Greece.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport2/hi/olympics_2004/basketball/3567344.stm |title=Olympics 2004 – Basketball – Shock defeat for USA |work=BBC News |date=August 15, 2004 |accessdate=October 30, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Baloncesto Superior Nacional]] acts as the top-level professional basketball league in Puerto Rico, and has experienced success since its beginning in 1930.

[[File:Orangestarsultra.jpg|thumb|[[Puerto Rico Islanders]] fans at a soccer game]]

[[Puerto Rico national football team|Puerto Rico]] is also a member of [[FIFA]] and [[CONCACAF]]. In 2008, the archipelago's first unified league, the [[Puerto Rico Soccer League]], was established.

Other sports include [[professional wrestling]] and [[road running]]. The [[World Wrestling Council]] and [[International Wrestling Association (Puerto Rico)|International Wrestling Association]] are the largest wrestling promotions in the main island. The [[World's Best 10K]], held annually in San Juan, has been ranked among the 20 most competitive races globally. The &quot;Puerto Rico All Stars&quot; team, which has won twelve world championships in unicycle basketball.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.primerahora.com/boricuasluciosenunarueda-boricuazo-especial-nota-243205.html |title=Boricuas lucíos en una rueda |author=Jesús Omar Rivera |newspaper=Primera Hora |language=Spanish |date=October 29, 2008 |accessdate=October 16, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Organized [[Streetball]] has gathered some exposition, with teams like &quot;Puerto Rico Street Ball&quot; competing against established organizations including the [[Arecibo Captains|Capitanes de Arecibo]] and [[AND1]]'s [[AND1 Mixtape Tour|Mixtape Tour Team]]. Six years after the first visit, AND1 returned as part of their renamed Live Tour, losing to the Puerto Rico Streetballers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=2542:and1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show |title=AND1 &amp; PR Streetball Put on a Show! |author=Raul Sosa |publisher=BoricuaBallers.com |date=July 27, 2012 |accessdate=July 31, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151016022449/http://www.boricuasballers.com/index.php?option=com_k2&amp;view=item&amp;id=2542%3Aand1-and-pr-streetball-put-on-a-show |archivedate=October 16, 2015 |df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Consequently, practitioners of this style have earned participation in international teams, including [[Orlando Melendez|Orlando &quot;El Gato&quot; Meléndez]], who became the first Puerto Rican born athlete to play for the [[Harlem Globetrotters]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://sports.espn.go.com/espn/hispanicheritage2008/news/story?id=3641638 |title=Melendez adds a new country to Globetrotters' resume |author=Joshua Hammann |publisher=[[ESPN]] |date=October 14, 2008 |accessdate=November 7, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Orlando Antigua]], whose mother is Puerto Rican, in 1995 became the first Hispanic and the first non-black in 52 years to play for the Harlem Globetrotters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9900E3DD1239F93BA15751C1A963958260 |title=A Non-Black Player Joins Globetrotters |location=Antigua &amp; Barbuda |work=New York Times |date=December 28, 1995 |accessdate=August 14, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Puerto Rico has representation in all international competitions including the [[Summer Olympics|Summer]] and [[Winter Olympics]], the [[Pan American Games]], the [[Caribbean World Series]], and the [[Central American and Caribbean Games]]. Puerto Rico hosted the Pan Am Games in 1979 (officially in San Juan), and The [[Central American and Caribbean Games]] were hosted in [[1993 Central American and Caribbean Games|1993]] in [[Ponce, Puerto Rico|Ponce]] and in [[2010 Central American and Caribbean Games|2010]] in [[Mayagüez]].

Puerto Rican athletes have won nine medals in Olympic competition (one gold, two silver, six bronze), the first one in 1948 by boxer [[Juan Evangelista Venegas]]. [[Monica Puig]] won the first gold medal for Puerto Rico in the Olympic Games by winning the [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics#Medal events|Women's Tennis singles title in Rio 2016]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games |title=Who is Mónica Puig the Puerto Rico player who won the gold medal in the Rio 2016 Olympic Games women's tennis final? |date=August 14, 2016 |publisher=Rio2016.com |accessdate=August 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826095633/https://www.rio2016.com/en/news/who-is-monica-puig-the-puerto-rico-puerto-rican-tennis-player-at-rio-2016-olympic-games |archivedate=August 26, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/26/sports/tennis/monica-puig-puerto-rico-olympics-gold-medalist.html |title=Monica Puig, Puerto Rico's Favorite Daughter (and Only Gold Medalist) |first=David |last=Waldstein |date=August 25, 2016 |website=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Folklore===
In her poem ''The Messenger-Bird'', [[Felicia Hemans]] refers to a Puerto Rican legend concerning ''The Fountain of Youth'', supposedly to be found in the [[Lucayan Archipelago]]. She sourced this from [[William Robertson (historian)|Robertson]]'s History of America.
{{wikisource|The Forest Sanctuary, and Other Poems/The Messenger Bird|'The Messenger-Bird', a poem by Felicia Hemans}}

==Infrastructure==
{{Main|Transportation in Puerto Rico|Communications in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority|Puerto Rico Aqueducts and Sewers Authority}}
[[File:Puerto Rico Interstates.svg|thumb|upright=1.6|left|[[List of highways in Puerto Rico|Puerto Rico interstate highways]]]]
Cities and towns in Puerto Rico are interconnected by a system of roads, [[freeway]]s, [[limited-access road|expressways]], and [[highway]]s maintained by the Highways and Transportation Authority under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Department of Transportation, and patrolled by the [[Puerto Rico Police Department]]. The island's [[metropolitan area]] is served by a [[Autoridad Metropolitana de Autobuses|public bus transit system]] and a [[rapid transit|metro system]] called ''[[Tren Urbano]]'' (in English: Urban Train). Other forms of public transportation include seaborne ferries (that serve Puerto Rico's archipelago) as well as ''Carros Públicos'' ([[Share taxi|private mini buses]]).

Puerto Rico has three [[international airport]]s, the [[Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport]] in [[Carolina, Puerto Rico|Carolina]], [[Mercedita Airport]] in Ponce, and the [[Rafael Hernández Airport]] in Aguadilla, and 27 local airports. The Luis Muñoz Marín International Airport is the largest aerial transportation hub in the Caribbean.&lt;ref name=PRPA2008-07-28&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/APMain.aspx |title=Aeropuertos Internacionales y Regionales (Spanish) |publisher=Puerto Rico Ports Authority |accessdate=February 6, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091007181239/http://www.prpa.gobierno.pr/apmain.aspx |archivedate=October 7, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Tren Urbano in Bayamón (Puerto Rico).jpg|thumb|The [[Tren Urbano]] system at Bayamón Station]]

Puerto Rico has nine [[port]]s in different cities across the main island. The [[San Juan Port]] is the largest in Puerto Rico, and the busiest port in the Caribbean and the 10th busiest in the United States in terms of commercial activity and cargo movement, respectively.&lt;ref name=PRPA2008-07-28 /&gt; The second largest port is the [[Port of the Americas]] in Ponce, currently under expansion to increase cargo capacity to {{Nowrap|1.5 million}} twenty-foot containers ([[Twenty-foot equivalent unit|TEUs]]) per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.portoftheamericas.com/about.project/overview.htm |title=About the Project – Overview |publisher=Port of the Americas Authority |accessdate=July 28, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The '''Puerto Rico Electric Power Authority''' ('''PREPA''')—Spanish: ''Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica '' ('''AEE''')—is an [[electric power company]] and the [[List of government-owned corporations of Puerto Rico|government-owned corporation of Puerto Rico]] responsible for [[electricity generation]], [[electric power transmission|power transmission]], and [[electric power distribution|power distribution]] in Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.presupuesto.gobierno.pr/PresupuestosAnteriores/af2008_2009/Tomo_II/suppdocs/baselegal/169/169.pdf |title=Ley de la Autoridad de Energía Eléctrica de Puerto Rico |website=Presupuesto.gobierno.pr |accessdate=August 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; PREPA is the only entity authorized to conduct such business in Puerto Rico, effectively making it a [[government monopoly]]. The Authority is ruled by a governing board appointed by the governor with the [[advice and consent]] of the [[Senate of Puerto Rico]], and is run by an executive director.

Telecommunications in Puerto Rico includes radio, television, fixed and mobile telephones, and the Internet. Broadcasting in Puerto Rico is regulated by the [[Federal Communications Commission|U.S. Federal Communications Commission]] (FCC).&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-17140680 &quot;Puerto Rico profile&quot;], ''BBC News'', May 23, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2007}}, there were 30 TV stations, 125 radio stations and roughly 1&amp;nbsp;million TV sets on the island. Cable TV subscription services are available and the U.S. Armed Forces Radio and Television Service also broadcast on the island.&lt;ref name=CIAWFB-PuertoRico-2013&gt;[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html &quot;Communications: Puerto Rico&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190108113942/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/rq.html |date=8 January 2019 }}, ''World Factbook'', U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, December 9, 2013. Retrieved January 8, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{portal|Puerto Rico|United States|Caribbean|Islands}}
{{Wikipedia books|Puerto Rico}}
* [[Index of Puerto Rico-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Puerto Rico]]
* [[Military history of Puerto Rico]]

{{clear}}
==Footnotes==
{{reflist|group=Note}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist|group=note}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==Further reading==
* Isar P. Godreau, ''Scripts of Blackness: Race, Cultural nationalism, and U.S. Colonialism in Puerto Rico.'' Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2015.

==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Puerto Rico|n=Category:Puerto Rico|s=Category:Puerto Rico|d=Q1183|b=no|v=no}}

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* {{official website|http://www2.pr.gov/}} {{in lang|es}}
** {{official website|http://www.businessinpuertorico.com/|Investment}}
** {{official website|http://www.seepuertorico.com/|Tourism}}
** [http://www.ddec.pr.gov/ Department Of Economic Development and Commerce]
* {{gnis|1848460}}
* {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/country_profiles/3593469.stm |title=Puerto Rico |publisher=BBC |work=Country profiles}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/482879/Puerto-Rico |title=Puerto Rico |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica}}
* {{cite web |url=http://www.tendenciaspr.com/ |title=Datos y Estadisticas de Puerto Rico y sus Municipios |trans-title= Data and Statistics about Puerto Rico and Its Municipalities |language=es |website=Tendencias PR}}
* {{CIA World Factbook link|rq|Puerto Rico}}
* {{curlie|Regional/Caribbean/Puerto_Rico}}

===Geography===
* {{wikiatlas|Puerto Rico}}
* {{osmrelation|4422604}}

===United States government===
* {{cite web |url=http://www.gao.gov/archive/1998/og98005.pdf |title=Application of the U.S. Constitution in U.S. Insular Areas |date=November 1997}}
* {{cite web |url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/states/puertorico/index.html |title=Puerto Rico State Guide |publisher=[[Library of Congress|LOC]]}}

===United Nations (U.N.) Declaration on Puerto Rico===
* {{cite web |url=https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs//2007/gacol3160.doc.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date= December 26, 2007 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20071226070939/https://www.un.org/News/Press/docs/2007/gacol3160.doc.htm |title=Special Committee on Decolonization Calls Upon United States to Expedite Puerto Rico's Self-Determination Process |publisher=U.N. General Assembly |work=Special Committee on Decolonization |series=Press release |date=June 14, 2007}}

{{Puerto Rican topics}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{United States political divisions}}
{{Territories of the United States}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Puerto Rico| ]]
[[Category:Caribbean islands of the United States]]
[[Category:Dependent territories in the Caribbean]]
[[Category:Greater Antilles]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Former colonies in North America]]
[[Category:Former Spanish colonies]]
[[Category:Insular areas of the United States]]
[[Category:Associated states]]
[[Category:Islands of Puerto Rico|*]]
[[Category:New Spain]]
[[Category:Spanish Caribbean]]
[[Category:Spanish colonization of the Americas]]
[[Category:Spanish-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1898]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:1493 establishments in the Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:1898 disestablishments in the Spanish West Indies]]
[[Category:Small Island Developing States]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Puerto Rico]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Puerto Rico/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="33748" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Japanese manga and anime series}}
{{Infobox animanga/Header
| name            = Touch
| image           = File:Touch-Tankobon-vol1-AdachiMitsuru.jpg
| caption         = Volume 1 of the ''Touch'' Tankobon, showing Tatsuya, Kazuya and Minami.
| ja_kanji        = タッチ
| ja_romaji       = Tatchi
| genre           = [[Coming-of-age story|Coming-of-age]], [[Sports manga|sports]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Loo|first=Egan|title=Persona 4 Anime Promo Streamed, Over Fence Manga Previewed (Updated)|url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2011-05-14/persona-4-anime-promo-streamed-over-fence-manga-previewed |website=[[Anime News Network]]|accessdate=July 28, 2018 |date=May 14, 2011|quote=Adachi is best known for coming-of-age sports manga such as ''Touch'' and ''Cross Game''.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- Note: Use and cite reliable sources to identify genre/s, not personal interpretation. Please don't include more than three genres (per [[MOS:A&amp;M]]). --&gt;
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Print
| type            = manga
| author          = [[Mitsuru Adachi]]
| publisher       = [[Shogakukan]]
| demographic     = ''[[Shōnen manga|Shōnen]]''
| imprint          = Shōnen Sunday Comics
| magazine        = [[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]
| first           = August 5, 1981
| last            = October 12, 1986
| volumes         = 26
| volume_list     = #Manga
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv series
| director        = {{ubl|[[Gisaburō Sugii]] {{small|(chief)}}|[[Hiroko Tokita]]}}
| producer        = {{ubl|Yoshinobu Nakao {{small|(#1–79)}}|Chihiro Kameyama {{small|(#80–101)}}|Masamichi Fujiwara|Shigetsugu Tsuiki}}
| writer          = {{ubl|Yumiko Takahoshi {{small|(#1–56)}}|Satoshi Namiki {{small|(#57–101)}}}}
| music           = [[Hiroaki Serizawa]]
| studio          = [[Group TAC]]
| network         = [[Fuji TV]]
| first           = March 24, 1985
| last            = March 22, 1987
| episodes        = 101
| episode_list    = List of Touch anime episodes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = Touch: Sebangō no Nai Ace
| director        = Gisaburō Sugii
| producer        = {{ubl|Masamichi Fujiwara|Tadashi Oka|Yoshirō Kataoka}}
| writer          = {{ubl|Yūjin Harada|Satoshi Namiki|Gisaburō Sugii}}
| music           = Hiroaki Serizawa
| studio          = Group TAC
| released        = April 12, 1986
| runtime         = 93 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = Touch 2: Sayonara no Okurimono
| director        = {{ubl|Gisaburō Sugii {{small|(chief)}}|Naoto Hashimoto}}
| producer        = {{ubl|Masamichi Fujiwara|Tadashi Oka|Yoshirō Kataoka}}
| writer          = Tomoko Konparu
| music           = Hiroaki Serizawa
| studio          = Group TAC
| released        = December 13, 1986
| runtime         = 81 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Game
| title           = City Adventure Touch: Mystery of Triangle
| developer       = [[Compile (publisher)|Compile]]
| publisher       = [[Toho]]
| designer        = 
| director        = 
| producer        = 
| music           = 
| genre           = [[Action game|Action]]
| engine          = 
| platforms       = [[Famicom]]
| released        = March 14, 1987
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = film
| title           = Touch 3: Kimi ga Tōri Sugita Ato ni
| director        = {{ubl|Gisaburō Sugii {{small|(chief)}}|Akinori Nagaoka|Naoto Hashimoto {{small|(cooperation)}}}}
| producer        = {{ubl|Masamichi Fujiwara|Tadashi Oka|Yoshirō Kataoka}}
| writer          = {{ubl|Yumiko Takahoshi|Gisaburō Sugii}}
| music           = Hiroaki Serizawa
| studio          = Group TAC
| released        = April 11, 1987
| runtime         = 83 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = special
| title           = Touch
| director        = Yoshiharu Ueki
| producer        = {{ubl|Akifumi Takuma|Masaru Takahashi}}
| writer          = Satoshi Kurumi
| music           = 
| studio          = Fuji TV {{small|(as birds corp.)}}
| licensee        = 
| network         = Fuji TV
| network_en      = 
| released        = June 1, 1987
| runtime         = 84 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv film
| title           = Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday
| director        = {{ubl|Gisaburō Sugii {{small|(chief)}}|Akinori Nagaoka|Ryūichi Kimura {{small|(assistant)}}}}
| producer        = {{ubl|Hiroshi Yamashita|Masamichi Fujiwara|Fumio Ueda|Michiru Ōshima|Shigetsugu Tsuiki}}
| writer          = Tomoko Konparu
| music           = Hiroaki Serizawa
| studio          = Group TAC
| network         = [[Nippon TV]]
| released        = December 11, 1998
| runtime         = 93 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = tv film
| title           = Touch: Cross Road
| director        = {{ubl|Gisaburō Sugii {{small|(chief)}}|Akinori Nagaoka|Masahito Otani {{small|(assistant)}}|[[Tomoki Kobayashi]] {{small|(assistant)}}|Hiroaki Shimura {{small|(assistant)}}}}
| producer        = {{ubl|Hiroshi Yamashita|Haruo Sai|Fumio Ueda|Michiru Ōshima|Shigetsugu Tsuiki}}
| writer          = {{ubl|Tomoko Konparu|Gisaburō Sugii}}
| music           = Hiroaki Serizawa
| studio          = Group TAC
| network         = Nippon TV
| released        = February 9, 2001
| runtime         = 93 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Video
| type            = live film
| title           = Touch
| director        = [[Isshin Inudo]]
| producer        = Kazunari Yamanaka
| writer          = Yukiko Yamamuro
| music           = Suguru Matsutani
| studio          = {{ubl|Shogakukan|Nippon TV|Toho|[[OLM, Inc.]]}}
| released        = September 10, 2005
| runtime         = 116 minutes
}}
{{Infobox animanga/Footer}}
{{nihongo|'''''Touch'''''|タッチ|Tatchi|lead=yes}} is a Japanese [[high school]] [[baseball]] [[manga]] series written and illustrated by [[Mitsuru Adachi]]. It was originally serialized in ''[[Weekly Shōnen Sunday]]'' from 1981 to 1986.

The manga has been adapted into a 101-episode [[anime]] television series&lt;ref name=&quot;dvdbox&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.toho-a-park.com/touch-tv/story.html|title=List of all episodes in ''Story'' section|language=Japanese|accessdate=September 13, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060808220303/http://www.toho-a-park.com/touch-tv/story.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = August 8, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; – which was one of the highest-rated anime television series ever,&lt;ref name=&quot;animeondvd&quot; /&gt; three theatrical anime movies which summarized the TV series, two anime television specials which take place after the events in the TV series,&lt;ref name=&quot;doi&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/adachi/touch/index.html|title=''Touch''|accessdate=September 13, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; a [[Japanese television drama|live-action TV drama]] special, and a live-action movie released in 2005. 

''Touch'' has sold over 100 million copies, making it one of the [[List of best-selling manga|best-selling manga series]]. In 1983, it was one of the winners of the [[Shogakukan Manga Award]] for the [[shōnen manga|''shōnen'']] and [[shōjo manga|''shōjo'']] categories, along with Adachi's other work ''[[Miyuki (manga)|Miyuki]]''.

==Plot==

Touch follows the twin brothers Tatsuya and Kazuya Uesugi and the girl next door they grew up with and both grew to love, Minami Asakura. As they move from middle school to Meisei High School Kazuya devotes himself to being the ace pitcher of the baseball club and bringing the team to the [[High school baseball in Japan|Koshien]], the national high school baseball tournament, fulfilling a childhood promise to Minami. Tatsuya leads a more frivolous life, avoiding conflict with his dear brother in sports or over their shared affection for Minami. In their first year, on the morning of the final game of the prefectural tournament, Kazuya is struck and killed by a truck in a traffic accident. In the second half of the story, Tatsuya takes up his brother's place in the baseball team and tries to fulfill his brother's goal.

==Characters==
; {{nihongo|Tatsuya Uesugi|上杉 達也|''Uesugi Tatsuya''}}
: The main character. The elder of the Uesugi twins, seemingly selfish and lazy, he is actually very [[altruist]]ic and reluctant to compete against others, especially his brother, Kazuya. A naturally talented athlete, he could be successful in baseball or most sports if he put in the effort but lets his younger brother succeed in his place. Like Kazuya, he loves Minami Asakura, the girl next door and their childhood friend, but initially cedes this relationship to his brother as well. When Tatsuya starts high school he nearly joins the baseball club but, when he hears that Minami has joined as the club manager, he can't go through with it. Instead, Harada cons him into joining the [[boxing]] club with him. {{Voiced by|[[Yūji Mitsuya]]}} Played by: Shota Saito, Tatsuki Shibuya (young)

; {{nihongo|Kazuya Uesugi|上杉 和也|''Uesugi Kazuya''}}
: The younger of the Uesugi twins. Serious, hard working, and seemingly confident in everything he does, he seems to be the complete opposite of his older brother, Tatsuya. His pitching skills, perfect manners, and perfect grades makes him the idol of his parents, his schoolmates, and the neighborhood. He and everyone else sees himself and Minami as the perfect couple who will eventually marry.  He strives to lead Meisei to win the prefectural tournament and advance to the national tournament at the Koushien, fulfilling a childhood promise to take Minami there. Though he projects an image of confidence he is actually always wary of his brother, knowing that, if Tatsuya tried, he could be a better athlete than he is and also steal Minami away. {{Voiced by|[[Keiichi Nanba]]}} Played by: Keita Saito, Itsuki Shibuya (young)

; {{nihongo|Minami Asakura|浅倉 南|''Asakura Minami''}}
: The Uesugi twins' neighbor and childhood friend. A responsible, attractive, athletic and intelligent student who also has to help her father with house chores and at the family coffee shop since her mother died at a young age. Her interests match up more with Kazuya, whom she cares for very deeply and supports completely on his road to the Koushien, but her heart mainly lies with Tatsuya. Like Kazuya, she sees Tatsuya's true potential and kind heart. Although she wishes to focus on being the baseball team's manager, she is eventually convinced to join the school's [[rhythmic gymnastics]] team and becomes a star athlete on her own.  {{Voiced by|[[Noriko Hidaka]]}} Played by: [[Masami Nagasawa]]

; {{nihongo|Shingo Uesugi|上杉 信悟|''Uesugi Shingo''}}; {{nihongo|Haruko Uesugi|上杉 晴子|''Uesugi Haruko''}}
: Tatsuya and Kazuya's parents. Always seen flirting and teasing each other despite the boys' presence. Mr. Uesugi sometimes puts on a straight face, usually to tell off Kazuya but soon turns back to teasing with his wife. Mrs. Uesugi is always seen smiling, sometimes giggling behind her hand. They live very carefree lives, often at the cost of their sons. (Shingo) {{Voiced by|[[Shigeru Chiba]]}}, (Haruko) {{Voiced by|Kazue Komiya}} Played by: [[Fumiyo Kohinata]]

; {{nihongo|Punch|パンチ|''Panchi''}}
:Punch is the Uesugi family [[Samoyed (dog)|Samoyed]]. She has puppies in part 2 of the manga. In the anime, Punch is a male dog and the puppies are instead adopted strays. {{Voiced by|[[Shigeru Chiba]]}}

; {{nihongo|Toshio Asakura|浅倉 俊夫|''Asakura Toshio''}}
: Minami's father and owner of the Minami Kaze (&quot;South/Southern Wind&quot;) coffee shop. A widower, his wife died when Minami was very young but he remains faithful to her, never interested in remarrying. Despite this, he maintains an upbeat, positive attitude, looking forward to the day he believes Minami and Kazuya will marry. For a while, he also employs Tatsuya part-time and sees what a good worker he can be. {{Voiced by|[[Hiroshi Masuoka (voice actor)]]}} Played by: Shin Takuma

; {{nihongo|Kōtarō Matsudaira|松平 孝太郎|''Matsudaira Kōtarō''}}
: Meisei's portly catcher and clean-up hitter. He is Kazuya's best friend and is always paired with him. Initially, he is vehemently against Tatsuya joining the baseball team but eventually warms to him and becomes as close to him as he was to Kazuya. He occasionally expresses his jealousy of his friends' greater talent and ability to attract Minami and other girls.{{Voiced by|[[Shōzō Hayashiya (9th)]]}} Played by: Shinsuke Hiratsuka

; {{nihongo|Shōhei Harada|原田 正平|''Harada Shōhei''}}
: A big, intimidating schoolmate at Meisei. Introduced as a street brawler and bully, he actually proves to be kindhearted and very loyal to his friends, especially to Tatsuya and Minami, who he often gives sound advice to on various matters. He is a member, and eventual captain, of the boxing club and initially had Tatsuya join him, forcing him to toughen up and exercise. {{Voiced by|[[Banjō Ginga]]}} Played by: Rikiya

; {{nihongo|Akio Nitta|新田 明男|''Nitta Akio''}}
: A star slugger for Sumi Tech, the two time winner of the prefectural tournament and runner-up at Koshien. Akio became seriously devoted to baseball when he played against Kazuya in middle school. He has a crush on Minami and is a friend of Harada's from junior high, when they were both delinquents. After Kazuya dies he wants Tatsuya to take his place and show him &quot;Kazuya's pitches&quot; again.{{Voiced by|[[Kazuhiko Inoue]]}} Played by: [[Seiji Fukushi]]

; {{nihongo|Yuka Nitta|新田 由加|''Nitta Yuka''}}
: Akio's little sister, she is unusually close to her brother, and somewhat childish besides. She enters Meisei under the pretense of spying for her brother but really is there to try to seduce Tatsuya into being her boyfriend. She is very good at observing and analyzing baseball players. Despite her bratty behavior, she is also a very good student who scores even higher in history exams than Sakata.{{Voiced by|[[Miina Tominaga]]}}

; {{nihongo|Isami Nishimura|西村 勇|''Nishimura Isami''}}
: A somewhat conceited pitcher who refuses to acknowledge Tatsuya's skills and considers Akio Nitta to be his true rival. He has the best curve ball of any pitcher in their prefecture but no one will rise to his boasting. He also has a crush on Minami and constantly asks her out on dates. Due to overusing his curve ball he suffers damages his elbow and can no longer effectively pitch in his final tournament.  {{Voiced by|[[Ryūsei Nakao]]}}

; {{nihongo|Shigenori Nishio|西尾 茂則|''Nishio Shigenori''}}
: Coach of the Meisei High team. He becomes ill in the brothers' senior year, and must stay in the hospital throughout the prefectural tournament. He assigns an interim coach, Eijiro Kashiwaba, to fill his position, touting him as a &quot;kind, gentle man who loves baseball from the bottom of his heart,&quot; unaware that he had gotten him confused with his elder brother, the more popular Eiichirō. Coach Nishio returns at the end of the prefectural tournament. {{Voiced by|[[Kōichi Kitamura]]}}

; {{nihongo|Eijirō Kashiwaba|柏葉 英二郎|''Kashiwaba Eijirō''}}
: A brutal and spartan substitute coach that fills in while Coach Nishio is ill. Nishio meant to recommend his brother, Eiichirō, but either he or the school got the names mixed up. On his first day, he fires Minami as manager and ruthlessly beats Tatsuya. His training consists of further beatings, humiliation, and working the players beyond exhaustion. Most first year members of the team quickly resigned. He holds a grudge against Meisei's baseball team because of some events that occurred when he attended. He also compares the Uesugi twins' relationship to his own poor relationship with his own brother. {{Voiced by|[[Hideyuki Tanaka]]}}

; {{nihongo|Sachiko Nishio|西尾 佐知子|''Nishio Sachiko''}}
: Daughter of Coach Nishio, girlfriend of Kuroki, and early manager for the Meisei High team. Early on, she mistakes Tatsuya for Kazuya and recognizes his athletic ability, encouraging him to join the team as well. {{Voiced by|[[Hiromi Tsuru]]}}

; {{nihongo|Takeshi Kuroki|黒木 武|''Kuroki Takeshi''}}
: Upperclassman of Kazuya who initially scouts him and finds his pitching so incredible that he unselfishly gives up his position as Meisei's ace the following year. He moves to third base and becomes team captain. He and his girlfriend Sachiko see talent in Tatsuya as well as Kazuya, and try to get him to join the team, especially after Kazuya dies. {{Voiced by|[[Kaneto Shiozawa]]}} Played by: Fuuma Uehara

; {{nihongo|Takeshi Yoshida|吉田 剛|''Yoshida Takeshi''}}
: Transfer student to Meisei High who initially idolizes Tatsuya. He joins the team in their second year to be close to him and to try to gain self confidence. As his skills increase as a pitcher, being able to effectively mimic both Tasuya's fastball and Nishimura's curve ball with great control, he grows from confident to over-confident, conceited, and condescending. He challenges Tatsuya in a pitching contest for the ace position but before the duel can be held he has to move to [[South America]] due to his father's job. He returns in his third year as a cocky and ill-mannered pitcher of another team to play a game against Meisei. {{Voiced by|[[Yoku Shioya]]}} → {{Voiced by|Ryō Horikawa}}

; {{nihongo|Sakata|坂田|}}
: {{Voiced by|[[Minoru Inaba]]}}
: In the same class as Yuka Nitta and top student of their year. Despite being timid and not athletic, he joins the team and sticks with it even after the majority of the other new students quit. He falls in love with Yuka and tenaciously tries to win her affection.

; {{nihongo|Eiichirō Kashiwaba|柏葉 英一郎|''Kashiwaba Eiichirō''}}
:The brother of Eijirō, and the one who Coach Nishio thought he was hiring. He might not be the model baseball hero that many believe him to be. {{Voiced by|[[Kenji Utsumi]], [[Junichi Kanemaru]] (as second-year high school student)}}

==Media==
===Manga===
[[File:Touch-vol14-AdachiMitsuru.jpg|230px|right|thumb|Vol.14 of the 1999 - 2000 ''Touch'' bunkoban, showing Tatsuya and Minami.]]

The series was collected in 26 [[tankōbon]] volumes. It has been reissued in 11 wideban volumes, 14 bunkoban volumes, and then again in 17 &quot;perfect edition&quot; volumes in the original magazine size with color inserts.

Original release
* Volume 1, December 1981, {{ISBN|4-09-120651-4}}
* Volume 2, March 1982, {{ISBN|4-09-120652-2}}
* Volume 3,  July 1982, {{ISBN|4-09-120653-0}}
* Volume 4, October 1982, {{ISBN|4-09-120654-9}}
* Volume 5, January 1983, {{ISBN|4-09-120655-7}}
* Volume 6, April 1983, {{ISBN|4-09-120656-5}}
* Volume 7, July 1983, {{ISBN|4-09-120657-3}}
* Volume 8, October 1983, {{ISBN|4-09-120658-1}}
* Volume 9, December 1983, {{ISBN|4-09-120659-X}}
* Volume 10, May 1984, {{ISBN|4-09-120660-3}}
* Volume 11, July 1984, {{ISBN|4-09-121131-3}}
* Volume 12, September 1984, {{ISBN|4-09-121132-1}}
* Volume 13, November 1984, {{ISBN|4-09-121133-X}}
* Volume 14, December 1984, {{ISBN|4-09-121134-8}}
* Volume 15, January 1985, {{ISBN|4-09-121133-X}}
* Volume 16, April 1985, {{ISBN|4-09-121136-4}}
* Volume 17,  June 1985, {{ISBN|4-09-121137-2}}
* Volume 18, September 1985, {{ISBN|4-09-121138-0}}
* Volume 19, October 1985, {{ISBN|4-09-121139-9}}
* Volume 20, December 1985, {{ISBN|4-09-121140-2}}
* Volume 21, April 1986, {{ISBN|4-09-121451-7}}
* Volume 22, May 1986, {{ISBN|4-09-121452-5}}
* Volume 23, August 1986, {{ISBN|4-09-121453-3}}
* Volume 24, October 1986, {{ISBN|4-09-121454-1}}
* Volume 25, November 1986, {{ISBN|4-09-121455-X}}
* Volume 26, January 1987, {{ISBN|4-09-121456-8}}

[[Wideban]] release
* Volume 1, May 1992, {{ISBN|4-09-123741-X}}
* Volume 2, July 1992, {{ISBN|4-09-123742-8}}
* Volume 3,  February 1992, {{ISBN|4-09-123743-6}}
* Volume 4, November 1992, {{ISBN|4-09-123744-4}}
* Volume 5, January 1993, {{ISBN|4-09-123745-2}}
* Volume 6, March 1993, {{ISBN|4-09-123746-0}}
* Volume 7, May 1993, {{ISBN|4-09-123747-9}}
* Volume 8, July 1993, {{ISBN|4-09-123748-7}}
* Volume 9, September 1993, {{ISBN|4-09-123749-5}}
* Volume 10, November 1993, {{ISBN|4-09-123750-9}}
* Volume 11, January 1994, {{ISBN|4-09-123751-7}}

[[Bunkoban]] release
* Volume 1, April 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193251-7}}
* Volume 2, April 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193252-5}}
* Volume 3,  April 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193253-3}}
* Volume 4, May 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193254-1}}
* Volume 5, June 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193255-X}}
* Volume 6, July 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193256-8}}
* Volume 7, August 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193257-6}}
* Volume 8, October 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193258-4}}
* Volume 9, October 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193259-2}}
* Volume 10, November 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193260-6}}
* Volume 11, December 1999, {{ISBN|4-09-193261-4}}
* Volume 12, January 2000, {{ISBN|4-09-193262-2}}
* Volume 13, February 2000, {{ISBN|4-09-193263-0}}
* Volume 14, March 2000, {{ISBN|4-09-193264-9}}

[[Kanzenban]] release
* Volume 1, June 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127841-8}}
* Volume 2,  June 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127842-6}}
* Volume 3,  June 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127843-4}}
* Volume 4, July 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127844-2}}
* Volume 5, July 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127845-0}}
* Volume 6, July 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127846-9}}
* Volume 7, 8 August 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127847-7}}
* Volume 8, 8 August 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127848-5}}
* Volume 9, 8 August 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127849-3}}
* Volume 10, 2 September 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127850-7}}
* Volume 11, 2 September 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127861-2}}
* Volume 12, 2 September 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-127862-0}}

My First Wide
* {{nihongo|''Tatchan and Katchan''|タッちゃんとカッちゃん|Tatchan to Katchan}} (vol.1), June 2002, {{ISBN|4-09-162134-1}}
* {{nihongo|''Though We've Made It to High School''|高等部へきたけれど|Kōtōbu e Kita Keredo}} (vol.2), June 2002, {{ISBN|4-09-162135-X}}
* {{nihongo|''Twin Princes''|双子の王子|Futago no Ōji}} (vol.3), June 2002, {{ISBN|4-09-162136-8}}
* {{nihongo|''A Walk or a Strikeout''|四球か三振|Shikyū ka Sanshin}} (vol.4), July 2002, {{ISBN|4-09-162155-4}}

===Other books===
*{{nihongo|''Touch: Mitsuru Adachi Selected Original Works Collection''|タッチ―あだち充自選複製原画集|Tatchi: Adachi Mitsuru Jisen Fukusei Genga Shū}}, November 1986, {{ISBN|4-09-199591-8}}
*{{nihongo|''Touch: The Last Scene Once Again''|タッチ もうひとつのラストシーン|Tatchi: Mō Hitotsu no Rasuto Shīn}}, 5 August 2005, {{ISBN|4-09-408045-7}}

===Anime series===
{{main|List of Touch anime episodes}}
The anime series of ''Touch'' premiered on March 24, 1985, and ran until March 22, 1987, comprising 101 episodes in total.&lt;ref name=&quot;Doi episode guide&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usagi.org/doi/adachi/touch/tv.html|title=Touch TV series episode guide|accessdate=December 30, 2017|first=Hitoshi|last=Doi|author-link=Hitoshi Doi}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was one of the highest-rated anime television shows ever in Japan, with episodes consistently rated 30+ percentage points during parts of its run.&lt;ref name=&quot;animeondvd&quot;&gt;{{Cite web |last=Leong|first=Siong Hee |url=http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews2/disc_reviews/3896.php |title=Touch DVD-Box |work=Anime On DVD |date=February 10, 2005 |accessdate=October 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050212011630/http://www.animeondvd.com/reviews2/disc_reviews/3896.php |archive-date=February 12, 2005 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In a 2005 poll by [[TV Asahi]] of the top 100 animated television series, ''Touch'' was ranked 9th.&lt;ref name=&quot;asahipoll&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-23/tv-asahi-top-100-anime-part-2 | title=TV Asahi Top 100 Anime Part 2 | website=Anime News Network | date=September 23, 2005 | accessdate=October 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Theatrical films====
{{anchor|Touch 1}}
Three compilation films were created, presenting a condensed version the TV series. {{nihongo|'''''Touch: The Ace Without a Number on His Back'''''|タッチ 背番号のないエース|Tatchi: Sebangō no Nai Ēsu}} was released in Japan on April 12, 1986 by [[Toho]] as a [[double feature]] with ''Take It Easy'' starring [[Kōji Kikkawa]]. The film was directed by [[Gisaburō Sugii]] and written by Yūjin Harada, Satoshi Namiki, and Sugii. The film earned ¥900 million at the box office.&lt;ref name=&quot;kinema junpo feb 1987&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|journal=[[Kinema Junpo]]|script-title=ja:1986年邦画4社＜封切配収ベスト作品＞|trans-title=1986 four Japanese film company &quot;Best First Release Film Distribution Income&quot; |issue=February 1987|year=1987|page=130|publisher=Kinema Junposha|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt; The score for the film was composed by [[Hiroaki Serizawa]]. The opening and ending theme songs (respectively) were {{nihongo|&quot;The Ace Without a Number on His Back&quot;|背番号のないエース|Sebangō no Nai Ēsu}} and {{nihongo|&quot;Youth of Glass&quot;|ガラスの青春|Garasu no Tīnneiji}}, both sung by 1980s pop duo Rough &amp; Ready and composed by Serizawa. The themes were released together as a single, reaching #9 on the weekly [[Oricon]] charts and placing #63 for the year on the annual chart.

{{anchor|Touch 2}}
The second film, {{nihongo|'''''Touch 2: Goodbye Gift'''''|タッチ2 さよならの贈り物|Tatchi 2: Sayonara no Okurimono}}, was released on December 13, 1986 by Toho as a double feature with ''[[Koisuru Onnatachi]]'' starring [[Yuki Saito (actress)|Yuki Saito]]. ''Touch 2'' was directed by [[Hiroko Tokita]] and written by Tomoko Konbaru. The score was composed by Serizawa and featured song by the folk song group Bread &amp; Butter. 

{{anchor|Touch 3}}
The final film in the trilogy, {{nihongo|'''''Touch 3: Long After You've Passed Me By'''''|タッチ3 君が通り過ぎたあとに -DON'T PASS ME BY-|Tatchi 3: Kimi ga Toori Sugita Ato ni -Don't Pass Me By-}}, was released by Toho in theaters in Japan on April 11, 1987 as a double feature with {{nihongo|''Itoshi no Erī''|いとしのエリー|}} starring [[Onyanko Club]] member [[Sayuri Kokushō]]. ''Touch 3'' was directed by Sugii and written by [[Yumiko Takahashi]] and Sugii. The score for the film was composed by Serizawa. The opening and ending themes (respectively) were {{nihongo|&quot;Long After You've Passed Me By&quot;|君が通り過ぎたあとに -Don't Pass Me By-|Kimi ga Toori Sugita Ato ni -Don't Pass Me By-}} and &quot;For the Brand-New Dream&quot;, both sung by [[The Alfee]]. The two songs were released as a single that ranked #5 on the Oricon charts and #7 on ''The Best Ten'' music show.&lt;ref name=&quot;sponichi 20110412&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/yomimono/music/anokoro/04/kiji/K20110412000586950.html|script-title=ja:【1987年４月】話かけたかった／人気絶頂　南野陽子「歌うのは正直苦手」|trans-title=(April 1987) Yoko Minamino's singing is frankly weak at the height of her popularity with &quot;Hanashi Kaketakatta&quot;|newspaper=[[Sports Nippon|Sponichi]]|date=April 12, 2011|language=Japanese|archivedate=December 31, 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171231103403/http://www.sponichi.co.jp/entertainment/yomimono/music/anokoro/04/kiji/K20110412000586950.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Anime specials====
There were two television animated sequel specials aired: one in 1998 and one in 2001. {{nihongo|'''''Touch: Miss Lonely Yesterday: From There to You...'''''|タッチ Miss Lonely Yesterday あれから君は…|Tatchi Misu Rōnrī Iesutādei Are kara Kimi ha...}} aired as part of the ''Friday Roadshow'' on [[Nippon TV]] on December 11, 1998. It was directed and storyboarded by Akinori Nagaoka and written by Tomoko Konparu. Serizawa reprised his role in writing the score. The opening and ending theme songs (respectively) were {{nihongo|&quot;Touch (Friday Night Version)&quot;|タッチ（フライデーナイト・バージョン）|Tatchi (Furaidē Naito Bājon)}} sung by Natsumi Sawai and Quick-Times, and &quot;Hi Hi High&quot; sung by Sachiko Kumagai.

Just over two years later, {{nihongo|'''''Touch Cross Road: The Whereabouts of the Wind'''''|タッチ CROSS ROAD〜風のゆくえ〜|Tatchi Kurosu Rōdo: Kaze no Yukue}} also aired as part of the ''Friday Roadshow'' on NTV on February 9, 2001. It was directed by Nagaoka, written by Konparu and Sugii, and the score was written by Serizawa. The theme song, {{nihongo|&quot;The Whereabouts of the Wind&quot;|風のゆくえ|Kaze no Yukue}}, was sung by Satoru Sakamoto (best known for producing the group [[Dorothy Little Happy]]).

====Home video release====
A [[laserdisc]] boxset containing 26 discs of the series was released in Japan on December 10, 1995.&lt;ref name=&quot;Animerica 3-11&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title=[[Animerica]] |volume=3 |issue=11 |date=1995 |page=19 |publisher=[[Viz Media]] |issn=1067-0831}}&lt;/ref&gt; The three theatrical films were released on VHS, and the series and all of the movies have been released on DVD and Blu-ray.

===TV drama===
The [[dorama|TV drama]] special aired on Fuji TV on June 1, 1987.

===Live-action movie===
A live-action movie of ''Touch'' was released in Japan on 10 September 2005; [[Keita Saito]] starred as Kazuya Uesugi, [[Masami Nagasawa]] as Minami Asakura, and Syota Saito as Tatsuya Uesugi. &lt;!-- box office info: http://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2005-09-27/japanese-box-office-update --&gt;

{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

===Sequel===
In 2012, a ''[[Mix (manga)|Mix]]'' began, and it received a 24-episode anime adaptation in 2019. It happens thirty years later.

==Reception==
{{Expand section|reviews&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Carlo |last=Santos |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/right-turn-only/2007-02-06 |title=RIGHT TURN ONLY!! - Kitchen Avenger |work=Anime News Network |date=February 6, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |first=Justin |last=Sevakis |url=https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/buried-treasure/2007-10-11 |title=Buried Treasure - Touch |work=Anime News Network |date=October 11, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.manga-news.com/index.php/serie/critique/Touch |title=Critique de la série Touch - Manga série |work=Manga-News |access-date=April 21, 2017 |language=French }}&lt;/ref&gt;|date=October 2008}}
The manga has sold approximately 100 million copies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://toho.co.jp/movienews/0412/08touch_kk.html | script-title=ja:傑作純愛ラブストーリー「タッチ」が、長澤まさみさん主演で実写化! | date=2004-12-13 | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090303225854/http://toho.co.jp/movienews/0412/08touch_kk.html | archivedate=2009-03-03 | publisher=[[Toho]]|accessdate=2013-11-28|language=Japanese}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1983, it was one of the winners of the [[Shogakukan Manga Award]] for the [[shōnen manga|''shōnen'']] and [[shōjo manga|''shōjo'']] categories, along with Adachi's other work ''[[Miyuki (manga)|Miyuki]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://comics.shogakukan.co.jp/mangasho/rist.html | script-title=ja:小学館漫画賞: 歴代受賞者 | publisher=Shogakukan | language=Japanese | accessdate=August 19, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Kazuya Kamenashi]] of the [[J-pop]] group [[KAT-TUN]] was named after Kazuya Uesugi.&lt;ref name=&quot;mycolor&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://celebrity.mycolor.jp/2006/10/post_15.html|title=亀梨和也|publisher=話題の芸能人・有名人|date=October 9, 2008|quote=「和也」という名前は、親戚の姉があだち充原作のアニメ『タッチ』に出てくる「上杉和也」から付けた。|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070108052721/http://celebrity.mycolor.jp/2006/10/post_15.html|archivedate=January 8, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.michikusa.jp/kattun-kamenasi.html|title=KAT-TUN　亀梨和也|publisher=アイドルｎｅｔ|date=October 9, 2008|quote=名前の由来は、「タッチ」の上杉和也|access-date=July 6, 2020|archive-date=December 3, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131203061100/http://jwa.michikusa.jp/kattun-kamenasi.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Tatsuya Ueda]], of the same band, was named after Tatsuya Uesugi.&lt;ref&gt;''Cartoon KAT-TUN Episode 43''; aired on [[Nippon TV]] on 30 January 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}
&lt;!-- No link to illegal fansub. Thanks --&gt;

==External links==
* [http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=149741 ''Touch'' anime movie] {{in lang|ja}}
* [http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=149977 ''Touch 2'' anime movie] {{in lang|ja}}
* [http://www.allcinema.net/prog/show_c.php?num_c=150088 ''Touch 3'' anime movie] {{in lang|ja}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050726012352/http://touch.yahoo.co.jp/ Live action ''Touch'' movie] {{in lang|ja}} - official site
*{{IMDb title|0489569}}
*{{ann|manga|4528}}

{{Navboxes|list1=
{{Mitsuru Adachi works}}
{{Weekly Shōnen Sunday - 1980–1989}}
{{Shogakukan Manga Award - Shōjo}}
{{Shogakukan Manga Award - Shōnen}}
{{Gallop (studio)}}
{{Group TAC}}
}}

[[Category:1981 manga]]
[[Category:1985 anime television series]]
[[Category:1986 anime films]]
[[Category:1987 anime films]]
[[Category:1987 films]]
[[Category:1998 anime films]]
[[Category:2001 anime films]]
[[Category:2005 films]]
[[Category:Anime television films]]
[[Category:Anime series based on manga]]
[[Category:Baseball in anime and manga]]
[[Category:Coming-of-age anime and manga]]
[[Category:Boxing in anime and manga]]
[[Category:Fuji Television shows]]
[[Category:Gallop (studio)]]
[[Category:Group TAC]]
[[Category:Gymnastics in anime and manga]]
[[Category:Japanese films]]
[[Category:Japanese drama television series]]
[[Category:Live-action films based on manga]]
[[Category:Mitsuru Adachi]]
[[Category:School life in anime and manga]]
[[Category:Shogakukan manga]]
[[Category:Shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Winners of the Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga]]
[[Category:Films directed by Isshin Inudo]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Touch (manga)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Touch (manga)/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>ZX Spectrum Vega+</title>
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      <text bytes="21109" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = Sinclair ZX Spectrum Vega+
| title = 
| aka = 
| logo = 
| image = August 2018 Delivered Vega Plus .jpg
| caption = Delivered design.
| developer = 
| manufacturer = [[Retro Computers|Retro Computers Ltd]]
| family = 
| type = 
| generation = 
| releasedate = &lt;!--{{Start date|df=yes|YYYY|MM|DD}}--&gt;
| lifespan = 
| price = 
| discontinued = 
| unitssold = 
| unitsshipped = 
| media = 
| os = 
| power = 
| soc = 
| cpu = 
| memory = 
| storage = 
| memory card = 
| display = 
| graphics = 
| sound = 
| input = 
| controllers = 
| camera = 
| touchpad = 
| connectivity = 
| currentfw = 
| platform = 
| service = 
| dimensions = 
| weight = 
| topgame = 
| compatibility = 
| predecessor = 
| successor = 
| related = 
| website = {{URL|https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-console-games#/|indiegogo page}}
}}

The '''ZX Spectrum Vega+''' is a [[handheld game console]] based on the [[ZX Spectrum]] and designed by [[Rick Dickinson]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Brown |first1=Eileen |title=Sinclair ZX Spectrum Vega+ console with 1000 retro games smashes crowdfunding target |url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-console-with-1000-retro-games-smashes-crowdfunding-target/ |website=ZDNet |publisher=CBS Interactive |accessdate=6 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a follow-up to the [[ZX Spectrum Vega]] [[handheld TV game]] which was released in 2015. Only a small number of Vega Plus machines were released, before Retro Computers (who manufactured the devices) was wound up.

==Design and specification==
{{expand-section|date=August 2018}}
[[File:ZX Spectrum Vega+ concept image.jpg|thumb|right|Concept design]]
The [[industrial design]] was produced by [[Rick Dickinson]], the designer of the original [[ZX Spectrum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://theproductdesigners.com/news.html|title=Dickinson Associates :: THE PRODUCT DESIGNERS|website=theproductdesigners.com|language=en|access-date=2018-06-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Vega+ uses [[Fuse (emulator)|Fuse]] to emulate the ZX Spectrum hardware. It is supplied with 18 pre-loaded games. Games are stored on a removable [[Secure Digital|microSD card]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/08/09/zx_spectrum_vega_plus_hands_on_review/|title=ZX Spectrum Vega+ blows a FUSE: It runs open-source emulator|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

===Announcement and funding===

As with the original Vega, the development was funded through the crowdfunding website, [[Indiegogo|Indiegogo.com]] and surpassed its target of £100,000 in the first two days of campaigning in March 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Merriman|first1=Chris|title=ZX Spectrum Vega+ raises three times its Indiegogo target in three weeks|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2450038/zx-spectrum-vega-raises-three-times-its-indigogo-target-in-three-weeks|website=The Inquirer|publisher=Incisive Business Media Limited|accessdate=25 August 2016|archive-date=9 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160309104916/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2450038/zx-spectrum-vega-raises-three-times-its-indigogo-target-in-three-weeks|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The original intention was to supply the Vega+ with 1,000 games pre-loaded, as the Vega had been.&lt;ref name=&quot;eurogamer&quot;/&gt;

===Team split===
The original Vega was produced by [[Retro Computers]], which consisted of managing director Paul Andrews, Chris Smith (author of “The ZX Spectrum ULA: How to design a microcomputer”), [[David Levy (chess player)|David Levy]] and [[Sinclair Research]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=McFerran|first1=Damien|title=ZX Spectrum Vega - The Story Behind The Speccy's Second Coming|url=http://www.trustedreviews.com/opinions/zx-spectrum-vega-the-story-behind-the-speccy-s-second-second-coming|website=Trusted Reviews|publisher=Time Inc Ltd|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, soon after funding was completed, both Andrews and Smith resigned from the company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Villordsutch|title=All change for the ZX Spectrum Vega+ management due to a surprise double resignation|url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/04/all-change-for-the-zx-spectrum-vega-management-due-to-a-surprise-double-resignation/|website=Flickering Myth|publisher=Flickering Myth Ltd|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to &quot;irreconcilable differences&quot; and since then the project has been mired in controversy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Villordsutch|title=A war of words breaks out over the ZX Spectrum Vega+|url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/08/a-war-of-words-breaks-out-over-the-zx-spectrum-vega/|website=Flickering Myth|publisher=Flickering Myth Ltd|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Williams|first1=Rhiannon|title=Retro computer project directors row|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-37023310|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Delays===
Despite claims from Retro Computers Ltd that product development was complete with a prototype ready for production in February 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Sinclair ZX Spectrum Vega Plus Console - Story|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-02-18-now-theres-a-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-handheld|website=Indiegogo.com|publisher=Indiegogo|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Sinclair Spectrum Vega+ - Details emerge today|url=http://www.juicygamereviews.com/retro-blog/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-details-emerge-today|website=Juicy Game Reviews|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Yin-Poole|first1=Wesley|title=Now there's a Sinclair ZX Spectrum Vega handheld|url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2016-02-18-now-theres-a-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-handheld|website=Eurogamer.net|publisher=Gamer Network|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a statement from SMS Electronics Ltd, the UK based manufacturers, that production had started in April of that year,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Four Weeks after Mammoth Crowdfunding Campaign Sir Clive Sinclair's Second Crowdfunded Project The Vega+ Pushes the Button on UK Production.|url=http://www.smselectronics.co.uk/archive/2016/4/|website=smselectronics.co.uk|publisher=SMS Electronics Ltd|accessdate=25 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826202625/http://www.smselectronics.co.uk/archive/2016/4/ |archive-date= 26 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; no consoles had been released and the future of the project was uncertain.

In order to counter the growing concerns, Retro Computers released photos of a &quot;life-size model&quot; of the Vega+ on 25 August 2016&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Sinclair ZX Spectrum Vega Plus Console - Updates : Rick Dickinson Designed Vega+ Model Images Revealed For The First Time|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-console-games#/updates|website=Indiegogo.com|publisher=Indiegogo Inc|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Villordsutch|title=Retro Computers releases images of the ZX Vega+ model|url=http://www.flickeringmyth.com/2016/08/retro-computer-release-images-of-the-zx-vega-model/|website=Flickering Myth|publisher=Flickering Myth Ltd|accessdate=25 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and confirmed that the console was still on target for release in September 2016. On 26 September, they announced that the product would be launched on 20 October 2016 and, according to campaign updates for backers on Indiegogo, production of the ZX Spectrum Vega+ had commenced although no shipment date was given.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Only Six Months After record-breaking crowd-funding campaign Sir Clive Sinclair backed ZX Vega+ announces Launch Date |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161022025209/http://retrocomputerslimited.com/2016/09/26/only-six-months-after-record-breaking-crowd-funding-campaign-sir-clive-sinclair-backed-zx-vega-announces-launch-date// |archivedate=22 October 2016 |url=http://retrocomputerslimited.com/2016/09/26/only-six-months-after-record-breaking-crowd-funding-campaign-sir-clive-sinclair-backed-zx-vega-announces-launch-date/ |website=Retro Computers Limited (Via Archive.org)}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a review of a &quot;production model&quot; published by ''[[The Inquirer]]'' on 4 November 2016, Retro Computers assured backers that they would receive their units in time for Christmas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Merriman|first1=Chris|title=ZX Spectrum Vega+ hands-on review|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/review/2476479/zx-spectrum-vega-hands-on-review|website=The Inquirer|publisher=Incisive business Media Ltd|accessdate=29 November 2016|archive-date=15 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161215113117/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/review/2476479/zx-spectrum-vega-hands-on-review|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; but three weeks later on 25 November, they announced that they had identified a problem with one of the buttons on their units during testing and that delivery to backers would be delayed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Fogarty |first1=Lee |title=Update 25/11/2016 |url=http://retrocomputerslimited.com/news/2016/11/update-25112016 |website=Retro Computers Ltd |publisher=Retro Computers Ltd |accessdate=29 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a follow-up article from ''The Inquirer'', it was revealed that the &quot;production model&quot; previously reviewed was in fact from a limited run produced for testing purposes and that Retro Computers could no longer guarantee Christmas delivery.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Merriman|first1=Chris|title=ZX Spectrum Vega+ production is delayed but RCL 'hopes' for pre-Christmas rollout|url=http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2478567/zx-spectrum-vega-production-is-delayed-as-rcl-hopes-for-christmas-release|website=The Inquirer|publisher=Incisive Business Media Ltd|accessdate=29 November 2016|archive-date=29 November 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129153139/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/2478567/zx-spectrum-vega-production-is-delayed-as-rcl-hopes-for-christmas-release|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 December 2016 Retro Computers Ltd announced that the problem button had been redesigned and that they would &quot;ship the first units in February 2017&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Fogarty|first1=Lee|title=New Improved VEGA+ Scheduled to Ship in February, 2017|url=http://retrocomputerslimited.com/news/2016/12/new-improved-vega-scheduled-to-ship-in-february-2017|website=Retro Computers Ltd|publisher=Retro Computers Ltd|accessdate=30 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, on 25 February ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'' reported that Indiegogo had closed the crowdfunding campaign due to the continued failure to deliver and quoted Suzanne Martin as claiming the delays were now due to unnamed &quot;game developers pulling their support&quot; and that they had &quot;every intention of delivering&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Titcomb|first1=James|title=Plan to revive Sinclair ZX Spectrum hit by legal turmoil|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2017/02/25/plan-revive-iconic-sinclair-zx-spectrum-hit-legal-turmoil/|website=Telegraph Online|publisher=The Daily Telegraph|accessdate=3 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Suspension by Indiegogo===

In March 2017 Indiegogo halted the funding campaign amid concerns about the ongoing lack of a firm release date and failure to communicate with backers or the media. The BBC revealed that in December 2016, it had been threatened with legal action if it reported on the delays, with Retro Computers' lawyers demanding editorial control over any reports before publication.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-39191064|work=[[BBC News]]|title=Sinclair ZX Vega+ funding campaign halted by Indiegogo|date=9 March 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 9 August 2017 Retro Computers announced shipment of Vega+ units to backers within the following 8 weeks.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://retrocomputerslimited.com/news/2017/08/update-9817|title=Update 9/8/17|date=9 August 2017|work=Retro Computers Ltd|access-date=17 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 8 November, the company once again blamed problems with buttons for delays, telling backers that it was this issue that had caused &quot;so much trouble&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-console-games#/updates/all|title=Update 69, Official ZX Vega+ Indiegogo Page|date=8 November 2017|website=Indiegogo Official ZXVega+ Campaign Page}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 9 November 2017, Retro Computers' website was offline, displaying a holding page.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.retrocomputerslimited.com|title=Retro Computers Limited Official Website|date=9 November 2017|website=retrocomputerslimited.com|access-date=9 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 5 February 2018, in a series of updates on their Indiegogo campaign page&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=We're Still Here - Part One|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-console-games#/updates/all|website=Indiegogo|accessdate=16 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Retro Computers indicated they were &quot;now looking at an estimated delivery date (for the start of shipping units to backers) of April 2018, hopefully sooner&quot;. On the same day, ''BBC News'' reported that Indiegogo had told them that they would be appointing a [[collections agency]] to recoup the money paid to Retro Computers if the console was not released by the end of May.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Kelion|first1=Leo|title=New Spectrum Vega+ promises follow funds threat|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-42943355|website=BBC News|publisher=BBC|accessdate=16 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Retro Computers denied that it had been issued an ultimatum by Indiegogo and claimed the BBC report was &quot;completely misleading&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Corfield|first1=Gareth|title=Indiegogo to ailing ZX Spectrum reboot firm: End of May... or we call the debt collector|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/02/07/retro_computers_ltd_indiegogo_debt_collector/|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|accessdate=16 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 6 June 2018, Indiegogo themselves posted an update to the ZX Vega+ campaign page&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Update from Indiegogo Trust &amp; Safety |url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-console#/updates/all |website=Indiegogo.com |publisher=Indiegogo Inc |accessdate=6 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; stating that Retro Computers had failed to fulfill the three requirements that they had give the company, including providing them with a finished console, and they would be appointing a collections agency in an attempt to recoup funds for backers. Retro Computers' response, as reported by BBC News, was &quot;We responded yesterday saying that we would sooner give a demonstration of a unit to their UK representative, and asking Indiegogo to request that he contact us to fix an appointment. Their reaction was this latest statement&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kelion |first1=Leo |title=ZX Vega+: Indiegogo calls game over on Sinclair console |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-44381247 |website=BBC News |publisher=BBC |accessdate=6 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Refund case===
In January 2018, a backer won a [[small claims court#England and Wales|small claims court]] action against the company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Corfield|first1=Gareth|title=Crowdfunding small print binned as Retro Computers Ltd loses court refund action|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/01/31/crowdfunding_court_case_refund_retro_computers_zx_vega_plus/|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|accessdate=16 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the judge ruling that there was &quot;an implied contract of sale&quot; between the backer and the company.

===Dispute with shareholders===
On 27 April 2018, a statement was released by 75% of the shareholders of Retro Computers (Paul Andrews, Chris Smith and [[Board of directors|corporate director]] Sinclair Research Limited) which demanded a shareholders meeting with the aim of replacing the current directors of the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Corfield|first1=Gareth|title=ZX Spectrum reboot firm's shareholders demand current directors go|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/04/27/zx_spectrum_retro_computers_ltd_shareholder_meeting/|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|accessdate=2 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; This was immediately followed by an update by the company on their Indiegogo page claiming that &quot;initial shipments&quot; of the &quot;first batch of ZX Vega+s&quot; would be made &quot;between the 8th and 12th May 2018&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Retro Computers|title=FINALLY...|url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/the-sinclair-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-console#/updates/all|website=Indiegogo|publisher=Indiegogo Inc|accessdate=2 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 17 May 2018, the company claimed on their [[Facebook]] page&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Corfield|first1=Gareth|title=What's up with that ZX Spectrum reboot? Still no console|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/05/18/retro_computers_ltd_update/|website=The Register|publisher=Situation Publishing|accessdate=19 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; that they had been unable to ship the consoles because one of their partners had requested confirmation that they held the rights for the 1000 games due to be included on the Vega+ console.

===Licensing issues===

On 1 August 2018, BBC reported that Sky, who holds the rights to the Sinclair and ZX Spectrum brands, informed Retro Computers that the licence to use these brand names would be revoked on 7 August.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kelion |first1=Leo |title=Vega+ to be stripped of Sinclair and ZX Spectrum brands |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-45024267 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=1 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wales |first1=Matt |title=Maker of the troubled Vega Plus told it can no longer use Sinclair and ZX Spectrum trademarks |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-08-01-maker-of-the-troubled-vega-plus-told-it-can-no-longer-use-sinclair-and-zx-spectrum-trademarks |work=Eurogamer |date=2 August 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===First units delivered===

On 30 July 2018, ''Eurogamer'' reported that one backer had received a ZX Vega+ console, quoting them as being &quot;quite disappointed&quot; that &quot;the few supplied sample games don't work&quot; and that the &quot;build quality's not the greatest&quot;. This followed Retro Computers' announcement that they would ship 400 &quot;blankety blank&quot; consoles without the promised 1000 games as the company no longer had licensing agreements for them.&lt;ref name=&quot;eurogamer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Wales |first1=Matt |title=Backers have finally started to receive the beleaguered ZX Spectrum Vega Plus |url=https://www.eurogamer.net/articles/2018-07-30-backers-have-started-to-receive-the-beleaguered-zx-spectrum-vega-plus-but-early-impressions-arent-great |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Gamer Network |accessdate=31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Gaming website, ''ThatRetroVideoGamer'', commented that the delivered unit was both &quot;shambolic and [[amateur]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Vegawatch – My God, did RCL ACTUALLY release a couple of Vega Plus’s.. |url=https://thatretrovideogamer.com/2018/07/31/vegawatch-my-god-did-rcl-actually-release-a-couple-of-vega-pluss/ |website=ThatRetroVideoGamer |publisher=ThatRetroVideoGamer |accessdate=31 July 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; pointing out that &quot;the back border, rainbow edge and indeed the colours on the bottom three buttons are all [[paper]]&quot;. It also questioned the figures claimed by Retro Computers stating &quot;No evidence as yet has been provided by RCL to the media to verify 400 machines have been released to the public, to which backers are suspecting a recently made 10 units by SMS are the ones in question&quot;.

===Winding Up===

On 5 February 2019, ''The Register'' reported that Retro Computers had been wound up on 1 February 2019&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Corfield |first1=Gareth |title=Is this a wind-up? |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2019/02/05/retro_computers_ltd_wound_up_private_planet/ |website=The Register |publisher=Situation Publishing |accessdate=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; following a petition presented by Private Planet Ltd&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Petitions To Wind Up (Companies): Retro Computers Ltd |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/notice/3193686 |website=The Gazette |publisher=The Stationery Office |accessdate=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;. The sole director of Private Planet, Janko Mrsic-Flogel, was a director of Retro Computers from April 2016 to August 2018&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Retro Computers Limited: People |url=https://beta.companieshouse.gov.uk/company/08831435/officers |website=Companies House |publisher=UK Government |accessdate=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; and also used the Indiegogo crowdfunding platform to raise over US$2.5 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gemini PDA Android &amp; Linux keyboard mobile device |url=https://www.indiegogo.com/projects/gemini-pda-android-linux-keyboard-mobile-device--2#/ |website=Indiegogo |publisher=Indiegogo Inc |accessdate=5 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; to produce the [[Gemini (PDA)]] for Planet Computers Ltd.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

[[Category:Handheld game consoles]]
[[Category:ZX Spectrum| ]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:ZX Spectrum Vega+]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[ZX Spectrum Vega+/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tethering</title>
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      <text bytes="12825" xml:space="preserve">{{primary sources|date=October 2011}}
[[File:Tethering.jpg|thumb|A phone tethered to a laptop]]

'''Tethering''', or '''phone-as-modem''' ('''PAM'''), is the sharing of a [[mobile device]]'s Internet connection with other connected computers. Connection of a mobile device with other devices can be done over [[wireless LAN]] ([[Wi-Fi]]), over [[Bluetooth]] or by physical connection using a cable, for example through [[USB]].

If tethering is done over WLAN, the feature may be branded as a '''personal''' or '''mobile hotspot''', which allows the device to serve as a portable router. Mobile [[Hotspot (Wi-Fi)#Software hotspots|hotspot]]s may be protected by a PIN or password.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goingtechy.com/what-is-wifi-hotspot-in-android-smartphones/|title=Goingtechy.com|author=|date=|website=www.goingtechy.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Internet-connected mobile device can act as a portable [[wireless access point]] and [[router (computing)|router]] for devices connected to it.

==Mobile device's OS support==
Many mobile devices are equipped with software to offer tethered Internet access. [[Windows Mobile 6.5]], [[Windows Phone 7]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]] (starting from version 2.2), and [[iOS]] 3.0 (or later) offer tethering over a Bluetooth PAN or a USB connection. Tethering over Wi-Fi, also known as Personal Hotspot, is available on iOS starting with iOS 4.2.5 (or later) on [[iPhone 4]], [[iPhone 4S|4S]] (2010), [[iPhone 5|5]], [[iPad (3rd generation)]], certain Windows Mobile 6.5 devices like the [[HTC HD2]], Windows Phone 7, 8 and 8.1 devices (varies by manufacturer and model), and certain Android phones (varies widely depending on carrier, manufacturer, and software version).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.geek.com/articles/mobile/android-2-2-to-support-tethering-and-turn-your-phone-into-a-mobile-wifi-hotspot-20100514/|title=Android 2.2 to support tethering and turn your phone into a mobile WiFi hotspot - Geek.com|author=|date=14 May 2010|website=geek.com|access-date=6 July 2020|archive-date=12 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111212014923/http://www.geek.com/articles/mobile/android-2-2-to-support-tethering-and-turn-your-phone-into-a-mobile-wifi-hotspot-20100514|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

For IPv4 networks, the tethering normally works via [[Network Address Translation|NAT]] on the handset's existing data connection, so from the network point of view, there is just one device with a single [[IPv4 network address]], though it is technically possible to attempt to identify multiple machines.

On some [[mobile network operator]]s, this feature is contractually unavailable by default, and may only be activated by paying to add a tethering package to a data plan or choosing a data plan that includes tethering, such as [[Lycamobile]] [[MVNO]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.lycamobile.us/en/termsandconditions|title=Terms and Conditions - Lycamobile|author=|date=|website=www.lycamobile.us}}&lt;/ref&gt; This is done primarily because with a computer sharing the network connection, there may well be a substantial increase in the customer's mobile data use, for which the network may not have budgeted in their network design and pricing structures.

Some network-provided devices have carrier-specific software that may deny the inbuilt tethering ability normally available on the device, or only enable it if the subscriber pays an additional fee. Some operators have asked [[Google]] or any mobile device producer using Android to completely remove tethering support from the operating system on certain devices.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.techdirt.com/blog/wireless/articles/20110711/17464515050/you-dont-own-what-you-thought-you-bought-verizon-breaks-phones-turns-off-feature.shtml|title=You Don't Own What You Thought You Bought: Verizon Breaks Phones; Turns Off Feature|author=|date=|website=techdirt.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Handsets purchased [[SIM-free]], without a network provider subsidy, are often unhindered with regards to tethering.

There are, however, several ways to enable tethering on restricted devices without paying the carrier for it, including 3rd party USB Tethering apps such as PDAnet, [[rooting (Android OS)|rooting Android devices]] or [[iOS Jailbreaking|jailbreaking iOS devices]] and installing a tethering application on the device.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.androidcentral.com/android-internet-tether |website=www.androidcentral.com |title=Android 101: Tethering |author=Jerry Hildenbrand |date=May 17, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Tethering is also available as a downloadable third-party application on most [[Symbian]] mobile phones&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.joiku.com|title=JoikuSpot WiFi|first=|last=Joiku|date=|website=www.joiku.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as on the [[MeeGo]] platform&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.joikusoft.com/|title=JoikuSpot WiFi|first=|last=Joiku|date=|website=www.joikusoft.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and on [[WebOS]] mobiles phones.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webos-internals.org/wiki/Application:FreeTether|title=Application:FreeTether - WebOS Internals|author=|date=|website=www.webos-internals.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==In carriers' contracts==
{{Globalize|article|USA|2name=the United States|date=December 2012}}{{update|section|date=May 2019}}

Depending on the wireless carrier, a user's [[cellular network|cellular]] device may have restricted functionality. While tethering may be allowed at no extra cost, some carriers impose a one-time charge to enable tethering and others forbid tethering or impose added data charges. Contracts that advertise &quot;unlimited&quot; data usage often have limits detailed in a [[Fair usage policy]].

=== United Kingdom ===
Since 2014, all pay-monthly plans from the [[Three UK|Three]] network in the UK include a &quot;personal hotspot&quot; feature.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://support.three.co.uk/SRVS/CGI-BIN/WEBISAPI.DLL/,/?New,Kb=Mobile,Ts=Mobile,T=Device,varset_pid=9597,Case=EXT(EM77180)|title=Personal Hotspot on your phone.|last=|first=|date=|website=support.three.co.uk|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Earlier, two tethering-permitted mobile plans offered unlimited data: ''The Full Monty''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Davies|first=Chris|title=T-Mobile UK &quot;Full Monty&quot; plan offers true unlimited voice, calls, data, tethering|url=http://www.slashgear.com/t-mobile-uk-full-monty-plan-offers-true-unlimited-voice-calls-data-tethering-30211189/|work=Slash Gear|accessdate=8 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  on [[T-Mobile (UK)|T-Mobile]], and ''The One Plan'' on [[Hutchison 3G|Three]]. Three offered tethering as a standard feature until early 2012, retaining it on selected plans. T-Mobile dropped tethering on its unlimited data plans in late 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Woods|first=Ben|title=T-Mobile quietly removes tethering for its unlimited data plans|url=http://www.zdnet.com/t-mobile-quietly-removes-tethering-for-its-unlimited-data-plans-7000003081/|work=Slash Gear|accessdate=8 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===United States===
{{update|section|date=June 2015}}
As cited in [[Sprint Nextel]]'s &quot;Terms of Service&quot;:

&lt;blockquote&gt;
Except with Phone-as-Modem plans, you may not use a mobile device (including a Bluetooth device) as a modem in connection with any computer. We reserve the right to deny or terminate service without notice for any misuse or any use that adversely affects network performance.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|title=Sprint Terms &amp; Conditions - US|url= http://shop.sprint.com/en/legal/legal_terms_privacy_popup.shtml?ECID=vanity:termsandconditions#3 |publisher=sprint.com |accessdate=2010-10-13
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

[[T-Mobile USA]] has a similar clause in its &quot;Terms &amp; Conditions&quot;: 
&lt;blockquote&gt;
Unless explicitly permitted by your Data Plan, other uses, including for example, using your Device as a modem or tethering your Device to a personal computer or other hardware, are not permitted.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|title=T-Mobile Terms &amp; Conditions - US|url=http://www.t-mobile.com/Templates/Popup.aspx?PAsset=Ftr_Ftr_TermsAndConditions&amp;print=true|publisher=t-mobile.com|accessdate=2011-03-14
}}
&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;/blockquote&gt;

T-Mobile's Simple Family or Simple Business plans offer &quot;Hotspot&quot; from devices that offer that function (such as Apple iPhone) to up to 5 devices. Since 2014-03-27, 1000 MB/month is free in the US with cellular service. The host device has unlimited slow internet for the rest of the month, and all month while roaming in 100 countries, but with no tethering. For $10 or $20/month more per host device, the amount of data available for tethering can be increased markedly. The host device cellular services can be canceled, added, or changed at any time, pro-rated, data tethering levels can be changed month-to-month, and T-Mobile no longer requires any long-term service contracts, allowing users to bring their own devices or buy devices from them, independent of whether they continue service with them.

{{As of | 2013}} [[Verizon Wireless]] and [[AT&amp;T Mobility]] offer wired tethering to their plans for a fee, while Sprint Nextel offers a Wi-Fi connected &quot;mobile hotspot&quot; tethering feature at an added charge. However, actions by the FCC and a small claims court in California may make it easier for consumers to tether. On July 31, 2012, the [[Federal Communications Commission|FCC]] released an unofficial announcement of Commission action, decreeing Verizon Wireless must pay US$1.25 million to resolve the investigation regarding compliance of the C Block Spectrum (see [[United States 2008 wireless spectrum auction|US Wireless Spectrum Auction of 2008]]).&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite web|title=Verizon Pays $1.25MM for Blocking Mobile Broadband Applications|url=http://transition.fcc.gov/Daily_Releases/Daily_Business/2012/db0731/DOC-315501A1.pdf|accessdate= 22 August 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt; 
The announcement also stated that &quot;(Verizon) recently revised its service offerings such that consumers on usage-based pricing plans may tether, using any application, without paying an additional fee.&quot;  After that judgement Verizon release &quot;Share Everything&quot; plans that enable tethering, however users must drop old plans they were grandfathered under (such as the Unlimited Data plans) and switch, or pay a tethering fee.

In another instance, Judge Russell Nadel awarded AT&amp;T customer Matt Spaccarelli US$850 via the Ventura Superior Court, despite the fact that Spaccarelli had violated his terms of service by [[IOS jailbreaking|jailbreaking]] his iPhone in order to fully utilize his iPhone's hardware. Spaccarelli demonstrated that AT&amp;T had unfairly throttled his data connection. His data shows that AT&amp;T had been throttling his connection after approximately 2GB of data was used.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|last=Spaccarella|first=Matt|title=Matt Spaccarelli's Personal Web Page|url=http://www.taporc.com|accessdate=22 August 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt; Spaccarelli responded by creating a personal web page in order to provide information that allows others to file a similar lawsuit, commenting :

&lt;blockquote&gt;Hopefully with all this concrete data and the courts on our side, AT&amp;T will be forced to change something. Let’s just hope it chooses to go the way of Sprint, not T-Mobile.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite web|last=Hugo|first=Brendan|title=AT&amp;T’s throttling is nothing more than a ploy according to study, California judge Page|url=http://anythingbutiphone.com/15179|accessdate=22 August 2012}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;

While T-Mobile did eventually allow tethering, on August 31, 2015 the company announced it will punish users who abuse its unlimited data by violating T-Mobile's rules on tethering (which unlike standard data does carry a 7 [[Gigabyte|GB]] cap before [[Throttling process (computing)|throttling]] takes effect) by permanently kicking them off the unlimited plans and making users sign up for tiered data plans. T-Mobile mentioned that it was only a small handful of users who abused the tethering rules by using an [[Android (operating system)|Android]] app that masks T-Mobile's tethering monitoring and uses as much as 2 [[Terabyte|TB]]'s per month, causing speed issues for most customers who don't abuse the rules.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/8/31/9230595/t-mobile-unlimited-data-tethering-warning|title=T-Mobile will now punish customers who abuse unlimited data|author=|date=|website=theverge.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Internet Connection Sharing]]
* [[Mobile broadband]]
* [[Mobile Internet device]] (MID)
* [[Modem#Mobile modems and routers|Mobile modems and routers]]
* [[Open Garden]]
* [[Smartbook]]
* [[Smartphone]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Mobile phones}}

[[Category:Wireless networking]]
[[Category:Mobile technology]]
[[Category:Mobile telecommunications]]
[[Category:Net neutrality]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Tethering]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Tethering/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Stephen C. Smith (sociologist)</title>
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      <text bytes="5407" xml:space="preserve">{{BLP primary sources|date=October 2010}}

[[Image:Stephensmithatbyui.JPG|thumb|Stephen Smith at BYU-I]]
'''Stephen C. Smith''' is an American professor currently employed as faculty at [[BYU-Idaho]], and serving as the Chair of the [[Sociology]] and Social Work Department. A social and religious theorist, he is an outspoken academic on a number of topics that traverse religion, economics, and sociology.&lt;ref&gt;He follows a healthy diet that includes a daily green smoothie made by his loving wife. He also encourages his students to be healthy by incentivizing them to learn about [[bananas]].{{cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/Catalog/2009-2010/Faculty.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-09-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100602013612/http://www.byui.edu/Catalog/2009-2010/Faculty.pdf |archive-date=2010-06-02 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Education==
A notable member of the modern academia, Smith has a Ph.D. in Family Studies from [[Purdue University]], as well as a M.S. in [[Family therapy|Marriage and Family Therapy]] from [[Northern Illinois University]], and a B.S. in [[Psychology]] from [[Brigham Young University]].&lt;ref&gt;He takes much of his teaching style from the philosophies of [[C. Wright Mills]] alongside a &quot;fight the power&quot; mentality much appreciated in an otherwise highly conservative academic atmosphere.{{cite web|url=http://emp.byui.edu/SmithS/vita.htm |title=Stephen C. Smith |publisher=Emp.byui.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Smith spent a large amount of time working with the [[ANASAZI Foundation]], an outdoor behavioral health program, helping troubled youth  prior to teaching sociology.

==Publications==
Smith has been involved with publications involving modern social issues as seen from contemporary perspectives. In 2001 he was jointly credited for publishing on the relationship between families and work especially in the 21st century.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://emp.byui.edu/SmithS/vita.htm |title=Stephen C. Smith |publisher=Emp.byui.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; The work on the emerging sociological issues appeared in ''Minding the time in family experience: Emerging perspectives and issues'' (2001).&lt;ref&gt;MacDermid, S. M., Lee, M. D., &amp; Smith S. C. (2001). Forward into yesterday: Families and work in the 21st Century. In K. J. Daly (Ed.), Minding the time in family experience: Emerging perspectives and issues. New York: Elsevier Science.&lt;/ref&gt; His 2000 publication, ''The Meaning of Time for Reduced-load Workers and Their Families'', on the relationship between [[working time]] and the meaning of [[time]] amongst families in the workforce was published by John Wiley and Sons, publisher of award-winning journals, encyclopedias, and books.&lt;ref&gt;Buck, M. L., Lee, M. D., MacDermid, S., &amp; Smith S. C. (2000). Reduced load work and the experience of time among professionals and managers: Implications for personal and organizational life. In C. Cooper &amp; D. Rousseau (Eds.), Trends in Organizational Behavior (Vol. 7). New York: John Wiley &amp; Sons.&lt;/ref&gt; The research also explores the effects on gender roles, and shows that the social institutions of work and family are currently in flux.

In addition to [[John Wiley &amp; Sons]], Smith's research has been published by [[Purdue University]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://docs.lib.purdue.edu/dissertations/AAI3033171/ |title=&quot;The meaning of time for reduced-load workers and their families&quot; by Stephen C Smith |publisher=Docs.lib.purdue.edu |date= |accessdate=2011-05-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | title=The meaning of time for reduced -load workers and their families | website=ProQuest | date=2020-07-06 | url=http://search.proquest.com/docview/275862117/ | access-date=2020-07-06}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Stephen gave the keynote address at the BYUI faculty conference in the Fall 2011.  The Liberal Arts and Magical Teaching.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.byui.edu/Documents/instructional_development/Perspective/Winter%202012/Stephen%20Smith.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2017-03-12 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312042437/http://www.byui.edu/Documents/instructional_development/Perspective/Winter%202012/Stephen%20Smith.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Working time#Social impact|Working time: Social Impact]]
* [[List of Purdue University people#Professors|List of Notable Purdue University people: Professors]]
* [[Time management#Conceptual effect on labor|Time management: Conceptual Effect on Labor]]
* [[Wilderness therapy|Wilderness therapy - ANASAZI Foundation]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://emp.byui.edu/SmithS/oldschool.htm Stephen's private website]

{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Smith, Stephen C.}}
[[Category:1968 births]]
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[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Idaho]]
[[Category:American sociologists]]
[[Category:Family therapists]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:American Marxists]]
[[Category:Purdue University alumni]]
[[Category:Latter Day Saints from Illinois]]
[[Category:American Mormon missionaries in Guatemala]]
[[Category:Brigham Young University–Idaho faculty]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Stephen C. Smith (sociologist)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Stephen C. Smith (sociologist)/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Texas A&amp;M Aggies football</title>
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{{very long|date=September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2012}}
{{Infobox NCAA football school
| CurrentSeason = 2020 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team
| TeamName = Texas A&amp;M Aggies
| Image = Texas A&amp;M University logo.svg
| ImageSize = 150
| FirstYear = {{start date and age|1894}}
| AthleticDirector = [[Ross Bjork]]
| HeadCoach = [[Jimbo Fisher]]
| HeadCoachYear = 2nd
| HCWins = 17 &lt;!-- As of games through 12/31/19 --&gt;
| HCLosses = 9 &lt;!-- As of games through 12/31/19 --&gt;
| Stadium = [[Kyle Field]]
| StadCapacity = 102,733
| StadSurface = 
| Conference = [[Southeastern Conference]]
| ConfDivision = West
| PastAffiliations = 
| Location = [[College Station, Texas]]
| WebsiteName = 12thman.com
| WebsiteURL = https://12thman.com/sports/football
| ATWins = 741
| ATLosses = 481
| ATTies = 48
| BowlWins = 18
| BowlLosses = 22
| UnNatlTitles =  &lt;!-- 1917 is possible, needs a 1st-N-Goal + James Howell citation --&gt;
| NatlTitles = 3 (1919, 1927, 1939)
| ConfTitles = 18
| DivTitles = 3 (1997, 1998, 2010)
| Heismans = 2 ([[John David Crow]], [[Johnny Manziel]])
| AllAmericans = 28&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=NCAA |title=NCAA Football Award Winners |pages=16 |year=2009 |url=http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/football_records/DI/2009/2009Awards.pdf |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5qOl2B1Af?url=http://web1.ncaa.org/web_files/stats/football_records/DI/2009/2009Awards.pdf |archivedate=June 11, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| uniform = [[File:SEC-Uniform-TAMU.png|250px]]
| FightSong = [[Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn|Aggie War Hymn]]
| MascotDisplay = [[Reveille (dog)|Reveille]]
| MarchingBand = [[Fightin' Texas Aggie Band]]
| PagFreeLabel = Outfitter
| PagFreeValue = [[Adidas]]
| Rivalries = [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] ([[LSU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]] ([[Arkansas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Texas Longhorns football|Texas]] ([[Texas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Baylor Bears football|Baylor]] ([[Battle of the Brazos|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech]] ([[Texas A&amp;M–Texas Tech football rivalry|rivalry]])&lt;br /&gt;[[TCU Horned Frogs football|TCU]] ([[TCU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry|rivalry]])
}}

The '''Texas A&amp;M Aggies football''' program represents [[Texas A&amp;M University]] in the [[sport]] of [[American football]].  The [[Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Aggies]] compete in the [[Football Bowl Subdivision]] (FBS) of the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association]] (NCAA) and the Western Division of the [[Southeastern Conference]] (SEC).&lt;ref name=JoinSEC&gt;{{cite news|title=SEC: Texas A&amp;M to join in July 2012 |agency=Associated Press|date=September 5, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Texas A&amp;M football claims three national titles and 18 conference titles. The team plays all home games at the newly redeveloped [[Kyle Field]], a 102,733-person capacity outdoor stadium on the university campus. [[Jimbo Fisher]] is currently the team's head coach.

==History==
{{See also|List of Texas A&amp;M Aggies football seasons}}

===Early history (1894–1933)===
[[File:1901 Texas A&amp;M Aggies.png|thumb|left|1901 Aggies players]]
Texas A&amp;M first fielded a football team in 1894, under the direction of head coach [[F. Dudley Perkins]].&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=3swj0kL9AuAC&amp;pg=PA42&amp;lpg=PA42&amp;dq=f.+d.+perkins+texas+a%26m#v=onepage&amp;q=f.%20d.%20perkins%20texas%20a%26m&amp;f=false|title=Texas A&amp;m Aggies|work=google.com|isbn=9781617836572|last1=Rappoport|first1=Ken|date=January 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The team compiled a 1–1 record.&lt;ref name=&quot;books.google.com&quot;/&gt; [[W. A. Murray]] served as A&amp;M's head coach from 1899–1901, compiling a record of 7–8–1.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thman.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205238864|title=Texas A&amp;M Football History|work=12thman.com|access-date=December 2, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150104171518/http://www.12thman.com/ViewArticle.dbml?ATCLID=205238864|archive-date=January 4, 2015|url-status=dead|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; From 1902–1904, [[J. E. Platt]] served as A&amp;M's head coach, his teams compiling a record of 18–5–3.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thman.com&quot;/&gt; From 1909–1914, A&amp;M compiled a 38–8–4 record under head coach [[Charley Moran]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/charley-moran-1.html|title=Charley Moran|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Moran's 1909 team finished undefeated, and all but one of Moran's other seasons the Aggies only lost one game each year.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thman.com&quot;/&gt; Under head coach [[Edwin Harlan]], the Aggies compiled a record of 12–5 in two seasons and joined the [[Southwest Conference]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/eh-harlan-1.html|title=E.H. Harlan|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-sports/story/_/id/6912807/texas-aggies-tell-big-12-seek-new-conference|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies tell Big 12 they'll seek new conference|work=ESPN.com|date=August 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Dana X. Bible (1934).jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Bible]]
[[Dana X. Bible]] became Texas A&amp;M's head coach in 1919, leaving [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]], and under his tutelage the Aggies compiled a record of 72–19–9 in ten seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/dana-bible-1.html|title=Dana Bible|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bible's 1919 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team, which was undefeated, untied, and outscored its opposition 275–0, was retroactively named a national champion by the Billingsley Report and the National Championship Foundation. In the 1922 Dixie Classic, Bible made his most visible and lasting impression in his A&amp;M career when he began the Twelfth Man Tradition. Bible had a roster of only eighteen players, who had to play both offense and defense against the heavily favored Centre College. He lost three players to injuries early in the game, but the Aggies took the lead. Fearing more injuries and a possibility of having to forfeit the game for lack of men, Bible called upon a reserve halfback, E. King Gill, who was in the press box running stats for the team, to suit up and be ready if needed. The Aggies wouldn't need Gill's help to win, but since then A&amp;M students stand throughout football games to show their willingness to play if needed.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbi38|title=BIBLE, DANA XENOPHON|work=tshaonline.org|date=June 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bible departed the Aggies after the 1928 season to accept the [[Nebraska Cornhuskers football|Nebraska]] head coaching position.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org&quot;/&gt; After Bible's departure, A&amp;M brought in [[Matty Bell]] from [[TCU Horned Frogs football|TCU]] to lead the Aggies football program.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/online/articles/fbebf|title=BELL, WILLIAM MADISON [MATTY]|work=tshaonline.org|date=June 12, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Bell's tutelage, the Aggies compiled a record of 24–21–3.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org1&quot;/&gt; However, the Aggies did not play up to the standards set by Dana Bible's tenure, and Bell had left for [[SMU Mustangs football|SMU]] after five seasons.&lt;ref name=&quot;tshaonline.org1&quot;/&gt;

===Homer Norton era (1934–1947)===
[[Homer H. Norton|Homer Norton]] was hired away from [[Centenary Gentlemen football|Centenary]] to replace Bell in 1934.&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHOF&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url={{College Football HoF/url|id=1464}}|title=Homer Norton|publisher=National Football Foundation|work=footballfoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; A&amp;M enjoyed great successes under Norton. The 1939 Texas A&amp;M team went 11–0, beating [[Tulane Green Wave football|Tulane]] in the [[Sugar Bowl]], and was named a national champion.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/homer-norton-1.html|title=Homer Norton|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Norton's record at Texas A&amp;M was 82–53–9, giving him the second most wins of any coach in Texas A&amp;M Aggies football history.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com&quot;/&gt; Among the many stars that Norton developed were [[John Kimbrough]] and [[Joe Routt]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CFHOF&quot; /&gt; Norton was fired in 1947 when his team went 3–6–1 and lost to archrival University of Texas for the eighth straight year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.barkingcarnival.com/2008/10/06/the-more-things-change|title=The More Things Change...|author=TaylorTRoom|work=Barking Carnival|date=October 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Harry Stiteler era (1948–1950)===
In December 1947, [[Harry Stiteler]] was promoted from running backs coach to head coach for the Texas A&amp;M football team following the firing of Homer Norton.&lt;ref name=Paris&gt;{{cite news|title=Harry Stiteler Named New Aggie Mentor|newspaper=The Paris News|date=1947-12-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; In Stiteler's first season as head coach, the Aggies failed to win a game, accumulating a record of 0–9–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M 1948 season |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1948 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010549/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1948 |archivedate=October 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For the 1949 season, the Aggies won only one game and had a record of 1–8–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M 1949 season |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1949 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010625/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1949 |archivedate=October 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite the poor record in his first two seasons, Stiteler developed a reputation as a good recruiter.  In 1950, Stiteler turned the program around with a 7–4 record, including impressive wins over [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]] (42–13) and [[SMU Mustangs football|SMU]] (25–20) and a 40–20 win over [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]] in the [[Presidential Cup Bowl]] at [[Baltimore, Maryland|Baltimore]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M 1950 season |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1950 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121019010632/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_game_by_game.php?coachid=2246&amp;year=1950 |archivedate=October 19, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1950 team had the best record of any Texas A&amp;M football team in the first decade after [[World War II]] (1945–1954).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies |publisher=databasefootball.com |url=http://www.databasefootball.com/College/teams/teampage.htm?TeamID=99 |accessdate=2010-05-06 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100412200940/http://www.databasefootball.com/College/teams/teampage.htm?TeamID=99 |archivedate=April 12, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 1950, Stiteler reported that he had been attacked and beaten by a stranger near the Shamrock Hotel in [[Houston, Texas|Houston]], where Stiteler had been scheduled to address a group of Texas A&amp;M alumni.&lt;ref name=Assailant/&gt;  Stiteler tried to downplay the incident, but the press reported Stiteler declined to provide details to the police and that there were conflicting versions as to what had happened.  The ''San Antonio Light'' reported the incident under a banner headline, &quot;MYSTERY SHROUDS STITELER BEATING.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=MYSTERY SHROUDS STITELER BEATING: Police Open Probe, Then Drop It|newspaper=San Antonio Light|date=1950-12-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In March 1951, Stiteler admitted that he had misrepresented the facts concerning the assault.  He reported that he had known his attacker and &quot;the affair was a personal one.&quot;&lt;ref name=Assailant&gt;{{cite news|title=Wholesale Resignations: Gray, Stiteler; Aggie Mentor Admits Knowing His Assailant|newspaper=San Antonio Express|date=1951-03-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Embarrassed, Stiteler submitted his letter of resignation to the President of Texas A&amp;M upon revealing the true facts concerning &quot;my affair in Houston.&quot;&lt;ref name=Assailant/&gt;  Following the resignation, the members of the football team issued a statement in support of their former coach:&lt;blockquote&gt;&quot;We believe that whatever happened to Mr. Stiteler was a personal matter and it should have remained that. A lot of us boys came to A. and M. in 1948 not because A. and M. had won games but simply because of Harry Stiteler and his character. He has never ceased to set us that same example in the years we have played and worked for him.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Footballers Give Stiteler Sendoff|newspaper=San Antonio Light|date=1951-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; In three years as the head coach at Texas A&amp;M, Stiteler compiled a record of 8–21–2.&lt;ref name=CFD&gt;{{cite web|title=Robert Harry Stiteler Records by Year |publisher=College Football Data Warehouse |url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=2246 |accessdate=2010-05-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100214220059/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=2246 |archivedate=February 14, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Raymond George era (1951–1953)===
[[Raymond George]], previously [[USC Trojans football|USC]]'s defensive line coach, was hired as the 17th head coach of the Texas A&amp;M Aggies after the Stiteler scandal.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ejsMGVVySaEC&amp;pg=PA105&amp;lpg=PA105&amp;dq=texas+a%26m+raymond+george#v=onepage&amp;q=texas%20a%26m%20raymond%20george&amp;f=false|title=Texas A&amp;M University|work=google.com|isbn=9780890967041|last1=Dethloff|first1=Henry C.|year=1996}}&lt;/ref&gt; He served as head coach for three seasons, from 1951 to 1953, during which time the Aggies produced a total record of 12-14-4.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=855 College Football Data Warehouse] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015152833/http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/coaching/alltime_coach_year_by_year.php?coachid=855 |date=October 15, 2012 }} Raymond George records by year&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/ray-george-1.html|title=Ray George|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among A&amp;M's notable wins during this time period were victories over [[Bud Wilkinson]]'s [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma Sooners]], [[Henry Russell Sanders]]' [[UCLA Bruins football|UCLA Bruins]] and [[Bear Bryant]]'s [[Kentucky Wildcats football|Kentucky Wildcats]]. George resigned as the Aggies head coach following the 1953 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;google.com&quot;/&gt;

===Bear Bryant era (1954–1957)===
Legendary coach [[Bear Bryant]] arrived in College Station after successful head coaching tenures at [[Maryland Terrapins football|Maryland]] and [[Kentucky Wildcats football|Kentucky]], signing a contract worth $15,000 per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2014-04-09/bear-bryant-contract-texas-am-15000-dollars-alabama-crimson-tide|title=Texas A&amp;M hired Bear Bryant for $15,000|work=Sporting News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aggies suffered through a grueling 1–9 record in Bryant's first season, which began with the infamous training camp in [[Junction, Texas]], during which time many Aggie football players quit the team.&lt;ref name=&quot;espn.go.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/s/dent_junction_08/02/01.html|title=ESPN Classic - Ten days in hell with the Bear|work=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;survivors&quot; were given the name &quot;[[Junction Boys]].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;espn.go.com&quot;/&gt; Two years later, Bryant led the team to the Southwest Conference championship with a 34–21 victory over Texas in Austin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1956-schedule.html|title=1956 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The following year, star running back [[John David Crow]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] and the [[1957 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|Aggies]] were in title contention until they lost to [[Rice Owls football|Rice Owls]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1957-schedule.html|title=1957 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/ncf/features/heisman/_/year/1957/set/3|title=ESPN - NCAA College Football - Heisman 75|work=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bryant attempted to integrate the all-white Texas A&amp;M squad. &quot;We'll be the last football team in the Southwest Conference to integrate,&quot; he was told by a Texas A&amp;M official. &quot;Well,&quot; Bryant replied, &quot;then that's where we're going to finish in football.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;American Legacy article&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Barra |first=Allen |date=Winter 2006 |title=Bear Bryant's Biggest Score |journal=[[American Legacy]]|url=http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/readings/BEAR%20BRYANT.htm|pages=58–64|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519041331/http://www.libarts.uco.edu/history/faculty/roberson/course/1493/readings/BEAR%20BRYANT.htm|archivedate=May 19, 2010| url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 1957 season, having compiled an overall 25–14–2 record at A&amp;M, Bryant left for [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]], his alma mater, where he would cement his legacy as one of the greatest, if not the greatest, college football coach of all-time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/classic/biography/s/Bryant_Bear.html|title=ESPN Classic - Bear Bryant 'simply the best there ever was'|work=go.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jim Myers era (1958–1961)===
A&amp;M next turned to [[Iowa State Cyclones football|Iowa State]] head coach [[Jim Myers]] for its head coaching position.&lt;ref name=&quot;profootballtalk.nbcsports.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://profootballtalk.nbcsports.com/2014/07/19/longtime-cowboys-assistant-jim-myers-dies-at-92/|title=Longtime Cowboys assistant Jim Myers dies at 92 - ProFootballTalk|work=nbcsports.com|date=July 19, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under Myers, the Aggies struggled mightily, compiling a 12–24–4 record.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/jim-myers-1.html|title=Jim Myers|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies failed to win more than four games in a single season. The fallout that ensued from fans, boosters and the administration led Myers to join [[Tom Landry]]'s [[Dallas Cowboys]] staff as an assistant coach.&lt;ref name=&quot;profootballtalk.nbcsports.com&quot;/&gt;

===Hank Foldberg era (1962–1964)===
[[Hank Foldberg]] was hired as the Aggies head coach after Myers' departure, and brought with him high hopes that Aggie success would return.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Tf2x-x7BU2QC&amp;pg=PA36&amp;lpg=PA36&amp;dq=hank+foldberg+texas+a%26m#v=onepage&amp;q=hank%20foldberg%20texas%20a%26m&amp;f=false|title=Maroon Paint|work=google.com|isbn=9781452080710|last1=Balch|first1=Bob|last2=Perry|first2=Charles|date=October 18, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the struggles remained, in the form of a 6-23-1 record in three seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/hank-foldberg-1.html|title=Hank Foldberg|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Foldberg was replaced after the 1964 season.

===Gene Stallings era (1965–1971)===
[[File:Gene Stallings 2009.jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Stallings]]
Fresh off helping Bear Bryant and [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] win the 1964 national title as an assistant coach, [[Gene Stallings]], one of the &quot;Junction Boys&quot;, was named the head coach of his alma mater at the age of 29.&lt;ref name=&quot;tamutimes.tamu.edu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/gene-stallings/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2014-12-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141212192651/http://tamutimes.tamu.edu/tag/gene-stallings/ |archivedate=December 12, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aggies struggles persisted under Stallings. Texas A&amp;M compiled a record of 27–45–1 in Stallings' seven seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/gene-stallings-1.html|title=Gene Stallings|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Aggies won the [[Southwest Conference]] in 1967, Stallings' only winning season at A&amp;M.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1967-schedule.html|title=1967 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the end of that season, A&amp;M beat Alabama in the Cotton Bowl.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com1&quot;/&gt; He was fired at A&amp;M following the 1971 season, but, like his mentor Bryant, would go on to become Alabama's head coach in the 1990s and solidify a Hall of Fame career there.&lt;ref name=&quot;tamutimes.tamu.edu&quot;/&gt;

===Emory Bellard era (1972–1978)===
Texas offensive coordinator [[Emory Bellard]] became the Aggies' head coach in 1972 and brought with him the wishbone offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/02/11/sports/ncaafootball/11bellard.html|title=Emory Bellard, Creator of Wishbone Offense, Dies at 83|first=Bruce|last=Weber|date=February 10, 2011|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; In his seven years at Texas A&amp;M, he finished with a record of 48–27 and three top-15 finishes.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/emory-bellard-1.html|title=Emory Bellard|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Acting as his own offensive coordinator, Bellard hired former [[high school football]] coaches to assist him as backfield coaches.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com2&quot;/&gt; Bellard's first two seasons at Texas A&amp;M were difficult, as his Aggies finished 3–8 and 5–6, respectively.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com2&quot;/&gt; In 1974, with a pair of his own recruiting classes suited to run the wishbone formation, the Aggies went 8–3,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1974-schedule.html|title=1974 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; then followed it up with two 10–2 seasons,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1975-schedule.html|title=1975 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1976-schedule.html|title=1976 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; including a pair of wins over Texas and three consecutive bowl game appearances. After starting the 1978 season 4–0, Bellard resigned mid-season after two consecutive losses: 33–0 to [[Houston Cougars football|Houston]] and 24–6 to [[Baylor Bears football|Baylor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/obituaries/la-me-emory-bellard-20110211-story.html|title=Emory Bellard: Emory Bellard, college coach who created wishbone offense, dies at 83 - LA Times|author=Los Angeles Times|date=February 11, 2011|work=latimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tom Wilson era (1978–1981)===
[[Tom Wilson (American football)|Tom Wilson]] was promoted from offensive coordinator to head coach of the Aggies following Bellard's resignation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.12thmanfoundation.com/membership/12th-man-magazine-articles/year-won.aspx |title=Year Won |work=12thmanfoundation.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216150035/https://www.12thmanfoundation.com/membership/12th-man-magazine-articles/year-won.aspx |archivedate=December 16, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies enjoyed moderate success under Wilson's tutelage, compiling a record of 21-19 and an [[Independence Bowl]] victory in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/tom-wilson-1.html|title=Tom Wilson|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the mediocrity did not sit well with the administration, and Wilson was fired after the 1981 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Ii4EAAAAMBAJ&amp;pg=PA160&amp;lpg=PA160&amp;dq=tom+wilson+fired+texas+a%26m#v=onepage&amp;q=tom%20wilson%20fired%20texas%20a%26m&amp;f=false|title=Texas Monthly|work=google.com|last1=Communications|first1=Emmis|date=March 1982}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jackie Sherrill era (1982–1988)===
On January 19, 1982, [[Jackie Sherrill]] was hired away from [[Pitt Panthers football|Pittsburgh]] by A&amp;M as the replacement for Tom Wilson, signing a record six-year contract over $1.7 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F60B12F73A5C0C738EDDA80894DA484D81|title=TEXAS A&amp;M SIGNS SHERRILL TO RICHEST COLLEGE PACT|first=Gordon S. White|last=Jr|date=January 20, 1982|publisher=|via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherrill was the head coach of the Texas Aggies for seven seasons, from 1982 to 1988.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/jackie-sherrill-1.html|title=Jackie Sherrill|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While head coach at A&amp;M, Sherrill started the tradition of the &quot;[[12th Man (football)|12th Man Kickoff Team]]&quot;, this tradition is still observed by A&amp;M today only in a significantly scaled back form, including a single walk-on rather than an entire return team unit.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/team/12thman.html |title=Aggie Traditions - Twelfth Man |work=tamu.edu |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140212160011/http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/team/12thman.html |archivedate=February 12, 2014 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; In Sherrill's seven seasons, A&amp;M compiled a 52-28-1 record.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com3&quot;/&gt; A&amp;M also won three consecutive [[Southwest Conference]] championships during Sherrill's tenure, in 1985, 1986 and 1987.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com3&quot;/&gt; As a result, the Aggies played in the [[Cotton Bowl Classic]] at the end of each season, defeating [[Auburn Tigers football|Auburn]] 36–16 on January 1, 1986&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1985-schedule.html|title=1985 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]] 35–10 on January 1, 1988,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1987-schedule.html|title=1987 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; and losing to [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|Ohio State]] 28–12 on January 1, 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/1986-schedule.html|title=1986 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; He is also one of the few coaches to leave Texas A&amp;M with a winning record against the Longhorns, winning his last five against Texas after losing his first two. However, he only won two out of seven games versus Texas A&amp;M's other conference rival, [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Arkansas]], in that same time span.

In 1988, Texas A&amp;M was put under probation by the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]] for a period of two years. Violations included improper employment, extra benefits, unethical conduct and lack of institutional control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/APStories/stories/D8G2BLJ86.html|title=Slocum enjoys new role at Texas A&amp;M|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://goomer.ncaa.org/wdbctx/lsdbi/LSDBi.MajorInfPackage.ProcessMultipleBylaws?p_Multiple=0&amp;p_PK=454&amp;p_Button=View+Public+Report&amp;p_TextTerms=ThisIsADummyPhraseThatWillNotBeDuplicated&amp;p_TextTerms2=ThisIsADummyPhraseThatWillNotBeDuplicated&amp;p_Division= Public Infraction Report at NCAA.org]{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherrill was not personally found guilty of any infractions. However, in December 1988, Sherrill resigned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://articles.latimes.com/1988-12-13/sports/sp-227_1_jackie-sherrill|title=Sherrill Resigns From Texas A&amp;M : Beleaguered Coach Cites Strain as Reason for Quitting|work=latimes|date=December 13, 1988}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===R. C. Slocum era (1989–2002)===
[[File:Slocum-rc TAMU1.JPG|thumb|150px|Coach Slocum]]
In December 1988, [[R.C. Slocum]] was promoted from defensive coordinator and named head coach of the Aggies.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday30.usatoday.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/big12/2002-12-02-tamu-slocum_x.htm|title=USATODAY.com - Texas A&amp;M fires Slocum after 14 seasons|work=usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During Slocum's 14 years as head coach, the Aggies compiled a record of 123–47–2, making Slocum the winningest coach in Texas A&amp;M history.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday30.usatoday.com&quot;/&gt; During his career, Slocum never had a losing season and won four conference championships, including the [[Big 12]] (the Southwest Conference was renamed in 1996) title in 1998 and two Big 12 South Championships, 1997 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/rc-slocum-1.html|title=R.C. Slocum|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, he led the Aggies to become the first school in the [[Southwest Conference]] history to post three consecutive perfect conference seasons and actually went four consecutive seasons without a conference loss. Slocum reached 100 wins faster than any other active coach.

A&amp;M's [[Kyle Field]] become one of the hardest places for opponents to play during Slocum's tenure, losing only 12 games at home in 14 years. For over a year, A&amp;M held the longest home-winning streak in the nation, losing in 1989 and not again until late in 1995. In the 1990s, A&amp;M lost only four times at Kyle Field. Slocum was named SWC Coach of the Year three times during his tenure as head coach. A&amp;M's &quot;Wrecking Crew&quot; defense led the Southwest Conference in four statistical categories from 1991 through 1993 and led the nation in total defense in 1991. Over 50 Texas A&amp;M players were drafted into the [[NFL]] during Slocum's career as head coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.footballfoundation.org/News/NewsDetail/tabid/567/Article/50897/college-hall-of-fame-candidate-rc-slocum-named-2011-neyland-trophy-winner.aspx|title=College Hall of Fame Candidate R.C. Slocum Named 2011 Neyland Trophy Winner &gt; National Football Foundation &gt; NewsDetail|work=footballfoundation.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Slocum inherited an Aggie football program that had just finished 7-5 and under severe NCAA sanctions, and cleaned it up quickly. He was quoted in 2002 as saying &quot;I wouldn't trade winning another game or two for my reputation as a person.  I've said from day one I'm going to do things the way I think they should be done. There were those who said, `If you don't cheat, you're pretty naive. You can't win that way.' Well, we're going to find out. That's the way we're going to do it. I can walk away and look myself in the mirror and say, 'We did it the right way.'&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Justice |first=Richard |title=Legacy of tenure at A&amp;M is reform |newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]] |date=2002-12-03 |url=http://www.pngindians.com/news/2002/slocumfired.html |accessdate=2007-03-12 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050509214936/http://www.pngindians.com/news/2002/slocumfired.html |archivedate=May 9, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

After 14 years as head coach of the Aggies, Slocum was asked to resign in 2002 following only the second non-winning season of his career.&lt;ref name=&quot;usatoday30.usatoday.com&quot;/&gt; He immediately assumed a position as special adviser to Texas A&amp;M president [[Robert Gates]].&lt;ref&gt;http://sportsillustrated.cnn.com/football/college/news/2002/12/02/slocum_fired_ap/&lt;/ref&gt;

===Dennis Franchione era (2003–2007)===
[[File:CoachFranTXST.png|thumb|150px|Coach Francione]]
A&amp;M turned to [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]] head coach [[Dennis Franchione]] to replace the ousted Slocum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/12/06/sports/college-football-texas-a-m-hires-franchione.html|title=COLLEGE FOOTBALL; Texas A&amp;M Hires Franchione|last=The Associated Press|date=December 6, 2002|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Franchione brought the majority of his coaching staff from the Crimson Tide for the 2003 season. Franchione signed a contract that was set to pay him a yearly salary of [[USD|$]]1.7 million through 2010.&lt;ref name=BCSE&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.theeagle.com/local/CoachFrantimelineatTexasA_M |title=Coach Fran timeline at Texas A&amp;M |work=[[The Bryan-College Station Eagle|Bryan-College Station Eagle]] |accessdate=2007-11-24 |date=2007-11-24 |author=Eagle Staff |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20071126074636/http://www.theeagle.com/local/CoachFrantimelineatTexasA_M |archivedate=November 26, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Aggies finished the 2003 season with a 4–8 record, including a nationally televised 77–0 loss to [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]], the worst loss in A&amp;M's history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2003-schedule.html|title=2003 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season also marked the first losing season for the Aggies after 21 years. In the 2004 season, Franchione attempted the rebuilding process as the team improved to a 7–5 record, and a 5–3 record in [[Big 12|conference play]], including a 35–34 overtime loss to unranked [[Baylor Bears football|Baylor]], ending a 13-game winning streak the Aggies had over Baylor and a 32–25 overtime win over the then #25 [[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Texas Tech]] at Kyle Field, snapping a 3-game skid to the Red Raiders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2004-schedule.html|title=2004 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies ended up advancing to the [[Cotton Bowl Classic]] to play #17 [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]], but lost 38–7.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.goodyearcottonbowl.com/fan-zone/about-classic/past-classics/|title=Cotton Bowl History - Cotton Bowl Classic|work=goodyearcottonbowl.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the bowl game, A&amp;M officials extended Franchione's contract through 2012 and raised his salary to $2 million.&lt;ref name=BCSE/&gt; In June 2005, prior to the 2005 season, Franchione donated $1 million to the A&amp;M athletic department. The donation went toward the construction of an indoor practice facility, which is now located adjacent to Kyle Field.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.chron.com/sports/college/article/Franchione-to-donate-1-million-for-indoor-sports-1483464.php|title=Franchione to donate $1 million for indoor sports facility|work=Houston Chronicle|date=June 28, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 2005 season, Franchione's Aggies, who were ranked 17th in the [[preseason]] [[AP Poll]], regressed to a 5–6 record.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2005-schedule.html|title=2005 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2005 Aggie defense ranked 107th nationally (out of 119 [[NCAA Division I-A]] teams) and allowed 443.8 yards per game. This prompted Franchione to dismiss [[defensive coordinator]] [[Carl Torbush]]. Franchione then hired former [[Western Michigan Broncos football|Western Michigan]] head coach [[Gary Darnell]] to replace Torbush.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/stories/121605dnspotamulede.12684713.html|title=A&amp;M starts pumping up Darnell|newspaper=Dallas Morning News|accessdate=2007-11-24|date=2005-12-16|author=Davis, Brian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 2006 season, the Aggies again rebounded under Franchione, posting a 9–3 regular season record that included Franchione's first win over rival Texas.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2006-schedule.html|title=2006 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 9–3 record also marked the most wins for A&amp;M since 1998. However, in that season's [[2006 Oklahoma Sooners football team#Texas A&amp;M University|Oklahoma game]], which [[College GameDay (football)|ESPN's College GameDay]] visited, Franchione was criticized by fans for making a [[Field goal (football)|field goal]] call with 3:28 left in the game. The 18th-ranked Sooners ended up defeating the 21st-ranked Aggies, 17–16.&lt;ref name=BCSE/&gt; In the [[postseason]], the Aggies faced 20th-ranked [[California Golden Bears football|California]] in the [[Holiday Bowl]] and lost 45–10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/games/2006-12-29-Holiday-bowl-cal-texas-am_x.htm|title=California stomps Texas A&amp;M in Holiday Bowl - USATODAY.com|work=usatoday.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the 2007 season, Franchione was discovered selling a secret email newsletter, which violated two NCAA rules and one of the [[Big 12]]'s &quot;Principles and Standards of Sportsmanship&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/college_sports/story/265436.html|title=A&amp;M admonishes Franchione|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|accessdate=2007-10-12|date=2007-11-06|author=Miller, John}} {{Dead link|date=October 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the Aggies' 34–17 loss to unranked [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami]] in September 2007, Franchione's coaching abilities were questioned.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/100107/cessna_20071001034.php |title=Cessna: Talk around town all about Franchione |work=Bryan-College Station Eagle |accessdate=2007-10-01 |date=2007-10-01 |last=Cessna |first=Robert |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016144501/http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/100107/cessna_20071001034.php |archivedate=October 16, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = https://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/headline/sports/5168353.html | title = Franchione fends off negative vibes | work = [[Houston Chronicle]] | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | date = 2007-09-27 | last = Harris | first = Terrance }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.statesman.com/sports/content/sports/stories/other/09/26/0926aggies.html | title = Dark clouds in Aggieland | work = [[Austin American-Statesman]] | first = Randy | last = Riggs | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | date = 2007-09-27 |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20071016154818/http://statesman.com/sports/content/sports/stories/other/09/26/0926aggies.html &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2007-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/college_sports/story/245307.html |title=Franchione safe for now, but not forever |work=[[Fort Worth Star-Telegram]] |accessdate=2007-09-28 |date=2007-09-24 |last=Burch |first=Jimmy }}{{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url = http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/columnists/jtaylor/stories/092107dnspotaylor.3811d35.html | title = Aggies trip on big stage again | work = [[Dallas Morning News]] | accessdate = 2007-09-28 | date = 2007-09-21 | last = Taylor | first = Jean-Jacques }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://sports.yahoo.com/ncaaf/news;_ylt=Aj881XR5BFAPLJZqVMc4E2EcvrYF?slug=franchionesbreachoftrust&amp;prov=tsn&amp;type=lgns |title=Franchione's breach of trust won't be forgiven |publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]] |accessdate=2007-09-30 |last=Dienhart |first=Tom }}{{dead link|date=December 2016 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; Several news outlets reported that Franchione would not return for the 2008 season. After Franchione led the Aggies to a 38–30 victory over 13th-ranked Texas, he announced his resignation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3124823|title=ESPN|work=ESPN.com|date=November 24, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Defensive coordinator [[Gary Darnell]] was named the interim head coach. Darnell led the Aggies to a 24–17 defeat at the hands of [[Penn State]] in the [[Alamo Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=13659 |archive-url=https://archive.is/20070813183209/http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=13659 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2007-08-13 |title=Darnell Named Interim Head Football Coach |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=2007-11-24 |date=2007-11-24 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mike Sherman era (2008–2011)===
[[File:MikeSherman2003.jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Sherman]]
[[Mike Sherman]] was hired away from his post as offensive coordinator of the [[NFL]]'s [[Houston Texans]] to replace Franchione.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/sports/5970484.html|title=Sherman is on march}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherman signed a 7-year contract that at the time paid him $1.8 million annually.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=3127846|title=Sherman succeeds Franchione as Texas A&amp;M coach}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherman abandoned the [[zone read]] option offense run by Franchione and his coaching staff, and installed a pro-style system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.dallasnews.com/sharedcontent/dws/spt/colleges/topstories/stories/082708dnspoamlede.2d0aba0.html|title=Texas A&amp;M ready to debut new look on offense, defense}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cjonline.com/stories/082808/loc_323913949.shtml|title=Sherman using old-school approach|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903132528/http://cjonline.com/stories/082808/loc_323913949.shtml|archivedate=September 3, 2008|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; A&amp;M used a balanced offense run primarily out of the pro-style formations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/34068744.html |title=Aggies Mailbag: Sherman offers clue to future offense |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081211124032/http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/34068744.html |archivedate=December 11, 2008 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2008/oct/21/college-a-different-challenge-for-ex-pro-coaches/|title=College a different challenge for ex-pro coaches}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sherman's quarterbacks at A&amp;M were [[Stephen McGee]] and [[Ryan Tannehill]], both of whom would go on to be drafted into the NFL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://sportsday.dallasnews.com/college-sports/texasamaggies/2017/06/05/five-greatest-quarterbacks-texas-am-history-ryan-tannehill-stephen-mcgee-make-list|title=Five greatest quarterbacks in Texas A&amp;M history: Why Ryan Tannehill, Stephen McGee don't make the list|date=June 5, 2017|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After two straight losing seasons, the Aggies started the 2010 season 3–3 but won their final six games and earn a share of the Big 12 South Division title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mysanantonio.com/sports/college_sports/big_12/article/Express-News-All-Big-12-team-851495.php?showFullArticle=y|title=Express-News All-Big 12 team}}&lt;/ref&gt; #18 Texas A&amp;M went on to play #11 [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] in the Cotton Bowl.  Texas A&amp;M lost 41–24 to end the season at 9–4.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=310070245|title=LSU vs. Texas A&amp;M - Game Recap - January 7, 2011 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2010-schedule.html|title=2010 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the 2010 season, A&amp;M signed Sherman a contract extension through the 2015 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/dallas/ncf/story/_/id/6794263/texas-extends-mike-sherman-deal|title=Texas A&amp;M extends Sherman's deal, ups money|publisher=|date=July 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; His salary was raised to $2.2 million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/2011/11/20/3540611/texas-am-wont-fire-sherman-but.html|title=Texas A&amp;M won't fire Sherman, but he's feeling heat|work=star-telegram}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2011, the Aggies began as a top 10 ranked team, but fell out of the polls after losing four games, three of which had double-digit half-time leads.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2011-schedule.html|title=2011 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Three of those four losses were to teams later ranked among the top ten in the nation. On November 19, 2011, the Aggies defeated [[Kansas Jayhawks football|Kansas]] 61-7 and became bowl-eligible for a third straight season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/ncf/recap/_/id/313230245|title=Kansas vs. Texas A&amp;M - Game Recap - November 19, 2011 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Five days later, on November 24, 2011, they would lose at home to Texas by a score of 27–25 on a last-second field goal,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=313280245|title=Texas vs. Texas A&amp;M - Game Recap - November 24, 2011 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; in what would be the last game of the rivalry for the foreseeable future, as the Aggies were to join the [[Southeastern Conference|SEC]] beginning in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7019493/texas-aggies-officially-get-accepted-sec|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies officially get accepted into the SEC|work=ESPN.com|date=September 25, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was the Aggies' sixth loss of the season, and the fifth in which they held a second-half lead of two or more scores.&lt;ref name=&quot;sports-reference.com4&quot;/&gt; Sherman was fired by Texas A&amp;M on December 1, 2011.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7304629/texas-aggies-fire-football-coach-mike-sherman|title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies fire football coach Mike Sherman|work=ESPN.com|date=December 2, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies compiled a record of 25–25 during Sherman's four-year tenure.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/coaches/mike-sherman-1.html|title=Mike Sherman|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Kevin Sumlin era (2012–2017)===
[[File:Kevin Sumlin, Head Football Coach, Texas A&amp;M University.jpg|thumb|150px|Coach Sumlin]]
On December 13, 2011, A&amp;M hired [[Houston Cougars football|Houston]] head coach [[Kevin Sumlin]] as the program's 28th head football coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7345322/kevin-sumlin-introduced-new-texas-aggies-coach|title=Kevin Sumlin introduced as new Texas A&amp;M Aggies coach|work=ESPN.com|date=December 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumlin was the first [[African American]] head coach in Texas A&amp;M football history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/7337943/houston-cougar-kevin-sumlin-leaving-texas-aggies|title=Houston Cougar's Kevin Sumlin leaving for Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=ESPN.com|date=December 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2012, Sumlin led the Aggies to an 11–2 record, including victories over then-#1 Alabama, and #11 [[Oklahoma Sooners football|Oklahoma]] in the [[Cotton Bowl Classic|AT&amp;T Cotton Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2012-schedule.html|title=2012 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Starting quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://espn.go.com/college-football/story/_/id/8727326/johnny-manziel-texas-aggies-wins-2012-heisman-trophy|title=Johnny Manziel of Texas A&amp;M Aggies wins 2012 Heisman Trophy|work=ESPN.com|date=December 9, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies finished the 2012 season ranked in the top 5 of both the Coaches Poll and the AP Poll.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/news/2013/1/8/205887260.aspx|title=Highest Final Rank Since 1956 for Texas A&amp;M Football|website=Texas A&amp;M University Athletics Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Texas A&amp;M also led the SEC in total offense, total scoring offense, total rushing yds, and led the nation in third down conversion percentage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://12thman.com/news/2012/11/8/205730804.aspx?print=true|title=Game Notes: Alabama - Texas A&amp;M University Athletics Department|website=12thman.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kevin Sumlin and the Texas A&amp;M Aggies became the first SEC team in history to amass over 7,000 yds in total offense.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.12thman.com/news/2014/5/7/209491630.aspx|title=Three Aggies Expected in NFL First Round|website=Texas A&amp;M University Athletics Department}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumlin's 2013 Aggies, led by Manziel, finished with a 9–4 record, which included a victory over [[Duke Blue Devils football|Duke]] in the [[2013 Chick-fil-A Bowl|Chick-fil-A Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2013-schedule.html|title=2013 Texas A&amp;M Aggies|work=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=333650245 |title=Duke Blue Devils vs Texas A&amp;M Aggies - Recap |work=ESPN.com |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141202102719/http://scores.espn.go.com/ncf/recap?gameId=333650245 |archivedate=December 2, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On November 30, 2013, A&amp;M signed Sumlin to a six-year, $30 million contract extension.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sportingnews.com/ncaa-football/story/2013-11-30/kevin-sumlin-extension-raise-staying-at-texas-am-johnny-manziel-committed-aggies|title=Kevin Sumlin to receive new 6-year deal from Texas A&amp;M|website=[[Sporting News]]|date=November 30, 2014|accessdate=December 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/12/kevin-sumlins-full-contract-confirms-texas-ams-commitment-to-the-coach.html/ |title=Contract details revealed for Texas A&amp;M's Kevin Sumlin: Buyout raised to $5M if he leaves before 2016; no buyout thereafter |first=Kate |last=Hairopoulos |date=December 16, 2013 |accessdate=December 21, 2014 |website=[[Dallas Morning News]] |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141222000523/http://collegesportsblog.dallasnews.com/2013/12/kevin-sumlins-full-contract-confirms-texas-ams-commitment-to-the-coach.html/ |archivedate=December 22, 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For the 2014 season, the Aggies came out strong to begin the season, winning their first 5 games before stumbling mid-season to three top 10-ranked teams, including a 59–0 loss to #7 ranked [[Alabama Crimson Tide football|Alabama]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400548364|title=Texas A&amp;M vs. Alabama - Game Recap - October 18, 2014 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies finished the season 8–5 overall and 3–5 in SEC play.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2014-schedule.html|title=2014 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the [[Liberty Bowl]] victory over [[West Virginia Mountaineers football|West Virginia]], the Aggies won four straight bowl games for the first time in program history. After the season, which was marred by defensive struggles,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://bleacherreport.com/articles/1872018-texas-am-football-aggies-late-season-struggles-are-cause-for-concern|title=Texas A&amp;M Football: Aggies' Late-Season Struggles Are Cause for Concern|first=Michael|last=Taglienti|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sumlin dismissed his defensive coordinator, [[Mark Snyder]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/11950800/texas-aggies-fire-defensive-coordinator-mark-snyder|title=Texas A&amp;M fires DC Snyder after 7-5 season|publisher=|date=November 28, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; and replaced him with [[John Chavis (American football)|John Chavis]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/12103626/defensive-coordinator-john-chavis-heading-texas-aggies-lsu-tigers|title=Source: DC Chavis exits LSU for Texas A&amp;M|publisher=|date=December 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, A&amp;M again finished 8–5.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2015-schedule.html|title=2015 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season was marked by a strong start with struggles to close the season. A&amp;M finished the season with a loss to [[Louisville Cardinals football|Louisville]] in the [[Music City Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400852729|title=Texas A&amp;M vs. Louisville - Game Recap - December 30, 2015 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumlin led the Aggies to a third consecutive 8–5 mark in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.sports-reference.com/cfb/schools/texas-am/2016-schedule.html|title=2016 Texas A&amp;M Aggies Schedule and Results - College Football at Sports-Reference.com|website=College Football at Sports-Reference.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season was again marked a strong start with another late-season collapse, as A&amp;M began the season 6–0, but losing four of its final five games. Texas A&amp;M finished the 2016 season with a loss to [[Kansas State Wildcats football|Kansas State]] in the [[Texas Bowl]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/recap?gameId=400876099|title=Texas A&amp;M vs. Kansas State - Game Recap - December 28, 2016 - ESPN|website=ESPN.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Sumlin started off the 2017 season by surrendering a 34-point lead to UCLA. Sumlin was fired from the position on November 26, 2017 after his team finished 7–5. Sumlin finished 51–26 at A&amp;M and with a 25–23 record in the SEC. Despite A&amp;M football's struggles during the Sumlin era, the program was recognized by ''[[Forbes]]'' in August 2018 as the most valuable in the country, based on average revenue and profit figures from the 2014–16 seasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrissmith/2018/09/11/college-footballs-most-valuable-teams/#60e40f1a6c64|title=College Football's Most Valuable Teams: Texas A&amp;M Jumps To No. 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jimbo Fisher era (2018–present)===
On December 4, 2017, [[Florida State Seminoles football|Florida State]] head coach [[Jimbo Fisher]] was formally introduced as the Aggies head coach.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.espn.com/college-football/story/_/id/21631488/jimbo-fisher-leaving-florida-state-accept-coaching-job-texas-am | title=Sources: Fisher's Texas A&amp;M deal richest ever| date=December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; A splashy hire, Fisher arrived in College Station after a very successful eight-year run at FSU, leading the Seminoles to three [[Atlantic Coast Conference]] championships, six ten-win seasons, the 2013 national championship and coached [[Heisman Trophy]] winning quarterback [[Jameis Winston]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://12thman.com/staff.aspx?staff=620 |title = Jimbo Fisher - Head Coach - Staff Directory}}&lt;/ref&gt; A&amp;M signed Fisher to a 10-year contract worth a total base salary of $75 million, the most lucrative contract in terms of guaranteed money signed by a newly hired head coach in college football history.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.si.com/college-football/2017/12/01/jimbo-fisher-texas-am-coach-contract-florida-state |title = Jimbo Fisher leaving Florida State for Texas A&amp;M}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During his first season, Fisher led the Aggies to an 8–4 record. The season included a notable seven-overtime victory over then-No. 7 [[2018 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]]. The combined 146 points scored during the game broke the [[NCAA FBS]] record for the most points scored in a game, the most points scored in a losing effort (72 by LSU), and tied the record for the most overtimes along with multiple school records for both sides.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/sports/Mond-helps-Aggies-over-No-8-LSU-74-72-in-7-OTs-501193991.html |title = Mond helps Aggies over No. 8 LSU 74-72 in 7 OTs}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Conference affiliations==
* [[NCAA Division I-A independent schools|Independent]] (1894–1902)
* [[Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association]] (1903–1908) 
* Independent (1909–1911)
* Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1912–1914)
* Texas Intercollegiate Athletic Association (1913–1917)
* [[Southwest Conference]] (1915–1996)
* [[Big 12 Conference]] (1996–2011)
* [[Southeastern Conference]] (2012–present)

==Championships==

===National championships===
Texas A&amp;M has been selected national champions in three seasons from NCAA-designated major selectors.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018ncaabook&quot;&gt;{{cite book | url=http://fs.ncaa.org/Docs/stats/football_records/2018/FBS.pdf | title=2018 NCAA Football Bowl Subdivision Records | publisher=National Collegiate Athletic Association | date=August 2018 | location=Indianapolis| accessdate=October 29, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|111–112}} Texas A&amp;M claims all three championships.&lt;ref name=&quot;2018MG&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=2018 Media Guide |url=https://12thman.com/documents/2018/8/14/2018_TAMU_Football_Guide.pdf |website=12thman.com |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=October 30, 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|45–47}}

The 1919 team finished 10–0–0 and was not scored upon, earning a retroactive national title by ten selectors, including the Billingsley Report and National Championship Foundation. Other systems retroactively award the 1919 National Championship to either Notre Dame or Harvard.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/yearly_results.php?year=1919|title=1919 National Championships|publisher=College Football Data Warehouse|accessdate=January 5, 2008|archive-date=November 7, 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107161546/http://cfbdatawarehouse.com/data/national_championships/yearly_results.php?year=1919|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&amp;DB_OEM_ID=27300&amp;SPSID=632660&amp;SPID=93232&amp;ATCLID=205238864|title=Texas A&amp;M Football History|work=12thman.com|access-date=May 31, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717060336/http://www.aggieathletics.com/ViewArticle.dbml?DB_LANG=C&amp;DB_OEM_ID=27300&amp;SPSID=632660&amp;SPID=93232&amp;ATCLID=205238864|archive-date=July 17, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1927 team finished 8–0–1, with a tie against TCU in [[Fort Worth, Texas]], earning a retroactive national title awarded by the Sagarin Rating and the Sagarin ELO-Chess. In 1939, the undefeated Aggies were voted No. 1 by the [[AP Poll]] shortly after its inception along with No. 1 in 8 of the 12 other major polls, after the [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939 season]].

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Coach|Selectors|Record|Bowl|Opponent|Result}}
|-
| [[1919 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1919]] || rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[Dana X. Bible]] || [[Billingsley Report|Billingsley]], [[National Championship Foundation]] || 10–0  || – || – || –
|-
| [[1927 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1927]] || [[Sagarin Ratings|Sagarin]], Sagarin ELO-Chess || 8–0–1 || – || – || –
|-
| [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939]] || {{nowrap|[[Homer H. Norton]]}} || [[Associated Press]], [[Berryman (QPRS)|Berryman]], Billingsley, [[Boand System|Boand]], [[College Football Researchers Association|CFRA]], [[DeVold System|DeVold]], [[Dunkel System|Dunkel]], [[Helms Athletic Foundation|Helms]], [[Houlgate System|Houlgate]], NCF, [[Poling System|Poling]], Sagarin, [[Williamson System|Williamson]] || 11–0 || [[1940 Sugar Bowl|Sugar]] || [[1939 Tulane Green Wave football team|Tulane]] || {{nowrap|'''W''' 14–13}}
|}

===Conference championships===
The Aggies have won 18 conference championships;.{{Citation needed|date=April 2018}} The first 17 were Southwest Conference championships, and the most recent was the Big 12 Championships won in 1998.
[[File:RC slocum.JPG|thumb|160px|right|Former head coach [[R.C. Slocum]] gives a [[gig 'em]] with his Big 12 Championship ring.]]

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Conference|Coach|Overall record|Conference record}}
|-
| [[1917 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1917]] || rowspan=&quot;17&quot;|[[Southwest Conference]] || rowspan=&quot;5&quot;|[[Dana X. Bible]] || 8–0 || 2–0
|-
| [[1919 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1919]] || 10–0 || 4–0
|-
| [[1921 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1921]] || 6–1–2 || 3–0–2
|-
| [[1925 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1925]] || 7–1–1 || 4–1
|-
| [[1927 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1927]] || 8–0–1 || 4–0–1
|-
| [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Homer H. Norton]] || 11–0 || 6–0
|-
| [[1940 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1940]]† || 9–1 || 5–1
|-
| [[1941 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1941]] || 9–2 || 5–1
|-
| [[1956 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1956]] || [[Bear Bryant|Paul &quot;Bear&quot; Bryant]] || 9–0–1 || 6–0
|-
| [[1967 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1967]] || [[Gene Stallings]] || 7–4–1 || 6–1
|-
| [[1975 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1975]]† || [[Emory Bellard]] || 10–2 || 6–2
|-
| [[1985 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1985]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Jackie Sherrill]] || 10–2 || 7–1
|-
| [[1986 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1986]] || 9–3 || 7–1
|-
| [[1987 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1987]] || 10–2 || 7–1
|-
| [[1991 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1991]] || rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|[[R. C. Slocum]] || 10–2 || 8–0
|-
| [[1992 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1992]] || 12–1 || 7–0
|-
| [[1993 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1993]] || 10–2 || 7–0
|-
| [[1998 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1998]] || [[Big 12 Conference|Big 12]] || 11–3 || 7–1
|}
† Co-champions

===Divisional championships===
The Aggies were previously members of the [[Big 12 South]] between its inception in 1996 and the dissolution of conference divisions within the Big 12 in 2011. The Aggies joined the SEC as members of the SEC West starting in 2012.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Division|Opponent|CG result}}
|-
| [[1997 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1997]] || rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|Big 12 South || [[1997 Nebraska Cornhuskers football team|Nebraska]] || L 15–54
|-
| [[1998 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1998]] || [[1998 Kansas State Wildcats football team|Kansas State]] || '''W''' 36–33
|-
| [[2010 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2010]]† ||colspan=&quot;2&quot; |''N/A (lost tiebreaker to [[2010 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]])'' 
|}
† Co-champions

==Bowl games==
Texas A&amp;M has participated in 40 bowl games. The Aggies have a bowl record of 19–22 ({{winpct|19|22}}). During their 81 years in the [[Southwest Conference]], the Aggies went 12–10 ({{winpct|12|10}}) in bowl games, winning their AP National Championship in 1939. During their 16 years in the [[Big 12 Conference]], the Aggies went 2–9 ({{winpct|2|9}}) in bowl games. Since joining the [[Southeastern Conference]] in 2012, the Aggies have gone 5–3 ({{winpct|5|3}}) in bowl games.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.collegefootballpoll.com/bowl_history_texas_am.html|title=Texas A&amp;M Bowl History|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100925105323/http://collegefootballpoll.com/bowl_history_texas_am.html|archivedate=September 25, 2010|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|Season|Coach|Bowl|Opponent|Result}}
|-
| [[1921 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1921]] || [[Dana X. Bible]] || [[1922 Dixie Classic|Dixie Classic]] || [[Centre College|Centre]] || '''W''' 22–14
|-
| [[1939 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1939]] || [[Homer H. Norton]] || [[1940 Sugar Bowl|Sugar Bowl]] || [[1939 Tulane Green Wave football team|Tulane]] || '''W''' 14–13
|-
| [[1940 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1940]] || Homer H. Norton || [[Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Fordham Rams|Fordham]] || '''W''' 13–12
|-
| [[1941 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1941]] || Homer H. Norton || [[1942 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1941 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]] || L 21–29
|-
| [[1943 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1943]] || Homer H. Norton || [[1944 Orange Bowl|Orange Bowl]] || [[1943 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] || L 14–19
|-
| [[1950 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1950]] || [[Harry Stiteler]] || [[Presidential Cup Bowl]] || [[1949 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] || '''W''' 40–20
|-
| [[1957 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1957]] || [[Bear Bryant]] || [[1957 Gator Bowl|Gator Bowl]] || [[1957 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] || L 0–3
|-
| [[1967 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1967]] || [[Gene Stallings]] || [[1968 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1967 Alabama Crimson Tide football team|Alabama]] || '''W''' 20–16
|-
| [[1975 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1975]] || [[Emory Bellard]] || [[1975 Liberty Bowl|Liberty Bowl]] || [[1975 USC Trojans football team|Southern California]] || L 0–20
|-
| [[1976 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1976]] || Emory Bellard || [[1977 Sun Bowl (January)|Sun Bowl]] || [[1976 Florida Gators football team|Florida]] || '''W''' 37–14
|-
| [[1977 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1977]] || Emory Bellard || [[1977 Bluebonnet Bowl|Bluebonnet Bowl]] || [[1977 USC Trojans football team#1977|Southern California]] || L 28–47
|-
| [[1978 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1978]] || [[Tom Wilson (American football)|Tom Wilson]] || [[1978 Hall of Fame Classic|Hall of Fame Classic]] || [[1978 Iowa State Cyclones football team|Iowa State]] || '''W''' 28–12
|-
| [[1981 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1981]] || Tom Wilson || [[1981 Independence Bowl|Independence Bowl]] || [[1981 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team|Oklahoma State]] || '''W''' 33–16
|-
| [[1985 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1985]] || [[Jackie Sherrill]] || [[1986 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1985 Auburn Tigers football team|Auburn]] || '''W''' 36–16
|-
| [[1986 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1986]] || Jackie Sherrill || [[1987 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1986 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || L 12–28
|-
| [[1987 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1987]] || Jackie Sherrill || [[1988 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football (1980–1989)#1987|Notre Dame]] || '''W''' 35–10
|-
| [[1989 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1989]] || [[R. C. Slocum]] || [[1989 John Hancock Bowl|John Hancock Bowl]] || [[1989 Pittsburgh Panthers football team|Pittsburgh]] || L 28–31
|-
| [[1990 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1990]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1990 Holiday Bowl|Holiday Bowl]] || [[1990 BYU Cougars football team|BYU]] || '''W''' 65–14
|-
| [[1991 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1991]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1992 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1991 Florida State Seminoles football team|Florida State]] || L 2–10
|-
| [[1992 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1992]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1993 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football (1990–1999)#1992|Notre Dame]] || L 3–28
|-
| [[1993 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1993]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1994 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football (1990–1999)#1993|Notre Dame]] || L 21–24
|-
| [[1995 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1995]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1995 Alamo Bowl|Alamo Bowl]] || [[1995 Michigan Wolverines football team|Michigan]] || '''W''' 22–20
|-
| [[1997 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1997]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1998 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[1997 UCLA Bruins football team|UCLA]] || L 23–29
|-
| [[1998 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1998]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1999 Sugar Bowl|Sugar Bowl]] || [[1998 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|Ohio State]] || L 14–24
|-
| [[1999 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|1999]] || R. C. Slocum || [[1999 Alamo Bowl|Alamo Bowl]] || [[1999 Penn State Nittany Lions football team|Penn State]] || L 0–24
|-
| [[2000 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2000]] || R. C. Slocum || [[2000 Independence Bowl|Independence Bowl]] || [[2000 Mississippi State Bulldogs football team|Mississippi State]] || L 41–43
|-
| [[2001 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2001]] || R. C. Slocum || [[2001 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl|Galleryfurniture.com Bowl]] || [[2001 TCU Horned Frogs football team|TCU]] || '''W''' 28–9
|-
| [[2004 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2004]] || [[Dennis Franchione]] || [[2005 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[2004 Tennessee Volunteers football team|Tennessee]] || L 7–38
|-
| [[2006 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2006]] || Dennis Franchione || [[2006 Holiday Bowl|Holiday Bowl]] || [[2006 California Golden Bears football team|California]] || L 10–45
|-
| [[2007 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2007]] || [[Gary Darnell]] (interim) || [[2007 Alamo Bowl|Alamo Bowl]] || [[2007 Penn State Nittany Lions football team|Penn State]] || L 17–24
|-
| [[2009 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2009]] || [[Mike Sherman]] || [[2009 Independence Bowl|Independence Bowl]] || [[2009 Georgia Bulldogs football team|Georgia]] || L 20–44
|-
| [[2010 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2010]] || [[Mike Sherman]] || [[2011 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[2010 LSU Tigers football team|LSU]] || L 24–41
|-
| [[2011 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2011]] || [[Tim DeRuyter]] (interim) || [[2011 Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas|Meineke Car Care Bowl of Texas]] || [[2011 Northwestern Wildcats football team|Northwestern]] || '''W''' 33–22
|-
| [[2012 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2012]] || [[Kevin Sumlin]] || [[2013 Cotton Bowl Classic|Cotton Bowl Classic]] || [[2012 Oklahoma Sooners football team|Oklahoma]] || '''W''' 41–13
|-
| [[2013 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2013]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2013 Chick-fil-A Bowl|Chick-fil-A Bowl]] || [[2013 Duke Blue Devils football team|Duke]] || '''W''' 52–48
|-
| [[2014 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2014]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2014 Liberty Bowl|Liberty Bowl]] || [[2014 West Virginia Mountaineers football team|West Virginia]] || '''W''' 45–37
|-
| [[2015 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2015]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2015 Music City Bowl|Music City Bowl]] || [[2015 Louisville Cardinals football team|Louisville]] || L 21–27
|-
| [[2016 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2016]] || Kevin Sumlin || [[2016 Texas Bowl|Texas Bowl]] || [[2016 Kansas State Wildcats football team|Kansas State]] || L 28–33
|-
| [[2017 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2017]] || Jeff Banks (interim) || [[2017 Belk Bowl|Belk Bowl]] || [[2017 Wake Forest Demon Deacons football team|Wake Forest]] || L 52–55
|-
| [[2018 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2018]] || [[Jimbo Fisher]] || [[2018 Gator Bowl|Gator Bowl]] || [[2018 NC State Wolfpack football team|NC State]] || '''W''' 52–13
|-
| [[2019 Texas A&amp;M Aggies football team|2019]] || Jimbo Fisher || [[2019 Texas Bowl|Texas Bowl]] || [[2019 Oklahoma State Cowboys football team|Oklahoma State]] ||  '''W''' 24–21
|}

==Rivalries==
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2018}}
{{update section|date=August 2018}}
}}

===LSU===
{{Main|LSU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}
Texas A&amp;M and [[LSU Tigers football|LSU]] were both members of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association from 1903–1908 and 1912–1914 and are both currently members of the SEC. The Aggies first played the Tigers in College Station in 1899, winning 52–0. The Tigers are the Aggies' seventh-oldest collegiate-football rival. Last played in 1995, the Aggies and Tigers then faced off in the [[2011 Cotton Bowl Classic]]. The series resumed in 2012, when the Aggies joined the SEC. Starting in 2014, the Aggies became LSU's final regular season opponent. LSU leads the series 33–21–3 through the 2018 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;lsuseries&quot;&gt;http://www.winsipedia.com/LSU/vs/texas-am&lt;/ref&gt;

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have claimed the largest margin of victory with a 63–9 final score in 1914 (the Aggies also have the next two largest margins of victory with the 52–0 win in 1899 and 47–0 win in 1922). The Aggies have shut-out the Tigers 7 times (including the Aggies' non-university recognized National Championship Season of 1917 when they did not surrender a point during 8 games, and beat the Tigers 27–0). The Tigers have shut-out the Aggies 9 times (including the Tigers' non-university recognized National Championship season of 1908, when they beat the Aggies 26–0, and the Tigers' non-university recognized National Championship season of 1962, when they beat the Aggies 21–0). Add to those totals the game in which the Aggies and Tigers shut each other out 0–0 in 1920. The Tigers hold the series' longest winning streak of 7 games from 2011 to 2017. The 1960 winning streak was part of a 10-game unbeaten streak for the Tigers from 1960 to 1969 which included a 7–7 tie in 1966.  From 1945-1973 was the most dominant span by either team in the series history. LSU was 17-3-1 vs Texas A&amp;M during this span.&lt;ref name=&quot;lsuseries&quot; /&gt;

===Arkansas===
{{Main|Arkansas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}
The Aggies first played the [[Arkansas Razorbacks football|Razorbacks]] in 1903. From 1934–1991, the two teams played annually as [[Southwest Conference]] members. In 1991, however, Arkansas left the Southwest Conference to join the [[Southeastern Conference]]. Arkansas leads the all-time series 41–30–3.

On March 10, 2008, officials from both schools announced the revival of the series, which recommenced on October 3, 2009. The game is played at [[Cowboys Stadium]], which was initially expected to hold about 80,000 fans. The game is dubbed &quot;The Southwest Classic&quot;, which pays homage to both schools' past relationship to the Southwest Conference. The initial agreement between the two schools allows the game to be played for at least 10 years, followed by five consecutive four-year rollover options, allowing the game to be played for a total of 30 consecutive seasons.&lt;ref&gt;
{{Cite news|url=http://www.star-telegram.com/sports/story/521640.html|title=Texas A&amp;M-Arkansas game headed to Arlington|work=Fort Worth Star-Telegram|accessdate=March 10, 2008|date=March 10, 2008|author=Burch, Jimmy}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=14109 |title=Texas A&amp;M, Arkansas Establish Football Neutral Site Series in New Cowboys Stadium |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=March 10, 2008 |date=March 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312075450/http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=&amp;PRID=14109 |archivedate=March 12, 2008 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.hogwired.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=30726&amp;SPID=2419&amp;DB_OEM_ID=6100&amp;ATCLID=1409099 |title=Arkansas-Texas A&amp;M to Renew Football Rivalry at Dallas Cowboys New Stadium |publisher=University of Arkansas Athletics |accessdate=March 10, 2008 |date=March 10, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517161446/http://www.hogwired.com/ViewArticle.dbml?SPSID=30726&amp;SPID=2419&amp;DB_OEM_ID=6100&amp;ATCLID=1409099 |archivedate=May 17, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Once the Aggies joined the SEC, the agreement with Cowboys Stadium came to an end because the SEC does not allow its members to entertain potential recruits at neutral-site games. However, the SEC has removed this recruiting rule, and the Aggies and Razorbacks will again move the rivalry to [[AT&amp;T Stadium]] in 2014. (cf. Georgia and Florida, which play at a neutral site, do not intend to entertain recruits at that site.) The agreement is expected to last at least 11 seasons, or through the 2024 football season.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shut out the Razorbacks 10 times, and been shut out 9 times. The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 58–10 win in College Station on September 29, 2012 (the Aggies also hold the second-largest margin of victory with a 41–0 win in College Station in 1942). The Razorbacks hold the longest winning streak in the series of 9 games from 1958 to 1966.

===Texas===
[[File:Lone Star Showdown 2006 McGee on goal-line.jpg|right|thumb|300px|2006 [[Lone Star Showdown]] football game]]
{{Main|Texas–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}
{{See also|State Farm Lone Star Showdown}}
{{very long section|date=April 2018}}

The [[Texas Longhorns football|Texas]]-Texas A&amp;M rivalry dates back to 1894. It is the longest-running rivalry for both teams.  It ranks as the third most-played rivalry in [[Division I-A]] college football,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.1122productions.com/rivalries/t.html |title=College Football Rivalries |accessdate=March 31, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070823224636/http://www.1122productions.com/rivalries/t.html |archivedate=August 23, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the most-played intrastate rivalry. Most of the series' lopsided victories occurred prior to A&amp;M's transition from an all-male and all-white military school, and the rivalry has been fairly even since. Until the rivalry ended in 2012, the two teams played each other every year since 1894 with the exception of six seasons [1895 (when the Aggies did not field a team), 1896, 1897, 1913, and 1914].  During some seasons, the Aggies and Longhorns played each other twice.

In an attempt to generate more attention for the rivalry in sports other than football, in 2004 the two schools started the [[Lone Star Showdown]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.lonestarshowdown.net/ | title=Lone Star Showdown | accessdate=July 11, 2006 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060618005152/http://lonestarshowdown.net/ | archive-date=June 18, 2006 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a trial two-year program. Essentially, each time the two schools meet in a sport, the winner of the matchup gets a point. At the end of the year, the school with the most points wins the series and receives the [[Lone Star Showdown trophy]].

Aspects of the rivalry include:
* Each school mentions the other in its fight song (Texas with &quot;and it's goodbye to A&amp;M&quot; in [[Texas Fight]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://lhb.music.utexas.edu/history/songs_index.html |title=History of School and Fight Songs |work=The University of Texas Longhorn Band website |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060615172507/http://lhb.music.utexas.edu/history/songs_index.html |archivedate=June 15, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the Aggies singing &quot;Goodbye to Texas University, so long to the orange and the white&quot; as the opening line of the second verse of the [[Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn|Aggie War Hymn]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=219 | title=The Aggie War Hymn | work=Official Website of Texas A&amp;M Athletics | accessdate=July 11, 2006 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20060522024844/http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=219 |archivedate = May 22, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &quot;saw Varsity's horns off&quot; about Texas in the chorus.
* The football series between the two universities is the third longest running rivalry in all of college football.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| url=https://www.usatoday.com/sports/college/football/big12/2005-11-24-texas-preview_x.htm | title= Texas following usual rivalry game routine | author=Wieberg, Steve |work=USA Today | date=November 24, 2005 | accessdate=July 11, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Since 1900, the last regular season football game is usually reserved for their matchup.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=36&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=1349&amp;change_well_id=2 |title=All Time Results |work=MackBrownTexasFootball.com |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060511231552/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=36&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=1349&amp;change_well_id=2 |archivedate=May 11, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Each school has elaborate pre-game preparations for the annual football clash, including the [[Aggie Bonfire]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url=http://www.studentbonfire.com/ |title=The Bonfire Burns | work=StudentBonfire.com | accessdate=July 11, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Hex Rally]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=44&amp;change_well_id=2 |title=Hex Rally |work=MackBrownTexasFootball.com |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070312032623/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=44&amp;change_well_id=2 |archivedate=March 12, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Texas has a unique lighting scheme for the [[Main Building (University of Texas at Austin)|UT Tower]] after wins over Texas A&amp;M.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/02oc_issues/oc020129/oc_tower.html University approves new policy for lighting UT Tower] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012032946/http://www.utexas.edu/opa/pubs/oncampus/02oc_issues/oc020129/oc_tower.html |date=October 12, 2007 }} ''On Campus.'' Accessed December 1, 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the past, mischief has preceded the annual game, such as the &quot;kidnapping&quot; of Bevo.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=42&amp;change_well_id=2 |author=Nikar, Jim |title=Bevo |work=MackBrownTexasFootball.com |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060701194225/http://www.mackbrown-texasfootball.com/index.php?s=&amp;url_channel_id=39&amp;url_subchannel_id=&amp;url_article_id=42&amp;change_well_id=2 |archivedate=July 1, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/03/102003-11.html |title=Retired Mascot Reveille VI Euthanized Oct 18 |work=Official website of Texas A&amp;M University |accessdate=July 11, 2006 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050317003650/http://www.tamu.edu/univrel/aggiedaily/news/stories/03/102003-11.html |archivedate=March 17, 2005 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though the Longhorns lead the series overall (76-37-5), the series has been much closer since 1965 (when Texas A&amp;M dropped compulsory participation in the [[Texas A&amp;M Corps of Cadets|Corps of Cadets]]). Since that time, the Aggies have accumulated 20 wins to 27 losses. During the last 40 meetings (from 1972—when the NCAA introduced scholarship limitations—to the present), the series is nearly even at 19–21. The Aggies' best years in recent times were from 1984 to 1994 when they won 10 out of 11 games, losing only in 1990 by one point.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shut out the Longhorns 13 times, and have been shut out 27 times (including scoreless ties in 1902, 1907, and 1921).  However, since 1961, neither team has been shut out. The Aggies and Longhorns have never had a game decided in overtime. The Longhorns hold the largest margin of victory with a 48–0 win in Austin on October 22, 1898 (the second meeting in the series). The Longhorns also hold the series' longest winning streak of 10 games from 1957 to 1966. In addition, the Longhorns had an 11-game unbeaten streak from 1940 to 1950 that included a 14–14 tie in 1948.

In the 75 meetings since 1936 when the [[AP Poll|Associated Press College Poll]] began, the Aggies and Longhorns have faced each other 59 times when one or both teams have been ranked (the Aggies have been ranked 25 times, whereas the Longhorns have been ranked 44 times). In those 59 meetings, the lower-ranked or unranked team has won 11 times (the Aggies did it six times—1951, 1979, 1984, 1999, 2006, and 2007; the Longhorns did it five times—1941, 1955, 1957, 1974, and 1998).

===Baylor===
{{Main|Battle of the Brazos}}

The Aggies first played the [[Baylor Bears football|Baylor Bears]] in 1899, and competed with them annually since 1945.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html|title=All-Time Football Scores: Baylor|publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics|accessdate=March 10, 2008|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061029220627/http://aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html|archivedate=October 29, 2006|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the Aggies' eighth-oldest collegiate-football rivalry, and their third most played behind TCU and Texas. The rivalry is nicknamed the [[Battle of the Brazos]], a term coined after the [[Brazos River]], which flows by the two schools which are only &lt;span style=&quot;white-space:nowrap&quot;&gt;90&amp;nbsp;miles&amp;nbsp;(145&amp;nbsp;km)&lt;/span&gt; apart. Texas A&amp;M leads the series 68–31–9.&lt;ref name=&quot;AgAth&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html |title=All-Time Football Scores:Baylor |accessdate=March 25, 2007 |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071129211357/http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/football/history/opp/baylor.html |archivedate=November 29, 2007 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Aggies' 68 wins against the Bears is the highest number of wins that the Aggies have accumulated against any team.  From 1960-1990 the rivalry was very competitive as A&amp;M won 16 times, Baylor won 13 times, and 2 games ended in ties; while many of the games were decided by 7 points or less.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shutout the Bears 29 times (including scoreless ties in 1903, 1923, 1932, and 1936). The Bears have shutout the Aggies 11 times (including those same scoreless ties). The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 73–10 win in College Station on October 11, 2003, as well as the second-largest margin of victory with a 53–0 win in College Station in 1912. The Aggies hold the longest winning streak in the series of 13 games from 1991 to 2003. That winning streak is also part of an 18-game unbeaten streak for the Aggies from 1986 to 2003 (the Aggies and Bears played to a 20–20 tie in 1990).

As with the Texas Longhorns rivalry, the Baylor rivalry was put on hold after the 2011 season with the Aggies decision to leave the Big 12 Conference. When A&amp;M announced its decision to leave the Big 12 and join the SEC in 2011, then-Baylor president [[Kenneth Starr]] filed suit in federal court in an attempt to block A&amp;M from moving. Eventually the lawsuit was dropped, and soon thereafter, Missouri announced it was joining A&amp;M in departing the Big 12 for the SEC.

===Texas Tech===
{{Main|Texas A&amp;M–Texas Tech football rivalry}}

The Aggies first played the [[Texas Tech Red Raiders football|Red Raiders]] in 1927. The Aggies lead the all-time series 37–32–1.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/sports/m-footbl/stats/texastech.html |title=All-Time Football Scores: Texas Tech }}{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shutout the Red Raiders four times, and the Red Raiders have shutout the Aggies four times. The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 47–6 win in College Station on November 28, 1927. The Aggies and Red Raiders each have win streaks of six games, which are the longest in the series (the Aggies' streak included the 1927 and 1932 games as well as the games from 1942 to 1945; the Red Raiders' streak was uninterrupted from 1968 to 1973).

===TCU===
{{Main|TCU–Texas A&amp;M football rivalry}}

The Texas A&amp;M/[[TCU Horned Frogs football|TCU]] rivalry began in 1897 and is the Aggies' third-oldest collegiate-football rivalry (behind the Texas A&amp;M/Texas rivalry which began in 1894, and the Texas A&amp;M/Austin College rivalry which began in 1896).  The Aggies have accumulated 56 wins against the Horned Frogs (which is their second-highest total against any collegiate program).  Though the Aggies no longer play the Horned Frogs annually since the Southwest Conference disbanded in 1996, this series is still notable because it contains the longest, active winning streak that the Aggies have against any opponent, 24, with the last win coming on December 28, 2001, in the [[2001 Galleryfurniture.com Bowl|Galleryfurniture.com Bowl]], played in the Astrodome in Houston, Texas.  The Horned Frogs have not beaten the Aggies since October 21, 1972, when they won in College Station with a final score of 13–10.  Adding further intrigue to this series is the fact that the Aggies' National Championship Season of 1939 succeeded the Horned Frogs' National Championship Season of 1938.

Over the life of the series, the Aggies have shutout the Horned Frogs 21 times, and been shutout 9 times (including scoreless ties in 1909 and 1927).  The Aggies hold the largest margin of victory with a 74–10 win in College Station on November 22, 1986 (the Aggies also hold the next ten-largest margins of victory, with each ranging from 34 to 56 points).  The Aggies' current winning streak of 24 games from 1973 to 1995 and including the 2001 galleryfurniture.com Bowl is the longest in the series.

At a yell practice before the 1930 TCU game, A&amp;M Board of Regents member Pinky Downs '06 shouted, &quot;What are we going to do to those Horned Frogs?&quot; His muse did not fail him as he improvised, borrowing a term from frog hunting. &quot;Gig 'em, Aggies!&quot; he said as he made a fist with his thumb extended straight up. And with that the first hand sign in the Southwest Conference came into being.&lt;ref&gt;http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/symbols/gigem.html{{dead link|date=June 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The &quot;Hook 'em Horns&quot; cheer was also invented by a UT cheerleader prior to the November 12, 1955 UT-TCU game.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.texasexes.org/uthistory/traditions.aspx?tradition=hookem|title=History and Traditions|date=December 11, 2014|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; TCU wound up winning both of these historic games.

==Player accomplishments==

===Individual awards===
{{MOS|section|date=April 2018}}
Texas A&amp;M Football has nine players who have won a total of 19 trophies: [[John David Crow]] won the [[Heisman Trophy]] in 1957; [[Dat Nguyen]] won the [[Lombardi Award]] and [[Chuck Bednarik Award]] in 1998;  [[Von Miller]] won the [[Butkus Award]] in 2010; [[Randy Bullock]] won the [[Lou Groza Award]] in 2011; redshirt freshman quarterback [[Johnny Manziel]] won the Heisman Trophy, the [[Manning Award]], AP College Football Player of the Year, and the [[Davey O'Brien Award]] in 2012; [[Luke Joeckel]] won the [[Outland Trophy]] in 2012; [[Myles Garrett]] won the Bill Willis Award in 2015; [[Trevor Knight]] won the [[Wuerffel Trophy]] in 2016, and [[Braden Mann]] won the [[Ray Guy Award]] in 2018.

{{col-begin|width=auto; font-size:88%}}
{{col-break}}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Heisman Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best player''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1957''' || [[John David Crow]] - ''HB''
|-
| '''2012''' || [[Johnny Manziel]] - ''QB''
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Associated Press College Football Player of the Year Award|AP College Football&lt;br /&gt;Player of the Year]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/sports/sports_ap_norman_bradford_ap_player_of_the_year_200812221243_rev1 |title=AP College Football Player of the Year Award |publisher=Associated Press |accessdate=2008-12-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711022015/http://www.fox11online.com/dpp/sports/sports_ap_norman_bradford_ap_player_of_the_year_200812221243_rev1 |archivedate=July 11, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Most Outstanding College Football Player''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' || Johnny Manziel - QB
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Davey O'Brien Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.daveyobrien.com/Pages/Awards/pastQuarterAward.htm | title=Previous Davey O'Brien National Quarterback Award Winners | publisher=Davey O’Brien Foundation  | accessdate=2006-12-21 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061207225123/http://www.daveyobrien.com/Pages/Awards/pastQuarterAward.htm &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = 2006-12-07}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best quarterback''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' || Johnny Manziel
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Outland Trophy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.sportswriters.net/fwaa/awards/outland/winners.html | title=ALL-TIME OUTLAND TROPHY WINNERS | publisher=Football Writers Association of America  | accessdate=2006-12-21 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best interior lineman''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' || [[Luke Joeckel]] - ''OT''
|}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Dick Butkus Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://football.about.com/cs/history/a/butkusaward.htm | title=Butkus Award Winners | publisher=About.com | accessdate=2006-12-21 | first=James | last=Alder | url-status=dead | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712191244/http://football.about.com/cs/history/a/butkusaward.htm | archivedate=July 12, 2014 | df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best linebacker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2010''' || [[Von Miller]]
|}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Chuck Bednarik Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/content/awards/bednarik/past_bednarik.htm |title=Chuck Bednarik Award: College Defensive Player of the Year - Past Recipients |publisher=Maxwell Football Club |accessdate=2013-01-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808003954/http://www.maxwellfootballclub.org/content/awards/bednarik/past_bednarik.htm |archivedate=August 8, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best defensive player''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1998''' || [[Dat Nguyen]] - ''LB''
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Lombardi Award]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://football.about.com/cs/history/a/vincelombardiaw.htm | title=Lombardi Award | publisher=About.com  | accessdate=2006-12-21 | first=James | last=Alder }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best lineman or linebacker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1998''' || Dat Nguyen - ''LB''
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Lou Groza Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Top placekicker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2011''' || [[Randy Bullock]]
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Ray Guy Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Top punter''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2018''' || [[Braden Mann]]
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Manning Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best quarterback''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' ||  Johnny Manziel
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Archie Griffin Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Season MVP''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' ||  Johnny Manziel
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Jim Parker Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best Offensive Lineman''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2012''' ||  Luke Joekel
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Jack Lambert Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Best Linebacker''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1998''' ||  Dat Nguyen
|-
| '''2010'''  || Von Miller
|}
{{col-break}}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Chic Harley Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Player of the Year''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''1957''' ||  John David Crow
|-
| '''2012'''  || Johnny Manziel
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Bill Willis Award]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Top Defensive Lineman''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2015''' || Myles Garrett
|}
{|
|-
! colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background:#f2f2f2; font-size:113%;&quot; | [[Wuerffel Trophy]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:normal; font-size:.8em;&quot;&gt;''Combines Community Service with Athletic and Academic Achievement''&lt;/span&gt;
|-
| '''2016''' || Trevor Knight
|}
{{col-end}}

Several other players received recognition from the award organizations, including:
{{col-begin|width=auto}}
{{col-break}}
* '''[[Heisman Trophy]]'''
:[[John Kimbrough]], 5th place – 1939
:[[John Kimbrough]], runner-up – 1940
:[[Marshall Robnett]], 9th place – 1940
:'''[[John David Crow]], winner – 1957'''
:[[Darren Lewis (American football)|Darren Lewis]], T-8th place – [[1990 NCAA Division I-A football season|1990]]
:[[Bucky Richardson]], 10th place – [[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]
:'''[[Johnny Manziel]], winner - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]'''
:[[Johnny Manziel]], 5th place - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]'''
* '''[[Maxwell Award]]''' - College Player of the Year
:[[Johnny Manziel]], finalist - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]], [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Chuck Bednarik Award]]''' – Defensive Player of the Year
:'''[[Dat Nguyen]], winner – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]'''
:[[Damontre Moore]], semifinalist - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
* '''[[Butkus Award]]''' – Top Linebacker
:[[Aaron Wallace]], semifinalist – [[1989 NCAA Division I-A football season|1989]]
:[[Marcus Buckley]], semifinalist – [[1992 NCAA Division I-A football season|1992]]
:[[Antonio Armstrong]], semifinalist – [[1994 NCAA Division I-A football season|1994]]
:[[Reggie Brown (linebacker)|Reggie Brown]], semifinalist – [[1995 NCAA Division I-A football season|1995]]
:[[Keith Mitchell (American football)|Keith Mitchell]], semifinalist – [[1995 NCAA Division I-A football season|1995]]
:[[Dat Nguyen]], runner-up – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]
:'''[[Von Miller]], winner – [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2010]]'''
* '''[[Jim Thorpe Award]]''' – Top Defensive Back
:[[Kevin Smith (cornerback)|Kevin Smith]], semifinalist – [[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]
:[[Patrick Bates]], finalist – [[1992 NCAA Division I-A football season|1992]]
:[[Aaron Glenn]], runner-up – [[1993 NCAA Division I-A football season|1993]]
* '''[[Outland Trophy]]''' - Top Interior Lineman
:'''[[Luke Joeckel]], winner - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]'''
:[[Jake Matthews (American football)|Jake Matthews]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Ray Guy Award]]''' - Top Punter
:[[Drew Kaser]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
:'''[[Braden Mann]], winner - [[2018 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2018]]'''
* '''[[Lombardi Award]]''' – Top Lineman or Linebacker
:[[Ed Simonini]], finalist – 1975
:[[Robert L. Jackson (football player)|Robert Jackson]], finalist – 1976
:[[Jacob Green]], semifinalist – [[1979 NCAA Division I-A football season|1979]]
:[[Ray Childress]], semifinalist – [[1984 NCAA Division I-A football season|1984]]
:[[John Roper (football player)|John Roper]], semifinalist – [[1986 NCAA Division I-A football season|1986]]
:[[Aaron Wallace]], semifinalist – [[1989 NCAA Division I-A football season|1989]]
:[[Sam Adams (football player)|Sam Adams]], runner-up – [[1993 NCAA Division I-A football season|1993]]
:[[Brandon Mitchell (defensive end)|Brandon Mitchell]], semifinalist – [[1995 NCAA Division I-A football season|1995]]
:'''[[Dat Nguyen]], winner – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]'''
:[[Myles Garrett]], finalist - [[2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2015]]
{{col-break|gap=2em}}
* '''[[Dave Rimington Trophy]]''' – Top Center
:[[Seth McKinney]], runner-up – [[2001 NCAA Division I-A football season|2001]]
:[[Cody Wallace]], finalist – [[2007 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2007]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite press release|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&amp;PRID=13671 |title=A&amp;M's Wallace Named Finalist for Rimington Trophy |publisher=Texas A&amp;M Athletics |accessdate=December 6, 2007 |date=November 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202032636/http://www.aggieathletics.com/pressRelease.php?SID=MFB&amp;PRID=13671 |archivedate=December 2, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* '''[[Davey O'Brien Award]]''' – Top Quarterback
:[[Bucky Richardson]], runner-up – [[1991 NCAA Division I-A football season|1991]]
:[[Reggie McNeal]], semifinalist – [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season|2004]]
:'''[[Johnny Manziel]], winner''' - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
:[[Johnny Manziel]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Fred Biletnikoff Award|Biletnikoff Award]]''' – Top Receiver
:[[Jeff Fuller (wide receiver)|Jeff Fuller]], semifinalist – [[2010 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2010]]
:[[Mike Evans (wide receiver)|Mike Evans]], finalist - [[2013 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2013]]
* '''[[Mosi Tatupu Award]]''' – Top Special Teams Player
:[[Shane Lechler]], finalist – [[1998 NCAA Division I-A football season|1998]]
:[[Shane Lechler]], semifinalist – [[1999 NCAA Division I-A football season|1999]]
* '''[[Manning Award]]''' - Best Collegiate Football Quarterback in the United States
:'''[[Johnny Manziel]], winner''' - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
* '''[[Ted Hendricks Award]]''' - Best Defensive End
:[[Damontre Moore]], finalist - [[2012 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2012]]
* '''[[Lou Groza Award]]''' – Top Placekicker
:[[Kyle Bryant]], semifinalist – [[1996 NCAA Division I-A football season|1996]], [[1997 NCAA Division I-A football season|1997]]
:[[Todd Pegram]], semifinalist – [[2004 NCAA Division I-A football season|2004]]
:'''[[Randy Bullock]], winner – [[2011 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2011]]'''
* '''[[Bill Willis Award]]''' - Top Defensive Lineman
:'''[[Myles Garrett]], winner - [[2015 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2015]]'''
*'''[[Wuerffel Trophy]]''' - Best Combines Exemplary Community Service with athletic and Academic Achievement
:'''[[Trevor Knight]], winner - [[2016 NCAA Division I FBS football season|2016]]'''
{{col-end}}

===Texas A&amp;M first-team All-Americans===
{{Create list|section|date=April 2018}}
In the years since 1889, several organizations and publications have recognized the top players in the nation by naming them to All-America teams.  To be considered an All-American, a player needs to be named to the first-team on at least one of the lists of these organizations.  In addition, the NCAA further recognizes certain players by honoring them with the &quot;Consensus&quot; All-American title.  At present, the Consensus honor is determined by referencing the first, second, and third teams of five organizations and assigning a varying number of points for each time a player appears on one of those five lists.  The points are totaled and the player with the most points at his position is awarded the Consensus honor.  The five organizations whose lists are used for the Consensus determination are the [[Associated Press|Associated Press (AP)]],&lt;ref&gt;The Associated Press has selected an All-American Team since 1925.&lt;/ref&gt; [[American Football Coaches Association|American Football Coaches Association (AFCA)]].,&lt;ref&gt;The AFCA All-American Team has been selected since 1945 and has sometimes appeared under the name of its sponsor/publisher.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Football Writers Association of America|Football Writers Association of America (FWAA)]],&lt;ref&gt;The Football Writers Association of America have produced an All-American Team since 1944.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sporting News|Sporting News (TSN)]].,&lt;ref&gt;Sporting News has selected an All-American team since 1934.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Walter Camp Football Foundation|Walter Camp Football Foundation (WCFF)]].&lt;ref&gt;The Walter Camp Football Foundation has selected an All-American team since 1889.&lt;/ref&gt;  Finally, a player can be recognized with the &quot;Unanimous Consensus&quot; honor if all five of the previously listed organizations have recognized that player as a First-Team All-American.

Texas A&amp;M has had 53 players that have been named First-Team All-Americans for a total of 72 seasons (19 players have been honored in two different seasons).  30 of those were Consensus All-Americans.  Texas A&amp;M has had 27 All-Americans on Offense, 34 All-Americans on Defense, and 11 All-Americans on Special Teams.  The Linebacker position is the most represented position with 14 selections (Offensive Tackle/Offensive Guard is the next highest with 12 selections).  Texas A&amp;M has had an All-American selection at every position, and has had at least one All-American in every decade since the 1930s.  The highest number of All-Americans during one decade took place from 1990 to 1999 when 16 players were named All-Americans for a total of 18 seasons.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Name
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Position
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Years at Texas A&amp;M
! colspan=&quot;8&quot;| [[College Football All-America Team|All-America]]
|-
![[Associated Press|AP (Since 1925)]]!![[American Football Coaches Association|AFCA (Since 1945)]]!![[Football Writers Association of America|FWAA (Since 1944)]]!![[Sporting News|TSN (Since 1934)]]!![[Walter Camp Football Foundation|WCFF (Since 1889)]]!!Other!!Consensus!!Unanimous Consensus
|-
| [[Sam Adams (American football)|Sam Adams]]
| DE
| 1991–1993
| 1993
| 1993
|
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;United Press International, Scripps Howard News Service, and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1993
|
|-
| [[Antonio Armstrong]]
| LB
| 1991-1994
| 1994
|
|
|
|
| 1994&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;&gt;Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Mike Arthur]]
| C
| 1987-1990
|
|
| 1990
|
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Patrick Bates]]
| FS
| 1992
|
|
| 1992
| 1992
|
| 1992&lt;ref&gt;United Press International and Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Rod Bernstine]]
| TE
| 1983–1986
|
|
|
|
|
| 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;&gt;Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Joe Boyd (American football)|Joe Boyd]]
| OT
| 1936-1939
|
|
|
|
|
| 1939&lt;ref&gt;Collier's Weekly and New York Sun&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Marcus Buckley]]
| LB
| 1990–1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992
| 1992&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;
| 1992
| 1992
|-
| [[Randy Bullock]]
| PK
| 2008–2011
| 2011
| 2011
|
| 2011
| 2011
| 2011&lt;ref&gt;CBSSports.com, SI.com, Pro Football Weekly, Scout.com&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2011
|
|-
| [[Ray Childress]]
| DT
| 1981–1984
|
|
|
| 1984
|
| 1983, 1984&lt;ref name=&quot;United Press International&quot;&gt;United Press International&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1984
|
|-
| [[Quentin Coryatt]]
| LB
| 1989-1991
|
|
|
|
|
| 1991&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[John David Crow]]
| RB
| 1955–1957
| 1957
| 1957
| 1957
| 1956, 1957
| 1957
| 1957&lt;ref&gt;Unites Press, Newspaper Enterprise Association, International News Service, and Time Magazine&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1957
| 1957
|-
| [[Dave Elmendorf]]
| FS
| 1968–1970
| 1970
|
| 1970
|
|
|
| 1970
|
|-
| [[Mike Evans (wide receiver)|Mike Evans]]
| WR
| 2012-2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
|-
| [[Tony Franklin (kicker)|Tony Franklin]]
| PK
| 1975–1978
|
|
| 1976, 1978
|
|
| 1976&lt;ref&gt;United Press International and College Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1976
|
|-
| [[Myles Garrett]]
| DE
| 2014-
| 2016
| 2016
| 2015, 2016
| 2016
| 2015, 2016
| 2016&lt;ref&gt;Fox Sports, Pro Football Focus and SB Nation&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2016
| 2016
|-
| [[Aaron Glenn]]
| DB
| 1992–1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993
| 1993&lt;ref&gt;United Press International and Scripps Howard News Service&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1993
| 1993
|-
| Dennis Goehring
| OG
| 1953-1956
|
|
|
|
|
| 1956
|
|
|-
| [[Jacob Green]]
| DE
| 1977–1979
| 1979
|
|
|
| 1979
| 1978
|
|
|-
| [[Lester Hayes]]
| FS
| 1973–1976
|
|
|
| 1976
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Bill Hobbs (American football)|Bill Hobbs]]
| LB
| 1965-1968
| 1967
|
|
|
|
| 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;United Press International&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Johnny Holland]]
| LB
| 1983–1986
| 1985
|
| 1985
|
|
| 1986&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;/&gt;
| 1985
|
|-
| [[Robert Jackson (linebacker)|Robert Jackson]]
| LB
| 1973-1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976
| 1976&lt;ref&gt;Newspaper Enterprise Association, United Press International, and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1976
| 1976
|-
| [[Luke Joeckel]]
| OT
| 2010-2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;&gt;AT&amp;T ESPN, Athlon Sports, CBSSports.com, FOXSportsNext.com, [[Lindy's Sports]], Pro Football Weekly, Scout.com, SI&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2012
| 2012
|-
| [[Drew Kaser]]
| P
| 2012-2015
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013, 2015&lt;ref&gt;CBSSports.com&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2013
| 2013
|-
| [[John Kimbrough]]
| FB
| 1938–1940
| 1939, 1940
|
|
|
| 1939, 1940
| 1939,&lt;ref&gt;United Press, Central Press Association, International News Service, NEA Sports Syndicate, and Newsweek&lt;/ref&gt; 1940&lt;ref&gt;Unites Press, International News Service, Central Press Association, Collier's Weekly, NEA Sports Syndicate, New York Sun, Deke Houlgate, and Football Digest&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1939, 1940
| 1940
|-
| [[Christian Kirk]]
| PR
| 2015-
|
|
|
|
|
| 2015&lt;ref&gt;Athlon Sports&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Charlie Krueger]]
| OT
| 1955–1957
|
|
| 1957
|
|
| 1956,&lt;ref name=&quot;International News Service&quot;&gt;International News Service&lt;/ref&gt; 1957&lt;ref name=&quot;International News Service&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Rolf Krueger]]
| OT
| 1965-1968
|
|
|
| 1968
|
| 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Magazine&quot;&gt;Time Magazine&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Shane Lechler]]
| P
| 1996–1999
| 1999
|
|
| 1998
|
| 1999&lt;ref&gt;Pro Football Weekly&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Darren Lewis (American football)|Darren Lewis]]
| RB
| 1987–1990
| 1988, 1990
| 1990
|
| 1988
| 1990
| 1990&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;&gt;United Press International and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1990
|
|-
| [[Jack Little (American football)|Jack Little]]
| FB
| 1949-1952
|
|
| 1951
|
|
| 1952
|
|
|-
| [[Leeland McElroy]]
| AP/KR
| 1993–1995
| 1995
|
| 1994
| 1994
| 1994
| 1994&lt;ref&gt;Scripps Howard News Service&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1994
|
|-
|[[Braden Mann]]
|P
|2016-2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018, 2019
|2018
|2018
|-
| [[Johnny Manziel]]
| QB
| 2012-2013
| 2012,2013
|
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012
| 2012,2013&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AT&amp;T ESPN, Lindy's Sports&quot;&gt;AT&amp;T ESPN, CBSSports.com, Lindy's Sports, Scout.com, SI&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2012
|
|-
| [[Jake Matthews (American football)|Jake Matthews]]
| OT
| 2010-2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2012,2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
| 2013
|-
| [[Tommy Maxwell]]
| FS
| 1965-1968
|
|
|
| 1968
|
| 1968&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Magazine&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Ray Mickens]]
| DB
| 1992-1995
|
|
|
|
| 1995
|
|
|
|-
| [[Von Miller]]
| DE/LB
| 2007–2010
| 2010
|
|
| 2009
| 2010
| 2009,&lt;ref&gt;Sports Illustrated.&lt;/ref&gt; 2010&lt;ref&gt;ESPN, Pro Football Weekly, and Scout.com&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2010
|
|-
| [[Brandon Mitchell (defensive end)|Brandon Mitchell]]
| DE
| 1993–1996
|
|
|
|
| 1995
|
|
|
|-
| [[Keith Mitchell (American football)|Keith Mitchell]]
| LB
| 1993–1996
|
|
|
|
|
| 1996&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Damontre Moore]]
| DE
| 2010-2012
|
| 2012
| 2012
|
| 2012
| 2012&lt;ref name=&quot;AT&amp;T ESPN, Lindy's Sports&quot;/&gt;
| 2012
|
|-
| [[Mo Moorman|Maurice &quot;Mo&quot; Moorman]]
| OT
| 1966-1967
|
|
| 1966
| 1966
|
| 1966&lt;ref name=&quot;Time Magazine&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Dat Nguyen]]
| LB
| 1995–1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998
| 1998&lt;ref name=&quot;Football News&quot;/&gt;
| 1998
| 1998
|-
| [[Steve O'Neal]]
| P
| 1965-1968
|
|
|
| 1968
|
|
|
|
|-
| [[Jack Pardee]]
| FB
| 1954–1956
|
|
| 1956
|
|
| 1956&lt;ref&gt;Central Press Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Marshall Robnett]]
| OG
| 1938–1940
|
|
|
|
| 1940
| 1940&lt;ref&gt;United Press, Central Press Association, Deke Houlgate, and Football Digest&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1940
|
|-
| [[John Roper (American football)|John Roper]]
| LB
| 1985–1988
| 1987
|
| 1987
|
|
|
| 1987
|
|-
| [[Joe Routt]]
| OG
| 1935–1937
| 1936, 1937
|
|
|
|
| 1937&lt;ref&gt;United Press, Collier's Magazine, Newspaper Editors Association, Central Press Association, and Collyer's Eye&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1937
|
|-
| [[Ed Simonini]]
| LB
| 1972–1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975
| 1975&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceB&quot;/&gt;
| 1975
| 1975
|-
| [[Bob Smith (fullback)|Bob Smith]]
| RB
| 1949–1951
|
|
|
|
|
| 1950&lt;ref&gt;Chicage Tribune and Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Kevin Smith (cornerback)|Kevin Smith]]
| CB
| 1988–1991
| 1991
| 1991
|
| 1991
| 1991
| 1991&lt;ref&gt;Scripps Howard News Service and Football News&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1991
|
|-
|[[Jace Sternberger]]
|TE
|2018
|2018
|
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|2018
|
|-
| [[Garth TenNapel]]
| LB
| 1973-1975
|
|
|
|
|
| 1975&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;/&gt;
|
|
|-
| [[Pat Thomas (defensive back)|Pat Thomas]]
| CB
| 1972–1975
| 1974, 1975
| 1975
| 1974
|
| 1975
| 1974,&lt;ref name=&quot;Newspaper Enterprise Association&quot;/&gt; 1975&lt;ref&gt;united Press International and Newspaper Enterprise Association&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1974, 1975
|
|-
| [[Jason Webster]]
| DB
| 1996–1999
|
|
|
|
|
| 1999&lt;ref&gt;All-America Football Foundation&lt;/ref&gt;
|
|
|-
|}

==Hall of Fame==
{{unreferenced section|date=January 2018}}

===College Football Hall of Fame coaches===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Coach
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Years
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Induction
|-
| [[Matty Bell|Madison A. &quot;Matty&quot; Bell]] || 1929–1933 || 1955
|-
| [[Dana X. Bible]] || 1917, 1919–1928 || 1951
|-
| [[Bear Bryant|Paul &quot;Bear&quot; Bryant]] || 1954–1957 || 1986
|-
| [[Homer H. Norton]] || 1934–1947 || 1971
|-
| [[Gene Stallings]] || 1965–1971 || 2010
|-
| [[RC Slocum]] || 1982–2002 || 2012
|}

===College Football Hall of Fame players===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Player
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Position
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Years
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Induction
|-
| [[Ray Childress]] || DT || 1981–1984 || 2010
|-
| [[John David Crow]] || HB || 1955–1957 || 1976
|-
| [[Dave Elmendorf]] || S || 1968–1970 || 1997
|-
|[[Jacob Green]]
|DE
|1977-1979
|2019
|-
| [[Joel Hunt]] || HB || 1925–1927 || 1967
|-
| [[John Kimbrough]] || FB || 1938–1940 || 1954
|-
| [[Charlie Krueger]] || T || 1955–1957 || 1983
|-
|[[Dat Nguyen]]
|LB
|1995-1998
|2017
|-
| [[Jack Pardee]] || FB || 1954–1956 || 1986
|-
| [[Joe Routt]] || G || 1935–1937 || 1962
|-
| [[Gene Stallings]] || DB || 1954–1956 || 2010
|-
| [[Joe Utay]] || HB || 1905–1907 || 1974
|}

===Pro Football Hall of Fame players===

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Player
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Position
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Years
! style=&quot;background: #500000; color:white;&quot; | Induction
|-
| [[Yale Lary]] || S || 1948–1951 || 1979
|}

==Venue==
{{main|Kyle Field}}
[[File:Kyle Field Panorama.jpg|thumb|Kyle Field stadium (pictured in 2015), where the Aggies play their home games]]
The Aggies play at [[Kyle Field]], which has been the home to the Aggies in rudimentary form since 1904, and as a permanent concrete stadium since 1927.&lt;ref name=Timeline&gt;[http://www.12thman.com/sports/2015/7/30/kyle_timeline.aspx Historical timeline of Kyle Field]&lt;/ref&gt; 
The [[seating capacity]] of 102,733 in 2015 makes the stadium the largest in the [[Southeastern Conference]] and the [[List of NCAA Division I FBS football stadiums|fourth-largest stadium]] in the [[National Collegiate Athletic Association|NCAA]], the [[list of American football stadiums by capacity|fourth-largest stadium in the United States]], and the [[list of stadiums by capacity|sixth-largest non-racing stadium]] in the world. It is also the largest football stadium in the state of Texas.

==Traditions==
{{See also|Traditions of Texas A&amp;M University}}
{{more citations needed section|date=April 2018}}

===12th Man===
{{See also|12th Man (football)}}
Aggie football fans call themselves the 12th Man, meaning they are there to support the 11 players on the field. To further symbolize their &quot;readiness, desire, and enthusiasm,&quot; the entire student body stands throughout the game.&lt;ref name=&quot;12thMan&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/12thman.shtml |title=Twelfth Man |accessdate=December 31, 2006 |publisher=Texas A&amp;M University |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20061229030439/http://aggietraditions.tamu.edu/12thman.shtml |archivedate=December 29, 2006 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In a further show of respect, the students step &quot;off the wood&quot; (step off the bleachers onto the concrete) whenever a player is injured or when the band plays the ''[[Fightin' Texas Aggie War Hymn|Aggie War Hymn]]'' or ''The Spirit of Aggieland''.&lt;ref&gt;The bleachers in Kyle Field were originally made of wood. Although they now are made of aluminum, &quot;off the wood&quot; is still commonly used to mean &quot;get off the bleachers&quot;. Currently the [[Seattle Seahawks]] pay Texas A&amp;M for the rights to use the 12th man.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ivey&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ivey |first=Tommi |title=Aggies should not walk on A&amp;M seal |newspaper=The Battalion |date=October 19, 2005 |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/09/Opinion/Aggies.Should.Not.Walk.On.Am.Seal-1050633.shtml |accessdate=August 20, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070929104532/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/09/Opinion/Aggies.Should.Not.Walk.On.Am.Seal-1050633.shtml |archivedate=September 29, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seniors wearing either their [[Senior boots]] or Aggie Rings are also encouraged to join the &quot;Boot Line.&quot; As the [[Fightin' Texas Aggie Band]] leaves the field after their [[half-time]] performances, seniors line up at the south end of Kyle Field to welcome the team back onto the field for the second half.&lt;ref name=&quot;hartsell&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Hartsell |first=Jeff |title=Citadel punter returns home for A&amp;M game |newspaper=Charleston Post and Courier |date=August 29, 2006 |url=http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/082906/football_20060829037.php |accessdate=August 20, 2007 |format=– &lt;sup&gt;[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=author%3AHartsell+intitle%3ACitadel+punter+returns+home+for+A%26M+game&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;btnG=Search Scholar search]&lt;/sup&gt; |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926232411/http://www.aggiesports.com/stories/082906/football_20060829037.php |archivedate=September 26, 2007 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The tradition began in [[Dallas]] on January 2, 1922, at the [[Dixie Classic (bowl game)|Dixie Classic]], the forerunner of the [[Cotton Bowl Classic]]. A&amp;M played defending national champion [[1921 Centre Praying Colonels football team|Centre College]] in the first post-season game in the southwest. In this hard fought game, which produced national publicity, an underdog Aggie team was slowly defeating a team which had allowed fewer than 6 points per game. The first half produced so many injuries for A&amp;M that [[Dana X. Bible|Coach D. X. Bible]] feared he wouldn't have enough men to finish the game. At that moment, he called into the Aggie section of the stands for E. King Gill, a student who had left football after the regular season to play basketball. Gill, who was spotting players for a Waco newspaper and was not in football uniform, donned the uniform of injured player Heine Weir and stood on the sidelines to await his turn. Although he did not actually play in the game, his readiness to play symbolized the willingness of all Aggies to support their team to the point of actually entering the game. When the game ended in a 22–14 Aggie victory, Gill was the only man left standing on the sidelines for the Aggies. Gill later said, &quot;I wish I could say that I went in and ran for the winning touchdown, but I did not. I simply stood by in case my team needed me.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;beano&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cook|first=Beano|title=Ten Days That Shook the Sport|publisher=ESPN|url=http://sports.espn.go.com/ncf/news/story?id=2615391|date=October 8, 2006|accessdate=July 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1980s, the tradition was expanded as coach [[Jackie Sherrill]] created the 12th Man squad led by 12th man standout Dean Berry. Composed solely of walk-on (non-scholarship) players, the squad would take the field for special teams' performances.&lt;ref name=&quot;beano&quot;/&gt;  This squad never allowed a kickoff return for a touchdown.&lt;ref name=&quot;heater&quot;/&gt;  Sherrill's successor, [[R. C. Slocum]], amended the tradition in the 1990s to allow one walk-on player, wearing the No. 12 jersey, to take the field for special teams' plays.&lt;ref name=&quot;beano&quot;/&gt;  The player is chosen based on the level of determination and hard work shown in practices. Coach [[Dennis Franchione]] has continued Slocum's model, while also keeping an all-walk-on kickoff team that played three times in the 2006 season.&lt;ref name=&quot;heater&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Heater|first=Jay|title=LaMantia A&amp;M's main 12th Man|newspaper=[[Oakland Tribune]]|date=December 27, 2006|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20061227/ai_n17077154|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081022235318/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4176/is_20061227/ai_n17077154|url-status=dead|archive-date=October 22, 2008|accessdate=July 26, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Bonfire===
{{Main|Aggie Bonfire}}
Aggie Bonfire was a long-standing tradition at [[Texas A&amp;M University]] as part of a [[college rivalry]] with the [[University of Texas at Austin]], known as t.u.&lt;!--Lowercase is intentional; do not alter--&gt; by Texas A&amp;M students. For ninety years, Texas A&amp;M students built and burned a large [[bonfire]] on campus each fall.  Known within the Aggie community simply as Bonfire, the annual fall event symbolized the students' &quot;burning desire to beat the hell outta t.u.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;smith2007&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Smith|first=Jonathan M.|year=2007|title=The Texas Aggie Bonfire: A Conservative Reading of Regional Narratives, Traditional Practices, and a Paradoxical Place|pages=182–201|doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00530.x|journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers|volume=97|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt; The bonfire was traditionally lit around Thanksgiving in conjunction with the festivities surrounding the annual game between the schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Bernstein  | first = Alan  | title = Aggie Bonfire holds distinction as Texas symbol | newspaper= The Houston Chronicle  | date = November 18, 1999  | url =https://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/bonfire/386353.html  | accessdate =February 28, 2007  | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071225220124/http://www.chron.com/disp/story.mpl/special/bonfire/386353.html |archivedate = December 25, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The first on-campus Aggie Bonfire was burned in 1909, and the tradition continued for the next 90 years.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;/&gt;  For almost two decades, Bonfire was constructed from debris and pieces of wood that Aggies &quot;found,&quot; including lumber intended for a dormitory that students appropriated in 1912.&lt;ref name=&quot;as&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Vanities of the Bonfire |publisher=American Scientist |date=November–December 2000 |url=http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/23826/page/2;jsessionid=aaa5LVFO |accessdate=February 28, 2007 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090624200603/http://www.americanscientist.org/template/AssetDetail/assetid/23826/page/2%3Bjsessionid%3Daaa5LVFO |archivedate=June 24, 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;  The event became school-sanctioned in 1936, and, for the first time, students were provided with axes, saws, and trucks and pointed towards a grove of dead trees on the edge of town.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;/&gt;  In the following years the Bonfire became more elaborate, and in 1967 the flames could be seen {{convert|25|mi|km|-1}} away. In 1969, the stack set the world record at {{convert|111|ft|m|-1}} tall.&lt;ref name=&quot;bernstein&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WorldRec&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/12/08/bonfire/index.html |title=Memories of an Aggie bonfire boy |work=[[Salon.com]] |accessdate=August 14, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070211063748/http://www.salon.com/books/it/1999/12/08/bonfire/index.html |archivedate=February 11, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1978, Bonfire shifted to a wedding-cake style, in which upper stacks of logs were wedged on top of lower stacks. The structure was built around a fortified centerpole, made from two [[telephone poles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;homeland&quot;/&gt;  Although tradition stated that if Bonfire burned through midnight A&amp;M would win the following day's game, with the introduction of the wedding cake design Bonfire began to fall very quickly, sometimes burning for only 30 or 45 minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;burka2000&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Burka|first=Paul|title=The Aggie Bonfire Tragedy|newspaper=[[Texas Monthly]]|date=April 2000|page=116|edition=Vol. 28, Issue 4|postscript=&lt;!--None--&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At 2:42&amp;nbsp;am on November 18, 1999, the partially completed Aggie Bonfire, standing {{convert|40|ft|m|-1|sp=us}} tall and consisting of about 5000 logs, collapsed during construction. Of the 58 students and former students working on the stack, 12 were killed and 27 others were injured.&lt;ref name=&quot;homeland&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Cook |first=John Lee, Jr. |title=Bonfire Collapse |publisher=U.S. Department of Homeland Security |url=http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-133-508.pdf |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070207014046/http://www.usfa.dhs.gov/downloads/pdf/publications/tr-133-508.pdf |archivedate=February 7, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  On November 25, 1999, the date that Bonfire would have burned, Aggies instead held a vigil and remembrance ceremony. Over 40,000 people, including former President [[George H.W. Bush]] and his wife [[Barbara Bush|Barbara]] and then-Texas governor [[George W. Bush]] and his wife [[Laura Bush|Laura]], lit candles and observed up to two hours of silence at the site of the Bonfire collapse.&lt;ref name=&quot;whitmarsch&quot; &gt;{{Cite news| last = Whitmarsch  | first = Geneva|   title = Thousands Mourn Fallen Aggies  | newspaper = The Bryan-College Station Eagle  | date = November 26, 1999  | url = http://www.theeagle.com/bonfire/storyarchive/november1999/261199a.htm  | accessdate =February 28, 2007  | format =  – &lt;sup&gt;[https://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?hl=en&amp;lr=&amp;q=author%3AWhitmarsch+intitle%3AThousands+Mourn+Fallen+Aggies&amp;as_publication=&amp;as_ylo=&amp;as_yhi=&amp;btnG=Search Scholar search]&lt;/sup&gt;  | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; |archiveurl = https://archive.is/20041215131755/http://www.theeagle.com/bonfire/storyarchive/november1999/261199a.htm |archivedate = December 15, 2004}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Bonfire Memorial was officially dedicated on November 18, 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;mfon&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Mfon |first=Tosin |title=A&amp;M remembers bonfire tragedy |newspaper=The Daily Texan |url=http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2004/11/19/TopStories/Am.Remembers.Bonfire.Tragedy-811494.shtml |date=November 19, 2004 |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070902220236/http://media.www.dailytexanonline.com/media/storage/paper410/news/2004/11/19/TopStories/Am.Remembers.Bonfire.Tragedy-811494.shtml |archivedate=September 2, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Bonfire was postponed until 2002 in order to restructure it to make it safer. Delays in the development of a safety plan and a high estimated cost (mainly due to [[liability insurance]]), led A&amp;M president Ray Bowen to postpone Bonfire indefinitely.&lt;ref name=&quot;milloy&quot;&gt;{{Cite news| last = Milloy  | first = Ross E.| department = National Briefing  | newspaper=[[The New York Times]]  | url =https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E03E5DA113DF936A35751C0A9649C8B63|date=February 5, 2002 | accessdate =March 3, 2007  | title = Southwest: Texas: Aggie President Cancels Bonfire  | postscript = &lt;!--None--&gt; }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Despite the university's refusal to allow Bonfire to take place on campus, since 2002 a non-university sanctioned Bonfire has burned annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;badger&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|title=Off-campus Texas A&amp;M bonfire brings out thousands |newspaper=The Badger Herald |url=http://badgerherald.com/news/2002/11/26/offcampus_texas_a_m_.php |date=November 26, 2002 |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071110225606/http://badgerherald.com/news/2002/11/26/offcampus_texas_a_m_.php |archivedate=November 10, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Known as Student Bonfire, the off-campus event draws between 8,000 and 15,000 fans.&lt;ref name=&quot;windle&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Moghe |first=Sonia |title=Off-campus bonfire |newspaper=The Battalion |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/17/News/OffCampus.Bonfire-1108094.shtml |date=November 17, 2005 |accessdate=March 3, 2007 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926225829/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2005/11/17/News/OffCampus.Bonfire-1108094.shtml |archivedate=September 26, 2007 |df=mdy }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Student Bonfire utilizes many changes for safety purposes, and has only recorded two serious injuries since its inception, neither life-threatening.  The newly designed stack was designed by a professional engineer (a former student) and features a center pole with 4 perimeter poles connected via &quot;windle-sticks&quot;.  In the new design, the height is capped at 45 feet (not including the outhouse), and all the logs touch the ground.  Alcohol is strictly prohibited from all student bonfire functions as it was revealed that a number of the students working on the collapsed bonfire in 1999 had [[blood alcohol content|BACs]] higher than the legal driving limit.

[[File:Aggie Band.jpg|right|thumb|250px|The [[Fightin' Texas Aggie Band]] marches in ATM formation during halftime at [[Kyle Field]].]]

===Fightin' Texas Aggie Band===
{{Main|Fightin' Texas Aggie Band}}
The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band (also known as The Noble Men of Kyle or the Aggie Band) is the official [[marching band]] of [[Texas A&amp;M University]]. Composed of over 400&amp;nbsp;men and women from the school's [[Texas A&amp;M University Corps of Cadets|Corps of Cadets]],&lt;ref name=&quot;BQ composition&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band |publisher=AggieAthletics.com|url=http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=225|accessdate=June 13, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20071129233213/http://www.aggieathletics.com/index2.php?&amp;CAT=TRD&amp;pageID=225 |archivedate = November 29, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; it is the largest [[military band|military marching band]] in the world. The complex straight-line maneuvers, performed exclusively to [[American march music|traditional marches]], are so complicated and precise that computer marching simulations say they cannot be performed.&lt;ref name=&quot;vid&quot;&gt;{{Cite web| publisher=The Former Students Association|title= Traditions|url= http://www.aggieband.org/traditions.wmv|format=WMV|accessdate=June 13, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20061206144125/http://www.aggieband.org/traditions.wmv |archivedate = December 6, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since its inception in 1894, its members eat together, sleep in the same [[dormitory|dormitories]], and practice up to forty hours per week on top of a full academic schedule. The Aggie Band performs at all home [[College football|football]] games, some away games, and [[Muster (Texas A&amp;M University)|university]] and [[Parade (military)|Corps functions]] throughout the year. Other events in which the band participated include inauguration parades for many [[President of the United States|United States Presidents]] and [[Governor of Texas|Texas Governors]], [[Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade|major annual parades]] across the country, and the dedication ceremony for the [[George Bush Presidential Library|George H. W. Bush Presidential Library]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stuffdone&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Foley|first=Sara|title=RVs, Texas A&amp;M U. band to attend Bush's inauguration|publisher=[[The Battalion]]|date=January 1, 2005| url=https://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200501/0118local0.html|accessdate=June 14, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20050909211315/http://www.pbs.org/weta/washingtonweek/voices/200501/0118local0.html |archivedate = September 9, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BQ about&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=About the Band|publisher=Aggieband.org|url=http://www.aggieband.org/visitors-about.php|accessdate=June 13, 2007 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070607083153/http://aggieband.org/visitors-about.php |archivedate = June 7, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Powell&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|year=1994 |title=The Fightin' Texas Aggie Band (Centennial Series of the Association of Former Students, Texas A&amp;M University)|publisher=Texas A&amp;M University Press|isbn=978-0-89096-595-5 |author=Donald B. Powell |author2=Mary Jo Powell.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Midnight Yell Practice===
{{Main|Midnight Yell Practice}}
Midnight Yell Practice is a [[pep rally]] usually held the night before a football game. If the football game is to be held at Kyle Field, midnight yell takes place the day of the football game at 12:00&amp;nbsp;am If the football game is an away game, a yell is held on the Thursday night before at the Corps Arches on the Texas A&amp;M campus, and Midnight Yell will be held in the city the game is being played.

===Wrecking Crew===
[[File:Wrecking-crew.png|thumb|right|Hand sign for the Wrecking Crew]]
The term ''Wrecking Crew'' is a name given to defenses of the football team.&lt;ref name=&quot;liffick&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last=Ruff |first=Brian |title=Wrecking Crew salvages A&amp;M season opener |newspaper=The Battalion |date=September 30, 2001 |url=http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2001/09/02/Sports/Wrecking.Crew.Salvages.Am.Season.Opener-512762.shtml |accessdate=February 17, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090907042204/http://media.www.thebatt.com/media/storage/paper657/news/2001/09/02/Sports/Wrecking.Crew.Salvages.Am.Season.Opener-512762.shtml |archivedate=September 7, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackshirts_WC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Griffin |first=Tim |title=Revisiting the 'Wrecking Crew' and 'Blackshirts' |publisher=ESPN |date=July 28, 2008 |url=http://myespn.go.com/blogs/big12/0-1-99/Revisiting-the--Wrecking-Crew--and--Blackshirts-.html |accessdate=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080920104110/http://myespn.go.com/blogs/big12/0-1-99/Revisiting-the--Wrecking-Crew--and--Blackshirts-.html |archivedate=September 20, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The term, coined by defensive back [[Chet Brooks]], became popular during the coach [[R. C. Slocum]]'s tenure in 80s and the 90s. After the coach's firing, many fans, coaches, and sports analysts feel that recent Aggie defenses have not &quot;earned&quot; the title.&lt;ref name=&quot;Blackshirts_WC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DarnellWC&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|last=Onan |first=John |title=Aggies defense must earn &quot;Wrecking Crew&quot; label |publisher=Real Football 365 |date=March 6, 2006 |url=http://www.realfootball365.com/articles/texasam/8829 |accessdate=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090906195410/http://www.realfootball365.com/articles/texasam/8829 |archivedate=September 6, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, the university still owns a trademark on the term.&lt;ref name=&quot;trademark&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=Texas A&amp;M University Trademarks |publisher=Texas A&amp;M University |url=http://www.tamu.edu/trademarks/amtrademark.html |accessdate=December 3, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090130030409/http://tamu.edu/trademarks/amtrademark.html |archivedate=January 30, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Yell Leaders===
{{Main|Aggie Yell Leaders}}
Yell Leaders are five students who lead the crowd in yells during the games. The team consists of three seniors and two juniors elected by the student body. The Yell Leaders take the place of traditional &quot;cheerleaders&quot; and perform many of the same functions without the gymnastics and dance routines. They also participate in post-game activities such as being thrown in the Fish Pond if the team wins, or leading the student body in the singing of ''The Twelfth Man'' if the team loses.

==Future opponents==

===Non-division opponents===
Texas A&amp;M plays South Carolina as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the East division among the other six schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;nondivopp&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=SEC Future Football Schedule Rotation Announced|publisher=fbschedules.com| url=http://www.fbschedules.com/2014/05/sec-future-football-schedule-rotation-2025/|accessdate=2014-06-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|2021|2022|2023|2024|2025}}
|-
| vs [[South Carolina Gamecocks football|South Carolina]] || at South Carolina || vs South Carolina || at South Carolina || vs South Carolina
|-
| at [[Missouri Tigers football|Missouri]] || vs [[Florida Gators football|Florida]] || at [[Tennessee Volunteers football|Tennessee]] || vs [[Georgia Bulldogs football|Georgia]] || at [[Kentucky Wildcats football|Kentucky]]
|}

===Non-conference opponents===
Announced schedules as of April 26, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;nonconfopp&quot;&gt;{{cite web| title=Texas A&amp;M Aggies Football Future Schedules|publisher=FBSchedules.com| url=https://fbschedules.com/ncaa/texas-am/|accessdate=April 26, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
{{CollegePrimaryHeader|team=Texas A&amp;M Aggies|2021|2022|2023|2024|2025|2026|2027|2028|2029}}
|-
| [[Kent State Golden Flashes football|Kent State]]
| [[Sam Houston State Bearkats football|Sam Houston State]]
| [[New Mexico Lobos football|New Mexico]]
| [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]]
| at [[Notre Dame Fighting Irish football|Notre Dame]]
| [[Arizona State Sun Devils football|Arizona State]]
| at [[Arizona State Sun Devils football|Arizona State]]
| [[Louisville Cardinals football|Louisville]]
| at [[Louisville Cardinals football|Louisville]]
|-
| at [[Colorado Buffaloes football|Colorado]]
| [[Appalachian State Mountaineers football|Appalachian State]]
| at [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]]
| [[McNeese State Cowboys football|McNeese State]]
| [[Tarleton State Texans football|Tarleton State]]
| 
| [[New Mexico Lobos football|New Mexico]]
|
|
|-
| [[New Mexico Lobos football|New Mexico]]
| [[Miami Hurricanes football|Miami (FL)]]
| [[Louisiana–Monroe Warhawks football|Louisiana–Monroe]]
| [[Bowling Green Falcons football|Bowling Green]]
| 
| 
|
|
| 
|-
| [[Prairie View A&amp;M Panthers football|Prairie View A&amp;M]]
| [[UMass Minutemen football|UMass]]
| [[Abilene Christian Wildcats football|Abilene Christian]]
| [[New Mexico State Aggies football|New Mexico State]]
| 
| 
|
|
| 
|}

==See also==

* [[List of Texas A&amp;M Aggies head football coaches]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Texas A&amp;M Aggies football}}
* {{Official website}}

{{Texas A&amp;M Aggies football navbox}}
{{Texas A&amp;M University|athletics}}
{{Southeastern Conference football navbox}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Texas AandM Aggies Football}}
[[Category:Texas A&amp;M Aggies football| ]]
[[Category:American football teams established in 1894]]
[[Category:1894 establishments in Texas]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

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      <text bytes="12646" xml:space="preserve">{{distinguish|SMS Seri Puteri}}
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{{more citations needed|date=November 2013}}
{{Infobox school
| name = Sekolah Seri Puteri
| native_name = SSP
| logo = Logo_of_Sekolah_Seri_Puteri,_Cyberjaya.png
| image = Sekolah Seri Puteri facade.jpg
| caption = The main building
| motto = ''Ilmu Usaha Jaya''
| motto_translation = Knowledge, Perseverance, Excellence
| established = 6 May 1968{{citation needed|date=May 2017}}
| city = [[Cyberjaya]]
| state = [[Selangor]]
| country = [[Malaysia]]
| postcode = 63000
| coordinates = {{coord|2|54|39.575|N|101|39|51.886|E|display=inline}}
| type = [[Public school (government funded)|Public]] all-girls [[boarding school]] [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh]]
| affiliations = [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh]], [[Ministry of Education (Malaysia)]]
| principal = Roslina Ahmad
| students = approx 850
| grades = Form 1 – Form 5
| classrooms = Pintar, Usaha, Tekun, Elit, Restu, Intelek
| address = Persiaran Tasik
| district = [[Cyberjaya]]
| mascot =
| colours = {{Color box|green|border=darkgray}}{{Color box|red|border=darkgray}}Green and Red
| yearbook = Teraju Puteri
| medium_of_language = [[Malay language|Malay]], English
| alumni  = Persatuan Alumni Sekolah Seri Puteri (PUTERI)
| website = {{URL|http://www.seriputeri.edu.my}}
| picture =
}}

'''Sekolah Seri Puteri''' ({{lang-en|Seri Puteri School}}; abbreviated '''SSP''') is a premier all-girls&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utusan.com.my/rencana/kecemerlangan-sekolah-satu-gender-1.198650 Kecemerlangan sekolah satu gender], Utusan Online&lt;/ref&gt; [[boarding school]] ([[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh]]) located in [[Cyberjaya]], [[Selangor]], [[Malaysia]]. In 2010, Sekolah Seri Puteri was awarded the prestigious ''[[Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi]]'' or High Performance School title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/26/nation/5543554&amp;sec=nation|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100128012213/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2010/1/26/nation/5543554&amp;sec=nation|url-status=dead|archive-date=28 January 2010|title=RM1mil among perks for high performance schools|last=Chapman|first=Karen|date=26 January 2010|website=[[The Star (Malaysia)|The Star Online]] (Archives)|publisher=Star Publications (Malaysia) Berhad|accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;!--citation formerly included &quot;Archives &amp;#124&quot;--&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; The school specialises in [[Concert band|wind orchestra]] and basketball as well as their debate team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pemandu.gov.my/gtp/upload/78971400-f8d4-4956-a277-f77fde8bbd8c.pdf |title=Improving Student Outcomes (Annual Report 2010) |year=2010 |website=[[Economic Transformation Programme|PEMANDU (Performance Management &amp; Delivery Unit), Government Transformation Programme]] |publisher=[[Prime Minister's Department|Malaysia Prime Minister's Department]] |page=121 |accessdate=May 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131105212656/http://www.pemandu.gov.my/gtp/upload/78971400-f8d4-4956-a277-f77fde8bbd8c.pdf |archivedate=5 November 2013 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; In the [[Sijil Pelajaran Malaysia]] 2013, the national examination taken by all fifth-year secondary school students in Malaysia, SSP obtained a grade value average of 1.26 (on a scale of 0-9 with 0 being the best).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.melvister.com/2014/03/senarai-ranking-sbp-terbaik-2014-keputusan-spm-2013.html |title=Senarai Ranking SBP Terbaik 2014 Keputusan SPM 2013 |website=MELVISTER.COM |date=20 March 2014 |accessdate=May 2014 |archive-date=26 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190526102957/https://www.melvister.com/2014/03/senarai-ranking-sbp-terbaik-2014-keputusan-spm-2013.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
Sekolah Seri Puteri was founded on 6 May 1968, and the original name was Sekolah Menengah Kebangsaan Perempuan Jalan Kolam Ayer (Female [[Secondary School]] of [[Jalan Datin Halimah|Jalan Kolam Ayer]]), [[Kuala Lumpur]].{{citation needed|date=May 2017}} It was established to provide [[secondary education]] for students from across Malaysia. Built on a 19-[[acre]] site at Jalan Kolam Ayer previously owned by a technical school,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=47&amp;Itemid=62 |title=Sejarah Penubuhan |website=Portal Rasmi: Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya |publisher=Sekolah Seri Puteri |date=15 April 2010 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; the school opened with 144 Form 4 students, 10 teachers, and three non-academics who assisted [[Malay styles and titles#Other salutations|Puan]] Khalidah Adibah Amin, the first [[Head teacher|principal]].

In 1969, the school started contracting teachers from Bangladesh to fill vacancies in the science and mathematics departments.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://cybersepang.wordpress.com/schoolprofile/history/ |title=History of establishment of Sekolah Seri Puteri |website=Sekolah Seri Puteri |publisher=[[WordPress]] |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The first group of 102 Form 6 students was admitted in May 1971. Form 1 students were first admitted in 1975.

In 1975, pre-university [[Malaysian Matriculation Programme|matriculation courses]] from [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] were first attended by 88 students. In 1976, the [[Concert band|wind orchestra]], Seri Puteri Winds, was formed by the third principal Puan Hajah Badiah Bt Hj, Abdul Manan, and the vice-principal Wilma Lesurf{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

The school celebrated its tenth anniversary on 16 September 1978 {{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}. At this event, the fourth school principal, Puan Zainab Bt Haji Mohd Yusop, officially named the school as Sekolah Seri Puteri, signifying &quot;beauty, dignity, and leadership&quot; {{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}. The school [[emblem]] was also introduced in the same year{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

On 1 May 2003, Sekolah Seri Puteri moved from Jalan Kolam Ayer to its current location in [[Cyberjaya]]. The grand opening of the new facility was held on 10 April 2007. [[Sultanah Nur Zahirah]], the thirteenth [[Raja Permaisuri Agong]] of Malaysia, officiated at the opening.

==School site==

Sekolah Seri Puteri occupies a 20-[[acre]] site in the [[Cyberjaya]] Flagship Zone on high ground overlooking an [[artificial lake]], [[Putrajaya Lake]]. Development of Sekolah Seri Puteri began on 5 April 2001, with a total construction cost of [[Malaysian ringgit|RM]] 56 Million. Construction ended on 26 January 2003{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

The school can accommodate up to 1,200 students along with 250 academic and support staff. The main building contains a large hall, recreation and sports facilities, classrooms, laboratories, and workshops blocks. The site also includes a student [[Dormitory|residence]], a teachers residence, and a [[dining hall]]. A great hall holds 1,200 people, and a lecture hall seats 255 people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.utusan.com.my/utusan/info.asp?y=2003&amp;dt=0305&amp;pub=utusan_malaysia&amp;sec=pendidikan&amp;pg=pe_01.htm&amp;arc=hive |title=Sekolah Seri Puteri – Berwajah elit, berkonsep milenium |website=Utusan ONLINE |publisher=[[Utusan Melayu]] (Malaysia) Berhad |date=5 March 2003 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Awards and recognition==

===Academics===
In 2013, the school hosted the [[boarding school|Fully Residential School]] International Symposium (FRSIS) with the theme &quot;Go Green, Initiatives for the Future&quot;.  The [[keynote]] speaker was the [[prime minister of Malaysia]], [[Malay styles and titles#Dato'|Dato']] [[Najib Razak]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}}.

===Seri Puteri Winds===
In 2011, the school's [[Concert band|wind orchestra]], Seri Puteri Winds (SP Winds), was featured in the [[flashmob]]-style [[reality programme]] ''Refleksi Orkestra'' in conjunction with [[Radio Televisyen Malaysia]]'s [[golden jubilee]] concert, Orkestra RTM 50.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.hmetro.com.my/articles/Pelajarberentap__8216_flashmob__8217_/Article |title=Pelajar berentap 'flashmob' |website=myMetro |publisher=[[Harian Metro]]. [[New Straits Times Press]] (M) Bhd. |date=25 May 2011 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013, SP Winds won the gold medal at the 24th Australian International Music Festival (AIMF2013) in [[Sydney]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.aimf.com.au/Site/Home.html |title=Home page|website=Australian International Music Festival |publisher=[http://www.worldprojects.com.au/ World Projects South Pacific] |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; This accomplishment earned the school three entries in the [[Malaysian Book of Records]]:&lt;ref&gt;http://english.astroawani.com/news/show/seri-puteri-symphonic-winds-recognised-in-malaysia-book-of-records-38584&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;first [[Sekolah Berasrama Penuh|Malaysian government residential school]] to qualify for the Australian International Music Festival (AIMF)&quot;
* &quot;first Malaysian government residential school to play at the [[Sydney Opera House]], Australia&quot;
* &quot;first Malaysian government residential school to win a gold medal in AIMF&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=301:sp-winds-menang-anugerah-emas-di-australian-international-music-festival-aimf2013-di-sydney-australia&amp;catid=44:beritasec1cat2&amp;Itemid=74 |title=SP WINDS MENANG ANUGERAH EMAS DI AUSTRALIAN INTERNATIONAL MUSIC FESTIVAL (AIMF2013) DI SYDNEY, AUSTRALIA |website=Portal Rasmi: Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya |publisher=Sekolah Seri Puteri |date=18 July 2013 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Seri Puteri Debates===
The english debate club is called Thalions, which won several debate competition like
* &quot;Johan Pertandingan Bahas Bahasa Inggeris Piala Perdana Menteri 2018
* &quot;Johan Pertandingan Bahas Bahasa Inggeris Piala Perdana Menteri 2009
And many more debate tournaments such as [[Cabaran Debat Zaaba]] and more.
They also have competed globally,in World Scolars Cup, in The United States Of America and China.

The malay debate club is called Eccentric. Some of their achievement include
* &quot;Johan Pertandingan Bahas Bahasa Melayu Piala Perdana Menteri 2012

==Notable alumni==
The alumni association of SSP is known as Persatuan Alumni Sekolah Seri Puteri (PUTERI).
* [[Harlina Halizah Siraj]] – Head, Department of Medical Education, [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] Medical Centre (PPUKM)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://drhar.blogspot.com/p/dr-hars-biodata.html |title=Dr. Har's Biodata |website=A MUSLIM WOMAN DEFINED.... |publisher=[[Blogger (service)|Blogger]] |date=30 December 2013 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Mastura Ma'asud|Mastura Ma'sud]] – Lawyer
* [[Azlina Jamaluddin]]{{Citation needed|date=November 2013}} - Lawyer
* [[Sawiah Jusoh]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.seriputeri.edu.my/v1/index.php?option=com_content&amp;view=article&amp;id=230:majlis-anugerah-cemerlang-mac-ke-41&amp;catid=45:berita-akademik-&amp;Itemid=75 |title=MAJLIS ANUGERAH CEMERLANG (MAC) KE-41 |website=Portal Rasmi: Sekolah Seri Puteri, Cyberjaya |publisher=Sekolah Seri Puteri |date=21 April 2012 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; – Chief Executive Officer (CEO) Success Precession Wellbeing Ltd, Cardiff, United Kingdom.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://aqifazizan.com/konvensyen-jutawan-muslim-2012 |title=Konvensyen Jutawan Muslim 2012 |author=Aqif Azizan |website=Aqif Azizan |publisher=[[WordPress]] |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Safiah Atan]] – Senior [[Biotechnology]] Researcher, [[Malaysian Rubber Board]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lgm.gov.my/RnD/biotech.aspx |title=Research &amp; Innovation – Upstream – Biotechnology |website= Official Portal Malaysian Rubber Board Lembaga Getah Malaysia |date=13 December 2010 |accessdate=May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Jamia Azdina Jamal]]-Dean, Faculty of Pharmacy, National University Malaysia
*[[Azlina Mehtab]]-Lawyer
*[[Sharifah Fauziyah Syed Mohtar]]-Director, Pharmaniaga Bhd
*[[Shafida Abd Hamid]]-Dean, Kuliyyah of Science, IIUM.
*[[Vivy Yusof]]-Fashion Icon,Entrepreneur

== See also ==
{{Portal|Malaysia|Schools}}
* [[List of schools in Selangor]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}
[http://www.thestar.com.my/News/Education/2015/02/15/Blown-away-by-wind-orchestra/ Blown away by wind orchestra]

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.seriputeri.edu.my}}

{{Sekolah Berprestasi Tinggi}}
{{Sekolah Berasrama Penuh}}

[[Category:1968 establishments in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Educational institutions established in 1968]]
[[Category:Girls' schools in Malaysia]]
[[Category:Schools in Selangor]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Sekolah Seri Puteri]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Sekolah Seri Puteri/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Republic of New Afrika</title>
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      <text bytes="12712" xml:space="preserve">{{Redirects|New Africa|for the album by Grachan Moncur III|New Africa (album)}}
{{short description|Black nationalism American social movement}}
{{multiple issues|
{{more footnotes|date=October 2008}}
{{citations needed|date=November 2018}}
}}
[[Image:RNA Flag 08I09.svg|right|256px|thumb|The Republic of New Afrika flag]]
[[Image:New 2000 black percent.gif|thumb|275px|right|The proposed territory centers on areas where the highest percentage of the population classified as black lives in the US (2000).]]
{{Black Power sidebar |expanded=Organizations}}

The '''Republic of New Afrika''' ('''RNA'''), founded in 1968 as the Republic of New Africa (RNA), is a [[Black nationalism|black nationalist]] organization and [[Black separatism|black separatist]] movement popularized by Black freedom fighter groups in the [[United States]]. The larger New Afrika movement in particular has three goals:

* Creation of an independent [[African-American|Black]]-majority country situated in the [[southeastern United States|Southeastern United States]], in the heart of an area of black-majority population.
* Payment by the federal government of several billion dollars in [[Reparations for slavery|reparations]] to African-American descendants of slaves for the damages inflicted on Africans and their descendants by [[Slavery|chattel enslavement]], [[Jim Crow laws]], and modern-day forms of [[Racism in the United States|racism]].
* A [[referendum]] of all African Americans to determine their desires for citizenship; movement leaders say they were not offered a choice in this matter after emancipation in 1865 following the [[American Civil War]].

The vision for this country was first promulgated by the Malcolm X Society&lt;ref name=&quot;Mjagkij&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=56KH2aisL_UC&amp;pg=PA277&amp;lpg=PA277&amp;dq=black+government+conference+1968+detroit#v=onepage&amp;q=black%20government%20conference%201968%20detroit&amp;f=false|title=Organizing Black America|last=Mjagkij|first=Nina|date=2013-05-13|publisher=Routledge|isbn=1135581231|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; on March 31, 1968, at a Black Government Conference held in [[Detroit]], [[Michigan]]. The conference participants drafted a constitution and declaration of independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mjagkij&quot;/&gt; Its proponents{{who|date=November 2014}} lay claim to five Southern states: [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[South Carolina]]; and to the black-majority [[County (United States)|counties]] adjacent to this area in [[Arkansas]], [[Texas]], [[North Carolina]], [[Tennessee]] and [[Florida]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.blackpast.org/aah/republic-new-africa-1968&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
The Black Government Conference was convened by the [[Malcolm X Society]] and the [[Group on Advanced Leadership]] (GOAL), two influential [[Detroit]]-based black organizations with broad followings. The attendees produced a Declaration of Independence (signed by 100 conferees out of approximately 500), a constitution, and the framework for a [[provisional government]]. [[Robert F. Williams]], a controversial human rights advocate then living in exile in China, was chosen as the first president of the provisional government; attorney [[Milton Henry]] (a student of [[Malcolm X]]'s teachings) was named first vice president; and [[Betty Shabazz]], widow of Malcolm X, served as second vice president.

The Provisional Government of the Republic of New Afrika (PG-RNA) advocated/advocates a form of cooperative economics through the building of New Communities—named after the [[Ujamaa]] concept promoted by Tanzanian President [[Julius Nyerere]]. It proposed militant self-defense through the building of local people's militias and a standing army to be called the Black Legion; and the building of racially based organizations to champion the right of [[self-determination]] for people of black African descent.

The organization was involved in numerous controversial issues. For example, it attempted to assist [[Oceanhill-Brownsville]] area in Brooklyn to secede from the United States during the [[New York City teachers' strike of 1968|1968 conflict]] over control of public schools. Additionally, it was involved with shootouts at New Bethel Baptist Church in 1969 (&lt;!-- where? --&gt;during the one-year anniversary of the founding) and another in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], in 1971. (It had announced that the capital of the Republic would be in Hinds County, Mississippi, located on a member's farm.) In the confrontations, law-enforcement officials were killed and injured. Organization members were prosecuted for the crimes.&lt;!-- More detail, explain --&gt;{{citation needed|date=June 2015}}

The US [[Federal Bureau of Investigation]] (FBI) listed the Republic of New Afrika as a [[Sedition|seditious]] group due to its advocacy of [[secession]]. It conducted raids on its meetings, which led to violent confrontations. It repeatedly arrested and prosecuted certain RNA leaders noted above. The group was a target of the [[COINTELPRO]] operation by the FBI, as well as [[Red Squad]] activities of [[Michigan State Police]] and the [[Detroit Police Department]], among other cities. {{citation needed|date=June 2020}}

==Notable members==
*[[Betty Shabazz]], widow of [[Malcolm X]], was elected as second vice president of the first administration in 1968, working alongside Williams and Henry.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singing in a Strange Land&quot; /&gt;
*[[Chokwe Lumumba]], formerly '''Edwin Finley Taliaferro''' of Detroit, was elected as second vice president in 1971. He later became an attorney, working in Michigan and Mississippi in public defense. After settling in [[Jackson, Mississippi]], he was elected to the city council there. He was elected as mayor in 2013, dying in office in February 2014 of natural causes.
*[[Queen Mother Moore]] was a founding member of the Republic of New Afrika. She helped found the group and helped out in the group as much as she could.
*Milton Henry, also known as &quot;Brother Gaidi Obadele,&quot; was one of the primary founders of the Republic of New Afrika. He was elected as the first vice president of the founding administration in 1968.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singing in a Strange Land&quot; /&gt;
*[[Robert F. Williams]] was a black nationalist elected as the first president of the Republic of New Afrika.&lt;ref name=&quot;Singing in a Strange Land&quot;&gt;Salvatore, N. A. (2005). ''Singing in a Strange Land: C. L. Franklin, the Black Church, and the Transformation of America.'' New York: Little, Brown and Company.&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Sanyika Shakur|Monster Kody]], former Eight Tray Crips gang leader, currently incarcerated at [[Centinela State Prison]].

===Leaders===
* [[Robert F. Williams]], President in Exile (1968–1971)
* [[Imari Obadele]], President (1971–1991)

== Publications ==
{{refbegin|2}}
* ''The Article Three Brief''. 1973. (New Afrikans fought U.S. Marshals in an effort to retain control of the independent New Afrikan communities shortly after the U.S. Civil War.)
* Obadele, Imari Abubakari.  ''Foundations of the Black Nation,'' Detroit: House of Songay, 1975.
* Brother Imari [Obadele, Imari]. ''War In America: The Malcolm X Doctrine,'' Chicago: Ujamaa Distributors, 1977.
* Kehinde, Muata. ''RNA President Imari Obadele is Free After Years of Illegal U.S. Imprisonment''.  In ''Burning Spear'' Louisville: African Peoples Socialist Party, 1980. pp.&amp;nbsp;4–28
* Obadele, Imari Abubakari.  ''The Malcolm Generation &amp; Other Stories,'' Philadelphia: House of Songhay, 1982.
* Taifa, Nkechi, and [[Chokwe Lumumba|Lumumba, Chokwe]]. ''Reparations Yes! 3rd ed.''  Baton Rouge: House of Songhay, 1983, 1987, 1993.
* Obadele, Imari Abubakari. ''Free The Land!: The True Story of the Trials of the RNA-11''  Washington, D.C. House of Songhay, 1984.
* ''New Afrikan State-Building in North America''. Ann Arbor. Univ. of Michigan Microfilm, 1985, pp.&amp;nbsp;345–357.
* &quot;The First New Afrikan States&quot;.  In ''The Black Collegian'', Jan./Feb. 1986.
* ''A Beginner's Outline of the History of Afrikan People, 1st ed''. Washington, D.C. House of Songhay, Commission for Positive Education, 1987.
* ''America The Nation-State''. Washington, D.C. and Baton Rouge. House of Songhay, Commission for Positive Education, 1989, 1988.
* Walker, Kwaku, and Walker, Abena. ''Black Genius''. Baton Rouge. House of Songhay, Commission for Positive Education, 1991.
* Afoh, Kwame, Lumumba, Chokwe, and Obafemi, Ahmed. ''A Brief History of the Black Struggle in America, With Obadele's Macro-Level Theory of Human Organization''. Baton Rouge. House of Songhay, Commission for Positive Education, 1991.
* RNA. ''A People's Struggle''. RNA, Box 90604, Washington, D.C. 20090-0604.
* The Republic of New Africa ''New Afrikan Ujamaa: The Economics of the Republic of New Africa''. 21p. San Francisco. 1970.
* Obadele, Imari Abubakari.  ''The Struggle for Independence and Reparations from the United States'' 142p. Baton Rouge. House of Songhay, 2004.
* Obadele, Imari A., editor  ''De-Colonization U.S.A.: The Independence Struggle of the Black Nation in the United States Centering on the 1996 United Nations Petition'' 228p. Baton Rouge. The Malcolm Generation, 1997.
{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[Bantustan]]
* [[Black Power]]
* [[David Duke]], American white supremacist who advocates for partitioning the United States along racial lines
* [[Harry Haywood]]
* [[Malcolm X]]
* [[Northwest Territorial Imperative]], a white nationalist idea involving the creation of a white-only state in the [[Pacific Northwest]]
* [[Queen Mother Moore]]
* [[Sanyika Shakur]]
* [[Mutulu Shakur]]
* [[Robert F. Williams]]

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==

===RNA links===
* [http://www.pg-rna.org Provisional Government – Republic of New Afrika (Official Web Site)]
* [http://www.asetbooks.com/Us/Nationhood/RNA/RepublicOfNewAfrika.html The Republic of New Afrika]
* [http://newafrikaonline.blogspot.com New Afrika (Online Blog)]

===Archives===
* [http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/FreedomNow/themes/blkpower/ RNA documents] in the [http://www.stg.brown.edu/projects/FreedomNow/ Freedom Now!] archival project at [[Brown University]] – [[Tougaloo College]] archives.
* [http://web.mac.com/christiandavenport/iWeb/Site%206/The%20Republic%20of%20New%20Africa%20vs.%20the%20US%20Government.html The Republic of New Africa vs. the United States, 1967–1974] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801172237/http://web.mac.com/christiandavenport/iWeb/Site%206/The%20Republic%20of%20New%20Africa%20vs.%20the%20US%20Government.html |date=2009-08-01 }}, documents on police surveillance and repression of the RNA as well as protest by the organization at the [http://web.mac.com/christiandavenport/iWeb/Christian%20Davenport/Archiving.html Radical Information Project] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502013249/http://web.mac.com/christiandavenport/iWeb/Christian%20Davenport/Archiving.html |date=2010-05-02 }}.

===Articles and reports===
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080120225302/http://hoohila.stanford.edu/firingline/programView.php?programID=146 ''Firing Line]: The Republic of New Africa] [[William F. Buckley]] interviews Milton Henry, President of the Republic of New Afrika. Program number 126. Taped on Nov 18, 1968 (New York City, NY). 50 minutes.  Available from the [[Hoover Institution]].  The first 5 minutes are accessible in [https://web.archive.org/web/20070628173853/http://vodreal.stanford.edu/firing/5min/126.ram '''streaming RealAudio'''].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20081005014352/http://www.bsos.umd.edu/gvpt/davenport/jcr2005.pdf ''Understanding Covert Repressive Action: The Case of the US Government Against the Republic of New Africa''] by Christian Davenport, Professor of Peace Studies and Political Science at the Kroc Institute, University of Notre Dame.
* [http://www.wlbt.com/Global/story.asp?S=2899150 The Real Republic of New Africa] By Dennis Smith, News Director. February 3, 2005. Accessed April 1, 2005

{{Ethnic nationalism}}
[[Category:Independence movements]]
[[Category:African-American history by location]]
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  <page>
    <title>Spanair Flight 5022</title>
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      <text bytes="45527" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|August 2008 plane crash in Madrid, Spain}}
{{EngvarB|date=December 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2014}}

{{Infobox aircraft occurrence
| image = Spanair - McDonnell Douglas MD-82 (DC-9-82).jpg
| image_upright = 1.2
| alt = 
| caption = EC-HFP, the aircraft involved, in July 2008
| occurrence_type = Accident
| date = {{start date|2008|08|20|df=y}}
| summary = Crashed on take-off due to improper flaps and slat selection
| site = [[Madrid–Barajas Airport]], Madrid, Spain
| coordinates = {{Coord|40|31|48|N|003|34|13|W|type:event|display=inline,title}}
| aircraft_type = [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80|McDonnell Douglas MD-82]]
| aircraft_name = ''Sunbreeze''
| operator = [[Spanair]]
| IATA = JK5022
| ICAO = JKK5022
| callsign = SPANAIR 5022
| tail_number = EC-HFP
| origin = [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport]]
| stopover = [[Madrid–Barajas Airport]]
| stopover0 = 
| last_stopover = 
| destination = [[Gran Canaria Airport]]
| occupants = 172
| passengers = 166
| crew = 6
| fatalities = 154
| injuries = 18
| survivors = 18
}}

'''Spanair Flight 5022''' ('''JK5022''') was a scheduled domestic passenger flight from [[Barcelona–El Prat Airport]] to [[Gran Canaria Airport]], Spain, via [[Madrid–Barajas Airport]] that crashed just after take-off from runway 36L at Madrid Airport at 14:24&amp;nbsp;[[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] (12:24&amp;nbsp;[[Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]) on 20 August 2008. The aircraft was a [[McDonnell Douglas MD-80|McDonnell Douglas MD-82]], registration {{Airreg|EC|HFP|.}} Of the 172 passengers and crew on board, 154 died and 18 survived.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Aug21&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZGjqoRsHwCookXNzTtwupigxBRAD92MM2O00|title=Spanish plane that crashed had overheated valve|date=21 August 2008|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080902040413/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZGjqoRsHwCookXNzTtwupigxBRAD92MM2O00|archivedate=2 September 2008|url-status=dead|agency=Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=BBC7579293&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7579293.stm |title=Madrid crash claims another life |publisher=BBC |accessdate=25 August 2008 |date=23 August 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828090438/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7579293.stm |archivedate=28 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

It was the only fatal accident for [[Spanair]] (part of the [[SAS Group]]) in the 25-year history of the company, and the 14th fatal accident and 24th [[hull loss]] involving McDonnell Douglas MD-80 series aircraft. It was Spain's deadliest accident since the 1983 crash of [[Avianca Flight 011]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Santafe |first=Elisa |title=Families struggle to face up to losses in Spain air disaster |publisher=[[Brisbane Times]] |date=22 August 2008 |url=http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/world/families-struggle-to-face-up-to-losses-in-spain-air-disaster/2008/08/22/1219262462353.html |accessdate=22 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080824193414/http://www.brisbanetimes.com.au/news/world/families-struggle-to-face-up-to-losses-in-spain-air-disaster/2008/08/22/1219262462353.html |archivedate=24 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The accident further worsened Spanair's already negative image at the time&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Flottau |first=Jens |agency=''Aviation Daily'' |url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/spainair-shuts-down-future-uncertain |title=Spanair Shuts Down; Future Uncertain |newspaper=[[Aviation Week]] |date=30 January 2012 |accessdate=30 December 2014 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231023720/http://aviationweek.com/awin/spainair-shuts-down-future-uncertain |archivedate=31 December 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; and exacerbated its financial difficulties. Spanair subsequently ceased operations on 27 January 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Spanair collapses, stranding 20,000 people |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-16787761 |accessdate=20 August 2018 |work=BBC News |date=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/busine...g/2012/01/27/gIQApt2zVQ_story.html |title=Spanish airline Spanair ceases operations after running out of funds |agency=[[Associated Press]] |newspaper=[[Washington Post]] |date=27 January 2012 |accessdate=27 January 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322163428/https://www.washingtonpost.com/busine...g/2012/01/27/gIQApt2zVQ_story.html |archive-date=22 March 2019 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Flight and aircraft==
&lt;!---
NOTICE: Please do not add speculative material. Only include things that have been confirmed and are properly sourced. No hearsay. Thank you.
---&gt;
[[Image:Accidente barajas 2008 localizacion-English.png|Map showing crash location|thumb]]

The aircraft, named ''Sunbreeze'' (registration EC-HFP; constructor's number 53148), had been manufactured in late 1993 and was acquired by Spanair in July 1999.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=20080820-0 |title=Accident Description, McDonnell Douglas DC-9-82 (MD-82) EC-HFP |website=[[Aviation Safety Network]] |publisher=[[Flight Safety Foundation]] |access-date=27 February 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.planespotters.net/airframe/McDonnell-Douglas/MD-80/53148/EC-HFP-Spanair |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2 July 2016 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160917203137/https://www.planespotters.net/airframe/McDonnell-Douglas/MD-80/53148/EC-HFP-Spanair |archivedate=17 September 2016 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were 166 passengers and six crew members on board, including the 39-year-old captain Antonio Garcia Luna, and the 31-year-old first officer, Francisco Javier Mulet.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Govan|first=Fiona|date=2010-05-11|title=Last moments of doomed Spanair flight caught on tape|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7710689/Last-moments-of-doomed-Spanair-flight-caught-on-tape.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-13|issn=0307-1235}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Elola|first=Joseba|date=2008-08-30|title=Dos vidas en el aire|language=es|trans-title=Two lives in the air|work=El País|url=https://elpais.com/diario/2008/08/31/espana/1220133608_850215.html|url-status=live|access-date=2020-06-13|issn=1134-6582}}&lt;/ref&gt;

This was the flight's second attempted take-off: fifty-nine minutes earlier, the pilots had abandoned a departure because of excessive temperatures in the [[Total air temperature|ram air temperature]] (RAT) probe.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt; The aircraft was taken to a parking area where maintenance workers de-activated the RAT probe's heater.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/21/spain1|title=Madrid crash: 'The plane came to a sharp stop. I heard a horrible noise'|last=Keeley|first=Graham|date=20 August 2008|work=The Guardian|accessdate=23 May 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130902164701/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/21/spain1|archivedate=2 September 2013|url-status=live|location=UK|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; (The aircraft was permitted to fly with an inoperable RAT probe heater because icing was not expected during the flight).&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|37–38}} Another takeoff was then attempted, during which the accident occurred.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC7572643&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7572643.stm|title=Many dead in Madrid plane crash|date=20 August 2008|accessdate=4 January 2010|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217005137/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7572643.stm|archivedate=17 February 2009|url-status=live|publisher=BBC News|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;

The accident occurred during the second attempt, at 14:24 local time,&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;avherald&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Hradecky|first=Simon|date=16 September 2008|title=Crash: Spanair MD-82 at Madrid on 20 August 2008, went off runway during takeoff|url=http://avherald.com/h?article=40b73189/0017|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the pilot's failure to deploy the [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] and [[Leading edge slats|slats]] as required for takeoff.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Time&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/08/21/espana/1219342774.html|title=¿A qué hora ocurrió exactamente el accidente?|publisher=El Mundo|language=Spanish|trans-title=At what time exactly did the accident happen?|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823223531/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/08/21/espana/1219342774.html|archivedate=23 August 2008|url-status=live|accessdate=22 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Without the use of these &quot;high-lift&quot; devices, the wings could not generate enough lift to keep the aircraft airborne.{{#tag:ref|The basic shape of all aircraft wings is designed for optimum speed and fuel-efficiency during cruise flight (at around 500mph/430 knots TAS [true airspeed] in the MD-82). At lower speeds, such as those associated with take-offs and landings (typically 160mph), the lift generated by the wings is much less than at cruise speed – or would be were it not for the use of high-lift devices such as flaps and slats. For low-speed flight, the pilot alters the shape of the wing by deploying the flaps and slats. For take-off, this is done during the pre-takeoff checks, before entering the runway; on the MD-82, flaps and slats are controlled by a single lever on the cockpit's central console. The flaps are located at the trailing edge of the wings and, when deployed, extend backward and downward from the wing. The slats extend forward from the leading edge of the wing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|17–23}} The effect of both flaps and slats is to increase the surface area and &quot;camber&quot; of the wing, thereby increasing the amount of lift produced. See [[Flap (aircraft)|flaps]] and [[Leading edge slats|slats]] for more information.|group=&quot;Note&quot;}} The MD-80 has a warning system (the [[take-off warning system]] or TOWS) that should have alerted the pilots that the aircraft was not correctly configured for take-off. However, the warning did not sound, and the pilots continued with the attempt. The aircraft left the ground momentarily, rolled to the right,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC7575607&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/puffbox/hyperpuff/audiovideo/front_page_ukfs/wide_front_page_av_hyperpuff/7575607.stm |title=What caused the Madrid crash? |publisher=BBC |date=21 August 2008 |accessdate=4 January 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921170608/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/puffbox/hyperpuff/audiovideo/front_page_ukfs/wide_front_page_av_hyperpuff/7575607.stm |archivedate=21 September 2008 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; and impacted the ground next to the runway. The wings separated from the aircraft and the fuselage broke into two main parts; the wings and the rear two-thirds of the fuselage were engulfed by fire.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|57–69}}

==Victims==
[[File:Placa en recuerdo de las víctimas del vuelo JK 5022.JPG|thumbnail|200px|Memorial plaque commemorating the 154 victims of JK5022]]

Of the 172&lt;!-- people--&gt; on board, 146 perished in the crash or immediately after in the fire, including both pilots. Of the twenty-six passengers and crew rescued alive from the crash site, six died before arriving at hospital, and two more died in hospital, bringing the total number of fatalities to 154.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Aug21&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC7572643&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/21/world/europe/21madrid.html?ref=world | title=More Than 150 Die in Madrid Plane Crash | date=20 August 2008 | work=The New York Times | first1=Caroline | last1=Brothers | first2=Micheline | last2=Maynard | accessdate=23 May 2010 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140519003739/http://www.nytimes.com/2008/08/21/world/europe/21madrid.html?ref=world | archivedate=19 May 2014 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZGjqoRsHwCookXNzTtwupigxBRAD92M4MS00 |title=147 killed in plane crash at Madrid airport |agency=Associated Press |date=20 August 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823022050/http://ap.google.com/article/ALeqM5iZGjqoRsHwCookXNzTtwupigxBRAD92M4MS00 |archivedate=23 August 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/08/20/Spanair_plane_crash_kills_more_than_140/UPI-53011219241083/|title=Death toll climbs in Spanair plane crash|publisher=[[UPI]]|date=20 August 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123060128/http://www.upi.com/Top_News/2008/08/20/Spanair_plane_crash_kills_more_than_140/UPI-53011219241083/|archivedate=23 January 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=rdeagap&gt;{{cite news |url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=CiAyAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=X6IFAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=986%2C3345033 |work=Reading Eagle |location=(Pennsylvania, U.S.) |agency=Associated Press |title=153 killed in crash of Spanish plane |date=21 August 2008 |page=A8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Most of the deceased and 16 of the survivors were Spanish nationals; nineteen of the deceased and two survivors were of other nationalities.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|6}}

Among the victims, there were 15 victims of other nationalities including from Germany, France, Mauritania, Turkey, Bulgaria, Gambia, Italy, Indonesia, and Brazil. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tsf.pt/PaginaInicial/Internacional/Interior.aspx?content_id=982578 |title=Archived copy |access-date=17 March 2012 |archive-date=12 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110812132700/http://www.tsf.pt/PaginaInicial/Internacional/Interior.aspx?content_id=982578 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The crash flung some of the survivors clear of the wreckage and into a stream, lessening the severity of their burns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLK27234920080820?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=topNews |title=153 killed in Madrid airport plane crash |agency=Reuters |accessdate=22 August 2008 |date=20 August 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828150512/http://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSLK27234920080820?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=topNews |archivedate=28 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; A 30-year-old woman with British and Spanish dual citizenship survived with a punctured lung and broken left arm but no burns, as she was flung from row 6, still attached to her seat, into the stream.&lt;ref name=&quot;SM-Aug24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/08/24/british-woman-s-incredible-escape-from-doomed-madrid-plane-115875-20708800/|title=British woman's incredible escape from doomed Madrid plane |publisher=Mirror Group Newspapers|date=24 August 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301110339/http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/top-stories/2008/08/24/british-woman-s-incredible-escape-from-doomed-madrid-plane-115875-20708800 |archivedate=1 March 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Investigation==
&lt;!---
NOTICE: Please do not add speculative material. Only include things that have been confirmed and are properly sourced. No hearsay. Thank you.
---&gt;

===Summary===
&lt;!-- This section is to detail the formal investigative process as it occurs, not to post speculation --&gt;

The accident was investigated by the [[Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission]] (CIAIAC). Representatives from the US [[National Transportation Safety Board]], the aircraft manufacturer [[Boeing]] (as successor to [[McDonnell Douglas]], the original aircraft manufacturer), and the engine manufacturer [[Pratt and Whitney]] supported the investigation.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|xvii}}

A preliminary report on the accident was released by CIAIAC on 6 October 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_PRELIM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/2CC3ADCB-6E59-43CF-98D3-8D119FEE30D9/76728/PreliminaryReportA_032_2009.pdf|title=20-08-2008. EC-HFP. McDonnell Douglas MD-82. Aeropuerto de Barajas (Madrid). Preliminary report|date=14 October 2008|publisher=CIAIAC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100613044220/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/C58972BC-B96C-4E14-B047-71B89DD0173E/43303/PreliminaryReportA_032_2008.pdf|archivedate=13 June 2010|url-status=dead}} ([http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/7E9860AA-97F4-451B-811A-BAF81882FBD5/43299/2008_032_A_preliminar.pdf Spanish version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090711090752/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/7E9860AA-97F4-451B-811A-BAF81882FBD5/43299/2008_032_A_preliminar.pdf|date=11 July 2009}})&lt;/ref&gt; Information extracted from the [[Flight data recorder]] showed that the aircraft had taken off with flaps at 0°, and that the alarm for that abnormal takeoff configuration had not sounded. The report hinted at no other cause of the accident. Both the engines and [[thrust reverser]]s were excluded as causes of the accident.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|64, 230}}

On 17 August 2009, CIAIAC released an interim report on the incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_INTERIM&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/AADDBF93-690C-4186-983C-8D897F09EAA5/75736/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01_ENG.pdf|title=20-08-2008. EC-HFP. McDonnell Douglas MD-82. Aeropuerto de Barajas (Madrid). Interim report|date=17 August 2009|publisher=CIAIAC|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229185409/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/9AA08FE0-1151-41A0-9A57-9C5DF8BF6F8E/52877/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01_ENG1.pdf|archivedate=29 December 2009|url-status=dead}} ([http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/797E0F60-6C38-4F4C-9B39-03E7F9208758/52774/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01.pdf Spanish version] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215022357/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/797e0f60-6c38-4f4c-9b39-03e7f9208758/52774/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01.pdf|date=15 February 2010}}; [http://www.fomento.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/DIRECCIONES_GENERALES/ORGANOS_COLEGIADOS/CIAIAC/INVESTIGACION/2008/SPANAIR/INTERINO_01_ENG.htm press release] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090923223944/http://www.fomento.es/MFOM/LANG_CASTELLANO/DIRECCIONES_GENERALES/ORGANOS_COLEGIADOS/CIAIAC/INVESTIGACION/2008/SPANAIR/INTERINO_01_ENG.htm|date=23 September 2009}})&lt;/ref&gt; The interim report confirmed the preliminary report's conclusion that the crash was caused by an attempt to take off with the flaps and slats retracted, which constituted an improper configuration, and noted that safeguards that should have prevented the crash failed to do so. The cockpit recordings revealed that the pilots omitted the &quot;set and check the flap/slat lever and lights&quot; item in the After Start checklist. In the Takeoff Imminent verification checklist the copilot had simply repeated the correct flap and slat position values without actually checking them, as shown by the physical evidence. All three safety barriers provided to avoid the takeoff in an inappropriate configuration were defeated: the configuration checklist, the confirm and verify checklist, and the Take-off Warning System (TOWS). The report also made a number of safety recommendations intended to prevent accidents like this from happening again.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/informe/tragedia/Spanair/revela/errores/pilotos/fallo/tecnico/elpepuesp/20090817elpepunac_3/Tes|title=El informe de la tragedia de Spanair revela dos errores de los pilotos y un fallo técnico|date=17 August 2009|publisher=El País|language=Spanish|trans-title=The report of the tragedy of Spanair reveals two errors of the pilots and a technical failure}}&lt;/ref&gt;

CIAIAC published a further progress note in August 2010,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/0C2AC4C7-8183-42D6-9CB9-AFDF6EBA71C3/76745/2008_032_A_PROGRESO_ENG1.pdf|title=Progress Note A-032/2008|publisher=CIAIAC|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100827234845/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/0C2AC4C7-8183-42D6-9CB9-AFDF6EBA71C3/76745/2008_032_A_PROGRESO_ENG1.pdf|archivedate=27 August 2010|df=dmy-all}} [http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/320E4950-2E91-4DA9-A549-66F3A23EB31D/76734/2008_032_A_PROGRESO_ESP.pdf (Spanish version)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100923013845/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/320E4950-2E91-4DA9-A549-66F3A23EB31D/76734/2008_032_A_PROGRESO_ESP.pdf |date=23 September 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and its final report in July 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|xvii}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.aviation-safety.net/2011/08/03/report-ciaiac-publishes-final-report-on-fatal-md-82-takeoff-accident-madrid-spain/|title=Report: CIAIAC publishes final report on fatal MD-82 takeoff accident Madrid, Spain|publisher=Aviation Safety Network|url-status=live|date=3 Aug 2011|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Theories===
====Fire or explosion====
Some early eye-witness accounts suggested that the aircraft suffered an engine fire or explosion before crashing, but the Spanish airport authority AENA released a video showing that the engines neither exploded nor caught fire during take-off.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-vid&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/22/madrid.spain1?gusrc=rss&amp;feed=networkfront|title=Madrid air disaster video shows new light on cause of crash|work=The Guardian|location=UK|accessdate=22 August 2008|first=Graham|last=Keeley|date=22 August 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124233702/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/aug/22/madrid.spain1?gusrc=rss&amp;feed=networkfront|archivedate=24 January 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cnn&gt;{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/22/plane.crash.madrid/index.html |title=Madrid plane burst into flames after runway skid |publisher=CNN |accessdate=24 August 2008 |date=22 August 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080825002537/http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/europe/08/22/plane.crash.madrid/index.html |archivedate=25 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manuel Bautista, Director General of Spain's civil aviation authority, went as far as to state: &quot;The engine is not the cause of the accident&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-vid&quot;/&gt; surmising that a chain of events combining together was more likely than a single cause.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7577536.stm|title='Chain of faults' in Madrid crash|publisher=BBC|accessdate=22 August 2008|date=22 August 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080823071143/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/7577536.stm|archivedate=23 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Temperature sensor====
There has been considerable interest in the faulty air temperature probe (the RAT sensor,&lt;ref group=&quot;Note&quot;&gt;The aircraft's [[air data computer|computer]] uses ram air temperature, also known as  total air temperature, to help calculate the aircraft's [[true airspeed]]. True airspeed is needed for high altitude navigation, but is not so important for maintaining stable flight. Ground Speed is calculated directly from GPS position change (or Inertial navigation position change on earlier models). When TAS (true airspeed) is compared with Groundspeed, however, the actual wind direction and speed at that altitude can be calculated and presented to the pilot. [[Indicated airspeed]], a measure of the [[relative wind]] over the aircraft's surfaces, is a more important measure for ensuring stable, safe flight. The aircraft's [[stall speed]] closely relates to indicated airspeed, for example.&lt;/ref&gt; located on the front of the aircraft near the cockpit) that initially caused the pilot to turn the aircraft back for maintenance before the second takeoff attempt.&lt;ref name=&quot;AV-Week&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://aviationweek.com/awin/spanair-continues-md-80-services-madrid-investigation-begins |title=Spanair Continues MD-80 Services As Madrid Investigation Begins |last=Flottau |first=Jens |date=22 August 2008 |publisher=Aviation Week |accessdate=23 August 2008 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124233702/http://aviationweek.com/awin/spanair-continues-md-80-services-madrid-investigation-begins |archivedate=24 January 2016 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; The mechanic simply deactivated the probe because the aircraft's [[Minimum Equipment List]] allowed it to be left inoperative. On 22 August investigators interviewed the mechanic, who defended his action by saying that it had nothing to do with the crash. Spanair has supported the mechanic's view that deactivation of the probe is an accepted procedure.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-mechanic&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.qenshrin.com/en/details.php?id=1465|title=Spanish mechanic who cleared doomed plane quizzed|date=23 August 2008|agency=Associated Press  |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100210143517/http://qenshrin.com/en/details.php?id=1465 |archivedate=10 February 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 September a report, quoting Spanair, stated that the problem detected on the first takeoff attempt was overheating caused by a temperature gauge's de-icing system, rather than a malfunction of the temperature gauge itself, and that since icing was not a risk on that flight, the de-icing system had been deactivated by the mechanic with the captain's approval.&lt;ref name=&quot;france24&quot;&gt;{{cite web|first1=Tree |last1=Elven |first2=Adeline |last2=Percept |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20080901-speculation-over-causes-spanair-crash-spain-plane-crash-madrid|title=Speculation over causes of Spanair crash|publisher=France 24|date=1 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080903134658/http://www.france24.com/en/20080901-speculation-over-causes-spanair-crash-spain-plane-crash-madrid |archivedate=3 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 11 May 2010, leaked details from the [[cockpit voice recorder]] (CVR) were released by Spanish media. The recording showed that both pilots were concerned about a repair job performed earlier on the day of the crash, in which mechanics used an ice pack to cool an overheating temperature sensor and removed a fuse.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7710689/Last-moments-of-doomed-Spanair-flight-caught-on-tape.html|title=Last moments of doomed Spanair flight caught on tape|publisher=The Telegraph|date=11 May 2010|accessdate=24 August 2010|location=London|first=Fiona|last=Govan|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100514083235/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/7710689/Last-moments-of-doomed-Spanair-flight-caught-on-tape.html|archivedate=14 May 2010|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[BBC]] reported that the judge investigating the crash was to question three mechanics on suspicion of manslaughter.{{update inline|date=February 2018|reason=Did the judge question them? How did they answer? Were charges ever brought against them?}} These were the head of maintenance for Spanair at Barajas and the two mechanics who checked the aircraft before take-off.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7673316.stm|title=Spanair mechanics face crash quizz|publisher=BBC|date=16 October 2008|accessdate=4 January 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090125210109/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/europe/7673316.stm|archivedate=25 January 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Thrust reverser====
Pictures of the wreckage showed one of the [[thrust reverser]]s in the deployed position,{{#tag:ref|Thrust reversers are normally employed just after touch down to reduce braking distances.&lt;ref name=&quot;spiegel-26&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,574389,00.html |title=Triebwerk im Spanair-Jet war auf Umkehrschub geschaltet |date=26 August 2008 |work=[[Der Spiegel]] |accessdate=26 August 2008 |language=German | trans-title=Engine in the Spanair Jet was switched to reverse thrust |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080827113005/https://www.spiegel.de/panorama/0,1518,574389,00.html |archivedate=27 August 2008 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;|group=Note}} and an early theory constructed in the media was that the thrust reverser of the No. 2 (right side) engine activated during the climb causing the aircraft to [[Yaw angle|yaw]] suddenly to the right.&lt;ref name=&quot;el-país-25&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/perdida/potencia/motores/centra/pesquisas/elpepuesp/20080825elpepinac_1/Tes|title=La pérdida de potencia de los motores centra las pesquisas|last=Hernández|first=José Antonio|date=25 August 2008|publisher=El País|language=Spanish|trans-title=The loss of power of the engines centers the investigations|accessdate=25 August 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;el-mundo-26&quot; /&gt; This theory fell apart for three reasons: firstly, aircraft engineer Alberto Garcia pointed out that the MD-82 has tail-mounted engines positioned close to each other and to the aircraft's longitudinal axis, so that any yaw from asymmetric thrust would be small.&lt;ref name=&quot;el-mundo-26&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/08/26/espana/1219735081.html|title=Los motores están enteros y sin signos de haber sufrido incendio, según la investigación|date=26 August 2008|publisher=ElMundo.es|language=Spanish|trans-title=The engines are complete and without signs of having suffered a fire, according to the investigation|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080828010859/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/08/26/espana/1219735081.html|archivedate=28 August 2008|url-status=live|accessdate=26 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Secondly, examination of the aircraft's maintenance logs showed that the thrust reverser on the right-side engine had been deactivated pending repair. It had been wired shut, and tape placed over the cockpit control to alert the crew. The MD-82 is permitted to fly with just one operable thrust reverser.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|63}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/2639738/Spanish-crash-plane-had-known-mechanical-problem.html|title=Spanish crash plane had known mechanical problem|work=Daily Telegraph|location=UK|accessdate=29 August 2008|first=Fiona|last=Govan|date=28 August 2008|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080831000342/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/spain/2639738/Spanish-crash-plane-had-known-mechanical-problem.html|archivedate=31 August 2008|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Thirdly, the engine which had been pictured was the left engine, not the right one.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|63}} The investigation concluded that the position of its thrust reverser was a result of the accident, not a cause of it.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|63}}

====Flaps and slats====
''[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]'' reported that the CVR showed that the pilot had said &quot;Flaps OK, Slats OK&quot; to the co-pilot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jmQhcrEox6otkY5j8VwtfDn7FoYg|title=Los alerones del avión estrellado en Madrid no estaban activados|last=|first=|date=6 September 2008|work=|access-date=|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080908062055/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5jmQhcrEox6otkY5j8VwtfDn7FoYg|archivedate=8 September 2008|publisher=Google News|agency=[[Agence France-Presse|AFP]]|language=Spanish|trans-title=The ailerons of the crashed plane in Madrid were not activated}}&lt;/ref&gt; The article confirmed that the flaps had not been extended and that the alarm for that condition had not sounded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4685414.ece |title=Basic pilot error blamed for Spanair crash in Madrid that killed 154 |work=The Times |location=UK |date=6 September 2008 |first=Charles |last=Bremner |accessdate=23 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080906005235/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/europe/article4685414.ece |archivedate=6 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The final report concluded that the failure to deploy flaps was the cause of the accident.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

The maintenance logbook of the aircraft has comments, two days before the crash, for an &quot;autoslats failure&quot; visual alarm occurring on slats extension; however autoslats are not used on takeoff,{{failed verification|date=July 2016}} and it cannot be inferred that the slats system had a defect.&lt;ref name=&quot;Snapairfaults&quot;&gt;{{cite web |author=H. B. |url=http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18006.shtml |title=More faults revealed about fated Spanair plane |publisher=Typically Spanish |date=15 September 2008 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080916095300/http://www.typicallyspanish.com/news/publish/article_18006.shtml |archivedate=16 September 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Flight mode====
In an article published on 7 September, ''El Mundo'' suggested that during the flight preparation and takeoff attempts, the aircraft had some of its systems in flight mode rather than ground mode.&lt;ref name=&quot;elmundo1220724555&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/06/espana/1220724555.html|title=Las claves de la investigación del accidente del JK 5022 en Barajas|date=7 September 2008|newspaper=[[El Mundo (Spain)|El Mundo]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080911001159/http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2008/09/06/espana/1220724555.html|archivedate=11 September 2008|url-status=live|language=Spanish|trans-title=The keys to the investigation of the JK5022 accident in Barajas|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Investigators noted that one particular ground-sensing relay (relay R2-5) was responsible for de-energizing the RAT probe heater when on the ground, and for inhibiting TOWS when in the air. They theorised that a fault in this relay could explain both the overheating of the probe and why the flaps and slats alarm had not sounded. When the R2-5 relay was recovered from the wreckage it was subjected to detailed examination. Two stuck contacts within the relay were identified, which would explain the overheating both on the day of the accident and the intermittent incidents recorded over the previous few days. That fault, however, would not have affected the operation of the TOWS system, and no fault was found that would have affected TOWS.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|192–198}}&lt;ref name=&quot;elmundo1220724555&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/09/16/316060/spanair-md-82-crash-inquiry-battles-to-understand-absent-flap-warning.html|title=Spanair MD-82 crash inquiry battles to understand absent flap warning|date=16 September 2008|work=Flight International|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080919002352/http://www.flightglobal.com/articles/2008/09/16/316060/spanair-md-82-crash-inquiry-battles-to-understand-absent-flap-warning.html|archivedate=19 September 2008|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

James W. Hudspeth, an investigator of a previous near accident (an MD-83, starting from Lanzarote) that was superficially similar, pointed out that the fuse of the so-called &quot;left ground control relay&quot; at position K-33 of the control panel might have been the actual culprit in the erroneous flight mode: Hudspeth found out during a 2-week investigation at Lanzarote that it is customary in normal maintenance routine to temporarily remove this circuit-breaker to engage flight mode, but the circuit-breaker is afterwards sometimes not replaced correctly. Because of the frequent handling of this circuit-breaker, it is also not easy to visually check that it is set properly (as is customary for the pilots to do when they enter the cockpit{{failed verification|date=September 2018}}). The CIAIAC team on the case of JK 5022 discounted this possibility because if the circuit-breaker had been left open it would also have affected the operation of the [[stall warning]] system, and the CVR recording showed that the stall warning system was functioning normally.&lt;ref name=&quot;CIAIAC_final_report&quot; /&gt;{{Rp|95–200}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://elpais.com/diario/2008/10/05/espana/1223157601_850215.html|title=Avisé a España que podía pasar lo del MD y no hicieron nada|last=Méndez|first=Rafael|date=5 October 2008|newspaper=[[El País]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141231001903/http://elpais.com/diario/2008/10/05/espana/1223157601_850215.html|archivedate=31 December 2014|url-status=live|language=Spanish|trans-title=I warned Spain that the MD could happen and they did nothing|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Malware====
Spanish daily ''[[El País]]'' reported that, as revealed in an internal report issued by Spanair, [[malware]] which had infected the airline's central computer system used to monitor technical problems with its aircraft may have resulted in a failure to raise an alarm over multiple problems with the aircraft. A judge ordered the airline to provide all the computer system's logs from the days before and after the crash.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=John |last=Leyden |title=Trojan-ridden warning system implicated in Spanair crash |newspaper=[[The Register]] |date=20 August 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ordenador/Spanair/anotaba/fallos/aviones/tenia/virus/elpepiesp/20100820elpepinac_11/Tes|title=El ordenador de Spanair que anotaba los fallos en los aviones tenía virus|last=Hernández|first=José Antonio|date=20 August 2010|newspaper=El País|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922235116/http://www.elpais.com/articulo/espana/ordenador/Spanair/anotaba/fallos/aviones/tenia/virus/elpepiesp/20100820elpepinac_11/Tes|archivedate=22 September 2010|url-status=live|language=Spanish|trans-title=The Spanair computer that wrote down the faults in the aircraft had a virus|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/38790670 |title=Malware implicated in fatal Spanair plane crash |newspaper=TechNewsDaily |date=20 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Final report===
The CIAIAC published its final report into the accident on 26 July 2011.&lt;ref name=CIAIAC_final_report&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/EC47A855-B098-409E-B4C8-9A6DD0D0969F/107087/2008_032_A_ENG.pdf | title=Final Report A-032/2008 | publisher=CIAIAC | date=29 July 2011 | accessdate=27 March 2015 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402104810/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/EC47A855-B098-409E-B4C8-9A6DD0D0969F/107087/2008_032_A_ENG.pdf | archivedate=2 April 2015 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

It determined that the cause of the accident was:

* The crew lost control of the aircraft as a result of a stall immediately after takeoff, which was caused by an incorrect configuration for take-off (i.e. not deploying the flaps and slats, following a series of errors and omissions), coupled with the absence of any warning of the incorrect configuration.
* The crew did not recognise the indications of stall, and did not correct the situation after takeoff, and – by momentarily retarding the engine power and increasing the pitch angle – brought the aircraft closer to a stall condition.
* The crew did not detect the configuration error because they did not properly use the checklists to select and check the position of the flaps and slats during flight preparation, specifically:
** they failed to select the flaps/slats lever during the corresponding step in the &quot;After Start&quot; checklist;
** they did not cross-check the position of the lever and the state of the flaps/slats indicator lights during the &quot;After Start&quot; checklist;
** they omitted the flaps/slats check on the 'Take Off Briefing' (taxi) checklist;
** no visual inspection of the flaps and slats was carried out in execution of the &quot;Final Items&quot; step of the &quot;Take Off Imminent&quot; checklist.

The CIAIAC determined the following contributory factors:

* The absence of any warning of the incorrect take-off configuration because the TOWS did not work. It was not possible to determine conclusively why the TOWS system did not work.
* Inadequate crew resource management (CRM), which did not prevent the deviation from procedures and omissions in flight preparation.

==In popular culture==
&quot;Deadly Delay&quot;, a 2016 episode of ''[[Mayday (Canadian TV series)|Mayday]]'', covered the investigation into the crash.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.tvshowtime.com/en/show/79771/episode/5469677 |title=Archived copy |accessdate=27 April 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428051913/https://www.tvshowtime.com/en/show/79771/episode/5469677 |archivedate=28 April 2017 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Similar accidents==

*[[Northwest Airlines Flight 255]] similar accident also with a McDonnell Douglas MD-82
*[[Delta Air Lines Flight 1141]]
*[[Mandala Airlines Flight 091]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/9AA08FE0-1151-41A0-9A57-9C5DF8BF6F8E/52877/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01_ENG1.pdf |title=Interim Report A-032/1998 |publisher=CIAIAC |page=34 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229185409/http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/9AA08FE0-1151-41A0-9A57-9C5DF8BF6F8E/52877/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01_ENG1.pdf |archivedate=29 December 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Lufthansa Flight 540]]
*[[LAPA Flight 3142]]
*[[British European Airways Flight 548]]

==See also==
*[[List of accidents and incidents involving commercial aircraft]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=&quot;Note&quot;}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category inline|Spanair Flight JK 5022}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080822035658/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/DSite/Last-official-notice/ Spanair Last Official Notice] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6VYiAAEah?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080822035658/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/DSite/Last-official-notice/ Archive])
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080823232257/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/About-Spanair/Spanair-News/Regarding-flight-number-JK-50222/ Press release 1] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6VYfXGb3b?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080823232257/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/About-Spanair/Spanair-News/Regarding-flight-number-JK-50222/ Archive]), 20 August 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080922053500/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/About-Spanair/Spanair-News/Press-Release-2-regarding-Spanair-Flight-JK5022/ Press release 2] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6VYfdmMwV?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080922053500/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/About-Spanair/Spanair-News/Press-Release-2-regarding-Spanair-Flight-JK5022/ Archive]), 20 August 2008
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080824103510/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/About-Spanair/Spanair-News/Press-Release-regarding-JK-5022-/ Press release 3] ([https://www.webcitation.org/6VYfjgXIl?url=http://web.archive.org/web/20080824103510/http://www.spanair.com/web/en-gb/About-Spanair/Spanair-News/Press-Release-regarding-JK-5022-/ Archive])
*[http://www.elpais.com/videos/espana/fue/accidente/Barajas/elpvid/20080918elpepunac_8/Ves/ Security camera video of the accident]
*[http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/ec-hfp/photo.shtml Photos of the crashed airliner from AirDisaster.com] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20091201124213/http://www.airdisaster.com/photos/ec-hfp/photo.shtml Archive])
*[http://www.airliners.net/search?registrationActual=EC-HFP&amp;display=detail Pre-crash photos of the airliner at airliners.net]
*[http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/0C2AC4C7-8183-42D6-9CB9-AFDF6EBA71C3/76745/2008_032_A_PROGRESO_ENG1.pdf Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission Progress Note A-032/2008] {{in lang|en}}, August 2010
*[http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/AADDBF93-690C-4186-983C-8D897F09EAA5/75736/2008_032_A_INTERINO_01_ENG.pdf Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission Interim Report A-032/2008] {{in lang|en}}, August 2009
*[http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/84942CEB-0B4F-4918-9D42-02F520EB315A/41178/REC_01_09_ENG.pdf Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission Safety Recommendation REC 0/19] {{in lang|en}}, February 2009
*[http://www.fomento.es/NR/rdonlyres/2CC3ADCB-6E59-43CF-98D3-8D119FEE30D9/76728/PreliminaryReportA_032_2009.pdf Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission Preliminary Report A-32/2008] {{in lang|en}}, October 2008
*[https://www.fomento.gob.es/recursos_mfom/pdf/EC47A855-B098-409E-B4C8-9A6DD0D0969F/107087/2008_032_A_ENG.pdf Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission Final Report A-032/2008] {{in lang|en}}
*[http://www.fomento.gob.es/NR/rdonlyres/C4A41FC7-89D7-42C5-B5F1-7DC96ACD287F/105210/2008_032_A.pdf Civil Aviation Accident and Incident Investigation Commission Final Report A-032/2008] {{in lang|es}}
*{{YouTube|id=O1lnVCU0Hhg|title=Spanair Flight 5022 CVR recording}}

{{Portal bar|Aviation|Spain}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain}}
{{Aviation accidents and incidents in 2008}}

[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in 2008]]
[[Category:Aviation accidents and incidents in Spain]]
[[Category:2008 in Spain]]
[[Category:Transport in Madrid]]
[[Category:Accidents and incidents involving the McDonnell Douglas MD-82]]
[[Category:Airliner accidents and incidents caused by pilot error]]
[[Category:Adolfo Suárez Madrid–Barajas Airport]]
[[Category:2000s in Madrid]]
[[Category:August 2008 events in Europe]]
[[Category:Filmed accidental deaths]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Spanair Flight 5022]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Spanair Flight 5022/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="20659" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Supermarket chains in New England, United States}}
{{Update|December 2017 announcement that several Shaw's and Star Market stores would close&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cambridgeday.com/2018/01/04/underperfoming-star-market-being-closed-as-rivals-grow-around-university-park-site/ Hawkinson, J. ‘Underperforming’ Star Market will close as rivals grow around University Park site (correction) Cambridge Day.  Thursday, January 4, 2018. Last revised on: Tuesday, January 9, 2018.  Accessed January 29, 2018.]&lt;/ref&gt;|date=January 2018}}
{{more citations needed|date=September 2012}}
{{Infobox company
| name   = Shaw's and Star Market
| type   = [[Subsidiary]] 
| logo = Shaw's and Star Market logos.svg
| logo_caption = Star Market: See what makes us shine! 
| key_people     = 
| foundation     = {{start date and age|1860|p=y}} in [[Portland, Maine]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.shaws.com/about/ |title=About Shaw's |publisher=[[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]] |accessdate=8 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| location       = [[West Bridgewater, Massachusetts]]
| locations      = 133 (Shaw's), 21 (Star Market) (2017)
| parent         = [[Independent business|Independent]] (1860–1987)&lt;br&gt;[[Sainsbury's|J Sainsbury]] (1987–2004)&lt;br&gt;[[Albertsons]] (2004–present)
| industry       = [[Grocery|Retail (Grocery)]]
| products       = Bakery, dairy, deli, floral, frozen foods, grocery, liquor, meat, pharmacy, produce, seafood, snacks, sushi
| homepage       = {{URL|shaws.com}}&lt;br /&gt;{{URL|starmarket.com}}
}}
'''Shaw's''' and '''Star Market''' are two American [[grocery store]] chains under united management based in [[West Bridgewater, Massachusetts]], employing about 30,000 associates in 154 total stores. 133 stores are operated under the Shaw's banner in [[Maine]], [[Massachusetts]], [[New Hampshire]], [[Rhode Island]], and [[Vermont]]; while Star Market operates 21 stores in Massachusetts, most of which are in or near [[Boston]]. Until 2010, Shaw's operated stores in all six [[New England]] states, and as of 2017 Shaw's remained the only supermarket chain with stores in five of the six, after it sold its Connecticut operations. The chain's largest competitors are [[Hannaford Bros. Co.|Hannaford]], [[DeMoulas Market Basket|Market Basket]], [[Price Chopper Supermarkets|Price Chopper]], [[Roche Bros.]], [[Wegmans]], and [[Stop &amp; Shop]]. Star Market is a companion store to Shaw's; Shaw's having purchased the [[Star Market|competing chain]] in 1999.

Shaw's and Star Market are wholly owned subsidiaries of the [[Boise, Idaho]]–based [[Albertsons]]. The combined chain has the largest base of stores that operate in [[New England]], but is the third-largest New England-based grocer behind [[Quincy, Massachusetts]]-based [[Stop &amp; Shop]] and [[Scarborough, Maine]]-based [[Hannaford Brothers Company|Hannaford]]; Hannaford operates stores in upstate New York, while Stop &amp; Shop's operations extend through downstate New York and into New Jersey; only Shaw's does business solely in New England.

As of July 5, 2013, Shaw's and Star Market no longer use loyalty cards at their stores, as a way to compete with other local stores that do not have them.&lt;ref&gt;Sarah Shemkus, [https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2013/07/05/cutting-loyalty-cards-shaw-exception-supermarket-industry/2bVJ0BNdOQBQm0eG0vzEzH/story.html Dropping loyalty cards puts Shaw’s in the minority], ''[[The Boston Globe]]'' (July 6, 2013).&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

===Beginning===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
In 1860, George C. Shaw opened a small teashop in [[Portland, Maine]]. Meanwhile, Maynard A. Davis established a group of small downtown grocery stores in [[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] and [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]], called the '''Brockton Public Market (BPM)''' food retailers. In 1919, Davis purchased the George C. Shaw Company and made it a subsidiary of BPM.

===Expansion===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
[[File:Shaw's over the Massachusetts Turnpike, Newtonville MA.jpg|thumb|right|250px|&lt;center&gt;A Shaw's (now Star Market) over the [[Massachusetts Turnpike]] in [[Newton, Massachusetts|Newton]]&lt;/center&gt;]]
As George C. Shaw and BPM continued to grow, it was decided that a central warehouse would be needed for the two companies. In 1961, a warehouse in Brockton was purchased.

By 1965, George C. Shaw had begun to expand northward, into [[New Hampshire]]. This expansion, combined with BPM's growth in southern Massachusetts, moved the companies to build a distribution center in 1972 in [[East Bridgewater, Massachusetts]]. In the 1980s, a warehouse was built in [[Wells, Maine]], and in January 1991, Shaw's opened a distribution facility for perishable food items in [[Methuen, Massachusetts]].

In 1978, BPM stores in Massachusetts became '''Shaw's Supermarkets, Inc.''' to maximize advertising. It was the first step towards merging the two companies.

In November 1983, [[J Sainsbury plc]], then the UK's largest supermarket group, purchased 21% of Shaw's outstanding stock. In June 1987, Sainsbury's acquired controlling interest.

===Acquisitions===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
{{main|Star Market}}
J Sainsbury plc acquired stores from four New England food retailers: Iandoli's (1987), Cerretani's (1993), Star Market (1999) and Butson's (2003).

In 1995, Shaw's entered [[Connecticut]], opening five stores. The next year, Sainsbury purchased 12 former Edwards supermarkets and two future sites from [[Ahold|Royal Ahold]].

In 1999, Shaw's made its largest acquisition by acquiring the [[Star Market]] chain. Star Market had been owned by [[Investcorp]], which in turn purchased the chain from [[American Stores]] in 1994. American Stores had acquired Star Market through its hostile takeover of [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel Companies, Inc.]] in 1984 and Jewel had acquired Star Market in 1964. The acquisition strengthened Shaw's position as the second-largest supermarket company in New England. Like Shaw's, the Star Market Company had humble beginnings, and many &quot;firsts&quot; in the supermarket industry. Star was the first New England supermarket to have air-conditioned stores, the touch method of ringing registers, in-store check verification, refrigerated cooked foods, self-service wrapped meats, and packaged produce.

===Distribution center closings===
In November 1999, [[Sainsbury's|J Sainsbury]]/Shaw's Supermarkets closed the Star Market Distribution Center in Norwood, laying off over 300 Local 25 [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters|Teamster]] members. In May 1999 Local 25 agreed to a 6-month extension with J Sainsbury/Shaw's Supermarkets on the then-prevailing contract to bargain in &quot;good faith&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://boston.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/1999/09/13/daily8.html| title=J. Sainsbury to close Bay State warehouse| publisher=Boston Business Journal| date=1999-09-15| accessdate=2008-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2001, J Sainsbury/Shaw's Supermarkets closed the Shaw's Distribution Center in East Bridgewater, laying off over 400 [[UFCW]] members. J Sainsbury/Shaw's Supermarkets indicated that the warehouse was &quot;not centrally located in its service area, and the necessary physical expansion is impossible&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| title=Shaw Supermarket's to eliminate 335 warehouse jobs| author=Chris Reidy| url=http://www.timesizing.com/dwn0107a.htm| date=2001-07-11| accessdate=2008-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; C&amp;S Wholesale Grocers does the majority of the work that was performed by the two union-based distribution centers. C&amp;S's distribution center/headquarters were in [[Brattleboro, Vermont]] at the time.

===Albertsons and SuperValu===
In 2004, [[Sainsbury's|J Sainsbury]] sold Shaw's to [[Albertsons]] for [[US$]]2.48 billion. On June 2, 2006, a partnership of [[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]], [[CVS Corporation]], and several investment firms, including Cerberus Capital, acquired Albertsons with the intent to divvy up the parts. SuperValu received what was generally thought of as the best-performing assets, including Shaw's and Star Market, along with regional chains including [[Acme Markets|ACME]] (Philadelphia); [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel]], and Jewel-Osco (Chicago). However, Shaw's was beset by store closings almost yearly between 2006 and 2011 during its acquisition by SuperValu.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} At its 2006 peak, Shaw's operated more than 200 stores in New England,{{citation needed|date=September 2012}} however, Shaw's footprint has been reduced except in Vermont, and has pulled out of Connecticut altogether.

The first round of closings was announced in late August 2006, when Shaw's announced it would be closing six in October. These stores were in [[New Britain, Connecticut|New Britain]], [[Southington, Connecticut|Southington]], and [[Bridgeport, Connecticut]]; and in [[Worcester, Massachusetts|Worcester]] and [[New Bedford, Massachusetts]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.newbritainherald.com/site/news.cfm?newsid=17142476&amp;BRD=1641&amp;PAG=461&amp;dept_id=10109&amp;rfi=6| title= Shaw's to shutter local stores| author=Jason Pheasant| publisher=New Britain Herald| date=2006-09-02| accessdate=2008-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.telegram.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20060914/NEWS/609140396| title=Shaw's to shutter Worcester store; Grafton Street market missed targets| author=Bob Kievra| publisher = Worcester Telegram &amp; Gazette| date=2006-09-14| accessdate=2008-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.southcoasttoday.com/daily/09-06/09-01-06/07local.htm| title=Shaw's closing South End store in October| author=Curt Brown| publisher=The Standard-Times| date=2006-09-01| accessdate=2008-07-17}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2007, Shaw's closed its stores in [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]] and [[Pawtucket, Rhode Island]]; and [[Waterbury, Connecticut]], because of poor sales. The closings left Shaw's with 204 stores. A total of 224 workers were laid off or transferred.

On July 25, 2009, Shaw's closed its [[Bristol, Connecticut|Bristol]] and [[Shelton, Connecticut]] stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.bristolpress.com/articles/2009/06/26/business/doc4a44f8b908d71625185761.txt| title=Shaw's to close Bristol store| author=Staff| publisher=The Bristol Press| date=2009-06-26| accessdate=2009-12-14}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early 2009, Shaw's had closed stores in [[Gorham, New Hampshire]], and [[Bangor, Maine]]. The largest round of closings was in 2010; Shaw's announced in February that it would sell or close its 18 remaining Connecticut stores. Eleven of those were sold to [[New Jersey]]-based [[Wakefern Food Corporation|Wakefern]], operator of [[ShopRite (United States)|ShopRite]] and [[PriceRite]] supermarkets; and 5 to Stop &amp; Shop.&lt;ref&gt;Raus, Amanda, [http://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local-beat/Shaws-Supermarket-Sold-84280617.html?corder=regular &quot;Shaw's Closing Up Shop&quot;], ''NBC Connecticut'', Saturday, Feb 13, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; One of the remaining two ultimately also became a Stop &amp; Shop, while the other was subdivided for a Supervalu-owned [[Save-A-Lot]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.courant.com/2010-12-03/business/hc-save-a-lot-opening-manchester-stor20101203-16_1_save-a-lot-manchester-supervalu Save-A-Lot Discount Grocery Stores To Open In Former Shaw's Store in Manchester and in Waterbury], The Hartford Courant, December 3, 2010&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the store closures, in late March 2010, Shaw's eliminated about 4% of its full-time workforce, which amounted to nearly 650 jobs spread out over the about 120 non-union stores.

A recent round of closings was in early 2011; on January 5, Shaw's announced that three Massachusetts and two Rhode Island stores that were unprofitable would close by February 17.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boston.com/business/ticker/2011/01/shaws_to_close.html Shaw's to close 5 stores, including 3 in Mass.], ''[[The Boston Globe]]'', January 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; After the closures, Shaw's was left with 169 stores.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

In November 2012, Shaw's and its then-parent company, SuperValu, announced that Shaw's would lay off 700 employees in an effort to re-group and end financial losses. It also disclosed it had been looking for a buyer.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOSTONGLOBE11032012&quot;&gt;Bray, Hiawatha, [https://www.bostonglobe.com/business/2012/11/02/shaw-lays-off-citing-competition-shaw-sto-cut-jobs-new-england/OuW9Ofpi0x6LTeq6XX98lL/story.html &quot;Shaw’s says it’s laying off 700&quot;], ''The Boston Globe'', November 3, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2013, [[Cerberus Capital Management]] announced a deal to acquire 877 stores in the [[Albertsons]], [[Acme Markets|ACME]], [[Jewel-Osco]], and Shaw's and Star Market chains from [[SuperValu (United States)|SuperValu]] for $100 million and acquisition of $3.2 billion on SuperValu debt.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/supervalu-to-sell-5-grocery-chains-including-albertsons-jewel-osco-to-cerebus-led-group/2013/01/10/94b54e7e-5b31-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html|title=Supervalu to sell 5 grocery chains, including Albertson's, Jewel-Osco, to Cerebus-led group|work=The Washington Post|date=January 10, 2013|accessdate=January 10, 2013|archive-date=January 17, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190117013412/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/supervalu-to-sell-5-grocery-chains-including-albertsons-jewel-osco-to-cerebus-led-group/2013/01/10/94b54e7e-5b31-11e2-b8b2-0d18a64c8dfa_story.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The deal closed on March 21, 2013.

===Store count===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
[[File:Albertsonslocationsmap.PNG|thumb|Shaw's and Star Market locations in orange. Its sister chains are in blue (Albertsons), red (ACME), and purple (Jewel-Osco).]]
According to their website, as of January 2018, Shaw's and Star Market operated a total of 154 locations: 79 in Massachusetts (21 as Star Market), 8 in Rhode Island, 19 in Vermont, 27 in New Hampshire, and 21 in Maine.&lt;ref&gt;http://shaws.mywebgrocer.com/Stores&lt;/ref&gt; This is compared to January 2010, and shortly before the Connecticut stores were sold, Shaws operated 194 stores: 12 in Rhode Island, 18 in Connecticut, 19 in Vermont, 22 in Maine, 34 in New Hampshire, and 89 in Massachusetts (including 12 operating as Star Market at the time).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://shaws.com/pages/toolbar/completeList.php|title=Complete List of Stores|date=2010-01-14|access-date=2018-01-22|url-status=bot: unknown|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100114041839/http://shaws.com/pages/toolbar/completeList.php|archivedate=2010-01-14}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Shaw's store footprint extends (south to north) from the village of [[Wakefield, Rhode Island|Wakefield]] in [[South Kingstown, Rhode Island]] to the Canada–US border in [[Derby, Vermont]]. Shaw's strongest presences are in [[Greater Boston]] (where its largest competitor is [[Stop &amp; Shop]]) and throughout New Hampshire and Vermont (where its largest competitor is [[Hannaford Supermarkets|Hannaford]]).

Amidst the closings, SuperValu remodeled and updated many Shaw's stores, which has continued under Albertsons ownership. In late 2010, SuperValu introduced a newly redesigned website for Shaw's; the website design is shared with sister store [[Jewel-Osco]]. Shaw's also, during that time, increased their marketing efforts, partnering with the [[New England Patriots]] and the [[Boston Red Sox]] Radio Network as their &quot;official supermarket&quot;, airing advertisements frequently on New England radio stations, and maintaining a Facebook page with more than 93,000 fans.

In December 2013, plans were announced for a new Star Market store in the city of Boston at the site of the Boston Garden redevelopment. The store will be the first new Shaw's or Star Market store to be opened in four years.&lt;ref&gt;http://supermarketnews.com/retail-amp-financial/star-market-anchor-boston-garden-project&lt;/ref&gt;  While this project has yet to be completed, in July 2017, Shaw's announced the opening of a new store in [[Hudson, Massachusetts]], replacing a former Hannaford.&lt;ref&gt;http://hudson.wickedlocal.com/news/20170717/shaws-to-open-in-former-hannaford-spot-in-hudson&lt;/ref&gt;  The Hudson store is the first new Shaw's store to open in nearly a decade, and marks its first expansion under Albertsons ownership.

Also under Albertsons recent ownership, several Shaw's stores in the immediate Boston area were remodeled and re-opened as Star Markets, with the idea of increasing the number of locations of that brand to a possible 30 over the next few years.  As of March 2014, four stores had made the switch,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/blog/mass_roundup/2014/03/the-star-market-chain-will-double-in-size-with.html&lt;/ref&gt; which brought the total number of Star Market stores to 18. As of January 2018, there were 21 Star Market stores.&lt;ref&gt;http://starmarket.mywebgrocer.com/Stores&lt;/ref&gt;

==Osco Drug==
{{Main|Osco Drug}}
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2012}}
Before it was acquired by Shaw's, Star Market Company had been part of [[Jewel Companies]], and while Jewel owned Star it built many combination food-drug stores branded as &quot;Star-Osco&quot;, with common checkstands but separate management teams. While it owned Star, Jewel also built many stand-alone Osco Drug stores in New England. After Jewel was acquired by [[American Stores]] in 1984, the Star-Osco stores were re-launched as Star Markets, and placed under a single management team. In 1999, [[Albertsons]] acquired American Stores, and in 2001, Albertsons sold its 80 New England [[Osco Drug]] locations to [[Jean Coutu Group|Jean Coutu]] group, which added them to its [[Brooks Pharmacy]] group. When American Stores sold Star Markets in 1994 to Investcorp, the Osco connection was ended, or so it seemed.

When Albertsons bought Sainsbury's American supermarket assets in 2004, including Star Markets, Star and Osco were reunited under one corporate umbrella. By 2005, the signs on the front of all of Albertsons-owned grocery stores with in-store pharmacies were changed, adding either &quot;Osco&quot; or &quot;Sav-On&quot; to the stores' logos, to emphasize the one-stop shopping available inside. The drug store name chosen reflected which of Albertsons' drug chains operated in the specific marketing area. Because New England had previously been an Osco market area, the Shaws and Star Market stores with pharmacies were renamed &quot;Shaws-Osco&quot; and &quot;Star-Osco&quot;. As of January 2018, Osco Pharmacy has 55 locations within Shaws and Star Market stores.

==Brands==
Shaw's and Star Market has gradually acquired brands, including:&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.albertsons.com/albertsons-companies-introduces-the-new-signature-family-of-brands/|title=Albertsons Companies Introduces the New Signature Family of Brands|website=Albertsons|access-date=2016-08-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

* Osco Drug
* Equaline
* Chill
* Wild Harvest
* &quot;O&quot; Organic
* Open Nature
* Shoppers Value
* Home Life
* Market Fresh
* Signature Select (acquired with Safeway; formerly known as Safeway Select under Safeway ownership. Replaced Culinary Circle.)
* Signature Home (acquired with Safeway; formerly known as Safeway Home under Safeway ownership.)
* The Snack Artist

SuperValu announced in May 2011, that its national brand equivalent products (including Shaw's) would be renamed &quot;Essential Everyday&quot; in line with its plans to phase out own-brand products carrying the names of its banners nationwide.&lt;ref&gt;[http://supermarketnews.com/Grocery_Center_Store_Brands/supervalu_private_label_0503/ Supervalu Launching New Private Label], Supermarket News, May 3, 2011&lt;/ref&gt; Some of these [[private label]] products are now  produced by [[Richelieu Foods]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbj1&quot;&gt;{{cite news  | title = There's new appetite for peddlers of cheap eats  | first = Lisa  | last = van der Pool  | work = [[Boston Business Journal]]  | date= 23 February 2009  | url = http://www.bizjournals.com/boston/stories/2009/02/23/story1.html  | accessdate=8 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.shaws.com/ Shaws.com] official website
* [http://www.starmarket.com/ StarMarket.com] official website

{{Supermarkets of the United States}}
{{Sainsbury's}}
{{Cerberus Capital Management}}

[[Category:Cerberus Capital Management companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Maine]]
[[Category:Companies based in Massachusetts]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1860]]
[[Category:Sainsbury's]]
[[Category:Supermarkets of the United States]]
[[Category:SuperValu (United States)]]
[[Category:1860 establishments in Maine]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Shaw's and Star Market]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Shaw's and Star Market/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>XanGo</title>
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      <text bytes="34530" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{primary sources|date=August 2018}}
{{advert|date=August 2018}}
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{{Infobox company
|  name   = Xango, LLC.
|  logo   = Xango.svg
|  type   = [[Private company|Private]]
|  foundation     = {{Start date|2002}}
|  location       = [[Lehi, UT|Lehi, Utah]], [[United States|USA]]
|  key_people     =  Aaron Garrity, Gary Hollister, Joe Morton, Gordon Morton and Kent Wood
|  industry       = [[Multi-level Marketing]]
|  homepage       =  {{url|http://www.xango.com/}}{{small|(former)}}{{br}}{{url|https://www.zijainternational.com/}}{{small|(current owner)}}
}}
'''Xango, LLC''', (sometimes stylized as '''XANGO''' and '''XanGo''') was a privately owned [[Lehi, Utah|Lehi]], [[Utah]]-based [[multilevel marketing]] company founded in 2002. It was acquired by [[Zija International]] in May 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/zija_international_acquires_xango|title=Zija International Acquires XANGO|publisher=Direct Selling News|date=10 May 2017|accessdate=3 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://secure.utah.gov/uccsearch/uccs/result#|title=UCC Certified Search|website=secure.utah.gov|access-date=2017-06-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company marketed and distributed Xango juice, a blended juice product consisting of [[mangosteen]] and other juices, and skin care, personal care, energy supplement and nutritional supplement products.&lt;ref name=&quot;FTC-July-2006&quot;&gt;[http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/businessopprule/522418-08351.pdf Comments to the Federal Trade Commission by XANGO, LLC, on the Notice of Proposed Rulemaking for the Business Opportunity Rule (pdf)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302035335/http://www.ftc.gov/os/comments/businessopprule/522418-08351.pdf |date=2012-03-02 }}, July 12, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; The company was warned in 2006 by the [[FDA]] for illegally marketing more than 20 human health benefits for Xango juice. Test.

==Company overview==

===Executives===
*Gary Hollister, Founder, Chairman Emeritus, former Chief Executive, former Chairman of the Board&lt;ref name=&quot;SLT-7Oct08&quot;/&gt;
*Aaron Garrity, Founder, Chairman of the Board, CEO, former President&lt;ref&gt;[http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=9356539&amp;itype=storyID &quot;At Xango in Utah, it's the brand, it's the man&quot;], The Salt Lake Tribune, June 10, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/executive_connection_with_aaron_garrity_founder_chairman_and_ceo_xango#.UZeBH7Ucens &quot;Executive Connection with Aaron Garrity, Founder, Chairman and CEO, XANGO&quot;], Direct Selling News, December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;
*Joe Morton, Founder, Board of Directors&lt;ref&gt;[http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/7/8/lifeliving/18206277&amp;sec= &quot;Queen of Fruits, bottled&quot;], The Star, Malaysia, July 2007&lt;/ref&gt;  
*Gordon Morton, Founder, Board of Directors
*Kent Wood, Founder, Board of Directors&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.utahbusiness.com/articles/view/forty_under_1 &quot;Forty Under 40&quot;], Utah Business, January 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

===Revenue===
Xango was a privately held company and as such did not publicly disclose its financial statements. Company press releases in 2005-2006 stated that sales totaled $40 million in 2003 and $150 million in 2004,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.industrialnewsupdate.com/news/food-processing/archives/2005/03/food_supplement.php &quot;Food Supplement Has Healthy Sales Growth, Gains Popularity&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090810211525/http://www.industrialnewsupdate.com/news/food-processing/archives/2005/03/food_supplement.php |date=2009-08-10 }}, XANGO press release, March 9, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; and that 2005 sales were more than twice those of 2004.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.xangonewscenter.com/pressreleases/2006/4.html#4 &quot;XANGO Named Top Growth Company by Nutrition Business Journal Awards&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004213834/http://www.xangonewscenter.com/pressreleases/2006/4.html#4 |date=2008-10-04 }}, XANGO press release, February 9, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2007 the company said that cumulative sales since its inception five years earlier were over $1 billion and by November 2008 had exceeded $1.5 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Feb2008&quot;&gt;Foy P. (cited from Associated Press) [http://www.nbcnews.com/id/23071982 Is $40 ‘super fruit’ juice really good for you?], NBC News, February, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2012, ''Direct Selling News'' reported that Xango concluded its first ten years of operation in November 2012 with sales operations in 43 countries, 27 office locations, 49 distribution centers, more than two million distributors, and about $2 billion in cumulative revenues. Xango's revenues and annual reports have fueled much public and legal speculation that it is a [[pyramid scheme]].&lt;ref name=&quot;XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling&quot;&gt;[http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/xango_solid_simple_sizzling#.UZeEKLUcens XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling], Direct Selling News, December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

===Financial sponsorships and contributions===
In November 2006, Xango, LLC, became the official corporate jersey-front sponsor of [[Real Salt Lake]], a [[Major League Soccer|MLS]] [[football (soccer)|soccer]] team based in [[Salt Lake City]], Utah, for four years, at a cost of between $500,000 and $1 million per year.&lt;ref&gt;Jack Bell, [https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/25/sports/soccer/25soccer.html?ex=1324702800&amp;en=e8bcf07948389597&amp;ei=5088&amp;partner=rssnyt&amp;emc=rss &quot;M.L.S. Wants Your Advertising&quot;], ''[[New York Times]]'', December 25, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Xango's contract with Real Salt Lake ended after the 2013 season. In 2006, the company made a 5-year, $1 million grant to an [[Orem, Utah]] arts council for naming rights to what is now called the &quot;Xango Grand Theater&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Sara Israelsen, [http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,650199959,00.html &quot;Aging SCERA gaining new luster: 5-year-plan aims to turn building into a state-of-the-art facility&quot;],  ''[[Deseret Morning News]]'', October 19, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;
Xango, LLC, has been the top contributor to the political campaign of Utah Senator [[Orrin Hatch]], contributing $47,200 in 2008 and $46,700 in 2006, according to the [[Center for Responsive Politics]].&lt;ref name=CRP&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.opensecrets.org/politicians/contrib.php?cycle=2006&amp;cid=n00009869
|title=Orrin G. Hatch: Top Donors |accessdate=2008-10-04|publisher= [[Center for Responsive Politics]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Product overview==

===Products and distribution===
Xango (pronounced &quot;ZAN-go&quot;) is the common name of the company, XanGo LLC, as well as its first and flagship juice product (also often called Xango Juice).  It also has other products in the personal care and wellness industry.

Xango Juice is sold in the U.S. and (as of late-2011) exported to Australia, Canada, Germany, Japan, Malaysia, Mexico, Singapore, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.&lt;ref name=&quot;MNNA-7-30-07&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BPP&quot;&gt;Boey Ping Ping,[http://thestar.com.my/lifestyle/story.asp?file=/2007/7/8/lifeliving/18206277&amp;sec=lifeliving &quot;Queen of fruits, bottled&quot;], ''The Star'', July 8, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The company began operating in Taiwan as of October 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;MNNA-7-30-07&quot;/&gt;

The company's business model is direct sales via [[multi-level marketing]] rather than retail sales, mainly using a nine-level multi-level marketing structure.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.xango.com/misc/comp_plan.html XanGo Compensation], company website, accessed February 16, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2006, the company said it had 350,000 distributors.&lt;ref name=&quot;DMN-6-11-07&quot;&gt;[http://deseretnews.com/dn/view/0,1249,635213719,00.html &quot;Hollister, Garrity build healthy business&quot;], ''Deseret Morning News'', June 11, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;  In July, the company told the [[Federal Trade Commission]] that there were &quot;roughly 500,000 distributors worldwide&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;FTC-July-2006&quot;/&gt; and in November, it reported having more than 600 employees at its Lehi headquarters and more than 500,000 independent distributors in 15 international markets.&lt;ref name=&quot;PR-11-29-06&quot;&gt;{{Citation |publication-date=November 28, 2006 |title=XanGo Top Executives Named as Finalists in National Ernst &amp; Young Entrepreneur of the Year Award® 2006 |type=press release |publisher=NewHope360 |url=http://newhope360.com/supply-news-amp-analysis/xango-top-executives-named-finalists-national-ernst-young-entrepreneur-year }}&lt;/ref&gt;  In July 2007, it said it had about 700,000 distributors,&lt;ref name=&quot;MNNA-7-30-07&quot;&gt;[http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=276331 &quot;XANGO To Make Malaysia Launching Pad For Its Product&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081208160354/http://www.bernama.com.my/bernama/v3/news_lite.php?id=276331 |date=2008-12-08 }}, Malaysian National News Agency, July 30, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; of whom an estimated 70 percent simply use their status to buy the juice at the discounted membership price.&lt;ref&gt;Chuck Jaffe, [http://newsok.com/article/3110827/1188132707?mp=0 &quot;Investing in juice hard to swallow&quot;], ''The Oklahoman'', August 26, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2008, it said that it operated in 24 countries and had more than 1 million independent distributors.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLT-7Oct08&quot;&gt;{{Citation |author=Tom Harvey |title=Business Digest |newspaper=[[The Salt Lake Tribune]] |publication-date=October 7, 2008 |url=http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_10655285 |at=Leadership post |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012080415/http://www.sltrib.com/business/ci_10655285 |archivedate=October 12, 2008 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2013, the company stated that it operated in 43 countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/about/company/about-xango#field-name-field-tab-1 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-03-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329033854/http://www.xango.com/about/company/about-xango#field-name-field-tab-1 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the United States, Xango Juice sells for a retail price of $37.50 for a 750 ml (25.35 ounce) bottle.  Purchasing through Xango's distributor group, juice and other products can be bought at wholesale prices.  Xango also sells Reserve, a more expensive version of its original juice product with a higher mangosteen content.&lt;ref name=&quot;XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling&quot;/&gt;{{citation needed|date=May 2013}}

In 2009, Xango launched Glimpse Skin Care, products made using undefined quantities of mangosteen. The Glimpse product line includes Luminescence Collection, Mineral Treatment, and Mangosteen Oils.&lt;ref&gt;&lt;http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/glimpsepp.pdf {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822150628/http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/glimpsepp.pdf |date=2013-08-22 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's Juni line of personal care products includes shampoos, conditioners, skin lotion, bar and body soaps.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/junipp.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130827081944/http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/junipp.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Xango also sells various [[dietary supplements]] including 3SIXTY5 and 3SIXTY5 for Kids multivitamins;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/about/products/xango-3sixty5 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423115645/http://www.xango.com/about/products/xango-3sixty5 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Precis Men's Health, Omega-3, and Rest &amp; Renew;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/about/products/precis#field-name-field-tab-2 |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130423121218/http://www.xango.com/about/products/precis#field-name-field-tab-2 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Favao weight control products (body cleanse, fiber, and various protein supplements) -- which, according to the company, include mangosteen components as ingredients&lt;ref&gt;[http://directsellingnews.com/index.php/view/xango_solid_simple_sizzling#.UZeEKLUcens &quot;XANGO: Solid, Simple, Sizzling&quot;] ''Direct Selling News'', December 2012&lt;/ref&gt;—and Eleviv capsules,&lt;ref&gt;http://www.eleviv.com&lt;/ref&gt; which contain four herbal ingredients.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/elevivpp.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-08-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130822232212/http://www.xango.com/files/xango.com/pub/elevivpp.pdf |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Xango Juice composition===
Xango Juice is a blend of mangosteen [[aril]] and pericarp [[purée]] with juice concentrates of eight other fruits: [[apple]], [[pear]] (juice and purée), [[grape]], [[blueberry]], [[raspberry]], [[strawberry]], [[cranberry]] and [[cherry]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Supplement facts&quot;, pop-up at [http://www.xango.com/drink/bottle.html The XanGo Bottle], XANGO website, accessed February 18, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Other ingredients include [[citric acid]], natural flavor, [[pectin]], [[xanthan gum]], [[sodium benzoate]], and [[potassium sorbate]].  Xango claims its juice contains [[xanthonoid]] compounds from the mangosteen pericarp.&lt;ref name=&quot;Test&quot;&gt;Clarisse Douaud, [http://www.nutraingredients-usa.com/news/ng.asp?n=77971-xango-chromadex-mangosteen &quot;XANGO plugs analytical method for xanthone content&quot;], NutraIngredients.com, July 5, 2007. Retrieved July 19, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Associated Press]] commissioned the [[Linus Pauling Institute]] to measure the [[in vitro]] antioxidant strength of Xango Juice against [[retail]] fruit juices. The antioxidant strength of XanGo Juice measured slightly higher than cranberry juice but lower than black cherry and less than half the value for blueberry juice.&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Feb2008&quot;/&gt; However, the value of in vitro analysis of antioxidant strength is questionable, as there is no current evidence that antioxidant [[phytochemical]]s present in Xango or other fruit juices actually have functions inside the human body.&lt;ref name=&quot;Frei&quot;&gt;Frei B. [http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=23667&amp;zoneid=258 Controversy: What are the true biological functions of superfruit antioxidants?] Natural Products Information Center, April 1, 2009 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090630062415/http://www.npicenter.com/anm/templates/newsATemp.aspx?articleid=23667&amp;zoneid=258 |date=June 30, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The measurements of antioxidant strength apply to test tubes, but consumed juices are affected by stomach acids that would neutralize or destroy antioxidant value preventing the same biological effects [[in vivo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AP-Feb2008&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Frei&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Lotito SB, Frei B |title=Consumption of flavonoid-rich foods and increased plasma antioxidant capacity in humans: cause, consequence, or epiphenomenon? |journal=Free Radical Biology &amp; Medicine |volume=41 |issue=12 |pages=1727–46 |date=December 2006 |pmid=17157175 |doi=10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2006.04.033}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2002, Xango founders Aaron Garrity, Gordon Morton, and Joseph Morton (doing business as DBC, LLC) applied for a [[United States patent]] (#6730333) for Xango Juice; however the application was rejected by the [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]] on April 21, 2005.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.amquix.info/xango/xango_4-21-05_patent_rejection.pdf US Patent and Trademark Office rejection of claim], mailed April 21, 2005&lt;/ref&gt; On November 3, 2008,  the [[U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]] ruled that the decision of a patent appeals board to deny Xango's patent application would still stand.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/08-1120.pdf United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, decision  2008-1120 (Reexamination No. 90/007,178)],  Appeal from the United States Patent and Trademark Office, Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences, Decided November 3, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions/08-1120.pdf &quot;Patent Appeals Board Survives Challenge].&quot; ''Legal Times'', November 4, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

==False advertising claims==

===Pericarp xanthones and potential health effects===
According to a 2006 warning by the US [[Food and Drug Administration]], XanGo's distributors had illegally used marketing materials to promote mangosteen juice claiming more than 20 human health benefits, including &quot;anti-inflammatory,&quot; &quot;anti-microbial,&quot; &quot;anti-fungal,&quot; &quot;anti-viral,&quot; &quot;anti-cancer,&quot; &quot;anti-ulcer,&quot; &quot;anti-hepatotoxic,&quot; &quot;anti-rhinoviral,&quot; and &quot;anti-allergic&quot; effects.&lt;ref name=&quot;FDA-warning&quot;&gt;[http://www.casewatch.org/fdawarning/prod/2006/xango.shtml U.S. Food and Drug Administration warning letter], September 20, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; Promotional literature for the product cites [[antioxidants]] from the inedible pericarp of the fruit as providing health benefits. None of these claims, however, has scientific proof established by [[peer-reviewed]] research and human [[clinical trials]], as discussed below.

The [[American Cancer Society]] profile of mangosteen juice states there is no reliable evidence that mangosteen juice, purée, or bark is effective as a [[cancer treatment]] in humans.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3x_Mangosteen_Juice.asp?sitearea=ETO Profile of Mangosteen Juice] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070203212952/http://www.cancer.org/docroot/ETO/content/ETO_5_3x_Mangosteen_Juice.asp?sitearea=ETO |date=2007-02-03 }}.&quot; American Cancer Society], revised June 1, 2005. Retrieved February 16, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;  As of April 2013, it also states that the mangosteen &quot;fruit has been shown to be rich in anti-oxidants. Very early laboratory studies suggest it may have promise as a topical treatment for acne. Early small laboratory and animal studies suggest that further research should be done to determine whether it can help to prevent cancer in humans.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cancer.org/treatment/treatmentsandsideeffects/complementaryandalternativemedicine/pharmacologicalandbiologicaltreatment/mangosteen-juice]&lt;/ref&gt;

Pericarp xanthones remain under preliminary research to define their potential properties, which may include antioxidant&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Martinez|first=A|author2=Hernandez-Marin E |title=Xanthones as antioxidants: a theoretical study on the thermodynamics and kinetics of the single electron transfer mechanism.|journal=Food &amp; Function|date=April 2012|volume=3|issue=4|pages=442–450|pmid=22327405|doi=10.1039/c2fo10229c}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[chemopreventive]] effects.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author1=Kurose H |author2=Shibata MA |author3=Iinuma M |author4=Otsuki Y |year=2012 |title=Alterations in Cell Cycle and Induction of Apoptotic Cell Death in Breast Cancer Cells Treated with α-Mangostin Extracted from Mangosteen Pericarp |journal=J Biomed Biotechnol |volume= 2012|issue=Apr 8 |pages= 672428|publisher= |doi=10.1155/2012/672428 |pmid=22577295 |pmc=3332218 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, the Mayo Clinic stated there was laboratory evidence that mangosteen xanthones had anti-inflammatory activity, but there was no evidence demonstrating such anti-inflammatory effects in humans.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mangosteen/AN01197 Mangosteen juice: can it relieve arthritis pain?] MayoClinic.com, October 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The Mayo Clinic has since confirmed there is still no conclusive evidence of effectiveness.&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web
|title=Can drinking mangosteen juice reduce arthritis inflammation and pain?
|url=http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mangosteen/AN01197
|date=7 October 2011
|author=Brent A. Bauer
|publisher=Mayo Clinic
|accessdate=23 September 2013
}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, XanGo scientific adviser, David Morton, participated in a four-part debate on the asserted claims of mangosteen health benefits.&lt;ref name=Crown1&gt;{{cite journal | title = Beyond the Mangosteen: A Future Full of Color | author=Crown I |journal=Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 |date=April 1, 2009| pages= |url= http://newhope360.com/food-amp-beverage/beyond-mangosteen-future-full-color | accessdate = 2010-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Morton&gt;{{cite journal | title = Mangostana - Commentary on the Mangosteen | author = Morton DA | journal = Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 | date = April 16, 2009 | pages =  | url = http://newhope360.com/news/g-mangostana-commentary-mangosteen | accessdate = 2010-01-04 | archive-date = 2013-11-03 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131103034113/http://newhope360.com/news/g-mangostana-commentary-mangosteen | url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Crown2&gt;{{cite journal | title = A Rebuttal on Mangosteen | author=Crown I  |journal=Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 |date=May 5, 2009| pages= |url= http://newhope360.com/news/rebuttal-mangosteen | accessdate = 2010-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | title = The Mangosteen Controversy | author1=Gross P |author2=Crown I |journal=Engredea News and Analysis, NewHope 360 |date=May 21, 2009| pages= |url= http://newhope360.com/supplements/mangosteen-controversy | accessdate = 2010-01-04}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===U.S. FDA warning===
On September 20, 2006, the United States [[Food and Drug Administration (United States)|Food and Drug Administration]] issued a [[FDA Warning Letter|Warning Letter]] to Xango LLC International in response to the company's promotion of Xango Juice as an aid to treat and/or cure various diseases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2006/ucm076067.htm |title=Warning Letter, Xango LLC, Intl |author=Collins BB, District Director|date=20 September 2006 |website=U.S. Food &amp; Drug Administration |publisher=US Food and Drug Administration, Inspections, Compliance, Enforcement, and Criminal Investigations |accessdate=15 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302140609/https://www.fda.gov/ICECI/EnforcementActions/WarningLetters/2006/ucm076067.htm |archive-date=2 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The agency's letter warned that Xango Juice had not been properly tested for safety and efficacy, and as a proposed new drug, it could not be legally sold in the U.S. without prior approval of the FDA. Xango was warned that it could face enforcement action including seizure and/or injunction of products or suspension of business. Under FDA drug labeling rules, Xango, as manufacturer, is responsible for satisfying scientific criteria to make health claims on its product labels and all marketing materials. As of September 2008, the case remained open.

===Effectiveness===
The [[Mayo Clinic]] said in October 2005 that &quot;there are no published clinical trials showing evidence that either the fruit or its juice&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; marketed under the name Xango Juice&amp;nbsp;&amp;ndash; is an effective treatment for arthritis, cancer or any other disorder in humans.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/mangosteen/AN01197 Mangosteen (Xango) juice: Can it help arthritis?], Mayo Clinic, October 3, 2005, accessed February 16, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011 the Mayo Clinic reiterated that &quot;it is still too early to say for sure what role mangosteen juice has in treating arthritis symptoms.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;mayoclinic.com&quot;/&gt;

In February 2006, the U.C. Berkeley Wellness Newsletter, sponsored by the [[University of California at Berkeley]], said that &quot;Mangosteen marketers make farfetched and unsubstantiated claims for their products.&quot; The newsletter notes that &quot;there are no clinical trials, and what happens in a test tube or animal may not occur in a human. Any reported benefits in humans have been anecdotal. No one even knows if the processed fruit juice and capsules retain the potentially beneficial compounds. What’s more, the juice is typically a mix of fruit juices&amp;nbsp;– with an undisclosed amount of mangosteen in it.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.wellnessletter.com/html/wl/2006/wlAskExperts0206.html &quot;Ask the Experts&quot;], U.C. Berkeley Wellness Newsletter, February 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Ralph W. Moss (writer)|Ralph Moss]], an [[alternative cancer treatment]] advocate,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cancerdecisions.com/about.html Ralph W. Moss, PhD], Author Biography, The Moss Reports&lt;/ref&gt; has said of mangosteen juice:
{{quote|In my opinion, what we have here is simply an overpriced fruit drink. Fruit drinks are often healthful beverages. But the only reason I can see that the promoters of mangosteen can get away with charging $37 for this product is that they are playing on patients' hopes and fears in a cynical way. Without the health claims, open or implied, the product could only be sold for at most $5 or $6 (which, for example, is the cost of antioxidant-rich pomegranate juice).&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation
 |author=Ralph W. Moss |publication-date=May 16, 2004 |title=Cancer Decisions |at=A Friendly Skeptic Looks at Mangosteen, Part II |periodical=The Moss Reports |publisher=CancerDecisions.com |url=http://www.cancerdecisions.com/051604.html |accessdate= |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603013421/http://cancerdecisions.com/051604.html |archivedate=June 3, 2004 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

A 2008 medical [[case report]] described a patient with severe [[acidosis]] possibly attributable to a year of daily use (to lose weight, dose not described) of mangosteen juice (brand not described) infused with [[xanthonoid]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |author=Wong LP, Klemmer PJ |title=Severe lactic acidosis associated with juice of the mangosteen fruit Garcinia mangostana |journal=American Journal of Kidney Diseases |volume=51 |issue=5 |pages=829–33 |date=May 2008 |pmid=18436094 |doi=10.1053/j.ajkd.2007.12.043}}&lt;/ref&gt; as occurs in the manufacture of XanGo juice. The authors proposed that chronic exposure to alpha-[[mangostin]], a xanthone, could be toxic to [[mitochondria]]l function,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal  |vauthors=Matsumoto K, Akao Y, Yi H, etal |title=Preferential target is mitochondria in alpha-mangostin-induced apoptosis in human leukemia HL60 cells |journal=Bioorganic &amp; Medicinal Chemistry |volume=12 |issue=22 |pages=5799–806 |date=November 2004 |pmid=15498656 |doi=10.1016/j.bmc.2004.08.034}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading to impairment of [[cellular respiration]] and production of [[lactic acidosis]].

===Italian antitrust action===

In 2011 [[Italy]]'s [[Competition law|antitrust]] and [[consumer protection]] authority, the [[Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato|AGCM]], suspended the activities of Xango in response to over-broad health claims, as well as possible violations of [[pyramid scheme]] laws.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Giovanna|first=Cavalli|title=Una lobby per il succo esotico Nei guai la bevanda &quot;miracolosa&quot;|url=http://archiviostorico.corriere.it/2011/gennaio/03/Una_lobby_per_succo_esotico_co_9_110103017.shtml|accessdate=20 January 2014|newspaper=Corriere Della Sera|date=3 January 2011|language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Litigation==

===Tahitian Noni International===
[[Tahitian Noni International]] (TNI), a rival MLM beverage company, sued Xango, LLC, and several of its top executives in February 2003 in the 4th [[Courts of Utah|District Court]] in [[Provo, Utah]], alleging that Xango executives stole TNI's concept for a mangosteen-based supplement while they were employed by TNI's parent-company. After a countersuit against TNI was launched by Xango, LLC, the two parties settled out of court. A joint statement by TNI and Xango said that they had &quot;agreed to resolve their disputes and the litigation between them and their founders&quot; but the particulars of the settlement were not disclosed.&lt;ref&gt;Grace Leong, [http://www.heraldextra.com/content/view/178505/3/ &quot;Tahitian Noni, XANGO settle dispute over juice&quot;],  ''Daily Herald'', May 11, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

===Mismanagement allegations===
In 2009 The State of Utah's Supreme Court gave the green light to a XanGo investor to proceed with a suit that alleges corporate looting and mismanagement of millions of dollars by the Lehi supplements company's founders for their personal expenses including luxury cars and performance-enhancing medical treatments. The Utah Supreme Court overturned a 4th District Court ruling that dismissed a lawsuit filed in 2007 by Angel Investors LLC alleging XanGo's founders took millions of dollars in personal loans from the company and paid themselves excessive salaries while wasting corporate assets.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/article_224a56e3-b172-56f5-8076-92eab10d1959.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2012-08-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827052837/http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/article_224a56e3-b172-56f5-8076-92eab10d1959.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010 XanGo settled with Angel Investors for an undisclosed amount of money. &quot;Angel Investors, who had owned no more than 1 percent of the Lehi company, had charged in three lawsuits in Utah County that the founders deprived them of some of the return on their investment. The group cited such expenditures as $6,000 monthly auto allowances, family vacations and, in one case, $20,000 worth of home furnishings.&quot; The terms of the settlement were not disclosed.&lt;ref&gt;http://archive.sltrib.com/article.php?id=10588244&amp;itype=storyID&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013 XanGo Founder Bryan Davis filed a lawsuit accusing his partners of spying, threatening employees, falsifying distributor positions to siphon off funds, defrauding on XanGo taxes and their personal taxes, falsifying records, changing credit card statements, charging as business expenses to purchase grand pianos, vacations, home renovations, landscaping, electronics, expensive bicycles, scooters, and for CEO Aaron Garrity, an open expense account for one mistress.

According to the lawsuit, Garrity embezzled hundreds of thousands of dollars in assets from the company, writing off clothing, medical enhancements, jewelry, event tickets, bicycles, electronics and chartered planes and vacations as business expenses. CFO Nate Brown set up secret founder accounts for Garrity and others to allow them to improperly spend XanGo assets.

Davis also alleges in the lawsuit that Garrity’s assistant, Andrea Waterfall, with whom he was in a relationship, had a company credit card that she used for personal expenses, and that Garrity sent in fraudulent expense reports.

Other allegations include Garrity using power and influence as a founder to threaten XanGo employees into turning a blind eye to his theft and instituting what he termed a “culture of giving” at XanGo meaning that founders and employees Garrity determined were in his good graces could unlimitedly use XanGo assets for their personal benefit.

The lawsuit further reports founders are alleged to have used XanGo employment and forced qualified distributor positions to siphon XanGo assets to family members and friends.

Davis alleges the founders conspired to give themselves illicit distributions through a tax fraud scheme and that the founders also formed various competing companies with XanGo assets. He is also claiming that the founders took steps to freeze him out of the company — ignoring Davis’ objections to wrongful conduct, falsifying board minutes to reflect unanimous consent to actions to which he had voiced objections, XanGo employees were told not to talk to Davis under penalty of termination, that founders also falsely claimed to XanGo employees that he had resigned his position at XanGo and disparaged him. As a result, Davis said XanGo withheld bonus/distribution payments to Davis as well as discontinuing employee benefits.

The lawsuit further states that Garrity has also misused XanGo’s security department to retaliate against Davis, Angel, leaders and founders of competing MLMs and XanGo distributors and employee, according to the suit; Garrity allegedly asked Justin Barrett to use his access to law enforcement databases to find information on these individuals that was not on public record, which information Garrity could then use to his advantage. He also requested that the XanGo Security Department obtain non-traceable wireless accounts for him for the purpose of online corporate intelligence gathering, dissemination of information and posting defamatory comments about competitors, distributors, employees and others. A bogus account was illegally created under the fictitious name “John Gable.”

The XanGo board’s attorney said the accusations are fabricated because Davis is attempting to extract an inflated buyout from them for his shares in the company. Benevento said several months ago, the XanGo board offered Davis a separation agreement due to his ongoing failure to fulfill his responsibilities and that Davis has failed to show up for work yet still expects a regular paycheck.

Garrity’s attorney refuted the claim, saying the allegations are to help Davis inflate his share holdings for a greater profit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/lawsuits-all-around----xango-co-founder-sues/article_b5ac1952-13cb-5bd5-84c6-fdd61b535e9e.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=2020-07-06 |archive-date=2013-06-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130607040947/http://www.heraldextra.com/business/local/lawsuits-all-around----xango-co-founder-sues/article_b5ac1952-13cb-5bd5-84c6-fdd61b535e9e.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also in 2013 XanGo filed an action against Bryan Davis in the Third Judicial District Court (Utah and Salt Lake City) refuting Mr Davis claims in his lawsuit and claiming that Mr Davis was negligent in his duties.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.businessforhome.org/2013/05/xango-sues-co-founder-bryan-davis&lt;/ref&gt; Xango settled these cases ultimately, out of court for an undisclosed amount.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

===Taxation issues===

In 2012 XanGo had issues concerning taxes. &quot;At the top of 2012 tax delinquency lists was $347,816 owed for the Lehi headquarters of Xango, a multilevel marketing company that sells nutritional supplements — which has its name on the uniforms of Real Salt Lake soccer players. That property is owned by Thai Properties, which is part of the same corporate group as Xango, said Nate Brown, chief financial officer for Xango&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.sltrib.com/sltrib/politics/55558174-90/lists-taxes-property-tax.html.csp&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
*[[List of ineffective cancer treatments]]

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

{{Multi-level marketing}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Xango}}
[[Category:Companies based in Utah County, Utah]]
[[Category:Privately held companies based in Utah]]
[[Category:Companies established in 2002]]
[[Category:Multi-level marketing companies based in Utah]]
[[Category:2002 establishments in Utah]]
[[Category:Pseudoscience]]
[[Category:2017 mergers and acquisitions]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:XanGo]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[XanGo/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Two Degrees Food</title>
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      <text bytes="7814" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{advert|date=February 2017}}
{{Update|date=July 2019}}
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{{Infobox company
| name = Two Degrees
| logo = 
| location_city = [[San Francisco, California]]
| foundation = 2010
| products = Nutritious Vegan Snack
| founder = Will Hauser and Lauren Walters
| homepage = {{URL|http://twodegreesfood.com/}}{{dead|date=July 2019}}
}}
[[File:Two Degrees Bars.jpg|thumb|Two Degrees Food products display]]
'''Two Degrees''' is a [[One for one (business model)|one-for-one]] food company that produces [[vegan]] snack bars.&lt;ref name=&quot;TG1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thegrommet.com/two-degrees-food-one-for-one-healthy-food-bars|title=Two Degrees Food One for One Bars|publisher=The Grommet|accessdate=27 July 2013}}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TD1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twodegreesfood.com/|title=About: Two Degrees|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For every food bar the company sells, it donates a meal to a hungry child in need.&lt;ref name=&quot;INC&quot;&gt;{{cite mag|url=http://www.inc.com/nicole-carter/food-company-with-a-social-mission-two-degrees-food.html|title=Snack Company on a Mission|author=Nicole Carter|date=June 14, 2012|magazine=[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TD5&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twodegreesfood.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/twodegrees-partners.pdf|title=Two Degrees Food™ Mission &amp; Partnerships|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two Degrees Food has provided meals to children in areas including the [[United States]], [[Kenya]], [[India]], [[Malawi]], [[Somalia]], [[Colombia]], and [[Myanmar]].&lt;ref name=&quot;REU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2011/01/10/idUS103027+10-Jan-2011+MW20110110|title=Two Degrees Food(TM) Feeds a Hungry Child With Every Product Sold|publisher=[[Reuters]]|accessdate=27 July 2013|date=January 10, 2011|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160306165309/http://www.reuters.com/article/idUS103027+10-Jan-2011+MW20110110|archivedate=6 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ABC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/MillionMomsChallenge/Take_Action/|title=Take Action|publisher=[[ABC News]]|accessdate=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130710131859/https://abcnews.go.com/millionmomschallenge/Take_Action|archive-date=10 July 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VOA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.voanews.com/content/snack-makers-business-model-aids-hunger-relief/1583352.html|title=Snack Maker's Business Model Aids Hunger Relief|author=Jan Sluizer|date=January 14, 2013|work=[[Voice of America]]|accessdate=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804035905/http://www.voanews.com/content/snack-makers-business-model-aids-hunger-relief/1583352.html|archive-date=4 August 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.today.com/video/today/49837949#49837949|title=Visit to Rwanda inspires a new beginning at 57|publisher=[[Today (American TV program)|Today]]|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Overview==

Will Hauser and Lauren Walters founded Two Degrees Food in 2010 and launched early 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;TD2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twodegreesfood.com/about/|title=Our Story|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Hauser is a [[Harvard University|Harvard]] graduate and worked with [[Goldman Sachs]] prior to starting the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;TD2&quot; /&gt;  Lauren Walters is an entrepreneur, investor and advisor to various non-profits.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAR&quot;&gt;{{cite mag|url=http://www.aarp.org/work/working-after-retirement/info-11-2012/two-degrees-helps-feed-hungry-children.1.html|title='Two Degrees' of Separation Between You and a Hungry Child|author=Connor Toomy|date=November 15, 2012|magazine=[[AARP The Magazine|AARP]]|accessdate=27 July 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303220045/http://www.aarp.org/work/working-after-retirement/info-11-2012/two-degrees-helps-feed-hungry-children.1.html|archivedate=3 March 2016|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's board of directors also includes Keith Monda, the former President of [[Coach, Inc.|Coach Inc.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;TD2&quot; /&gt;

Hauser and Walters picked the name Two Degrees to emphasize the idea that only two degrees of separation exist between consumers to a hungry child.&lt;ref name=&quot;AAR&quot; /&gt; In 2011, Two Degrees Food was recognized as a runner up in the [[Katerva|Katerva Awards]] for Food Security.&lt;ref name=&quot;KT1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://katerva.org/finalists-2011-food-security/|title=Katerva Awards Food Security Results, 2011|publisher=Katerva.org|accessdate=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://archive.is/20130814185008/http://katerva.org/finalists-2011-food-security/|archive-date=14 August 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Two Degrees Food's board of advisors includes physicians Steve Collins and [[Judith Palfrey]], the Boston Professor of Global Health and Social Medicine at [[Harvard Medical School]].&lt;ref name=&quot;TD2&quot; /&gt; The company is based in [[San Francisco, California]], and has a staff of about 10 people. Test123.

==Product and mission==

Two Degrees Food produces a line of all-natural, gluten-free, vegan and GMO-free nutrition bars in several flavors, including Apple Pecan, Cherry Almond, Chocolate Banana, and Chocolate Peanut.&lt;ref name=&quot;TD3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twodegreesfood.com/products/|title=Products|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The recipes were developed by Barr Hogen, the former creative chef at [[Odwalla]].&lt;ref name=&quot;AAR&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TD3&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TD4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twodegreesfood.com/about/chefs-corner/|title= Chefs corner|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The company distributes bars to health food, specialty, grocery, college and food service channels across the United States, including more than 1000 locations including [[Whole Foods Market|Whole Foods]], stores, [[Barnes &amp; Noble College Booksellers|Barnes &amp; Noble College bookstores]], coffee shops, and corporations.&lt;ref name=&quot;TD6&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://twodegreesfood.com/2011/06/a-day-with-two-degrees-whole-foods-market/|title=A day With two degrees whole foods market|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
	
The meals are locally sourced, and the company partners with global nonprofits and NGOs in order to fulfill this mission.&lt;ref name=&quot;SFG&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sfgate.com/business/article/Two-Degrees-energy-bars-support-famine-relief-2499097.php|title=Two Degrees energy bars support famine relief|author=Esha Chhabra|date=January 13, 2012|work=[[San Francisco Chronicle]]|publisher=[[Hearst Corporation]]|via=[[SFGate]]|accessdate= 27 July 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their partners include [[Feeding America]], [[Partners in Health]], [[World Food Programme|World Food Program USA]], [[Akshaya Patra Foundation|Akshaya Patra]] and others.&lt;ref name=&quot;TD5&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WFP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usa.wfp.org/news-story/wfp-usa-partners-two-degrees-food-combat-childhood-hunger|title=WFP USA Partners with Two Degrees Food to Combat Childhood Hunger|date=July 30, 2012|publisher=wfp.org|accessdate=27 July 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102200402/http://usa.wfp.org/news-story/wfp-usa-partners-two-degrees-food-combat-childhood-hunger|archive-date=2 November 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://twodegreesfood.com/}}{{dead|date=July 2019}}  [[Category:Food and drink companies of the United States]] [[Category:Veganism]] [[Category:Companies established in 2010]] [[Category:Companies based in San Francisco]] [[Category:2010 establishments in California]] [[Category:Food and drink in the San Francisco Bay Area]] [[Category:Food and drink companies based in California]] &lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Two Degrees Food]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Two Degrees Food/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Zevia</title>
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      <text bytes="12499" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
|name             = Zevia
|logo             = Zevia logo.gif
|logo_size        = 130px
|type             = LLC
|industry         = Carbonated [[soft drink]]s
|location_city    = [[Los Angeles]], [[California]]
|location_country = U.S.
|area_served      = Worldwide
|homepage         = {{URL|http://www.zevia.com/}}
}}
'''Zevia''' is a [[Los Angeles]]-based company&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=113907613 |title=Company Overview of Zevia LLC |magazine=Bloomberg Businessweek |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; that produces zero-calorie soft drinks, organic tea, energy drinks and mixers sweetened with [[stevia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot;&gt;[http://www.businessweek.com/videos/2012-05-21/zevia-ceo-sees-alternative-to-sodas-sugar-calories &quot;Declining Soda Sales Lead to Search for Holy Grail.&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525185733/http://www.businessweek.com/videos/2012-05-21/zevia-ceo-sees-alternative-to-sodas-sugar-calories |date=May 25, 2012 }} ''Bloomberg Businessweek''. Reporter Gigi Stone. Accessed April 24, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

Zevia was founded by Derek Newman, Jessica Newman, and Ian Eisenberg.&lt;ref name=PI&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.seattlepi.com/business/article/Seattle-based-Zevia-selling-all-natural-1283503.php |title=Seattle-based Zevia selling all-natural, zero-calorie drink |author=Andrea James |date=August 27, 2008 | newspaper=The Seattle Post-Intelligencer |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Donald Thrasher was the company's initial [[chief operating officer]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.zevia.com/history&lt;/ref&gt; Zevia LLC was originally DrinkZevia LLC, which was based on a merger with Thrasher Beverage Corporation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2013-08-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150315010639/http://kepler.sos.ca.gov/ |archive-date=2015-03-15 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Company history==
{{unreliable sources|section|date=December 2018}}
Zevia was launched in 2007 as an alternative [[soft drink]] for those who want to avoid both added [[sugar]]s and [[artificial sweetener]]s.&lt;ref name=CBSLA&gt;{{cite news |url=http://losangeles.cbslocal.com/2012/03/09/soda-no-longer-four-letter-word-for-diabetics-thanks-to-culver-city-company/ |publisher=CBS Los Angeles |date=March 9, 2012 |title=‘Soda’ No Longer Four-Letter Word For Diabetics Thanks To Culver City Company |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Zevia is considered a &quot;carbonated stevia [[dietary supplement|supplement]]&quot; as the U.S. [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) has not approved stevia as a food additive.&lt;ref name=PI /&gt;  The product also contains no net [[carbohydrates]] and no [[fat]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/superchargedhorm00turn |url-access=registration |quote=Zevia. |page=[https://archive.org/details/superchargedhorm00turn/page/124 124] |author=Natasha Turner |title=The Supercharged Hormone Diet: A 30-Day Accelerated Plan to Lose Weight, Restore Metabolism and Feel Younger Longer |year=2011 |publisher=Random House|isbn=9780307356505 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

By the end of 2008, [[ACNielsen]] recorded that Zevia was the fastest growing [[natural product]] in the United States in terms of sales.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Sunwin International Customer Zevia LLC Recognized as Fastest Growing Natural Product |url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_pwwi/is_200811/ai_n31015139/ |date=November 2008 |author=Jeff Reynolds |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company's 2008 revenue was $925,000,&lt;ref name=Bruce&gt;Bruce, Bill. [http://www.foodbev.com/news/zevia-lands-deal-with-whole-foods#.UXBZFLXCaSp &quot;Zevia Lands Deal with Whole Foods.&quot;] FoodBev.com. Apr. 29, 2009&lt;/ref&gt; and the product was available in 850 stores.&lt;ref name=Choi&gt;Choi, Candace. [http://seattletimes.com/html/health/2018774443_apussodarace.html &quot;Cola holy grail: Great taste, no calories, no artificial sweetener.”] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130729212308/http://seattletimes.com/html/health/2018774443_apussodarace.html |date=July 29, 2013 }} The Seattle Times. July 26, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, Zevia reported a 300% increase in same-store sales over 2009.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bevnet.com/magazine/issue/2010/high-end-optimism &quot;High End Optimism.&quot;] BEVNET. Sept. 2, 2010. Accessed Apr. 24, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

The current [[CEO]] of Zevia is Paddy Spence, who bought Zevia in 2010 and became both CEO and chairman.&lt;ref name=Bloomberg /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Zevia LLC Gets New Owners |url=http://www.bevnet.com/news/2010/9-28-2010-Zevia_Paddy_Northwood |accessdate=March 30, 2012 |date=September 28, 2010 |publisher=BevNet}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Spence&gt;Spence, Paddy. [http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/04/how_a_start-up_can_succeed_in.html &quot;How a Startup Can Succeed in a Mature Category.&quot;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130407141308/http://blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/04/how_a_start-up_can_succeed_in.html |date=April 7, 2013 }} ''[[Harvard Business Review]]'' blog. Apr. 4, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Tabaka&gt;Tabaka, Marla. [http://www.inc.com/marla-tabaka/when-to-leave-your-job-and-launch-your-business.html “Leave the Nest to Start Your Company?  8 Signs You’re Ready.”] ''[[Inc. (magazine)|Inc.]]'' magazine. Mar. 5, 2012&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2012, Zevia ran [[billboard]] ads in support of [[Sugary Drinks Portion Cap Rule|New York City's soda ban]],&lt;ref&gt;Fulton, April. [https://www.npr.org/blogs/thesalt/2012/07/24/157290522/hold-the-ice-rhetoric-gets-hot-over-new-yorks-big-soda-ban “Hold the Ice: Rhetoric Gets Hot Over New York’s Big Soda Ban.”] NPR blog: The Salt. July 24, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; and Spence appeared on CNBC to promote healthier soda alternatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://video.cnbc.com/gallery/?video=3000153650&amp;play=1 | title=Zevia CEO Fights for a Sugar Ban | website=CNBC | accessdate=April 24, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2012, the product was the best-selling soda in [[Whole Foods]].&lt;ref name=Bloomberg /&gt; By July 2013, it was the number 17 zero-calorie or low-calorie soda in mainstream grocery stores, making it the only independent brand in the top 20. By the end of 2013, overall sales were over $60 million, and it was the 14th-best-selling diet soda.&lt;ref name=Monk&gt;[http://www.beverageworld.com/articles/full/16210/zevia-says-first-major-soda-to-use-monk-fruit &quot;Zevia Says First Major Soda to Use Monk Fruit.&quot;] BeverageWorld. January 14, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Klineman&gt;Klineman, Jeffrey. [http://www.bevnet.com/news/2013/zevia-set-to-unleash-new-sweetener-mix &quot;Zevia Set to Unleash New Sweetener Mix.&quot;] BEVNET. Dec. 18, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; {{As of|2014}}, the firm's product is available in more than 16,000 stores in the United States, including Whole Foods, [[Target Corporation|Target]], [[Kroger]], [[Safeway Inc.|Safeway]], [[Sprouts Farmers Market|Sprouts]], and other grocery and natural food stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.inc.com/marla-tabaka/when-to-leave-your-job-and-launch-your-business.html|title=Leave the Nest to Start Your Company? 8 Signs You're Ready|date=March 5, 2012|magazine=Inc. Magazine|accessdate=March 30, 2012|author=Maria Tabaka}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Elle&quot;&gt;Schussheim, Sarah. [http://www.elle.com/news/fashion-style/zevia-soda?src=rss &quot;How Zevia is Staking Its Claim as Fashion's Favorite Soda.&quot;] ''Elle Magazine''. July 15, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Record&quot;&gt;[http://www.bevnet.com/news/2013/zevia-achieves-record-breaking-quarter &quot;Zevia Achieves Record-Breaking Quarter.&quot;] BevNet. July 17, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloomberg&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CBSLA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Watson&quot;&gt;Watson, Elaine. [http://mobile.foodnavigator-usa.com/Manufacturers/Diet-soda-in-a-funk-Not-ours-says-Zevia-boss-as-he-adds-monk-fruit-to-his-zero-cal-menu-Zevia-could-be-a-1bn-brand#.Uu-1c_l7uSq &quot;Diet soda in a funk? Not ours, says Zevia boss as he adds monk fruit to his zero-cal menu: Zevia could be a $1bn brand.&quot;] Food Navigator. Jan. 9, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Zevia is also sold in Canada, Australia, Europe,&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb |url=http://www.thegrocer.co.uk/buying-and-supplying/categories/soft-drinks/zevia-brings-stevia-soft-drinks-to-uk/231385.article |title=Zevia brings stevia soft drinks to UK |first=Hannah |last=Stodell |website=The Grocer |date=August 3, 2012 |language=en |url-status=live |accessdate=2019-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Latin America, {{update inline|date=April 2014}}&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilbanks&quot;&gt;Wilbanks, Carri. &quot;Zevia Offers Healthier Alternative to Soda.&quot; ''Examiner''. August 26, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;

In late 2013, the firm replaced their previous all stevia and erythritol sweetener with a mix of stevia extract, [[monk fruit]] extract, and erythritol, a blend that they call SweetSmart.&lt;ref name=Lopes&gt;Lopes, Marina. [https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/22/usa-monkfruit-soda-idUSL2N0JW0W120131222 &quot;Feature: A sweet Asian fruit tempts the troubled soft drink industry.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924191946/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/12/22/usa-monkfruit-soda-idUSL2N0JW0W120131222 |date=2015-09-24 }} Reuters. December 22, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.bevindustry.com/articles/87044-zevia-reformulates-soft-drinks-with-new-sweeteners &quot;Zevia reformulates soft drinks with new sweeteners.&quot;] Beverage Industry. December 19, 2013&lt;/ref&gt;
   
{{As of|2014}}, the company produces fifteen different flavors including, [[Cola]], [[cherry cola|Cherry Cola]], Dr. Zevia, [[ginger ale|Ginger Ale]], [[Lemon-lime drink|Lemon-Lime Twist]], [[Grape soft drink|Grape]], [[black cherry|Black Cherry]], [[cream soda|Cream Soda]], [[Orange soft drink|Orange]], Strawberry and Mountain Zevia.&lt;ref name=&quot;COA&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.smallcapnetwork.com/The-Coming-of-Age-of-a-New-Healthier-Sweetener-OTC-STVF/s/via/14/article/view/p/mid/1/id/633/ |title=The Coming of Age of a New, Healthier Sweetener (OTC:STVF) |author=Dennis Askew |date=March 19, 2012 |publisher=Smallcap Network |accessdate=March 30, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2014, Zevia entered a sponsorship with [[Major League Baseball]] and became the official soda of the [[Oakland Athletics]]. The soda is sold in bottles at all concessions stands at the [[Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum]].&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/03/27/zevia-stevia-oakland-as-official-zero-calorie-soft-drink-carbonated-beverages/6863729/ |title=Unlikely soda to show up at ballpark |date=March 27, 2014 |first=Bruce |last=Horovitz |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421073351/https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2014/03/27/zevia-stevia-oakland-as-official-zero-calorie-soft-drink-carbonated-beverages/6863729/ |archive-date=2014-04-21 |language=en |url-status=dead |accessdate=2019-09-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, Zevia launched two product lines - Sparkling Water and Energy drinks. Energy flavors includes Mango-Ginger, Raspberry Lime, Grapefruit and Kola. Sparkling Waters includes Lime, Cucumber Lemon, Blackberry, and Mandarin Orange.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/06/29/zevia-healthy-soda-pepsi-coke/|title=Startup Zevia wants to be known for more than just soda|date=2016-06-29|website=Fortune|access-date=2016-11-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, Zevia introduced Zero Calorie Mixers in the flavors Ginger Beer, Dry Lemon Lime, and Tonic.

In 2018, Zevia launch Zero Calorie Teas, in various tea flavors.

==Ingredients and brand portfolio==
Zevia contains stevia provided by Sweet Green Fields’ United States crops.&lt;ref&gt;Sweet Green Fields press release. [https://finance.yahoo.com/news/Sweet-Green-Fields-Selected-iw-2781191805.html “Sweet Green Fields Selected by Zevia Natural Soda as Exclusive Stevia Provider; All Stevia Will Be Grown in U.S.”] March 28, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;  Soda comes in 14 flavors available in 12 ounce cans.&lt;ref name=Shee&gt;Shee, Adelina. [http://303magazine.com/2012/12/zero-calorie-zevia/ &quot;Zero Calorie Zevia.&quot;] 303 Magazine. Dec. 23, 2012&lt;/ref&gt; Sparkling Water comes in 4 flavors available in 12 ounce cans sold in 8 packs.  Energy comes in 3 flavors available in 12 ounce slim cans.  Mixers comes in 3 flavors available in 7.5 ounce cans sold in 6 packs.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
* {{official website|http://www.zevia.com/}}

[[Category:American soft drinks]]
[[Category:Diet drinks]]
[[Category:Food and drink companies established in 2007]]
[[Category:Drink companies based in California]]
[[Category:Companies based in Los Angeles]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Zevia]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Zevia/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Typhoon Nari (2013)</title>
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{{Infobox Hurricane
| Name=Typhoon Nari (Santi)
| Type=typhoon
| Year=2013
| Basin=WPac
| Image location=Nari Oct 13 2013 0305Z.jpg
| Image name=Typhoon Nari in the [[South China Sea]] on October 13
| Track=Nari 2013 track.png
| Formed=October 8, 2013
| Dissipated=October 16, 2013
| 10-min winds=75
| 1-min winds=100
| Pressure=965
| Fatalities=87 total&lt;!--15 PHI, 19 VNM, 53 LAO--&gt;
| Damages=161.2&lt;!--77m PHI, 76m VNM, 8.19m CHI--&gt;
| Areas={{Flatlist|
* [[Philippines]]
* [[Vietnam]]
* [[Laos]]
* [[Cambodia]]
* [[Thailand]]
}}
| Hurricane season=[[2013 Pacific typhoon season]]
}}
'''Typhoon Nari''' ({{IPA-ko|na.ɾi|pron}}), known in the Philippines as '''Typhoon Santi''', was a strong and deadly [[tropical cyclone]] that first struck [[Luzon]] before striking [[Vietnam]]. The storm was the 41st depression and the 8th typhoon in the [[2013 Pacific typhoon season|2013 typhoon season]]. Typhoon Nari was a deadly typhoon that made landfall in the Philippines and Vietnam. {{cn span|Nari made landfall on October 14, 2013 as a moderate category 1 typhoon.|date=October 2013}}

==Meteorological history==
{{storm path|Nari 2013 track.png}}
On October 8, 2013 the [[Japan Meteorological Agency]] &lt;small&gt;(JMA)&lt;/small&gt; started to monitor a [[tropical depression]], that developed within an area of low to moderate vertical windshear, about {{convert|1150|km|mi|round=5|abbr=on}} to the southwest of [[Manila]] on the [[Philippine]] island of [[Luzon]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Nari BT&quot;&gt;{{cite report|url=http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/18/typhoon-best-track-2013-11-18t050000z/|type=RSMC Tropical Cyclone Best Track|title=Typhoon Nari|author=RSMC Tokyo&amp;nbsp;— Typhoon Center|accessdate=December 1, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417014306/http://www.wis-jma.go.jp/cms/warning/2013/11/18/typhoon-best-track-2013-11-18t050000z/|archivedate=April 17, 2015|url-status=dead|date=November 18, 2013|publisher=Japan Meteorological Agency}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TCFA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Formation Alert: October 8, 2013 12z|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt|date=October 8, 2013|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131013152026/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/ab/abpwweb.txt|archivedate=October 13, 2013|publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce|accessdate=October 13, 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The system was subsequently named ''Santi'' by the [[Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration]] &lt;small&gt;(PAGASA)&lt;/small&gt; as it moved along the southern edge of a subtropical ridge of high pressure.&lt;ref name=&quot;TCFA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prog 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce|date=October 8, 2013|accessdate=October 13, 2013|title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Depression 24W Warning Nr 001|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624064023/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/|archivedate=June 24, 2012|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Alert: Tropical Depression &quot;Santi&quot; October 8, 2013 15z|accessdate=October 13, 2013|date=October 8, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archivedate=July 7, 2009|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Later that day the United States [[Joint Typhoon Warning Center]] &lt;small&gt;(JTWC)&lt;/small&gt; initiated advisories on the system and designated it as Tropical Depression ''24W'' after the systems low level circulation center had started to consolidate.&lt;ref name=&quot;Prog 1&quot;/&gt;

During the next day after central convection over the systems low level circulation centre had increased both the JMA and the JTWC reported that the depression had developed into a tropical storm, with the latter naming it as ''Nari''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nari BT&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Prog 4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Joint Typhoon Warning Center|publisher=United States Navy, United States Airforce|date=October 8, 2013|title=Prognostic Reasoning for Tropical Storm 24W Warning Nr 004|accessdate=October 13, 2013|archivedate=June 24, 2012|url=http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624064023/http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/warnings/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Preparations and impact==

===Philippines===
During October 9, PAGASA issued the public storm warning signal number 1 for the island [[Provinces of the Philippines|province]] of [[Catanduanes]], before expanding the areas under Signal 1 early the next day to include Aurora, Camarines Norte, Camarines Sur, Isabela, the Polilio Islands and Quezon.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Tropical Storm &quot;Santi&quot; October 9, 2013 15z|accessdate=October 13, 2013|date=October 9, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archivedate=July 7, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Tropical Storm &quot;Santi&quot; October 10, 2013 03z|accessdate=October 13, 2013|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|date=October 10, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archivedate=July 7, 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Tropical Storm &quot;Santi&quot; October 10, 2013 09z|archivedate=July 7, 2009|accessdate=October 13, 2013|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|date=October 10, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later that day after the system had intensified into a typhoon and accelerated slightly towards the Philippines slightly, PAGASA placed 17 areas in Luzon under Signal 1, 14 areas under Signal 2 and Aurora Province under Signal 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Typhoon &quot;Santi&quot; October 10, 2013 21z|archivedate=July 7, 2009|accessdate=October 13, 2013|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|date=October 10, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; During October 11, the areas under signal 3 were expanded to include Benguet, Ifugao, Ilocos Sur, Isabela, La Union, Pangasinan, Polilio Island, Quirino, Nueva Ecija and Tarlac.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Typhoon &quot;Santi&quot; October 11, 2013 09z|archivedate=July 7, 2009|accessdate=October 13, 2013|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|date=October 11, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Over the next day, the warnings were gradually revised before they were all subsequently cancelled during October 12, as the system moved out of the [[Philippine Area of Responsibility]] and was moving towards Vietnam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Typhoon &quot;Santi&quot; October 12, 2013 21z|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|archivedate=July 7, 2009|accessdate=October 13, 2013|date=October 13, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Tropical Cyclone Warning Bulletin: Typhoon &quot;Santi&quot; October 13, 2013 03z|publisher=Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration|archivedate=July 7, 2009|accessdate=October 13, 2013|date=October 13, 2013|url=http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707090655/http://www.pagasa.dost.gov.ph/wb/tcupdate.shtml|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Within the Philippines a total of 15 people were left dead while 5 were missing, while total economic losses were amounted to be [[Philippine peso|Php]]3.3 billion (US$77 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Catastrophe Recap October 2013&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url= http://thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com/documents/20131107_if_october_global_recap.pdf|title=Global Catastrophe Recap October 2013|website=thoughtleadership.aonbenfield.com|publisher=Aon Benfield|access-date=November 7, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Vietnam===
In advance of the typhoon, more than 122,000 residents were evacuated from vulnerable provinces to higher grounds. In Danang, soldiers were sent to help people readily secure their homes against the expected winds and guide ships to shelter. Thousands of travelers were left stranded as Vietnam Airlines cancelled over a dozen flights.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Ho Binh Minh|author2=Paul Tait|title=Typhoon Nari hits Vietnam, 122,000 people evacuated|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/15/us-vietnam-storm-idUSBRE99E02520131015|work=Reuters|publisher=Reuters|date=October 15, 2013|accessdate=October 16, 2013|archive-date=October 15, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131015202709/http://www.reuters.com/article/2013/10/15/us-vietnam-storm-idUSBRE99E02520131015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
The system moved ashore early on October 5, claiming 19 lives, while total economic losses were amounted to be [[VND]]1.6 trillion (US$76 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Catastrophe Recap October 2013&quot;/&gt;

===Laos===
On October 16, poor weather from the remnants of Typhoon Nari has been cited as a probable cause for the crash of [[Lao Airlines Flight 301]], on approach to [[Pakse International Airport]] with the loss of all 49 passengers and crew.&lt;ref name=CNN&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/10/16/world/asia/laos-plane-crash/index.html?hpt=hp_t2|title=Dozens reported killed in Laos plane crash|publisher=CNN|accessdate=October 16, 2013|date=October 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Another 4 people were killed directly due to the storm.&lt;ref name=&quot;Global Catastrophe Recap October 2013&quot;/&gt;

===China===
Total damages in China were counted to be [[Chinese yuan|CN¥]]50 million (US$8.19 million).&lt;ref name=&quot;China Member Report&quot;&gt;{{cite conference|page=16 |conference=ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee: 8th Integrated Workshop/2nd TRCG Forum |title=Member Report: China |url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/8IWS_2TRCG/docs/Members%20Report/2013MemberReportChina.pdf |date=November 22, 2013 |archivedate=December 2, 2013 |publisher=ESCAP/WMO Typhoon Committee |accessdate=November 26, 2013 |conferenceurl=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/8IWS_2TRCG/index.html |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6LZ8BQHQg?url=http://www.typhooncommittee.org/8IWS_2TRCG/docs/Members%20Report/2013MemberReportChina.pdf |url-status=live |author=China Meteorological Administration |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Retirement==
PAGASA announced that the name ''Santi'', would be retired from its naming lists after it had caused over [[Philippine peso|₱]]1&amp;nbsp;billion in damages.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.mb.com.ph/yolanda-joins-labuyo-santi-in-retired-list/|title=‘Yolanda’ joins ‘Labuyo,’ ‘Santi’ in retired list|archiveurl=https://archive.today/20131123042743/http://www.mb.com.ph/yolanda-joins-labuyo-santi-in-retired-list/|archivedate=November 23, 2013|date=November 23, 2013|accessdate=November 24, 2013|newspaper=Manilla Bulletin|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; PAGASA chose the name ''Salome'' to replace ''Santi'' for the [[2017 Pacific typhoon season|2017 season]].

==See also==
{{Portal|Tropical cyclones}}
*[[Typhoon Vongfong (2020)]]
*[[Tropical Depression 18W (2013)]]
*[[Typhoon Ketsana]]
*[[Typhoon Mirinae (2009)]]
*[[Typhoon Xangsane]]
*[[Typhoon Wutip (2013)]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
*[http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon/summary/wnp/s/201325.html.en JMA General Information] of Typhoon Nari (1325) from Digital Typhoon
*[http://www.data.jma.go.jp/fcd/yoho/data/typhoon/T1325.pdf JMA Best Track Data] of Typhoon Nari (1325) {{in lang|ja}}
*[http://www.usno.navy.mil/NOOC/nmfc-ph/RSS/jtwc/best_tracks/2013/2013s-bwp/bwp242013.dat JTWC Best Track Data] of Typhoon 24W (Nari)
*[http://www.nrlmry.navy.mil/tcdat/tc13/WPAC/24W.NARI/ 24W.NARI] from the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory

{{Retired Philippine typhoon names}}
{{2013 Pacific typhoon season buttons}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Nari (2013)}}
[[Category:2013 Pacific typhoon season]]
[[Category:2013 disasters in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Typhoons in the Philippines]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Vietnam]]
[[Category:Typhoons in Laos]]
[[Category:Typhoons]]
[[Category:Tropical cyclones in 2013|Nari]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Typhoon Nari (2013)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Typhoon Nari (2013)/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)</title>
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      <text bytes="75185" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Cool cartoon}}
{{pp-vandalism|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2015}}
{{Infobox television
| name            = Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles
| image                = Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 2012 title card.png
| alt_name          = Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles ''{{small|(season 5)}}
| caption              = 
| genre                = &lt;!--Genre must be sourced per Template:Infobox television instructions--&gt; [[Action (genre)|Action]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Comedy]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dvdtalk.com/reviews/61255/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-2012-enter-shredder/|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012): Enter Shredder|work=DVD Talk|accessdate=April 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| based_on             = [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]&lt;br /&gt;by [[Kevin Eastman]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Peter Laird]]
| developer            = Ciro Nieli&lt;br /&gt;[[Joshua Sternin]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Jennifer Ventimilia|J. R. Ventimilia]]
| voices               = {{plainlist |
* [[Jason Biggs]] &lt;small&gt;(seasons 1–2)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Seth Green]] &lt;small&gt;(seasons 3–5)&lt;/small&gt;
* [[Rob Paulsen]]
* [[Sean Astin]]
* [[Greg Cipes]]
* [[Hoon Lee]]
* [[Mae Whitman]]
* [[Kevin Michael Richardson]]
* [[Josh Peck]]
* [[Kelly Hu]]
* [[Nolan North]]
* [[Clancy Brown]]
* Christian Lanz
* [[Phil LaMarr]]
* [[Eric Bauza]]
* [[Fred Tatasciore]]
* [[J. B. Smoove]]
* [[David Tennant]]
* [[Gwendoline Yeo]]
}}
| opentheme            = &quot;Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles&quot;
| endtheme             = &quot;Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles&quot; (instrumental)
| theme_music_composer = [[Sebastian Evans (composer)|Sebastian Evans II]]&lt;br /&gt;Stan Martinez
| composer             = Sebastian Evans II&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://patch.com/california/hollywood/turtle-power-interview-sebastian-evans-composer-tmnt-nickelodeon|title=Turtle Power: Interview With Sebastian Evans, Composer of TMNT on Nickelodeon!|publisher=Hollywood Patch|language=English|author=Giorgio Chang|date=7 March 2017|accessdate=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.denofgeek.com/uk/tv/sebastian-evans/47928/sebastian-evans-interview-scoring-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles|title=Sebastian Evans interview: scoring Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|publisher=Den of Geek|language=English|author=Matt Edwards|date=5 April 2017|accessdate=26 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country              = United States
| language             = English
| num_seasons          = 5&lt;!--Per WikiProject Television consensus, seasons are incremented when episodes from that season air.--&gt;
| num_episodes         = 124&lt;!--Per WikiProject Television consensus, episodes are incremented either when episodes air, or when they are confirmed to have been produced.--&gt;
| list_episodes        = List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes
| executive_producer   = {{plainlist |
* Joshua Sternin
* J. R. Ventimilia
* Peter Hastings
* Ciro Nieli
* Brandon Auman
}}
| producer             = {{plainlist |
* MacGregor Middleton
}}
| runtime              = 22 minutes
| company              = [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]
| distributor          = [[Viacom Media Networks]]
| network              = [[Nickelodeon]] &lt;br /&gt; [[Nicktoons (United States)|Nicktoons]] (episodes 115-121)
|picture_format        = [[480i]] [[NTSC]]&lt;br /&gt; [[1080i]] [[HDTV]]
| first_aired          = {{Start date|2012|9|28}}&lt;ref&gt;http://www.thefutoncritic.com/showatch/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/listings/&lt;/ref&gt;
| last_aired           = {{End date|2017|11|12}}
| preceded_by          = [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2003 TV series)|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' (2003 TV series)]]
| followed_by          = ''[[Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]''
| website              = http://www.nick.com/ninja-turtles/
}}
'''''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''''' (also known as '''''Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''''' for its fifth season) is an American [[3D rendering|3D rendered]] [[computer animation|computer animated]] television series based on the [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|fictional superhero team]]. It aired on [[Nickelodeon]] in the United States from September 28, 2012 to November 12, 2017.&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere date&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/07/06/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-premiere-date-exclusive/ |title=Nickelodeon sets premiere date for 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' -- EXCLUSIVE |first=Tanner |last=Stransky |date=July 6, 2012 |publisher=Entertainment Weekly |accessdate=July 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was produced by [[Nickelodeon Animation Studio]]&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere date&quot; /&gt; and [[Bardel Entertainment]],&lt;ref&gt;https://bardel.ca/project/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/&lt;/ref&gt; which handled [[traditional animation#Layout|layout]] and CG animation services. The series begins with the turtles emerging from their sewer home for the first time. They use their ninjutsu training to fight enemies in present-day [[New York City]].

The series was first announced in October 2009, following the news that Nickelodeon's parent company [[Viacom (2005–2019)|Viacom]] had acquired the rights to the ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' franchise. The show was created to reach a core audience of boys aged 6 to 11; it was one half of Nickelodeon's strategy to reboot two established brands for new viewers, coinciding with Nickelodeon Animation Studio's development of new ''[[Winx Club]]'' episodes for girls. In 2011, it was revealed that the show's creative team would be led by designer Ciro Nieli and writers [[Jennifer Ventimilia|J.{{nbsp}}R.{{nbsp}}Ventimilia]] and [[Joshua Sternin]].

During the months leading to its premiere, Nickelodeon and [[Playmates Toys]] released lines of merchandise featuring the new character designs. The two-part premiere took place on September 28, 2012 and September 29, 2012, reaching 3.9 million viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cartoonbrew.com/biz/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-make-a-triumphant-return-to-tv-nick-announces-season-2-pick-up-70904.html|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to TV - Nick Announces Season 2 Pick Up|date=October 3, 2012|website=[[Cartoon Brew]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The debut ratings were the highest for a Nickelodeon animated series since 2009, leading to a second season pickup in October. Three more seasons followed; the fifth and final season was rebranded as ''Tales of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' and did not fully air on Nickelodeon, as episodes 115-121 premiered exclusively on its sister channel [[Nicktoons (American TV channel)|Nicktoons]].

The series was succeeded by ''[[Rise of the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' in July 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://variety.com/2017/tv/news/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-reboot-2d-1202000951/|title=‘Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles’ CG Animated Series Gets 2D Reboot at Nickelodeon|publisher=Variety|quote=The CG series will air one last season starting Sunday, March 19.|date=March 2, 2017|accessdate=March 3, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/2018/01/01/rob-paulsen-release-rise-tmnt/|title=Rob Paulsen Reveals Release Date for Rise of the TMNT|publisher=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|language=English|author=Justin Wren|date=1 January 2018|accessdate=2 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Plot==
===Season 1===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012  TV series, season 1)}}
[[Ninjutsu]] master [[Hamato Yoshi]] ([[Splinter (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Splinter]]) is carrying his four pet turtles through the streets of [[Manhattan]] when he encounters members of an alien race called the Kraang. During an altercation with these aliens, Yoshi and the turtles are exposed to the Kraang's chemical, called [[mutagen]], which causes organic beings to undergo major physical transformations. Yoshi takes on characteristics of a brown rat and the turtles take on human characteristics. Yoshi retreats to the [[New York City water supply system|New York City sewers]] where he raises the four turtles as his sons and imparts to them his knowledge of ninjutsu.

Now teenagers, the turtles ([[Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Leonardo]], [[Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Raphael]], [[Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Donatello]] and [[Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Michelangelo]]) venture to the surface for the first time and learn that the Kraang are using the mutagen as part of their plan to take over New York City. They befriend the teenage [[April O'Neil]] after she and her psychologist father Kirby are abducted by the Kraang. Donatello, who has developed a crush on April, is able to rescue her. While Kirby remains a prisoner of the Kraang, April becomes an ally of the turtles, who try to help her locate her father. April is also trained by Splinter to be a [[kunoichi]], a female ninja.

After learning of Splinter's and the turtles's presence in New York, Splinter's adoptive brother and long-time enemy Oroku Saki ([[Shredder (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Shredder]]) travels there from [[Japan]] and orders his birth clan, [[Foot Clan|the Foot]] to track down Splinter and his sons, and put an end to their clan. This family feud eventually earns the coincidence of two of Shredder's disciples, martial arts star Chris Bradford and Brazilian street thug Xever Montes, getting mutated into [[Tokka and Rahzar|Dogpound (later Rahzar)]] and Fishface. Learning about the Kraang's presence through his adopted daughter [[Karai (character)|Karai]], Shredder enters an alliance with the aliens to destroy their mutual enemies in the Hamato Clan.

The turtles later discover that the Kraang came to [[Earth]] from [[Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Dimension X]] and built their headquarters with a company called TCRI and are plotting to use the mutagen and a set of Kraang-like powers that April was born with to convert Earth into a planet suitable for their race. After the turtles rescue Kirby, the Kraang invade New York, but the turtles and April emerge triumphant when they send the [[Technodrome]], the Kraang leader Kraang Prime's ship, crashing into the sea. Meanwhile, Splinter battles Shredder and learns that Karai is his own daughter, Hamato Miwa, who was kidnapped by Shredder and who believes that Splinter killed her mother. The season ends with the turtles celebrating their victory over the Kraang as Splinter hides the secret of Miwa from them.

===Season 2===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series, season 2)}}
The turtles struggle to contain an outbreak of mutations that occurs thanks to the leftover mutagen from the thwarted Kraang invasion. Kirby is among the victims of the outbreak, and a misunderstanding leads April to become very upset and ashamed of the turtles and break off their friendship. However, the turtles are able to earn her forgiveness when they save her from Karai, who has taken temporary command of the Foot while the Shredder is away in Japan. Along with April came her new friend [[Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Casey Jones]], who helps repel an assault on the turtles' lair. Kirby is eventually restored to his human form when Donatello manages to concoct another Kraang chemical called [[Antimutagen|retro-mutagen]], which causes organic beings to reverse their major physical transformations, and help keep it away from former T.C.R.I inventor [[Baxter Stockman]], who gets mutated into Stockman-Fly while under Shredder's employ.

Meanwhile, Shredder returns from Japan with the mutated Japanese bounty hunter Tiger Claw as his new second-in-command. Tiger Claw is later sent through a portal to the [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|1987–1996 animated series reality]], but later returns to the 2012 reality.

During a battle with the turtles, Karai is informed of her true nature by Leonardo (who has developed a crush on her since season 1), but she is too reluctant to accept it. When she is taken to the lair, she finally realizes the truth and disowns Shredder, who responds by imprisoning her. Repeated attempts to free Karai ultimately succeed, but Shredder captures her again and uses her as bait to kill the Hamato Clan. However, Karai ends up transforming into an albino horned viper, to everyone's horror.

In response to this, Shredder has the Foot Clan help the Kraang, who have just perfected the previously unstable mutagen, launch a second invasion of New York, starting by destroying the turtles' lair and forcing them to abandon it. The Kraang begin mutating New York's populace, including Kirby, despite the efforts of Earth's military and the turtles. Leonardo is gravely wounded when he is ambushed by the entire Foot, and Splinter is seemingly killed during a battle with Shredder. The turtles, April, and Casey are forced to flee to the O'Neil family's summer home in [[Upstate New York]] as the Kraang successfully conquers Manhattan.

===Season 3===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series, season 3)}}
The group takes refuge at the O'Neil family's summer home in North Hampton in order to recuperate from their loss at the hands of the Kraang and the Foot Clan. Leonardo takes an extended amount of time to recover, but guided by an apparition of Splinter, is able to overcome his physical and mental wounds. They eventually return to New York City with the goal of finding Splinter, Karai, Kirby, and their other missing allies and liberate the city from the Kraang. They are successful in finding Splinter and set up a temporary base in the abandoned Antonio's Pizza, and Donatello begins work on new samples of retro-mutagen as the search for Kirby and Karai continues.

Meanwhile, Shredder mutates Russian arms dealer Ivan Steranko and his only known disciple, high-tech master thief Anton Zeck, into [[Bebop and Rocksteady]] for stealing his helmet, the Kuro Kabuto, and hunting Karai in exchange for a safe departure from the Kraang-invaded city before sending them to find her again. The duo succeed behind the Turtles's backs and Shredder promises to cure Karai of her misery. The turtles, on the other hand, run into a recently founded mutant team called the [[Mighty Mutanimals]] (consisting of mutant allies that they made during the last two seasons, such as [[Slash (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Slash]], [[Leatherhead (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Leatherhead]], [[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Pete|Pigeon Pete]] and former British neurochemist Dr. Tyler Rockwell) who are backed by their human ally Jack J. Kurtzman. Together, they manage to banish the Kraang back to Dimension X and free New York, but the effect of the invasion eventually earns Shredder cemented control of the city's criminal underworld for his efforts to create a mind-control serum meant for the turtles, Mutanimals and Karai.

The turtles are later offered by future time sorceress [[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Renet|Renet]] to time travel to the past, where they meet up with a younger Hamato Yoshi and Oroku Saki, as well as Yoshi's late wife and Karai's mother, Teng Shen. During the battle between Yoshi and Saki inside the burning Hamato Clan dojo, Shen is accidentally killed by Saki, who meant to kill Yoshi instead. Saki leaves the dojo after his hair burns off from the fire and kidnaps Yoshi and Shen's baby daughter Miwa, vowing to raise her as Karai and leaving Yoshi to die. After his escape, the turtles save Yoshi, as they were &quot;always destined to&quot; before traveling back to the present with Renet.

When the Kraang return to Earth, the Turtles discover that the Kraang have another enemy from Dimension X in the form of the Triceraton Empire. Despite their best efforts and Shredder violating the Foot Clan's temporary truce with the Turtles by stabbing Splinter during the fight, the ruthless Triceratons activate the Heart of Darkness, a black hole-creating machine which annihilates both the Kraang, the Earth, and everyone on it. But just as it comes to the worst for the Turtles, April, and Casey, they are rescued by a friendly robot by the name of [[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters#Fugitoid|Professor Honeycutt]] (also known as the Fugitoid) who uses his spacecraft to take the Turtles, April and Casey to a journey into space.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.teenagemutantninjaturtles.com/blog/tmnt-annihilation-earth-review/|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles.com: ''TMNT – &quot;Annihilation: Earth!&quot; Review''|website=TeenageMutantNinjaTurtles.com|date=September 22, 2015|access-date=September 26, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Season 4===
{{main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012  TV series, season 4)}}
After the Turtles, April, and Casey are saved from the destruction of Earth, the Fugitoid uses his spacecraft the Ulixes to travel six months back in time in order for him and the Turtles to prevent the Triceraton Empire led by Emperor Zanmoran from again assembling the three components of the Heart of Darkness that are scattered throughout the universe before everything on Earth is lost. Besides fighting the Triceratons, the Turtles also face new enemies in outer space like Lord Vringath Dregg of the planet Sectoid and the bounty hunter Armaggon, and even have an adventure with their interdimensional [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 TV series)|1987 counterparts]] and their enemy [[Krang]] who is an exiled relative of Kraang Subprime. Despite the efforts of the Turtles, the Triceratons are still able to collect all three pieces of the Black Hole Generator, only for the Turtles to return to Earth and join forces with their past selves to warn Splinter before he is killed by the Shredder, stop the detonator of the Heart of Darkness, and defeat the Triceratons. The Fugitoid destroys the Black Hole Generator near the Triceraton spacefleet, causing to explode, presumably killing the Triceratons. In the aftermath of the fight against the Triceratons, the past versions of the Turtles, April, and Casey leave Earth with the past Fugitoid in the Ulixes while the present Fugitoid's head reactivates in [[Geocentric orbit|Earth's orbit]].

Weeks later following the Triceraton Invasion being thwarted and the Foot Clan's disappearance, April is promoted to kunoichi at the time when the witch Shinigami arrives and is revealed that she is Karai's friend as they plot to rebuild the Hamato Clan and dispose of Shredder who is still recuperating from his last fight with Splinter. While Karai and Shinigami got some ninjas on their side, the Foot Clan strengthens the Footbot army by creating the Elite Footbots. Furthermore, some other crime organizations have been plotting to take over the Foot Clan's territory and a crystal shard of unimaginable power which April received from the alien Aeons during their space adventure is beginning to exert a baleful influence on her. Using a special mutagen formula made by Stockman-Fly, Oroku Saki recuperates and becomes Super-Shredder in order to take back control of the Foot Clan. Once a stable formula is made, Super-Shredder attacks the Turtles, the Mighty Mutanimals, Karai, and Shinigami which ends with Splinter falling in battle against Super-Shredder and is buried at the O'Neil family's summer home in North Hampton. This leads up to the final battle at Super-Shredder's hidden mansion where Leonardo manages to slay Super-Shredder and throw his mutated Kuro Kabuto to the other Turtles in victory.

=== Season 5 ===
{{Main|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series, season 5)}}
Following the death of the Super-Shredder, Tiger Claw has led the unspecified Foot Cultists into obtaining the Scroll of the Demodragon and a special control amulet called the &quot;Seal of the Ancients&quot; that would enable him to summon the demodragon Kavaxas. When Kavaxas is summoned from the Netherworld, Tiger Claw plans to use Kavaxas' wish-granting abilities to revive the Shredder. Upon demonstrating the revival ability on Rahzar who fell in an underwater battle against Leatherhead, Kavaxas states that he will need the Kuro Kabuto that contains Shredder's mental energies. Upon Rahzar and Tiger Claw reclaiming the Kuro Kabuto after Kavaxas drained the soul out of Shredder's former right-hand man Hattori Tatsu, Kavaxas states that they will need the Shredder's heart for the revival to occur. The Foot Clan obtains the Shredder's heart that was in the possession of Don Vizioso. Upon Shredder's heart being placed on his corpse, Kavaxas begins to work on reviving Shredder as the Zombie Shredder. This goes against what Tiger Claw eventually planned when Undead Shredder destroys the Seal of the Ancients which enables Kavaxas to raise the spirits of the Netherworld in order to rule both worlds. While Splinter's ghost helps those fighting on the surface, Michelangelo managed to use gum to stick the Seal of the Ancients back together enabling him to have Kavaxas undo his damages and open the portal to the Netherworld as the Zombie Shredder drags Kavaxas back to the Netherworld.

Afterwards, the Turtles face different challenges like the return of Lord Dregg when he collaborates with Newtralizer, being transported to [[Miyamoto Usagi]]'s reality where they help to protect the pug Kintaro from the evil gray wolf Jei, an adventure featuring an alternate future ruled by mutant animals, and another adventure involving the return of Savanti Romero where he collaborates with [[Count Dracula]] to make Earth more habitable for monsters.

In the series finale, the Turtles, April, Casey, Karai, Shinigami, and the Mighty Mutanimals soon teamed up with the 1987 counterparts of the Ninja Turtles.  Together, they face the return of Bebop and Rocksteady, who are recruited by the Shredder and Kraang's 1987 counterparts.  They villains plan to conquer Earth of both the 1987 and 2012 realities with a fully powered Technodrome after their Bebop and Rocksteady were accidentally left behind. While the Turtles and their allies fight off a horde of Foot Soldiers from the 1987–1996 series reality and the 2012 Rock Soldiers led by [[Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)#General Traag|Traag]] and [[Dimension X (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)#Sergeant Granitor|Granitor]], Bebop and Rocksteady discover Shredder and Krang's treacherous scheme to destroy the Earth and choose to become heroes in order to save the planet.

==Characters==
{{main|List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) characters}}

* [[Leonardo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Leonardo]] (voiced by [[Jason Biggs]] until &quot;The Wrath of Tiger Claw&quot;, [[Dominic Catrambone]] for the last seven episodes of Season 2, [[Seth Green]] in Seasons 3-5) – Leonardo, called &quot;Leo&quot; for short, is an enthusiastic [[ninjutsu]] student, who wears a blue mask, and fights with two swords called Niten Ryu. He leads the various missions of the Turtles.
* [[Donatello (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Donatello]] (voiced by [[Rob Paulsen]], who had previously voiced Raphael in [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1987 series)|the 1987 series]]) – Donatello, called &quot;Donnie&quot; for short, is in charge of the design and manufacture of all of the tools and weapons in the Turtles' arsenal. He is also a gifted hacker. He wears a purple mask and fights with a [[bō]] which also can be converted to a [[naginata]] via a [[Switchblade|blade inside one end of the staff]].
* [[Raphael (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Raphael]] (voiced by [[Sean Astin]]) – Raphael, also called &quot;Raph&quot;, wears a red mask and fights with two [[Sai (weapon)|sai]]. Known for his rage, he commonly takes it out on Mikey, and on occasions Leo, due to their feud. He acts as the muscles of the Turtles' attacks.
* [[Michelangelo (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Michelangelo]] (voiced by [[Greg Cipes]]) – Michelangelo, known as &quot;Mikey&quot;, is the least mature of the turtles and is a lover of video games, skateboarding, pranks and pizza. He wears an orange mask and fights with two [[nunchaku]] which also can be converted into [[kusarigama]] via a blade inside of one of the sticks of each nunchaku and extra lengths of chain stored in the other. He brings a brighter mood than his brother towards the team.

==Background and production==
On October 21, 2009, [[Viacom (2005–present)|Viacom]] published a press release announcing that it had bought the complete rights of the ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' franchise from [[Peter Laird]] for $60 million, and would be developing a CGI-animated TV series for its Nickelodeon family of channels for broadcast in 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release|url=https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/nickelodeon-acquires-global-rights-to-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-for-60-million/|title=Nickelodeon Acquires Global Rights to Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles for $60 million|date=October 21, 2009|via=PR Newswire|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=January 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054906/https://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/network-press-releases/nickelodeon-acquires-global-rights-to-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-for-60-million/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The release also confirmed a [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2014 film)|feature film]] to be produced for [[Paramount Pictures]] (also a division of Viacom), set for an August 2014 release.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2012/jul/19/tuning-in-to-tv-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-have-/|title= Tuning in to TV: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles have new series, toys|work=[[The Washington Times]]|date=July 29, 2012|accessdate=July 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a May 2011 issue of ''The Licensing Book'', Nickelodeon published subject-to-change [[concept art]] of all four turtles, along with artwork from the studio's revamped ''[[Winx Club]]'' series.&lt;ref name=&quot;issuu&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://issuu.com/licensingbook/docs/6-11|title=The Licensing Book: Summer 2011|date=May 2011|via=Issuu}}&lt;/ref&gt; Both shows were developed simultaneously at Nickelodeon Animation Studio&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nickanimationstudio.com/what-we-do/|title=What We Do - Nick Animation Careers|date=November 20, 2012|website=web.archive.org|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=November 20, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120123510/http://nickanimationstudio.com/what-we-do/|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; as part of the company's strategy to reboot two established brands for new viewers.&lt;ref name=&quot;issuu&quot;/&gt; ''TMNT'' was geared to a core [[target demographic]] of boys aged 6 to 11,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://licenseglobal.com/magazine-article/nickelodeons-pam-kaufman-kid-marketing-maven|title=Nickelodeon's Pam Kaufman|date=April 6, 2018|work=License! Global}}&lt;/ref&gt; while ''Winx Club'' was intended to reach a similar age group of girls.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite interview|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113052344/https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-G3M6j4pCT3A/Xhv-RXUXZGI/AAAAAAAADIE/iMiKYqNxT30XnT-l6akzeYHrqWTDisY4QCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/TMNT-mention.png|last=Zarghami|first=Cyma|date=2012|title=Cyma Zarghami interview}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June, it was revealed that the show's creative team would be led by designer Ciro Nieli and writers [[Jennifer Ventimilia|J.{{nbsp}}R.{{nbsp}}Ventimilia]] and [[Joshua Sternin]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://ew.com/article/2011/06/14/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-sean-astin/|title=Sean Astin in Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: He's Raphael|website=[[Entertainment Weekly]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The three crew members held an interview the following month; they mentioned that the turtles would be differentiated physically, but that their personalities would not be changed.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicbookmovie&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.comicbookmovie.com/teenage_mutant_ninja_turtles/jr-ventimilia-joshua-sternin-ciro-nieli-talk-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-tv-series-a43337|title=J.R. Ventimilia, Joshua Sternin, &amp; Ciro Nieli Talk Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles TV Series!|date=July 31, 2011|last=Romano|first=Paul|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=January 13, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200113054502/https://www.comicbookmovie.com/teenage_mutant_ninja_turtles/jr-ventimilia-joshua-sternin-ciro-nieli-talk-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-tv-series-a43337|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nieli stated that he had been influenced by the 1984 comics, while Ventimilia and Sternin were fans of the 1987 series and 1990s films in college.&lt;ref name=&quot;comicbookmovie&quot;/&gt;

At the [[American International Toy Fair]] in February 2012, the first line of tie-in figures was displayed. As previously announced, the line was produced by longtime ''TMNT'' licensee [[Playmates Toys]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mtv.com/news/2624394/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-toys-toy-fair/|title=Toy Fair 2012: Playmates Mutates More Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Figures|first=Jason|last=Stephens|website=MTV News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2012, final artwork from the series was leaked on the Nickelodeon website before it was taken down. The images showed the designs of all four turtles, Shredder, Splinter, a teenage April O'Neil and the Kraang, an alien race that combines elements of both [[Krang]] and the Utroms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/03/09/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-nickelodeon-images/ |title=Parting Shot: Nickelodeon Shells Out New 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Images |first=Caleb |last=Goellner |date=March 9, 2012 |publisher=Comics Alliance |accessdate=March 27, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314134910/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2012/03/09/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-nickelodeon-images/ |archivedate=March 14, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; A trailer for the series was released on June 21, 2012, on [[Nickelodeon|Nickelodeon USA]].&lt;ref name=&quot;trailer&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://insidetv.ew.com/2012/06/21/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-nickelodeon-trailer/|title= Nickelodeon's 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' reboot: See the show's trailer here! -- EXCLUSIVE|first= Tanner|last= Stransky|date= June 21, 2012|publisher= Entertainment Weekly|accessdate= June 21, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July, Playmates released the show's merchandise ahead of its television debut.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeons-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-toys-hit-toysrus-stores-nationwide-this-month-162835606.html|title=Nickelodeon's Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Toys Hit Toys'R'Us® Stores Nationwide This Month|date=July 18, 2012|website=web.archive.org|access-date=July 7, 2020|archive-date=November 8, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131108160031/http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeons-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-toys-hit-toysrus-stores-nationwide-this-month-162835606.html|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Jason Biggs]] originally voiced [[Leonardo (TMNT)|Leonardo]] and [[Rob Paulsen]] voices [[Donatello (TMNT)|Donatello]].&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Lowry |first=Brian |url=https://variety.com/2012/tv/reviews/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-1117948429/ |title=Variety Reviews - Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - TV Reviews - - Review by Brian Lowry |publisher=Variety.com |date=September 26, 2012 |accessdate=October 20, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2011, it was confirmed that [[Sean Astin]] is playing Raphael and [[Greg Cipes]] is Michelangelo.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://insidetv.ew.com/2011/06/14/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-sean-astin/|title= Sean Astin voicing Raphael in new 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'|first= Darren|last= Franich|date= July 14, 2011|publisher= [[Entertainment Weekly]]|location= [[New York City]]|accessdate= February 11, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2011, it was revealed that [[Mae Whitman]] would be the voice for [[April O'Neil]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Rob Paulsen |url=http://www.behindthevoiceactors.com/news/Voice-of-April-ONeil-revealed/ |title=Voice of April ONeil revealed |publisher=Behind The Voice Actors |date= |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2012, it was announced that [[Phil LaMarr]] would be playing the role of [[Baxter Stockman]] and [[Nolan North]] would be playing a race of aliens known as [[Krang|the Kraang]],&lt;ref name=&quot;live&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://robpaulsenlive.com/episode-36-guest-phil-lamarr/ |title=Episode 36 Guest: Phil Lamarr |publisher=Rob Paulsen Live |date=April 13, 2012 |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;north&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://robpaulsenlive.com/episode-38-guest-nolan-north/ |title=Episode 38 Guest: Nolan North |publisher=Rob Paulsen Live |date=April 27, 2012 |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; while [[Roseanne Barr]] is confirmed to voice their leader, Kraang Prime.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvguide.com/News/Exclusive-Teenage-Mutant-1059297.aspx |title=Exclusive: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Guest Cast Includes Roseanne Barr - Today's News: Our Take |publisher=TVGuide.com |date=January 18, 2013 |accessdate=July 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Actress [[Kelly Hu]] confirmed her role as [[Karai (character)|Karai]] in May 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;khu&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/kellyhu/status/204979727713308673 |title=Twitter / KellyHu: &quot;@JasonRainwater: @Kelly |publisher=Twitter.com |date= |accessdate=July 7, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Corey Feldman]], who previously voiced Donatello in the [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (1990 film)|first]] and [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles III|third]] TMNT films, was confirmed to play the role of [[Slash (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Slash]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.theouthousers.com/index.php/news/123038-corey-feldman-is-slash-for-nicks-tmnt.html |title=Corey Feldman is Slash for Nick's TMNT |publisher=Theouthousers.com |date= |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Recurring TMNT character [[Casey Jones (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Casey Jones]] began appearing in the second season, and is voiced by former Nickelodeon star [[Josh Peck]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2012/08/03/new-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-balances-comedy-and-action |title=New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Balances Comedy and Action |publisher=IGN |date= |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/comic-con-nickelodeon-sets-legend-576484 Comic-Con: Nickelodeon Sets 'Legend of Korra,' 'Ninja Turtles' Panels (Exclusive)] Hollywood Reporter, Retrieved July 13, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2014, it was announced that [[Seth Green]] would replace [[Jason Biggs]] and Dominic Catrambone as the voice of Leonardo in season 3.&lt;ref name=&quot;hollywoodreporter1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/nickelodeon-renews-teenage-mutant-ninja-712533 |title=Nickelodeon Renews 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' for Season 4 (Exclusive) |publisher=Hollywood Reporter |date= |accessdate=June 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Episodes==
{{main|List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes}}
{{:List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes}}

==Related animation==
===''Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past''===
On November 22, 2015, Nickelodeon aired a [[2D computer graphics|2D animated special]], ''Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past''. In the special, the Ninja Turtles are accidentally transported back to the [[Cretaceous|Cretaceous period]] by an ancient [[meteorite]] and must work together with Rocksteady and Bebop (along with some newly befriended [[dinosaur]] allies) to get back to their own time, while simultaneously fending off would-be predators and a faction of the Triceraton Army led by General Zera (voiced by [[Kate Mulgrew]]), coming to prehistoric Earth. Random House also released a book based on the special while Playmates released new dinosaur toys in the fall to coincide with the program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://m.ign.com/articles/2015/07/29/new-2d-animated-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-tv-special-announced||title=NEW 2D-ANIMATED TEENAGE MUTANT NINJA TURTLES TV SPECIAL ANNOUNCED|last=Nicholson|first=Max|work=IGN|date=November 24, 2015|accessdate=November 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The special was seen by 1.41 million viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-cable-ratings-nov-22-2015/|title=Sunday cable ratings: ‘Walking Dead’ rises with Glenn’s fate revealed, ‘Into the Badlands’ down in week 2|work=TV by the Numbers|date=November 24, 2015|last=Porter|first=Rick|accessdate=November 24, 2015|archive-date=June 1, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160601232856/http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/11/24/sunday-cable-ratings-nov-22-2015/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released to DVD, through Nickelodeon and [[Paramount Home Media Distribution]], on March 15, 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Half-Shell-Heroes-Blast-To-The-Past/21820|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - 'Half-Shell Heroes: Blast to the Past' Special is Coming to DVD!|last=Lambert|first=David|work=TV Shows on DVD|date=December 14, 2015|accessdate=January 21, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160118153100/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Half-Shell-Heroes-Blast-To-The-Past/21820|archivedate=January 18, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Short films===
{{expand section|date=July 2017}}
A series of short films were released during the course of the series, including: ''Turtles in Time, Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles, TMNT Team Up: The Short Series.

''Teenage Mecha Ninja Turtles'' focuses on the eponymous group, four human teen mecha pilots trained by an aged Michelangelo (with Greg Cipes reprising his role from the series) set in a futuristic New York City (circa 2090) inhabited both by humans and anthropormorphic animals, including a [[Scruff McGruff]]-like police chief. The four children each pilot colored turtle like mechs, and consist of the following: team leader Frida (voiced by [[America Young]]) pilots the red, Raphael-like mech; the blue mech with cloaking abilities that resembles Leonardo is piloted by Frida's antagonistic teammate Jackson ([[Eric Artel]]); the battle happy Kusama ([[Tania Gunadi]]) pilots the Michelangelo-like orange mech; and the purple mech, which is heavily armored and wields a bo staff that can transform into a hammer, is piloted by the nerdy and somewhat anxious Basque ([[Khary Payton]]). The short features the Mecha Turtles subduing a group of anthropomorphic thieves resembling [[Hyena]]s and other canines, consisting of wolf-like leader Grimm, spotted hyena-like members Jester Joe (both voiced by [[Eric Bauza]]) and Jester Jim (voiced by [[David Kaye (voice actor)|David Kaye]], who also voices the armored police officer Sgt. Swat), and several other silent members.

==Broadcast==
&lt;!-- Please see guidelines at MOS:TV#Broadcast and WP:NOTTVGUIDE. Wikipedia discourages the indiscriminate listing of every country that airs this show and encourages that only English-speaking countries are included. --&gt;
The series premiered on [[Canada|Canadian]] channel [[YTV (TV channel)|YTV]] on September 29, 2012. It also premiered on [[Nickelodeon (UK and Ireland)|Nickelodeon UK and Ireland]] in the [[United Kingdom|UK]] and the [[Republic of Ireland]] on October 1, 2012. It premiered on [[Nickelodeon (Australia and New Zealand)|Nickelodeon Australia and New Zealand]] in [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]] on October 8, 2012. It premiered on [[Nickelodeon (Canada)|Nickelodeon Canada]] on September 2, 2013. In [[India]], it airs on [[Nickelodeon (India)|Nick HD+]]. It also airs on [[Channel 5 (UK)|Channel 5]] in the UK.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.channel5.com/show/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|publisher=Channel 5|language=English|accessdate=23 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Reception==
[[IGN]] has given the show positive reviews, with many episodes reviewed being given the &quot;Editor's Choice&quot; title.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/tv/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-2012/1 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012): Season 1 - TV |publisher=IGN |date=October 18, 2012 |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The season 2 finale &quot;The Invasion&quot; has received the highest rating of 10/10.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ign.com/articles/2014/09/26/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-the-invasion-review|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: &quot;The Invasion&quot; Review|last=Nicholson|first=Max|work=IGN|accessdate=January 27, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series premiered in the U.S. to 3.9 million viewers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/starlight-runner-entertainment-tapped-prep-nickelodeons-hit-teenage-140034127.html|title=Starlight Runner Entertainment Tapped to Prep Nickelodeon's Hit Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Franchise for Multi-Platform - Yahoo! News&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' has praised the show, saying &quot;...handsomely produced effort, with a strong vocal cast, considerable humor and scads of high-spirited action. If the goal was to introduce the Turtles to a new generation — amphibious mission accomplished.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;variety&quot; /&gt;

===Accolades===
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;width:95%;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; style=&quot;background: LightSteelBlue;&quot; | Awards
|- style=&quot;background:#ccc; text-align:center;&quot;
! Year
! Award
! Category
! Recipients and nominees
! Result
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|2013
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[40th Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Animated Program
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Meredith Layne, Sarah Noonan, and Gene Vassilaros 
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Editing - Animation
|Jeff Shiffman, Otis Van Osten, Anna Adams, Gerry Gonzalez, Matt Hall, Roger Pallan, John Sanacore, and Alex Ullrich
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;7&quot;|2014
|[[41st Annie Awards]]
|Outstanding Achievement, Editorial in an Animated TV/Broadcast Production
|Myra Lopez, Ana Adams, and Justin Baker
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2014 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Cartoon
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2014 Nickelodeon Indonesia Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Cartoon Show
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[41st Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Sarah Noonan, Gene Vassilaros, and Meredith Layne
|{{win}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[66th Primetime Emmy Awards]]&lt;ref name=&quot;66emmy&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url=http://www.emmys.com/sites/default/files/Downloads/66th-nominations-list.pdf | title=66th Annual Primetime Emmy Award Nominations | accessdate=July 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|[[Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Animated Program (for Programming Less Than One Hour)]]
|&quot;The Manhattan Project&quot;
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[British Academy Children's Awards|2014 British Academy Children's Awards]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Children's in 2014|url=http://awards.bafta.org/award/2014/childrens|publisher=[[British Academy of Film and Television Arts]]| accessdate= November 23, 2014 | date=November 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| International
|Alan Wan, Brandon Auman, Ciro Nieli
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2015
|[[Producers Guild of America Awards 2014]]
|Outstanding Children's Program
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|[[2015 Kids' Choice Awards]]
|Favorite Cartoon
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|[[42nd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Meredith Layne, Sarah Noonan, and Gene Vassilaros
|{{win}} &lt;small&gt;(tie)&lt;/small&gt;
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|2016
|[[Producers Guild of America Awards 2015]]
|Outstanding Children's Program
|''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles''
|{{nom}}
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[43rd Daytime Creative Arts Emmy Awards]]
|Outstanding Casting for an Animated Series or Special
|Meredith Layne, Sarah Noonan, and Gene Vassilaros
|{{nom}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Mixing – Animation
|Justin Brinsfield, Matt Corey, Manny Grijalva, D.J. Lynch, Jeff Shiffman
|{{win}}
|-
|Outstanding Sound Editing – Animation
|Jeff Shiffman, Jessey Drake, Anna Adams, Elliot Herman and Roger Pallan
|{{nom}}
|-
|2017
|[[44th Annie Awards]]
|Best Animated Television/Broadcast Production For Children
|&quot;Trans-Dimensional Turtles&quot;
| {{nom}}
|}

==Merchandise==

===Toys===
[[Playmates Toys]] created a new line of ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' consumer products to go along with the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Nickelodeon: Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Make a Triumphant Return to Television in New Nickelodeon Series|newspaper=India Retail News|date=October 4, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In mid-2012, Playmates Toys released their first wave of basic [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles action figures]] which consisted of &quot;hero figures&quot; Leonardo, Donatello, Raphael, Michelangelo, Splinter and April O'Neil as well as &quot;villain characters&quot; Shredder, Kraang, and a Foot Soldier. In early 2013, Playmates released series 2 which consisted of the new &quot;hero&quot; character Metalhead as well as new villains Dogpound and Fishface. In April 2013, the third wave appeared which included the &quot;hero&quot; character Leatherhead as well as villains Snakeweed and Baxter Stockman.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.playmatestoys.com/brands/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/toys/action-figures/basic |title=Basic Action Figures &amp;#124; Playmates Toys, Inc |publisher=Playmatestoys.com |accessdate=July 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728132810/http://www.playmatestoys.com/brands/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles/toys/action-figures/basic |archivedate=July 28, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wave four was released in early August and it featured the villains Rat King and Spyroach as well as new &quot;Stealth Tech&quot; versions of the four turtles. Wave 5 was released in October with a 7 pack of Mousers as well as four baby versions of the Turtles (Turtles in training) October saw the final release of 2013 with wave six which included two new villains: Spider Bytez and a newly sculpted Shredder figure featuring a removable helmet and cape.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.comicsalliance.com/2013/02/12/toy-fair-2013-playmates-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-action-figures-ooze/ |title=Toy Fair 2013: Playmates' Upcoming 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Figures And Vehicles |publisher=Comicsalliance.com |date=February 12, 2013 |accessdate=July 16, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616050322/http://www.comicsalliance.com/2013/02/12/toy-fair-2013-playmates-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-action-figures-ooze/ |archivedate=June 16, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Wave seven first appeared in February 2014 with figures for Kirby Bat, Squirrelanoid, Casey Jones, and Mutagen Man.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://toynewsi.com//news.php?itemid=21086 |title=New Nickelodeon TMNT Mutagen Man, Kirby Bat, and Squirrelanoid Figure Images |publisher=toynewsi.com |date=2013-09-19 |accessdate=October 8, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[The Lego Group]] released a [[Lego]] theme of ''[[Lego Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' between 2012 and 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://shop.lego.com/en-US/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-ByTheme|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles™ - LEGO Shop|website=shop.lego.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2014, [[Build-A-Bear Workshop]] released a series of plush versions of the Turtles, as well as other TMNT themed apparel including an outfit of Shredder, along with items such as the Turtles' signature weapons.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://nickalive.blogspot.com/2014/07/nickelodeons-teenage-mutant-ninja.html|title=NickALive!: Nickelodeon's &quot;Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles&quot; Arrive At Build-A-Bear Workshop|date=2014-07-20|website=NickALive!|access-date=2019-08-22}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 2014, [[Diamond Select Toys]] unveiled the first series of [[Minimates]] mini-figures based on the Nickelodeon series.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://comicsalliance.com/diamond-select-toys-c2e2-2014-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-minimates-retro-captain-america-x-men-spider-man/ |title=DST Reveals 'Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles' Minimates and More at C2E2 |publisher=ComicsAlliance.com |date=April 28, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906123435/http://comicsalliance.com/diamond-select-toys-c2e2-2014-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-minimates-retro-captain-america-x-men-spider-man/ |archivedate=September 6, 2015 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Two unpainted promotional figures were given away at [[Comic-Con International]] 2014, and Series 1 was released in fall 2014 as blind bags at [[Kmart]] and comic shops, and in 2-packs at [[Toys &quot;R&quot; Us]]. Each location had one or two exclusive characters in addition to their shared characters. Series 2 was released in comic shops in early-2015 and at Toys &quot;R&quot; Us in mid-2015, again with both shared and exclusive figures. Series 3 is scheduled for both locations for the fall of 2015. A Series 4 has been confirmed.

===Comics===
Similar to the ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures]]'' series from [[Archie Comics]], which spanoff from the original TV series, [[IDW Publishing]] released a spin-off comic title named ''[[New Animated Adventures]]'' featuring original adventures, starting July 2013. The series was cancelled after 24 issues, and was succeeded by a revised story program entitled ''[[Amazing Adventures (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Amazing Adventures]]'', which was launched in August 2015. One of the main reasons for this revision was the inclusion of the [[Shredder (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)|Shredder]] as a vital character into the comic stories, which had been neglected in ''New Animated Adventures''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://tmnt-ninjaturtles.com/tmnt-new-animated-adventures-canceled/ TMNT-NinjaTurtles.com: &quot;''TMNT New Animated Adventures'' Canceled&quot;] (22 April 2015)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://comicsalliance.com/idw-tmnt-amazing-adventures/ Comics Alliance: &quot;IDW Announces ''TMNT Amazing Adventures'', With Backup Story By James Kochalka&quot;] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160623160259/http://comicsalliance.com/idw-tmnt-amazing-adventures/ |date=June 23, 2016 }} (15 May 2015)&lt;/ref&gt; ''Amazing Adventures'' was published until September 2017, with a total of fourteen regular issues, one special story guest-starring [[Carmelo Anthony]], a three-issue story arch titled ''Robotanimals'', and the crossover miniseries ''[[Batman/Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles Adventures]]''.

===Home media===
The series has also been released to [[home video]], mainly [[DVD]]. Nickelodeon's typical Region 1 DVD release schedule is to release each season across three or four volumes, consisting of four DVDs total, with each disc containing about 6-7 sequential episodes.

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding:0 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Season
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding:0 8px;&quot; rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| Episodes
! scope=&quot;col&quot; style=&quot;padding:0 8px;&quot; colspan=&quot;3&quot;| DVD release dates
|-
! Region 1
! Region 2
! Region 4
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#00ae1a;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 1 (2012–13)|1]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;| 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 1: Rise of the Turtles: {{Start date|2013|2|26}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/12943|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 1: Rise of the Turtles|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=February 26, 2013|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150713151352/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/12943|archivedate=July 13, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 2: Enter Shredder: {{Start date|2013|7|16}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13343|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 2: Enter Shredder|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=July 16, 2013|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720210351/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13343|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 3: Ultimate Showdown: {{Start date|2013|10|01}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13568|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 3: Ultimate Showdown|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=October 1, 2013|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720193824/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/13568|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Complete 1st Season: {{Start date|2014|10|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-Season/14681|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st Season|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=October 7, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720181258/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-Season/14681|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Pulverizer Power: {{Start date|2015|6|9}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15466|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Pulverizer Power|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=June 9, 2015|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720180721/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15466|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons: {{Start date|2015|10|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TV Shows on DVD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-2nd-Seasons/15720|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons DVD Information|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=October 6, 2015|accessdate=November 3, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117003235/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Complete-1st-2nd-Seasons/15720|archivedate=November 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 |Complete Season: {{Start date|2013|11|18}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00DW6CAYS |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Complete Season 1 (R2) |work=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=April 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 1: {{Start date|2013|3|6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-rise-of-the-turtles/dp/6138863 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Rise of the Turtles (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112748/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-rise-of-the-turtles/dp/6138863 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 2: {{Start date|2013|6|26}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-enter-shredder/dp/6140873 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Enter Shredder (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415112845/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-enter-shredder/dp/6140873 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 3: {{Start date|2013|9|4}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-kraang-invasion/dp/6143682 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Kraang Invasion |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415113921/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-kraang-invasion/dp/6143682 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 4: {{Start date|2013|10|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-ultimate-showdown/dp/6144882 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Ultimate Showdown (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415115717/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-ultimate-showdown/dp/6144882 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2013|10|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2236333/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-1--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 1 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#883485;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 2 (2013–14)|2]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 4: Mutagen Mayhem: {{Start date|2014|3|18}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14081|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 4: Mutagen Mayhem|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=March 18, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720220227/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14081|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 5: The Good, The Bad and Casey Jones: {{Start date|2014|7|1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14419|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 5: The Good, The Bad and Casey Jones|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=July 1, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720191112/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14419|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 6: Showdown in Dimension X: {{Start date|2014|12|2}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14957|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Vol. 6: Showdown in Dimension X|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=December 2, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150720181256/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/14957|archivedate=July 20, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;The Complete 1st and 2nd Seasons: {{Start date|2015|10|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;TV Shows on DVD&quot;/&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; |Complete Season: {{Start date|2015|3|30}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B00QNNZ51C/ |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles:   Season Two (R2) |publisher=[[Amazon.co.uk]] |accessdate=July 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 5: {{Start date|2014|6|25}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-season-2-volume-1-mutagen-mayhem/dp/6150859 |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Mutagen Mayhem (R4) |publisher=EzyDVD Pty Ltd. |accessdate=April 14, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140415115111/http://www.ezydvd.com.au/DVD/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-season-2-volume-1-mutagen-mayhem/dp/6150859 |archivedate=April 15, 2014 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 6: {{Start date|2014|9|10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2273731/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Old-Friends-New-Enemies|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Old Friends, New Enemies|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 7: {{Start date|2015|1|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2288838/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Renegade-Rampage|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja: Renegade Rampage|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 8: {{Start date|2015|3|25}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2293333/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Into-Dimension-X|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Into Dimension X|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2015|6|24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2296555/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-2--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 2 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#1e32ff;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 3 (2014–15)|3]]'''
| style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; |  Volume 7: Retreat: {{Start date|2015|3|10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles -  Volume 7|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=March 10, 2014|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150717202807/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|archivedate=July 17, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Volume 8: Return to NYC: {{Start date|2015|7|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15536|title=Volume 8: Return to NYC!|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=July 14, 2015|accessdate=July 16, 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150716102830/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Volume-Release/15536|archivedate=July 16, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Volume 9: Revenge: {{Start date|2015|12|1}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Volume 9: Revenge|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=1 December 2015|accessdate=1 December 2015|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20151024153755/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/releases/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-3-Volume-1/15132|archivedate=October 24, 2015|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | Complete Season: {{Start date|2016|9|5}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 Complete Collection|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/dp/B01CSFS704|website=Amazon|accessdate=16 October 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 9: {{Start date|2015|6|24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2296554/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Retreat|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Retreat!|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 10: {{Start date|2015|9|9}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2299674/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Return-To-NYC|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Return To NYC!|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 11: {{Start date|2015|11|5}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2302827/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---React|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - React|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 12: {{Start date|2016|4|7}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2309470/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-3---Vol-4|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 - Vol 4|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2016|5|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2309961/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-3--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 3 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#ffa500;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 4 (2015–16)|4]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 26
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 10: Beyond the Known Universe: {{Start date|2016|5|24}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-4-Vol-1/22064|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles DVD news: Announcement for  Vol. 10: Beyond the Known Universe|publisher=TV Shows on DVD|date=March 7, 2016|accessdate=March 14, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314112244/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Season-4-Vol-1/22064|archivedate=March 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;  Volume 11: Earth's Last Stand: {{Start date|2016|12|13}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Formal Press Release for Vol. 11: Earth's Last Stand'|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Earths-Last-Stand/22724|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=16 October 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161014024204/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Earths-Last-Stand/22724|archivedate=October 14, 2016|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 12: Super Shredder (episodes 20-26): {{Start date|2017|03|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - 'Tales of the Turtles V1: Super Shredder' DVD Announced'|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Super-Shredder/22971|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=2 March 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303124610/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Super-Shredder/22971|archivedate=March 3, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | Beyond the Known Universe: {{Start date|2016|10|10}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Intergalactic/dp/B01KJXCHRQ/ref=pd_bxgy_74_img_2?_encoding=UTF8&amp;pd_rd_i=B01KJXCHRQ&amp;pd_rd_r=4baf2850-d7db-11e8-8985-39fc5c8546e7&amp;pd_rd_w=7hv1C&amp;pd_rd_wg=kbRO7&amp;pf_rd_i=desktop-dp-sims&amp;pf_rd_m=A3P5ROKL5A1OLE&amp;pf_rd_p=466c8fd0-3653-4c9b-86fa-f9bc8fd2ae35&amp;pf_rd_r=6QDWBS4PRV6HPVDVY0TH&amp;pf_rd_s=desktop-dp-sims&amp;pf_rd_t=40701&amp;psc=1&amp;refRID=6QDWBS4PRV6HPVDVY0TH|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Beyond The Known Universe &amp; Intergalactic Attack|date=October 10, 2016|via=Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Earth's Last Stand: {{Start date|2017|03|27}}&lt;ref name=&quot;amazon.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.co.uk/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-SuperShredder/dp/B06WD4Z7CP/ref=sr_1_11?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1540419518&amp;sr=8-11&amp;keywords=teenage+mutant+ninja+turtles+dvd|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Earth's Last Stand &amp; SuperShredder S4 V3&amp;4|date=March 27, 2017|via=Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Super Shredder: {{Start date|2017|03|27}}&lt;ref name=&quot;amazon.co.uk&quot;/&gt;
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 13: {{Start date|2016|5|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2309962/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Beyond-The-Known---Season-4---Vol-1|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Beyond The Known - Season 4 - Vol 1|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 14: {{Start date|2016|9|15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2315864/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Intergalactic-Attack|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Intergalactic Attack|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 15: {{Start date|2016|11|23}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2319054/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Earths-Last-Stand---Season-4---Vol-3|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Earth's Last Stand - Season 4 - Vol 3|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 16: {{Start date|2017|4|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2329073/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Super-Shredder---Season-4---Vol-4|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Super Shredder - Season 4 - Vol 4|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2017|6|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2336284/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-4--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 4 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
 | style=&quot;width:15px; background:#dc143c;&quot;|
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | '''[[List of Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series) episodes#Season 5: Tales of The Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2017-18)|5]]'''
 | style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot; | 20
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 12: Super Shredder (episodes 1-4): {{Start date|2017|03|21}}&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt; Volume 13: Wanted: Bebop &amp; Rocksteady: {{Start date|2017|09|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Press Release, Box for 'Wanted: Bebop &amp; Rocksteady' DVDs|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Wanted-Bebop-and-Rocksteady/23437|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171028123604/http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Wanted-Bebop-and-Rocksteady/23437|archivedate=October 28, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 14: The Final Chapters: {{Start date|2017|12|12}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Lambert|first1=David|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - 'Tales of the Turtles V3: The Final Chapters' DVD Announced|url=http://www.tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Tales-V3-Final-Chapters/23683|website=TV Shows on DVD|accessdate=25 September 2017|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170925011609/http://tvshowsondvd.com/news/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Tales-V3-Final-Chapters/23683|archivedate=September 25, 2017|df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
 | {{N/a|TBA}}
 | style=&quot;padding: 0 8px;&quot; | Volume 17: {{Start date|2017|6|14}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2336283/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Cult-Of-Shredder---Season-5---Vol-1|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Cult Of Shredder - Season 5 - Vol 1|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 18: {{Start date|2017|9|6}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2348214/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Monsters-And-Mutants---Season-5---Vol-2|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Monsters And Mutants - Season 5 - Vol 2|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 19: {{Start date|2017|11|15}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2350770/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Wanted---Bebop-and-Rocksteady|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Wanted - Bebop and Rocksteady|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Volume 20: {{Start date|2018|4|11}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2365479/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---The-Final-Chapters|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - The Final Chapters|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Complete Season: {{Start date|2018|4|11}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.sanity.com.au/products/2365480/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles---Season-5--Boxset|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles - Season 5 &amp;#124; Boxset|website=Sanity}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

===Video games===
In 2013, [[Nickelodeon]] released ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Rooftop Run|Rooftop Run]]'' for [[iOS]] devices such as the [[iPhone]], [[iPad]], and [[iPod Touch]].

On August 28, 2013, [[Activision]] released ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows (video game)|Out of the Shadows]]'', a downloadable 3D [[beat 'em up]] game, for [[Xbox 360]] and [[Microsoft Windows]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Ishaan|url=http://www.siliconera.com/2013/07/08/tmnt-out-of-the-shadows-and-more-in-this-years-summer-of-arcade-line-up/ |title=TMNT: Out of the Shadows And More In This Year's Summer of Arcade Line-up |publisher=Siliconera |date=July 8, 2013 |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 15, 2014, a version was released for the [[PlayStation 3]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Playstation&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles™: Out of the Shadows|url=http://us.playstation.com/games/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-out-of-the-shadows-ps3.html|website=us.playstation.com/|accessdate=July 15, 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709150940/http://us.playstation.com/games/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-out-of-the-shadows-ps3.html|archivedate=July 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The game features an online [[multiplayer video game|multiplayer]] co-op for up to four players.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Sliwinski |first=Alexander |url=http://www.joystiq.com/2013/03/04/teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-out-of-the-shadows-this-summer/ |title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Out of the Shadows this summer |publisher=Joystiq |date=March 4, 2013 |accessdate=July 16, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Activision also released a ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2013 video game)|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles]]'' video game based on the series for [[Wii]], [[Xbox 360]], and [[Nintendo 3DS]] on October 22, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/nickelodeon-and-activision-reveal-new-teenage-mutant-ninja-turtles-video-game-based-on-the-networks-hit-cg-animated-series-216223551.html |title=Nickelodeon and Activision Reveal New Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles™ Video Game Based... - NEW YORK, July 19, 2013 /PRNewswire/ |publisher=Prnewswire.com |date= |accessdate=September 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On September 4, 2014. Activision announced there being a second game based on the show called ''[[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Danger of the Ooze|Danger of the Ooze]]''. The game was released on October 28, 2014 for the [[Nintendo 3DS]] and [[Xbox 360]], and the [[PlayStation 3]]. The game was developed by [[Wayforward Technologies|Wayforward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Teenage-Mutant-Ninja-Turtles-Danger-PlayStation/dp/B00MEXP34Y/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1436242219&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=Teenage+Mutant+Ninja+Turtles:+Danger+of+the+Ooze|title=Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles: Danger of the OOZE - PlayStation 3|publisher=|via=Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Leonardo, Michelangelo, Donatello, and Raphael appear as playable characters in the video game ''[[Nickelodeon Kart Racers]]'' and it's the first Nickelodeon crossover video game for consoles to feature Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles characters.

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{wikiquote-inline|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)}}
* {{Official website|http://www.nick.com/ninja-turtles/}}
* {{IMDb title|1877889|Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles}}
* {{bcdb |Other_Studios/N/Nickelodeon/Teenage_Mutant_Ninja_Turtles/ |Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles }}

{{Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles}}
{{Former Nickelodeon original series}}

{{Portal bar|Nickelodeon|Cartoon|Television|United States|Speculative fiction}}

[[Category:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)| ]]
[[Category:2012 American television series debuts]]
[[Category:2017 American television series endings]]
[[Category:2010s American animated television series]]
[[Category:2010s American science fiction television series]]
[[Category:2010s Nickelodeon shows]]
[[Category:Alien invasions in television]]
[[Category:American children's animated action television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated adventure television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated comedy television series]]
[[Category:American children's animated drama television series]]
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&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles (2012 TV series)/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Walgreens</title>
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      <text bytes="59350" xml:space="preserve">{{Update|role in coronavirus testing for the USA|date=March 2020}}
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{{Infobox company
| name = Walgreen Company&lt;!-- Don't change to Walgreen's --&gt;
| logo = Walgreens 2005 primary logo.svg
| image = Walgreens1126.jpg
| image_caption = A Walgreens store in [[Steamboat Springs, Colorado]]
| type = [[Subsidiary]]
| trade_name = Walgreens
| founded = {{start date and age|1901}}&lt;br/&gt;[[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], [[United States|U.S.]]
| founder = [[Charles Rudolph Walgreen]]
| hq_location = 200 Wilmot Road
| hq_location_city = [[Deerfield, Illinois]]
| hq_location_country = [[United States]]
| num_locations = 9,277&lt;ref name=store_count&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://news.walgreens.com/fact-sheets/store-count-by-state.htm| title = Store Count by State {{!}} Walgreens Newsroom| website = news.walgreens.com| access-date = March 24, 2017| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404155415/http://news.walgreens.com/fact-sheets/store-count-by-state.htm| archive-date = April 4, 2016| url-status = dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| area_served = [[United States]]
| key_people = [[James A. Skinner]] (Executive Chairman)&lt;br/&gt;[[Stefano Pessina]] (Executive Vice Chairman &amp; CEO)&lt;br/&gt;Richard Ashworth (President)
| industry = [[Retail]]
| products = {{unbulleted list|[[Drug store]]|[[Pharmacy (shop)|Pharmacy]]}}
| parent = [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]]&lt;br/&gt;(2014–present)
| homepage = {{URL|walgreens.com}}
| footnotes = &lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Pasquarelli |first=Adrianne |url=http://adage.com/article/cmo-strategy/walgreens-rebrands-rival-cvs-scoops-aetna/311514/ |title=GOODBYE 'CORNER OF HAPPY &amp; HEALTHY.' WALGREENS REBRANDS AS RIVAL CVS SCOOPS UP AETNA |work=[[AdAge]] |date=December 4, 2017 |accessdate=December 5, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''Walgreen Company''' or simply '''Walgreens''' is an American company that operates as the second-largest [[Pharmacy (shop)|pharmacy store]] chain in the United States behind [[CVS Health]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/06/30/cvs-to-buy-all-of-targets-pharmacy-stores-a-win-win-for-both/#1b65050769d1|title=CVS to Buy All of Target's Pharmacy Stores -- A Win-Win For Both|first=Trefis|last=Team|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; It specializes in filling prescriptions, health and wellness products, health information, and photo services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.walgreens.com|title=Welcome to Walgreens - Your Home for Prescriptions, Photos and Health Information|website=www.walgreens.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August&amp;nbsp;31, 2019, the company operated 9,277&lt;!-- exact count changes regularly--&gt; stores in the United States. It was founded in [[Chicago]], [[Illinois]], in 1901. The Walgreens headquarters office is in the [[Chicago metropolitan area|Chicago suburb]] of [[Deerfield, Illinois|Deerfield]], Illinois&lt;!--Specify state because some Chicago suburbs are in Indiana and Wisconsin--&gt;.&lt;!--Cited in headquarters section--&gt;

In 2014 the company agreed to purchase the remaining 55% of Switzerland-based [[Alliance Boots]] to form a global business. Under the terms of the purchase, the two companies merged to form a new [[holding company]], [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]] Inc., on December 31, 2014. Walgreens became a subsidiary of the new company, which retains its Deerfield headquarters and trades on the [[Nasdaq]] under the symbol {{NasdaqSymbol|WBA}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Linnane|first1=Ciara|title=Walgreen ticker changes to WBA after merger with Boots Alliance|url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/walgreen-ticker-changes-to-wba-after-merger-with-boots-alliance-2014-12-31 |website=Market Watch|accessdate=December 31, 2014|date=December 31, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==

===Company history===
[[File:Old &quot;Walgreen&quot; sign, San Antonio.JPG|thumb|Early &quot;Walgreen Drugs&quot; sign still in use in [[San Antonio]], [[Texas]]]]Walgreens began in 1901, with a small food front store on the corner of Bowen and Cottage Grove Avenues in Chicago, owned by [[Galesburg, Illinois|Galesburg]] native [[Charles Rudolph Walgreen|Charles R. Walgreen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
|url= http://www.walgreens.com/topic/about/companyhistory.jsp|title= Our History|publisher= Walgreens
|accessdate= March 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1913, Walgreens had grown to four stores on [[Chicago's South Side]]. It opened its fifth in 1915 and four more in 1916. By 1919, there were 20 stores in the chain. As a result of [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]], the 1920s were a successful time for Walgreens. Although alcohol was illegal, prescription whiskey was available and sold by Walgreens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=When Cannabis Meets Capitalism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/06/27/business/27pot.html|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1922 the company introduced a [[malt]]ed [[milkshake]], which led to its establishing ice cream manufacturing plants. The next year, Walgreen began opening stores away from residential areas. In the mid 1920s, there were 44 stores with annual sales of $1,200,000 combined. Walgreens had also expanded by then into [[Minnesota]], [[Missouri]], and [[Wisconsin]].

By 1930 it had 397 stores with annual sales of [[US$]]4,000,000. This expansion partly was attributed to selling prescribed alcohol, mainly whiskey, which Walgreen often stocked under the counter, as accounted in Daniel Okrent's ''Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition''.&lt;ref&gt;Daniel Okrent, Last Call: The Rise and Fall of Prohibition (197)&lt;/ref&gt; The stock market crash in October 1929 and the subsequent [[Great Depression]] did not greatly affect the company. By 1934, Walgreens was operating in 30 states with 601 stores.

After Charles Walgreen Sr. died in 1939, his son [[Charles Rudolph Walgreen Jr.|Charles R. Walgreen Jr.]] took over the chain until his retirement. The Charles R. Walgreen (Walgreen Jr.) years were relatively prosperous, but lacked the massive expansion seen in the early part of the century. Charles &quot;Cork&quot; R. Walgreen III took over after Walgreen Jr.'s retirement in the early 1950s and modernized the company by switching to [[barcode]] scanning. The Walgreen family was not involved in senior management of the company for a short time following Walgreen III's retirement.

In 1986, it acquired the MediMart chain from Stop &amp; Shop.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_hb3007/is_15_25/ai_n29055026/ | work=Chain Drug Review | title=Walgreens buys Medi Mart | year=2003}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1995, Kevin P. Walgreen was made a vice-president and promoted to Senior Vice President of Store Operations in 2006.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://news.walgreens.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1108 |title= Kevin P. Walgreen |publisher= Walgreens |accessdate= March 6, 2008 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080406121055/http://news.walgreens.com/article_display.cfm?article_id=1108 |archivedate= April 6, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On July 12, 2006, [[David Bernauer]] stepped down as CEO of Walgreens and was replaced by company president [[Jeff Rein]]. Holding degrees in accounting and pharmacy from the University of Arizona, Rein was a pharmacist, store manager, district manager, and treasurer prior to being named [[Chief Executive Officer]] and [[Chair (official)|Chairman of the Board]]. Greg Wasson, former President of [[Walgreens Health Services]], was named President and Chief Operations Officer.

On October 10, 2008, Rein abruptly quit as CEO and was replaced by Alan G. McNally as Chairman and Acting CEO.&lt;ref name=&quot;reinretires&quot;&gt;[http://biz.yahoo.com/bw/081010/20081010005363.html?.v=1]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 26, 2009, [[Gregory Wasson]] was named CEO effective February 1, 2009.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last = Wohl| first = Jessica| title = Walgreen picks insider Wasson to be next CEO| work = Reuters| date = January 26, 2009| url = https://www.reuters.com/article/ousiv/idUSTRE50P0RT20090126| accessdate = January 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2020, Walgreens announced the appointment of Richard Ashworth as President of the company. Prior to the appointment, he served as President of Operations for Walgreens.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/walgreens-boots-alliance-appoints-richard-151500275.html|title=Walgreens Boots Alliance Appoints Richard Ashworth President of Walgreens|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyherald.com/business/20200206/walgreens-names-new-president|title=Walgreens names new president|last=Klicki|first=Richard|date=February 6, 2020|website=Daily Herald|language=en-US|access-date=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===21st-century expansion===
[[File:Walgreens on Canal Street in New Orleans at night.JPG|thumb|250px|A [[Neon lighting|neon-lit]] store on Canal Street in {{no wrap|[[New Orleans]]}}]]
* 2006: Walgreens acquired the [[Happy Harry's]] chain in [[Delaware]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Maryland]], and [[New Jersey]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-06-06/business/0606060110_1_walgreen-happy-harry-alan-levin Walgreen to acquire Happy Harry's chain - Baltimore Sun] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110221004037/http://articles.baltimoresun.com/2006-06-06/business/0606060110_1_walgreen-happy-harry-alan-levin |date=February 21, 2011 }}. Articles.baltimoresun.com (June 6, 2006). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* October 2007: Walgreens opened its 6,000th store, in [[New Orleans]], [[Louisiana]].&lt;ref&gt;{{USCongRec|2007|S13359}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* January 2008: Walgreens purchased 20 stores in Puerto Rico from [[Farmacias El Amal]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=485816 Walgreens to acquire 20 drugstores from Farmacia El Amal | Drug Topics] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714110109/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=485816 |date=July 14, 2011 }}. Drugtopics.modernmedicine.com (January 21, 2008). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;
* July 2009: Walgreens operates in all 50 states, the [[District of Columbia]], and [[Puerto Rico]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chaindrugreview.com/inside-this-issue/news/08-03-2009/walgreens-becomes-a-truly-national-chain|title=Walgreens becomes a truly national chain|first=Mike|last=Vogel|publisher=Chain Drug Review|date=Aug 3, 2009|accessdate=June 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130927131846/http://www.chaindrugreview.com/inside-this-issue/news/08-03-2009/walgreens-becomes-a-truly-national-chain|archivedate=September 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* February 17, 2010: Walgreens announced plans to acquire New York City-area chain [[Duane Reade]] for $1.075 billion, including debt.&lt;ref name=&quot;Walgreens&quot;&gt;[http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100217005827/en/Walgreens-Acquire-York-based-Drugstore-Chain-Duane-Reade &quot;Walgreens to Acquire New York-based Drugstore Chain Duane Reade&quot;], February 17, 2010, retrieved June 27, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Walgreens continues to use the Duane Reade name on some stores in the New York City metropolitan area
* March 24, 2011: Walgreens acquired [[Drugstore.com]] for $409 million. Drugstore.com, in turn, owned Beauty.com. In 2013 Beauty.com was named by Internet Retailer Magazine in its Top 100 online retail sites list.&lt;ref name=post&gt;{{cite news |title=Boom! Walgreens Buys Online Retailer Drugstore.com For $409 Million |work=TechCrunch |date=March 24, 2011 |url=https://techcrunch.com/2011/03/24/boom-walgreens-buys-online-retailer-drugstore-com-for-409-million/ }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.internetretailer.com/2012/11/27/beautycom-refined-look|title=Merchandising and Design - Beauty.com: A refined look - Internet Retailer|author=Kevin Woodward|publisher=|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* April 30, 2011: Walgreens operated 8,169 stores; it had expanded into Guam and Puerto Rico.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2014/03/24/new-partnerships-to-aid-walgreens-growth-but-higher-promotional-investment-can-impact-margins/#50d1c0325603|title=New Partnerships To Aid Walgreen's Growth But Higher Promotional Investment Can Impact Margins|last=Team|first=Trefis|work=Forbes|access-date=November 2, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* August 18, 2011: Walgreens introduced its &quot;Nice!&quot; [[store brand]] of food and household products. Fully rolled out in 2012, the Nice! brand replaced a variety of existing Walgreens store brands such as Deerfield Farms, Cafe W, and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Walgreens|title=Walgreens Launches Nice!™ Store Brand Chainwide, Continues Building Value and Loyalty with its Private Brands|url=http://news.walgreens.com/article_print.cfm?article_id=5457|accessdate=July 17, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* June 19, 2012: Walgreens paid $6.7 billion for a 45% interest in [[Alliance Boots]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-18504340 | work=BBC News | title=US retailer Walgreen buys 45% stake in Alliance Boots | date=June 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* July 5, 2012: Walgreens entered into an agreement to acquire [[Mid-South (region)|Mid-South]] drug store chain operating under the [[USA Drug]], Super D Drug, May's Drug, Med-X, and Drug Warehouse banners. The deal was expected to be finalized by September 1, 2012.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-acquire-mid-south-drug-store-chain|title=Walgreens to acquire mid-South drug store chain|publisher=Drug Store News|date=July 5, 2012|accessdate=July 5, 2012|archive-date=July 8, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120708172604/http://drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-acquire-mid-south-drug-store-chain|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* September 10, 2013: Walgreens announced it had acquired [[Kerr Drug]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-furthers-reach-north-carolina-acquisition-kerr-drug | title=Walgreens furthers reach into North Carolina with acquisition of Kerr Drug | work=Drug Store News | date=September 10, 2013 | accessdate=September 11, 2013 | archive-date=September 13, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913012840/http://www.drugstorenews.com/article/walgreens-furthers-reach-north-carolina-acquisition-kerr-drug | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* September 14, 2013: Walgreens opens its first store in the U.S. Virgin Islands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.caribjournal.com/2013/09/17/walgreens-opens-first-store-in-united-states-virgin-islands/#|title=Walgreens Opens First Store in United States Virgin Islands|last=|first=|date=September 14, 2013|work=|accessdate=September 15, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* August 6, 2014: Walgreens exercised its option to purchase the remaining 55% of [[Alliance Boots]]. The combined company is known as the [[Walgreens Boots Alliance]] and is headquartered in Chicago.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2014/aug/06/walgreens-buys-alliance-boots-9bn-pounds | title=Walgreens buys up rest of Alliance Boots: The Guardian | date=August 6, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WalgreensBoots&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Post Alliance Boots buyout Walgreens to stay on in US|url=http://www.chicagonews.net/index.php/sid/224504233|accessdate=August 7, 2014|publisher=Chicago News.Net}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*August 9, 2014 Walgreens Boots Alliance purchased a share in the Almus Generic brand for an unknown price. Almus was based in the UK with Walgreens bringing the generic medication into the US. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.almus.com/|title=Home {{!}} Almus|website=www.almus.com|access-date=2020-04-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* On October 27, 2015, Walgreens announced that it would acquire its rival [[Rite Aid]] for $9 per share, a deal valued at $9.4 billion, pending regulatory and shareholder approval. The deal will result in a merger of two of the United States' three largest pharmacy chains.&lt;ref name=wsj-walgreensriteaid&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens, Rite Aid Unite to Create Drugstore Giant|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-boots-alliance-nears-deal-to-buy-rite-aid-1445964090|accessdate=October 28, 2015|work=The Wall Street Journal}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response to being able to receive approval, Walgreens said that it would be willing to divest up to 1,000 stores to win regulatory approval for its Rite Aid purchase.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Walgreens may sell 1,000 stores for Rite Aid deal|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2015/11/02/walgreens-rite-aid-sell-stores/75067210/|website=USA Today|accessdate=November 3, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Walgreens and Rite Aid, combined, own approximately 200 million square feet of retail space in addition to 21 million square feet of office and warehouse space. The two chains operate 12,900 stores in the United States. Walgreens operates 13,100 stores across 11 countries. Walgreens' CEO has stated that there is potentially over $1 billion in savings to be reaped from the merger through synergies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | title=Walgreens To Buy Rite Aid At A Great Price, To Become The Largest U.S. Pharmacy | url =https://www.forbes.com/sites/greatspeculations/2015/11/02/walgreens-buys-rite-aid-at-a-great-price-becomes-the-largest-u-s-pharmacy/ | work=[[Forbes]] | date=November 2, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 21, 2016, it was announced that [[Fred's]] would acquire 865 Rite Aid stores as a result of the merger for the price of US$950 million for [[antitrust]] reasons.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fred's Acquiring 865 stores|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-rite-aid-to-sell-stores-to-freds-for-merger-approval-1482248465|work=wsj.com|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|date=December 21, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2017, Walgreens reached a deal to lower the price of the acquisition from $9.4 to $6.8-$7.4 billion and delayed the closing by six months.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/01/30/walgreens-rite-aid-acquisition/97235932/|title=$2B less? Walgreens, Rite Aid lower price of still-unfinished deal|newspaper=USA TODAY|access-date=January 30, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; On June 29, 2017, Walgreens announced that it would drop its original plan to acquire Rite Aid due to resistance from federal regulators, and would instead buy about half of Rite Aid's existing stores for $5.18 billion in cash.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-rite-aid-end-9-4-billion-merger-walgreens-to-buy-half-of-rite-aid-stores-1498735324|title=Walgreens, Rite Aid End $9.4 Billion Merger|first1=Sharon|last1=Terlep|first2=Brent|last2=Kendall|date=June 29, 2017|publisher=|via=www.wsj.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under the terms of the agreement, Walgreens will acquire 2,186 stores, 3 distribution centers, and other Rite Aid inventory.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-walgreens-rite-aid-deal-20170629-story.html|title=Walgreens scraps Rite Aid bid, will buy 2,000+ stores instead in $5.2 billion deal|first=Lisa|last=Schencker|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The stores are expected to be converted from Rite Aid stores into Walgreens stores, making Walgreens the largest drug-store chain by number of locations in the U.S. with over 10,200 stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2017/06/29/walgreens-rite-aid/438450001/|title=Walgreens abandons Rite Aid bid, will instead buy nearly half of stores|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The company also agreed to pay Rite Aid a $325 million fee for ending the earlier merger agreements.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; The deal was scrapped on June 29, 2017. On September 19, 2017, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] (FTC) approved a fourth deal agreement to purchase Rite Aid with 1,932 stores for $4.38 billion total.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-09-19/walgreens-pact-to-buy-fewer-rite-aid-stores-wins-u-s-approval|title=Walgreens Wins U.S. Approval for Rite Aid Deal on Fourth Try|first1=Robert|last1=Langreth|first2=David|last2=McLaughlin|work=[[Bloomberg News]]|publisher=[[Bloomberg L.P.]]|location=[[New York City]]|date=September 19, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* On July 28, 2016, Walgreens announced it would shut down [[Drugstore.com]], as well as Beauty.com, in order to focus on its own Walgreens.com website.&lt;ref&gt;Northwest Innovation, &quot; [http://www.nwinnovation.com/drugstore_com_beauty_com_to_be_shut_down_by_walgreens/s-0066446.html Drugstore.com, Beauty.com To Be Shut Down By Walgreens].&quot; July 28, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In October 2017, Walgreens announced they would be closing approximately 600 stores in the two years. The stores would be mostly Rite Aid locations and the closings would begin in the spring of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Sweeney |first=Brigid |url=http://www.chicagobusiness.com/article/20171025/NEWS07/171029921/walgreens-to-close-600-stores-in-wake-of-rite-aid-deal |title=Walgreens to close 600 stores in wake of Rite Aid deal |work=[[Crain's Chicago Business]] |date=October 25, 2017 |accessdate=October 26, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In January 2018, Walgreens stated that it expects to acquire 1,932 Rite Aid locations by the spring of 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2018/01/04/walgreens-rite-aid/1003860001/|title=Walgreens close to completing purchase of 1,900+ Rite Aid stores|work=USA TODAY|access-date=January 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*In August 2019, Walgreens announced it would be closing approximately 200 stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/walgreens-plans-close-200-u-220520356.html|title=Walgreens plans to close 200 U.S. stores, according to new SEC filing|website=finance.yahoo.com|language=en-US|access-date=August 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Contributions to popular culture===
Walgreens claims credit for the popularization of the malted [[milkshake]] (or at least its version of the malted milkshake, invented by [[Ivar &quot;Pop&quot; Coulson]] in 1922),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |title= Our Past |publisher= Walgreens |accessdate= March 6, 2008 |url-status= dead |archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20080501155205/http://www.walgreens.com/about/history/hist4.jsp |archivedate= May 1, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt; although milkshakes and [[malted milk]] had been around for some time before. This development coincided with the invention of the [[Blender (device)|electric blender]] in the same year.

In November 2010 Walgreens filed a [[trademark infringement]] [[lawsuit]] against the [[Wegmans]] supermarket chain, claiming the &quot;W&quot; in the Wegman's logo is too similar to Walgreens'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens sues Wegmans in logo dispute |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=November 6, 2010 |url=http://online.wsj.com/article/AP0d26cbf8d065497781f4dc5f4336a3b3.html |accessdate=November 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101108222151/http://online.wsj.com/article/AP0d26cbf8d065497781f4dc5f4336a3b3.html |archivedate=November 8, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The lawsuit was settled in April 2011, with Wegmans agreeing to discontinue use of its &quot;W&quot; logo by June 2012, although the supermarket retains the right to use the &quot;Wegmans&quot; name in script.&lt;ref name=&quot;auipb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.ipbrief.net/2011/04/27/wegmans-settles-with-walgreens-over-war-of-w%E2%80%99s/|title= Wegmans Settles with Walgreens over War of W's|author= Richard Patterson|date= April 27, 2011|work= Intellectual Property Brief|publisher= American University|accessdate=June 9, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Jo Natale, Wegmans director of media relations, &quot;The cost of making relatively minor changes to a limited number of products was much less than the cost of litigating this case to the end.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;walgreenpr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PressReleaseDetailView?langId=-1&amp;storeId=10052&amp;catalogId=10002&amp;productId=720935 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110505055539/http://www.wegmans.com/webapp/wcs/stores/servlet/PressReleaseDetailView?productId=720935&amp;storeId=10052&amp;catalogId=10002&amp;langId=-1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 5, 2011 |title=Press Release: Wegmans Releases Statement on Lawsuit Resolution |accessdate=June 9, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The logo for the [[Washington Nationals]] baseball team is very similar to the Walgreens &quot;W&quot; (though it dates back to the 1960s iteration of the [[Texas Rangers (baseball)#Washington Senators (1961–1971)|Washington Senators]]);&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoncitypaper.com/blogs/citydesk/2011/05/06/the-law-of-the-letter-could-nats-curly-w-be-taken-away/|title=The Law of the Letter: Could Nats' Curly W Be Taken Away?|work=Washington City Paper|accessdate=June 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; to date, Walgreens never challenged the Nationals' use of their &quot;W&quot; in a lawsuit.

==Corporate operations==
Walgreens has its corporate headquarters in [[Deerfield, Illinois]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.walgreens.com/topic/marketing/contactus/default1.jsp Contact Us].&quot; Walgreens. Retrieved on January 30, 2011. &quot;Write Walgreen Co. 200 Wilmot Road Deerfield, IL 60015.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.deerfield.il.us/departments/publicworks/maps_and_info/gis.aspx GIS Maps] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100906043615/http://www.deerfield.il.us/departments/publicworks/maps_and_info/gis.aspx |date=2010-09-06 }}.&quot; City of Deerfield. Retrieved on February 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2009, Walgreens employed 5,200 people at its headquarters.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/1623822171.html?dids=1623822171:1623822171&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jan+9%2C+2009&amp;author=James%20P%20Miller&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune&amp;desc=Strong+medicine+at+Walgreens%3A+1%2C000+cuts&amp;pqatl=google Strong medicine at Walgreens: 1,000 cuts].&quot; ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. January 9, 2009. News 34. Retrieved on February 2, 2011. &quot;About 500 of those cuts will occur at the 5200-person headquarters.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

Walgreens has had a technology office located in [[Chicago]] since 2010. The location serves as a their digital hub.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/ct-biz-walgreens-tech-center-chicago-20171017-story.html|title=Walgreens expanding tech office in Chicago, doubling downtown employees to 600|last=Channick|first=Robert|work=chicagotribune.com|access-date=April 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1987 Walgreens employed about 1,100 people at its headquarters, which was at the time in an [[unincorporated area]] on the west side of Deerfield.&lt;ref&gt;Little, Anne. &quot;[https://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/chicagotribune/access/24635182.html?dids=24635182:24635182&amp;FMT=ABS&amp;FMTS=ABS:FT&amp;type=current&amp;date=Jul+08%2C+1987&amp;author=Anne+Little&amp;pub=Chicago+Tribune+%28pre-1997+Fulltext%29&amp;desc=TAKING+A+CORRIDOR+TO+SUCCESS+DEERFIELD%27S+ECONOMY+BOOMING+WITH+OFFICE+BUILDINGS&amp;pqatl=google Taking a corridor to success Deerfield's economy booming with office buildings].&quot; ''[[Chicago Tribune]]''. July 8, 1987. Deerfield/Northbrook 5. Retrieved on February 5, 2011. &quot;[...]and the corporate headquarters of Walgreen Co., which is in an unincorporated area on the western side of Deerfield, with about 1,100.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;''Who Owns Whom: North America''. [[Dun &amp; Bradstreet, Ltd.]], Directories Division, 1987. &quot;[https://books.google.com/books?id=sbsVAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Walgreen+Wilmot&amp;dq=Walgreen+Wilmot&amp;hl=en&amp;ei=pw1NTY72NcL38AaDwN2sDg&amp;sa=X&amp;oi=book_result&amp;ct=result&amp;resnum=1&amp;ved=0CDcQ6AEwAA 420]. Retrieved on February 5, 2011. &quot;WALGREEN CO., 200 Wilmot Rd.. Deerfield. II. 60015&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2000, headquarters was still in an unincorporated area in [[West Deerfield Township]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://factfinder.census.gov/servlet/MapItDrawServlet?geo_id=16000US1718992&amp;_bucket_id=50&amp;tree_id=420&amp;context=saff&amp;_lang=en&amp;_sse=on Deerfield village, Illinois]{{dead link|date=September 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}.&quot; [[U.S. Census Bureau]]. Retrieved on February 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

In summer 2014 a corporate relocation to Switzerland was considered as part of a merger with Alliance Boots, a European drugstore chain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2014/06/30/renouncing-corporate-citizenship|title=At Walgreen, Renouncing Corporate Citizenship|first=Andrew Ross|last=Sorkin|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This drew controversy as many consumers felt that it was an attempt at [[tax inversion]]. On August 5, 2014, Walgreens announced that they would not be relocating their headquarters.

In spring 2018 Walgreens announced it would relocate about 1,800 jobs, many of them relating to its digital and IT operations, to the newly renovated [[Old Chicago Main Post Office]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnbc.com/2018/06/15/walgreens-to-move-1800-jobs-into-new-chicago-office.html Walgreens to move 1,800 jobs into new Chicago office] Retrieved July 6, 2018
&lt;/ref&gt;

== Brands ==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|+List of Walgreens Boots Alliance brands&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.walgreensbootsalliance.com/newsroom/multimedia/company-photos/global-brands/|title=Product Brands {{!}} Walgreens Boots Alliance|website=www.walgreensbootsalliance.com|access-date=September 26, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Brand
!Product
|-
|Almus Generics
|Medication
|-
|Be Jolly
|Holiday
|-
|Big Roll
|Toilet Paper
|-
|Botanics
|Skincare
|-
|Complete Home
|Household
|-
|CYO
|Cosmetics
|-
|Certainty 
|Incontinence 
|-
|Dashing
|Holiday
|-
|Finest Nutrition
|Vitamins
|-
|Infinitive
|Electronics
|-
|Liz Earle
|Skincare (UK)
|-
|Modern Expressions
|Holiday
|-
|Nice!
|Groceries
|-
|[[No. 7 (brand)|No. 7]]
|Skincare
|-
|Patriot Candles
|Candles
|-
|PetShoppe
|Pets
|-
|Playright
|Toys
|-
|Sleek MakeUP
|Cosmetics
|-
|Smile &amp; Save
|Paper Towels
|-
|Soap &amp; Glory
|Cosmetics
|-
|Soltan
|Sunscreen (UK)
|-
|Well at Walgreens
|Healthcare
|-
|Well Beginnings 
|Baby
|-
|West Loop
|Clothing
|-
|Wexford
|Office Supplies
|-
|YourGoodSkin
|Skincare
|}

==Store model==
[[File:Walgreens store.jpg|thumb|A Walgreens on Rt.1 South, Saugus, Massachusetts]]

Walgreens stores were once connected to local groceries. In Chicago, their flagship market, they teamed up with either [[Eagle Food Centers]] or [[Dominick's]] Finer Foods, usually with a &quot;walkthru&quot; to the adjoining store and often sharing personnel. This concept was instated to compete with the popular dual-store format used by chief competitor [[Jewel (supermarket)|Jewel-Osco]]/Albertsons-Sav-On. They eventually ended the relationship with Eagle and focused primarily on a connection to the Dominick's stores. PharmX-[[Rexall]] filled the vacated Walgreen locations joined to Eagle stores.

[[File:Washington Marriott.JPG|thumb|left|A Walgreens &quot;corner drugstore&quot;, located in a [[Marriott Hotels &amp; Resorts|Marriott]] street-level retail space, on the corner of a heavily trafficked intersection in [[Washington, D.C.]]]]
In its 2009 business model, Walgreens are freestanding corner stores, with the entrance on the street with the most [[traffic flow]], figuratively making it a &quot;corner drugstore&quot; similar to how many independent pharmacies evolved. Many stores have a drive-through pharmacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url= http://www.walgreens.com/store/promotion/printer_refills/default.jsp?ban=ribbons_inkjet |title= Printer Cartridge Refills |publisher= Walgreens |accessdate= March 6, 2008|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080302161746/http://www.walgreens.com/store/promotion/printer_refills/default.jsp?ban=ribbons_inkjet |archivedate = March 2, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Most freestanding stores have a similar look and layout, including a bigger and more spacious layout than certain stores within major cities. Newer buildings have a more modern design to them compared to older stores. Stores within major cities, such as [[New York City|New York]] and [[Chicago]], could have multiple floors. Behind the front registers are [[tobacco products]] and [[Alcoholic drink|alcoholic beverages]]. However, some stores do not sell these products, e.g., [[New Jersey]] stores that do not sell alcohol and [[Massachusetts]] stores that do not sell tobacco.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;/&gt; Stores usually have a beauty counter located near the cosmetics, with busier stores having a [[Consultant|beauty consultant]]. All stores have a photo department, which is either behind the front register or in a separate part of the store. There are self-serve photo [[Interactive kiosk|kiosks]] near the photo department, where customers can print photos and photo products. All stores have a [[pharmacy]], usually located in the back, where people can drop off and pick up [[Prescription drug|prescriptions]] as well as purchase certain drugs containing [[pseudoephedrine]].

==Related ventures==
[[File:Wag's Restaurant.jpg|thumb|right|[[Wag's]] menu logo circa 1985]]Walgreens used to own [[Grupo Sanborns|Sanborns]], one of the largest pharmacy and department store chains in [[Mexico]]. Walgreens purchased Sanborns from Frank Sanborn in 1946 and sold it to [[Grupo Carso]] in 1982.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web
 |url=http://www.sanborns.com.mx/sanborns/sanborns_hist.asp
 |title=Sanborn Hermanos
 |publisher=[[Grupo Sanborns|Sanborns]]
 |language=Spanish
 |accessdate=March 6, 2008
 |url-status=dead
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080228175659/http://www.sanborns.com.mx/Sanborns/sanborns_hist.asp
 |archivedate=February 28, 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, [[Farmacias Benavides]] was acquired by Walgreens and serves as the company's Mexican arm.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com.mx/estrategias-globales-de-walgrestrategias-globales-de-walgreens-boots-allianceeens-boots-alliance/|title=La receta de Walgreens Boots Alliance para que Farmacias Benavides entre a su plan global • Forbes México|last=Aznarez|first=Cesar|date=2019-06-11|website=Forbes México|language=es-MX|access-date=2020-04-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the 1980s Walgreens owned and operated a chain of casual family restaurants/[[pancake house]]s called [[Wag's]], an attempt to compete with [[F. W. Woolworth Company|Woolworth's]] [[lunch counter]]s. The Wag's restaurants were very similar in concept to [[Denny's]], [[IHOP]], and Golden Bear. At the high point, it had over 100 locations. Walgreens sold most of these to [[Marriott Corp.]] in 1988,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news
 |url= https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE5DD1431F933A05755C0A96E948260
 |title= Marriott to Buy 91 Wag's Restaurants
 |work= [[The New York Times]]
 |publisher= Reuters
 |date= June 30, 1988
 |accessdate= March 6, 2008
}}&lt;/ref&gt; and by 1991 the chain was out of business.

==Consumer record==
In February 2020, Walgreens agreed to pay $7.5 million to settle a consumer protection lawsuit accusing the company of placing people’s health at risk by allowing an untrained person to handle over 745,000 prescriptions. (This included over 100,000 prescriptions of controlled substances.) The State of California, Alameda County and Santa Clara County all took part in the investigation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2020/02/03/walgreens-to-pay-7-5-million-to-settle-fake-pharmacist-lawsuit/|title=Walgreens to pay $7.5 million to settle fake pharmacist lawsuit |publisher=San Jose Mercury News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2012, a judge ordered Walgreens to pay $16.57 million to settle a lawsuit claiming that over 600 stores were illegally dumping hazardous waste and unlawfully disposing of customer records containing confidential medical information.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2012/12/13/walgreens-illegal-dumping/1767869/|title=Walgreens must pay $16M for illegal dumping|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A San Jose, California, court in January 2018 allowed Walgreens to pay $2.25 million to resolve a consumer protection lawsuit brought by Bay Area prosecutors alleging that the company sold expired baby food, infant formula and over-the-counter drugs. The suit also alleged that Walgreens violated state law by charging more than the lowest posted or advertised price for items.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2018/01/30/bay-area-walgreens-settles-suit-claiming-it-sold-expired-baby-food/ |title=Walgreens settles lawsuit alleging it sold expired baby food in Bay Area |last=Green |first=Jason |work=The Mercury News |date=January 31, 2018 |accessdate=May 2, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Investor relations===
In September 2018 Walgreens agreed to pay $34.5 million to settle a [[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]] (SEC) investigation on charges of misleading investors on financial targets. The SEC alleged that former CEO Greg Wasson and then-CFO Wade Miquelon acted &quot;negligently&quot; in giving financial estimates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=LaVito |first=Angelica |title=Walgreens to pay $34.5 million to settle charges of misleading investors on financial targets |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/09/28/sec-charges-walgreens-and-2-former-execs-with-misleading-investors-on-earnings-goals.html |website=CNBC |accessdate=May 2, 2019 |language=en |date=September 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Prescriptions===
[[File:Walgreenssign.jpg|thumb|right|A Walgreens in [[Little Egg Harbor, New Jersey]], which opened in 2006]]
As of June 2008, Walgreens &quot;agreed to stop altering prescriptions without physician approval as part of a multi-state agreement to settle allegations of improper billing,&quot; reported the ''Knoxville News Sentinel'':&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.knoxnews.com/news/2008/jun/05/walgreens-agrees-stop-altering-perscriptions/ |work=Knoxville News Sentinel |title=Walgreens agrees to stop altering perscriptions &amp;#91;sic&amp;#93; |date=June 5, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pharmacyfraudsettlement.com/Walgreens/ |title=The Walgreens Case |publisher=Behn &amp; Wyetzner }}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{quote|Walgreens was accused of switching the dosage forms on three medications commonly prescribed for [[Medicaid]] patients without [[physician|doctor]] approvals in order to boost profits. This resulted in Medicaid programs nationwide paying much more for the medications than they normally would have, according to a press release by the [Tennessee] attorney general's office. Walgreen Co. agreed to comply with state and federal laws on the matter, plus pay $35 million to the federal government, 42 states and the [[Commonwealth]] of [[Puerto Rico]].}}

&quot;The compliance agreement will be in effect for five years. Walgreens did not admit liability, as part of the settlement,&quot; reported the ''[[Chicago Sun-Times]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens to pay $35 million to settle drug-fraud suit |url=http://www.suntimes.com/business/986995,wags060408.article |work=[[Chicago Sun-Times]] |date=June 4, 2008 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080607002953/http://www.suntimes.com/business/986995%2Cwags060408.article |archivedate=June 7, 2008 |accessdate=June 27, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Walgreens website invited users to write reviews of some OTC products such as [[vitamins]] and nutritionals but did not invite users to write reviews of the corresponding Walgreens-branded products. A recent revision of the Walgreens website has added the ability to review any product it sells.

===Allegations of discrimination===
In March 2008 Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the [[Equal Employment Opportunity Commission]] (EEOC) that alleged the company discriminated against African Americans for $24 million.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeoc.gov&quot;&gt;[http://www.eeoc.gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/3-25-08.cfm Final Decree entered with Walgreens for $24 million in landmark race discrimination suit by EEOC]. Eeoc.gov. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; The settlement was split between the 10,000 African-American employees of the company.&lt;ref name=&quot;eeoc.gov&quot;/&gt; In the agreement, Walgreens avoided any admission of guilt.

{{quote|The decree, one of the largest monetary settlements in a race case by the EEOC, provides for the payment of over $24 million to a class of thousands of African American workers and orders comprehensive injunctive relief designed to improve the company's promotion and store assignment practices.}}

In September 2011 Walgreens settled a lawsuit with the EEOC that claimed that a store improperly terminated a worker with diabetes for eating a package of the store's food while working to stop a hypoglycemia attack.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Walgreens Sued By EEOC For Disability Discrimination|url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/walgreens-sued-eeoc-disability-discrimination|accessdate=December 13, 2013|newspaper=The National Law Review|date=September 12, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Medicaid===
Also in 2008, Walgreens &quot;agreed to pay $35 million to the U.S. and 42 states and Puerto Rico for overcharging state Medicaid programs by filling prescriptions with more expensive dosage forms of ranitidine, a generic form of Zantac and fluoxetine, which is a generic form of Prozac.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell&quot;&gt;{{cite news| url=http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204409004577158743226473430.html | work=The Wall Street Journal | first=John | last=Kell | title=Lawsuit Says Walgreen, Par Pharma Overcharged | date=January 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009 Walgreens threatened to leave the Medicaid program, the state and federal partnership to provide health insurance coverage to the poor, in Delaware, over reimbursement rates. Walgreens was the largest pharmacy chain in the state and the only chain to make such a threat.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/04/walgreen-idUSN0422921420090604 | work=Reuters | title=UPDATE 1-Walgreen exiting Delaware Medicaid program | date=June 4, 2009 | access-date=July 7, 2020 | archive-date=July 3, 2013 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703175251/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/06/04/walgreen-idUSN0422921420090604 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The state of Delaware and Walgreens reached an agreement on payment rates and the crisis was averted.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.chaindrugreview.com/front-page/newsbreaks/reports-walgreens-reaches-medicaid-rx-deal-in-delaware|title=Reports: Walgreens reaches Medicaid Rx deal in Delaware|date=August 11, 2009|accessdate=June 27, 2013|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831095610/http://www.chaindrugreview.com/front-page/newsbreaks/reports-walgreens-reaches-medicaid-rx-deal-in-delaware|archivedate=August 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010 Walgreens stopped accepting Medicaid in Washington state, leaving its one million Medicaid recipients unable to get their prescriptions filled at these 121 stores.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011367936_walgreens18m.html |work=The Seattle Times |first=Janet I. |last=Tu |title=Walgreens: no new Medicaid patients as of April 16 |date=March 17, 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111195102/http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/localnews/2011367936_walgreens18m.html |archivedate=January 11, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On April 20, 2012, the [[U.S. Department of Justice]] announced that Walgreens agreed to pay $7.9 million in settlement. The fine relates to allegations of violations of the federal Anti-Kickback Statute and the False Claims Act regarding beneficiaries of federal health care programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=9f51abb9-4ded-46e2-9622-88b28abc9000|title=Walgreens pays $7.9 million after kickback allegations - Lexology|first1=Calfee|last1=Halter|first2=Griswold LLP-Anthea R.|last2=Daniels|first3=Mona|last3=Ma|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2019, Walgreens Boots Alliance Inc. agreed to pay more than $269 million to settle federal and state lawsuits that accused the corporation of overbilling federal health-care programs.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-to-pay-269-million-on-claims-it-overcharged-federal-programs-11548204714|title=Walgreens to Pay $269 Million on Claims It Overcharged Federal Programs|last=Thomas|first=Patrick|date=January 22, 2019|website=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Express Scripts===
In 2011 Walgreens announced it would end its relationship with Express Scripts,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-walgreen-ramps-up-for-end-of-express-scripts-deal-20111230,0,7670406.story |work=Chicago Tribune |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111231181555/http://www.chicagotribune.com/business/breaking/chi-walgreen-ramps-up-for-end-of-express-scripts-deal-20111230%2C0%2C7670406.story |archivedate=December 31, 2011 |title=Walgreens ramps up for end of Express Scripts deal |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; a prescription benefits manager. A coalition of minority groups, led by [[Al Sharpton]]'s National Action Network,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2011/12/document-drop-al-sharpton-v-walgreens#comment-911716 | location=New York | work=Daily News | title=Document Drop: Al Sharpton V. Walgreens | access-date=July 7, 2020 | archive-date=January 23, 2014 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140123050024/http://www.nydailynews.com/blogs/dailypolitics/2011/12/document-drop-al-sharpton-v-walgreens#comment-911716 | url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; sent letters urging CEO Gregory Wasson to reconsider. Groups sending letters were National Hispanic Christian Leadership Conference,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.bizjournals.com/prnewswire/press_releases/2011/12/28/DC27937 | title=Largest Latino Religious Group Joins Chorus Critical of Walgreens Plans to Abandon Lower-income &amp; Minority Communities Would Consider Urging Boycott if Course not Changed}}&lt;/ref&gt; the Congress of Racial Equality,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/congress-of-racial-equality-core-warns-walgreens-decision-to-drop-express-scripts-will-hurt-poor-135695368.html Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) Warns Walgreens Decision to Drop Express Scripts... - NEW YORK, Dec. 15, 2011 /PRNewswire-USNewswire/]. Prnewswire.com (December 15, 2011). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; Hispanic Leadership Fund&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/hispanic-leadership-fund-walgreens-dispute-threatens-health-care-150707718.html]{{dead link|date=September 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and others. On July 19, 2012, Walgreens and Express Scripts announced a multi-year pharmacy network agreement that includes rates and terms under which Walgreens would participate in the broadest Express Scripts retail pharmacy network available to new and existing clients as of September 15, 2012.

===Use of proprietary drugs===
Walgreens was named in a lawsuit by the [[United Food and Commercial Workers|United Food and Commercial Workers Unions]] and Employers Midwest Health Benefits Fund in the Northern District Court of Illinois in January 2012. The suit alleges Walgreens and [[Par Pharmaceutical]] violated the [[Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act]]&lt;ref&gt;[http://ifawebnews.com/2012/01/24/walgreen-par-sued-for-alleged-rico-violations-drug-overcharges/ Walgreen, Par sued for alleged RICO violations, drug overcharges] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022003324/http://ifawebnews.com/2012/01/24/walgreen-par-sued-for-alleged-rico-violations-drug-overcharges/ |date=October 22, 2012 }}. IFAwebnews.com (January 24, 2012). Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;at least two widespread schemes to overcharge&quot; for generic drugs.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kell&quot;/&gt;

{{quote|The lawsuit alleges drugstore chain Walgreen and generic pharmaceutical maker Par established a partnership in which Par manufactured and/or marketed generic versions of antacid Zantac and antidepressant Prozac in dosage forms that weren't subject to private and governmental reimbursement limitations.

It further said Walgreen purchased those dosage forms from Par at a cost substantially higher than the widely prescribed dosage forms and then &quot;systematically and unlawfully filled its customers' prescriptions with Par's more expensive products rather than the inexpensive dosage forms that were prescribed by physicians.&quot;}}

===Distribution of oxycodone===
In September 2012 the U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) accused Walgreens of endangering public safety and barred the company from shipping oxycodone and other controlled drugs from its [[Jupiter, Florida]], distribution center. The DEA said that Walgreens failed to maintain proper controls to ensure it didn't dispense drugs to addicts and drug dealers. The DEA also said that six of Walgreens' Florida pharmacies ordered in excess of a million oxycodone pills a year. In contrast, in 2011 the average pharmacy in the U.S. ordered 73,000 oxycodone tablets a year according to the DEA. One Walgreens pharmacy located in Fort Myers, Florida, ordered 95,800 pills in 2009, but by 2011, this number had jumped to 2.2 million pills in one year. Another example was a Walgreens pharmacy located in Hudson, Florida, a town of 34,000 people near Clearwater, that purchased 2.2 million pills in 2011, the DEA said. Immediate suspension orders are an action taken when the DEA believes a registrant, such as a pharmacy or a doctor, is &quot;an imminent danger to the public safety.&quot; All DEA licensees &quot;have an obligation to ensure that medications are getting into the hands of legitimate patients,&quot; said Mark Trouville, former DEA special agent in charge of the Miami Field Division. &quot;When they choose to look the other way, patients suffer and drug dealers prosper.&quot;

The Jupiter, Florida, distribution center, which opened in 2001, is one of 12 such distribution centers owned by Walgreens. Since 2009, Walgreens' Jupiter facility has been the largest distributor of oxycodone in the state of Florida, the DEA said. Over the past three years, its market share has increased, and 52 Walgreens are among the top 100 oxycodone purchasers in the state, the DEA said.&lt;ref&gt;[http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/story/2012/09/17/walgreens-and-oxycodone/57782912/1 Walgreens and Oxycodone – USATODAY.com]. Usatoday30.usatoday.com. Retrieved on September 5, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2013 [[United States Attorney]] [[Wifredo Ferrer]] said Walgreens committed &quot;an unprecedented number&quot; of recordkeeping and dispensing violations. Walgreens was fined $80 million, the largest fine in the history of the Controlled Substances Act at that time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation/2013/06/11/walgreens-drug-oxycodone-license-80-million/2412451/|title=Walgreens to pay $80 million for oxycodone violations|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Sale of tobacco===
In common with other U.S. pharmacies (a major exception is [[CVS Pharmacy]]), Walgreens stocks [[tobacco products]] for sale to the public. Some campaigners in the United States advocate the [[Tobacco-Free Pharmacies|removal of tobacco from pharmacies]] owing to the [[Health effects of tobacco|health risks associated with smoking]] and the apparent contradiction of selling cigarettes alongside [[smoking cessation]] products and [[asthma medication]].&lt;ref name=ANR&gt;{{cite web|title=Tobacco-Free Pharmacies |url=http://www.no-smoke.org/learnmore.php?id=615 |work=Americans for Nonsmokers' Rights |accessdate=July 18, 2013 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100522033905/http://www.no-smoke.org/learnmore.php?id=615 |archivedate=May 22, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Walgreens and other pharmacies who continue to sell tobacco products have been subject to criticism, and attempts have been made to introduce regional bans on the practice, which has taken place in the City and County of [[San Francisco]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = Rubenstein| first = Sarah| title = Cigarette Sales in Drugstores Come Under Fire| newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]]| date = July 29, 2008| url = https://blogs.wsj.com/health/2008/07/29/cigarette-sales-in-drugstores-come-under-fire/| accessdate = April 16, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = Hussar, PhD| first = Daniel A.| title = Pharmacy cigarette sales must end| newspaper = Modern Medicine| date = March 1, 2009| url = http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Modern+Medicine+Now/Pharmacy-cigarette-sales-must-end/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/585685| accessdate = April 16, 2011| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110714111244/http://drugtopics.modernmedicine.com/drugtopics/Modern+Medicine+Now/Pharmacy-cigarette-sales-must-end/ArticleStandard/Article/detail/585685| archive-date = July 14, 2011| url-status = dead| df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Walgreens defends its tobacco sales policy by reasoning that through selling tobacco in its outlets, it is more readily able to offer to customers advice and products for quitting smoking. As of December 2017, Walgreens changed its slogan from &quot;At the corner of happy and healthy&quot; and &quot;On your way to Well&quot; to &quot;Trusted since 1901&quot;. As of January 1, 2019, with the commonwealth-wide prohibition of the sale of tobacco and similar products in pharmacies, Walgreens no longer sells those products in its Massachusetts locations.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://countertobacco.org/massachusetts-becomes-6th-state-to-pass-tobacco-21-1st-state-to-prohibit-tobacco-sales-in-pharmacies/|title=Massachusetts becomes 6th state to pass Tobacco 21, 1st State to Prohibit Tobacco Sales in Pharmacies – Counter Tobacco|website=countertobacco.org|access-date=December 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On October 7, 2019, Walgreens announced the end of sales for all [[e-cigarette]] products (including market leaders [[blu eCigs|blu]] and [[Juul]]) within the next few weeks, to be wound down in an 'orderly manner'.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2019/10/07/walgreens-kroger-ecigarette-sales-vaping/3902875002/|title=E-cigarette sales discontinued at Walgreens, Kroger as crisis continues|last=Bomey|first=Nathan|date=October 7, 2019|work=[[USA Today]]|accessdate=October 8, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
===Theranos Partnership===
In 2013, Walgreens partnered with [[Theranos]] to offer in-store blood tests at more than 40 locations in Arizona, providing Theranos with 150 million dollars via a blood test prepurchase agreement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.engadget.com/2014/11/18/walgreens-blood-tests/|title=Walgreens to offer affordable and needle-free blood tests in more stores (updated)|work=[[Business Insider]]|date=November 18, 2014|access-date=September 4, 2016|author=Moon, Mariella}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Theranos blood tests were previously used on drug trial patients for [[GlaxoSmithKline]] and [[Pfizer]], both companies stated that there were no active projects with Theranos in October 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/business/21656196-theranos-ambitious-silicon-valley-firm-wants-shake-up-market-medical|title=Young blood|work=[[The Economist]]|date=June 27, 2015|access-date=September 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duhaime-Ross&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title = Theranos didn't work with the huge drug company it supposedly made money from, drug company says|last=Duhaime-Ross|first=Arielle|date=October 26, 2015|url = https://www.theverge.com/2015/10/26/9618390/Theranos-glaxosmithkline-denies-partnership-pfizer-blood-test|website = The Verge|accessdate = October 29, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In November 2016, Walgreen Co. filed suit against Theranos in a federal court in Delaware, for breach of contract, citing relevations of inaccurate blood tests, and incompetent analysis. In June 2017, Theranos reported to investors that the suit, which originally sought $140 million in damages, was settled for less than $30 million.&lt;ref&gt;Weaver, Christopher, John Carreyrou and Michael Siconolfi, [https://www.wsj.com/articles/walgreens-seeks-to-recover-140-million-investment-from-theranos-1478642410 &quot;Walgreen Sues Theranos, Seeks $140 Million in Damages&quot;], ''The Wall Street Journal'', November 8, 2016.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/06/21/theranos-walgreens-reportedly-reach-a-deal-to-settle-suit-for-under-30-million.html|title=Theranos, Walgreens reportedly reach a deal to settle suit for under $30 million|last=Thomas|first=Lauren|work=CNBC|date=June 21, 2017|access-date=June 21, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;.
===Pricing and advertising===
[[Wisconsin]]'s [[Wisconsin Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection|Department of Agriculture, Trade and Consumer Protection]] fined Walgreens over differences between shelf price and scanned price and for signage in 2012. In 2013, Walgreens paid a $29,241 fine.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| title = Walgreens fined for price scanner inaccuracies| date = March 25, 2013 | url = https://www.channel3000.com/news/local-news/walgreens-fined-for-price-scanner-inaccuracies/158694113 | accessdate = March 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The New York State Attorney General announced in April 2016 that a settlement was reached in complaint that Walgreens used misleading advertising and overcharged consumers. Walgreens would pay $500,000 in penalties, fees and costs, and change advertising and other practices.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = HEATH| first = DAN| title = Walgreens fined over pricing issues |newspaper = PRESS REPUBLICAN| date = April 21, 2016 | url = http://www.pressrepublican.com/news/local_news/walgreens-fined-over-pricing-issues/article_ce288c0b-1f1e-5fc8-bd92-7f9c39c27a78.html | accessdate = March 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A judge in Kansas City, Missouri, ordered Walgreens to pay a $309,000 fine for pricing discrepancies in 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news| last = HEATH| first = DAN| title = Missouri judge fines Walgreens $309,000 in pricing case | newspaper = The Spokesman-Review| date = June 17, 2016 | url = http://www.spokesman.com/stories/2016/jun/17/missouri-judge-fines-walgreens-309000-in-pricing-c/ | accessdate = March 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Medication denied because of religious beliefs===
In June 2018 a staff pharmacist at a Walgreens in [[Peoria, Arizona]], refused to give a woman medication to end her pregnancy. The medication was prescribed by a doctor after tests revealed that the pregnancy would end in a miscarriage. The woman said she was left &quot;in tears and humiliated&quot;. Walgreens responded that its policy &quot;allows pharmacists to step away from filling a prescription for which they have a moral objection&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-44591528|title=Pregnant woman 'humiliated' by Walgreens|last=Seales|first=Rebecca|date=June 24, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=June 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.facebook.com/Walgreens/photos/a.305142443610.145906.117497138610/10155931214178611/?type=3&amp;comment_id=10155943791103611&amp;reply_comment_id=10155945132533611&amp;comment_tracking=%7B%22tn%22:%22R9%22%7D|title=Walgreens|website=www.facebook.com|access-date=June 24, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{Portal|Chicago|Illinois|Companies}}
* [[CVS Pharmacy]]
* [[Rite Aid]]
* [[Alliance Boots]]
* [[Walgreen Coast]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

===Bibliography===
* [[John U. Bacon]] {{cite book|title= America's Corner Store: Walgreen's Prescription for Success|authorlink= |year= 2004|publisher= [[John Wiley &amp; Sons]]|location= [[Hoboken, New Jersey|Hoboken]]|isbn= 978-0-471-42617-2|page= |pages= |url= https://archive.org/details/americascornerst00baco|accessdate= |url-access= registration}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.walgreens.com Walgreens Official website]
 
{{authority control}}
{{Walgreens}}
{{Illinois Corporations}}
{{Theranos}}

[[Category:Pharmacies of the United States]]
[[Category:Companies based in Deerfield, Illinois]]
[[Category:American companies established in 1901]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1901]]
[[Category:1901 establishments in Illinois]]
[[Category:Companies formerly listed on the New York Stock Exchange]]
[[Category:Former components of the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
[[Category:Health care companies based in Illinois]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Walgreens]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Walgreens/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>South Carolina Army National Guard</title>
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      <text bytes="19197" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name = South Carolina Army National Guard
| image = South Carolina National Guard logo.PNG
| image_size = 220
| caption = Seal of the South Carolina National Guard
| dates = 
| country = {{flag|United States}}
| allegiance = {{flag|South Carolina}}
| branch = [[File:Seal of the United States Army National Guard.svg|15px]]&amp;nbsp; [[Army National Guard]]
| type = ARNG Headquarters Command
| role = [[Military reserve force]]
| size = 9,253&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.governing.com/gov-data/military-civilian-active-duty-employee-workforce-numbers-by-state.html |title=Reserve Forces Military by State |author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date=30 September 2017 |publisher=[[Governing (magazine)|Governing]] |access-date=22 May 2018 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| command_structure = [[South Carolina National Guard]]
| commander1 = [[Henry McMaster]]
| commander1_label = Commander-in-chief
| commander2 =  Major General Van McCarty
| garrison = [[Columbia, South Carolina]]
| ceremonial_chief = 
| colonel_of_the_regiment = 
| nickname = 
| patron = 
| motto = 
| colors = 
| march = 
| mascot = 
| battles = 
| notable_commanders = 
| anniversaries = 
}}

The '''South Carolina Army National Guard''' is a component of the [[United States Army]] and the [[United States National Guard]].  Nationwide, the '''[[Army National Guard]]''' comprises approximately one half of the U.S. Army's available combat forces and approximately one third of its support organization.  National coordination of various state National Guard units is maintained through the [[National Guard Bureau]].

South Carolina Army National Guard units are trained and equipped as part of the United States Army.  The same [[United States Army enlisted rank insignia|ranks]] and [[United States Army officer rank insignia|insignia]] are used and National Guardsmen are eligible to receive all [[Awards and decorations of the United States military|United States military awards]]. The South Carolina Guard also bestows a number of [[Awards and decorations of the National Guard|state awards]] for local services rendered in or to the state of [[South Carolina]].

The South Carolina Army National Guard is composed of approximately 10,000 Soldiers (as of February, 2009), and maintains 80 facilities across the state with over 2 million square feet (180,000 m&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;) of space.

==Units and formations==
Army National Guard Element, JFHQ-SC  
* [[263rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|263rd Army and Air Missile Defense Command (263rd AAMDC)]], Anderson
** Headquarters and Headquarters Battery (HHB), Anderson
** [[678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|678th Air Defense Artillery Brigade (678th ADAB)]], Eastover&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=10160&amp;menu=Uniformed%20Services&amp;from=recent |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=4 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304063537/http://www.tioh.hqda.pentagon.mil/Catalog/HeraldryMulti.aspx?CategoryId=10160&amp;menu=Uniformed%20Services&amp;from=recent |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 2nd Battalion, 263rd Air Defense Artillery Regiment (2-263rd ADAR), Anderson
*** HHB, Anderson
*** Battery A, Seneca
*** Battery B, Easley
*** Battery C, Clemson
*** Battery D, Clemson
**1st Battalion, 178th Field Artillery Regiment (1-178th FA), Georgetown
***HHB, Georgetown
***Battery A, Andrews
***Battery B, Clinton
***Battery C, Manning
***FSC, Hemingway
* [[218th Maneuver Enhancement Brigade]] (218th MEB), Charleston
** Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC), Charleston
** 1st Battalion, 118th Infantry Regiment, Mullins
*** HHC, Mullins
*** Company A, Moncks Corner
*** Company B, North Charleston
*** Company C, Mount Pleasant
*** Company D, Marion
*** 1118th Forward Support Company (1118th FSC), Summerville
** 4th Battalion, [[118th Infantry Regiment (United States)|118th Infantry Regiment]], Union. (30th ABCT)
*** HHC, Union.
*** Company A, Conway.
*** Company B, Gaffney.
*** Company C, Fountain Inn.
*** Hotel Company, Greer. (formerly 1263rd FSC)
**218th Brigade Support Battalion (218th BSB), Varnville, SC
** 111th Signal Company, North Charleston
**108th Chemical Company, North Charleston.
* 228th Signal Brigade, Spartanburg
** HHC, Spartanburg
** 151st Signal Battalion, Greenville
*** HHC, Greenville
*** Company A, Greenwood
*** Company B, Hodges
*** Company C, Camden
*** Company B, 198th Signal Battalion
* 59th Troop Command, West Columbia
** 122nd Engineer Battalion, Edgefield
*** HHC, Edgefield
*** Forward Support Company, Edgefield
*** 124th Engineer Company (Horizontal Construction), Saluda
*** 125th Engineer Company, Abbeville
*** 1221st Engineer Company (Clearance), Graniteville
*** 1225th Engineer Detachment (Survey &amp; Design), Batesburg
*** 1226th Engineer Detachment (Asphalt), Batesburg
*** 1227th Engineer Detachment (Concrete), Batesburg
** 178th Engineer Battalion, Rock Hill
*** HHC, Rock Hill
*** Forward Support Company, Rock Hill
*** 174th Engineer Company, Wellford
*** 1223rd Engineer Company (Vertical Construction), Walterboro
*** 1782nd Engineer Company, Lancaster
*** 1222nd Engineer Company (Sapper), Fort Mill
** 51st Military Police Battalion (51st MPB), Florence
***Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), Florence
***132nd Military Police Company (132nd MPC) (Combat Support), West Columbia
***133rd Military Police Company (133rd MPC) (Combat Support), Timmonsville
** 751st Combat Sustainment Support Battalion (751st CSSB), Newberry
*** HHC, Newberry
*** 741st Quartermaster Company (Water Purification), Barnwell
*** 742nd Ordnance Company, Eastover
*** 264th Engineer Detachment (Firefighting Headquarters), Eastover
** 1050th Transportation Battalion, Newberry
*** Headquarters and Headquarters Detachment (HHD), Newberry
*** 1052nd Transportation Company (Cargo), Kingstree
*** 1053rd Transportation Company (Light/Medium Truck), Bennettsville
*** 1055th Transportation Company (Cargo), Laurens
* 59th Aviation Troop Command (59th ATC), McEntire JNGB
**[[111th Aviation Regiment (United States)|1st Battalion (General Support), 111th Aviation Regiment]]
*** Company A (UH-60)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-army-national-guard-and-air-force-reserve-join-together-for-air-transport-training/|title=South Carolina Army National Guard and Air Force Reserve join together for air transport training|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** [[151st Aviation Regiment (United States)|1st Battalion (Attack Reconnaissance), 151st Aviation Regiment]]
*** HHC
*** Company A (UH-60)&lt;ref name=&quot;SSPP&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-strengthens-state-partnership-program-while-fighting-wildfires/|title=South Carolina National Guard strengthens State Partnership Program while fighting wildfires|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Company B
*** Company C (AH-64D)&lt;ref name=&quot;CUTWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/1-151st-arb-conducts-unique-training-with-us-navy/|title=1-151st ARB conducts unique training with US Navy|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Company D (AVUM)&lt;ref name=&quot;CUTWU&quot;/&gt;
*** Company E (Forward Support)
** [[151st Aviation Regiment (United States)|2nd Battalion, 151st Aviation Regiment]]
*** HHC&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-members-rescue-injured-hiker/|title=South Carolina National Guard members rescue injured hiker|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=30 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160930063100/http://www.scguard.com/news/south-carolina-national-guard-members-rescue-injured-hiker/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*** Company A at Army Aviation Support Facility Donaldson Field, Greenville (UH-72)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.scguard.com/news/sc-national-guard-recovers-helicopter/|title=SC National Guard recovers helicopter|publisher=South Carolina National Guard|date=25 December 2016|access-date=7 July 2020|archive-date=26 December 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226054916/http://www.scguard.com/news/sc-national-guard-recovers-helicopter/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** 351st Aviation Support Battalion (351st ASB), Sumter&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://minationalguard.com/detachment-2-company-b-351st-aviation-support-battalion/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2016-02-11 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314103107/http://minationalguard.com/detachment-2-company-b-351st-aviation-support-battalion/ |archive-date=14 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[238th Aviation Regiment (United States)|2nd Battalion (General Support) Battalion, 238th Aviation Regiment]] at Army Aviation Support Facility Donaldson Field, Greenville
** Company B (CH-47D/F)
*** Detachment 1&lt;ref name=&quot;SSPP&quot;/&gt;
* 43rd Civil Support Team (43rd CST), West Columbia
* 1051st Judge Advocate General Detachment (1051st JAGD), Columbia
* Detachment 24, OSACOM
* 108th [[Public affairs (military)|Public Affairs Detachment]] (108th MPAD)
* 246th Army Band
* 251st Medical Company
* 218th Regiment (Leadership)
** 1st Battalion
** 2nd Battalion: OCS
** 3rd Battalion
** 4th Battalion
** 5th Battalion

==Duties==
National Guard units can be mobilized at any time by [[President of the United States|presidential order]] to supplement regular armed forces, and upon declaration of a [[state of emergency]] by the [[governor]] of the state in which they serve. Unlike [[United States Army Reserve|Army Reserve]] members, National Guard members cannot be mobilized individually (except through voluntary transfers and Temporary DutY Assignments, TDY), but only as part of their respective [[military unit|unit]]s. However, there has been a significant number of individual activations to support military operations (2001-?); the legality of this policy is a major issue within the National Guard.

===Active duty callups===
For much of the final decades of the twentieth century, National Guard personnel typically served &quot;[[One weekend a month, two weeks a year]]&quot;, with a portion working for the Guard in a full-time capacity.  The current forces formation plans of the US Army call for the typical National Guard unit (or National Guardsman) to serve one year of active duty for every three years of service.  More specifically, current [[United States Department of Defense|Department of Defense]] policy is that no Guardsman will be involuntarily activated for a total of more than 24 months (cumulative) in one six-year enlistment period (this policy was due to change 1 August 2007; the new policy states that soldiers will be given 24 months between deployments of no more than 24 months; individual states have differing policies).

==History==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}

The South Carolina Army National Guard was originally formed in 1670.  The [[Militia Act of 1903]] organized the various [[U.S. state|state]] [[militia]]s into the present National Guard system.

The South Carolina National Guard's militia predecessors saw action in the Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Mexican War, American Civil War, and the Spanish–American War.

South Carolina's National Guard first served in their National Guard capacity on the Mexican Border during the Punitive Expedition of 1916–1917. With the United States entry into the First World War, the SCNG was federalized and several key units were composed of National Guard troops from the state. The 118th Infantry of the 30th Division and the 117th Engineers, along with the 105th Ammunition Train, 105th Sanitary Train, 30th Division Sanitary Detachment, and HQ Company of the 30th Division.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;&quot;Murphy, Elmer and Thomas,Robert. &quot;The Thirtieth Division in the World War&quot;. 1936&lt;/ref&gt;

The 118th Infantry (formerly the 1st SC Infantry) formed one of the four infantry regiments that made up the 30th Division. The 30th trained at Camp Sevier outside Greenville, SC and was sent to France. The 118th, along with the rest of the division (minus the division's artillery regiment) fought under British Expeditionary Force command. The 30th alongside the 27th Division (the federalized NY National Guard) formed 2nd Corps. After further training with the British, the 30th Division was sent to Kemmel, Belgium (just south of Ypres), where the 118th got their first time in the trenches. Although relatively quiet, the 118th was able to learn a great deal from this experience. In preparation for the last great Allied Offensive, the division trained alongside tanks prior to being moved to the edge of the German Hindenburg Line. On 29 September, the 118th infantry in reserve supported the breaking of the Hindenburg Line by other units of the 30th Division near the French village of Bellicourt. Following this success, the division continued to fight a retreating, but not defeated German Army. They suffered heavy casualties to German artillery, gas, and machine gun fire. The 118th fought until 19 October, not seeing combat again prior to the Armistice. The 118th had six Medal of Honor recipients (two posthumous)in their ranks to include future SCNG Adjutant General James Dozier. Many more men of the regiment were awarded Distinguished Service Crosses and foreign awards for valor.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt; 

[[File:111-SC-26552-ac cropped.jpg|thumb|118th Infantry Regiment Burial Party Brancourt, France 11 Oct. 1918]]

The first battalion of the 117th Engineers were formed as part of the 42nd Infantry Division. They were joined with men from the California National Guard to create the 117th Engineers. The 42nd, known as the Rainbow Division, earned its name due to the efforts made to create a unit that encompassed men from around the country.The 117th Engineers were tasked with road construction, road repair, construction of shelters, construction and repair of trenches, wiring and cutting of barbed wire, establishing assault paths, and clearing of obstacles. They performed all of these duties in addition to standing in as infantry in several circumstances and policing the battlefield of human remains. They participated in four campaigns: the Champagne Marne, the Aisne Marne, the Saint Mihiel Offensive, and the Meuse Argonne. The 117th served with the 42nd Division through the Armistice.&lt;ref&gt;Snead, David l. &quot;South Carolina Engineers in the 42nd (Rainbow) Division in World War I&quot;.2003. https://digitalcommons.liberty.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1011&amp;context=hist_fac_pubs&lt;/ref&gt;

The 118th Infantry was reactivated in World War Two. The regiment became a Separate Infantry Regiment as the Army restructured with only three, not four regiments making up an infantry division. For that reason, the 118th was not part of the 30th Division like they had been during the First World War. The 118th regiment was first deployed to Iceland. Their purpose was to defend the island nation and Allied assets, from the threat of German invasion. The 118th was eventually sent to England where individual companies served as cadre to train replacements and zero weapons. Elements of the 2nd Battalion protected bridges during the Battle of the Bulge.

[[Image:1-151st ARB battalion-wide interdiction attack exercise 140405-Z-XO310-024.jpg|thumb|right|An AH-64 Apache of the 151st Aviation Regiment]]

South Carolina aviation troops and their [[AH-64 Apache]] attack helicopters were called to Kuwait as part of [[Operation Southern Watch]] between August 1999 and February 2000. As Task Force 151, commanded by LTC David Anderson, the Task Force was augmented by [[Mississippi Army National Guard|Mississippi]] and [[Minnesota Army National Guard]] units, along with individual personnel from the National Guards of New Hampshire, Arizona, and Washington state.

South Carolina's C Company, 1-151st Aviation was deployed to Kosovo under operational control of 1-104 AVN of the Pennsylvania ARNG (as were National Guard aviation units from Alabama and Nebraska) during KFOR 5A operations from July 2003 to February 2004.

Headquarters and Headquarters Company (HHC),along with A, B, D, and L Companies of the 1-151st Aviation were deployed as Task Force 1-151st Aviation during Operation Iraqi Freedom II &amp; III from October 2004 to October 2005, where they gained fame flying their AH-64A Apaches in an experimental two-tone grey scheme in support of the 1st Stryker Brigade, 25th Infantry Division (Light), and then supported operations of the II Marine Expeditionary Force (II MEF) in Al-Anbar Province. Task Force 1-151 was augmented with National Guard personnel from Tennessee, Missouri, and Maryland and the Individual Ready Reserve of the Army.  L Company, 1-151 was augmented with National Guard personnel from Idaho, Iowa, Kentucky, Ohio, and Wyoming, serving with distinction during OIF.

In the fall of 2008, a CH-47D Detachment, B Company, 2-238th Aviation was activated in support of OEF, and deployed to Afghanistan. Paired with [[Illinois National Guard]], B Company was split between three different forward operating bases, Bagram, Kandahar/Shank, and Salerno, with each acting independently of the others. The detachment's main missions included resupply, troop movement, and air assaults on high-value targets. B Company, 2-238th Aviation returned home in fall of 2009 after serving with great distinction and perseverance during Operation Enduring Freedom II.{{Citation needed|date=July 2010}}

===Historic units===
* [[File:118InfRegtCOA.png|50px]] 118th Infantry Regiment
* [[File:218InfRegtCOA.jpg|50px]] 218th Infantry Regiment
* [[File:263rdArmorReg.png|50px]] 263rd Armor Regiment
* [[File:202CavRegtCOA.jpg|50px]] 202nd Cavalry Regiment
* [[File:178FARegtCOA.jpg|50px]] 178th Field Artillery Regiment (178th FAR)
* [[File:151AvnRgtCOA.jpg|50px]] 151st Aviation Regiment
* [[File:263_ADA_Bde_DUI.png|50px]] [[263rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade (United States)|263rd Air Defense Artillery Brigade]] (263rd ADAB)

==See also==
*[[169th Fighter Wing]]
*[[Task Force Mustang|Combat Aviation Brigade, 36th Infantry Division]] - approx. 15 SC ARNG soldiers deployed to Iraq in Sep 2006.
* [[South Carolina Naval Militia]]
* [[South Carolina State Guard]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.history.army.mil/ARNG/NG-SC.htm Bibliography of South Carolina Army National Guard History] compiled by the [[United States Army Center of Military History]]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20061022144002/http://www.scguard.com/arng/default.aspx South Carolina Army National Guard], accessed 26 Nov 2006
*[http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/agency/army/arng-sc.htm GlobalSecurity.org South Carolina Army National Guard], accessed 26 Nov 2006

{{NGbystate}}
{{US Army navbox}}

[[Category:United States Army National Guard by state]]
[[Category:Military in South Carolina]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:South Carolina Army National Guard]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[South Carolina Army National Guard/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="64866" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox rail network
| name            = Rail transport in the United States
| color           =
| logo            =
| image           = CSX 5349 GE ES44DC.jpg
| caption         = A [[CSX Transportation|CSX]] train at a [[Level junction|diamond junction]] in [[Marion, Ohio]]
| nationalrailway = 
| infrastructure  = 
| majoroperators  = [[Amtrak]]&lt;br&gt;[[BNSF Railway]]&lt;br&gt;[[CSX Transportation]]&lt;br&gt;[[Kansas City Southern Railway]]&lt;br&gt;[[Norfolk Southern Railway]]&lt;br&gt;[[Union Pacific Railroad]]
| ridership       = 549,631,632&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.transtats.bts.gov/osea/seasonaladjustment/?PageVar=RAIL_PM|title=Seasonally Adjusted Transportation Data|publisher=Bureau of Transportation Statistics|location=Washington, D.C.|date=2017|accessdate=2017-09-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br&gt;29 million (Amtrak only)&lt;ref name=UICRS&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.uitp.org/sites/default/files/cck-focus-papers-files/Regional%20and%20Suburban%20Railways%20Market%20Analysis.pdf|title=Railway Statistics – 2014 Synopsis|publisher=International Union of Railways, IUC|location=Paris, France|date=2014|format=PDF|accessdate=2015-09-09}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| passkm          = 10.3 billion &lt;ref name=&quot;UICRS&quot; /&gt;
| freight         = 2.5 trillion [[tonne-kilometre|tkm]]&lt;ref name=&quot;UICRS&quot; /&gt;
| length          = 
| doublelength    = 
| ellength        = 
| freightlength   = 
| hslength        =
| gauge           = {{RailGauge|standard|al=on|allk=on}}
| hsgauge         =
| gauge1          = 
| gauge1length    = 
| el              = 
| el1             = 
| el1length       = 
| el2             = 
| el2length       = 
| notunnels       = 
| tunnellength    = 
| longesttunnel   = [[Cascade Tunnel]], {{Convert|7.8|mi|km}}
| nobridges       = 
| longestbridge   = 
| nostations      =
| highelevation   = 
| highelat        = 
| lowelevation    =
| lowelat         =
| map             = [[File:Class1rr.png|250px]]
| mapcaption      =
}}

'''Rail transportation in the United States''' consists primarily of [[Rail freight transport|freight shipments]], with a well integrated network of [[standard gauge]] private freight railroads extending into Canada and Mexico.  [[Passenger Train|Passenger service]] is mainly [[mass transit]] and [[commuter rail]] in major cities. Intercity passenge service, once a large and vital part of the nation's passenger transportation network, plays a limited role as compared to transportation patterns in many other countries.

==History==
{{Further|History of rail transport in the United States}}

===1720–1825===
{{Further|Oldest railroads in North America}}

A railroad was reportedly used in the construction of the [[French Royal Army (1652–1830)|French Royal Army]] fortress at [[Louisburg, Nova Scotia]] in 1720.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Canada's Earliest Railway Lines |last=Brown|first=Robert R.|year=October 1949|publisher=Railway &amp; Locomotive Historical Society Bulletin #78}}&lt;/ref&gt; Between 1762 and 1764, at the close of the [[French and Indian War]], a [[gravity railroad]] ([[tramway (industrial)|mechanized tramway]]) ([[Montresor's Tramway]]) was built by [[British Army]] engineers up the steep riverside terrain near the [[Niagara River]] waterfall's [[escarpment]] at the [[Niagara Portage]] (which the local [[Seneca people|Seneca]]s called ''&quot;Crawl on All Fours.&quot;'') in [[Lewiston, New York]].&lt;ref
 name=PMat-text&gt;[http://historiclewiston.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06//the_cradles_tramway_placemat.pdf Text online of placement commemorating  historic railroad.], accessdate=2017-03-01&lt;/ref&gt;

=== 1826–1850 ===
[[File:FWPNW026HobokenNJSA0266.jpg|thumb|First American locomotive on rails at Castle Point, drawing, Hoboken, c. 1826]]

During this period, Americans watched closely [[History of rail transport in Great Britain|the development of railways in the United Kingdom]]. The main competition came from canals, many of which were in operation under state ownership, and from privately owned steamboats plying the nation's vast river system. In 1829, [[Massachusetts]] prepared an elaborate plan. Government support, most especially the detailing of officers from the [[United States Army Corps of Engineers|U.S. Army Corps of Engineers]] – the nation's only repository of [[civil engineering]] expertise – was crucial in assisting private enterprise in building nearly all the country's railroads. Army Engineer officers surveyed and selected routes, planned, designed, and constructed rights-of-way, track, and structures, and introduced the Army's system of reports and accountability to the railroad companies. More than one in ten of the 1,058 graduates from the [[U.S. Military Academy]] at West Point between 1802 and 1866 became corporate presidents, chief engineers, treasurers, superintendents and general managers of railroad companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Smith&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=Military Enterprise and Technological Change |last=Smith |first=Merritt Roe  |year=1985 |publisher=MIT Press |location=Cambridge, MA |ISBN = 0-262-19239-X |pages=87–116 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the Army officers who thus assisted the building and managing of the first American railroads were [[Stephen Harriman Long]], [[George Washington Whistler]], and [[Herman Haupt]].

[[State governments of the United States|State governments]] granted charters that created the business corporation and gave a limited right of [[eminent domain]], allowing the railroad to buy needed land, even if the owner objected.{{NoteTag|Horse-drawn rail lines were in use for short-distance hauling of stone. See [[Gridley Bryant]]. Other purpose-built railroads were operating in the 1820s. The [[Delaware and Hudson Canal Company]], which later became the [[Delaware and Hudson Railroad|Delaware &amp; Hudson Railroad]], built its first tracks in 1826 as a gravity railroad in [[Carbondale, Pennsylvania]], to haul coal from a mine to the canal at [[Honesdale, Pennsylvania|Honesdale]].}}
 
[[File:Canton Viaduct, Southern view, west side.JPG|thumb|upright|The [[Canton Viaduct]], still in use today on the [[Northeast Corridor]], was built in 1834.]]

The [[Baltimore and Ohio Railroad]] (B&amp;O) was chartered in 1827 to build a steam railroad west from [[Baltimore]], [[Maryland]], to a point on the [[Ohio River]]. It began scheduled freight service over its first section on May 24, 1830. The first railroad to carry passengers, and, by accident, the first tourist railroad, began operating 1827. It was the [[Lehigh Coal &amp; Navigation Company]], initially a gravity road feeding anthracite coal downhill to the [[Lehigh Canal]] and using mule-power to return nine miles up the mountain; but, by the summer of 1829, as documented by newspapers, it regularly carried passengers. Later renamed the [[Summit Hill &amp; Mauch Chunk Railroad]],  it added a steam powered cable-return track for true two-way operation by 1843, and ran as a [[common carrier]] and tourist road from the 1890s to 1937. Lasting 111 years, the SH&amp;MC is described by some to be the world's first [[roller coaster]].{{NoteTag|The SH&amp;MCsbRR carried sundries, groceries, and goods up to Summit Hill, including official postal deliveries.|name = SH&amp;MCsbRR }}

The first purpose-built common carrier railroad in the northeast was the [[Mohawk and Hudson Railroad|Mohawk &amp; Hudson Railroad]]; incorporated in 1826, it began operating in August 1831. Soon, a second passenger line, the [[Saratoga and Schenectady Railroad|Saratoga &amp; Schenectady Railroad]], started service  in June 1832.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stevens&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title = The Beginnings of the New York Central Railroad: A History |last = Stevens |first = Frank Walker |year = 1926 |publisher = G. P. Putnam's Sons |location=New York, NY |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=EYbVAAAAMAAJ }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|1–115}}
 
In 1835 the B&amp;O completed a branch from Baltimore southward to [[Washington, D.C.]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Dilts&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title = The Great Road: The Building of the Baltimore and Ohio, the Nation's First Railroad, 1828–1853 |last=Dilts |first = James D. |year=1996 |publisher=Stanford University Press |location = Palo Alto, CA |ISBN = 978-0-8047-2629-0 |url = https://books.google.com/?id=JjrCWPwvHzIC }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|157}} The [[Boston and Providence Railroad|Boston &amp; Providence Railroad]] was incorporated in 1831 to build a railroad between [[Boston]], [[Massachusetts]] and [[Providence, Rhode Island|Providence]], [[Rhode Island]]; the road was completed in 1835 with the completion of the [[Canton Viaduct]] in [[Canton, Massachusetts]].

Numerous short lines were built, especially in the south, to provide connections to the river systems and the river boats common to the era. In Louisiana, the [[Pontchartrain Rail-Road]], a {{convert|5|mi|km|adj=on}} route connecting the [[Mississippi River]] with [[Lake Pontchartrain]] at [[New Orleans]] was completed in 1831 and provided over a century of operation. Completed in 1830, the [[Tuscumbia, Courtland and Decatur Railroad|Tuscumbia, Courtland &amp; Decatur Railroad]] became the first railroad constructed west of the [[Appalachian Mountains]]; it connected the two [[Alabama]] cities of [[Decatur, Alabama|Decatur]] and [[Tuscumbia, Alabama|Tuscumbia]].

Soon, other roads that would themselves be purchased or merged into larger entities, formed. The [[Camden and Amboy Railroad|Camden &amp; Amboy Railroad]] (C&amp;A), the first railroad built in [[New Jersey]], completed its route between its namesake cities in 1834. The C&amp;A ran successfully for decades connecting New York City to the Delaware valley, and would eventually become part of the [[Pennsylvania Railroad]].

===1851–1900===
By 1850, over {{convert|9000|mi|km}} of railroad lines had been built.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wilson&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=van Oss |first=Salomon Frederik|title=American Railroads and British Investors |url=https://archive.org/details/americanrailroad00vanorich|year=1893 |publisher=Effingham Wilson &amp; Co |location=London|page=[https://archive.org/details/americanrailroad00vanorich/page/3 3]}}&lt;/ref&gt; The B&amp;O's westward route reached the Ohio River in 1852, the first eastern seaboard railroad to do so.&lt;ref name=Stover&gt;{{cite book | last = Stover | first = John F. | title = History of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad  | publisher = [[Purdue University Press]] | year = 1987 | location = West Lafayette, Ind. | pages = 59–60| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=IEPCqQErPHAC&amp;pg=PP1| isbn =0-911198-81-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|Ch.V}} Railroad companies in the North and Midwest constructed networks that linked nearly every major city by 1860.

====Transcontinental railroad====
{{Main|First Transcontinental Railroad}}
[[File:East and West Shaking hands at the laying of last rail Union Pacific Railroad - Restoration.jpg|thumb|Celebration of the meeting of the railroad in [[Promontory Summit, Utah]], May 1869]]

The First Transcontinental Railroad in the U.S. was built across [[North America]] in the 1860s, linking the [[rail transport|railroad]] network of the eastern U.S. with [[California]] on the [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] coast. Finished on May 10, 1869 at the [[Golden spike]] event at [[Promontory Summit, Utah]], it created a nationwide mechanized transportation network that revolutionized the population and economy of the [[U.S. West|American West]], catalyzing the transition from the [[wagon train]]s of previous decades to a modern transportation system. It achieved the status of first transcontinental railroad by connecting myriad eastern U.S. railroads to the Pacific Ocean. However it was not the world's longest railroad, as [[History of Canada (1763–1867)|Canada]]'s [[Grand Trunk Railway]] (GTR) had, by 1867, already accumulated more than {{convert|2055|km|mi}} of track by connecting [[Portland, Maine]], and the three northern [[New England]] states with the [[Atlantic Canada|Canadian Atlantic provinces]], and west as far as [[Port Huron, Michigan]], through [[Sarnia|Sarnia, Ontario]].

Authorized by the [[Pacific Railway Act]] of 1862 and heavily backed by the [[United States Federal Government|federal government]], the first transcontinental railroad was the culmination of a decades-long movement to build such a line and was one of the crowning achievements of the presidency of [[Abraham Lincoln]], completed four years after his death. The building of the railroad required enormous feats of [[engineering]] and [[labour (economics)|labor]] in the crossing of the [[Great Plains]] and the [[Rocky Mountains]] by the [[Union Pacific Railroad]] (UP) and [[Central Pacific Railroad]], the two federally chartered enterprises that built the line westward and eastward respectively.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cprr.org/Museum/Pacific_Railroad_Acts.html &quot;An Act to aid in the construction of a railroad and telegraph line from the Missouri river to the Pacific ocean, and to secure to the government the use of the same for postal, military, and other purposes] 12 Stat. 489, July 1, 1862&lt;/ref&gt; The building of the railroad was motivated in part to bind the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] together during the strife of the [[American Civil War]]. It substantially accelerated the populating of the West by [[Homestead Act|homesteader]]s, leading to rapid [[agriculture|cultivation]] of new farm lands. The Central Pacific and the [[Southern Pacific Railroad]] combined operations in 1870 and formally merged in 1885; the Union Pacific originally bought the Southern Pacific in 1901 and was forced to divest it in 1913, but took it over again in 1996.

Much of the original [[Right-of-way (railroad)|roadbed]] is still in use today and owned by UP, which is descended from both of the original railroads.

====Rail gauge selection====
{{Main|Track gauge in the United States}}
[[File:44. Cape Horn, C.P.R.R.jpg|thumb|left|Central Pacific Railroad at Cape Horn circa 1880]]

Many Canadian and U.S. railroads originally used various broad gauges, but most were converted to {{Track gauge|ussg|lk=on}} by 1886, when the conversion of much of the southern rail network from {{Track gauge|5ft|lk=on}} gauge took place. This and the standardization of couplings and air brakes enabled the pooling and interchange of [[locomotive]]s and rolling stock.

====Impact of railroads on the economy====
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable floatright&quot;
|+ '''Railroad mileage increase by groups of states'''&lt;br&gt;&lt;small&gt;Source: [[Chauncey Depew]] (ed.), ''One Hundred Years of American Commerce 1795–1895'' p 111&lt;/small&gt;
|-
! Region
! 1850
! 1860
! 1870
! 1880
! 1890
|-
| New England
| 2,507
| 3,660
| 4,494
| 5,982
| 6,831
|-
| Middle States
| 3,202
| 6,705
| 10,964
| 15,872
| 21,536
|-
| Southern States
| 2,036
| 8,838
| 11,192
| 14,778
| 29,209
|-
| Western States and Territories
| 1,276
| 11,400
| 24,587
| 52,589
| 62,394
|-
| Pacific States and Territories
|
| 23
| 1,677
| 4,080
| 9,804
|-
! Totals
| 9,021
| 30,626
| 52,914
| 93,301
| 129,774
|}

[[File:Railroad1860.jpg|thumb|Train running on the Dale Creek Iron Viaduct, Wyoming, c. 1860]]

The railroad had its largest impact on the American transportation system during the second half of the 19th century. The standard historical interpretation holds that the railroads were central to the development of a national market in the United States and served as a model of how to organize, finance and manage a large corporation,&lt;ref&gt;Alfred D. Chandler Jr., ''The Visible Hand: The Managerial Revolution in American Business''(1977) pp 81–121.&lt;/ref&gt; along with allowing growth of the American population outside of the eastern regions.

=====Take-off Thesis=====
In 1944, American economic historian [[Leland Jenks]] (having conducted an analysis based on [[Joseph Schumpeter]]'s theory of innovation) similarly claims that railroads had a direct impact on the growth of the United States' real income and an indirect impact on its economic expansion.&lt;ref&gt;Leland H. Jenks, &quot;Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development.&quot; ''Journal of Economic History'' 4#1 (1944) pp. 11.&lt;/ref&gt;  In his Rostovian Take-off Thesis, [[Walt W. Rostow]] systematically developed the Jenks model that railroads were crucial to American economic growth. According to Rostow, railroads were responsible for the &quot;take-off&quot; of American industrialization in the period of 1843–1860. This &quot;take-off&quot; in economic growth occurred because the railroad helped to decrease transportation costs, transport new products and goods to commercial markets, and generally widen the market.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rostow&quot;&gt;Walt W. Rostow, ''The Stages of Economic Growth: A Non-Communist Manifesto'' (1960)  pp. 55.&lt;/ref&gt; Furthermore, the development of railroads stimulated the growth of the modern coal, iron, and engineering industries, all of which were essential for wider economic growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rostow&quot; /&gt; According to Rostow's Take-off Thesis, railroads generated new investment, which simultaneously helped develop financial markets in the United States.

Contemporary American economic historians have challenged this conventional view. The respective findings of [[Robert Fogel]] and Albert Fishlow do not support Rostow's claim that railroads stimulated widespread industrialization by increasing demand for coal, iron, and machinery. Drawing upon historical data, Robert Fogel found that the impact of railroads on the iron and steel industries was minimal: from 1840 to 1860, railroad production used less than five percent of the total pig iron produced. In addition, Fogel argues, only six percent of total coal production from 1840 to 1860 was consumed by railroads through consumption of iron products.&lt;ref&gt;Fogel, Robert W. (1971), Railroads and American Economic Growth. ed. Stanley L. Engerman and Robert W. Fogel. New York: Harper Row. pp. 201.&lt;/ref&gt; Like Fogel, Fishlow showed that most railroads used very little coal during this time period because they were able to burn wood instead.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishlow&quot;&gt;Fishlow, Albert (1965). American Railroads and the Transformation of the Ante-Bellum Economy Cambridge: Harvard University Press. pp. 14–157.&lt;/ref&gt; Fishlow also found that iron used by railroads was only 20% of net consumption in the 1850s.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fishlow&quot; /&gt;

=====Fogel and &quot;essential&quot; issue=====
Fogel concludes that railroads were important but not &quot;essential&quot; to late 19th century growth in the U.S. in the sense that a possible alternative existed even if it was never tried.  Fogel focuses on the &quot;social saving&quot; created by railroads, which he defines as the difference between the actual level of national income in 1890 and the theoretical level of national income if transportation somehow existed in the most efficient way possible to the absence of the railroad.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fogel&quot;&gt;Robert W. Fogel,  &quot;A Quantitative Approach to the Study of Railroads in American Economic Growth: A Report of Some Preliminary Findings.&quot; ''Journal of Economic History'' (1962) 22, no. 2. pp. 20–21.&lt;/ref&gt; He found that without the railroad, America's gross national product (GNP) would have been 7.2% less in 1890. While the largest contribution to GNP growth made by any single innovation before 1900, this percentage only represents 2–3 years of GNP growth.&lt;ref name=&quot;Fogel&quot; /&gt;

Fogel makes several key assumptions and decisions in his analysis. First, his calculations comprise transportation between the primary markets of the [[Midwestern United States|Midwest]] and the secondary markets of the [[Eastern United States|East]] and [[Southern United States|South]] (interregional) and transportation between cities and rural areas (intraregional). Second, he chooses to focus on the shipment of four agricultural commodities: [[wheat]], [[Maize|corn]], [[beef]], and [[pork]]. Third, Fogel's social saving calculation accounts for costs not included in water rates (which include the cargo losses in transit, transshipment costs, extra wagon haulage, time lost because of slower speed and because canals froze in the winter, and capital costs). One criticism{{citation needed|date=April 2020}} of Fogel's analysis is that it does not account for the externalities or &quot;spill-over&quot; effects of the railroads, which (if included) may have increased his estimate for social savings [definition needed]. Railroads provided much of the demand for the technological advances in a number of areas, including heat dynamics, combustion engineering, thermodynamics, metallurgy, civil engineering, machining, and metal fabrication. Furthermore, Fogel does not discuss the role railroads played in the development of the financial system or in attracting foreign capital, which otherwise might not have been available.

=====Albert Fishlow=====
Fishlow estimates that the railroad's social savings—or what he terms &quot;direct benefits&quot;—were higher than those calculated by Fogel. Fishlow's research may indicate that the development of railroads significantly influenced real income in the United States. Instead of Fogel's term &quot;social saving&quot;, Fishlow uses the term &quot;direct benefits&quot; to describe the difference between the actual level of national income in 1859 and the theoretical level of income using the least expensive, but existing alternative means.&lt;ref name = &quot;Fishlow&quot; /&gt; Fishlow calculated the social savings in 1859 at 4 percent of GNP and in 1890 at 15 percent of GNP—higher than Fogel's estimate of 7.2% in 1890.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://eh.net/book_reviews/american-railroads-and-the-transformation-of-the-ante-bellum-economy/|title=American Railroads and the Transformation of the Ante-bellum Economy|author=|date=|website=eh.net}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Monopolies, antitrust law, and regulation====
Industrialists such as [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]] and [[Jay Gould]] became wealthy through railroad ownerships, as large railroad companies such as the [[New York Central Railroad|New York Central]], [[Grand Trunk Railway]] and the [[Southern Pacific Transportation Company|Southern Pacific]] spanned several states. In response to [[monopoly|monopolistic]] practices (such as [[price fixing]]) and other excesses of some railroads and their owners, [[United States Congress|Congress]] created the [[Interstate Commerce Commission]] (ICC) in 1887. The ICC indirectly controlled the business activities of the railroads through issuance of extensive [[regulations]]. Congress also enacted [[United States antitrust law|antitrust legislation]] to prevent railroad monopolies, beginning with the [[Sherman Antitrust Act]] in 1890.

===1901–1970===
{{Multiple issues|section=yes|
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The principal mainline railroads concentrated their efforts on moving freight and passengers over long distances. But many had suburban services near large cities, which might also be served by [[Streetcar]] and [[Interurban]] lines. The Interurban was an almost uniquely North American concept which relied almost exclusively on passenger traffic for revenue. Unable to survive the [[Great Depression]], the failure of most Interurbans by that time left many cities without suburban passenger railroads, although the largest cities such as [[New York City]], [[Chicago]], [[Boston]] and [[Philadelphia]] continued to have suburban service. The major railroads passenger flagship services included multi-day journeys on luxury trains resembling hotels, which were unable to compete with airlines in the 1950s. Rural communities were served by slow trains no more than twice a day. They survived until the 1960s because the same train hauled the [[Railway Post Office]] cars, paid for by the [[US Post Office]]. RPOs were withdrawn when mail sorting was mechanized.

[[File:Railroads of the United States in 1918 - Project Gutenberg eText 16960.png|thumb|Railroads of the United States in 1918]]
[[File:Santa Fe stopped at Cajon Siding, March 1943.jpg|thumb|An [[Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway]] freight train pauses at Cajon, California, in March 1943 to cool its braking equipment after descending [[Cajon Pass]]. [[U.S. Route 66]] (a section that is now part of [[Interstate 15 in California|Interstate 15]]) is visible to the right of the train.]]

As early as the 1930s, automobile travel had begun to cut into the rail passenger market, somewhat reducing [[economies of scale]], but it was the development of the [[Interstate Highway System]] and of [[commercial aviation]] in the 1950s and 1960s, as well as increasingly restrictive regulation, that dealt the most damaging blows to rail transportation, both passenger and freight. [[General Motors]] and other were convicted of running the streetcar industry into the ground purposefully in what is referred to as the [[Great American Streetcar Scandal]]. There was little point in operating passenger trains to advertise freight service when those who made decisions about freight shipping traveled by car and by air, and when the railroads' chief competitors for that market were interstate trucking companies.

Soon, the only things keeping most passenger trains running were legal obligations. Meanwhile, companies who were interested in using railroads for profitable freight traffic were looking for ways to get out of those legal obligations, and it looked like intercity passenger rail service would soon become extinct in the United States beyond a few highly populated corridors. The final blow for passenger trains in the U.S. came with the loss of [[railroad post office]]s in the 1960s. On May 1, 1971, the federally funded [[Amtrak]] took over (with a few exceptions) all intercity passenger rail service in the continental United States. The [[Denver and Rio Grande Western Railroad|Rio Grande]], with its [[Denver]]-[[Ogden, Utah|Ogden]] ''[[Rio Grande Zephyr]]'' and the Southern with its [[Washington, D.C.]]–[[New Orleans]] [[Crescent (Amtrak)|''Southern Crescent'']] chose to stay out of Amtrak, and the [[Chicago, Rock Island and Pacific Railroad|Rock Island]], with two intrastate [[Illinois]] trains, was too far gone to be included into Amtrak.

Freight transportation continued to labor under regulations developed when rail transport had a monopoly on intercity traffic, and railroads only competed with one another. An entire generation of rail managers had been trained to operate under this regulatory regime. [[Labor unions in the United States|Labor unions]] and their work rules were likewise a formidable barrier to change. Overregulation, management and unions formed an &quot;iron triangle&quot; of stagnation, frustrating the efforts of leaders such as the [[New York Central Railroad|New York Central]]'s [[New York Central Railroad#Alfred E. Perlman: 1958-1968|Alfred E. Perlman]]. In particular, the dense rail network in the Northeastern U.S. was in need of radical pruning and consolidation. A spectacularly unsuccessful beginning was the 1968 formation and subsequent bankruptcy of the [[Penn Central]], barely two years later.

===1970–present===
[[File:Amtrak Vermonter at Brattleboro in 2004.jpg|thumb|[[Amtrak]] train at the [[Union Station (Brattleboro, Vermont)|Brattleboro, Vermont station]]]]
[[File:BNSF 5350 20040808 Prairie du Chien WI.jpg|thumb|[[BNSF Railway]] [[Double-stack rail transport|double stack]] freight train in [[Wisconsin]]]]

Historically, on routes where a single railroad has had an undisputed [[monopoly]], passenger service was as spartan and as expensive as the market and ICC regulation would bear, since such railroads had no need to advertise their freight services. However, on routes where two or three railroads were in direct competition with each other for freight business, such railroads would spare no expense to make their passenger trains as fast, luxurious, and affordable as possible, as it was considered to be the most effective way of advertising their profitable freight services.

The [[National Association of Railroad Passengers]] (NARP) was formed in 1967 to lobby for the continuation of passenger trains. Its lobbying efforts were hampered somewhat by [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] opposition to any sort of [[rail subsidies]] to the privately owned railroads, and [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] opposition to [[nationalization]] of the railroad industry. The proponents were aided by the fact that few in the federal government wanted to be held responsible for the seemingly inevitable extinction of the passenger train, which most regarded as tantamount to political suicide. The urgent need to solve the passenger train disaster was heightened by the [[bankruptcy]] filing of the [[Penn Central Transportation|Penn Central]], the dominant railroad in the [[Northeast U.S.]], on June 21, 1970.

Under the [[Rail Passenger Service Act]] of 1970, Congress created the [[Amtrak|National Railroad Passenger Corporation]] (NRPC) to subsidize and oversee the operation of intercity passenger trains. The Act provided that
* Any railroad operating intercity passenger service could contract with the NRPC, thereby joining the national system.
* Participating railroads bought into the new corporation using a formula based on their recent intercity passenger losses. The purchase price could be satisfied either by cash or rolling stock; in exchange, the railroads received Amtrak common stock.
* Any participating railroad was freed of the obligation to operate intercity passenger service after May 1971, except for those services chosen by the [[United States Department of Transportation|U.S. Department of Transportation]] as part of a &quot;basic system&quot; of service and paid for by NRPC using its federal funds.
* Railroads who chose not to join the Amtrak system were required to continue operating their existing passenger service until 1975 and thenceforth had to pursue the customary ICC approval process for any discontinuance or alteration to the service.

The original working brand name for NRPC was ''Railpax'', which eventually became ''[[Amtrak]]''. At the time, many Washington insiders viewed the corporation as a face-saving way to give passenger trains the one &quot;last hurrah&quot; demanded by the public, but expected that the NRPC would quietly disappear in a few years as public interest waned. However, while Amtrak's political and financial support have often been shaky, popular and political support for Amtrak has allowed it to survive into the [[21st century]].

Similarly, to preserve a declining freight rail industry, Congress passed the Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973 (sometimes called the &quot;3R Act&quot;).  The act was an attempt to salvage viable freight operations from the bankrupt [[Penn Central Transportation Company|Penn Central]] and other lines in the northeast, [[Mid-Atlantic (United States)|mid-Atlantic]] and Midwestern regions.&lt;ref&gt;Regional Rail Reorganization Act of 1973, Pub.L. 93-236, 87 Stat. 985, {{USC|45|741}}, 1974-01-02.&lt;/ref&gt; The law created the [[Consolidated Rail Corporation]] (Conrail), a government-owned corporation, which began operations in 1976. Another law, the [[Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act]] of 1976 (the &quot;4R Act&quot;), provided more specifics for the Conrail acquisitions and set the stage for more comprehensive deregulation of the railroad industry.&lt;ref&gt;Railroad Revitalization and Regulatory Reform Act, Pub.L. 94-210, 90 Stat. 31, {{USC|45|801}}, 1976-02-05.&lt;/ref&gt; Portions of the [[Penn Central]], [[Erie Lackawanna]], [[Reading Railroad]], [[Ann Arbor Railroad (1895–1976)|Ann Arbor Railroad]], [[Central Railroad of New Jersey]], [[Lehigh Valley Railroad|Lehigh Valley]], and [[Lehigh and Hudson River]] were merged into Conrail.

The freight industry continued its decline until Congress passed the [[Staggers Rail Act]] in 1980, which largely deregulated the rail industry. Since then, U.S. freight railroads have reorganized, discontinued their lightly used routes and returned to profitability.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stover-American RR&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=American Railroads |last=Stover |first=John F.|year=1997 |edition = 2nd |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |isbn=978-0-226-77658-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4vjgmic44QC}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|245–252}}

==Freight railroads==
{{More citations needed section|date=October 2010}}
{{Main|Rail freight transport}}

[[Freight railroad]]s play an important role in the U.S. economy, especially for moving imports and exports using containers, and for shipments of coal and oil. According to the British news magazine ''[[The Economist]],'' &quot;They are universally recognised in the industry as the best in the world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;economist2010-07-22&quot;&gt;{{cite news | url=http://www.economist.com/node/16636101 | title=High-speed railroading | work=The Economist | date=2010-07-22 | accessdate=December 10, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Productivity rose 172% between 1981 and 2000, while rates decreased by 55% (after accounting for inflation). Rail's share of the American freight market rose to 43%, the highest for any rich country.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist2010-07-22&quot; /&gt;

U.S. railroads still play a major role in the nation's freight shipping. They carried 750 billion ton-miles by 1975 which doubled to 1.5 trillion ton-miles in 2005.&lt;ref name=&quot;BTS1&quot;&gt;U.S. Bureau of Transportation Statistics. Washington, D.C. (2000) [http://www.bts.gov/publications/the_changing_face_of_transportation/html/figure_01_ton_miles_of_freight_by_mode.html &quot;Ton-Miles of Freight by Mode: 1975–2025.&quot;] ''The Changing Face of Transportation.'' Report No. BTS00-007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. [http://americanhistory.si.edu/ONTHEMOVE/themes/story_42_4.html &quot;Railroads to Mid-Century: Salisbury, North Carolina, 1927.&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060206232522/http://americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/themes/story_42_4.html |date=2006-02-06 }} ''America on the Move.''&lt;/ref&gt; In the 1950s, the U.S. and Europe moved roughly the same percentage of freight by rail; by 2000, the share of U.S. rail freight was 38% while in Europe only 8% of freight traveled by rail.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/taubmancenter/pdfs/working_papers/fagan_vassallo_05_rail.pdf Increasing EU Rail Share: Insights From the US Rail Experience&lt;!-- Bot generated title --&gt;] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060902215734/http://www.ksg.harvard.edu/taubmancenter/pdfs/working_papers/fagan_vassallo_05_rail.pdf |date=September 2, 2006 }} See Alternate Link 7&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;International Union of Railways [http://www.uic.org/diomis/IMG/pdf/DIOMIS_Benchmarking_Intermodal_Rail_Transport_in_the_US_and_Europe.pdf &quot;DIOMIS: Benchmarking Intermodal Rail Transport in the United States and Europe&quot;] Alternate Source for Dead Link&lt;/ref&gt; In 2000, while U.S. trains moved 2,390 billion ton-kilometers of freight, the 15-nation [[European Union]] moved only 304 billion ton-kilometers of freight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= https://natraffic.com/facts-about-rail-freight.asp |title=10 Interesting Facts About Rail Freight|author=|date= |website=natraffic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; In terms of ton-miles, railroads annually move more than 25% of the United States' freight and connect businesses with each other across the country and with markets overseas.&lt;ref name=&quot;BTS1&quot; /&gt; In 2018, US rail freight had a [[Energy efficiency in transport#Freight|transport energy efficiency]] of 473 miles per gallon of fuel per ton of freight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Economic Impact of America’s Freight Railroads |url=https://www.aar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/AAR-Economic-Impact-US-Freight-Railroads.pdf |publisher=[[Association of American Railroads]] |pages=2 |date=July 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Class1rr.png|thumb|upright|2006 map of North American Class I railroads]]

U.S. freight railroads are separated into three classes, set by the [[Surface Transportation Board]], based on annual revenues:
* [[Class I railroad|Class I]] for freight railroads with annual operating revenues above $346.8 million in 2006 dollars. In 1900, there were 132 Class I railroads. Today, as the result of mergers, bankruptcies, and major changes in the regulatory definition of &quot;Class I&quot;, there are only seven railroads operating in the United States that meet the criteria for Class I. {{As of|2011}}, U.S. freight railroads operated 139,679 route-miles (224,792&amp;nbsp;km) of [[standard gauge]] in the U.S. Although Amtrak qualifies for Class I status under the revenue criteria, it is not considered a Class I railroad because it is not a freight railroad.
* [[Class II railroad|Class II]] for freight railroads with revenues between $27.8 million and $346.7 million in 2000 dollars
* [[Class III railroad|Class III]] for all other freight revenues.

In 2013, the U.S. moved more oil out of North Dakota by rail than by the Trans-Alaska pipeline.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciam&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.scientificamerican.com/plugged-in/2013/07/17/u-s-moves-more-oil-out-of-north-dakota-by-rail-than-the-trans-alaskan-pipeline/|title=U.S. moves more oil out of North Dakota by rail than the Trans-Alaskan pipeline|first=David|last=Wogan|date=|website=scientificamerican.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; This trend—tenfold in two years and 40-fold in five years—is forecast to increase.&lt;ref name=&quot;natlgeo&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/energy/2013/07/130708-oil-train-tragedy-in-canada/ |title=Oil Train Tragedy in Canada Spotlights Rising Crude Transport by Rail|author=|date=8 July 2013|website=nationalgeographic.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Classes of freight railroads===
There are four different classes of freight railroads: [[Class I railroad|Class I]], regional, local line haul, and switching &amp; terminal. [[Class I railroads]] are defined as those with revenue of at least $346.8 million in 2006. They comprise just one percent of the number of [[freight railroad]]s, but account for 67 percent of the industry's mileage, 90 percent of its employees, and 93 percent of its freight revenue.

A [[regional railroad]] is a line haul railroad with at least {{convert|350|mi|km}} and/or revenue between $40 million and the Class I threshold. There were 33 regional railroads in 2006. Most have between 75 and 500 employees.

Local line haul railroads operate less than {{convert|350|mi|km}} and earn less than $40 million per year (most earn less than $5 million per year). In 2006, there were 323 local line haul railroads. They generally perform point-to-point service over short distances.

Switching and terminal (S&amp;T) carriers are railroads that primarily provide switching and/or terminal services, regardless of revenue. They perform pick up and delivery services within a certain area.

===Traffic and public benefits===
[[File:Railyard behind the Cincinnati Union Terminal (11259266795).jpg|thumb|Double-stack yard operations in Cincinnati]]

U.S. freight railroads operate in a highly competitive marketplace. To compete effectively against each other and against other transportation providers, railroads must offer high-quality service at competitive rates. In 2011, within the U.S., railroads carried 39.9% of freight by ton-mile, followed by trucks (33.4%), oil pipelines (14.3%), barges (12%) and air (0.3%).{{citation needed|date=April 2016}} However, railroads' revenue share has been slowly falling for decades, a reflection of the intensity of the competition they face and of the large rate reductions railroads have passed through to their customers over the years.

North American railroads operated 1,471,736 freight cars and 31,875 locomotives, with 215,985 employees. They originated 39.53 million carloads (averaging 63 tons each) and generated $81.7 billion in freight revenue of present 2014. The average haul was 917 miles. The largest (Class 1) U.S. railroads carried 10.17 million intermodal containers and 1.72 million piggyback trailers. Intermodal traffic was 6.2% of tonnage originated and 12.6% of revenue. The largest commodities were coal, chemicals, farm products, nonmetallic minerals and intermodal. Other major commodities carried include lumber, automobiles, and waste materials. Coal alone was 43.3% of tonnage and 24.7% of revenue.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.aar.org/StatisticsAndPublications/Documents/AAR-Stats-2013-02-07.pdf Class I Railroad Statistics] {{Webarchive|url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131103071634/https://www.aar.org/StatisticsAndPublications/Documents/AAR-Stats-2013-02-07.pdf |date=2013-11-03 }}, Association of American Railroads, February 7, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; Coal accounted for roughly half of U.S. electricity generation&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/update/ |title=Electricity Monthly Update - Energy Information Administration|author=|date= |website=EIA.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; and was a major export. As [[Shale gas in the United States|natural gas]] became cheaper than coal, coal supplies dropped 11% in 2015 but coal rail freight dropped by up to 40%, allowing an increase in car transport by rail, some in tri-level railcars.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://automotivelogistics.media/intelligence/north-american-rail-one-door-closes-another-opens |title=North American rail: One door closes, another opens |first=Marcus |last=Williams |date=29 March 2016|publisher= Automotive Logistics|accessdate=14 May 2017 |quote=11% compared to 2014 production, according to the US Energy Information Administration (EIA). The drop hit railways’ revenue by as much as 40% in some segments.}}&lt;/ref&gt; US coal consumption dwindled from over 1,100 million tons in 2008 to 687 million tons in 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;aar2018c&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Railroads and Coal |url=https://www.aar.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/AAR-Railroads-Coal.pdf |publisher=[[Association of American Railroads]] |pages=2 |date=May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The fastest growing rail traffic segment is currently [[Intermodal freight transport|intermodal]]. Intermodal is the movement of [[Intermodal container|shipping containers]] or truck trailers by rail and at least one other mode of transportation, usually trucks or ocean-going vessels. Intermodal combines the door-to-door convenience of trucks with the long-haul economy of railroads. Rail intermodal has tripled in the last 25 years. It plays a critical role in making logistics far more efficient for retailers and others. The efficiency of intermodal provides the U.S. with a huge competitive advantage in the global economy. A major factor in making U.S. rail intermodal freight competitive is the use of [[double-stack rail transport]], where shipping containers are loaded two-high on special freight cars, potential doubling the number of containers one train can carry, with corresponding reductions in operating costs.

===Freight rail working with passenger rail===
Prior to Amtrak's creation in 1970, intercity passenger rail service in the U.S. was provided by the same companies that provided freight service. When Amtrak was formed, in return for government permission to exit the passenger rail business, freight railroads donated passenger equipment to Amtrak and helped it get started with a capital infusion of some $200 million.

The vast majority of the 22,000 or so miles over which [[Amtrak]] operates are actually owned by freight railroads. By law, freight railroads must grant Amtrak access to their track upon request. In return, Amtrak pays fees to freight railroads to cover the incremental costs of Amtrak's use of freight railroad tracks.{{citation needed|date=January 2017}}

==Passenger railroads==
{{For|routes and operators|Amtrak|Alaska Railroad|Virgin Trains USA|List of rail transit systems in the United States}}
[[File:North America Passenger Trains.png|thumb|Passenger trains in North America {{nowrap|([[ShareMap:special/North America Passenger Trains|interactive map]])}}]]

The sole long-distance intercity [[passenger railroad]] in the continental U.S. is [[Amtrak]], although [[Virgin Trains USA]] plans to provide intercity service between Orlando and Miami, and multiple current commuter rail systems provide regional intercity services such as New York-New Heaven, Stockton-San Jose and West Palm Beach-Miami. In Alaska, intercity service is provided by [[Alaska Railroad]] instead of Amtrak. [[Commuter rail]] systems exist in more than a dozen metropolitan areas, but these systems are not extensively interconnected, so commuter rail cannot be used alone to traverse the country. [[Commuter rail in North America|Commuter systems]] have been proposed in approximately two dozen other cities, but interplays between various local-government administrative bottlenecks and ripple effects from the [[2007–2012 global financial crisis]] have generally pushed such projects farther and farther into the future, or have even sometimes mothballed them entirely. 

The most culturally notable and physically evident exception to the general lack of significant passenger rail transport in the U.S. is the [[Northeast Corridor]] between [[Washington, D.C.|Washington]], [[Baltimore]], [[Philadelphia]], [[New York City]], and [[Boston]], with significant branches in [[Connecticut]] and [[Massachusetts]]. The corridor handles frequent passenger service that is both Amtrak and commuter. [[New York City]] itself is noteworthy for high usage of passenger rail transport, both [[New York City Subway|subway]] and commuter rail ([[Long Island Rail Road]], [[Metro-North Railroad]], [[New Jersey Transit Rail Operations|New Jersey Transit]]). The subway system is used by one third of all U.S. [[mass transit]] users. [[Chicago, Illinois|Chicago]] also sees high rail ridership, with a local [[Chicago 'L'|elevated system]], one of the world's last [[South Shore Line|interurban lines]], and fourth most-ridden commuter rail system in the United States: [[Metra]]. Other major cities with substantial rail infrastructure include [[Philadelphia]]'s [[SEPTA]], [[Boston]]'s [[MBTA]], and [[Washington, D.C.]]'s network of commuter rail and rapid transit. [[Denver, Colorado]] constructed a [[RTD Bus &amp; Rail#Commuter rail|new electrified commuter rail system]] in the 2000s to complement the city's light rail system. The commuter rail systems of [[San Diego]] and [[Los Angeles]], [[Coaster (San Diego)|Coaster]] and [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]], connect in [[Oceanside, California]]. The [[San Francisco Bay Area]] additionally hosts several local rail operators.

Privately run inter-city passenger rail operations have also been restarted since 2018 in south Florida, with additional routes under development. Virgin Trains USA is a [[higher-speed rail]] train, run by All Aboard Florida. It began service in January 2018 between [[Fort Lauderdale]] and [[West Palm Beach]]; its service was extended to [[Miami]] in May 2018, with an extension to [[Orlando International Airport]] planned by 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gobrightline.com/routes-stations/|title=Routes Stations|author=|date=|website=gobrightline.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Virgin Trains USA has also proposed a further extension of its service from Orlando to [[Tampa, Florida|Tampa]] via [[Walt Disney World]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://tampabay.com/business/brightline-virgin-rail-service-looking-at-disney-station-along-proposed-tampa-to-orlando-route-20190104/|title=Brightline-Virgin rail service looking at Disney station along proposed Tampa-to-Orlando route|last=Danielson|first=Richard|date=January 4, 2019|website=Tampa Bay Times|language=en|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a [[XpressWest|high-speed rail service]] from [[Victorville, California]] to [[Las Vegas]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.vvdailypress.com/news/20190715/victorville-vegas-train-may-be-rolling-by-2023|title=Victorville-Vegas train may be rolling by 2023|last=Huffine|first=Bryce|date=July 15, 2019|work=The Daily Press|access-date=September 10, 2019|publication-place=Victorville, California}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition, the [[Texas Central Railway]] is currently developing plans for a proposed greenfield [[high-speed rail]] line using Japanese [[Shinkansen]] trains between [[Dallas]] and [[Houston]], which is expected to begin construction in 2020 and open in early 2026.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.kbtx.com/content/news/Federal-Railroad-Commission-to-begin-rule-making-on-high-speed-railway-559624071.html|title=Federal Railroad Commission to begin rule making on high speed railway|last=Hogan|first=Kendall|date=September 9, 2019|website=KBTX.com|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2019-09-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Car types===
The basic design of a [[passenger car (rail)|passenger car]] was standardized by 1870. By 1900, the main car types were: baggage, coach, combine, diner, [[dome car]], lounge, observation, private, Pullman, railroad post office (RPO) and sleeper.

====19th century: First passenger cars and early development====
{{Main|Passenger car (rail)}}
[[File:Chicago and Alton Railroad Pullman car interior c 1900.png|thumb|The interior of a [[Pullman car]] on the [[Chicago and Alton Railroad]], circa 1900]]

The first passenger cars resembled [[stagecoach]]es. They were short, often less than {{convert|10|ft|m|2|abbr=on}} long, tall and rode on a single pair of axles.

American mail cars first appeared in the 1860s and at first followed English design. They had a hook that would catch the mailbag in its crook.

As locomotive technology progressed in the mid-19th century, trains grew in length and weight. Passenger cars grew along with them, first getting longer with the addition of a second truck (one at each end), and wider as their suspensions improved. Cars built for European use featured side door compartments, while American car design favored a single pair of doors at one end of the car in the car's vestibule; compartmentized cars on American railroads featured a long hallway with doors from the hall to the compartments.

One possible reason for this difference in design principles between American and European carbuilding practice could be the average distance between stations on the two continents. While most European railroads connected towns and villages that were still very closely spaced, American railroads had to travel over much greater distances to reach their destinations. Building passenger cars with a long passageway through the length of the car allowed the passengers easy access to the restroom, among other things, on longer journeys.

Dining cars first appeared in the late 1870s and into the 1880s. Until this time, the common practice was to stop for meals at restaurants along the way (which led to the rise of [[Fred Harvey (entrepreneur)|Fred Harvey]]'s chain of [[Fred Harvey Company|Harvey House]] restaurants in America). At first, the dining car was simply a place to serve meals that were picked up en route, but they soon evolved to include galleys in which the meals were prepared.

====1900–1950: Lighter materials, new car types====
[[File:Pioneer Zephyr, observation end.jpg|thumb|The observation car on [[Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad|CB&amp;Q]]'s ''[[Pioneer Zephyr]]''. The carbody was made of [[stainless steel]] in 1934, it is seen here at the [[Museum of Science and Industry (Chicago)|Museum of Science and Industry]] in [[Chicago]] in 2003.]]

By the 1920s, passenger cars on the larger [[standard gauge]] railroads were normally between {{convert|60|and|70|ft|m}} long. The cars of this time were still quite ornate, many of them being built by experienced coach makers and skilled carpenters.

With the 1930s came the widespread use of [[stainless steel]] for car bodies. The typical passenger car was now much lighter than its &quot;heavyweight&quot; wood cousins of old. The new &quot;lightweight&quot; and [[streamliner|streamlined]] cars carried passengers in speed and comfort to an extent that had not been experienced to date. [[Aluminum]] and [[Cor-ten]] were also used in lightweight car construction, but stainless steel was the preferred material for car bodies. It is not the lightest of materials, nor is it the least expensive, but stainless steel cars could be, and often were, left unpainted except for the car's [[reporting mark]]s that were required by law.

By the end of the 1930s, railroads and car builders were debuting car body and interior styles that could only be dreamed of before. In 1937, the Pullman Company delivered the first cars equipped with [[roomette]]s—that is, the car's interior was sectioned off into compartments, much like the coaches that were still in widespread use across Europe. Pullman's roomettes, however, were designed with the single traveler in mind. The roomette featured a large picture window, a privacy door, a single fold-away bed, a sink and small toilet. The roomette's floor space was barely larger than the space taken up by the bed, but it allowed the traveler to ride in luxury compared to the multilevel semiprivate berths of old.

Now that passenger cars were lighter, they were able to carry heavier loads, but the size of the average passenger load that rode in them didn't increase to match the cars' new capacities. The average passenger car couldn't get any wider or longer due to side clearances along the railroad lines, but they generally could get taller because they were still shorter than many freight cars and locomotives. As a result, the railroads soon began building and buying [[dome car|dome]] and [[bilevel rail car|bilevel]] cars to carry more passengers.

===1950–present: High-technology advancements===
[[File:Tri-rail Bombardier BiLevel Coach.jpg|thumb|A [[Bombardier BiLevel Coach]]. Shown here is a [[Tri-Rail]] coach, a regional commuter rail system in [[Florida]]. Similar cars are used in [[California]] by [[Metrolink (Southern California)|Metrolink]].]]

Carbody styles have generally remained consistent since the middle of the 20th century. While new car types have not made much of an impact, the existing car types have been further enhanced with new technology.

Starting in the 1950s, the passenger travel market declined in North America, though there was growth in [[commuter rail]]. The higher clearances in North America enabled bi-level commuter coaches that could hold more passengers. These cars started to become common in the United States in the 1960s.

While intercity passenger rail travel declined in the United States during the 1950s, ridership continued to increase in Europe during that time. With the increase came newer technology on existing and new equipment. The [[Spain|Spanish]] company [[Talgo]] began experimenting in the 1940s with technology that would enable the axles to steer into a curve, allowing the train to move around the curve at a higher speed. The steering axles evolved into mechanisms that would also tilt the passenger car as it entered a curve to counter the [[centrifugal force]] experienced by the train, further increasing speeds on existing track. Today, tilting passenger trains are commonplace. Talgo's trains are used on some short and medium distance routes such as [[Amtrak Cascades]] from [[Eugene, Oregon]], to [[Vancouver, British Columbia]].

In August 2016, the Department of Transportation approved the largest loan in the department's history, $2.45 billion to upgrade the passenger train service in the Northeast region. The $2.45 billion will be used to purchase 28 new train sets for the high-speed Acela train between Washington through Philadelphia, New York and into Boston. The money will also be used build new stations and platforms. The money will also be used to rehabilitate railroad tracks and upgrade four stations, including Washington's Union Station and Baltimore's Penn Station.

===High-speed rail===
{{Main|High-speed rail in the United States}}
[[File:High Speed Railroad Map of the United States 2013.svg|thumb|Map showing passenger lines in the United States. High-speed section shown in yellow.]]
There is currently only one operating high speed line in the US, Amtrak's [[Acela Express]] between Washington, DC, and [[Boston]]. It currently has a maximum speed of {{convert|150|mph|kph}}, and only in some sections between Boston and Providence, RI, soon to be {{convert|160|mph|kph}} after introduction of new [[Avelia Liberty]] trains, eventually to be upgraded to {{convert|186|mph|kph}} over some sections. The state of California is constructing its own HSR system, [[California High Speed Rail]], constructed to {{convert|220|mph|kph}} standards in some places. The first section in the [[Central Valley (California)|Central Valley]] is due to open around 2027.

==Rolling stock reporting marks==
Every piece of railroad [[rolling stock]] operating in [[North America]]n interchange service is required to carry a standardized set of [[reporting mark]]s. The marks are made up of a two- to four-letter code identifying the owner of the equipment accompanied by an identification number and statistics on the equipment's capacity and tare (unloaded) weight. Marks whose codes end in X (such as TTGX) are used on equipment owned by entities that are not [[common carrier]] railroads themselves. Marks whose codes end in U are used on [[containerization|container]]s that are carried in [[intermodal freight transport|intermodal transport]], and marks whose codes end in Z are used on [[trailer (vehicle)|trailer]]s that are carried in intermodal transport, per [[ISO 6346|ISO standard 6346]]). Most freight cars carry [[automatic equipment identification]] [[RFID]] transponders.

Typically, railroads operating in the [[United States]] reserve one- to four-digit identification numbers for powered equipment such as [[diesel locomotive]]s and six-digit identification numbers for unpowered equipment. There is no hard and fast rule for how equipment is numbered; each railroad maintains its own numbering policy for its equipment.

==List of major United States railroads==
{{Main|List of United States railroads}}
* [[Amtrak]]
* [[BNSF Railway]]
* [[Canadian National Railway]]
* [[Canadian Pacific Railway]]
* [[CSX Transportation]]
* [[Kansas City Southern Railway]]
* [[Norfolk Southern Railway]]
* [[Union Pacific Railroad]]

{{clear}}

==Rail link(s) with adjacent countries==
* {{Flag icon|Canada}} [[Rail transport in Canada|Canada]] – yes – Same gauge {{Track gauge|ussg|lk=on}} ([[Alaska Railroad#Proposed connection to the contiguous 48 states|none via Alaska]])
* {{Flag icon|Mexico}} [[Rail transport in Mexico|Mexico]] – yes – Same gauge {{Track gauge|ussg|disp=1}}

==Regulation==
Federal regulation of railroads is mainly through the [[United States Department of Transportation]], especially the [[Federal Railroad Administration]] which regulates safety, and the [[Surface Transportation Board]] which regulates rates, service, the construction, acquisition and abandonment of rail lines, carrier mergers and interchange of traffic among carriers.

Railroads are also regulated by the individual states, for example through the [[Massachusetts Department of Public Utilities]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mass.gov/eea/grants-and-tech-assistance/guidance-technical-assistance/agencies-and-divisions/dpu/dpu-divisions/transportation-division/transportation-division-responsibilities.html|title=Transportation Oversight Division|author=|date=|website=Mass.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
{{portal|Transport|Railways|United States|Lists}}
* [[Federal Employers Liability Act]] (protects and compensates railroad employees)
* [[History of rail transport in the United States]]
* [[List of rail transit systems in the United States]]
* [[List of nationalizations by country#United States|Nationalized Industries in the United States]]
* [[Oldest railroads in North America]]
* [[Railroad car]]&amp;nbsp;– general overview of all car types in use
* [[Timeline of United States railway history]]
* [[Transportation in the United States]]

== Notes ==
{{NoteFoot}}

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* U.S. [[Central Intelligence Agency]] (May 17, 2005), ''[https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html The World Fact Book: United States] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226055200/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/us.html |date=2018-12-26 }}''. Retrieved May 26, 2005.
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
[[File:Thirty St Station.jpg|thumb|Philadelphia's [[30th Street Station]]]]
{{Refbegin}}
* [[Gilbert Fite|Fite, Gilbert C.]], and Jim E. Reese. ''An Economic History of the United States''. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin Company (1959).
* [[Freeman H. Hubbard|Hubbard, Freeman H.]], ''Encyclopedia of North American railroading: 150 years of railroading in the United States and Canada.'' (1981)
* Gallamore, Robert E. and John R. Meyer. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9RLWAwAAQBAJ ''American Railroads: Decline and Renaissance in the Twentieth Century''], (Harvard University Press, 2014). {{ISBN|9780674725645}}
* Harris, Seymour E. ''American Economic History''. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc (1961).
* Hughes, Jonathan. ''American Economic History''. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company (1983).
* Jenks, Leland H. &quot;Railroads as an Economic Force in American Development,&quot; ''The Journal of Economic History'', Vol. 4, No. 1 (May, 1944), 1–20. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2113700 in JSTOR]
* Kemmerer, Donald L., and C. Clyde Jones. ''American Economic History''. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. (1969).
* Krooss, Herman E. ''American Economic Development''. Edgewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, Inc. (1955).
* Martin, Albro.''Railroads Triumphant: The Growth, Rejection, and Rebirth of a Vital American Force'' (1992)
* Meyer, Balthasar H. [https://books.google.com/books?id=RM0DAAAAIAAJ&amp;dq=editions:UOM39015020910439 ''History of Transportation in the United States before 1860''] (1917)
* Nock, O.S., ed. ''Encyclopedia of Railways'' (London, 1977), worldwide coverage, heavily illustrated
* Porter, Glenn, ed. ''Encyclopedia of American Economic History''. Vol. I. New York, NY: Charles Scribner's Sons (1980).
* Riley, C. J. ''The Encyclopedia of Trains &amp; Locomotives'' (2002)
* Stover, John F., ''The Routledge Historical Atlas of the American Railroads'' (2001)
* {{cite journal |last1=Stover |first1=John F. |year=1993 |title=One Gauge: How Hundreds of Incompatible Railroads Became a National System |journal=Invention &amp; Technology Magazine |publisher=American Heritage |volume=8 |issue=3 |url=http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1993/3/1993_3_54.shtml |access-date=2010-06-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100218144550/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/it/1993/3/1993_3_54.shtml |archive-date=2010-02-18 |url-status=dead }}
* Taylor, George Rogers, and Irene D. Neu. ''The American Railroad Network, 1861 - 1890''. New York, NY: Arno Press (1981).
*{{cite book|title=Trains, tracks and travel|publisher= Simmons-Boardman Pub. Co|location= New York|year=1936|author=Van Metre, T. W.|url=http://merelinc.com/chapters/trains-tracks-and-travel}} 
* Weatherford, Brian A. et al. technical_reports/TR603/ ''The State of U.S. Railroads A Review of Capacity and Performance Data'', [https://www.rand.org/pubs/free PDF from [[RAND]]], 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-8330-4505-8}}
* Wright, Chester Whitney. ''Economic History of the United States''. Edited by William Homer Spencer. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc. (1949).

===Video===
* ''Railroads in U.S. History (1830–2010)'' (2010), set of 4 DVDs, directed by Ron Meyer; #1, &quot;Railroads come to America (1830–1840);&quot; #2, &quot;The First Great Railroad Boom (1841– 1860)&quot;; #3, &quot;A New Era in American Railroading (1861–1870),&quot; #4, &quot;The Second Great Railroad Boom (1871–2010)&quot; [https://www.amazon.com/Railroads-History-1830-2010-Gregory-Wagrowski/dp/B003XW49FY/ link]
{{Refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Rail transport in the United States}}
{{Wikivoyage|Rail travel in the United States}}
* [http://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/railroad.htm  Railroad History Bibliography] by Richard Jensen, Montana State University
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080905115448/http://americanhistory.si.edu/archives/d8523.htm John H. White, Jr. Reference Collection, 1880s–1990] – Archives Center, National Museum of American History
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120415161726/http://awmarrs.home.comcast.net/~awmarrs/bibliography.html Bibliography of scholarly literature on antebellum railroads] – Aaron W. Marrs
* [http://www.fra.dot.gov/Page/P0362 Future rail transport map released by the FRA]
* [http://www.usa-by-rail.com USA by Rail guide book]

{{Clear}}

{{North America in topic|Rail transport in}}
{{US railroad lists}}

[[Category:Rail transportation in the United States| ]]
[[Category:History of rail transportation in the United States|*]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Rail transportation in the United States]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Rail transportation in the United States/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Religion in Houston</title>
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      <text bytes="34958" xml:space="preserve">[[File:UH Religion Center.jpg|thumb|The A.D. Bruce Religion Center on the campus of the [[University of Houston]]. The Bruce Religion Center serves as a church, mosque, and synagogue for the university community. It is named after former university President A.D. Bruce.]]
[[File:Lakewood church.jpg|thumb|[[Lakewood Church]]]]
The city of [[Houston]] which historically was centered on Protestant Christianity, and a part of the [[Bible Belt]],&lt;ref name=Jeynes&gt;{{cite book|last1=Murray|first1=William H. Jeynes ; foreword by William J.|title=A call for character education and prayer in the schools|date=2009|publisher=Praeger|location=Santa Barbara, Calif.|isbn=031335104X|pages=122–123|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VmlFCQAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PP1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|accessdate=11 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; is now home to many different religions owing to its large ethnic diverse population.

According to a 2014 study by the [[Pew Research Center]], 73% of the population of the city identified themselves as [[Christians]], with 50% professing attendance at a variety of churches that could be considered [[Protestant]], and 19% professing [[Roman Catholic]] beliefs. while 20% claim [[Irreligion|no religious affiliation]]. The same study says that other religions (including [[Judaism]], [[Buddhism]], [[Islam]], and [[Hinduism]]) collectively make up about 7% of the population.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2015/07/29/major-u-s-metropolitan-areas-differ-in-their-religious-profiles/ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles], Pew Research Center&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pewforum.org/2015/05/12/americas-changing-religious-landscape/ |title=America's Changing Religious Landscape |last= |first= |publisher=[[Pew Research Center]]: Religion &amp; Public Life |date=May 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Kinder Institute for Urban Research]] circa 2016 determined that 46% of the Houston-area population was Protestant, 31% was Catholic, 5% was of other religions, and 18% was of no religion.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity&gt;{{cite web|author=Barden-Smith, St. John|url=https://www.chron.com/local/history/culture-scene/article/Temples-of-the-gods-Houston-s-religious-10098734.php|title=Temples of the gods: Houston's religious diversity reflects community|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2016-10-23|accessdate=2018-07-12}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
{{expand section|date=May 2016}}
For much of its history Houston was overwhelmingly Christian. The amounts of other religious groups did not grow because for the most part immigration was predominately from majority Christian Europe, favored by the quotas in federal immigration law at the time. The [[Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965]] removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religions.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

In 2016 the Kinder Houston Area Survey of the [[Kinder Institute]], [[Rice University]] polled Houston area residents on whether they attend religious services other than weddings and funerals within the past month. 45% of respondents stated that they did, a decline from previous eras, when a majority of those polled stated they did.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Holeywell|first= Ryan|url=http://urbanedge.blogs.rice.edu/2016/04/25/in-houston-the-land-of-megachurches-fewer-people-attending-religious-services/|title=In Houston, the Land of Megachurches, Religious Service Attendance Declines|publisher=The Kinder Institute @ [[Rice University]]|date=April 25, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Christianity==
{{main|Christianity in Houston}}
[[File:CoCathedralsoutheastHoustonTexas.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart (Houston)|Sacred Heart Co-Cathedral]] in [[Downtown Houston]]]]
[[Christianity]] is the most prevalently practiced religion in Houston (73% as of 2014 according to the [[Pew Research Center]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;pewforum.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/ Major U.S. metropolitan areas differ in their religious profiles], Pew Research Center&lt;/ref&gt; Kate Shellnut of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' described Houston as a &quot;heavily Christian city&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Shellnut, Kate. &quot;[http://blog.chron.com/believeitornot/2012/07/for-jeremy-lin-houston-church-hunting-advice/ For Jeremy Lin: Houston church-hunting advice].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. July 19, 2012. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Lakewood Church]] in Houston, led by pastor [[Joel Osteen]], is the largest church in the United States. A [[megachurch]], it had 44,800 weekly attendees in 2010, up from 11,000 weekly in 2000. Since 2005 it has occupied the former Compaq Center sports stadium. In September 2010, ''[[Outreach Magazine]]'' published a list of the 100 largest Christian churches in the United States, and inside the list were the following Houston-area churches: Lakewood, [[Second Baptist Church Houston]], Woodlands Church, Church Without Walls and First Baptist Church.&lt;ref&gt;Shellnutt, Kate. &quot;[http://blog.chron.com/believeitornot/2011/03/megachurches-getting-bigger-lakewood-quadruples-in-size-since-2000/ Megachurches getting bigger; Lakewood quadruples in size since 2000].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. March 21, 2011. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Judaism==
{{Main|History of the Jews in Houston}}
[[File:CongregationBethIsraelHoustonTX.jpg|thumb|The current [[Congregation Beth Israel (Houston)|Congregation Beth Israel]]]]
As of around 1987&lt;!--The first book with the essay by Bell was published in 1987--&gt; about 42,000 Jews lived in [[Greater Houston]].&lt;ref name=Bellp217&gt;Bell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v3Pf4qand_8C&amp;pg=PA217&amp;dq=Jewish+Meyerland&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=jm2dUpn2I5L_qAHfw4DQDQ&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=Jewish%20Meyerland&amp;f=false 217].&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008 Irving N. Rothman, author of ''The Barber in Modern Jewish Culture: A Genre of People, Places, and Things, with Illustrations'', wrote that Houston &quot;has a scattered Jewish populace and not a large enough population of Jews to dominate any single neighborhood&quot; and that the city's &quot;hub of Jewish life&quot; is the [[Meyerland]] community.&lt;ref&gt;Rothman, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=5ZILAQAAMAAJ&amp;q=Jewish+Meyerland&amp;dq=Jewish+Meyerland&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=jm2dUpn2I5L_qAHfw4DQDQ&amp;ved=0CD4Q6AEwAw 358].&lt;/ref&gt;

The first synagogue to open in Houston was the Orthodox Beth Israel Congregation, now the [[Congregation Beth Israel (Houston)|Congregation Beth Israel]], which opened in 1854.&lt;ref name=Bellp216&gt;Bell, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=v3Pf4qand_8C&amp;pg=PA216&amp;dq=%22Houston+was+one+of+many+cities+that+benefited+from+the%22&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=jfudUrmHHKrn2AXUuID4Ag&amp;ved=0CC4Q6AEwAA#v=onepage&amp;q=%22Houston%20was%20one%20of%20many%20cities%20that%20benefited%20from%20the%22&amp;f=false 216].&lt;/ref&gt;

==Islam==
{{main|Islam in Houston}}
Houston is also home to a significant number of [[Muslim American]]s. As of 2000 the estimated population of Muslims in Houston was over 60,000. During that year there were over 41 mosques and storefront religious centers, with the largest being the ''Al-Noor'' Mosque (Mosque of Light).&lt;ref name=Badrp193&gt;Badr, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AT57AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA193 193].&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2007 Barbara Karkabi of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' wrote that the Sunni and Shia Muslims &quot;generally enjoy good relations in Houston.&quot;&lt;ref name=Karkabi&gt;Karkabi, Barbara. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/The-two-faces-of-Islam-1641215.php The two faces of Islam].&quot; February 24, 2007. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[University of Houston]] has separate student organizations for Sunni Muslims and Shia Muslims, the mostly-Sunni Muslim Students Association and the Shia Association of Muslim Students.&lt;ref name=Karkabi/&gt;

==Buddhism==
In the late 1970s Buddhists began establishing themselves in Houston.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; Even though the first wave of Vietnamese immigrants to Houston, occurring after the end of the [[Vietnam War]], was mostly Catholic, subsequent waves of Vietnamese immigrants were mostly Buddhist.&lt;ref name=Klinebergp39&gt;Klineberg, Stephen L. and Jie Wu. &quot;[http://kinder.rice.edu/uploadedFiles/Center_for_the_Study_of_Houston/Kinder%20Institute%20Houston%20Area%20Asian%20Survey.pdf DIVERSITY AND TRANSFORMATION AMONG ASIANS IN HOUSTON: Findings from the Kinder Institute’s Houston Area Asian Survey (1995, 2002, 2011)]&quot; (). [[Kinder Institute for Urban Research]], [[Rice University]]. February 2013. - Cited: p. 39.&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Texas Buddhist Association]] (TBA) in Houston was founded in 1978 by Reverend Jan Hai. In order to allow westerners to come to Buddhism in a context they could understand, Hai adopted a congregational form similar to that of a Christian church. The American Bodhi Center, a {{convert|515|acre|ha|adj=on}} property located in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Waller County, Texas|Waller County]], near [[Hempstead, Texas|Hempstead]], is a part of the TBA. It includes log houses, dormitories, and a meditation hall. In 2009 Zen T. C. Zheng of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' stated that it is one of the United States's largest Buddhist developments.&lt;ref name=ZhengTexStart&gt;Zheng, Zen T.C. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/A-Texas-starting-place-on-Buddhism-s-path-1721691.php A Texas starting place on Buddhism's path].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. July 30, 2009. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Buddha Light Temple opened in 1984, making it one of the first Buddhist places of worship.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

[[Fo Guang Shan]] Chung Mei Temple ({{zh|c=佛光山中美寺|p=Fó Guāng Shān Zhōng Měi Sì|labels=no}}) is a Buddhist Temple located in [[Stafford, Texas]].

Dawn Mountain Tibetan Temple, a [[Tibetan Buddhism|Tibetan Buddhist]] temple and community center, is located in [[Montrose, Houston|Montrose]]. A husband and wife, [[Rice University]] religious studies professor Anne Klein and therapist Harvey Aronson, started the temple in 1996.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Buddhist-temple-thrives-in-the-heart-of-Montrose-3845688.php Buddhist temple thrives in the heart of Montrose].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. September 6, 2012. Lifestyle &gt; Houston Belief. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Houston Zen Center practices ''[[Sōtō Zen]]'' Buddhism.&lt;ref name=ShellnuttJapanese&gt;Shellnutt, Kate. &quot;[http://blog.chron.com/believeitornot/2011/03/houston-buddhists-respond-to-japanese-disaster/ Houston Buddhists respond to Japanese disaster].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. March 11, 2011. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Myoken-Ji Temple, a [[Nichiren Buddhist]] temple, is located in proximity to the [[University of Houston]]. As of 2011 it is led by Rev. Myokei Caine-Barrett, who was born in [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa|Kawasaki]], [[Japan]], in [[Greater Tokyo]].&lt;ref name=ShellnuttJapanese/&gt;

In 2020, Kadampa Meditation Center Houston opened up a space in Montrose for the study and practice of meditation and modern Buddhism. The community is part of the New Kadampa Tradition.

==Taoism==
[[File:TexasGuandiTemple 01.JPG|thumb|Texas Guandi Temple]]
A [[Taoism|Taoist]] temple,&lt;ref&gt;Tomkins-Walsh, p. 38.&lt;/ref&gt; Texas Guandi Temple ({{zh|first=t|t=德州關帝廟|s=德州关帝庙|p=Dézhōu Guāndì Miào}}) is located in [[East Downtown Houston|East Downtown]].&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://guanditemple.org.shared-servers.com/%E9%97%9C%E4%BA%8E%E6%88%91%E5%80%91/tabid/61/Default.aspx About US].&quot; Texas Guandi Temple. Retrieved on February 11, 2012. &quot;The Texas Guandi Temple is in the hart{{sic}} of Houston, facing University of Houston across the wide and bustling Highway 45.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; The temple was established in 1999 by a Vietnamese couple,&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis&quot;&gt;Davis, Rod. &quot;[http://nl.newsbank.com/nl-search/we/Archives?p_product=SAEC&amp;p_theme=saec&amp;p_action=search&amp;p_maxdocs=200&amp;p_topdoc=1&amp;p_text_direct-0=0FCBCB6042BB9F95&amp;p_field_direct-0=document_id&amp;p_perpage=10&amp;p_sort=YMD_date:D&amp;s_trackval=GooglePM Houston's really good idea Bus tour celebrates communities that forged a city.]&quot; ''[[San Antonio Express-News]]''. August 3, 2003. Retrieved on February 11, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; Charles Loi Ngo and Carolyn,&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinalive&quot;&gt;Martin, Betty L. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/CDA/archives/archive.mpl/2003_3675951/neighborhood-s-alive-tour-hits-city-s-multicultura.html Neighborhood's Alive tour hits city's multicultural hot spots].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. Thursday July 17, 2003. ThisWeek 1. Retrieved on September 9, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt; the former originating from China.&lt;ref name=TomkinsWalshp36&gt;Tomkins-Walsh, p. 36.&lt;/ref&gt; They decided to build a temple to [[Guan Yu]] (Guandi) after surviving an aggravated robbery&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinalive&quot;/&gt; which occurred at their store in the [[Fifth Ward, Houston|Fifth Ward]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinalive&quot;/&gt; They believed that Guandi saved their lives during the incident.&lt;ref name=&quot;Davis&quot; /&gt; A Vietnamese refugee named Charles Lee coordinated the donations and funding so the temple could be built; Lee stated his motivation was to thank the United States for welcoming him and saving his life when he arrived in 1978.&lt;ref&gt;Molnar, Josef. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/news/article/Guandi-Temple-celebrates-New-Year-2089608.php Guandi Temple celebrates New Year].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. February 27, 2003. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; The construction materials and architectural design originated from China.&lt;ref name=TomkinsWalshp36/&gt; A representation of Buddha and a golden [[Lord Brahma]] originated from Thailand.&lt;ref&gt;Tomkins-Walsh, p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt; The temple is open to followers of all religions, and it has perfumed halls.&lt;ref name=&quot;Martinalive&quot;/&gt; Ming Shui Huang was appointed volunteer manager in 2000.&lt;ref&gt;Tomkins-Walsh, p. 37-38.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hinduism==
{{expand section|date=May 2014}}
In 1969 the first Hindu institution, ISKCON Houston of the [[Hare Krishnas]], opened, and in the following decade there was an increase in Hindus. {{Asof|2016}}, according to the spokesperson of the Hindus of Greater Houston, Vijay Pallod, there are about 120,000 Hindus in the Houston area.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

In 2018, there were around 480 Hindu families in [[The Woodlands, Texas|The Woodlands]]. In a 15 year period ending in 2011 the Hindu population in the Woodlands increased by 300%, and Kate Shellnut of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' stated that according to &quot;Hindu leaders&quot; every year the Hindu population in The Woodlands grows by 20 to 25 families.&lt;ref name=ShellnutnewHindutempleopen&gt;Shellnutt, Kate. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/New-temple-will-serve-north-Houston-Hindus-2081265.php New temple will serve north Houston Hindus].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. June 26, 2011. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hindu temples===
[[File:BAPS Houston Mandir.jpg|thumb|[[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston]] in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Fort Bend County]]]]
The original Hindu places of worship in the Houston area were private residences; at a later period dedicated buildings opened in the area.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

Sri Meenakshi Temple in [[Pearland, Texas|Pearland]] had its property purchased in 1978 and was established in 1979. Pat Turner of the ''Houston Chronicle'' wrote that the initial facility &quot;was barely big enough for one person to stand in while performing worship services ([[puja (Hinduism)|pooja]]).&quot;&lt;ref name=TurnerSriMeenakshi&gt;{{cite web|author=Turner, Pat|url=https://www.chron.com:443/neighborhood/article/Sri-Meenaskhi-Temple-Society-celebrates-25-years-9933030.php|title=Sri Meenaskhi Temple Society celebrates 25 years|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2002-10-07|accessdate=2020-06-07}}&lt;/ref&gt; New facilities were established circa 1995.&lt;ref name=TurnerSriMeenakshi/&gt;

The [[BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston]], a [[Swaminarayan]] sect Hindu temple, is along Brand Lane in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Fort Bend County]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fcc3bc201aca57a1f6a9-358b951b55aa5ffcd7f6e60e00990c32.r30.cf1.rackcdn.com/City_Map_Updated_Jan_15.pdf|title=Map of Stafford|publisher=[[Stafford, Texas|City of Stafford]]|accessdate=2019-11-07}} - [http://www.staffordtx.gov/maps-gis/pdf-maps.html Linked from this page on the Stafford website] - Based on the location, BAPS is in the [[extraterritorial jurisdiction]] but not the city limits&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.baps.org/houston|title=Home|publisher=BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir, Houston, TX, USA|accessdate=2019-11-07|quote=BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir 1150 Brand Lane Stafford, TX 77477 USA }} - Despite the &quot;Stafford, TX&quot; city name, it is outside of the Stafford city limits&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!--This may only be changed *IF* the city of Stafford annexes the land. If it does, it will release an article about it--&gt; near [[Stafford, Texas|Stafford]] and [[Sugar Land, Texas|Sugar Land]]. It consists of a {{convert|11500|sqft|sqm|adj=on}}, {{convert|73|ft|m|adj=on}} tall open-air temple and a {{convert|25620|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} surrounding deck. By July 2004 the cost to build the temple was $7 million at that time. The temple materials were carved out of Italian [[marble]] and Turkish [[limestone]] by 3,000 craftsmen in various parts of India. The pieces were shipped to Houston, and construction began in March 2002. 175 volunteers, including some individuals resident in India, came to the Houston area to help build the temple. Most of the labor was donated. Up until the opening, some finishing touches to the structure were made.&lt;ref name=DooleySree&gt;Dooley, Tara. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/New-Hindu-temple-is-dedicated-in-Stafford-1659580.php New Hindu temple is dedicated in Stafford].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. July 26, 2004. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Sri Meenakshi Devasthanam Temple.jpg|thumb|left|Sri Meenakshi Devasthanam Temple ([[Pearland, Texas|Pearland]])]]
The Sri Saumyakasi, a [[Sugar Land, Texas|Sugar Land]] [[Chinmaya]] Hindu temple, opened in December 2007. It is the only Hindu temple in the city devoted to [[Shiva]]. The Chinmaya Mission Houston started in 1982. Originally classes were held in an apartment. In a ten year period the members raised $2.5 million for the permanent temple.&lt;ref&gt;Karkabi, Barbara. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Hindu-learning-is-the-focus-of-Sugar-Land-temple-1756179.php Hindu learning is the focus of Sugar Land temple].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. February 9, 2008. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

There is another Hindu temple with a Sugar Land postal address, Shri Krishna Vrundavana, physically in the [[Alief, Houston|Alief]] super neighborhood in the Houston city limits,&lt;ref name=KadifaSugarLand&gt;{{cite web|author=Kadifa, Margaret|url=https://www.chron.com/neighborhood/fortbend/news/article/Hindu-temple-finds-new-home-in-Sugar-Land-6683194.php|title=Hindu temple finds new home in Sugar Land|agency=[[Fort Bend Sun]]|newspaper=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2015-12-08|accessdate=2020-06-07|quote=10223 Synott Road}} - This property [http://www.txtemple.org/ has a Sugar Land postal address] but in fact is in the city of Houston. [https://web.archive.org/web/19961031170034/http://www.ci.houston.tx.us/annexation/annexation_FAQ.html USPS postal service boundaries do not necessarily correspond to municipal boundaries]. Compare the address to the maps of the Houston city limits.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://cohegis.houstontx.gov/cohgisweb/MycityFiles/documents/map-2018CityLimit-Districts_pj20489.pdf|title=City of Houston and ETJ|publisher=City of Houston|accessdate=2020-06-07}} and {{cite web|url=https://www.houstontx.gov/planning/Demographics/docs_pdfs/SN/25_Alief.pdf|title=No. 25 Super Neighborhood Resource Assessment (Alief)|publisher=City of Houston|accessdate=2020-06-07}} - Compare these maps to the Shri Krishna Vrundavana address: &quot;10223 Synott Road&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; which occupies the 450-person, {{convert|9000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} former La Festa Hall. It was established in 2011 with about 200 people in its congregation; originally the temple rented its property. In October 2015 the temple organizers bought the current site for $1.3 million. In December 2015 its congregation had numbered over 800.&lt;ref name=KadifaSugarLand/&gt;

The [[Hindu Temple of The Woodlands]], initially the sole Hindu temple serving the northern part of [[Greater Houston]], was scheduled to open in 2011. The temple, built for $3 million, is located in a {{convert|10000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} stone exterior building on an {{convert|8|acre|ha|adj=on}} plot of land along the Woodlands Parkway. It serves Hindus living in The Woodlands, [[Conroe, Texas|Conroe]], [[Spring, Texas|Spring]], [[Tomball, Texas|Tomball]], and northern Harris County. The planning, fundraising, and construction took six years. Before the temple was built, residents of the service area of the temple had to travel about one and half hours per direction to temples in [[Pearland, Texas|Pearland]] and [[Sugar Land, Texas|Sugar Land]].&lt;ref name=ShellnutnewHindutempleopen/&gt; Another Hindu temple, Char Dham Hindu Temple at Northway Drive at [[Texas State Highway 242]] in the Woodlands, was founded by Surya Sahoo. By 2012 its construction was upcoming. At that time some area residents had concerns about forest preservation, traffic, noise pollution, and lighting.&lt;ref&gt;Thornton, Carrie. &quot;[http://www.yourhoustonnews.com/woodlands/news/woodlands-hindu-temple-causes-residential-concerns/article_a91d107a-5c55-5877-85ba-9b81ec0ea8fd.html Woodlands Hindu Temple causes residential concerns].&quot; ''[[The Villager (The Woodlands, TX)|The Villager]]''. Friday, February 3, 2012. Retrieved on May 4, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010, [[Indo-Caribbeans]] Hindus finished constructing the Lakshmi Narayan Mandir of North Houston in [[Willowbrook, Houston]]. It is one of the many Hindu Temples in the world associated with the Green Kumbla, a Hindu Organization associated with establishing green practices in Hindu Temples. In 2014, the Hindu Temple planted trees on campus in celebration of [[Earth Day]] In 2015, the temple became the first Hindu Temple in [[North America]] to create a rainwater harvesting system for its building.

In 2013 Sanatan Dharma Maha Sabha of Trinidad and Tobago, Branch 377, an organization of those who have [[Trinidad and Tobago]] ancestry, and the Hindu community of the [[Greater Katy]] area jointly began development of a new Hindu temple, which will include all Hindu deities rather than focusing on one deity. By November of that year, the {{convert|2.4|acre|ha|adj=on}} future site of the Sai Durga Shiva Vishnu Temple in [[unincorporated area|unincorporated]] [[Fort Bend County]]&lt;!--based on address: 26100 Tina Lane--&gt; already had its temporary buildings. The renovation was scheduled to begin in early 2014 with a goal of opening in May of that year. About 10-15 people are organizing the temple. Amaranth Venkateswarlu, an engineer who is one of the organizers, stated that there are about 500 Indian families who live in Greater Katy and that they currently go to Hindu temples in Pearland and Sugar Land.&lt;ref&gt;Christian, Carol. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/neighborhood/katy/religion/article/Hindu-community-plans-new-temple-in-Katy-5010391.php Hindu community plans new temple in Katy].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. November 25, 2013. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Sikhism==
[[File:HoustonSikhMLKDayParade2016Houston.jpg|thumb|Houston Sikh Community at the 2016 [[Martin Luther King Day]] parade in [[Midtown Houston]]]]
Sikh people originally held religious services in private residences. In 1972 the Sikh Center of the Gulf Coast Area, the first dedicated Sikh center of worship, was established by Kanwaljeet Singh and other Sikhs.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; In 2012 the [[Sikh]] National Center stated that the city of Houston had 7,000 to 10,000 Sikhs.&lt;ref name=Chitwood&gt;Chitwood, Ken. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Houston-Sikhs-hope-to-avert-tragedy-by-educating-3776774.php Houston Sikhs hope to avert tragedy by educating on religion].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. August 9, 2012. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; By 2016 the figure of Sikhs was similar and there were seven gurdwaras.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; {{Asof|2012}} the majority of the city's Sikhs originate from the portion of [[Punjab]] in [[India]].&lt;ref name=Reactsshooting&gt;&quot;[http://blog.chron.com/sacredduty/2012/08/houston-sikh-community-reacts-to-shooting/#6727101=0 Houston Sikh community reacts to shooting].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. August 6, 2012. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Gurdwara Guru Teg Bahadur Sahib Ji is a Sikh temple in Houston,&lt;ref name=Chitwood/&gt; located off of Fairbanks North Houston.&lt;ref name=Reactsshooting/&gt;

The first Sikh police officer in Harris County was Sandeep Dhaliwal. He became an officer in 2009, and received an accommodation to wear his Sikh articles of faith (including the turban and unshorn hair and beard) in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/article/HCSO-to-allow-Sikh-deputy-to-wear-traditional-6062648.php&lt;/ref&gt; He was killed in the line of duty in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;https://edition.cnn.com/2019/09/28/us/houston-sikh-deputy-sandeep-dhaliwal-profile/index.html&lt;/ref&gt;

==Zoroastrianism==
In the 1970s Zoroastrians began arriving to Houston. Originally they worshipped in private residences.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; The Zoroastrian Association of Houston (ZAH) was established in 1976.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://zah.org/ Home]&quot; (). Zoroastrian Association of Houston. Retrieved on May 2, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; The Zarathushti Heritage and Cultural Center, in [[Southwest Houston]] opened in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

Of the [[Zoroastrian]] groups in Houston, as of 2000, the main ones are [[Iranian people|Iranians]] and [[Parsis]]. As of that year the total number of Iranians in Houston of all religions is, on a 10 to 1 basis, larger than the total Parsi population.&lt;ref name=Rustomjip249&gt;Rustomji, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=AT57AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA249 249].&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2000 within Houston there were about 12&lt;!--a dozen--&gt; Zoroastrian priests there. Yezdi Rustomji, author of &quot;The Zoroastrian Center: An Ancient Faith in Diaspora,&quot; stated that they were &quot;variously divided in matters of [[Zarathushtrian]] orthodoxy.&quot;&lt;ref name=Rustomjip245&gt;[https://books.google.com/books?id=AT57AAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA245 245 Yezdi Rustomji, ''The Zoroastrian Center: An Ancient Faith in Diaspora''], Googlebooks.&lt;/ref&gt;

As of 2000 the ZAH is majority Parsi. Rustomji wrote that because of that and the historic tensions between the Parsi and Iranian groups, the Iranians in Houston did not become full members of the ZAH. Rustomji stated that Iranian Zoroastrians &quot;attend religious functions sporadically and remain tentative about their ability to fully integrate, culturally and religiously, with Parsis.&quot;&lt;ref name=Rustomjip249/&gt; In 1996 the Iranian population had its largest attendance at a ZAH event when it attended ''Jashne-e-Sade'', an event the community created for ZAH. By 2000 some Muslim Iranians who were opposed to fundamentalism in the mosques began attending Zoroastrian events. Rustomji wrote in 2000 that between 2000 and 2005, Iranians were expected to make up a greater proportion of ZAH.&lt;ref name=Rustomjip249/&gt;

{{Asof|2016}} there were 650 Zoroastrians in Houston. Around that period they had plans to build a [[fire temple]].&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; The fire temple, Bhandara Atash Kadeh in Southwest Houston, opened in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Gray, Lisa|url=https://www.houstonchronicle.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Zoroastrian-fire-temple-opens-in-Houston-13726958.php|title=Zoroastrian ‘fire temple’ opens in Houston|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2019-03-29|accessdate=2019-04-18}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bahá'í Faith==
The Houston Bahai Center is a [[Bahá'í]] organization in Houston. Most members are Persians. There are also other ethnic groups.&lt;ref&gt;Karkabi, Barbara. &quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Bahai-Faith-adherents-value-unity-education-1635171.php Bahai Faith adherents value unity, education].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. November 11, 2006. Houston Belief. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2010 many Houston Bahá'í are refugees from Iran. In Iran many of their relatives and parents were arrested and/or executed. As of that year about 14,000 Bahá'í are in the entire State of Texas.&lt;ref&gt;Shellnutt, Kate. &quot;[http://blog.chron.com/believeitornot/2010/02/local-bahais-pray-for-jailed-leaders-in-iran/ Local Baha’is pray for jailed leaders in Iran].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. February 8, 2010. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Jainism==
In the 1970s Houston's Jain population began.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; Jain Vishva Bharati (JVB) Houston, a Jain organization, was started around 1999. At the time it had 40 members. Two [[Samanijis]] from India went to  Houston to operate the JVB. In 2009 Arlene Nisson Lassin wrote that by then &quot;the organization has seen tremendous growth.&quot;&lt;ref name=Lassinnewcenterjain&gt;{{cite web|author=Lassin, Arlene Nisson|url=http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/New-center-opens-for-Houston-s-growing-Jain-1734386.php|title=New center opens for Houston's growing Jain population|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2009-10-09|accessdate=2014-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, the JVB's $2 million, {{convert|6000|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} Jain Vishva Bharati-Preksha Meditation Center was scheduled to open in 2009.&lt;ref name=Lassinnewcenterjain/&gt; The facility, in far west Houston,&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt; includes a {{convert|3600|sqft|sqm|adj=on}} meditation hall.&lt;ref name=Lassinnewcenterjain/&gt; Jain Vishva Bharati offers [[Sunday school]] classes.&lt;ref name=WilsonJain&gt;{{cite web|author=Wilson, Morgan |url=http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Jainism-followers-value-spiritual-purity-over-2082336.php |title=Jainism followers value spiritual purity over material possessions|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2011-06-30|accessdate=2014-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition the Jain Society of Houston has a temple in west Houston.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

In 2011 Morgan Wilson of the ''[[Houston Chronicle]]'' wrote that there were about 1,000 Jain families in the city, with 250 families regularly go to Jain Vishva Bharati to worship.&lt;ref name=WilsonJain/&gt; In 2012 Jill Carroll of the ''Houston Chronicle'' stated that Greater Houston has about 700 Jain families.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Carroll, Jill|url=http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Their-dream-is-for-a-world-of-nonviolence-2494732.php|title=Their dream is for a world of nonviolence|work=[[Houston Chronicle]]|date=2012-01-12|accessdate=2014-05-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{Asof|2016}} there were around 1,000 Jains.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

==Yazidism==
{{Asof|2016}} Houston had a group of [[Yazidis]] who practiced their religion.&lt;ref name=Barden-Smithdiversity/&gt;

==Scientology==
The [[Church of Scientology]] operates the Church of Scientology Mission of Houston.&lt;ref&gt;Shelnutt, Kate. &quot;[http://blog.chron.com/believeitornot/2011/10/texas-counselor-explains-scientologys-dianetics/ Texas counselor explains Scientology’s Dianetics].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. October 20, 2011. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Atheism==
The group Houston Atheists, as of 2011, has 1,400 members. In a two year period ending in 2011 the membership doubled.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.chron.com/life/houston-belief/article/Freethinkers-present-new-image-2206261.php Houston Atheists present new image].&quot; ''[[Houston Chronicle]]''. October 6, 2011. Houston Belief. Retrieved on May 3, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Paganism==
As of the 1970s the First Pagan Church was located in [[Montrose, Houston|Montrose]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Montrose Lives!&quot;&gt;Dreyer, Thorne and Al Reinert, [http://www.texasmonthly.com/articles/montrose-lives/ &quot;Montrose Lives!&quot;](), ''Texas Monthly'', April 1973&lt;/ref&gt;

==Satanism==
In 2015 the [[Greater Church of Lucifer]] opened in the Old Town Spring area of [[Spring, Texas|Spring]]; the group anticipated that 40 persons would attend its first meeting. Christian groups protested the opening.&lt;ref&gt;Clemons, Tracy. &quot;[http://abc13.com/news/protesters-clash-outside-greater-church-of-satan/1060363/ Protest and prayer fill air outside Greater Church of Lucifer]&quot; (). ''[[KTRK-TV]]''. Friday October 30, 2015. Retrieved on November 1, 2015.&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Demographics of Houston]]
* [[Culture of Houston]]

==References==
* {{cite journal|url=https://houstonhistorymagazine.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/13.1-Asian-Americns-final-lite.pdf|title=Asian Americans in Houston:  A Kaleidoscope of Cultures|work=[[Houston History]]|publisher=[[University of Houston]] Center for Public History|volume=13|issue=1|date=Fall 2015}}
** {{cite journal|author=Tomkins-Walsh, Teresa|title=Welcome to Guandi’s Temple –  A Mystic Sanctuary of Asian Cultures in Houston|pages=36–39}}
* Badr, Hoda. &quot;''Al Noor'' Mosque: Strength Through Unity&quot; (Chapter 11). In: Chafetz, Janet Salzman and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors). ''Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations''. [[AltaMira Press]], October 18, 2000. {{ISBN|0759117128}}, 9780759117129.
* Bell, Roselyn. &quot;Houston.&quot; In: Tigay, Alan M. (editor) ''The Jewish Traveler: Hadassah Magazine's Guide to the World's Jewish Communities and Sights''. [[Rowman &amp; Littlefield]], January 1, 1994. p.&amp;nbsp;215-220. {{ISBN|1568210787}}, 9781568210780.
** Content also in: Tigay, Alan M. ''Jewish Travel-Prem''. [[Broadway Books]], January 18, 1987. {{ISBN|0385241984}}, 9780385241984.
* Fischer, Michael M. J. and Mehdi Abedi. ''Debating Muslims: Cultural Dialogues in Postmodernity and Tradition''. [[University of Wisconsin Press]], 1990. {{ISBN|0299124347}}, 9780299124342.
* Rothman, Irving N. ''The Barber in Modern Jewish Culture: A Genre of People, Places, and Things, with Illustrations''. [[Edwin Mellen Press]], August 14, 2008.
* Rustomji, Yezdi. &quot;The Zoroastrian Center: An Ancient Faith in Diaspora.&quot; in: Chafetz, Janet Salzman and Helen Rose Ebaugh (editors). ''Religion and the New Immigrants: Continuities and Adaptations in Immigrant Congregations''. [[AltaMira Press]], October 18, 2000. {{ISBN|0759117128}}, 9780759117129.

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
&lt;!--Use this to store links to organizations without dedicated Wikipedia articles and without sub-religion articles--&gt;
* [http://www.houstonzen.org/ Houston Zen Center]
* [http://www.dawnmountain.org/ Dawn Mountain Tibetan Temple]
* [http://houston.baps.org/ BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir] (Sugar Land)
* [http://zah.org/ Zoroastrian Association of Houston]
* [http://www.houstonbahai.org/ The Bahá'ís of the City of Houston, TX] (The Bahá'í Center)
{{Religion in Houston}}

[[Category:Religion in Houston| ]]
[[Category:Culture of Houston]]
[[Category:Demographics of Houston]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Religion in Houston]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Religion in Houston/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Robert Peary
| image              = Robert Peary self-portrait, 1909.jpg
| caption            = At [[Cape Sheridan]], 1909
| birth_name         = Robert Edwin Peary
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1856|05|06}}
| birth_place        = [[Cresson, Pennsylvania]], U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1920|02|20|1856|05|06}}
| death_place        = [[Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| alma_mater         = [[Bowdoin College]]
| known_for          = Claim to have reached the [[geographic North Pole]] on his travels with Matthew Henson, he was second.
| spouse             = [[Josephine Diebitsch Peary]]
| children           = 2
| awards             = {{ubl|[[Cullum Geographical Medal]]|[[Charles P. Daly Medal]]|[[Hubbard Medal]]}}
| module             = {{infobox military person|embed=yes
 |embed_title        = {{colored infobox header|color=#c3d6ef|Military career}}
 |allegiance         = {{flagu|United States|1912}}
 |branch_label       = Branch
 |branch             = {{naval|US|1864}}
 |serviceyears_label = Service&amp;nbsp;years
 |serviceyears       = 1881–1911
 |rank               = [[Rear admiral (United States)|Rear admiral]]
 |unit               = [[Civil Engineer Corps]]
  }}
}}

'''Robert Edwin Peary Sr.''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɪər|i}}; May 6, 1856&amp;nbsp;– February 20, 1920) was an American explorer and [[United States Navy]] officer who made several expeditions to the [[Arctic]] in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. He is best known for claiming to have reached the [[geographic North Pole]] with his expedition on April 6, 1909. Test123.

Peary was born in [[Cresson, Pennsylvania]], but following his father's death at a young age, was raised in [[Portland, Maine]].  He went to a prominent boarding school called Loomis Chaffe. He attended [[Bowdoin College]], then joined the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey|National Geodetic Survey]] as a draftsman. Peary enlisted in the navy in 1881, as a civil engineer. In 1885, he was made chief of surveying for the [[Nicaragua Canal]] (which was never built). Peary visited the Arctic for the first time in 1886, making an unsuccessful attempt to cross [[Greenland]] by [[dogsled]]. [[Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892|He returned in 1891]] much better prepared, and by reaching [[Independence Fjord]] (in what is now known as [[Peary Land]]) proved conclusively that Greenland was an island. He was one of the first Arctic explorers to study [[Inuit]] survival techniques.

On his 1898–1902 expedition, Peary set a new &quot;[[Farthest North]]&quot; record by reaching Greenland's northernmost point, [[Cape Morris Jesup]]. Peary made two further expeditions to the Arctic, in 1905–1906 and in 1908–1909. During the latter, he claimed to have reached the North Pole. Peary received a number of awards from [[Learned society|geographical societies]] during his lifetime, and in 1911 received the [[Thanks of Congress]] and was promoted to [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]]. He served two terms as president of [[The Explorers Club]] and retired to [[Eagle Island (Casco Bay, Maine)|Eagle Island]].

Peary's claim to have reached the North Pole was widely debated in contemporary newspapers (along with a competing claim made by [[Frederick Cook]]), but eventually won widespread acceptance. In 1989, British explorer [[Wally Herbert]] concluded Peary did not reach the pole, although he may have been as close as {{convert|60|mi|km|0}}. His conclusions have been widely accepted, although disputed by some authorities.

==Early life, education, and career==
[[File:Peary.jpg|thumb|alt= Photographic portrait of Peary |Peary {{circa|1900}}]]
Robert Edwin Peary was born on May 6, 1856, in [[Cresson, Pennsylvania]], to Charles N. and Mary P. Peary. After his father died in 1859, Peary's mother moved with their son and settled in [[Portland, Maine]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NavalHistory&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.history.navy.mil/bios/peary_roberte.htm |title=Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary, US Navy 1856–1920 |work=Biographies in Naval History |publisher=[[Naval History &amp; Heritage Command]], US Navy |accessdate=December 29, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; After growing up there, Peary attended [[Bowdoin College]], some {{convert|36|mi|km|0}} to the north, where he was a member of the [[Delta Kappa Epsilon]] and [[Phi Beta Kappa]] fraternities. He was also part of the rowing team. &lt;ref&gt;[http://www.worldrowing.com/news/five-renowned-people-who-rowed] &lt;/ref&gt;[http://www.pbk.org/infoview/PBK_InfoView.aspx?t=&amp;id=59 Who Belongs To Phi Beta Kappa], Phi Beta Kappa website, accessed Oct 4, 2009&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;bowdoin&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bowdoin.edu/news/archives/1bowdoincampus/005262.shtml|title=What They Packed|publisher=bowdoin.edu|accessdate=November 28, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; He graduated in 1877 with a civil engineering degree.&lt;ref name=Mills510&gt;Mills 2003, p.&amp;nbsp;510.&lt;/ref&gt;

Peary lived in [[Fryeburg, Maine]], from 1878 to 1879. During that time he made a profile survey from the top of Fryeburg's Jockey Cap Rock. The 360-degree survey names the larger hills and mountains visible from the summit. After Peary's death, his boyhood friend, Alfred E. Burton, suggested that the profile survey be made into a monument. It was cast in bronze and set atop a granite cylinder and erected to his memory by the Peary family in 1938. A hike of less than a mile leads visitors to the summit and the monument.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.mainetrailfinder.com/trails/trail/jockey-cap|title=Jockey Cap – Maine Trail Finder|website=www.mainetrailfinder.com|access-date=June 11, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After college, Peary worked as a draftsman making technical drawings at the [[U.S. National Geodetic Survey|United States Coast and Geodetic Survey]] office in Washington, D.C. He joined the [[United States Navy]] and on October 26, 1881, was commissioned as a civil engineer, with the relative rank of lieutenant.&lt;ref name=NavalHistory/&gt; From 1884 to 1885 he was an assistant engineer on the surveys for the [[Nicaragua Canal]] and later became the engineer in charge. As reflected in a diary entry he made in 1885, during his time in the Navy, he resolved to be the first man to reach the [[North Pole]].&lt;ref name=Mills510/&gt;

In April 1886, he wrote a paper for the [[National Academy of Sciences]] proposing two methods for crossing Greenland's ice cap. One was to start from the west coast and trek about {{convert|400|mi|km|-1}} to the east coast. The second, more difficult path, was to start from [[Whale Sound]] at the top of the known portion of [[Baffin Bay]] and travel north to determine whether Greenland was an island or if it extended all the way across the Arctic.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt; Peary was promoted to the rank of lieutenant commander on January 5, 1901, and to commander on April 6, 1902.&lt;ref name=NavalHistory/&gt;

==Initial Arctic expeditions==
Peary made his first expedition to the [[Arctic]] in 1886, intending to cross Greenland by [[dog sled]], taking the first of his own suggested paths. He was given six months' leave from the Navy, and he received $500 from his mother to book passage north and buy supplies. He sailed on a [[whaler]] to Greenland, arriving in [[Qeqertarsuaq|Godhavn]] on June 6, 1886.&lt;ref name=Mills510/&gt; Peary wanted to make a solo trek, but a young Danish official named Christian Maigaard convinced him he would die if he went out alone. Maigaard and Peary set off together and traveled nearly {{convert|100|mi|km|-1}} due east before turning back because they were short on food. This was the second-farthest penetration of Greenland's ice sheet at the time. Peary returned home knowing more of what was required for long-distance ice trekking.&lt;ref name=Mills511&gt;Mills 2003, p.&amp;nbsp;511.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Matthew Henson 1910.jpg|thumb|upright|alt= Photograph of Matthew Henson dressed in polar gear | [[Matthew Henson]], Peary's assistant, in 1910]]
Back in Washington attending with the US Navy, in November 1887 Peary was ordered  to survey likely routes for a proposed Nicaragua Canal. To complete his tropical outfit he needed a sun hat. He went to a men's clothing store where he met 21-year-old [[Matthew Henson]], a black man working as a sales clerk. Learning that Henson had six years of seagoing experience as a [[cabin boy]],&lt;ref name=Nuttall856&gt;Nuttall 2012, p.&amp;nbsp;856.&lt;/ref&gt; Peary immediately hired him as a personal [[valet]].&lt;ref name=Nuttall855&gt;Nuttall 2012, p.&amp;nbsp;855.&lt;/ref&gt;

On assignment in the jungles of Nicaragua, Peary told Henson of his dream of Arctic exploration. Henson accompanied Peary on every one of his subsequent Arctic expeditions, becoming his field assistant and &quot;first man&quot;, a critical member of his team.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;&lt;ref name=Nuttall855/&gt;

==Second Greenland expedition==
In 1891, [[Peary expedition to Greenland of 1891–1892|Peary returned to Greenland]], taking the second, more difficult route that he laid out in 1886: traveling farther north to find out whether Greenland was a larger landmass extending to the North Pole. He was financed by several groups, including the [[American Geographic Society]], the [[Academy of Natural Sciences of Drexel University|Philadelphia Academy of Natural Sciences]], and the [[Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences]]. Members of this expedition included Peary's aide Henson, [[Frederick A. Cook]], who served as the group's surgeon; the expedition's ethnologist, Norwegian skier [[Eivind Astrup]]; bird expert and marksman [[Langdon Gibson]], and [[John M. Verhoeff]], who was a weatherman and mineralogist. Peary also took his wife along as dietitian, though she had no formal training.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt; Newspaper reports criticized Peary for bringing his wife.&lt;ref name=&quot;Conefrey&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=How to Climb Mt. Blanc in a Skirt: A Handbook for the Lady Adventurer |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q4UbYjoz0-EC&amp;pg=PT103 |page=103 |first=Mick |last=Conefrey |publisher=[[Palgrave Macmillan]] |year=2011 |isbn=9780230112421}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File: Portrait of Robert Edwin Peary.jpg|thumb|left|upright|alt= Photograph of Peary in civilian clothing | Peary in civilian clothing]]
On June 6, 1891, the party left Brooklyn, New York, in the seal hunting ship SS ''Kite''. In July, as ''Kite'' was ramming through sheets of surface ice, the ship's iron [[tiller]] suddenly spun around and broke Peary's lower leg; both bones snapped between the knee and ankle.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;&lt;ref name=Conefrey/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;year&quot;&gt;{{cite book |title=My Arctic Journal: A Year among Ice-fields and Eskimos |url=https://archive.org/details/myarcticjournaly00pear |page=[https://archive.org/details/myarcticjournaly00pear/page/24 24] |last=Peary |first=Josephine Diebitsch |authorlink=Josephine Diebitsch Peary |publisher=[[Longmans Green]] |year=1894}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary was unloaded with the rest of the supplies at a camp they called Red Cliff, at the mouth of [[MacCormick Fjord]] at the north west end of [[Inglefield Gulf]]. A dwelling was built for his recuperation during the next six months. Josephine stayed with Peary. Gibson, Cook, Verhoeff, and Astrup hunted game by boat and became familiar with the area and the [[Inuit]] people.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;

[[File: Robert Edwin Peary.jpg|thumb|right|upright| alt= Photograph of Peary dressed in furs to survive winter | Peary was one of the first Arctic explorers to study Inuit survival techniques.]]
Unlike most previous explorers, Peary had studied Inuit survival techniques; he built [[igloo]]s during the expedition and dressed in practical furs in the native fashion. By wearing furs to preserve body heat and building igloos, he was able to dispense with the extra weight of tents and sleeping bags when on the march.  Peary also relied on the Inuit as hunters and dog-drivers on his expeditions. He pioneered the system—which he called the &quot;Peary system&quot;—of using support teams and establishing supply caches for Arctic travel. The Inuit were curious about the American party and came to visit Red Cliff. Josephine was bothered by their body odor (they did not bathe), their flea infestations and their food. She studied the people, however, and kept a journal of her experiences.&lt;ref name=Conefrey/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;year&quot;/&gt; In September 1891, Peary's men took dog sled teams and pushed inland onto the ice sheet to lay caches of supplies. They did not go farther than {{convert|30|mi|km|-1}} from Red Cliff.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;

Peary's leg mended by February 1892. By April, he made some short trips with Josephine and an Inuit dog sled driver to native villages to purchase supplies. On May 3, 1892, Peary finally set out on the intended trek with Henson, Gibson, Cook, and Astrup. At about the {{convert|150|mi|km|-1|adj=on}} mark, Peary continued on with Astrup. The two found the {{convert|1000|m|ft|adj=on}} high view from Navy Cliff to be revealing: they saw [[Independence Fjord]] and concluded that Greenland was an island. The men trekked back to Red Cliff and arrived on August 6, having traveled a total of {{convert|1250|mi|km|-1}}.&lt;ref name=Mills511/&gt;

In 1896, he received his degrees in Kane Lodge No. 454, [[New York City]],&lt;ref name=&quot;stjohnslodgedc.org&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | title = List of famous freemasons | website = freemasonry.bcy.ca | access-date = Sep 30, 2018 | language = en | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20011004153632/http://freemasonry.bcy.ca/textfiles/famous.html | archive-date = Oct 4, 2001 | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and presented the Lodge the Masonic Flag that was raised on May 20–25, 1895, at [[Independence Bay]], Greenland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.pinallodge30.com/famousmasons.aspx | title = Famous Masons | access-date = Sep 30, 2018 | language = en | archive-url = https://archive.today/20111224182230/http://www.pinallodge30.com/famousmasons.aspx | archive-date = December 24, 2011 | url-status = bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was a [[Master Mason]].&lt;ref name =&quot;stjohnslodgedc.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons | title = Famous Freemasons in the course of history | language = en | website = stjohnslodgedc.org | access-date = Sep 30, 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20151116030150/http://www.stjohnslodgedc.org/famous-masons | archive-date = Nov 15, 2015 | url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==1898–1902 expeditions==
[[File: Ipy-conger1 figure-01.jpg|thumb| alt= Photograph of a building at Fort Conger | Peary used abandoned [[Fort Conger]] during his 1898–1902 expedition]]
As a result of Peary's 1898–1902 expedition, he claimed an 1899 visual discovery of &quot;Jesup Land&quot; west of Ellesmere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal | author = William Herbert Hobbs | title = The Progress of Discovery and Exploration Within the Arctic Region | journal = [[Annals of the Association of American Geographers]] | year = 1937 | volume = 27 | issue = 1 | page = 16 | doi=10.1080/00045603709357155}}&lt;/ref&gt; He claimed that this sighting of [[Axel Heiberg Island]] was prior to its discovery by Norwegian explorer [[Otto Sverdrup]]'s expedition. This contention has been universally rejected by exploration societies and historians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book | url = https://books.google.com/?id=v6THcynQQDMC | author = Harold Horwood | title = Bartlett: The Great Explorer | publisher = [[Doubleday Canada]] | year = 2010 | page = 56| isbn = 9780385674355 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the American Geographical Society and the [[Royal Geographical Society of London]] honored Peary for tenacity, mapping of previously uncharted areas, and his discovery in 1900 of [[Cape Morris Jesup|Cape Jesup]] at the north tip of Greenland. Peary also achieved a &quot;farthest north&quot; for the western hemisphere in 1902 north of Canada's [[Ellesmere Island]]. Peary was promoted to [[Lieutenant commander (Royal Navy)|lieutenant commander]] in the Navy in 1901 and to [[Commander (Royal Navy)|commander]] in 1902. &lt;ref&gt;Register of Commissioned Officers of the United States Navy. Editions of 1902 and 1903.&lt;/ref&gt;

==1905–1906 expedition==
Peary's next expedition was supported by fundraising through the [[Peary Arctic Club]], with generous gifts of $50,000 from George Crocker, the youngest son of banker [[Charles Crocker]], and $25,000 from [[Morris K. Jesup]], to buy Peary a new ship.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Peary Gets $50,000; M.K. Jesup Gives $25,000|newspaper=[[New York Times]]|date=July 13, 1905|page=7}}&lt;/ref&gt; The {{SS|Roosevelt|1905|6}} navigated through the ice between Greenland and Ellesmere Island, establishing an American hemisphere &quot;farthest north by ship&quot;. The 1906 &quot;Peary System&quot; dogsled drive for the pole across the rough sea ice of the Arctic Ocean started from the north tip of Ellesmere at 83° north latitude. The parties made well under {{convert|10|mi|km}} a day until they became separated by a storm.

[[File:Peary's steamer Roosevelt, Hudson-Fulton Parade.jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of the SS ''Roosevelt'' |''Roosevelt'' in the [[Hudson–Fulton Celebration|Hudson–Fulton parade]] in 1909]]
As a result, Peary was without a companion sufficiently trained in navigation to verify his account from that point northward. With insufficient food, and  uncertainty whether he could negotiate the ice between himself and land, he made the best possible dash and barely escaped with his life from the melting ice. On April 20, he was no farther north than 86°30' latitude. For obvious reasons, this latitude was never published by Peary. It is in a typescript of his April 1906 diary, discovered by [[Wally Herbert]] in his assessment commissioned by the [[National Geographic Society]] in the late 1980s. (Herbert, 1989). The typescript suddenly stopped there, one day before Peary's April 21 purported &quot;farthest&quot;. The original of the April 1906 record is the only missing diary of Peary's exploration career.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#cpwf |title=Dennis Rawlins Contributions 1|website=dioi.org |access-date=June 16, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; He claimed the next day to have achieved a [[Farthest North]] world record at 87°06' and returned to 86°30' without camping. This implied a trip of at least {{convert|72|nmi|km}} between sleeping, even assuming direct travel with no detours.

After returning to ''Roosevelt'' in May, Peary began weeks of difficult travel in June heading west along the shore of Ellesmere. He discovered Cape Colgate, from whose summit he claimed in his 1907 book&lt;ref&gt;R. Peary, ''Nearest the Pole'', 1907, pp.&amp;nbsp;202, 207, 280.&lt;/ref&gt; that he had seen a previously undiscovered far-north &quot;[[Crocker Land]]&quot; to the northwest on June 24, 1906. A later review of his diary for this time and place found that he had written, &quot;No land visible.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#ypcx |title=Contributions Dennis Rawlins 2|website=dioi.org |access-date=June 16, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On December 15, 1906, the [[National Geographic Society]] of the United States, which was primarily known for publishing a popular magazine, certified Peary's 1905–1906 expedition and &quot;Farthest&quot; with its highest honor, the [[Hubbard Medal]]. No major professional geographical society followed suit. In 1914 [[Donald Baxter MacMillan|Donald MacMillan]] and Fitzhugh Green's expedition found that Crocker Land did not exist.

==Reaching the North Pole==
[[File:Photograph of the Robert Peary Sledge Party Posing with Flags at the North Pole - NARA - 542472.jpg|thumb|upright| alt=Photograph of the Robert Peary Sledge Party Posing with Flags at what was assumed to be the North Pole | The party at what was assumed to be the North Pole]]
For his final assault on the pole, Peary and 23 men, including [[Ross Gilmore Marvin]], set off from New York City on July 6, 1908, aboard the ''Roosevelt'', commanded by [[Robert Bartlett (explorer)|Robert Bartlett]]. They wintered near [[Cape Sheridan]] on Ellesmere Island, and from Ellesmere departed for the pole on February 28, 1909. The last support party was turned back from Bartlett Camp on April 1, in a latitude no greater than 87° 45' N. The figure is based upon Bartlett's slight miscomputation of the distance of a single [[Thomas Hubbard Sumner|Sumner line]] from the pole.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

On the final stage of the journey toward the North Pole, Peary told Bartlett to stay behind. He continued with five assistants, none but Henson (who had served as navigator and craftsman on Peary's 1891-2 expedition) capable of making navigation observations: [[Matthew Henson]], Ootah, Egigingwah, Seegloo, and Ooqueah. On April 6, he established Camp Jesup within {{convert|3|mi|spell=in|0}} of the pole according to his own readings &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/2003/01/profile-african-american-north-pole-explorer-matthew-henson/|date=2003-01-10|website=Culture|language=en|access-date=2020-05-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Henson scouted ahead to what was thought to be the North Pole site; he returned with the greeting, &quot;I think I'm the first man to sit on top of the world,&quot; much to Peary's chagrin.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://geog.ucsb.edu/who-was-the-first-person-to-reach-the-north-pole/|title=Who Was the First Person To Reach the North Pole? {{!}} UC Geography|website=geog.ucsb.edu|access-date=2020-02-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peary was unable to fully enjoy the fruits of his labors. Upon returning to civilization, he learned that Frederick A. Cook, a surgeon on the 1891–1892 Peary expedition, claimed to have reached the pole in 1908.&lt;ref name=Nuttall856/&gt; Despite remaining doubts, a committee of the National Geographic Society, as well as the Naval Affairs Subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives, credited Peary with reaching the North Pole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|last = Henderson|first = Bruce|date = April 2009|title = Who Discovered the North Pole?|url = https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/who-discovered-the-north-pole-116633746|magazine = [[Smithsonian (magazine)|Smithsonian Magazine]]|accessdate = January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A reassessment of Peary's notebook in 1988 by polar explorer [[Wally Herbert]] found it &quot;lacking in essential data&quot;, thus renewing doubts about Peary's discovery.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last = Wilford|first = John N.|date = 1988-08-22|title = Doubts cast on Peary's claim to Pole|url = https://nyti.ms/2J3ew8k|newspaper = [[The New York Times]]|accessdate = January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last = Tierney|first = John|date = September 7, 2009|title = Who Was First at the North Pole?|url = https://tierneylab.blogs.nytimes.com/2009/09/07/who-was-first-at-the-north-pole|newspaper = The New York Times|accessdate = January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Later life ==
{{full citations needed|date=April 2019}}
[[File:The Three Polar Stars, 1913 (8889621500).jpg|thumb|alt=Photograph of Roald Amundsen, Ernest Shackleton and Peary | [[Roald Amundsen|Amundsen]], [[Ernest Shackleton|Shackleton]], and Peary, in January 1913]]
Peary was promoted to the rank of captain in the Navy on October 20, 1910.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', October 11, 1910.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; By his lobbying,&lt;ref&gt;See Congressman de Alva Alexander in Rawlins, 1973.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary headed off a move among some U.S. Congressmen to have his claim to the pole evaluated by other explorers. Eventually recognized by Congress to have &quot;attained&quot; the pole, Peary was given the [[Thanks of Congress]] by a special act in March 1911.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', March 4, 1911.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary was promoted to the rank of [[Rear admiral (United States)|rear admiral]] in the Navy Civil Engineer Corps, retroactive to April 6, 1909. He retired the same day, to [[Eagle Island (Casco Bay, Maine)|Eagle Island]] on the coast of [[Maine]], in the town of Harpswell.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', March 30, 1911.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

His home there has been designated a Maine State Historic Site. After his retirement, Peary received many honors from numerous scientific societies in Europe and America for his Arctic explorations and discoveries. He served twice as president of [[The Explorers Club]], from 1909 to 1911, and 1913 to 1916.

In early 1916, Peary became chairman of the National Aerial Coast Patrol Commission, a private organization created by the [[Aero Club of America]]. It advocated the use of aircraft to detect warships and submarines off the U.S. coast.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', January 24, 1916, and March 31, 1916.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary used his celebrity to promote the use of military and naval aviation, which led directly to the formation of [[United States Navy Reserve|Naval Reserve]] aerial coastal patrol units during the [[First World War]]. At the close of the First World War, Peary proposed a system of eight airmail routes, which became the genesis of the U.S. Postal Service's airmail system.&lt;ref&gt;''New York Times'', November 25, 1918.{{full short|date=April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Peary died in Washington, D.C. on February 20, 1920. He was buried in [[Arlington National Cemetery]]. More than 60 years later, Matthew Henson was honored by being re-interred nearby in Arlington Cemetery on April 6, 1988.{{-}}

==Marriage and family==
[[File:Josephine Peary portrait 1892.jpg|thumb|upright|alt=Photograph of Josephine Diebitsch | [[Josephine Diebitsch]] in 1892]]
On August 11, 1888, Peary married [[Josephine Diebitsch]], a business school valedictorian who thought the modern woman should be more than just a mother. Diebitsch had started working at the [[Smithsonian Institution]] when she was 19–20 years old, replacing her father after he became ill and filling his position as a [[linguist]]. She resigned from the Smithsonian in 1886 upon becoming engaged to Peary.

The newlyweds honeymooned in [[Atlantic City, New Jersey]], then moved to Philadelphia because Peary was assigned there. Peary's mother accompanied them on their honeymoon, and she moved into their Philadelphia apartment but not without friction between the two women. Josephine told Peary that his mother should return to live in Maine.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stafford2004&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pearyeagleisland.org/documents/JosephinebiobyEdStafford.htm |title=Biography of Josephine Peary |first=Edward Peary |last=Stafford |work=Peary's Eagle Island |year=2004 |accessdate=December 30, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004214045/http://www.pearyeagleisland.org/documents/JosephinebiobyEdStafford.htm |archivedate=October 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Marie Peary.jpg|thumb|upright| alt= Photograph of Peary's daughter Marie Ahnighito Peary |Marie Ahnighito Peary was born in 1893.]]
They had two children together, Marie Ahnighito and Robert Peary, Jr. His daughter wrote several books, including a children's book about the Arctic adventures.&lt;ref&gt;Peary, Marie Ahnighito, The Red Caboose (1932, [[William Morrow and Company|William Morrow]] &amp; Co.).&lt;/ref&gt; As an explorer, Peary was frequently gone for years at a time. In their first 23 years of marriage, he spent only three with his wife and family. He missed the birth of his son and his early death.

Peary and his aide Henson both had relationships with Inuit women outside of marriage and fathered children with them.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sherman&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last = Sherman|first = J.|author-link = Josepha Sherman|date = 2005|title = Exploring the North Pole: The Story of Robert Edwin Peary and Matthew Henson|url = https://archive.org/details/exploringnorthpo0000sher|url-access = registration}}&lt;/ref&gt; Peary appears to have started a relationship with Aleqasina (''Alakahsingwah'') when she was about 14 years old.&lt;ref name=&quot;herbert&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last = Herbert|first = W.|author-link = Wally Herbert|date = 1989|title = The Noose of Laurels|url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343|url-access = registration|pages =[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343/page/206 206–207]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://nativetimes.com/life/people/5994-us-explorers-inuit-kin-plug-into-globalized-world|title=US explorers' Inuit kin plug into globalized world|last=Hanley|first=Charles J.|date=September 7, 2011|work=[[Native Times]]|access-date=January 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; She bore him at least two children, including a son called Kaala,&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt; Karree,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/local/1987/07/13/anaukaq-henson-80-dies/5406beb9-9bf7-4f31-839d-f1ac55079fe8/|title=Anaukaq Henson, 80, dies|last=|first=|date=1987-07-13|work=[[The Washington Post]]|access-date=January 17, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; or Kali.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot;&gt;[http://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/Matthew_Hensons_descendants_honour_their_ancestor/ Jane George, &quot;Standing on the shoulders of a giant; Matthew Henson’s descendants honour their ancestor&quot;], ''Nunatsiaq News Online'', April 9, 2009, accessed October 2, 2013&lt;/ref&gt; French explorer and ethnologist [[Jean Malaurie]] was the first to report on Peary's descendants after spending a year in Greenland in 1951–52.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;/&gt;

[[S. Allen Counter]], a [[Harvard]] neuroscience professor, interested in Henson's role in the Arctic expeditions, went to Greenland in 1986. He found Peary's son Kali and Henson's son Anaukaq, then octogenarians, and some of their descendants.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot; /&gt; Counter arranged to bring the men and their families to the United States to meet their American relatives and see their fathers' gravesites.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot; /&gt; Later, Counter wrote about the episode in his book, ''North Pole Legacy: Black, White, and Eskimo'' (1991). He also gained national recognition of Henson's role in the expeditions.&lt;ref name=&quot;counter&quot; /&gt; A subsequent documentary by the same name was also released. Wally Herbert also noted the relationship and children in his book on Peary's 1909 expedition, published in 1989.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert&quot; /&gt;

==Controversy==
Peary's claim to have reached the North Pole has long been subject to doubt.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/1988/08/23/opinion/c-a-correction-310788.html?scp=3&amp;sq=%20Cook%20Peary%20correction%20north%20pole%20neither&amp;st=cse &quot;A Correction&quot;]. ''[[The New York Times]]''. August 23, 1988.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Some polar historians believe that Peary honestly thought he had reached the pole. Others have suggested that he was guilty of deliberately exaggerating his accomplishments. Peary's account has been newly criticized by [[Pierre Berton]] (2001) and Bruce Henderson (2005).

===Lack of independent validation===
Peary did not submit his evidence for review to neutral national or international parties or to other explorers.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; Peary's claim was certified by the National Geographic Society (NGS) in 1909 after a cursory examination of Peary's records, as NGS was a major sponsor of his expedition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; This was a few weeks before Cook's Pole claim was rejected by a Danish panel of explorers and navigational experts.

The National Geographic Society limited access to Peary's records. At the time, his proofs were not made available for scrutiny by other professionals, as had been done by the Danish panel.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; [[Gilbert Hovey Grosvenor|Gilbert Grosvenor]] persuaded the [[United States National Academy of Sciences|National Academy of Sciences]] not to get involved. The [[Royal Geographical Society]] (RGS) of London gave Peary its gold medal in 1910,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=December 16, 1909|title=Nations Hail Peary as Pole Discoverer|journal=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; despite internal council splits which only became known in the 1970s. The RGS based their decision on the belief that the NGS had performed a serious scrutiny of the &quot;proofs&quot;, which was not the case.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Neither the [[American Geographical Society]] nor any of the geographical societies of semi-Arctic [[Scandinavia]] has recognized Peary's North Pole claim.

===Criticisms===

{{more citations needed|date=April 2019}}
{{see also|Peary Channel (Greenland)}}

====Omissions in navigational documentation====
The party that accompanied Peary on the final stage of the journey did not include anyone trained in navigation who could either confirm or contradict Peary's own navigational work. This was further exacerbated by Peary's failure to produce records of observed data for steering, for the direction (&quot;[[Magnetic declination|variation]]&quot;) of the compass, for his longitudinal position at any time, or for zeroing-in on the pole either latitudinally or transversely beyond Bartlett Camp.&lt;ref&gt;Herbert, 1989; Rawlins, [http://www.dioi.org/cot.htm#wpst Contributions]&lt;/ref&gt;

====Inconsistent speeds====
[[File:PearyBartlett.png|thumb|alt= Photograph of Peary and Robert Bartlett | Peary and Robert Bartlett at [[Battle Harbour]] in 1909]]
The last five marches when Peary was accompanied by a navigator (Capt. Bob Bartlett) averaged no better than {{convert|13|mi|km}} marching north. But once the last support party turned back at &quot;Camp Bartlett&quot;, where Bartlett was ordered southward, at least {{convert|133|nmi|km}} from the pole, Peary's claimed speeds immediately doubled for the five marches to Camp Jesup. The recorded speeds quadrupled during the two and a half-day return to Camp Bartlett&amp;nbsp;– at which point his speed slowed drastically. Peary's account of a beeline journey to the pole and back—which would have assisted his claim of such speed—is contradicted by his companion Henson's account of tortured detours to avoid &quot;pressure ridges&quot; (ice floes' rough edges, often a few meters high) and &quot;leads&quot; (open water between those floes).

In his official report, Peary claimed to have traveled a total of  304 nautical miles between April 2, 1909, (when he left Bartlett's last camp) and April 9 (when he returned there), {{convert|133|nmi|km}} to the pole, the same distance back, and {{convert|38|nmi|km}} in the vicinity of the pole.{{citation needed|date=November 2016}} These distances are counted without detours due to drift, leads and difficult ice, i.e. the distance traveled must have been significantly higher to make good the distance claimed.{{citation needed|date=April 2013}} Peary and his party arrived back in Cape Columbia on the morning of April 23, 1909, only about two and a half days after Capt Bartlett, yet Peary claimed he had traveled a minimum of {{convert|304|nmi|km}} more than Bartlett (to the Pole and vicinity).{{citation needed|date=April 2013}}

The conflicting and unverified claims of Cook and Peary prompted [[Roald Amundsen]] to take extensive precautions in navigation during his Antarctic expedition so as to leave no room for doubt concerning his 1911 attainment of the South Pole, which—like [[Robert Falcon Scott]]'s a month later in 1912—was supported by the sextant, [[theodolite]], and compass observations of several other navigators.

====Review of Peary's diary====
[[File:Diary of Robert E. Peary - NARA - 304960.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|alt= Photograph of Peary's diary entry for his arrival at the North pole | Peary's diary entry for arrival at the [[North Pole]]]]
The diary that Robert E. Peary kept on his 1909 polar expedition was finally made available for research in 1986. Historian [[Larry Schweikart]] examined it, finding that: the writing was consistent throughout (giving no evidence of post-expedition alteration), that there were consistent [[pemmican]] and other stains on all pages, and that all evidence was consistent with a conclusion that Peary's observations were made on the spot he claimed. Schweikart compared the reports and experiences of Japanese explorer [[Naomi Uemura]], who reached the North Pole alone in 1978, to those of Peary and found they were consistent.&lt;ref&gt;[[Larry Schweikart]], &quot;Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim: The Diary of Robert E. Peary,&quot; ''The Historian'', XLVIII, May 1986.&lt;/ref&gt; However, Peary made no entries in the diary on the crucial days of April 6 and 7, 1909, and his famous words &quot;The Pole at Last!&quot;, allegedly written in his diary at the pole, were written on loose slips of paper that were inserted into the diary.

====1984 and 1989 National Geographic Society studies====
In 1984 the National Geographic Society (a major sponsor of Peary's expeditions) commissioned the Arctic explorer [[Wally Herbert]] to write an assessment of Peary's original 1909 diary and astronomical observations. As Herbert researched the material, he came to believe that Peary must have falsified his records and concluded that he did not reach the Pole.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; His book, ''The Noose of Laurels'', caused a furor when it was published in 1989. If Peary did not reach the pole in 1909, Herbert himself would claim the record of being the first to reach the pole on foot.&lt;ref name=&quot;Herbert&quot;&gt;American Polar Society: Sir Wally Herbert]. (Dead link.  Archived here: https://web.archive.org/web/20160304094308/http://www.americanpolar.org/sir-wally-herbert/ )&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1989 the NGS also conducted a two-dimensional photogrammetric analysis of the shadows in photographs and a review of ocean depth measures taken by Peary; its staff concluded that he was no more than {{convert|5|mi|km}} away from the pole. Peary's original camera (a 1908 #4 Folding Pocket Kodak) has not survived. As such cameras were made with at least six different lenses from various manufacturers, the focal length of the lens—and hence the shadow analysis based on it—must be considered uncertain at best.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} The NGS has never released Peary's photos for an independent analysis. Specialists questioned the Society's conclusions.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Washington Post&quot;, December 12, 1989; &quot;Scientific American&quot;, March and June, 1990&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

The NGS commissioned the Foundation for the Promotion of the Art of Navigation to resolve the issue. Their 1989 report concluded that Peary had indeed reached the Pole.  Gilbert M. Grosvenor, president of the NGS, said, &quot;I consider this the end of a historic controversy and the confirmation of due justice to a great explorer.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Thomas D. Davies, ''Robert E. Peary At The North Pole'', Starpath Publications, 17 Dec 2009; {{ISBN|9780914025207}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Review of depth soundings====
Supporters of Peary and Henson assert that the depth soundings they made on the outward journey have been matched by recent surveys, and so their claim of having reached the Pole is confirmed.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.matthewhenson.com/northpoleproofDEPTH2.htm &quot;Proof Henson &amp; Peary reached Pole&quot;], ''Matthew A Henson website''. Retrieved August 11, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; Only the first few of the Peary party's soundings, taken nearest the shore, touched bottom; experts have said their usefulness is limited to showing that he was above deep water.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}&lt;ref&gt;Peary's expedition possessed 4000 fathoms of sounding line, but he took only 2000 with him over an ocean already established as being deeper in many regions. See, D. Rawlins, ''U. S. Naval Institute Proceedings'', June 1970, p.&amp;nbsp;38, and ''Polar Notes'' (Dartmouth College), volume 10, October, 1970, p.&amp;nbsp;38.&lt;/ref&gt; Peary stated (in 1909 Congressional hearings about the expedition) that he made no longitudinal observations during his trip, only latitude observations, yet he maintained he stayed on the &quot;Columbia meridian&quot; all along, and that his soundings were made on this meridian.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} The pack ice was moving all the time, so he had no way of knowing where he was without longitudinal observations.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

===Recreation of expedition in 2005===
British explorer [[Tom Avery]] and four companions recreated the outward portion of Peary's journey in 2005, using replica wooden sleds and [[Canadian Eskimo Dog]] teams. They ensured their sled weights were the same as Peary's sleds throughout their journey. They reached the North Pole in 36 days, 22 hours—nearly five hours faster than Peary.&lt;ref&gt;Rawlins, [http://www.dioi.org/det.htm#pdxm Zero]&lt;/ref&gt; Avery writes on his web site that: &lt;blockquote&gt;The admiration and respect which I hold for Robert Peary, Matthew Henson and the four Inuit men who ventured North in 1909, has grown enormously since we set out from Cape Columbia. Having now seen for myself how he traveled across the pack ice, I am more convinced than ever that Peary did indeed discover the North Pole.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tomavery.net/gallery_np2005.html Tom Avery website], retrieved May 2007 {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090215115623/http://www.tomavery.net/gallery_np2005.html |date=February 15, 2009 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt;After reaching the Pole, Avery and his team were airlifted off the ice rather than returning by dogsled.

Analysis of the speeds made by Avery do more to cast doubt on Peary's claim than to confirm it.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} While Peary claimed {{convert|130|nmi|km}} made good in his last five marches, horrific ice conditions meant that Avery managed only {{convert|71|nmi|km}}{{which|date=December 2014}} in his last five marches. Avery never exceeded {{convert|90|nmi|km}} in any five-day stretch, and was losing over {{convert|7|mi|km}} a day at this time to the southerly drift of the ice.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}} Avery matched Peary's overall 37-day total in part because Peary was held up by open water for five days at the Big Lead. But Peary had a team consisting of 133 dogs and 25 men, meaning he was able to keep his &quot;polar party&quot; fresh for the sprint to the Pole. Peary's team was more experienced than Avery's at dog sledding.{{citation needed|date=October 2013}}

== Legacy ==
[[File:Robert Peary monument at Cape York, Greenland.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|alt=Photograph of the Peary monument at Cape York, Greenland | Peary monument at [[Cape York, Greenland|Cape York]]]]
Several United States Navy ships have been named {{USS|Robert E. Peary}}. The [[Peary–MacMillan Arctic Museum]] at Bowdoin College is named for Peary and fellow Arctic explorer [[Donald Baxter MacMillan|Donald B. MacMillan]]. In 1986, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 22-cent postage stamp in honor of Peary and Henson;&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott catalog # 2223&quot;&gt;[[Scott catalog]] # 2223.&lt;/ref&gt; they were previously honored in 1959.&lt;ref&gt;[[Scott catalog]] # 1128.&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Peary Land]], [[Peary Glacier]], [[Peary Nunatak]] and [[Cape Peary]] in Greenland, [[Peary Bay]] and [[Peary Channel]] in [[Canada]], as well as [[Mount Peary]] in Antarctica, are named in his honor. The lunar crater [[Peary (crater)|Peary]], appropriately located at the moon's north pole, is also named after him.&lt;ref&gt;[http://planetarynames.wr.usgs.gov/Feature/4627 Peary], Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN)&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Camp Peary]] in York County, Virginia is named for Admiral Peary.   Originally established as a Navy [[Seabee]] training center during World War II, it was repurposed in the 1950s as a [[Central Intelligence Agency]] training facility.  It is commonly called &quot;The Farm&quot;.

Admiral Peary Vocational Technical School, located in a neighboring community very close to his birthplace of Cresson, PA, was named for him and was opened in 1972. Today the school educates over 600 students each year in numerous technical education disciplines.

Major General [[Adolphus Greely]], leader of the ill fated [[Lady Franklin Bay Expedition]] from 1881 to 1884, noted that no Arctic expert questioned that Peary courageously risked his life traveling hundreds of miles from land, and that he reached regions adjacent to the pole. After initial acceptance of Peary's claim, he later came to doubt Peary's having reached 90°. 

In his book ''Ninety Degrees North'', polar historian Fergus Fleming describes Peary as &quot;undoubtedly the most driven, possibly the most successful and probably the most unpleasant man in the annals of polar exploration&quot;.{{uncited quote|date=April 2019}}

In 1932, and expedition was made by Robert Bartlett and Peary's daughter, Marie Ahnighito Peary Stafford on the ''[[Effie M. Morrissey]]'' to erect a monument to Peary at [[Cape York, Greenland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bowdoin.edu/arctic-museum/exhibits/2004/peary-monument.html|title=Peary-MacMillan Arctic Museum, Exhibition: Building the Peary Monument|website=Bowdoin|accessdate=June 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Honors ==
{{more citations needed|section|date=April 2017}}
Medals
* American Geographical Society, [[Cullum Geographical Medal]] (1896)
* American Geographical Society, [[Charles P. Daly Medal]] (1902)&lt;ref name=&quot;amergeog&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf |title=American Geographical Society Honorary Fellowships |publisher=amergeog.org |accessdate=March 2, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704200812/http://www.amergeog.org/honorslist.pdf |archivedate=July 4, 2009 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* National Geographic Society, [[Hubbard Medal]] (1906)
* Royal Geographical Society of London, special great gold medal
* National Geographic Society of Washington, the special great gold medal
* [[Geographical Society of Philadelphia]], great gold medal
* Chicago Geographical Society, Helen Culver medal
* Imperial German Geographical Society, Nachtigall gold medal
* Royal Italian Geographical Society, King Humbert gold medal
* Imperial Austrian Geographical Society
* Hungarian Geographical Society gold medal
* Royal Belgian Geographical Society gold medal
* Royal Geographical Society of Antwerp gold medal
* [[Spanish Campaign Medal]]

[[File:Peary daughter at grave.jpg|thumb|Edwin Denby and Peary's daughter at grave, [[Arlington National Cemetery]], April 6, 1922]]
Honorary degrees
* Bowdoin College bestowed the honorary degree of doctor of laws
* Edinburgh University bestowed an honorary degree of doctor of laws

Honorary memberships
* New York Chamber of Commerce honorary member.
* Pennsylvania Society Honorary member
* Manchester Geographical Society Honorary membership
* Royal Netherlands Geographical Society of Amsterdam Honorary membership&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title = Recognition of Robert E. Peary the Arctic explorer|date = January 21, 1911|url = http://docs.lib.noaa.gov/rescue/IPY/IPY_017_pdf/G635p4b381911.pdf|accessdate = August 21, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other
* Royal Scottish Geographical Society, special trophy, a replica in silver of the ships used by Hudson, Baffin, and Davis.
* Grand Officer of the [[Legion of Honor]], awarded 1913&lt;ref&gt;'' Appleton's Cyclopædia of American Biography,'' Volume 8, edited by James Grant Wilson, John Fiske, 1918, pg. 527&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Arlington National Cemetery on April 6, 1922, the Admiral Robert Edwin Peary monument was unveiled by his daughter, Mrs. Marie Peary Stafford.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Dignitaries of the Nation Brave Rain to Honor Peary|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84026749/1922-04-07/ed-1/seq-15/|accessdate=11 May 2015|work=The Washington Times|date=7 April 1922|location=Washington D.C.|page=15}}&lt;/ref&gt; Numerous government officials, including [[President Harding]] and Former [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]] [[Edwin Denby (politician)|Edwin Denby]] were in attendance.
* On May 28, 1986, the [[United States Postal Service]] issued a 22 cent [[postage stamp]] in his and Matthew Henson's honor.&lt;ref name=&quot;Scott catalog # 2223&quot;/&gt;

== Footnotes ==
{{reflist|30em}}

== Bibliography ==
*{{cite book
 |last = Berton
 |first = P.
 |authorlink = Pierre Berton
 |title = The Arctic Grail
 |publisher = [[Anchor Books]]
 |year = 2001
 |isbn = 9780385658454
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Bryce
 |first = R. M.
 |title = Cook &amp; Peary: the polar controversy, resolved
 |date = 1997
 |publisher = [[Stackpole Books]]
 |location = Mechanicsburg
 |isbn = 9780689120343
 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Coe
 |first = B.
 |title = Kodak Cameras: The First Hundred Years
 |year = 2003
 |publisher = Hove Foto Books
 |location = East Sussex
 |isbn = 9781874707370
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Davies
 |first = T. D.
 |title = Robert E. Peary at the North Pole
 |year = 2009
 |publisher = Starpath Publications
 |location = Seattle
 |isbn = 9780914025207
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Fleming
 |first = F.
 |title = Ninety degrees north: the quest for the North Pole
 |date = 2001
 |publisher = [[Granta Books]]
 |location = London
 |isbn = 9781862074491
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Henderson
 |first = B.
 |title = True North: Peary, Cook, and the Race to the Pole
 |publisher = [[W. W. Norton and Company]]
 |year = 2005
 |isbn = 9780393327380
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Herbert
 |first = W.
 |authorlink = Wally Herbert
 |title = The noose of laurels: Robert E. Peary and the race to the North Pole
 |date = 1989
 |publisher = [[Atheneum Books]]
 |location = New York
 |isbn = 9780689120343
 |url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780689120343
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Mills
 |first = W. J.
 |title = Exploring Polar Frontiers: A Historical Encyclopedia
 |year = 2003
 |publisher = [[ABC-CLIO]]
 |isbn = 9781576074220
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Nuttall
 |first = M.
 |title = Encyclopedia of the Arctic
 |year = 2012
 |publisher = [[Routledge]]
 |isbn = 9781579584368
}}
*{{cite book
 |last = Rawlins
 |first = D.
 |authorlink = Dennis Rawlins
 |title = Peary at the North Pole: fact or fiction?
 |year = 1973
 |publisher = Robert B. Luce
 |location = Washington
 |isbn = 9780883310427
 |url = https://archive.org/details/pearyatnorthpole00denn
 }}
*{{cite book
 |last = Robinson
 |first = M.
 |title = The Coldest Crucible: Arctic Exploration and American Culture
 |year = 2006
 |publisher = [[University of Chicago Press]]
 |isbn = 9780226721842
}}
* [[Larry Schweikart|Schweikart, L.]] ''Polar Revisionism and the Peary Claim: The Diary of Robert E. Peary'', The Historian, XLVIII, May 1986, pp.&amp;nbsp;341–358.
* American History, Feb. 2013, Vol. 47 Issue 6, p.&amp;nbsp;33
* Brendle, A. &quot;Profile: African-American North Pole Explorer Matthew Henson.&quot; ''National Geographic News''. National Geographic Society, 28 Oct. 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2015
* Dolan, S. ''Matthew Henson''. New York: Chelsea Juniors, 1992. Print.
* Johnson, D. ''Onward''. Washington D.C.: National Geographic, 1949. Print. 
* &quot;On Top Of The World&quot; ''American History'' 47.6 (2013): 33–41. ''History Reference'' ''Center''. Web. 16 Dec. 2015
* &quot;Robert Peary.&quot; ''American History''. ABC-CLIO, 2015. Web. 21 Oct. 2015.

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Wikisource author}}
* {{BHL author}}
* {{Librivox author|id=9598}}
* {{OL author}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=8383}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Robert Edwin Peary}}
* {{Worldcat id|lccn-n50049394}}
* {{PM20|FID=pe/013349}}
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1086 Peary-Cook Controversy Collection] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2853 The Papers of Robert Peary] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/1142 Arthur Malcolm Dodge Photographs and Article on 1896 Peary Expedition] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/2989 George Putnam Diary and Photo Album from the 1896 Peary Greenland Expedition] at Dartmouth College Library
* [https://archives-manuscripts.dartmouth.edu/repositories/2/resources/3219 Personal Diary of J.M. Wiseman fireman of S.S. Roosevelt] at Dartmouth College Library


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    <title>The International Council on Security and Development</title>
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      <text bytes="12299" xml:space="preserve">{{Multiple issues|
{{Advert|date=November 2010}}
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{{infobox organization
|name         = International Council on Security and Development
|image        = 
|caption      = ICOS logo
|size         = 250px
|abbreviation = ICOS
|motto        = 
|formation    = {{Start date|2002}}
|location     = [[Brussels]] (administration);&lt;br&gt;
[[London]], [[United Kingdom]];&lt;br&gt;
[[Medellín]], [[Colombia]];&lt;br&gt;
[[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]];&lt;br&gt;
[[Tunis]], [[Tunisia]];&lt;br&gt;
[[Amman]], [[Jordan]];&lt;br&gt;
[[Sharjah (emirate)|Sharjah]], [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]];&lt;br&gt;
[[Kabul]], [[Kandahar]], [[Lashkargah|Lashkagar]], [[Afghanistan]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=About Us - ICOS|url=http://www.icosgroup.net/about/index.html|accessdate=21 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|type         = [[International relations]] [[think tank]]
|leader_title = President and Founder
|leader_name  = [[Norine MacDonald]]
|website      = [http://www.icosgroup.net www.icosgroup.net]
}}

'''The International Council on Security and Development (ICOS)''' is an international [[think tank]] that focuses on [[Afghanistan]] and other conflict zones such as [[Iraq]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.icosgroup.net/static/reports/iraq_angry_hearts.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152708/http://www.icosgroup.net/static/reports/iraq_angry_hearts.pdf |archivedate=23 July 2011  }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{cn|date=January 2018}} and [[Somalia]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icosgroup.net/static/reports/chronic_failures_war_terror.pdf ICOS Report: Chronic Failures of the War on Terror] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723152554/http://www.icosgroup.net/static/reports/chronic_failures_war_terror.pdf |date=23 July 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.icosgroup.net ICOS website]&lt;/ref&gt; ICOS is a project of the [[Network of European Foundations for Innovative Cooperation|Network of European Foundations']] The Mercator Fund.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.nefic.org {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209085108/http://www.nefic.org/ |date=9 February 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The organisation was originally named the '''Senlis Council'''{{cn|date=January 2018}} but later{{when|date=January 2018}} rebranded as the International Council on Security and Development to better reflect the interest and activities of the organisation{{vague|date=January 2018}}.

The organisation works primarily on [[security]] and [[International development|development]] issues and states that its overarching objective is &quot;to promote open debate in order to alleviate current governance, development and economic crises and ensure that future policy-making in these areas is informed, humanitarian and delivers impact.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ameinfo.com/219366.html |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-06-29 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121011042653/http://www.ameinfo.com/219366.html |archivedate=11 October 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The organisation currently runs five programmes: ''Human Security and Youth Inclusion'', ''Education and Employment '', ''Public Safety and Citizenship '', ''Global Food Security '' and ''The Rome Consensus for a Humanitarian Drug Policy''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globalfoodsec.net/ Global Food Security Initiative] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110319012021/http://www.globalfoodsec.net/ |date=19 March 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==ICOS programs==
;Human Security and Youth Inclusion
Their programme on Human Security and Youth Inclusion focuses on contemporary conflict zones, including Afghanistan, Iraq, and Somalia. Their reports have noted the problem of unemployment leading to &quot;Angry Young Men&quot; becoming involved in insurgency actions.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/jun/26/iraq.usa1&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.adnkronos.com/AKI/English/Security/?id=1.0.2288453796&lt;/ref&gt; Their 2010 field research in Afghanistan showed how Afghans in two crucial southern provinces were almost completely unaware of the 11 September attacks,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/19/us-afghanistan-report-idUSTRE6AI2U720101119 |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=1 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001052403/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/11/19/us-afghanistan-report-idUSTRE6AI2U720101119 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; and the negative views held by Afghan citizens against the foreign forces.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2010/07/17/us-afghanistan-poll-idUSTRE66G0D820100717 |title=Archived copy |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=10 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151110140546/http://www.reuters.com/article/2010/07/17/us-afghanistan-poll-idUSTRE66G0D820100717 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their reports have also drawn some controversy, with [[NATO]] spokesmen disputing an ICOS report's findings on the extent of the [[Taliban]] presence in Afghanistan.&lt;ref&gt;http://articles.cnn.com/2008-12-08/world/afghan.taliban_1_taliban-activity-taliban-advance-taliban-movement?_s=PM:WORLD&lt;/ref&gt; Their findings on the ineffectiveness of Canadian development aid in Kandahar were also disputed by [[Canadian International Development Agency|CIDA]] officials, particularly regarding food aid and hospitals.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.vanguardcanada.com/AfghanAlgebraWallace&lt;/ref&gt;

;Education and Employment
The organisation states that its mandate of initiative on [[Education]] and [[Employment]] is to &quot;identify ongoing local challenges of a rapidly changing society and provide research, advocacy and innovative policy analysis to encourage pragmatic responses and cost-effective long-term solutions&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The ICOS Centre of Excellence on Education and Employment Official Site [http://www.icosgroup.net/programs/education-employment/]&lt;/ref&gt;

;[[Centre of Excellence on Public Security|Public Safety and Citizenship]]
The organisation's Public Safety and Citizenship initiative &quot;identifies global challenges for public safety in the 21st century, and provides innovative research, advocacy and policy analysis to promote pragmatic responses&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;The ICOS Centre of Excellence on Public Security and Citizenship Official Site [http://www.icosgroup.net/programs/citizenship/]&lt;/ref&gt; It supports states to solve public safety challenges and pave the way for social and economic development, using a &quot;Policy Labs&quot; tool of [[participatory democracy|participatory decision-making]]. They conducted a pilot project for the project in Asuncion, Paraguay, with the goal of addressing the problem of crack consumption and trafficking in one neighbourhood. ICOS has also worked in Formiga, a community in the [[Tijuca]] neighbourhood of Rio de Janeiro, on improving public safety, in cooperation with the local [[Pacifying Police Unit]].&lt;ref&gt;http://www.citizenship.icosgroup.net/modules/labs&lt;/ref&gt;

;Global Food Security
Their program on Global Food Security, designed in collaboration with the [[Sir Ratan Tata Trust]] and [[Child In Need Institute|CINI]], examines the intersection between [[food security]], development, and state security. Their project currently focuses on [[India]] and Brazil, as well as maintaining a central aggregation website for information on food security.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.globalfoodsec.net/ Global Food Security Official Website]&lt;/ref&gt;

;[[Rome Consensus for a Humanitarian Drug Policy|Rome Consensus]]
Their Rome Consensus programme commits 121 National Societies of [[Red Cross]] and [[Red Crescent]] from Africa, Asia, the Americas, the Middle East and Europe to promote and implement humanitarian approaches to drug use. The declared aims of the Rome Consensus are to bring drugs and drug use to the forefront of social concerns, focusing drug response formulation and implementation on a public health approach. The program is coordinated from London, UK.

==Directors and spokesmen==
[[Norine MacDonald]] QC is both Founder and [[President (corporate title)|President]] of ICOS.&lt;ref&gt;http://passerelle.icosgroup.net/modules/team/norine_bio&lt;/ref&gt; Norine MacDonald also serves as Lead Field Researcher (conducting most of her work in Afghanistan and Somalia).

[[Emmanuel Reinert]] is [[Executive Director]] and works generally out of the Rio de Janeiro office.&lt;ref&gt;http://passerelle.icosgroup.net/modules/team/Bio_Emmanuel_Reinert&lt;/ref&gt; His work has led to international campaigns focusing on counter-narcotics and security issues.

[[Jorrit Kamminga]] is the Director of Policy Research for ICOS.

==Poppy licensing==
One of their major policy recommendations is the [[opium licensing|licensing of opium]] in Afghanistan for pharmaceutical purposes.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.poppyformedicine.net/&lt;/ref&gt; They argue that it is based on the premise that there are two problems that need to be solved:
#Afghanistan's reliance on opium;
#A lack of opiate-based medicines available for pharmaceutical purposes

They contend that this would be a short-to-medium term solution to address the opium crisis that is currently occurring in Afghanistan, since alternative livelihoods programs in the country will take many years to come to fruition and no crop matches the agronomic properties of opium.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bepress.com/jdpa/vol3/iss1/art3/ |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2011-03-04 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101226235206/http://www.bepress.com/jdpa/vol3/iss1/art3/ |archivedate=26 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, according to the [[World Health Organization]] there are vast unmet needs for morphine in developed countries&lt;ref&gt;http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs336/en/index.html&lt;/ref&gt; and this is an even greater problem in developing countries, compounded by the growing rates of HIV/AIDS and cancer around the world.&lt;ref&gt;http://annonc.oxfordjournals.org/content/21/4/680.short?rss=1&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] Laureate [[John Charles Polanyi]] and [[Stéphane Dion]], leader of the [[Liberal Party of Canada]], have expressed their support for the poppy for medicines project.&lt;ref&gt;The Globe and Mail, [https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/Page/document/v5/content/subscribe?user_URL=https://www.theglobeandmail.com%2Fservlet%2Fstory%2FLAC.20060923.COMORPHINE23%2FTPStory%2F%3Fquery%3Dpolanyi%2Bopium&amp;ord=12077143&amp;brand=theglobeandmail&amp;force_login=true &quot;There's a way to end Afghanistan's and the world's pain&quot;] (23 September 2006) Registration required&lt;/ref&gt;

==Poppy for Medicine==
The organisation, in 2007, launched a &quot;Poppy for Medicine&quot; technical dossier that outlined a project model for licensing poppy cultivation and producing essential medicines within Afghanistan at a local level. They purported that village cultivated poppy would be transformed into poppy-based medicines, such as morphine, in Afghan villages. In their dossier, the organisation laid out an integrated control system that combines the involvement of local structures and state authorities such as the police and the [[Afghan National Army]] in order to limit diversion. They argued that by making the medicines locally, value is added to the finished product, the proceeds of which will go towards the economic diversification necessary to break ties with the illegal opium industry and eventually phase out opium production.

==Food aid in Afghanistan==
The organisation has also carried out some food aid activities in informal [[internal refugee]] camps in southern Afghanistan, in the provinces of Kandahar and Helmand.&lt;ref&gt;Esprit de Corps,[http://www.espritdecorps.ca/senlis.htm &quot;From the ground up&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927104148/http://www.espritdecorps.ca/senlis.htm |date=27 September 2007 }} (11 February 2007)&lt;/ref&gt;{{cn|date=January 2018}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Official website|http://www.icosgroup.net/}}

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    <title>Richard Cizik</title>
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      <text bytes="21935" xml:space="preserve">'''Richard Cizik''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|aɪ|z|ɪ|k}} {{Respell|SYE|zik}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sAoU9Dki6YQ|title=Richard Cizik interview with Rob Stewart|accessdate=31 March 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;) is President of the New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good.  He was the Vice President for Governmental Affairs of the [[National Association of Evangelicals]] (NAE) and one of the most prominent [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] [[lobbyist]]s in the [[United States]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot;&gt;[http://www.nae.net/index.cfm?FUSEACTION=nae.staff&amp;navGroup=OGA National Association of Evangelicals Executive Leaders]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot;&gt;[http://www.grist.org/news/maindish/2005/10/05/cizik/ Cizik Matters: An interview with green evangelical leader Richard Cizik], by Amanda Griscom Little, ''[[Grist Magazine]]'', October 5, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;  In his position with the NAE, Cizik's primary responsibilities were setting the organization's policy on issues and lobbying the [[White House]], [[United States Congress|Congress]], and the [[Supreme Court of the United States|Supreme Court]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot; /&gt;  Cizik also served as NAE's national spokesman and edited a monthly magazine, ''NAE Washington Insight''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE&quot; /&gt;  Since 2003, Cizik has been active in a type of environmentalism known as &quot;[[creation care]]&quot;; his stance on [[global warming]] has drawn both support and criticism from fellow Evangelicals.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot;&gt;[https://www.pbs.org/moyers/moyersonamerica/green/index.html Is God Green?], by [[Bill Moyers]], ''Moyers on America'', [[Public Broadcasting Service|PBS]], 2006&lt;/ref&gt; He serves on the Board of Advisors of the [[Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions]].

In 2008, he and [[Nobel Prize]] winner [[Eric Chivian]], as a team, were named one of the 100 [[Time 100|most influential scientists and thinkers]] by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]''.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733754_1736213,00.html Eric Chivian &amp; Richard Cizik] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504103556/http://www.time.com/time/specials/2007/article/0,28804,1733748_1733754_1736213,00.html |date=2009-05-04 }}.&lt;/ref&gt; On December 11, 2008, Cizik gave his resignation from his position with NAE after a December 2 radio broadcast of [[NPR]]'s ''[[Fresh Air]]'' in which he voiced support for same-sex civil unions.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SFGATE&quot;&gt;[http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/12/11/national/a144713S91.DTL&amp;tsp=1 Top evangelical resigns after backing gay unions], by Eric Gorski, &quot;[[San Francisco Chronicle]]&quot;, December 11, 2008&lt;/ref&gt; His comments and his resignation have generated both strong support and strong criticism within the evangelical Christian community.&lt;ref name=ABC&gt;[https://abcnews.go.com/US/story?id=6491162&amp;page=1 New Evangelists Buck the Christian Right]. [[ABC News]]. Published December 19, 2008. Accessed December 19, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2010, Cizik launched the [[New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good]] together with [[David P. Gushee]], professor of Christian Ethics at Mercer University, and Steve Martin, a pastor and documentary filmmaker.&lt;ref name=&quot;CP article&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianpost.com/article/20100124/evangelicals-call-for-cancellation-of-haiti-s-foreign-debt/index.html New Evangelical Group Calls for Haiti Debt Cancellation], by Michelle A. Vu, &quot;[[The Christian Post]]&quot;, January 24, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;  The faith-based non-profit, which represents the merger of the previously distinct but sometimes interrelated efforts of the three founding partners, reportedly exists &quot;to advance human well-being as an expression of our love for Jesus Christ, which is itself a grateful response to his love for us and for a good but suffering world.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NEP&quot;&gt;[http://www.newevangelicalpartnership.org/?q=node/4 New Evangelical Partnership for the Common Good]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Biography==
Cizik graduated with a B.A., cum laude, in political science from [[Whitworth College]], received an M.A. in Public Affairs from the George Washington University School of Public &amp; International Affairs (now called the Elliot School of International Affairs), a Master of Divinity from Denver Seminary and an honorary doctorate in Christian Leadership from the Methodist Episcopal Church.&lt;ref&gt;Duke University, &quot;[http://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/people/cizik Board of Advisors - Rev. Richard Cizik - Nicholas Institute]&quot;. Accessed 2 May 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;

On May 18, 2014, Whitworth University, awarded Cizik an honorary Doctorate of Humane Letters. The University's Provost stated that &quot;Richard Cizik, an alumnus from the class of 1973, is a pastor, writer, environmentalist, thinker, and activist...For his commitment to truth and to the Lordship of Jesus Christ, to the health of our planet and the well-being of humanity, and in recognition of his strength of purpose and his courage in speaking out on crucial issues as a thoughtful and fully committed man of God, I am proud to represent Whitworth University as we confer upon Richard Cizik this degree of doctor of humane letters, honoris causa.&quot;

He was awarded a post-graduate fellowship from the Scottish Rite Foundation to study at the George Washington University (1973-1974) and by the Rotary International Foundation to study at the Political Science University in Taipei, Taiwan (1975-1976).  Cizik sits on advisory boards of the Institute on Religion and Public Policy, the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions at Duke University, and the Evangelical Environmental Network.

Cizik was named in 2006 by Beliefnet to be one of the &quot;Most Inspirational&quot; leaders of the year.

In 2007, Virginia Governor Tim Kaine named Cizik to the Virginia Climate Commission.  That appointment has led to his speaking on climate change at the University of Virginia, Eastern Mennonite University, Roanoke College, among many other universities around the country.

Fast Company magazine named him in 2008 to a list of &quot;Most Creative Thinkers.&quot;  He was named an Open Society Fellow of the Open Society Institute in 2009–2010, during which time he built relationships between scholars and activists on topics such as war and peace, climate change, and criminal justice.

In 2010, he was named to a list of &quot;Fifty Evangelical Leaders Who Shaped a Generation: The Renegade,&quot; by Roof Top Blog, WordPress and appeared in the acclaimed documentary on nuclear arms, directed by Lucy Walker and distributed by Participant Media, entitled &quot;Countdown To Zero.&quot;  Cizik has subsequently been a regular participant in Global Zero gatherings, including Summits held in London, England, and the Ronald Reagan Library in Simi Valley, California, and as a speaker at the Global Zero Inaugural Conference, held in Paris, in December, 2008.

In 2010, Cizik helped create and serves as co-chair of &quot;The Casablanca Institute&quot; to foster interfaith dialogue, build relationships between Evangelical Christians and Muslim leaders, and to seek common ground on the major issues facing both religious constituencies and the planet.  In 2013, the Casablanca Institute was named one of the top ten &quot;Best New Think Tanks&quot; in a global ranking called &quot;Global Go To Think Tank Rankings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gotothinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2012-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Report.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-02-02 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130228075634/http://www.gotothinktank.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/2012-Global-Go-To-Think-Tank-Report.pdf |archivedate=2013-02-28 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Career==

===National Association of Evangelicals===
Cizik was a staff member at the NAE from 1980 to 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Duke&quot;&gt;[http://www.nicholas.duke.edu/institute/bio-cizik.html Cizik biography] at the Nicholas Institute for Environmental Policy Solutions' website&lt;/ref&gt;  He described himself in the early years as a &quot;pro-[[George W. Bush|Bush]] [[American conservatism|conservative]]&quot; and generally took conservative positions on issues such as [[gay marriage]], [[abortion]], and [[stem-cell research]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;  As the organization's primary lobbyist, Cizik was influential in pushing conservative Evangelical-supported legislation at a national level.  However, he began moving more towards the center in the 1990s.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRD&quot;&gt;[http://www.theird.org/NETCOMMUNITY/Page.aspx?pid=867&amp;srcid=198 Interview with Richard Cizik], with Terry Gross. ''[[Fresh Air (NPR)|NPR's Fresh Air]], 12/2/2008&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.boston.com/news/nation/articles/2004/10/14/christian_lobbying_finds_success/ Christian lobbying finds success], by Farah Stockman, ''[[Boston Globe]]'', October 14, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reuters&quot;&gt;[http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=politicsNews&amp;storyID=2006-09-25T195455Z_01_N20188245_RTRUKOC_0_US-ENVIRONMENT-EVANGELICALS.xml Evangelical Christian lobbyist pushes environment] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061016205356/http://today.reuters.com/news/articlenews.aspx?type=politicsNews |date=2006-10-16 }}, by Deborah Zabarenko, [[Reuters]], September 25, 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

As national spokesman for millions of evangelicals, he has worked successfully with both Democrats and Republicans. In the fall of 2008, however, he began to publicly criticize John McCain (&quot;I thought John McCain was a principled person,&quot; &quot;But John McCain...seems to be waffling on issue after issue&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;Smacks McCain&quot;&gt;[http://coloradoindependent.com/8807/evangelical-leader-smacks-mccain-for-lack-of-principle Evangelical leader smacks McCain for lack of ‘principle’], by Cara Degette. Colorado Independent, 9/22/08&lt;/ref&gt; He voted for Barack Obama during the primaries,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB121937082033962551?mod=googlenews_wsj For Some Evangelicals, GOP Ties Are No Longer Binding], by Suzanne Sataline. [[Wall Street Journal]], 8/22/08&lt;/ref&gt; and strongly implied that he had voted for Obama in the general election.&lt;ref name=&quot;IRD&quot;/&gt; This, along with statements about abortion and same-sex civil unions, did not represent the NAE's position, and he resigned a week later.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT interview&quot; /&gt;

===Environmental activism===
After hearing scientist and fellow Evangelical [[John T. Houghton|John Houghton]] present evidence on [[global warming]] in 2002, Cizik was convinced that environmentalism, and especially climate change, should be a part of the Evangelical political agenda.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot; /&gt;

Cizik calls this environmentalism &quot;creation care.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;  He differentiates &quot;creation care&quot; from other environmentalism because of the former's roots &quot;not in politics or ideology, but in the scriptures.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;  Cizik cites several [[Bible]] verses to support his position, including [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Genesis%202:15;&amp;version=9;; Genesis 2:15] and [http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Revelation%2011:18;&amp;version=9; Revelation 11:18].&lt;ref name=&quot;Grist&quot; /&gt;

Cizik has been criticized for his global warming advocacy by fellow evangelicals and conservatives.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot; /&gt;  He has responded to some of these critics by asking whether his critics are possibly being influenced by ties to the conservative movement or oil and gas companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot; /&gt;

Cizik's name appeared as a signatory on an initial draft of the 2006 [[Evangelical Climate Initiative]]'s &quot;Call to Action,&quot; but it was absent from the final draft.  In an interview with [[Bill Moyers]], Cizik indicated that pressure from his colleagues at the NAE caused him to remove his name from the statement.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moyers&quot;/&gt; In fact the Executive Committee, responding to twenty Evangelical leaders who asked the NAE not to take a stance on global warming,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cornwallalliance.org/docs/appeal-letter-to-the-national-association-of-evangelicals-on-the-issue-of-global-warming.pdf 20 Christian leaders appeal to the NAE], January 2006&lt;/ref&gt; had passed a resolution stating that &quot;global warming is not a consensus issue&quot; and instructing its staff &quot;to stand by and not exceed in any fashion our approved and adopted statements concerning the environment contained within the Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cornwallalliance.org/articles/read/fact-sheet-evangelicals-should-be-wary-of-the-politicization-and-bad-science-of-global-warming-alarmism/#Resources Cornwall Alliance fact sheet]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT&quot;&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/08/national/08warm.htm Evangelical Leaders Join Global Warming Initiative], by Laurie Goodstein, ''[[New York Times]]'', February 8, 2006&lt;/ref&gt; (The 2001 document, ''For the Health of the Nation: An Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility'', includes a section on &quot;protect[ing] God's creation&quot; but does not mention climate change.&lt;ref name=&quot;NAE Civic Responsibility&quot;&gt;''[http://www.nae.net/images/civic_responsibility2.pdf For the Health of the Nation: An Evangelical Call to Civic Responsibility]'', National Association of Evangelicals, 2004&lt;/ref&gt;)

In January 2007, Cizik and [[Eric Chivian]] co-hosted the launch of a collaboration between scientists and Evangelicals, presenting it as a joint project of Harvard Medical School's Center for Health and the Global Environment and the NAE.&lt;ref&gt;[http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/jan_17.html Media advisory], Harvard Medical School Center for Health and the Global Environment, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; The 28 participants released &quot;An Urgent Call to Action,&quot; which presented human-induced climate change as a primary concern and called for prompt public policy solutions.&lt;ref&gt;[http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/signedstatement.pdf An Urgent Call to Action: Scientists and Evangelicals Unite to Protect Creation], January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; Critics of the collaboration pointed out that the NAE had not changed its position on climate change,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.cornwallalliance.org/articles/read/contrary-to-media-reports-national-association-of-evangelicals-has-not-endorsed-latest-statement-on-global-warming/ Contrary to Media Reports, National Association of Evangelicals Has Not Endorsed Latest Statement on Global Warming], Cornwall Alliance press release, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt; but in response to a reporter's question Cizik insisted that the NAE board had approved &quot;this dialogue.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/transcript.pdf#Page=11 Transcript] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100712081226/http://chge.med.harvard.edu/media/releases/documents/transcript.pdf#Page=11 |date=2010-07-12 }}, press conference, January 17, 2007&lt;/ref&gt;

In March 2007, [[James Dobson]], head of [[Focus on the Family]], and 24 other evangelical leaders signed a letter asking &quot;the NAE board to ensure that Mr. Cizik faithfully represents the policies and commitments of the organization, including its defense of traditional values,&quot; and suggesting that Cizik resign &quot;if he cannot be trusted to articulate the views of American evangelicals on environmental issues.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.citizenlink.org/pdfs/NAELetterFinal.pdf Letter to the NAE Board from 25 evangelical leaders]&lt;/ref&gt; A number of other evangelical leaders declined to sign Dobson's letter on the grounds that it was un-Christian.{{Citation needed|date=September 2011}}  [[Richard Land]] of the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] noted, &quot;I didn't feel that it was the most productive, most redemptive way to address the problem,&quot; and [[Leith Anderson]], NAE president, stated that his mail was &quot;overwhelmingly supportive of Rich.&quot;  Cizik has responded by saying that &quot;It's time we return to being people known for our love and care of the earth and our fellow human beings.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20070315180323/http://www.msnbc.msn.com/id/17553246/site/newsweek/ &quot;Beliefwatch:Tree Hugger&quot;, Newsweek, March 19th, 2007, pg. 13]&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2008, NAE President Leith Anderson reiterated that ''For the Health of the Nation'' contains the NAE's only official position on the environment, and confirmed that &quot;we don't [have a specific position] on global warming or emissions. [Cizik] has spoken as an individual on that.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT interview&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/decemberweb-only/150-41.0.html Interview: NAE President Leith Anderson on Richard Cizik's Resignation], by Sarah Pulliam, ''[[Christianity Today]]''. Published December 11, 2008. Accessed December 18, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, TIME magazine named Richard Cizik and Eric Chivian to its list of most influential &quot;Thinkers and Scientists&quot; list called the &quot;TIME 100.&quot;

In 2012, Rich Cizik became the Chief Spokesperson for the Good Steward Campaign, an ecumenically Christian environmental organization working on college campuses to inform and engage students in conversations about climate change, stewardship, creation care, and fossil fuel divestment. Rich travels up and down the East Coast doing speaking events for the Good Steward Campaign and spoken at schools like the University of Virginia and Eastern Mennonite University. He continues in this role today.

===Gay rights issues===
Cizik supported the passage of [[California Proposition 8 (2008)|Proposition 8]] and recently signed his name to a full-page ad in ''[[The New York Times]]''' accusing the [[Gay Community|gay population]] of &quot;anti-religious bigotry&quot;, especially against [[Mormon]]s, and &quot;trying to start a religious war.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt; In response, a gay rights group placed another full-page advertisement in ''[[The Salt Lake Tribune]]'' titled &quot;Lies in the name of the Lord&quot; and featuring [[Pinocchio]] carrying a whitewashed &quot;Cizik Version&quot; of the [[Bible]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot; /&gt;

Cizik made a statement on the [[National Public Radio]] program &quot;Fresh Air&quot; in December 2008 in which he said that he supports same-sex civil unions and is “shifting” on gay marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;&gt;[http://www.christianitytoday.com/ct/2008/decemberweb-only/150-42.0.html Richard Cizik Resigns from the National Association of Evangelicals], by Sarah Pullman. ''[[Christianity Today]]''. Published December 11, 2008. Accessed December 11, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;  He also commented that about 4 in 10 young evangelicals have a homosexual, bisexual, or transsexual friend or family member and about 5 in 10 favor either same-sex marriage or civil unions.&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt; Cizik later appeared to shift his position, releasing a statement reading: &quot;I am now and always have been committed to work to pass laws that protect and foster family life, and to work against government attempts to interfere with the integrity of the family, including same-sex 'marriage' and civil unions.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt; However, in a return visit to &quot;Fresh Air&quot; in July 2010, Cizik reiterated his support for same-sex civil unions and expressed his ambivalence about same-sex marriage.&lt;ref name=&quot;FreshAir28July2010&quot;&gt;[https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=128776382 Ousted Evangelical Reflects On Faith, Future ], by Terri Gross. ''[[Fresh Air]]''. Published July 28, 2010. Accessed July 28, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;  His NPR remarks led Cizik to resign from his position with the NAE.&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt;

Cizik's statements found support by some older evangelicals such as [[Jim Wallis]] and by many younger evangelicals, some of which [[ABC News]] says consider Cizik as a &quot;hero&quot;.&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt; In contrast, the NAE stated that Ciziks' positions do not &quot;appropriately represent the values and convictions&quot; of the NAE.&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt; David Brody, [[Christian Broadcasting Network]] correspondent, commented on the divided reaction by saying that &quot;At the end of the day, evangelicals are not going to budge on the life and marriage issues.&quot;&lt;ref name=ABC/&gt;

===Abortion and health care===

Cizik has described himself as an &quot;advocate for pro-life policies without exception.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt; He supports government distribution of [[contraception]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt; He has stated that &quot;younger evangelicals [...] are decidedly pro-life&quot; and that &quot;health care is just as important to younger evangelicals as is abortion.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CT article&quot;/&gt;  Cizik also conceived and helped draft the definite statement on evangelical support for family planning in 2012 entitled &quot;A Christian Call to Common Ground on Family Planning, Maternal and Children's Health and Abortion Reduction&quot; released at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. on October 15, 2012.

On December 24, 2012 Newsweek wrote in a piece entitled &quot;Can Safe Sex Save the Earth?&quot; that &quot;If his ouster [National Association of Evangelicals] was meant to silence him, it didn't work.&quot;  And that &quot;Cizik has also made the case that access to contraceptives is not only good for people, but also, since it helps curb overpopulation, good for the planet. On his blog, he calls family planning a “green technology.”

==See also==
* [[God's Warriors]], a [[God's Warriors#Criticism|controversial]] [[CNN]] [[news media|news program]] where [[Christiane Amanpour]] labeled Cizik as one of &quot;[[God's Warriors#God.E2.80.99s Christian Warriors|God's Christian Warriors]]&quot;.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
*{{C-SPAN|Richard Cizik}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Cizik, Richard}}
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:American evangelicals]]
[[Category:Leaders of Christian parachurch organizations]]
[[Category:Elliott School of International Affairs alumni]]
[[Category:Christianity and environmentalism]]
[[Category:Religious action on climate change]]
[[Category:Sustainability advocates]]
[[Category:Whitworth University alumni]]
[[Category:Carnegie Council for Ethics in International Affairs]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Richard Cizik]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Richard Cizik/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="74936" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|1=Diplomatic relations between the United States of America and the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox Bilateral relations|American–Venezuelan|USA|Venezuela|filetype=svg}}
'''United States–Venezuela relations''' refers to the [[bilateral relations]]hip between the [[United States]] and [[Venezuela]]. Relations have traditionally been characterized by an important trade and investment relationship as well as cooperation in combating the production and transit of illegal [[Recreational drug use|drugs]]. As of 23 January 2019,  the United States and Venezuela have no formal diplomatic ties, but continue to have relations under [[Juan Guaidó]], who serves as [[2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis|disputed]] interim president [[Responses to the 2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis#Recognition|recognized by around 54 countries]], including the United States. Test. 

Relations were strong under traditional governments in Venezuela, such as those of [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] and [[Rafael Caldera]].{{cn|date=April 2019}} However, tensions increased after the socialist President [[Hugo Chávez]] assumed elected office in 1999. Tensions between the countries increased further after Venezuela accused the administration of [[George W. Bush]] of supporting the [[2002 Venezuelan coup d'état attempt|Venezuelan failed coup attempt]] in 2002 against Chavez,&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_ao&quot;&gt;Observer International, 2002, [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/apr/21/usa.venezuela 'Venezuela coup linked to Bush team']. Retrieved 22 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ref_ap&quot;&gt;BBC News http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/programmes/newsnight/1985670.stm 'Warning to Venezuelan leader'. Retrieved 22 September 2007&lt;/ref&gt; an accusation that was partly retracted later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Rory|first1=Carroll|title=Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela|date=2014|publisher=New York|location=Penguin Books|isbn=978-0143124887|pages=82–83}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Relations between the United States and Venezuela have been further strained when the country expelled the U.S. ambassador in September 2008 in solidarity with [[Bolivia]] after a U.S. ambassador was accused of cooperating with violent anti-government groups in the country. Though relations thawed somewhat under President [[Barack Obama]] in June 2009, only to steadily deteriorate once again shortly afterwards. In February 2014, the Venezuelan government ordered three American diplomats out of the country on charges of promoting violence.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Venezuela expels 3 American Diplomats over Violence Conspiracy|url=http://news.biharprabha.com/2014/02/venezuela-expels-3-american-diplomats-over-violence-conspiracy/|work=IANS|publisher=news.biharprabha.com|accessdate=18 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;President Chavez ordered the expulsion of the U.S. Ambassador, John Duddy, on 11 September 2008, in solidarity with the Bolivian government's decision to expel the U.S. Ambassador in La Paz. The U.S. Government ordered the reciprocal expulsion of the Venezuelan Ambassador in Washington. Source: [https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35766.htm U.S. Department of State Background Notes on Venezuela]&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 January, during the [[2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis]] [[Nicolás Maduro]] announced that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following President Trump's announcement that the US recognized [[Juan Guaidó]], the Venezuelan opposition leader, as the interim President.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot; /&gt; On 26 January 2019, Maduro backtracked the request which defused the situation from a few days earlier with the request of the embassy staff to leave. Maduro's government was in a 30-day talk with the [[Trump Administration]] to open a U.S. Interest Office on 26 January.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/2a1383334f7c4825b9fe1fb0307276aa|title=Venezuela backtracks on order to expel US diplomats|first1=Manuel|last1=Rueda|first2=Edith M.|last2=Lederer|date=27 January 2019|website=AP NEWS}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== 19th century ==
During the [[Spanish American wars of independence]], the United States was officially neutral but permitted Spanish American agents to obtain weapons and supplies. With the reception of [[Manuel Torres (diplomat)|Manuel Torres]] in 1821, the [[Gran Colombia]] (present-day Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, northern Peru, Venezuela, western Guyana and northwest Brazil) became the first former Spanish colony recognized by the United States, and the United States was the second government (after the [[Kingdom of Brazil]]) to recognize an independent Spanish American state.{{sfnp|Robertson|1915|pp=189–190}} At that time, mutual relations have existed since the U.S. established a diplomatic mission in [[Santa Fe de Bogota]] in 1823. The next year the [[Anderson–Gual Treaty]] became the first bilateral treaty the U.S. concluded with another [[The Americas|American]] country. U.S. relations with the governments in Bogotá, Quito and Caracas were not interrupted when Ecuador and Venezuela left the federation in 1830.

==Roosevelt Corollary and Dollar Diplomacy==
The [[Venezuela Crisis of 1902–03]] saw a [[naval blockade]] of several months imposed against Venezuela by [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]], [[German Empire|Germany]] and [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] because of President [[Cipriano Castro]]'s refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in a recent Venezuelan [[Revolución Libertadora (Venezuela)|civil war]]. Castro assumed that the [[United States]]' [[Monroe Doctrine]] would see that the U.S. prevent European military intervention, but at the time the U.S. saw the Doctrine as concerning European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se. Though [[United States Secretary of State|U.S. Secretary of State]], [[Elihu Root]], characterized Castro as a ''&quot;crazy brute&quot;'' or a ''&quot;monkey&quot;'', President [[Theodore Roosevelt]] was concerned with the prospects of penetration into the region by [[Germany]]. With Castro failing to back down under U.S. pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reactions to the affair, the blockading nations agreed to a compromise, but maintained the blockade during negotiations over the details. This incident was a major driver of the [[Roosevelt Corollary]] and the subsequent U.S. [[Big Stick ideology|Big Stick policy]] and [[Dollar Diplomacy]] in Latin America.

When American diplomat, [[Herbert Wolcott Bowen]], returned to Venezuela in January 1904, he noticed Venezuela seemed more peaceful and secure. Castro would reassure Bowen that the United States and Venezuela were experiencing a strong relationship.  However, after the Castro regime delayed fulfilling the agreements which ended the [[Venezuelan crisis of 1902–03]], Bowen lost confidence. This would eventually lead to the Castro regime's economic policy angering the United States, France, and the Netherlands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Hendrickson|first1=Embrert|title=Roosevelt's Second Venezuelan Controversy|journal=The Hispanic American Historical Review|date=August 1970|volume=50|issue=3|pages=482–498|doi=10.2307/2512193|jstor=2512193}} See p. 483.&lt;/ref&gt; This would play a crucial role in the [[Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908]].

== Marcos Pérez Jiménez dictatorship (1953–1958) ==
Dictator [[Marcos Pérez Jiménez]] overthrew the elected president, [[Rómulo Gallegos]], and seized power in the [[1948 Venezuelan coup d'état]]. During this prosperity, foreign investment, particularly from American oil companies, grew along with the support from the Jiménez Regime. The anti-communist regime allowed and supported the exploitation of the country's natural resources by the [[American oil industry]], as a portion of the profits made its way from companies like [[Mobil]] and [[Exxon]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Turner|first1=Lous|title=The Oil Majors in World Poilitics|journal=International Affairs|date=1976|volume=52|issue=3|pages=368–380|doi=10.2307/2616551|jstor=2616551}}&lt;/ref&gt; to the personal coffers of Pérez Jiménez.&lt;ref name=&quot;Szulc&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Szulc|first1=Tad|title=Twilight of Tyrants|date=1959|publisher=New York}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1952-54v04/comp21&lt;/ref&gt;

Pérez Jiménez received the [[Legion of Merit]] from the U.S. government in 1954.&lt;ref name=&quot;Szulc&quot;/&gt;

The {{ill|Seguridad Nacional|es}}, headed by {{ill|Pedro Estrada|es}}, disappeared and tortured thousands of Venezuelans, both in its headquarters in [[Caracas]] and in a confinement camp on {{ill|Guasina Island|es|Guasina}} in the jungles of the [[Orinoco]]. After the [[1958 Venezuelan coup d'état]], when Pérez Jiménez abandoned the government and the country on 23 January 1958, more than 400 prisoners were found in the basement of the headquarters of the ''Seguridad Nacional''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Rother|first1=larry|title=Marcos Perez Jimenez, 87, Venezuela Ruler|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/22/world/marcos-perez-jimenez-87-venezuela-ruler.html|work=New York Times|date=22 September 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Puntofijo Pact ==
{{Expand section|date=July 2018}}
{{Main|Puntofijo Pact}}
Relations have traditionally been characterized by an important trade and investment relationship and cooperation in combating the production and transit of illegal [[Recreational drug use|drugs]] and were strong under the [[Puntofijo Pact]] governments in Venezuela, such as those of [[Carlos Andrés Pérez]] and [[Rafael Caldera]].{{cn|date=April 2019}}

==Presidency of Hugo Chávez==
{{POV section|date = January 2019}}
{{Politics of Venezuela}}
After Hugo Chávez was first elected [[President of Venezuela]] by a landslide in 1998, the South American country began to reassert sovereignty over its oil reserves. This action challenged the comfortable position held by U.S. economic interests for the better part of a century. The Chávez administration overturned the privatization of the state-owned oil company [[PDVSA]], raising royalties for foreign firms and eventually doubling the country's GDP.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://cepr.net/publications/reports/the-chavez-administration-at-10-years-the-economy-and-social-indicators|title=The Chávez Administration at 10 Years: The Economy and Social Indicators|first=Mark Weisbrot, Luis Sandoval, Rebecca|last=Ray|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Those oil revenues were used to fund social programs aimed at fostering human development in areas such as health, education, employment, housing, technology, culture, pensions, and access to safe drinking water.

Chávez's public friendship and significant trade relationship with [[Cuba]] and [[Fidel Castro]] undermined the U.S. policy of isolating Cuba; moreover, on Chavez's initiative, long-running ties between the U.S. and Venezuelan militaries were severed.  During Venezuela's presidency of [[OPEC]] in 2000, Chávez made a ten-day tour of OPEC countries. In the process, he became the first [[head of state]] to meet [[Saddam Hussein]] since the [[Gulf War]]. The visit was controversial in the U.S., although, Chávez did respect the ban on international flights to and from [[Iraq]] as he drove from his previous stop in Iran.&lt;ref&gt;[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.chavez.02/ – Chavez's tour of OPEC nations arrives in Baghdad]. CNN.com. 10 August 2000&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vargas tragedy ===
{{Main|Vargas tragedy}}
During the evacuation of survivors of the [[Vargas tragedy]], when torrential rains and the flash floods and [[debris flows]] in the [[Vargas State]] in 2000 killed tens of thousands of people and destroyed thousands of homes, a disaster relief team from the United States headed up by [[New Mexico]] State Senator [[Joseph Carraro]] arrived with a medical team and supplies to assess the damage and help those who were displaced. Contact was made with [[Project Y|Los Alamos Laboratory]] in New Mexico to determine any radioactive activity included in debris field. Water purification and sleeping units were provided.&lt;ref name=&quot;DebrisFlowUSGS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2001/ofr-01-0144/|title=Debris-flow and flooding hazards associated with the December 1999 storm in coastal Venezuela and strategies for mitigation|date=2 December 2002|publisher=U.S. Geological Survey|accessdate=31 March 2010|vauthors=Wieczorek GF, Larsen MC, Eaton LS, Morgan BA, Blair JL}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The disaster clean-up soon became politicized. Chávez initially accepted assistance from anyone who offered, with the United States sending helicopters and dozens of soldiers that arrived two days after the disaster. When defense minister Raúl Salazar complied with the offer of the United States' further aid that included 450 Marines and naval engineers aboard the [[USS Tortuga (LSD-46)|USS ''Tortuga'']] which was setting sail to Venezuela, Chávez told Salazar to decline the offer since &quot;[i]t was a matter of sovereignty&quot;. Salazar became angry and assumed that Chávez's opinion was influenced by talks with [[Fidel Castro]], though he complied with Chávez's order. Though additional aid was necessary, Chávez thought a more revolutionary image was more important and the USS ''Tortuga'' returned to its port.&lt;ref name=&quot;TREGEDY&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Comandante : Hugo Chavez's Venezuela|last1=Rory|first1=Carroll|date=2014|publisher=New York|isbn=978-0143124887|location=Penguin Books|pages=44–46}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===United States interference allegations===
In April 2002, 19 people died in the [[Llaguno Overpass events]] in Venezuela, which resulted in Chavez’ removal from power while an interim government led.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/03/washington/world/documents-show-cia-knew-of-a-coup-plot-in-venezuela.html|title=Documents Show C.I.A. Knew Of a Coup Plot in Venezuela|first=Juan|last=Forero|date=3 December 2004|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; After returning to power, Chávez claimed that a plane with U.S. registration numbers had visited and been berthed at Venezuela's Orchila Island airbase, where Chávez had been held captive.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} On 14 May 2002, Chávez alleged that he had definitive proof of U.S. military involvement in April's coup.{{Citation needed|date=March 2009}} He claimed that during the coup, Venezuelan radar images had indicated the presence of U.S. military naval vessels and aircraft in Venezuelan waters and airspace. ''[[The Guardian]]'' published a claim by [[Wayne Madsen]] alleging U.S. Navy involvement.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Campbell|first=Duncan|newspaper=The Guardian|date=29 April 2006|url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/international/story/0,3604,706802,00.html|title=American navy 'helped Venezuelan coup'|accessdate=21 June 2006|authorlink=Duncan Campbell (The Guardian) | location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. Senator [[Christopher Dodd]], D-CT, requested an investigation of concerns that Washington appeared to condone the removal of Mr Chavez,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|publisher=BBC News|date=14 May 2002|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/1988213.stm|title=US investigates Venezuela coup role|accessdate=21 June 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AP&quot;&gt;{{cite journal
 |journal=Common Dreams
 |date=10 May 2002 
 |title=Venezuela's Chavez Says United States Must Explain Reaction To Coup 
 |agency=Associated Press 
 |url=http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0510-05.htm 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20060621044833/http://www.commondreams.org/headlines02/0510-05.htm 
 |archivedate=21 June 2006 
}}&lt;/ref&gt; which found that &quot;U.S. officials acted appropriately and did nothing to encourage an April coup against Venezuela's president&quot; nor did they provide any naval logistical support.&lt;ref name=USEmbCoup&gt;U.S. Embassy, Caracas, Venezuela. [http://embajadausa.org.ve/wwwh1927.html State Dept. Issues Report on U.S. Actions During Venezuelan Coup:  (Inspector General finds U.S. officials acted properly during coup).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061006053902/http://embajadausa.org.ve/wwwh1927.html |date=6 October 2006 }}. Retrieved 26 May 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=USStateCoup&gt;U.S. Department of State and Office of Inspector General. [http://oig.state.gov/documents/organization/13682.pdf A Review of U.S. Policy toward Venezuela, November 2001 – April 2002.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030423012407/http://oig.state.gov/documents/organization/13682.pdf |date=23 April 2003 }}. Retrieved 26 May 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; [[CIA]] documents indicate that the Bush administration knew about a plot weeks before the April 2002 military coup.  They cite a document dated 6 April 2002, which says: &quot;dissident military factions...are stepping up efforts to organize a coup against President Chavez, possibly as early as this month.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;/&gt; According to [[William Brownfield]], ambassador to Venezuela, the U.S. embassy in Venezuela warned Chávez about a coup plot in April 2002.&lt;ref name=Crosshairs&gt;''Márquez Humberto''. (IPS 9 March 2006) [http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=27799 &quot;Statements Indicate Chávez May Indeed Be in Somebody's Crosshairs&quot;.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060713075448/http://www.ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=27799 |date=13 July 2006 }}. Retrieved 21 June 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;  Further, the [[United States Department of State]] and the investigation by the [[Office of the Inspector General]] found no evidence that &quot;U.S. assistance programs in Venezuela, including those funded by the [[National Endowment for Democracy]] (NED), were inconsistent with U.S. law or policy&quot; or &quot;.&amp;nbsp;.&amp;nbsp;. directly contributed, or was intended to contribute, to [the coup d'état].&quot;&lt;ref name=USEmbCoup/&gt;&lt;ref name=CIACoupInfo&gt;[http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/11/29/1448220 CIA Documents Show Bush Knew of 2002 Coup in Venezuela.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114223033/http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04%2F11%2F29%2F1448220 |date=14 November 2007 }}. Democracy Now, 29 November 2004. Retrieved 15 August 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Chávez also claimed, during the coup's immediate aftermath, that the U.S. was still seeking his overthrow. On October 6, 2002, he stated that he had foiled a new coup plot, and on 20 October 2002, he stated that he had barely escaped an assassination attempt while returning from a trip to Europe. However, his administration failed to investigate or present conclusive evidence to that effect.  During that period, the US Ambassador to Venezuela warned the Chávez administration of two potential assassination plots.&lt;ref name=Crosshairs/&gt;

Venezuela expelled US naval commander, John Correa, in January 2006.  The Venezuelan government claimed Correa, an attaché at the US embassy, had been collecting information from low-ranking Venezuelan military officers. Chavez claimed he had infiltrated the US embassy and found evidence of Correa's spying.  The US declared these claims &quot;baseless&quot; and responded by expelling Jeny Figueredo, the chief aid to the Venezuelan ambassador, to the US. Chavez promoted Figueredo to Deputy Foreign Minister to Europe.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/4706588.stm Chavez promotes expelled diplomat] BBC NEWS&lt;/ref&gt;

Hugo Chávez repeatedly alleged that the US had a plan, entitled [[Plan Balboa]], to invade Venezuela. In an interview with Ted Koppel, Chavez stated &quot;I have evidence that there are plans to invade Venezuela. Furthermore, we have documentation: how many bombers to overfly Venezuela on the day of the invasion, how many trans-Atlantic carriers, how many aircraft carriers...&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Nightline/International/Story?id=1134098&amp;page=3|work=ABC News|date= 16 September 2005| title= Transcript: Hugo Chavez Interview |accessdate=1 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Neither President Chavez nor officials of his administration ever presented such evidence. The US denies the allegations, claiming that Plan Balboa is a [[military simulation]] carried out by Spain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/26-757568.html|title='Plan Balboa' Not a U.S. Plan To Invade Venezuela|access-date=27 January 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205023123/http://usinfo.state.gov/media/Archive/2006/Jan/26-757568.html|archive-date=5 February 2008|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 20 February 2005, Chávez reported that the U.S. had plans to have him assassinated; he stated that any such attempt would result in an immediate cessation of U.S.-bound Venezuelan petroleum shipments.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4282603.stm Chavez says US plans to kill him.]  BBC News (21 February 2005). Retrieved 1 July 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Economic relations===

Chávez's socialist ideology and the tensions between the Venezuelan and the United States governments had little impact on economic relations between the two countries. On 15 September 2005, President Bush designated Venezuela as a country that has &quot;failed demonstrably during the previous 12 months to adhere to their obligations under international counternarcotics agreements.&quot; However, at the same time, the President waived the economic sanctions that would normally accompany such a designation, because they would have curtailed his government's assistance for democracy programs in Venezuela.&lt;ref&gt;Sullivan, Mark P. (1 August 2008) [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/109526.pdf &quot;Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy&quot;], page 35. United States Congressional Research Service&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, the United States remained Venezuela's most important trading partner for both oil exports and general imports – bilateral trade expanded 36% during that year&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.newyorker.com/talk/content/articles/070108ta_talk_surowiecki &quot;Synergy with the Devil&quot;], [[James Surowiecki]], ''[[The New Yorker]]'', 8 January 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2007, the U.S. imported more than $40 billion in oil from Venezuela and the trade between the countries topped $50 billion despite the tumultuous relationship between the two.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/09/12/world/americas/12bolivia.html|title=Alleging Coup Plot, Chávez Ousts U.S. Envoy|first=Simon|last=Romero|date=11 September 2008|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

With rising oil prices and Venezuela's oil exports accounting for the bulk of trade, bilateral trade between the US and Venezuela surged, with US companies and the Venezuelan government benefiting.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2006/08/16/world/americas/16venezuela.html?_r=1&amp;oref=slogin &quot;For Venezuela, as Distaste for U.S. Grows, So Does Trade&quot;] New York Times&lt;/ref&gt; Nonetheless, since May 2006, the Department of State, pursuant to Section 40A of the [[Arms Export Control Act]], has prohibited the sale of defense articles and services to Venezuela because of lack of cooperation on anti-terrorism efforts.&lt;ref&gt;Sullivan, Mark P. (1 August 2008) [https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/109526.pdf &quot;Venezuela: Political Conditions and U.S. Policy&quot;] United States Congressional Research Service, page 1, 37&lt;/ref&gt;

===Opposition to U.S. foreign policy===

Since the start of the [[George W. Bush administration]] in 2001, relations between Venezuela and the United States deteriorated markedly, as Chávez became highly critical of the [[Economy of the United States|U.S. economic]] and [[Foreign policy of the United States|foreign policy]]. Moreover, he criticized U.S. policy with regards to [[Iraq]], [[Haiti]], [[Kosovo]] the [[Free Trade Area of the Americas]], and other areas. Chávez also denounced the U.S.-backed ouster of [[Haiti]]an President [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] in February 2004.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} In a speech at the [[United Nations General Assembly]], Chávez said that Bush promoted &quot;a false democracy of the elite&quot; and a &quot;democracy of bombs&quot;.&lt;ref name=BBCCTUNBD&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/5365142.stm Chavez tells UN Bush is 'devil'], BBC&lt;/ref&gt;

Chávez's public friendship and significant trade relationship with [[Cuba]] and [[Cuban President|Fidel]] [[Fidel Castro|Castro]] undermined the U.S. policy of isolating Cuba; moreover, on Chavez's initiative, long-running ties between the [[US military|U.S.]] and [[Military of Venezuela|Venezuelan militaries]] were also severed. Chávez's stance as an [[OPEC]] price hawk has also raised the price of [[petroleum]] for American consumers, as Venezuela pushed OPEC producers towards lower production ceilings, with the resultant price settling around [[US dollar|$]]25 a [[barrel]] prior to 2004. During Venezuela's holding of the OPEC presidency in 2000, Chávez made a ten-day tour of OPEC countries. In the process, he became the first [[head of state]] to meet [[Saddam Hussein]] since the [[Gulf War]]. The visit was controversial both in Venezuela and in the US, although Chávez did respect the ban on international flights to and from Iraq (he drove from Iran, his previous stop).&lt;ref&gt;[http://archives.cnn.com/2000/WORLD/meast/08/10/iraq.chavez.02/ Chavez's tour of OPEC nations arrives in Baghdad, Venezuelan president first head of state to visit Hussein in 10 years.] CNN (10 August 2000). Retrieved 1 July 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

The Bush administration consistently opposed Chávez's policies.  Although it did not immediately recognize the Carmona government upon its installation during the 2002 attempted coup, it had funded groups behind the coup, speedily acknowledged the new government and seemed to hope it would last.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/30/AR2006093001317.html | title=Chavez: Assassination Attempt Foiled | date=30 September 2006 | first=Natalie | last=Obiko Pearson | newspaper=The Washington Post | accessdate=26 June 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The U.S. government called Chávez a &quot;negative force&quot; in the region, and sought support from among Venezuela's neighbors to isolate Chávez diplomatically and economically.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} One notable instance occurred at the 2005 meeting of the [[Organization of American States]].  A U.S. resolution to add a mechanism to monitor the nature of American [[democracies]] was widely seen as an attempt at diplomatically isolating both Chávez and the Venezuelan government. The failure of the resolution was seen by analysts as politically significant, evidencing widespread support in [[Latin America]] for Chávez, his policies, and his views.{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}

The U.S. also opposed and lobbied against numerous Venezuelan arms purchases made under Chávez. This includes a purchase of some 100,000 [[rifle]]s from [[Russia]], which [[Donald Rumsfeld]] implied would be passed on to the [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC), and the purchase of [[aircraft]] from [[Brazil]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}} The U.S. has also warned [[Israel]] to not carry through on a deal to upgrade Venezuela's aging fleet of [[F-16]]s. In August 2005, Chávez rescinded the rights of U.S. [[Drug Enforcement Administration]] (DEA) agents to operate in Venezuelan territory, territorial airspace, and territorial waters. While [[U.S. State Department]] officials stated that the DEA agents' presence was intended to stem [[cocaine]] traffic from [[Colombia]], Chávez argued that there was reason to believe the DEA agents were gathering intelligence for a clandestine [[assassination]] targeting him, with the ultimate aim of ending the [[Bolivarian Revolution]].{{Citation needed|date=March 2014}}

When a Marxist insurgency picked up speed in Colombia in the early 2000s, Chavez chose not to support the U.S. in its backing of the Colombian government. Instead, Chavez declared Venezuela to be neutral in the dispute, yet another action that irritated American officials and tensed up relations between the two nations. The border between Venezuela and Colombia was one of the most dangerous borders in Latin America at the time, because of Colombia's war spilling over to Venezuela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|jstor = 40209803|title = Venezuela's &quot;Civil Society Coup&quot;|last = Encarnación|first = Omar|date = 2002|journal = World Policy Journal|volume = 19|issue = 2|pages = 38–48|doi = 10.1215/07402775-2002-3005|pmid = }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Chávez dared the U.S. on 14 March 2008 to put Venezuela on a list of countries accused of supporting [[terrorism]], calling it one more attempt by [[Washington, D.C.]] to undermine him for political reasons.&lt;ref&gt;[http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/asiapcf/03/14/venezuela.us.ap/index.html Venezuela dares U.S. to put it on terror list] ''CNN (14 March 2008).'' Retrieved 14 March 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2011, Venezuela was one of the few countries to condemn the [[Death of Osama Bin Laden|killing of Osama Bin Laden]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2011/may/2/venezuela-vp-slams-bin-laden-murder/ Venezuela VP slams bin Laden ‘murder’], Washington Times. 2 May 2011. &quot;It surprises me to no end how natural crime and murder has become, how it is celebrated. At least before, imperialist governments were more subtle. Now the death of anyone, based on what they are accused of, but not only those working outside of the law like bin Laden, but also presidents, the families of presidents, are openly celebrated by the leaders of the nations that bomb them.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;

===Personal disputes===
Chávez's anti-U.S. rhetoric sometimes touched the personal: in response to the ouster of [[Haiti]]an President [[Jean-Bertrand Aristide]] in February 2004,  Chávez called U.S. President [[George W. Bush]] a ''[[pendejo]]'' (&quot;jerk&quot; or &quot;dumbass&quot;); in a later speech, he made similar remarks regarding [[Condoleezza Rice]].  President [[Barack Obama]] called Chávez &quot;a force that has interrupted progress in the region&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stabroeknews.com/index.pl/article?id=19157088|title=Article 106 of the constitution is clear|author=Staff Writer|work=Stabroek News|accessdate=10 March 2016|date=28 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a [[2006 Chávez speech at the UN|2006 speech at the UN]] he referred to Bush as &quot;the [[satan|Devil]]&quot; while speaking at the same [[podium]] the US president had used the previous day claiming that &quot;it still smells of sulphur&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/5365142.stm | publisher=BBC News | title=Chavez tells UN Bush is 'devil' | date=20 September 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; He later commented that [[Barack Obama]] &quot;shared the same stench&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/18/AR2009011802325.html | work=The Washington Post | first=Juan | last=Forero | title=Obama and Chávez Start Sparring Early | date=19 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During his weekly address ''[[Aló Presidente]]'' of 18 March 2006, Chávez responded to a [[White House]] report which characterized him as a &quot;demagogue who uses Venezuela's oil wealth to destabilize democracy in the region&quot;. During the address Chávez rhetorically called [[George W. Bush]] &quot;a [[donkey]].&quot; He repeated it several times adding ''&quot;eres un cobarde ... eres un asesino, un genocida ... eres un borracho&quot;'' (you are a [[coward]] ... you are an assassin, a [[mass-murder]]er ... you are a drunk).&lt;ref&gt;Telegraph. [https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/main.jhtml?xml=/news/2006/03/20/uchavez.xml&amp;sSheet=/portal/2006/03/20/ixportaltop.html Bush a donkey and drunkard, says Chavez.]. Retrieved 23 May 2006.&lt;/ref&gt; Chávez said Bush was &quot;a sick man&quot; and &quot;an [[alcoholic]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/09/21/AR2006092101163.html &quot;Chavez Boosts Heating Oil Program for U.S. Poor; Goes After Bush Again&quot;], Washington Post&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Response to Pat Robertson assassination calls ===
After prominent US [[evangelicalism|evangelical]], [[Pat Robertson]]'s [[n:Religious broadcaster Pat Robertson calls for assassination of Venezuela's president|on-air call for Chavez to be assassinated]] in August 2005, Robertson was condemned worldwide, particularly by the Chávez administration, who reported that it would more closely scrutinize and curtail foreign evangelical missionary activity in Venezuela. Chávez himself denounced Robertson's call as a harbinger of a coming U.S. intervention to remove him from office. Chávez reported that Robertson, member of the secretive and elite [[Council for National Policy]] (CNP) — of which [[George W. Bush|George Bush]], [[Grover Norquist]], and other prominent [[neoconservative]] Bush administration insiders were also known members or associates — was guilty of &quot;[[international terrorism]]&quot;. Robertson subsequently [[n:US televangelist Pat Robertson apologizes for assassination remark|apologized]] for his remarks, which were criticised by [[Ted Haggard]] of the U.S.-based [[National Association of Evangelicals]]. Haggard was concerned about the effects Roberson's remarks would have on US corporate and evangelical missionaries' interests in Venezuela.

=== Relations with Cuba and Iran ===

Chávez's warm friendship with former Cuban President Fidel Castro, in addition to Venezuela's significant and expanding economic, social, and aid relationships with Cuba, undermined the U.S. policy objective seeking to isolate the island. In 2000 Venezuela stepped in to bolster the Cuban crisis arising from the fall of the Soviet Union. Venezuela agreed to provide Cuba with a third of its oil needs,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2000/10/31/world/venezuela-will-sell-cuba-low-priced-oil.html|title=Venezuela Will Sell Cuba Low-Priced Oil|first=Larry|last=Rohter|date=31 October 2000|publisher=|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; at a 40% discount supplemented by a subsidized loan, the value of which was estimated at about $1.5-billion per year. In return, Cuba was to deliver doctors to work in Venezuela. The Venezuela assistance to the Cuban economy was estimated at between $10 billion to $13 billion annually between 2010 and 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://denverlawreview.org/dlr-onlinearticle/2016/4/16/the-time-has-come-the-united-states-cuba-and-the-end-of-the.html|title=Denver Law Review - DLR Online - THE TIME HAS COME: THE UNITED STATES, CUBA, AND THE END OF THE EMBARGO|website=denverlawreview.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

Chávez consolidated [[Iran–Venezuela relations|diplomatic relations with Iran]], including defending its right to civilian [[nuclear power]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/iran-venezuela-promise-new-world-order/|title=Iran, Venezuela Promise &quot;New World Order&quot;|website=www.cbsnews.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venezuela severed [[Israel–Venezuela relations|diplomatic relations with Israel]] in January 2009.

===Organization of American States===
At the 2005 meeting of the [[Organization of American States]], a United States resolution to add a mechanism to monitor the nature of democracies was widely seen as a move to isolate [[Venezuela]]. The failure of the resolution was seen as politically significant, expressing Latin American support for Chávez.&lt;ref&gt;Brinkley, Joel (6 June 2005). [https://www.nytimes.com/2005/06/06/international/americas/06oas.html?_r=0 &quot;Latin Nations Resist Plan for Monitor of Democracy&quot;]. ''New York Times''. Retrieved 12 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Hurricane Katrina===
After [[Hurricane Katrina]] battered the United States' [[Gulf coast]] in late 2005, the Chávez administration offered aid to the region.&lt;ref&gt;''USA Today'': [http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/world/2005-09-01-chavez-katrina-aid_x.htm Venezuela's Chavez offers hurricane aid.]  1 September 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;  Chávez offered [[ton]]s of [[food]], [[water]], and a million barrels of extra petroleum to the U.S. He has also proposed to sell, at a significant discount, as many as {{convert|66000|oilbbl|m3}} of [[fuel oil]] to poor communities that were hit by the hurricane and offered [[mobile hospital units]], [[medical specialist]]s, and [[electrical generator]]s.  According to activist [[Jesse Jackson]],&lt;ref&gt;(6 September 2005). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/sep/07/venezuela.hurricanekatrina &quot;Bush rejects Chávez aid&quot;]. ''The Guardian''. Retrieved 12 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; the Bush administration declined the Venezuelan offer. However, United States Ambassador to Venezuela, [[William Brownfield]] welcomed the offer of fuel assistance to the region, calling it &quot;a generous offer&quot; and saying &quot;when we are talking about one-to-five million dollars, that is real money. I want to recognize that and say, 'thank you.'&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''Voice of America'': [http://www.voanews.com/content/a-13-2005-09-06-voa61-66938477/264715.html US Ambassador: Venezuelan Post-Katrina Aid Welcome].  Accessed 13 March 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2005, following negotiations by leading US politicians for the US' largest fuel distributors to offer discounts to the less well-off, officials in [[Massachusetts]] signed an agreement with Venezuela.  The agreement aims to provide heating oil at a 40% discount to low-income families through [[Citgo]], a subsidiary of [[Petróleos de Venezuela S.A.|PDVSA]] and the only company to respond to the politicians' request.&lt;ref&gt;''BBC News''. (23 November 2005). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/americas/4461946.stm &quot;Venezuela gives US cheap oil deal&quot;]. Retrieved 23 November 2005.&lt;/ref&gt; Chávez stated that such gestures comprise &quot;a strong oil card to play on the [[geopolitical]] stage&quot; and that &quot;it is a card that we are going to play with toughness against the toughest country in the [[world]], the United States.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Blum, Justin (22 November 2005). [https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/11/21/AR2005112101800.html &quot;Chavez Pushes Petro-Diplomacy&quot;]. ''The Washington Post''. Retrieved 29 November 2005.&lt;/ref&gt;

===U.S. administrations===
In September 2008, following retaliatory measures in support of Bolivia, Chavez expelled the U.S. ambassador Patrick Duddy.  Chavez labeled Duddy persona non grata after accusing him of aiding a conspiracy against his government — a charge Duddy consequently denied.&lt;ref name=&quot;iht&quot;/&gt;

Despite allegedly waning of Hugo Chavez's aggressive foreign policy due to the [[2003 to 2008 world oil market chronology|sharp drop in oil]] in the last quarter of 2008, hostility with America continued. &quot;[[American Corners]],&quot; (AC) a partnership between the Public Affairs sections of U.S. Embassies worldwide and their host institutions, was said to be an interference in Venezuela. In their book, ''Imperial Spiderweb: Encyclopedia of Interference and Subversion'', Eva Golinger and Frenchman, Riman Mingus, warned that it was one of Washington's secret forms of propaganda, Golinger denouncing AC to the [[Venezuelan National Assembly]] as virtual consulates, which are not formally sponsored by the US government, but by an organization, association, school, library or local institution.  Additionally, they have not only functioned as a launch pad for a [[psychological war]], but also sought to subvert and violate diplomatic rules. The AC's were alleged to be closely supervised by the State Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://insidecostarica.com/dailynews/2008/november/17/reg05.htm|title=Venezuela Condemns US Interference|publisher=|accessdate=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Golinger has been described by many&lt;ref&gt;[[Simon Romero|Romero, Simon]], (26 October 2009). [https://www.nytimes.com/2009/10/26/world/americas/26venez.html &quot;Michael Moore Irks Supporters of Chávez&quot;.] ''[[New York Times]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Novia&gt;Golinger, Eva (10 January 2010). [http://www.salem-news.com/articles/january102010/venezeula_eg.php Eva Golinger Describes Curacao as the Third Frontier of the United States.] Salem-News.com. Retrieved 22 February 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=Bogardus&gt;Bogardus, Keven (22 September 2004). [http://projects.publicintegrity.org/oil/report.aspx?aid=383 Venezuela Head Polishes Image With Oil Dollars: President Hugo Chavez takes his case to America's streets.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004222044/http://projects.publicintegrity.org/oil//report.aspx?aid=383 |date=4 October 2011 }} [[Center for Public Integrity]]. Retrieved 22 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Jones, Bart (2 April 2004). [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1141/is_22_40/ai_n5994685/ &quot;U.S. funds aid Chavez opposition: National Endowment for Democracy at center of dispute in Venezuela&quot;.] ''[[National Catholic Reporter]]''. Retrieved 21 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DocumentsShow&gt;Forero, Juan (3 December 2004). [https://www.nytimes.com/2004/12/03/international/americas/03venezuela.html?pagewanted=print&amp;position= &quot;Documents Show C.I.A. Knew of a Coup Plot in Venezuela&quot;.] ''The New York Times''. Retrieved 21 February 2010.&lt;/ref&gt; as pro-[[Hugo Chavez|Chavez]].

In January 2009, Chavez announced an investigation into the US Chargé d'Affairs, John Caulfield, who is the leading US diplomat after Duddy's expulsion. He contended that Caulfield had possibly met with opposition Venezuelans in exile in Puerto Rico; an official spokeswoman from the United States said Caulfield was there for a wedding. Chavez used the occasion to accuse &quot;the empire&quot; of using Puerto Rico as a base for actions against him and Latin America. He referred to Puerto Rico as a &quot;gringo colony&quot; and that one day the island would be liberated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.elnuevodia.com/diario/noticia/mundiales/noticias/chavez:_puerto_rico_es_colonia_gringa_todavia/516443 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 June 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090112191249/http://www.elnuevodia.com/diario/noticia/mundiales/noticias/chavez:_puerto_rico_es_colonia_gringa_todavia/516443 |archive-date=12 January 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Presidency of Barack Obama====
During the [[2008 US Presidential Elections|2008 U.S. election]], Chávez declared that he had no preference between [[Barack Obama]] and [[John McCain]] stating &quot;the two candidates for the US presidency attack us equally, they attack us defending the interests of the empire&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/17/venezuela.usa | location=London | work=The Guardian | first=Mark | last=Tran | title=Obama no different to McCain, says Chavez | date=17 July 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; After Obama had won the election, Venezuela's foreign minister labeled the outcome an historic moment in international relations and added that the American people had chosen a &quot;new brand&quot; of diplomacy.  When Chavez was asked if the previously expelled ambassadors for each country would return, he replied &quot;everything has its time.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=April 2009}} However, at a rally the evening before the 4 November elections where Chávez was supporting his own candidates Chávez echoed a sentiment by Lula of Brazil and Morales of Bolivia, referencing the change happening in Latin America seemed to be taking place in the US. He expressed hope that he would meet with Obama as soon as possible.&lt;ref name=&quot;iht&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/|title=Breaking News, World News &amp; Multimedia|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, on 22 March 2009, Chávez called Obama &quot;ignorant&quot; and claimed Obama &quot;has the same stench as Bush&quot;, after the US accused Venezuela of supporting the insurgent [[Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia]] (FARC).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/01/18/AR2009011802325.html | work=The Washington Post | title=Obama and Chávez Start Sparring Early | first=Juan | last=Forero | date=19 January 2009 | accessdate=26 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Chávez was offended after Obama said that he had &quot;been a force that has interrupted progress in the region&quot;, resulting in his decision to put Venezuela's new ambassador to the United States on hold.&lt;ref&gt;http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1237727509556&amp;pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull{{Dead link|date=November 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;

During the [[Summit of the Americas]] on 17 April 2009, Chávez met with Obama for the first, and only, time where he expressed his wish to become Obama's friend.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/18/world/americas/18prexy.html?ref=global-home | work=The New York Times | title=Obama Says U.S. Will Pursue Thaw With Cuba | date=18 April 2009 | accessdate=26 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=http://www.cnn.com/2009/POLITICS/04/17/obama.latinamerica/index.html | publisher=CNN | title=Obama: 'We can move U.S.-Cuban relations in a new direction' | date=17 April 2009 | accessdate=26 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Santos Clinton Piñera Chavez.jpg|thumb|Chávez meets with [[Hillary Clinton]] on 1 January 2011, [[Brasília]]]]

On 10 September 2009, Chávez gave a speech at the [[Peoples' Friendship University of Russia]] in Moscow declaring that &quot;in all history, there was never a government more terrorist than the US. The Empire of the Yankees. They are the main terrorists of the world&quot;, he added, referring to the U.S.  &quot;The Yankee empire will fall. It's already falling, and will disappear from the face of the Earth, and it's going to happen this century.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.russiatoday.com/Top_News/2009-09-10/chavez-russia-emotional-speech.html |title=Archived copy |access-date=12 September 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090914105136/http://russiatoday.com/Top_News/2009-09-10/chavez-russia-emotional-speech.html |archive-date=14 September 2009 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--Another example of Chavez's continued stark criticisms of post-Bush era United States was that on 18 January 2010 the Venezuelan state run television channel [[ViVe]], published a note by Chavez accusing United States of producing the [[2010 Haiti earthquake]] as a series of experimental earthquakes for secret military use. The note also links the [[United States Navy]] to an earthquake that hit the city of [[Eureka, California]] as well as the earthquake in [[Sichuan, China]], 12 May of 2008. The note claims that these earthquakes were produced by a combination of explosions and technology developed within the [[High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program|HAARP]].&lt;ref&gt;Web-site of the ViVe television chain, information organ of the Venezuelan government. [http://www.vive.gob.ve/inf_art.php?id_not=15464&amp;id_s=3]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.abc.es/20100119/internacional-/chavez-acusa-provocar-seismo-201001191332.html|title=Chávez acusa a EE.UU. de provocar el seísmo de Haití|work=ABC|accessdate=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; --&gt; 
&lt;!--Several media outlets falsely reported that President Chavez himself made these claims.--&gt;

On December 20, 2011, Chávez called Obama &quot;A clown, an embarrassment, and a shame to Black People&quot; after Obama criticized Venezuela's ties with Iran and Cuba.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.politico.com/news/stories/1211/70694.html#ixzz1pBQ11D9Z/|title=Chavez: Obama's a 'clown' president|work=POLITICO|accessdate=10 March 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Venezuela and the United States have not had ambassadors in each other's capitals since 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-21763865 | work=BBC News | title=Venezuela to investigate Chavez murder allegations | date=12 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly before the [[2012 United States presidential election|2012 US presidential elections]], Chávez announced that if he could vote in the election, he would vote for Obama.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Hugo Chavez Says He Would Vote for Obama  |first=Seth |last=Cline |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/articles/2012/10/01/hugo-chavez-says-he-would-vote-for-obama-debate-talking-point-hugo-chavez-endorses-obama |newspaper=[[U.S. News &amp; World Report]] |date=1 October 2012 |accessdate=28 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, before [[Hugo Chavez]] died, Venezuelan Vice President [[Nicolás Maduro]] expelled two U.S. military attaches from the country, saying they were plotting against Venezuela by attempting to recruit Venezuelan military personnel to destabilize Venezuela and suggested they caused Chavez's cancer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Venezuela Takes Page From Cuban Playbook |author=Ezequiel Minaya |author2=David Luhnow |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424127887323494504578342440377083144?mod=WSJ_hpp_LEFTTopStories |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=5 March 2013 |accessdate=11 March 2013 }}&lt;br/&gt;{{cite news |title=Venezuela expels two U.S. military attachesdenouncing U.S. conspiratorial plan |url=http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/world/2013-03/06/c_132210861.htm |newspaper=Xinhua |date=6 March 2013 |accessdate=11 March 2013 }}&lt;br/&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. seeks better relations with Venezuela, but says they may not come soon |author=Karen DeYoung |url=https://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-06/world/37500568_1_vice-president-nicolas-maduro-venezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-venezuelan-constitution |newspaper=Washington Post |date=11 March 2013 |accessdate=11 March 2013 |archive-date=11 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111015011/http://articles.washingtonpost.com/2013-03-06/world/37500568_1_vice-president-nicolas-maduro-venezuelan-president-hugo-chavez-venezuelan-constitution |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Obama Administration rejected the allegations and responded by expelling two Venezuelan diplomats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Obama, US lawmakers see 'new chapter' in Venezuela after Chavez's death |url=http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2013/03/06/obama-us-supports-venezuelan-people-as-begin-new-chapter-after-chavez/ |newspaper=Fox News |date=6 March 2013 |accessdate=12 March 2013 |quote=Vice President Nicolas Maduro claimed “historical enemies” of Venezuela were behind Chavez’s cancer diagnosis. The Venezuelan government also expelled two U.S. diplomats from the country – accusing them of spying. &lt;br/&gt;The State Department rejected the allegations and suggested it did not bode well for the future of U.S.-Venezuela ties. }}&lt;br/&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. Expels 2 Venezuela Envoys |author=William Neuman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/12/world/americas/us-expels-two-venezuelan-diplomats.html?ref=todayspaper&amp;_r=0 |newspaper=New York Times |date=11 March 2013 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}&lt;br/&gt;{{cite news |title=Venezuela diplomats expelled by US in tit-for-tat row |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-21749250 |newspaper=BBC News |date=11 March 2013 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}&lt;br/&gt;{{cite news |title=In retaliation, U.S. boots Venezuelan diplomats |author=Bradley Klapper |agency= Associated Pres |url=http://www.armytimes.com/mobile/news/2013/03/ap-us-expels-two-venezualan-diplomats-031113 |newspaper=Army Times |date=11 March 2013 |accessdate=12 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

President [[Barack Obama]] signed the [[Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014]], a U.S. Act imposing sanctions on Venezuelan individuals held responsible by the United States for [[Human rights in Venezuela|human rights violations]] during the [[2014 Venezuelan protests]], in December of that year.&lt;ref name=History1&gt;{{cite web| url= https://www.congress.gov/bill/113th-congress/senate-bill/2142/titles| title= S.2142 - Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014| accessdate= 2 April 2019|work= Congress.gov|publisher= Library of Congress |date= 18 December 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=History3&gt;{{cite news|url= http://www.apnewsarchive.com/2014/Obama-signs-bill-to-sanction-Venezuelan-officials-for-crackdown-on-anti-government-protesters/id-16e5cb67ca184b7aaa32ded6c777c72a |title= Obama signs bill to sanction Venezuelan officials |accessdate= 2 April 2019 |date= 18 December 2014|work= Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; It &quot;requires the President to impose sanctions&quot; on those &quot;responsible for significant acts of violence or serious human rights abuses associated with February 2014 protests or, more broadly, against anyone who has directed or ordered the arrest or prosecution of a person primarily because of the person's legitimate exercise of freedom of expression or assembly&quot;.&lt;ref name= Overview&gt;{{cite web |url= https://fas.org/sgp/crs/row/IF10715.pdf |publisher= Federation of American Scientists |work= Congressional Research Service|title= Venezuela: Overview of U.S. sanctions |date= 8 March 2019 |accessdate= 3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Act was extended in 2016 to expire on 31 December 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.congress.gov/bill/114th-congress/senate-bill/2845/text |publisher= congress.gov |date= 15 July 2016 |accessdate= 3 April 2019 |title= S.2845 - Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Extension Act of 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

On 2 February 2015, the [[United States Department of State]] imposed visa restrictions on current and former Venezuelan officials that were allegedly linked to presumed [[human rights abuses]] and [[political corruption]].&lt;ref name=REUTfeb2015&gt;{{cite news|title=U.S. slaps visa restrictions on current, former Venezuelan officials|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/02/us-venezuela-usa-visas-idUSKBN0L620D20150202|accessdate=2 April 2019|work=Reuters|date=2 February 2015|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924213056/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/02/02/us-venezuela-usa-visas-idUSKBN0L620D20150202|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The visa restrictions also included family members, with the Department of State saying, &quot;We are sending a clear message that human rights abusers, those who profit from public corruption, and their families are not welcome in the United States&quot;.&lt;ref name=REUTfeb2015/&gt;

Obama issued Executive Order 13692 in March 2015, which blocks assets or imposes travel bans on those &quot;involved in or responsible for the erosion of human rights guarantees, persecution of political opponents, curtailment of press freedoms, use of violence and human rights violations and abuses in response to antigovernment protests, and arbitrary arrest and detention of antigovernment protestors, as well as significant public corruption by senior government officials in the country.&quot;&lt;ref name= StateDeptSanc&gt;{{cite web |url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/e/eb/tfs/spi/venezuela |title= Venezuela-related sanctions |publisher= U.S. Department of State |accessdate= 3 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under EO 13692, the Obama administration [[International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis|sanctioned seven individuals, and the Trump administration has sanctioned]] 73 as of 8 March 2019.&lt;ref name= Overview/&gt;

In December 2011, Chávez already under treatment for cancer and wondered out loud: “would it be so strange that they’ve invented the technology to spread cancer and we won’t know about it for 50 years?” The Venezuelan president was speaking one day after Argentina's leftist president, [[Cristina Fernández de Kirchner]], announced she had been diagnosed with thyroid cancer. This was after three other prominent leftist Latin America leaders had been diagnosed with cancer: Brazil's president, [[Dilma Rousseff]]; former Paraguayan president, [[Fernando Lugo]], and the former Brazilian leader, [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]].  ''[[The Guardian]]'' newspaper's Venezuela expert, [[Rory Carroll]], has glibly categorized serious charges that Venezuela's late President Hugo Chavez Frias was assassinated by a United States-produced bio-weapon as being in the same league with &quot;conspiracy theorists who wonder about aliens at Roswell and NASA faking the moon landings&quot;. A number of Venezuelan officials&lt;ref name=BBCConspiracy&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuela says embalming of Chavez' body 'unlikely'|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-21780374|work=bbc.co.uk/news|accessdate=14 March 2013|date=13 March 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;  believe a hostile party covertly introduced an aggressive form of cancer into the 58-year-old president.

==Presidency of Nicolás Maduro==
{{further|International sanctions during the Venezuelan crisis}}
On 1 October 2013, the US ordered three Venezuelan diplomats out of the country in response to the Venezuelan government's decision to expel three US officials from Venezuela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Venezuelan diplomats expelled by U.S. in retaliation|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2013/10/02/venezuela-us-diplomats-expelled/2906589/?dlvrit=206567|publisher=USA Today|accessdate=2 October 2013|date=2 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 16 February 2014, President Maduro announced he had ordered another three US consular officials to leave the country, accusing them of conspiring against the government and aiding opposition protests. Maduro described the US statements that claimed to be concerned with rising tensions and protests and warned against Venezuela's possible arrest of the country's opposition leader as &quot;unacceptable&quot; and &quot;insolent.&quot; He said, &quot;I don't take orders from anyone in the world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Expulsion of three US envoys ordered by Venezuela|url=http://www.venezuelastar.com/index.php/sid/220121421/scat/262fd6adf564928c/ht/Expulsion-of-three-US-envoys-ordered-by-Venezuela |newspaper=Venezuela Star |date=17 February 2014 |accessdate=17 February 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 25 February 2014, the United States responded by expelling three additional Venezuelan diplomats from the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. expelling 3 Venezuelan diplomats|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/02/25/venezuelan-diplomats-expelled/5816287/ |newspaper=USA Today |date=25 February 2014 |accessdate=24 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 28 May 2014, the [[United States House of Representatives]] passed the [[Venezuelan Human Rights and Democracy Protection Act (H.R. 4587; 113th Congress)]], a bill that would apply economic sanctions against Venezuelan officials who were involved in the mistreatment of protestors during the [[2014 Venezuelan protests]].&lt;ref name=HousePasses28&gt;{{cite news|last=Marcos|first=Cristina|title=House passes Venezuela sanctions bill|url=http://thehill.com/blogs/floor-action/house/207463-house-passes-venezuela-sanctions-bill|accessdate=28 May 2014|newspaper=The Hill|date=28 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In December 2014, the US Congress passed Senate 2142 (the &quot;Venezuela Defense of Human Rights and Civil Society Act of 2014&quot;).&lt;ref&gt;Jonathan C. Poling, [[Akin Gump]], http://www.akingump.com/en/news-insights/obama-to-sign-venezuela-sanctions-bill.html&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Secretary Kerry Speaks With Venezuelan President Maduro (29663133670).jpg|thumb|Maduro meeting with U.S. Secretary of State [[John Kerry]] on 26 September 2016]]
On 9 March 2015, the United States President, [[Barack Obama]], signed and issued a presidential order declaring Venezuela a &quot;threat to its national security&quot; and ordered sanctions against seven Venezuelan officials. Venezuelan President [[Nicolás Maduro]] denounced the sanctions as an attempt to topple his socialist government. Washington said that the sanctions targeted individuals who were involved in the violation of Venezuelans' human rights, saying that &quot;we are deeply concerned by the Venezuelan government's efforts to escalate intimidation of its political opponents&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/10/us-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150310 |title=U.S. declares Venezuela a national security threat, sanctions top officials |date=10 March 2015 |publisher=Reuters |accessdate=14 March 2015 |archive-date=13 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151113112426/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/03/10/us-usa-venezuela-idUSKBN0M51NS20150310 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The move was denounced by other Latin American countries. The [[Community of Latin American and Caribbean States]] issued a statement criticizing Washington's &quot;unilateral coercive measures against International Law.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ibtimes.com/venezuela-president-nicolas-maduro-granted-special-powers-designed-counter-1845794 |title=Venezuela President Nicolas Maduro Granted Special Powers Designed To Counter 'Imperialism' |author=Aditya Tejas |date=13 March 2015 |website=ibtimes |publisher=International Business Times |accessdate=14 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Secretary-General of the [[Union of South American Nations]] (UNASUR), [[Ernesto Samper]], said that the body rejects &quot;any attempt at internal or external interference that attempts to disrupt the democratic process in Venezuela.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://rt.com/news/240325-venezuela-sanctions-obama-america/ |title='Undemocratic, interventionist': Bolivia lashes out at Obama for Venezuela sanctions |date=13 March 2015 |publisher=RT |accessdate=14 March 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the election of [[Donald Trump]] as President of the United States, [[Citgo]], a US-based oil company owned by the Venezuelan government, gifted $500,000 toward [[Donald Trump's inauguration]] on 20 January 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Campoy|first1=Ana|title=Venezuela, where people are starving, gave Trump half a million dollars for his inauguration|url=https://qz.com/963702/fec-report-venezuelas-citgo-donated-500000-to-donald-trumps-inaugural-committee/|accessdate=19 April 2017|work=[[Quartz (publication)|Quartz]]|date=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 20 April 2017, the Venezuelan Government seized the General Motors Plant in the Venezuelan state of Zulia, causing the plant to close operations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/venezuela-seizes-a-gm-plant-amid-antigovernment-protests/2017/04/20/e58a229c-25c7-11e7-928e-3624539060e8_story.html|title=Venezuela seizes a General Motors plant amid anti-government protests|first=|last=|website=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis===
{{mainarticle|2017 Venezuelan constitutional crisis}}
On 11 August 2017, President Trump said that he is &quot;not going to rule out a military option&quot; to confront the autocratic government of Nicolás Maduro and the deepening crisis in Venezuela.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Trump won't 'rule out a military option' in Venezuela|accessdate=12 August 2017|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/post-politics/wp/2017/08/11/trump-wont-rule-out-a-military-option-in-venezuela/|work=[[The Washington Post]]|date=11 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Venezuela's Defense Minister, [[Vladimir Padrino López]], immediately criticized Trump for his statement, calling it &quot;an act of supreme extremism&quot; and &quot;an act of madness&quot;. The Venezuelan Communications Minister, [[Ernesto Villegas]], said Trump's words amounted to &quot;an unprecedented threat to national sovereignty&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Trump's Threat to Invade Venezuela Boosts Embattled Leader Maduro|accessdate=12 August 2017|url=http://www.slate.com/blogs/the_slatest/2017/08/12/trump_s_threat_to_invade_venezuela_amounts_to_a_big_gift_for_embattled_leader.html|work=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]|date=12 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; President Maduro's son, [[Nicolás Maduro Guerra]], stated during the 5th [[2017 Constituent Assembly of Venezuela|Constituent Assembly of Venezuela]] session that if the United States were to attack Venezuela, &quot;the rifles would arrive in New York, Mr. Trump, we would arrive and take the [[White House]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Uzcátegui|first1=Ruth|title=Nicolás Maduro Guerra sobre intervención de Trump: Llegaríamos a tomar la Casa Blanca|url=http://www.panorama.com.ve/politicayeconomia/Nicolas-Maduro-Guerra-sobre-intervencion-de-Trump-Llegariamos-a-tomar-la-Casa-Blanca-20170812-0027.html|accessdate=13 August 2017|work=[[Diario Panorama]]|date=12 August 2017|language=es}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

===2019 Venezuelan presidential crisis===
{{mainarticle|Venezuelan presidential crisis}}
[[File:23 Enero 2019 comunicado a los embajadores.jpg|thumb|23 January 2019 communication from National Assembly to ambassadors]]
On 23 January 2019, Maduro announced that Venezuela was breaking ties with the United States following President Trump's announcement of recognizing [[Juan Guaidó]], the leader of Venezuela's [[National Assembly (Venezuela)|National Assembly]], as the interim President of Venezuela.&lt;ref name=&quot;cnbc&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/01/23/venezuela-president-maduro-breaks-relations-with-us-gives-american-diplomats-72-hours-to-leave-country.html|title=Venezuela's Nicolas Maduro gives American diplomats 72 hours to leave|date=23 January 2019|website=www.cnbc.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maduro said all US diplomats must leave within 72 hours, but Guaidó said that they should stay.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/venezuelan-opposition-leader-declares-himself-president-amid-unrest-180800328.html|title=Nicolas Maduro expels US diplomats as rival Juan Guaido claims Venezuelan presidency|website=uk.news.yahoo.com|language=en-GB|access-date=23 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; Maduro later confirmed the closure of the [[Embassy of Venezuela, Washington, D.C.|Venezuelan Embassy]] and all consulates in the United States.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-venezuela-politics-maduro-idUSKCN1PI2V6|title=Venezuela to close U.S. embassy, consulates: Maduro|date=24 January 2019|publisher=|via=www.reuters.com|newspaper=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt; In response Maduro ordered the expulsion of US diplomats, giving them 72&amp;nbsp;hours to leave Venezuela. The US said it would not close its embassy, stating their diplomatic relationship was with Guaidó's government, and holding Maduro responsible for the safety of its staff.&lt;ref name=&quot;:17&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/venezuela-almost-all-latin-america-like-trump-supports-maduro-rival-2019-1?r=US&amp;IR=T|title=Almost every country in Latin America sided with Trump against Venezuela's embattled president Maduro|website=Business Insider|accessdate=24 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://time.com/5512374/us-embassy-venezuela-maduro-military-standoff/|title=Venezuelan Official Threatens to Cut Power to U.S. Embassy as Diplomatic Standoff Grows|website=TIME|accessdate=24 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://uk.news.yahoo.com/venezuelan-opposition-leader-declares-himself-president-amid-unrest-180800328.html|title=Nicolas Maduro expels US diplomats as rival Juan Guaido claims Venezuelan presidency|website=uk.news.yahoo.com|access-date=23 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 26 January 2019, only hours before the deadline, the Maduro government backtracked on its expulsion order, giving US diplomats another 30&amp;nbsp;days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://apnews.com/2a1383334f7c4825b9fe1fb0307276aa|title=Venezuela backtracks on order to expel US diplomats|last=Rueda|first=Manuel|last2=Lederer|first2=Edith M.|date=27 January 2019|website=[[Associated Press]]|access-date=27 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:President Trump Delivers Remarks to the Venezuelan American Community (47145953601).jpg|thumb|President [[Donald Trump]] warned Venezuelan soldiers to renounce loyalty to Nicolás Maduro.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Ditch Maduro or lose everything, Trump tells Venezuelan army |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/feb/18/trump-venezuela-nicolas-maduro-juan-guaido |work=The Guardian |date=18 February 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]
The last U.S. diplomats in Caracas left Venezuela on Thursday, 14 March, according to Secretary of State Mike Pompeo. Their departure put an end to a U.S. presence in Venezuela, after president Maduro effectively broke off diplomatic relations with the U.S. in late January.{{cn|date=April 2019}}

On 5 April 2019, the United States signed a [[protecting power]] agreement with [[Switzerland]] to represent its interests in Venezuela,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Schweiz vertritt künftig USA in Venezuela|url=https://www.srf.ch/news/schweiz/gute-dienste-schweiz-vertritt-kuenftig-usa-in-venezuela|access-date=2019-04-09|date=5 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; however, the agreement is not yet operational as it has not been approved by Maduro's government&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://ahvalnews.com/venezuela-turkey/maduros-venezuelan-govt-proposes-turkey-protecting-power-embassy |title = Maduro's Venezuelan govt. Proposes Turkey as 'protecting power' for embassy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.urdupoint.com/en/world/venezuela-proposes-turkey-to-be-protecting-po-622463.html |title = Venezuela Proposes Turkey to be Protecting Power of Embassy in Washington - UN Envoy}}&lt;/ref&gt; due to the United States rejecting Maduro's government's proposal to have [[Turkey]] as its protecting power as the United States only recognizes Guaidó as interim president.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/venezuela-proposes-turkey-as-protecting-power-143463 |title = Venezuela proposes Turkey as 'protecting power' - Turkey News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://uwidata.com/3684-venezuela-asks-turkey-to-serve-as-a-protecting-power/ | title=Venezuela asks Turkey to serve as a &quot;protecting power...&quot;| date=31 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the meantime, the United States has instead established a &quot;Venezuela Affairs Unit&quot; section at the U.S. Embassy in [[Bogota]], [[Colombia]] to serves as an interim diplomatic office to Venezuela.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.state.gov/creation-of-the-venezuela-affairs-unit/ |title = Creation of the Venezuela Affairs Unit}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the spring of [[2020 in Venezuela|2020]] the United States stepped up pressure on Maduro. On 26 March the [[2020 in United States politics and government|United States]] accused President Nicolás Maduro of narcoterrorism and offered a $15 million reward for information leading to his arrest.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2020/03/26/estados-unidos-sancionara-al-regimen-de-nicolas-maduro-por-sus-vinculos-con-el-narcoterrorismo-internacional/ The United States accused Nicolás Maduro of narco-terrorism and offered USD 15 million for data leading to his arrest] {{in lang|es}} Infobae, 26 Mar 2020&lt;/ref&gt; In response, Maduro called US President [[Donald Trump]] a “racist cowboy”.&lt;ref&gt;[https://nypost.com/2020/03/27/venezuelan-president-nicolas-maduro-threatens-trump-in-face-of-drug-charges/ Venezuelan President Nicolás Maduro threatens Trump in face of drug charges] By Yaron Steinbuch, New York Post, 27 March 2020&lt;/ref&gt; A few days later, Venezuelan Attorney General Tarek William Saab summoned opposition leader Juan Guaidó for questioning for an alleged &quot;attempted [[coup d'etat]]&quot; and &quot;attempted assassination&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;[https://news.yahoo.com/venezuela-prosecutors-office-summoned-guaido-attempted-coup-151654627.html Venezuela prosecutor's office summoned Guaido for 'attempted coup'] AFP, 31 Mar 2020&lt;/ref&gt; On 31 March, [[United States Secretary of State]] Mike Pompeo said that sanctions did not apply to humanitarian aid during the [[COVID-19 pandemic in Venezuela|health emergency]] and that the United States would lift its sanctions if Maduro agreed to organize elections that did not include Maduro in a period of six to twelve months and reiterated U.S. support for Guaidó.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |website=Infobae Mexico|language=es|title=Mike Pompeo dijo que EEUU levantará las sanciones a Venezuela si el chavismo acepta ir a elecciones libres|trans-title=Mike Pompeo said that the US will lift sanctions against Venezuela if Chavismo agrees to go to free elections|date=March 31, 2020|url=https://www.infobae.com/america/venezuela/2020/03/31/mike-pompeo-dijo-que-eeuu-levantara-las-sanciones-a-venezuela-si-el-chavismo-acepta-ir-a-elecciones-libres-sin-maduro-ni-guaido/}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then on 1 April President Trump announced that he was sending anti-drug Navy ships and [[Airborne early warning and control|AWACS]] planes to the region near Venezuela in one of the largest military build-ups in the region since the [[United States invasion of Panama|1989 invasion of Panama]] to remove General [[Manuel Noriega]] from power.&lt;ref&gt;[[United States%E2%80%93Venezuela relations|Trump: US to deploy anti-drug Navy ships near Venezuela]] AP, 1 April 2020&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=April 2020}}

==United States–Venezuela views==

===United States===
Despite the continually strained ties between the two governments, 82% of [[Venezuelan people|Venezuelans]] viewed the U.S. positively in 2002, though this view declined down to 62% in 2014 (per the Pew Research Global Attitudes Project).&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.pewglobal.org/database/?indicator=1&amp;country=238 Favorable Opinion of the United States] ''[[Pew Research Center]]''&lt;/ref&gt; The Gallup Global Leadership Report indicates that as of 2013, 35% of Venezuelans approve of United States' global leadership, and 35% disapprove.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=U.S. Global Leadership Report|url=http://www.gallup.com/poll/168434/global-leadership-report.aspx|work=Report|publisher=Gallup|accessdate=28 May 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Spring 2017 Global Attitudes Survey by Pew Research Center found that 35% of the Venezuelan population views the United States unfavorable and 47% view it favorably.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pewglobal.org/2017/06/26/u-s-image-suffers-as-publics-around-world-question-trumps-leadership/pg_2017-06-26-us_image-01-0/|title=Views of the U.S. vary across regions |publisher= Pew Research Center|date=June 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==SICOFAA==
In 1960, the UNITAS naval exercises and in-port training involving several countries in North, South and Central America were conducted for the first time in Venezuelan territorial waters in support of the [[Cold War]] U.S. policy. Venezuela is an active member of [[SICOFAA]].{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

== See also ==
{{Portal|United States|Venezuela}}
*[[United States and South and Central America]]
*[[United States–Venezuela Maritime Boundary Treaty]]
*[[Latin America–United States relations]]
*[[Venezuelan Americans]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite journal|last=Robertson|first=William Spence|date=September 1915|title=The First Legations of the United States in Latin America|journal=Mississippi Valley Historical Review|volume=2|issue=2|pages=183–212|jstor=1887061|jstor-access=free|ref=harv|doi=10.2307/1887061|hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t79s1m699|hdl-access=free}}

==Further reading==
*  Ewell, Judith. ''Venezuela and the United States: From Monroe's Hemisphere to Petroleum's Empire'' (University of Georgia Press, 1996)

==External links==
* [https://history.state.gov/countries/venezuela History of Venezuela – U.S. relations]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20121215062804/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552545 U.S. Arms Sales to Venezuela] from the [https://web.archive.org/web/20120312181034/http://repository.library.georgetown.edu/handle/10822/552494/browse?type=title Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives]

{{Foreign relations of the United States |expanded=Bilateral}}
{{Foreign relations of Venezuela}}

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    <title>Vince Cable</title>
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      <text bytes="177189" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Former Leader of the Liberal Democrats}}
{{use British English|date=July 2017}}
{{use dmy dates|date=December 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-prefix = [[The Right Honourable]]
| name = Sir Vince Cable&lt;!-- NOTE: please do not add the title &quot;Dr&quot; to his name: see [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style (biographies)#Academic titles]] --&gt;
| honorific-suffix = 
| image = Official portrait of Sir Vince Cable crop 2.jpg
| office = [[Leader of the Liberal Democrats]]
| deputy = [[Jo Swinson]]
| 1blankname      = [[President of the Liberal Democrats|President]]
| 1namedata       = [[Sal Brinton|The Baroness Brinton]]
| term_start = 20 July 2017
| term_end = 22 July 2019
| predecessor = [[Tim Farron]]
| successor = [[Jo Swinson]]
| term_start1 = 15 October 2007
| term_end1 = 18 December 2007&lt;br /&gt;{{small|Acting}}
| 1blankname1      = [[President of the Liberal Democrats|President]]
| 1namedata1       = [[Simon Hughes]]
| predecessor1 = [[Menzies Campbell]]
| successor1 = [[Nick Clegg]]
| office2 = [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]]&lt;br /&gt;[[President of the Board of Trade]]
| primeminister2 = [[David Cameron]]
| term_start2 = 12 May 2010
| term_end2 = 8 May 2015
| predecessor2 = [[Peter Mandelson|The Lord Mandelson]]
| successor2 = [[Sajid Javid]]
| office3 = [[List of Deputy Leaders of the Liberal Democrats|Deputy Leader of the Liberal Democrats]]
| leader3 = [[Menzies Campbell]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nick Clegg]]
| term_start3 = 2 March 2006
| term_end3 = 26 May 2010
| predecessor3 = [[Menzies Campbell]]
| successor3 = [[Simon Hughes]]
{{Collapsed infobox section begin|[[Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team|Lib Dem frontbench positions]]}}
| office5 = [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Liberal Democrat Spokesperson]] for [[Department of Health and Social Care|Health and Social Care]]
| leader5 = [[Jo Swinson]]
| term_start5 = 21 August 2019
| term_end5 = 21 October 2019
| predecessor5 = [[Judith Jolly, Baroness Jolly|The Baroness Jolly]]
| successor5 = [[Luciana Berger]]
| office6 = [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman]]
| leader6 = [[Tim Farron]]
| term_start6 = 8 May 2017
| term_end6 = 20 July 2017
| predecessor6 = [[Susan Kramer, Baroness Kramer|The Baroness Kramer]]
| successor6 = [[Susan Kramer, Baroness Kramer|The Baroness Kramer]]
| leader7 = [[Charles Kennedy]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Menzies Campbell]]&lt;br /&gt;[[Nick Clegg]]
| term_start7 = 12 June 2003
| term_end7 = 11 May 2010
| predecessor7 = [[Matthew Taylor, Baron Taylor of Goss Moor|Matthew Taylor]]
| successor7 = [[Danny Alexander]] {{small|(2015)}}{{Ref label|aaa|a}}
| office8 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Spokesperson]] for [[Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Business, Innovation and Skills]]
| term_start8 = 7 January 2015
| term_end8 = 11 May 2015
| leader8 = [[Nick Clegg]]
| predecessor8 = [[John Thurso|The Viscount Thurso]] {{small|(2010)}}{{Ref label|bbb|b}}
| successor8 = [[Lorely Burt|The Baroness Burt of Solihull]]
| office9 = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrat]] [[Liberal Democrat frontbench team|Spokesperson]] for [[UK Trade &amp; Investment|Trade and Industry]]
| leader9 = [[Charles Kennedy]]
| term_start9 = 9 August 1999
| term_end9 = 12 June 2003
| predecessor9 = [[David Chidgey, Baron Chidgey|David Chidgey]]
| successor9 = [[Malcolm Bruce]]
{{Collapsed infobox section end}}
| office10 = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]]&lt;br /&gt;for [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]]
| term_start10 = 9 June 2017
| term_end10 = 6 November 2019
| predecessor10 = [[Tania Mathias]]
| successor10 = [[Munira Wilson]]
| majority10 = 
| term_start11 = 1 May 1997
| term_end11 = 30 March 2015
| predecessor11 = [[Toby Jessel]]
| successor11 = [[Tania Mathias]]
| birth_name = John Vincent Cable
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|1943|5|9|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[York]], England
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| party = [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] {{small|(1988–present)}}
| otherparty = [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal]] {{small|(before 1965)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Labour Party (UK)|Labour]] {{small|(1966–1982)}}&lt;br /&gt;[[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democrats]] {{small|(1982–1988)}}
| spouse = {{unbulleted list|{{marriage|Olympia Rebelo&lt;br /&gt;|1968|2001|end=d}}|{{marriage|Rachel Smith&lt;br /&gt;|2004}}}}
| children = 3
| alma_mater = {{unbulleted list|{{nowrap|[[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]}}|[[University of Glasgow]]}}
| relatives = [[Ayrton Cable]] (grandson)
| website = {{URL|vincecable.org|Official website}}
| signature = Signature of Vince Cable.png
| footnotes = {{small|a. {{note|aaa}}Office vacant from 12 May 2010 to 7 January 2015.}}&lt;br /&gt;{{small|b. {{note|bbb}}Office vacant from 12 May 2010 to 7 January 2015.}}
| module = {{Listen
|embed            = yes
|title            = Cable's voice
|filename         = Vincent Cable BBC Radio4 Desert Island Discs 18 January 2009 b00gq4n2.flac
|type             = speech
|description      = from the BBC programme ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'', 18 January 2009&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC-b00gq4n2&quot;&gt;{{Cite episode |title=Vince Cable |series=Desert Island Discs |serieslink=Desert Island Discs |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq4n2 |accessdate=18 January 2014 |station=BBC Radio 4 |date=18 January 2009 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131014001744/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00gq4n2 |archivedate=14 October 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| caption = Cable in 2017
}}
'''Sir John Vincent Cable''' (born 9 May 1943)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url = https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-40655847|title = The Vince Cable story: Profile of new Lib Dem leader|last = Wheeler|first = Brian|date = 20 July 2017|accessdate = 22 July 2019|work = [[BBC News]]|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190526172216/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-40655847|archive-date = 26 May 2019|url-status = live}}&lt;/ref&gt; is a British politician who was [[Leader of the Liberal Democrats|Leader of the]] [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] from 2017 to 2019. He was [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]] from 1997 to 2015 and from 2017 to 2019. He also served in the [[Cabinet (UK)|Cabinet]] as [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy|Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]] from 2010 to 2015.

Cable studied Economics at [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] and [[University of Glasgow|Glasgow]], before working as an economic adviser to the [[Government of Kenya]] in the 1960s, and for the [[Commonwealth Secretary-General|Commonwealth Secretariat]] in the 1970s and 1980s. During this period, he also lectured in economics at Glasgow. He later served as Chief Economist for [[Royal Dutch Shell|Shell]] in the 1990s. Initially active in the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]], Cable became a Labour councillor in Glasgow in the 1970s, during which time he also served as a [[Special adviser (UK)|special adviser]] to then-[[Secretary of State for Trade|Trade Secretary]] [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]]. In 1982, however, he defected to the newly-formed [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]], which later amalgamated with the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] to form the Liberal Democrats.

After standing unsuccessfully for [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|Parliament]] four times, Cable was elected for [[Twickenham (UK Parliament constituency)|Twickenham]] in [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997]]. He was quickly appointed the [[Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team|Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesman]], and was later [[2006 Liberal Democrats deputy leadership election|elected as Deputy Leader]] in 2006. Cable resigned from both of these positions in May 2010 after being appointed as Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills in the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|coalition government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://iaindale.blogspot.com/2010/05/vince-cable-resigns.html |title=Vince Cable Resigns! |publisher=Iaindale.blogspot.com |date=26 February 2010 |accessdate=19 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100529155933/http://iaindale.blogspot.com/2010/05/vince-cable-resigns.html |archivedate=29 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; He lost his seat in [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]], although later regained it in [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017]]. Cable subsequently stood in the [[2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election|leadership election]] to replace [[Tim Farron]], and was elected unopposed.&lt;ref name=itvleader&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itv.com/news/2017-07-20/vince-cable-named-new-leader-of-liberal-democrats/|title=Vince Cable named new leader of Liberal Democrats|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720190640/http://www.itv.com/news/2017-07-20/vince-cable-named-new-leader-of-liberal-democrats/|archivedate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2019, Cable led the Liberal Democrats to their best national electoral performance since the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 election]], gaining fifteen seats in the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom|European Parliament election]]. This followed a campaign in which the party ran on an [[Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom|anti-Brexit]] platform under the slogan, &quot;[[Bollocks to Brexit]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/crjeqkdevwvt/the-uks-european-elections-2019|title=The UK's European elections 2019|date=26-27 May 2019|website=BBC News|access-date=27 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810175827/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/topics/crjeqkdevwvt/the-uks-european-elections-2019|archive-date=10 August 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web | url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/05/why-liberal-democrats-bollocks-brexit-slogan-stroke-genius | title=Why the Liberal Democrats' &quot;Bollocks to Brexit&quot; slogan is a stroke of genius | access-date=27 May 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829232622/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2019/05/why-liberal-democrats-bollocks-brexit-slogan-stroke-genius | archive-date=29 August 2019 | url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; He subsequently announced his intention to retire from politics, and stood down as leader on 22 July 2019, upon [[2019 Liberal Democrats leadership election|the election]] of [[Jo Swinson]]; he stood down from Parliament at the [[2019 United Kingdom general election|2019 general election]].

==Early life and education==
Cable was born in [[York]], to a [[working-class]] [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]]-supporting family. His father, Len, was a craftsman for [[Rowntree's]], and his mother, Edith, packed chocolates for [[Terry's]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Boseley|first=Sarah|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/10/vince-cable-adult-education-mental-illness-speech|title=Vince Cable: adult education helped my mother overcome mental illness|date=10 March 2015|via=The Guardian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810171933/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2015/mar/10/vince-cable-adult-education-mental-illness-speech|archivedate=10 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable attended [[Nunthorpe Grammar School]] where he became [[Head Boy]]. He then attended [[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]], where he initially studied [[Natural Sciences (Cambridge)|Natural Sciences]] and later switched to [[Economics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/analysis/vince-cable/182423.article |title=Vince Cable |work=MoneyMarketing.co.uk |date=12 March 2009 |accessdate=23 September 2009 |location=London |first=Nicola |last=York |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324105548/http://www.moneymarketing.co.uk/analysis/vince-cable/182423.article |archivedate=24 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was the President of the [[Cambridge Union Society|Cambridge Union]] in 1965. He was also a committee member and later President-elect of the [[Cambridge University Liberal Club]], but he resigned from the Liberal Party before taking up the office of President.&lt;ref&gt;[http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/about-the-keynes-society/ About us] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130831181530/http://keynessociety.wordpress.com/about-the-keynes-society/ |date=31 August 2013 }} Keynes Society&lt;/ref&gt; Whilst at Cambridge, he was a contemporary of the [[Cambridge Mafia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/1480c361-337a-3c66-b8fe-908e8bfbd3f4|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025185504/https://www.ft.com/content/1480c361-337a-3c66-b8fe-908e8bfbd3f4|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1966, at the end of his studies at the [[University of Cambridge]], Cable was appointed as an [[Overseas Development Institute]] Fellow (ODI Nuffield Fellow) working in [[Kenya]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3579.pdf |title=Life as a Fellow: Dr Vincent Cable MP, Liberal Democrat Treasury Spokesperson, The Treasury, Kenya, 1966–1968, From a speech presented at the ODI Fellowship Scheme 40th Anniversary |publisher=Overseas Development Institute (ODI) |date=15 July 2003 |accessdate=9 July 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111110151245/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/download/3579.pdf |archive-date=10 November 2011 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

He graduated in 1973 with a [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in Economics from the [[University of Glasgow]] on [[economic integration]] and [[industrialisation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;cablephd&quot;&gt;{{cite thesis |degree=PhD |first=Vincent |last=Cable |title=Economic integration and the industrialisation of small, developing nations : the case of Central America |publisher=University of Glasgow |date=1973 |url=http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528593 |authorlink=Vince Cable |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219164835/http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528593 |archivedate=19 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Economics career==
Cable lectured for a time at the [[University of Glasgow]] and was a Visiting Research Fellow at the Centre for the Study of Global Governance at the [[London School of Economics]], for a three-year period until 2004.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://vincentcable.org.uk/en/page/about-vince-cable |title=Archived copy |accessdate=13 April 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120418051635/http://vincentcable.org.uk/en/page/about-vince-cable |archivedate=18 April 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2016, Cable was made Honorary Professor of Economics at the [[University of Nottingham]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2016/january/sir-vince-cable-is-made-an-honorary-professor-at-the-university-of-nottingham.aspx|title=Sir Vince Cable is made an Honorary Professor at The University of Nottingham – The University of Nottingham|website=www.nottingham.ac.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419100848/https://www.nottingham.ac.uk/news/pressreleases/2016/january/sir-vince-cable-is-made-an-honorary-professor-at-the-university-of-nottingham.aspx|archivedate=19 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1966 to 1968, he was a Treasury Finance Officer to the [[Government of Kenya|Kenyan Government]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/cabinet_detail.aspx?name=Dr_Vince_Cable_MP&amp;pPK=34755921-9323-4a73-8e4f-5f030c6ff139|title=Dr Vince Cable MP – Secretary of State for Business|publisher=Liberal Democrats|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212020017/http://www.libdems.org.uk/cabinet_detail.aspx?name=Dr_Vince_Cable_MP&amp;pPK=34755921-9323-4a73-8e4f-5f030c6ff139|archivedate=12 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1969, he visited [[Central America]] as a researcher on the recently formed [[Central American Common Market]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1206-1969-Cable-a-JHS.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=23 August 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170812170856/http://web.stanford.edu/group/tomzgroup/pmwiki/uploads/1206-1969-Cable-a-JHS.pdf |archivedate=12 August 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

From the early to mid-1970s, Cable served as First Secretary under [[Hugh Carless]] in the [[Latin America]]n department of the [[Foreign Office]]. He was involved in a [[Confederation of British Industry|CBI]] [[trade mission]] to [[South America]] at this time, engaging in six months of [[commercial diplomacy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt; In the late 1970s, he was [[Special advisers (UK government)|special adviser]] to [[John Smith (Labour Party leader)|John Smith]] when the latter was [[Secretary of State for Trade|Trade Secretary]]. He was an adviser to the UK Government and then to the [[Commonwealth Secretary-General]] [[Shridath Ramphal|Shridath &quot;Sonny&quot; Ramphal]] in the 1970s and 1980s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.georginacapel.com/our-author/vince-cable-mp/|title=Sir Vince Cable – Georgina Capel Associates ltd|work=Georgina Capel Associates ltd|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120559/http://www.georginacapel.com/our-author/vince-cable-mp/|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable served in an official capacity at the [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting]] of [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1983|1983]] in Delhi, witnessing &quot;private sessions at first hand&quot; involving [[Indira Gandhi]], then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[Margaret Thatcher]], [[Lee Kuan Yew]], and [[Bob Hawke]] among others. He was also present at the summits of [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1985|1985]], [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1987|1987]], and [[Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 1989|1989]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|title=Free Radical : a Memoir.|last=Vincent.|first=Cable|date=2009|publisher=Atlantic Books Ltd|isbn=9781848874381|location=New York|oclc=792687014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the same period, he contributed to the [[Brandt Report|Brandt Commission]], the [[Palme Commission]], and the [[United Nations|UN]]'s [[Brundtland Commission]].&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt;

From the 1980s onwards, Cable authored and co-wrote numerous publications in favour of [[Globalization|globalisation]], [[free trade]], and [[economic integration]] such as ''Protectionism and Industrial Decline'', ''The Commerce of Culture'', and ''Developing with Foreign Investment''.

Cable worked for the oil company [[Royal Dutch Shell]] from 1990 to 1997, serving as its Chief Economist between 1995 and 1997. His role at Shell came under scrutiny as the company was accused of playing a role in a turbulent era of [[Nigerian politics]] during the dictatorship of [[Sani Abacha|General Sani Abacha]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan |title=Vince Cable: Beneath the halo |magazine=New Statesman |accessdate=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101222035618/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan |archivedate=22 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|title=Vincent Cable|website=politics.co.uk|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160954/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, Cable became a [[Strategic advisory board|strategic advisor]] on the World Trade Board for the annual World Trade Symposium co-organised by [[Misys]] and [[Financial Times|FT Live]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://worldtradesymposium.com/sir-vince-cable-joins-world-trade-board-as-strategic-advisor/#|title=Sir Vince Cable joins World Trade Board as strategic advisor|work=World Trade Symposium|accessdate=26 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826072846/https://worldtradesymposium.com/sir-vince-cable-joins-world-trade-board-as-strategic-advisor/|archivedate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://worldtradesymposium.com/the-board/|title=World Trade Board {{!}} World Trade Symposium|website=worldtradesymposium.com|accessdate=26 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826075409/https://worldtradesymposium.com/the-board/|archivedate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Political career==
{{See also|Electoral history of Vince Cable}}

===Early years===
At [[university]], Cable was a member of the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] but then joined the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]] in 1966. In [[1970 United Kingdom general election|1970]], he contested [[Glasgow Hillhead (UK Parliament constituency)|Glasgow Hillhead]] for Labour, but failed to unseat the sitting [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP, [[Tam Galbraith]]. The same year, Cable stood for election to the [[Glasgow Corporation|Corporation of Glasgow]] in the Partick West ward, but failed to be elected. He became a Labour [[councillor]] in 1971, representing Maryhill ward, and stood down in 1974. In [[1979 United Kingdom general election|1979]], he sought the Labour Party nomination for [[Hampstead (UK Parliament constituency)|Hampstead]], losing to [[Ken Livingstone]], who was unsuccessful in taking the seat.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/dec/26/michael-white-politicians-decade-vincent-cable|title=Michael White's politicians of the decade: Vincent Cable|last=White|first=Michael|date=26 December 2009|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101175531/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2009/dec/26/michael-white-politicians-decade-vincent-cable|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 1982, he defected to the recently created [[Social Democratic Party (UK)|Social Democratic Party]] (SDP). He was the [[SDP-Liberal Alliance]] parliamentary candidate for his home city of [[York (UK Parliament constituency)|York]] in both the [[1983 United Kingdom general election|1983]] and [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 general election]]s. Following the 1988 merger of the SDP and the Liberal Party, he finished in second place at the [[1992 United Kingdom general election|1992 general election]] to [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] MP [[Toby Jessel]] in the Twickenham constituency, by 5,711 votes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:5&quot; /&gt;

===Member of Parliament (1997–2015)===
Cable entered the [[British House of Commons|House of Commons]] after defeating sitting Conservative MP [[Toby Jessel]] in the Twickenham constituency in his second attempt, at the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]]. He subsequently increased his majority at the elections of [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001]], [[2005 United Kingdom general election|2005]] and increased still further in [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010]]. He lost his seat in [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015]], but regained it at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|snap election in 2017]].

In 2004, Cable was a contributor to the [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] ''[[The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism|Orange Book]],'' which advocated for policies such as greater private sector involvement in higher education and healthcare.&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/liberal-democrats-social-party|title=Yellows in peril: the struggle for the soul of liberalism|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613234919/https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2010/07/liberal-democrats-social-party|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|title=Vincent Cable|website=politics.co.uk|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823160954/http://www.politics.co.uk/reference/john-vincent-cable|archive-date=23 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12310041|title=Did Lib Dem Book lead to coalition?|first=Edward|last=Stourton|date=23 February 2011|publisher=|accessdate=28 August 2018|via=www.bbc.co.uk|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180828203317/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-12310041|archive-date=28 August 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|title=Vince Cable: Beneath the halo|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=28 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180613160747/https://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|archive-date=13 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, he has described himself as being a [[social democracy|social democrat]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2011/05/cable-government-8220-power|title=I can see another financial bomb going off|work=newstatesman.com|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529090649/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2011/05/cable-government-8220-power|archivedate=29 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as an &quot;open markets&quot; [[Liberalism|liberal]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/vince-cables-keynote-speech-on-growth|title=Vince Cable's keynote speech on growth – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120629/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/vince-cables-keynote-speech-on-growth|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; and stated his desire to reconcile &quot;economic liberalism with wider moral values and social justice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|title=Vince Cable: Beneath the halo|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170714022224/http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan|archivedate=14 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following the ''Orange Book'', Cable was one of several [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Lib Dem]] MPs who oversaw the party's shift towards economic liberalism with the adoption of a more [[free market]] approach,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3621340.stm|title=BBC NEWS {{!}} Politics {{!}} Lib Dems call for pro-market move|website=news.bbc.co.uk|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081222170930/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3621340.stm|archivedate=22 December 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Political Ideology in Britain (Contemporary Political Studies)|last=Leach|first=Robert|publisher=|isbn=978-0230584730|location=|pages=50|date=15 July 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; a development which was suggested by some as having helped lead to the [[2010 United Kingdom government formation|2010 coalition with the Conservatives]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newstatesman.com&quot;/&gt; In 2005, as Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson, he suggested the possibility of the party dropping its commitment to a 50p top rate of income tax, supported exempting people on low income from income tax completely, and explored the possibility of a [[flat tax]], with the former two proposals later becoming party policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4262630.stm|title=Lib Dems call for 'fairer' taxes|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823121642/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4262630.stm|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dems-may-support-controversial-flat-tax-plan-222951.html|title=Lib Dems may support controversial flat-tax plan|date=24 May 2005|work=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115629/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/lib-dems-may-support-controversial-flat-tax-plan-222951.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also in 2005, he said that there was no future for the Liberal Democrats to the left of [[New Labour]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/vince-cable-dancing-fan-cable-keeps-his-party-on-its-toes-493194.html|title=Vince Cable: Dancing fan Cable keeps his party on its toes|date=6 June 2005|work=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115539/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/profiles/vince-cable-dancing-fan-cable-keeps-his-party-on-its-toes-493194.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was critical of what he considered the Labour government's slow response to cutting [[government waste]], later accusing Labour of allowing a &quot;writhing nest&quot; of [[quango]]s to develop.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3887053.stm|title=Brown axes 104,000 civil servants|work=BBC News|date=12 July 2004|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823122913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/3887053.stm|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Schifferes|first=Steve|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/issues/4357741.stm|title=Election 2005: Issues Analysis: The £35bn cuts claim|work=BBC News|date=6 April 2005|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823122820/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/vote_2005/issues/4357741.stm|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Prior to the 2005 Liberal Democrat party conference, Cable did not rule out the possibility that the Lib Dems might form a [[coalition government]] with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservatives]] in the event of a [[hung parliament]] at the forthcoming general election. However, party leader [[Charles Kennedy]] said that the Lib Dems would remain an &quot;independent political force&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4246080.stm |title=Interview: Vincent Cable |author=Justin Parkinson |work=BBC News |date=18 September 2005 |accessdate=19 November 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223055306/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/4246080.stm |archivedate=23 December 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In late-2005 or early-2006, Cable presented [[Charles Kennedy]] a letter signed by eleven out of the twenty-three frontbenchers, including himself, expressing a lack of confidence in Kennedy's leadership of the Liberal Democrats. On 5 January 2006, because of pressure from his frontbench team and an [[ITN News]] report documenting his [[alcoholism]], [[Charles Kennedy]] announced a [[2006 Liberal Democrats leadership election|leadership election]] in which he pledged to stand for re-election. However, he resigned on 7 January. Cable did not run for the party leadership, instead supporting [[Menzies Campbell]]'s candidacy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511962/Campbell-chosen-to-take-on-Tories.html|title=Campbell chosen to take on Tories|last1=Carlin|first1=Brendan|last2=Jones|first2=George|last3=Isaby|first3=Jonathan|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170826112130/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/1511962/Campbell-chosen-to-take-on-Tories.html|work=The Daily Telegraph|date=3 March 2006|accessdate=26 August 2017|archivedate=26 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Expenses====
A Twickenham resident, Cable commuted by train into [[Central London]] daily and so claimed the &quot;London Supplement&quot; instead of the Additional Costs Allowance. However, the ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' reported in May 2009 that he had been unaware that he was entitled to the London Supplement and so in 2004 wrote to the Fees Office to ask if he could receive retrospective payments for 2002–03 and 2003–04. The Fees Office refused the request, informing Cable that these accounts were already closed.&lt;ref name=13dt&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5314829/Vince-Cable-doesnt-claim-for-second-home-but-asked-for-backdated-London-Supplement-MPs-expenses.html |title=Vince Cable doesn't claim for second home but asked for backdated London Supplement: MPs' expenses |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=13 May 2009 |first=Nick |last=Allen |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090517001058/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/mps-expenses/5314829/Vince-Cable-doesnt-claim-for-second-home-but-asked-for-backdated-London-Supplement-MPs-expenses.html |archivedate=17 May 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

When overall MP allowances are ranked, Cable came in 568th for 2007–08 (out of 645 MPs). The ''[[Daily Telegraph]]'' also noted that he did not take a recent 2.33% salary rise.&lt;ref name=13dt/&gt;

===Deputy Leadership of the Liberal Democrats (2006–2010)===
[[File:CleggCable.jpg|thumb|right|Cable with Liberal Democrat leader [[Nick Clegg]] in 2009]]
Cable won plaudits for his repeated warnings and campaigns on the high level of [[personal debt]] in Britain.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/20/vincentcable.liberaldemocrats |title=The cult of Cable |quote=...Cable had been warning against Britain's growing personal credit card debt for several years...&quot; |newspaper=The Guardian |accessdate=16 January 2009 |date=20 February 2008 |author=Michael White |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217182828/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/20/vincentcable.liberaldemocrats |archivedate=17 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; His was a significant voice of criticism during the [[Northern Rock]] crisis, calling for the [[Nationalisation of Northern Rock|nationalisation of the bank]], capitalising on the claimed indecisiveness of both the Labour Government and Conservative Opposition on the issue.

In May 2010, Cable declared his resignation as Deputy Leader to dedicate more time to his [[United Kingdom Cabinet|Cabinet]] role as [[Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills|Business Secretary]]. His responsibilities and authority were somewhat reduced when it was revealed in December 2010 that he had boasted to ''Daily Telegraph'' reporters posing as constituents of his &quot;nuclear option&quot; to bring the government down by his resignation. Still worse, he claimed to the reporters that he had &quot;declared war&quot; on [[Rupert Murdoch]] of News Corporation despite having the responsibility to impartially arbitrate on the News Corporation bid to acquire the remaining 60.9% of BSkyB it did not already own. Amid cries for his resignation or sacking, all his responsibilities concerning the bid were removed. Cable did not resign.{{citation needed|date=July 2017}}

====Acting leader of the Liberal Democrats (2007)====
Following the resignation of Sir [[Menzies Campbell]] as Party Leader on 15 October 2007, Cable being Deputy Leader automatically succeeded him as Party Leader, pending a leadership election. He declined to stand for leader, reportedly fearing [[ageism]] (Campbell's critics were accused of ageism,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.hrzone.com/engage/employees/sir-menzies-a-victim-of-ageism|title=Sir Menzies - a victim of ageism?|date=17 October 2007|work=HRZone|accessdate=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703050520/https://www.hrzone.com/engage/employees/sir-menzies-a-victim-of-ageism|archive-date=3 July 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Cable was only 2 years his junior).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40655847|title=The Vince Cable story|last=Wheeler|first=Brian|date=20 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=2 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009144853/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40655847|archive-date=9 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable received significant acclaim during his tenure as Acting Party Leader, with particular praise for his strong performances at [[Prime Minister's Questions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7118733.stm |title=Vince Cable: Acting like a leader |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2007 |first=Arif |last=Ansari |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217165113/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7118733.stm |archivedate=17 February 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt; He was popular in the party and media for his attacks on the government's record over [[Northern Rock]], [[Her Majesty's Revenue and Customs|HMRC's]] loss of 25,000,000 individuals' child benefit data and the party funding scandal surrounding [[David Abrahams (Labour party donor)|David Abrahams']] secret donations to the [[Labour Party (UK)|Labour Party]]. The latter attracted for Cable positive media attention for a joke at PMQs describing [[Gordon Brown]]'s &quot;remarkable transformation in the last few weeks from [[Joseph Stalin|Stalin]] to [[Mr Bean]], creating chaos out of order rather than order out of chaos&quot;, called by ''[[The Economist]]'', &quot;the single best line of [[Gordon Brown]]'s premiership&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10225014&amp;fsrc=RSS |title=Liberal Democrat leaders: The final straight |work=The Economist |date=29 November 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222214414/http://www.economist.com/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10225014&amp;fsrc=RSS |archivedate=22 December 2007  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Views on the financial crisis====
[[File:Vince Cable, March 2008.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Vince Cable in March 2008]]
Cable is credited by some{{who|date=August 2017}} with prescience of the [[Financial crisis of 2007–2008|global financial crisis of 2007–2010]]. In November 2003, Cable asked [[Gordon Brown]], then-[[Chancellor of the Exchequer|Chancellor]], &quot;Is not the brutal truth that&amp;nbsp;... the growth of the British economy is sustained by consumer spending pinned against record levels of personal debt, which is secured, if at all, against house prices that the [[Bank of England]] describes as well above equilibrium level?&quot; Brown replied, &quot;As the Bank of England said yesterday, consumer spending is returning to trend. The Governor said,
&quot;there is no indication that the scale of debt problems have ... risen markedly in the last five years.&quot; He also said that the fraction of household income used up in debt service is lower than it was then.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/2003/nov/13/interest-rates |title=House of Commons Debates 13 November 2003 vol 413 col 396–400 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090704022509/http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/2003/nov/13/interest-rates |archivedate=4 July 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In his book ''The Storm'', Cable writes, &quot;The trigger for the current global financial crisis was the US mortgage market and, indeed, the scale of improvident and unscrupulous lending on that side of the Atlantic dwarfs into insignificance the escapades of our own banks.&quot; Cable commented that he had not warned about this: &quot;one of the problems of being a British MP is that you do tend to get rather parochial and I haven't been to the States for years and years, so I wouldn't claim to have any feel for what's been going on there.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Dominic Lawson |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/politics/article5949844.ece |title=News Review interview: Vince Cable |work=The Sunday Times |date=22 March 2009 |location=London|author-link=Dominic Lawson }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2008, Cable praised the-then US [[George W. Bush|President George W. Bush]] for his [[Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008|response to the financial crisis]] and for attempting to &quot;save Western [[capitalism]].&quot; He compared this with [[Gordon Brown|Prime Minister Gordon Brown]]'s response which Cable claimed was to be like a &quot;Fairy Godmother&quot; to the banks, and a &quot;sideshow&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/news/article-1642205/Monday-View-Brown-is-not-lenders-Fairy-Godmother.html|title=Monday View: Brown is not lenders' Fairy Godmother|work=Mail Online|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031114832/http://www.dailymail.co.uk/money/news/article-1642205/Monday-View-Brown-is-not-lenders-Fairy-Godmother.html|archivedate=31 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{deprecated inline|certain=yes|date=October 2019}}

Cable has also been vocal over the [[bankers' bonuses|bonus culture]] in the banking system. He has called for bonuses to all bank employees to be frozen.&lt;ref&gt;[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7878418.stm Brown 'very angry' about bonuses] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212085010/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/7878418.stm |date=12 February 2009 }} BBC News, 9 February 2009&lt;/ref&gt;

However, Cable has been criticised by some, mostly Conservatives, for &quot;[[flip-flopping]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://conservativehome.blogs.com/leftwatch/2010/04/vince-cable-is-a-serialflipflopper.html |title=Vince Cable is a serial-flip-flopper |publisher=Conservative Home Leftwatch |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100430041832/http://conservativehome.blogs.com/leftwatch/2010/04/vince-cable-is-a-serialflipflopper.html |archivedate=30 April 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; on issues in connection with the crisis. For example, he is accused of criticising the Government's policy of [[Quantitative Easing]], when in January 2009 he used the phrase &quot;the [[Robert Mugabe]] school of economics&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/vincent-cable-confiscating-savings-from-the-poor-is-both-stupid-and-cruel-1231923.html |title=Vincent Cable: Confiscating savings from the poor is stupid and cruel |newspaper=The Independent |date=8 January 2009 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100506055904/http://www.independent.co.uk/opinion/commentators/vincent-cable-confiscating-savings-from-the-poor-is-both-stupid-and-cruel-1231923.html |archivedate=6 May 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; while in March 2009 he said, &quot;directly increasing the amount of money flowing into the economy is now the only clear option&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/press_releases_detail.aspx?title=Bank_of_England_has_now_run_out_of_conventional_weapons_-_Cable&amp;pPK=a636a96d-7dee-4817-846b-b28942d496f4 |title=Bank of England has now run out of conventional weapons – Cable |publisher=Liberal Democrats |date=5 March 2009 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414182851/http://www.libdems.org.uk/press_releases_detail.aspx?title=Bank_of_England_has_now_run_out_of_conventional_weapons_-_Cable&amp;pPK=a636a96d-7dee-4817-846b-b28942d496f4 |archivedate=14 April 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal Democrats also have responded that he was making the point that QE &quot;needed to be managed with a great deal of care&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;c4news-factcheck-vc-20100407&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/2010/04/07/is-vince-cables-economic-reputation-fully-deserved/ |title=Is Vince Cable's economic reputation fully deserved? |publisher=Channel4 News FactCheck |date=7 April 2010 |accessdate=24 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100422053021/http://blogs.channel4.com/factcheck/2010/04/07/is-vince-cables-economic-reputation-fully-deserved/ |archivedate=22 April 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the issue of fiscal stimulus, Cable said in October 2008, &quot;it is entirely wrong for the government to assume the economy should be stimulated by yet more public spending rather than tax cuts&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7696733.stm |title=Fiscal rules are dead – Cameron |work=BBC News |date=29 October 2008 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090216105104/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7696733.stm |archivedate=16 February 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In February 2009, however, he said, &quot;we believe – and the Government say that they believe – in the need for a fiscal stimulus. Despite the severe financial constraints on the public sector, we believe that such a stimulus is right and necessary&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090202/debtext/90202-0006.htm |title=House of Commons Debates 2 February 2009 col 593 |publisher=Hansard |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301093423/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200809/cmhansrd/cm090202/debtext/90202-0006.htm |archivedate=1 March 2009  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On the principle of the independence of the Bank of England, Cable said at the 2008 Liberal Democrat party conference, &quot;The Government must not compromise the independence of the Bank of England by telling it to slash [[interest rate]]s.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.libdems.org.uk/speeches_detail.aspx?title=Bournemouth_2008%3a_Vince_Cable_speech&amp;pPK=3c384eaf-f99c-48e3-ac68-5e7354231c51 |title=Bournemouth 2008: Vince Cable speech |publisher=Liberal Democrats |date=15 September 2008 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100414173625/http://www.libdems.org.uk/speeches_detail.aspx?title=Bournemouth_2008:_Vince_Cable_speech&amp;pPK=3c384eaf-f99c-48e3-ac68-5e7354231c51 |archivedate=14 April 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The following month, though, he called on the Chancellor to urge the Governor of the Bank to make &quot;a large cut in interest rates&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://northdevon-libdems.org.uk/news/000058/cable_to_halt_the_bank_tsunami_slash_interest_rates.html |title=Cable: To halt the bank tsunami, slash interest rates |date=5 October 2008 |accessdate=14 April 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120712213840/http://northdevon-libdems.org.uk/news/000058/cable_to_halt_the_bank_tsunami_slash_interest_rates.html |archivedate=12 July 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Liberal Democrats have responded that this in no way changes their policy on [[Bank of England]] independence.&lt;ref name=&quot;c4news-factcheck-vc-20100407&quot;/&gt;

===Coalition government minister (2010–2015)===
[[File:With Dr Vince Cable MP.jpg|thumb|Cable autographing a copy of his book, ''The Storm''|207x207px]]
At the [[2010 United Kingdom general election|2010 general election]] Cable was again returned as MP for Twickenham. With the election resulting in a [[hung parliament]], Cable was a key figure in coalition talks, particularly the unsuccessful negotiations with the Labour Party. The Liberal Democrats [[Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement|entered a coalition agreement]] with the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]] on 11 May 2010, and Cable was appointed [[Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills]] on 12 May. [[Elizabeth II|The Queen]] approved his appointment as a [[Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council|Privy Counsellor]], and he formally joined the [[Privy Council]] on 13 May 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2010/may/12/general-election-2010-davidcameron|title=New government – live blog|work=[[guardian.co.uk]]|date=12 May 2010|accessdate=12 May 2010|location=London|first=Haroon|last=Siddique|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217183207/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/blog/2010/may/12/general-election-2010-davidcameron|archivedate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |title=Her Majesty's Government |work=Number 10 website |publisher=Office of the Prime Minister |date=12 May 2010 |accessdate=12 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100515034600/http://www.number10.gov.uk/news/topstorynews/2010/05/her-majestys-government-49840 |archivedate=15 May 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page76.asp |title=Privy Counsellors |publisher=Privy Council Office |accessdate=14 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202200122/http://www.privy-council.org.uk/output/Page76.asp |archivedate=2 December 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2010, Cable insisted the coalition government was not split over planned increases to non-business [[Capital Gains Tax]], which some thought would raise taxes on sales of second homes by 40% or 50%. Senior Conservative MPs attacked the rise as a tax on the [[middle class|middle-classes]] and a betrayal of Conservative values. Cable said that it was a &quot;key&quot; part of the coalition deal and there was no disagreement over it between the coalition partners.&lt;ref name=&quot;CG tax rise&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8707931.stm |title=Capital Gains Tax: No coalition split says Vince Cable |work=BBC News |date=27 May 2010 |accessdate=19 June 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514181758/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8707931.stm |archivedate=14 May 2014  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable said the changes to Capital Gains Tax would help to fulfill the Lib Dem aim of bringing more &quot;fairness&quot; to the tax system: &quot;It's very important that we have wealth taxed in the same way as income.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CG tax rise&quot;/&gt; He continued,

{{quote|At present it is quite wrong and it is an open invitation to tax avoidance to have people taxed at 40% or potentially 50% on their income, but only taxed at 18% on capital gains; it leads to large scale tax avoidance so for reasons of fairness and practicality, we have agreed that the capital gains tax system needs to be fundamentally reformed.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;CG tax rise&quot;/&gt;}}

In July 2010, Cable sought to reform [[Line of credit|credit lines]] amid a &quot;significant demand&quot; (according to the [[Forum of Private Business]]) of smaller firms finding it harder to secure loans. Among a range of proposals published in a [[green paper]], Cable urged banks to limit bonus and [[Dividend|dividend payments]] to &quot;pre-crisis and 2009 levels respectively&quot;, the green paper stating that such a move would enable banks to retain £10,000,000,000 of additional capital in 2010 could in turn sustain £50,000,000,000 of new lending.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7911219/Vince-Cable-threatens-tax-on-profits-if-banks-pay-staff-rather-than-lend.html|title=Vince Cable threatens tax on profits if banks pay staff rather than lend|last=Armitstead|first=Louise|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=27 July 2010|accessdate=3 November 2017|issn=0307-1235|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214001/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/7911219/Vince-Cable-threatens-tax-on-profits-if-banks-pay-staff-rather-than-lend.html|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
[[File:Lionel Barber, Editor, FT and Rt Hon Dr Vince Cable, Business Secretary (5879954131).jpg|left|thumb|Cable with ''[[Financial Times]]'' editor [[Lionel Barber]] in 2011]]
The left-leaning parts of the British press have been critical of his role in the [[Cameron-Clegg coalition|Coalition Government]], from ''[[The Guardian]]''&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=David Batty |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/04/cable-criticised-uturn-tuition-fees |title=Cable under renewed fire over U-turn on tuition fees |newspaper=Guardian |date=4 December 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217183135/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/04/cable-criticised-uturn-tuition-fees |archivedate=17 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; to the ''[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|Morning Star]]'' describing him as &quot;the man who started off a Lib Dem and now looks more convincingly Tory than most of the Tory frontbench&quot; for his role in supporting public spending cuts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://peoples-press.com/morning-star-online-from-2004/editorial/item/95064-no-truth-in-this-cable |title=No truth in this Cable |work=[[Morning Star (British newspaper)|The Morning Star]] |date=10 September 2010 |page=8 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021541/https://peoples-press.com/morning-star-online-from-2004/editorial/item/95064-no-truth-in-this-cable |archivedate=18 September 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Beginning in 2010 and continuing throughout the Conservative-Lib Dem coalition's tenure in office, Cable led the drive for [[deregulation]]; notably the &quot;[[Red tape|Red Tape]] Challenge&quot; to reduce existing regulation and the &quot;One In, One Out&quot; rule to limit any future regulation, Cable agreeing with the need for a &quot;bonfire of regulations&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vince-cable-speech-bcc-annual-conference-central-hall-westminster-15-march-2012|title=Vince Cable Speech: BCC Annual Conference, Central Hall, Westminster, 15 March 2012 – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=17 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918022510/https://www.gov.uk/government/news/vince-cable-speech-bcc-annual-conference-central-hall-westminster-15-march-2012|archivedate=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-19535440/vince-cable-on-a-carefully-considered-bonfire-of-regulations|title=Vince Cable on a 'carefully considered' bonfire of regulations|website=BBC News|accessdate=17 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171126191448/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/uk-politics-19535440/vince-cable-on-a-carefully-considered-bonfire-of-regulations|archivedate=26 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Guardian'' dubbed this as &quot;[[Neoliberalism|neoliberal]]&quot; while the response from the business community was largely positive.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/04/vince-cable-tory-songbook|title=Vince Cable is a Neoliberal Democrat|date=4 June 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160610180302/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/jun/04/vince-cable-tory-songbook|archivedate=10 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/story/2012-09-10/business-secretary-vince-cable-red-tape-health-and-safety-inspections/|title=Cable vows to cut back red tape|work=ITV News|accessdate=17 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917214000/http://www.itv.com/news/story/2012-09-10/business-secretary-vince-cable-red-tape-health-and-safety-inspections/|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2010, during a speech at the Liberal Democrat conference, Cable said that bankers present more of a threat to Britain than [[Trade unions in the United Kingdom|trade unions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/sep/22/vince-cable-full-speech|title=Liberal Democrat conference: Vince Cable speech in full|last=guardian.co.uk|date=22 September 2010|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161129223200/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/sep/22/vince-cable-full-speech|archivedate=29 November 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam (8406710162).jpg|thumb|Cable and [[Hugo Swire]] with [[Nguyễn Phú Trọng]], General Secretary of the [[Communist Party of Vietnam]], London, 2013]]
After the interim report on banking by [[John Vickers]] was published in April 2011, Cable said: &quot;I was very impressed with the quality of the analysis. It does address head on the issue of banks that are too big to fail, the dependency on the government guarantee. It makes the case for separation,&quot; he added.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8444306/Sir-John-Vickers-unveils-radical-shake-up-of-banking-industry-regulation.html|title=Sir John Vickers unveils radical shake-up of banking industry regulation|date=12 April 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110415003329/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8444306/Sir-John-Vickers-unveils-radical-shake-up-of-banking-industry-regulation.html|archivedate=15 April 2011|last1=Wilson|first1=Harry}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June 2011, Cable said &quot;rewards for failure&quot; were unforgivable at a time when real wages were being squeezed across the country. Speaking at the [[Association of British Insurers]] biennial conference, Cable warned he planned to bring &quot;excessive and unjustified&quot; executive pay under control by launching a fresh consultation. He said that although &quot;Britain does have some world-class executives&quot;, [[investor]]s had not seen a [[Return on investment|return]] &quot;since the turn of the century&quot; and claimed executive pay was 120 times that of the average UK employee, whereas it was only 45 in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8592727/Vince-Cable-attacks-executive-pay-levels.html|title=Vince Cable attacks executive pay levels|date=23 June 2011|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130819075206/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/banksandfinance/8592727/Vince-Cable-attacks-executive-pay-levels.html|archivedate=19 August 2013|last1=Dunkley|first1=Jamie}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable later revealed Government plans that would require companies to publish &quot;more informative remuneration reports&quot; for [[shareholder]]s. The plans also included [[Say on pay|binding votes by shareholders]] on executive pay as well as greater transparency and diversity on boards.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9033594/Vince-Cable-shareholders-should-hold-binding-votes-on-executive-pay.html | location=London | work=The Daily Telegraph | title=Vince Cable: shareholders should hold binding votes on executive pay | date=23 January 2012 | url-status=live | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120124214808/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9033594/Vince-Cable-shareholders-should-hold-binding-votes-on-executive-pay.html | archivedate=24 January 2012 | df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In November 2011, Cable announced the first of several reforms to employment laws. Beginning with changes to the tribunal system, he proposed the introduction of tribunal fees for employees making [[Claim (legal)|claims]] against employers, stating that the current system had become a &quot;major impediment&quot; to small businesses hiring people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/27/vince-cable-proposals-reform-employment-tribunals|title=Government sets out proposals to reform employment tribunals|last=Mulholland|first=Hélène|date=27 January 2011|work=The Guardian|accessdate=25 October 2017|last2=agencies|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026002437/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2011/jan/27/vince-cable-proposals-reform-employment-tribunals|archivedate=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/reforming-employment-relations|title=Reforming employment relations – GOV.UK|website=www.gov.uk|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025190030/https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/reforming-employment-relations|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The tribunal fees were later ruled unlawful by the [[Supreme Court of the United Kingdom|Supreme Court]] in 2017 after a court victory by trade union [[UNISON]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40727400|title=Employment tribunal fees ruled unlawful|date=26 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170729082704/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-40727400|archivedate=29 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Vince Cable &amp; Stephen Hester.jpg|thumb|200x200px|left|Cable with former banker and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]] [[Stephen Hester]] in 2013]]
In an article in May 2012, Cable denounced the &quot;red tape factories&quot; of the [[European Union]], calling for increased deregulation and [[labour market flexibility]], as well as the expansion of the [[European Single Market|Single Market]] and scrapping of the [[Working Time Directive 2003|Working Time Directive]]. He revealed that at a recent meeting of European economic ministers, a group of like-minded nations had formed in making these same demands.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9250316/The-tide-is-turning-against-EU-bureaucracy.html|title=The tide is turning against EU bureaucracy|last=Cable|first=Vince|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=7 May 2012|accessdate=25 October 2017|issn=0307-1235|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001415/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/9250316/The-tide-is-turning-against-EU-bureaucracy.html|archivedate=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2012, Cable and his department colleague [[Michael Fallon]] announced a large package of [[deregulation]] for businesses, including scrapping 3,000 regulations and implementing exemptions from health and safety inspections for shops, [[pub]]s, and offices. Cable claimed that businesses should not be &quot;tied up in unnecessary red tape&quot;, but the move was criticised by trade unions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19540318|title=Safety inspections set to be cut|date=10 September 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170913192732/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-19540318|archivedate=13 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/d3f24a66-fa9b-11e1-93da-00144feabdc0|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025190013/https://www.ft.com/content/d3f24a66-fa9b-11e1-93da-00144feabdc0|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.itv.com/news/2012-09-10/vince-cable-to-cut-back-on-red-tape-in-health-and-safety-shake-up/|title=Vince Cable to 'cut back on red tape' in health and safety shake-up|work=ITV News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025054130/http://www.itv.com/news/2012-09-10/vince-cable-to-cut-back-on-red-tape-in-health-and-safety-shake-up/|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Days later Cable announced further deregulation involving changes to employment laws, proposing to reduce employee compensation for unfair dismissals and allowing employers and employees to agree to an out-of-court 'pay off' for under-performance dismissals. This was also criticised by trade unions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19594879|title=Tribunal payouts to be limited|date=14 September 2012|work=BBC News|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171127220645/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-19594879|archivedate=27 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/employment-law-reforms-are-attack-on-workers-unions-claim-8139430.html|title=Employment law reforms are attack on workers, unions claim|date=14 September 2012|work=The Independent|accessdate=25 October 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026001231/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/employment-law-reforms-are-attack-on-workers-unions-claim-8139430.html|archivedate=26 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2013, Cable rejected calls by Labour for the government to intervene in the [[High Street|high street]] crisis following the collapse of music retailer, [[HMV]], he said: &quot;it is not the job of Government to sort out the problems of competition on the high street. Consumers make their choices and there are consequences.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/money/city-news/george-osborne-warned-high-street-1536514?service=responsive|title=Plan B or bust: George Osborne warned High Street will die unless Tories act|last=Hiscott|first=Graham|date=16 January 2013|work=mirror|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823114737/http://www.mirror.co.uk/money/city-news/george-osborne-warned-high-street-1536514?service=responsive|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/fffa9c9c-5f3d-11e2-be51-00144feab49a|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823114914/https://www.ft.com/content/fffa9c9c-5f3d-11e2-be51-00144feab49a|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In December 2013, Cable supported the continuation of [[Zero-hour contract|zero hours contracts]] after a government review, saying &quot;they have a place in today’s labour market&quot;,&amp;nbsp;although admitting there had &quot;been evidence of abuse.&quot; His statements were met with negative responses from British [[trade unions]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10527009/Vince-Cable-supports-zero-hours-contracts.html|title=Vince Cable supports zero hours contracts|work=Telegraph.co.uk|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823143448/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10527009/Vince-Cable-supports-zero-hours-contracts.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Jaguar XE - Arrival in London (15182848171).jpg|left|thumb|270x270px|Cable making a guest appearance for the reveal of [[Jaguar XE]] at the [[Earls Court Exhibition Centre]] in 2014]]
In 2014, during the [[Gaza–Israel conflict|Israel-Gaza conflict]], Cable received criticism for his involvement in the signing off of arms deals to [[Israel]], primarily concerning component parts used in the assembly of [[Elbit Hermes 900|Hermes drones]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/uk-arms-licences-gaza-nick-clegg|title=Nick Clegg challenged over Vince Cable role in approving Israel arms sales|last=Mason|first=Rowena|date=7 August 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|last2=correspondent|first2=political|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213717/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/07/uk-arms-licences-gaza-nick-clegg|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/12/british-arms-exports-israel-gaza-block-suspension|title=UK government to block arms exports to Israel if military action resumes|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=12 August 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170917213719/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/aug/12/british-arms-exports-israel-gaza-block-suspension|archivedate=17 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly afterwards, he announced that arms exports to Israel would be suspended unless the recently declared ceasefire was upheld, a response which was condemned by [[Sayeeda Warsi, Baroness Warsi|Baroness Warsi]], and by the [[Campaign Against Arms Trade|CAAT]] who called it &quot;very weak&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/12/israel-arms-embargo_n_5671921.html|title=UK Will Only Halt Arms Exports To Israel If They Bomb Gaza Again|last=reporter|first=Asa Bennett Business|last2=UK|first2=Huffington Post|date=12 August 2014|website=HuffPost UK|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170918021011/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/08/12/israel-arms-embargo_n_5671921.html|archivedate=18 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2015, Cable was reportedly a speaker at an event hosted by various arms companies at a London hotel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-one-of-40-mps-on-guest-list-for-arms-dealers-dinner-in-london-10026302.html|title=Revealed: the 40 MPs who attended arms dealers dinner|date=5 February 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120029/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-one-of-40-mps-on-guest-list-for-arms-dealers-dinner-in-london-10026302.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, Cable refused to issue export licences for the sale of [[Paveway IV]] laser-guided bomb to the [[Royal Saudi Air Force]] over concern about how they might be used in the [[Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen]]. Cable came under pressure from then-[[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] [[David Cameron]], Defence Secretary [[Michael Fallon]] and Foreign Secretary [[Philip Hammond]] for the immediate resumption of exports. Cable stated he was then given specific assurances by the [[Ministry of Defence (United Kingdom)|Ministry of Defence]] that the UK would be given oversight of potential bombing targets to minimise the risk of civilian casualties, including involvement in decisions, to a similar level given to the [[United States]]. On this understanding, Cable agreed to issue export licences for a £200,000,000 order for the weapons. In 2016, it became apparent the Ministry of Defence did not have this level of oversight, to which Cable responded &quot;That is categorically contrary to what I was told was going to happen.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian-20161104&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/mod-seriously-misled-me-on-saudi-arms-sales-says-vince-cable |title=MoD seriously misled me on Saudi arms sales, says Vince Cable |author=Nick Hopkins |newspaper=The Guardian |date=4 November 2016 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105130004/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/04/mod-seriously-misled-me-on-saudi-arms-sales-says-vince-cable |archivedate=5 November 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;dn-20150716&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.defensenews.com/story/breaking-news/2015/07/16/britain-diverts-bombs-destined-for-raf-to-help-saudi-fight-in-yemen/30236031/ |title=RAF Bombs Diverted to Saudis for Yemen Strikes |publisher=Gannett |work=DefenseNews |date=16 July 2015 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |quote=Britain is transferring Paveway IV precision guided bombs originally earmarked for the Royal Air Force to Saudi Arabia to enable the Gulf state to build stocks of the weapon being used against targets in Yemen and Syria, sources here said. }}{{Dead link|date=August 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-20151127&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-could-be-prosecuted-for-war-crimes-over-missiles-sold-to-saudi-arabia-that-were-used-to-kill-a6752166.html |title=UK could be prosecuted for war crimes over missiles sold to Saudi Arabia that were used to kill civilians in Yemen |author=James Cusick |newspaper=The Independent |date=27 November 2015 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106123118/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/uk-could-be-prosecuted-for-war-crimes-over-missiles-sold-to-saudi-arabia-that-were-used-to-kill-a6752166.html |archivedate=6 November 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt; The sale is being investigated by the [[Committees on Arms Export Controls]].&lt;ref name=&quot;independent-20160310&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/saudi-arabia-use-of-british-weapons-in-yemen-to-be-investigated-by-parliamentary-commission-a6922906.html |title=Saudi Arabia's use of British weapons in Yemen to be investigated by Parliamentary commission |author=Cahal Milmo |newspaper=The Independent |date=10 March 2016 |accessdate=5 November 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161106062102/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/saudi-arabia-use-of-british-weapons-in-yemen-to-be-investigated-by-parliamentary-commission-a6922906.html |archivedate=6 November 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====December 2010 ''Daily Telegraph'' comments====
In late-December 2010, undercover reporters from ''[[The Daily Telegraph]]'', posing as constituents, set up a meeting with Cable, who expressed frustration with being in the coalition and compared it to &quot;fighting a war&quot;; he stated he had &quot;a nuclear option... if they push me too far then I can walk out and bring the government down and they know that&quot;, and had to &quot;pick&quot; his fights carefully. He also claimed the Liberal Democrats had pressed for a &quot;very tough approach&quot; to the UK's banks, which had been opposed by the Conservatives. He described the coalition's attempt at fast, widespread reforms (including the health service and local governments) as being a &quot;kind of [[Maoism|Maoist]] revolution&quot;, and thought &quot;we [the Government] are trying to do too many things... a lot of it is Tory inspired. The problem is not that they are Tory-inspired, but that they haven’t thought them through. We should be putting a brake on them.&quot; When his comments appeared in the press, Cable stated, &quot;Naturally I am embarrassed by these comments and I regret them&quot;, before reaffirming his commitment to the Coalition Government, stating that &quot;I am proud of what it is achieving&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/politics/liberaldemocrats/8215462/Vince-Cable-I-could-bring-down-the-Government.html |title=Vince Cable: I could bring down the Government |publisher=Telegraph.co.uk |date=20 December 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010 |location=London |first=Holly |last=Watt}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=Norman Smith |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12045792 |title=Vince Cable said he could quit coalition if pushed |publisher=bbc.co.uk |date=21 December 2010 |accessdate=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101221051137/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12045792 |archivedate=21 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In part of the ''Daily Telegraph'' transcript that it did not disclose, Cable stated in reference to [[Rupert Murdoch]]'s [[News Corporation takeover bid for BSkyB]], &quot;I have declared war on Mr Murdoch and I think we are going to win.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12053656|title=Vince Cable criticises Murdoch takeover in secret tapes|publisher=bbc.co.uk|date=21 December 2010|accessdate=21 December 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223045454/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-12053656|archivedate=23 December 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following this revelation, Cable had his responsibility for media affairs – including ruling on Murdoch's takeover plans – withdrawn from his role as Business Secretary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Patrick |last=Wintour |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/21/vince-cable-war-murdoch-gaffe |title=Humiliated Vince Cable stripped of Sky role after 'war with Murdoch' gaffe |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=21 December 2010 |accessdate=23 January 2011 |location=London |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131204222939/http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2010/dec/21/vince-cable-war-murdoch-gaffe |archivedate=4 December 2013  }}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2011, the [[Press Complaints Commission]] upheld a complaint regarding the ''Telegraph'''s use of subterfuge.&lt;ref&gt;''[[The Guardian]]'', 10 May 2011, [https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/10/daily-telegraph-vince-cable-tapes Daily Telegraph censured by PCC over Vince Cable tapes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161231215038/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/may/10/daily-telegraph-vince-cable-tapes |date=31 December 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable's stature in the Government grew since then, being dubbed &quot;the moral centre of this Coalition&quot; by [[Peter Oborne]], chief political commentator at the ''Daily Telegraph''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9285065/Leave-Business-Secretary-Vince-Cable-alone-hes-the-moral-centre-of-this-Coalition.html|title=Leave Business Secretary Vince Cable alone – he's the moral centre of this Coalition|date=23 May 2012|work=Telegraph.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525043717/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/9285065/Leave-Business-Secretary-Vince-Cable-alone-hes-the-moral-centre-of-this-Coalition.html|archivedate=25 May 2012|last1=Oborne|first1=Peter}}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Royal Mail sale====
As Business Secretary, Cable oversaw the [[privatisation]] of the [[Royal Mail]] in 2013. The share price increased by 38% within a day and 70% in a year. The [[National Audit Office (United Kingdom)|National Audit Office]] said that the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills was too cautious when setting the sale price, but that a planned postal workers' union strike also affected the government's sale price. Cable refused to apologise, and said that the Government had been right to take a cautious approach, pointing out that the sale had raised £2,000,000,000 for the taxpayer, with a further £1,500,000,000 from the 30% stake in Royal Mail which it had retained. The NAO also noted that some &quot;priority investors&quot;, had made significant profits following the sale, having been allocated more shares in the belief that they would form part of a stable and supportive shareholder base. However, almost half of the shares allocated to them had been sold within a few weeks of the sale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26819971|title=BBC News – Business Secretary Vince Cable defends Royal Mail sale|work=BBC News|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140406074328/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26819971|archivedate=6 April 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/royal-mail-vince-cable-faces-grilling-from-mps-over-privatisation-8966518.html|title=Royal Mail: Vince Cable faces grilling from MPs over privatisation|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201140131/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/royal-mail-vince-cable-faces-grilling-from-mps-over-privatisation-8966518.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Post-ministerial career ===
Cable lost his seat, previously considered [[safe seat|safe]] – with a majority of 12,140 – to the [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] candidate [[Tania Mathias]] at the [[2015 United Kingdom general election|2015 general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url =https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32643817|title =Vince Cable loses seat to the Conservatives|date =8 May 2015|website =BBC News|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150508043552/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2015-32643817|archivedate =8 May 2015|df =dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mathias won with a majority of 2,017 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url =https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11591281/conservative-government-live.html|title =Election 2015 Live Report|date =8 May 2015|website =The Guardian|url-status =live|archiveurl =https://web.archive.org/web/20150513215954/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/general-election-2015/11591281/conservative-government-live.html|archivedate =13 May 2015|df =dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable's elimination from Parliament, combined with the Liberal Democrats' collective defeat at the election, and the formation of a Conservative majority government obliged him to resign as Secretary of State for Business, Innovation and Skills, a position which he held for the majority of its existence. He had also enjoyed the longest tenure as [[President of the Board of Trade]] since that of [[Peter Thorneycroft]], which ended in 1957.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11593996/Why-the-next-Conservative-Government-wont-be-business-as-usual.html|title=Why the next Conservative Government won't be business as usual|last=Dakers|first=Marion|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=9 May 2015|accessdate=1 December 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135225/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11593996/Why-the-next-Conservative-Government-wont-be-business-as-usual.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Return to parliament===

Cable announced on 18 April 2017 his intention to stand for his former seat of Twickenham at the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|snap general election]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-general-election-run-parliament-lib-dem-business-secretary-snap-announcement-a7689056.html |title=Vince Cable to run for parliament again after Theresa May's snap general election announcement |author-last=Mortimer |author-first=Caroline |newspaper=[[The Independent]] |date=18 April 2017 |accessdate=19 April 2017 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170419003212/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-general-election-run-parliament-lib-dem-business-secretary-snap-announcement-a7689056.html |archivedate=19 April 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=May|first=Josh|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85149/coalition-bigwigs-vince-cable|title=Coalition bigwigs Vince Cable, Simon Hughes and Ed Davey prepare to stand again for the Liberal Democrats|work=Politics Home|date=18 April 2017|accessdate=18 April 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170422145736/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85149/coalition-bigwigs-vince-cable|archivedate=22 April 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2017, Cable urged Liberal Democrat supporters to vote tactically for [[Ealing Central and Acton (UK Parliament constituency)|Ealing Central and Acton]] Labour candidate [[Rupa Huq]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Hughes|first=Laura|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|title=Revealed: Sir Vince Cable urges Lib Dem supporters to back Labour candidates in general election|newspaper=[[The Daily Telegraph]]|date=8 May 2017|accessdate=18 May 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511013850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|archivedate=11 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; At the election, he was successful in winning back his former seat, with a majority of 9,762 votes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40208821|title=Ex-Lib Dem leader Nick Clegg loses – but Vince Cable's back|date=9 June 2017|work=[[BBC Online]]|accessdate=9 June 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170609020510/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-40208821|archivedate=9 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a cross-party effort shortly after the election, Cable along with former Labour Party Leader [[Ed Miliband]] and veteran Conservative MP [[Kenneth Clarke|Ken Clarke]] made a joint submission to [[Ofcom]], opposing [[21st Century Fox]]'s takeover bid of [[Sky UK|Sky]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/01/senior-cross-party-mps-consider-holding-vote-on-murdochs-sky-takeover-bid|title=Senior cross-party MPs consider holding vote on Murdoch's Sky takeover bid|last=Ruddick|first=Graham|date=1 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=23 August 2017|last2=Sweney|first2=Mark|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120009/https://www.theguardian.com/media/2017/jul/01/senior-cross-party-mps-consider-holding-vote-on-murdochs-sky-takeover-bid|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Following [[Tim Farron]]'s resignation as leader of the Liberal Democrats, Cable announced his candidacy in the subsequent [[2017 Liberal Democrats leadership election|leadership election]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc.co.uk&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40339334|title=Sir Vince Cable to run for Lib Dem leadership|date=20 June 2017|via=www.bbc.co.uk|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170620113507/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40339334|archivedate=20 June 2017|work=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July, he called for pro-EU MPs to support and &quot;rally around&quot; Chancellor [[Philip Hammond]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/42f9f748-6c83-11e7-b9c7-15af748b60d0|title=Pro-EU MPs should support Philip Hammond, says Vince Cable |website=Financial Times|accessdate=23 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823115105/https://www.ft.com/content/42f9f748-6c83-11e7-b9c7-15af748b60d0|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Leader of the Liberal Democrats ==
On 20 July 2017, Cable became leader of the Liberal Democrats after facing no competition.&lt;ref name=itvleader/&gt; He was the oldest leader of a major UK political party since [[Winston Churchill|Sir Winston Churchill]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/vince-cable-lib-dem-leader-economic-guru-and-romantic-novelist-10954630|title=Vince Cable: Challenges for new Lib Dem leader|work=Sky News|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170720053310/http://news.sky.com/story/vince-cable-lib-dem-leader-economic-guru-and-romantic-novelist-10954630|archivedate=20 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Policies===
In a manifesto released upon his ascent to leadership, Cable revealed his policy priorities as Liberal Democrat leader would include tackling inequality, improving public services, opposing [[Brexit]], electoral reform and young people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.libdems.org.uk/vince-manifesto|title=Ambitious for our country; ambitious for our party - Vince Cable's Leadership Manifesto|last=http://www.libdems.org.uk/|date=20 July 2017|work=Liberal Democrats|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075417/https://www.libdems.org.uk/vince-manifesto|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Vince Cable at Brighton 2018.jpg|thumb|Cable addressing a Liberal Democrat fringe meeting in 2018]]
In late 2017 Cable revealed that he had become &quot;more [[Interventionism (economics)|interventionist]]&quot; economically due to experiences while in the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Coalition]] government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vince-cable-interview-meet-ex-business-secretary-hoping-become-lib-dem-leader-1627184|title=Vince Cable interview: Meet the ex-business secretary hoping to become Lib Dem leader|last=Silvera|first=Ian|date=21 June 2017|work=International Business Times UK|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200914/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/vince-cable-interview-meet-ex-business-secretary-hoping-become-lib-dem-leader-1627184|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, Cable has called for the blocking of several foreign takeovers of UK companies in the [[High tech#Technology sectors|technology sector]], and for the reform of UK takeover laws in the form of the 'Cadbury Clause' that had been suggested by figures within the Conservative Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-warning-after-china-takeover-of-chip-designer-imagination-technologies-8mwrsm3cl|title=Vince Cable warning after China takeover of chip designer Imagination Technologies|last=Collingridge|first=Simon Duke and John|date=24 September 2017|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=31 January 2018|issn=0956-1382|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200913/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-warning-after-china-takeover-of-chip-designer-imagination-technologies-8mwrsm3cl|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/12/gkn-rejects-7bn-hostile-approach-melrose-vince-cable|title=GKN rejects £7bn hostile approach from rival Melrose|last=Fletcher|first=Nick|date=12 January 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180130143654/https://www.theguardian.com/business/2018/jan/12/gkn-rejects-7bn-hostile-approach-melrose-vince-cable|archive-date=30 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/cable-demands-tech-sector-defence-after-aveva-merger-11022177|title=Cable demands tech sector 'defence' after Aveva merger|work=Sky News|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131202356/https://news.sky.com/story/cable-demands-tech-sector-defence-after-aveva-merger-11022177|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Following the leak of the [[Paradise Papers]], Cable commented that direct rule of [[crown dependencies]] should be threatened if substantial progress was not made in curbing aggressive tax avoidance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-paradise-papers-overseas-territories-tax-practices-avoidance-offshore-accounts-money-a8043766.html|title=Vince Cable warns direct rule should be imposed if British overseas territories fail to tackle 'unacceptable' tax practices|date=8 November 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131202438/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-paradise-papers-overseas-territories-tax-practices-avoidance-offshore-accounts-money-a8043766.html|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-08/u-k-should-threaten-direct-rule-over-tax-havens-cable-says|title=U.K. Should Threaten Direct Rule Over Tax Havens, Cable Says|date=8 November 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131200735/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-11-08/u-k-should-threaten-direct-rule-over-tax-havens-cable-says|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2017 Cable echoed Foreign Secretary [[Boris Johnson]] in calling for greater taxation of foreign speculators in the housing market.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/ccf20b8c-9d31-11e7-8cd4-932067fbf946|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201319/https://www.ft.com/content/ccf20b8c-9d31-11e7-8cd4-932067fbf946|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also called for the reform of [[empty dwelling management order]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/01/11000-homes-empty-longer-decade/|title=More than 11,000 homes empty for longer than a decade|last=Ward|first=Victoria|date=2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=31 January 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201021711/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2018/01/01/11000-homes-empty-longer-decade/|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In an 8 November 2017 pre-Budget speech at the [[City of London]], Cable announced the Liberal Democrats under his leadership would seek to revive the fiscal [[Golden Rule (fiscal policy)|Golden Rule]] of former Labour Chancellor [[Gordon Brown]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/liberal-democrats-would-resurrect-gordon-brown-s-golden-rule-gq22gvdkf|title=Liberal Democrats would resurrect Gordon Brown's 'golden rule'|last=Editor|first=Philip Aldrick, Economics|date=8 November 2017|work=The Times|accessdate=31 January 2018|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180131201207/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/liberal-democrats-would-resurrect-gordon-brown-s-golden-rule-gq22gvdkf|archive-date=31 January 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early 2018, Cable's leadership saw former Conservative donors [[Peter Stringfellow|Peter J Stringfellow]] and [[Charlie Mullins]] switch and pledge their support to Cable and the Liberal Democrats over Brexit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/foreign-affairs/brexit/news/93244/former-tory-donor-switches-funding-lib-dems-over-brexit|title=Former Tory donor switches to funding Lib Dems over Brexit|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=1 March 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418005450/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/foreign-affairs/brexit/news/93244/former-tory-donor-switches-funding-lib-dems-over-brexit|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/903839/Brexit-news-UK-Peter-Stringfellow-BBC-European-Union-EU-Conservative-Labour-Lib-Dem|title=Embarrassing moment Peter Stringfellow forgets name of EU he desperately wants to stay in|last=Barnes|first=Joe|date=12 January 2018|work=Express.co.uk|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201215218/https://www.express.co.uk/news/uk/903839/Brexit-news-UK-Peter-Stringfellow-BBC-European-Union-EU-Conservative-Labour-Lib-Dem|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On education, Cable has rejected cutting or abolishing university tuition fees. He has instead announced that he would seek to implement lifelong learning accounts which would serve as endowments to all young people to help pay for education or training at any future date, and suggested this endowment could range from £5,000 to £10,000 per head (the average university student debt in England is £50,800 upon graduation as of 2017),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-40493658|title=Student debts 'rise to more than £50,000'|last=Coughlan|first=Sean|date=5 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180206054342/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-40493658|archive-date=6 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; costing around £10 billion a year. Cable claimed the policy could be funded from reform of capital gains, inheritance, and property taxes.&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/21/building-houses-saving-nhs-budget-benefits-liberal-democrats-vince-cable|title=Building houses and saving the NHS: how Lib Dems would tackle this budget {{!}} Vince Cable|last=Cable|first=Vince|date=21 November 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201075214/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/nov/21/building-houses-saving-nhs-budget-benefits-liberal-democrats-vince-cable|archive-date=1 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also on education, he proposes to abolish the [[Ofsted]] inspectorate and reform school [[League Tables|league tables]] to focus on pupil well-being rather than exam results because a “change in emphasis” is needed away from competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-builds-youth-army-to-fight-brexit-tbgtwh8rg|title=Vince Cable builds youth army to fight Brexit|last=Shipman|first=Tim|date=4 March 2018|work=The Sunday Times|accessdate=10 March 2018|issn=0956-1382|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180311095434/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-builds-youth-army-to-fight-brexit-tbgtwh8rg|archive-date=11 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.tes.com/news/school-news/breaking-news/vince-cable-targets-are-infantilising-teachers|title=Vince Cable: Targets are 'infantilising' teachers|date=11 October 2017|work=Tes|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325231925/https://www.tes.com/news/school-news/breaking-news/vince-cable-targets-are-infantilising-teachers|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He supported the February 2018 [[Universities Superannuation Scheme|USS]] strikes, calling for the government to underwrite lecturers' pensions,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/education/universities/news/93110/vince-cable-urges-govt-intervene-university-strikes|title=Vince Cable urges govt to intervene in university strikes|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=24 February 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325233807/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/education/universities/news/93110/vince-cable-urges-govt-intervene-university-strikes|archive-date=25 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; while refusing to cross a [[Picketing|picket line]] at the [[Cass Business School]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/06/oxford-university-blocks-challenge-to-staff-pension-cuts-proposals-universities-strike|title=Oxford University blocks staff attempts to challenge pension cuts|last=Adams|first=Richard|date=6 March 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309185005/https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/06/oxford-university-blocks-challenge-to-staff-pension-cuts-proposals-universities-strike|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 22 March, Cable announced that at an earlier meeting of European liberal parties he had garnered the signed agreements of eight European [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe group|ALDE]] Prime Ministers demanding another referendum on the terms of Britain's exit from the European Union. Shortly after, however, in contradiction to Cable's announcement ALDE issued a statement denying that there had been any joint agreement about backing another referendum.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/22/second-brexit-referendum-eight-eu-pms-deny-backing-liberal-democrats|title=Lib Dems embarrassed as EU leaders deny Brexit statement|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|last2=Stewart|first2=Heather|date=22 March 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093027/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/mar/22/second-brexit-referendum-eight-eu-pms-deny-backing-liberal-democrats|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/03/22/one-third-eu-leaders-back-call-second-brexit-referendum/|title=Sir Vince Cable facing humiliation after EU leaders disown claim they backed calls for second Brexit referendum|last=Maidment|first=Jack|date=22 March 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=17 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418061736/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/politics/2018/03/22/one-third-eu-leaders-back-call-second-brexit-referendum/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/93841/humiliation-vince-cable-eu-prime|title=Humiliation for Vince Cable as EU prime ministers deny backing second referendum|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=22 March 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418005437/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/93841/humiliation-vince-cable-eu-prime|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In June, Cable set out plans to create a state land-buying agency to [[Compulsory purchase in England and Wales|compulsorily purchase]] land at 40% below market value.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jun/26/lib-dems-vince-cable-land-buying-agency-to-boost-house-building|title=Lib Dems propose land-buying agency to boost house building|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=26 June 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101140140/https://www.theguardian.com/society/2018/jun/26/lib-dems-vince-cable-land-buying-agency-to-boost-house-building|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable also unveiled a proposal to develop a [[sovereign wealth fund]], totalling £100 billion of assets, to be paid for partly by a tax on gifts.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/263118/liberal-democrats-announce-plans-create-uks-first-sovereign|title=Liberal Democrats announce plans to create UK's first sovereign wealth fund|last=Ashworth|first=Louis|date=16 September 2018|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095631/http://www.cityam.com/263118/liberal-democrats-announce-plans-create-uks-first-sovereign|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/news/lib-dems-wed-tax-lifetime-gifts-to-create-100bn-citizen-fund/a1155458|title=Lib Dems: we'd tax lifetime gifts to create £100bn 'citizen fund'|work=Citywire|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101095445/https://citywire.co.uk/new-model-adviser/news/lib-dems-wed-tax-lifetime-gifts-to-create-100bn-citizen-fund/a1155458|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to both the 2017 and 2018 [[Budget of the United Kingdom|Autumn Budget announcements]], Cable called for a large increase in [[public service]]s spending and the end of austerity, attacking the Conservative government's 2018 Autumn Budget for failing to meet his demands on increased spending.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-end-austerity-final-say-peoples-vote-brexit-conservative-conference-income-tax-a8572751.html|title=If Theresa May truly wanted to end austerity, she'd give voters the option to stay in the EU|work=The Independent|accessdate=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135237/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/theresa-may-end-austerity-final-say-peoples-vote-brexit-conservative-conference-income-tax-a8572751.html|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/vince-cable-brexit-s-real-life-impacts-are-already-hitting-uk-hard-1-4823306|title=Vince Cable: Brexit's real-life impacts are already hitting UK hard|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135211/https://www.scotsman.com/news/opinion/vince-cable-brexit-s-real-life-impacts-are-already-hitting-uk-hard-1-4823306|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:6&quot; /&gt; He criticised Labour for not voting against a package of Conservative tax cuts which included raising the personal income tax [[Personal allowance|allowance]] and higher rate income tax [[Income tax threshold|threshold]], money that he argued would be better used on reversing cuts to benefits.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/01/labour-mps-table-amendment-objecting-to-partys-tax-cut-stance|title=Labour MPs defy whips and McDonnell to vote against Tory tax cuts|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=1 November 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=30 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202024618/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/nov/01/labour-mps-table-amendment-objecting-to-partys-tax-cut-stance|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.libdems.org.uk/lib-dems-lead-rebellion-against-tory-tax-cuts-for-higher-earners|title=Lib Dems lead rebellion against Tory tax cuts for higher earners|last=http://www.libdems.org.uk/|date=1 November 2018|work=Liberal Democrats|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201180825/https://www.libdems.org.uk/lib-dems-lead-rebellion-against-tory-tax-cuts-for-higher-earners|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Commentary===
[[File:Caroline Lucas and Vice Cable sharing a joke.jpg|thumb|257x257px|Cable as leader of the Liberal Democrats with Green MP [[Caroline Lucas]]]]
Electorally, Cable asserted that the Liberal Democrats under his leadership would win over substantial numbers of younger Labour voters &quot;when the penny drops&quot; about Labour's stance on Brexit, and that &quot;young supporters will soon notice&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/267270/vince-cable-penny-drops-labours-real-stance-brexit-young|title=Vince Cable: Young people will be disillusioned about Labour's Brexit views|last=Haslett|first=Emma|date=25 June 2017|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514065553/http://www.cityam.com/267270/vince-cable-penny-drops-labours-real-stance-brexit-young|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/23/labour-young-voters-betray-brexit|title=Labour won over young voters. But it is betraying them on Brexit {{!}} Vince Cable|last=Cable|first=Vince|date=23 June 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420220924/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/jun/23/labour-young-voters-betray-brexit|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Aside from Brexit, he claimed that adopting and pitching policies like higher taxation of wealth would also help in winning over Labour voters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/liberal-democrats-taxes-rise-rich-wealthy-inequality-corbyn-voters-vince-cable-a7931161.html|title=Lib Dems to commit to higher wealth taxes in bid to tackle inequality 'tearing' Britain apart|date=5 September 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514070545/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/liberal-democrats-taxes-rise-rich-wealthy-inequality-corbyn-voters-vince-cable-a7931161.html|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilyashton/vince-cable-reckons-he-can-win-over-jeremy-corbyns-young|title=Vince Cable Reckons He Can Win Over Jeremy Corbyn's Young Followers|work=BuzzFeed|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180316190925/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilyashton/vince-cable-reckons-he-can-win-over-jeremy-corbyns-young|archive-date=16 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Despite this, the Liberal Democrats under Cable's leadership have drawn observations from numerous political commentators such as Stephen Bush of ''[[New Statesman]]'' and [[John Rentoul]] of ''[[The Independent]]'' who noted that Liberal Democrat national polling had remained static even with significantly negative public perceptions of both the Labour and Conservative parties.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lib-dems-vince-cable-jeremy-corbyn-labour-brexit-tuition-fees-a8181086.html|title=The Lib Dem 'stop Brexit' ship is sinking. Now, many of their supporters are flocking to Jeremy Corbyn|date=27 January 2018|work=The Independent|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180310193634/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/lib-dems-vince-cable-jeremy-corbyn-labour-brexit-tuition-fees-a8181086.html|archive-date=10 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/elections/2018/02/why-are-liberal-democrats-doing-so-badly|title=Why are the Liberal Democrats doing so badly?|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180203021825/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/elections/2018/02/why-are-liberal-democrats-doing-so-badly|archive-date=3 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-fails-to-spark-lib-dems-into-life-9207t9dsp|title=Vince Cable fails to spark Lib Dems into life|last=Fisher|first=Henry Zeffman, Lucy|date=27 December 2017|work=The Times|accessdate=10 March 2018|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141611/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vince-cable-fails-to-spark-lib-dems-into-life-9207t9dsp|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/liberal-democrats-conference-local-elections-last-change-saloon-a8246191.html|title=The local elections are last chance saloon for the Lib Dems|date=8 March 2018|work=The Independent|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180313150932/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/editorials/liberal-democrats-conference-local-elections-last-change-saloon-a8246191.html|archive-date=13 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/lib-dems-30-last-chance-strike-gold/|title=Lib Dems at 30: Last chance to strike gold?|date=4 March 2018|work=iNews|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514141419/https://inews.co.uk/news/politics/lib-dems-30-last-chance-strike-gold/|archive-date=14 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rentoul, as well as politics historian [[Glen O'Hara]] pointed to traditional and once potential Liberal Democrat voters Cable might wish to target as now having become solidly Labour voters.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/27/lib-dems-facing-fight-for-political-future-in-2018|title=Lib Dems 'facing fight for political future' in 2018|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=27 December 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180318035434/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/dec/27/lib-dems-facing-fight-for-political-future-in-2018|archive-date=18 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt; ''[[The Times]]'' Red Box editor and columnist Matt Chorley, in assessing Cable's leadership, wrote how there was already a &quot;grey-haired nasal leftie running an opposition party&quot; (in reference to [[Jeremy Corbyn]]) and therefore Cable was not needed.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-are-lib-dems-so-unpopular-ssgmj927b|title=Why are Lib Dems so unpopular?|last=Editor|first=Matt Chorley, Red Box|date=9 March 2018|accessdate=9 March 2018|issn=0140-0460|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180309144137/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/why-are-lib-dems-so-unpopular-ssgmj927b|archive-date=9 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable has received significant critical commentary surrounding his leadership of the Liberal Democrats in terms of policy proposals and stances. In particular, Cable's support for a [[Referendums related to the European Union|second referendum]] on membership of the European Union and his comment that older Brexit voters were driven by nostalgia were met with negative reactions from the likes of broadcaster [[Julia Hartley-Brewer|Julia Hartley Brewer]], government Cabinet member [[Sajid Javid]], and others.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/news/93516/vince-cable-branded-offensive-and|title=Vince Cable branded 'offensive' and 'disrespectful' for 'white faces' comment|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=12 March 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418040038/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/news/93516/vince-cable-branded-offensive-and|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/282032/vince-cable-slammed-white-faces-brexit-slur|title=Cable slammed for &quot;white faces&quot; Brexit slur|last=Cahill|first=Helen|date=11 March 2018|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031649/http://www.cityam.com/282032/vince-cable-slammed-white-faces-brexit-slur|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://talkradio.co.uk/news/julia-hartley-brewer-clashes-sir-vince-cable-over-parliaments-ability-vote-down-brexit|title=Julia Hartley-Brewer clashes with Sir Vince Cable over Parliament's ability to vote down Brexit|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192443/http://talkradio.co.uk/news/julia-hartley-brewer-clashes-sir-vince-cable-over-parliaments-ability-vote-down-brexit|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/vince-cable-wants-vote-brexit-yet-knows-insulting-sounds/|title=Vince Cable wants you to vote again on Brexit – yet he knows how insulting he sounds|last=Bennett|first=Asa|date=21 July 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625232748/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/07/21/vince-cable-wants-vote-brexit-yet-knows-insulting-sounds/|archive-date=25 June 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/272345/uk-business-recoils-vince-cables-suggestion-second-eu|title=UK business recoils at Vince Cable's suggestion of a second EU referendum|last=Cahill|first=Helen|date=19 September 2017|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031627/http://www.cityam.com/272345/uk-business-recoils-vince-cables-suggestion-second-eu|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2018/03/vince-cable-not-brexit-voters-is-the-one-stuck-in-the-past/|title=Vince Cable, not Brexit voters, is the one stuck in the past {{!}} Coffee House|date=12 March 2018|work=Coffee House|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180312175436/https://blogs.spectator.co.uk/2018/03/vince-cable-not-brexit-voters-is-the-one-stuck-in-the-past/|archive-date=12 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, some in the media have expressed agreement with Cable's position on Brexit.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/truth-is-the-first-casualty-of-vince-cables-speech-1-5440466|title=Letter: Truth is the first casualty in battle of Cable's speech|last=Thomas|first=Sarah|work=The New European|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031503/http://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/top-stories/truth-is-the-first-casualty-of-vince-cables-speech-1-5440466|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/andrew-hawkins/brexit-polling_b_17696370.html|title=Did The Old Really 'Shaft' The Young Over Brexit?|date=7 August 2017|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031510/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/andrew-hawkins/brexit-polling_b_17696370.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/vince-cable-brexit-white-nigel-farage-nostalgia-lib-dem-ukip-immigration-racist-a8251966.html|title=Vince Cable is absolutely right about nostalgic Brexit voters, and people like Nigel Farage know it|date=12 March 2018|work=The Independent|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418043111/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/vince-cable-brexit-white-nigel-farage-nostalgia-lib-dem-ukip-immigration-racist-a8251966.html|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other policy, such as punitive taxation of foreign housing investors was criticised in ''[[Forbes]]'' and by the [[Adam Smith Institute]] think tank, ''Forbes'' describing Cable's proposed policy as being a cure &quot;worse than the economic disease it's designed to solve.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonconstable/2017/09/21/u-k-politician-offers-cure-for-housing-that-is-worse-than-the-disease/#4811600015fd|title=U.K. Politician Offers Cure For Housing That Is Worse Than The Disease|last=Constable|first=Simon|work=Forbes|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417193028/https://www.forbes.com/sites/simonconstable/2017/09/21/u-k-politician-offers-cure-for-housing-that-is-worse-than-the-disease/#4811600015fd|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.adamsmith.org/news/cable-housing-wrong|title=Vince Cable hits out at all the wrong targets on housing|work=Adam Smith Institute|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192223/https://www.adamsmith.org/news/cable-housing-wrong|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''[[Financial Times]]'' considered Cable to be part of a &quot;coalition of anti-capitalists&quot; due to his calls for foreign takeovers of British companies to be blocked,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/656fae20-1639-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640|title=Subscribe to read|website=Financial Times|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192256/https://www.ft.com/content/656fae20-1639-11e8-9e9c-25c814761640|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in ''[[The Telegraph (London)|The Daily Telegraph]]'' his policies were likened unfavourably to those of the Labour Party.&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/11/08/vince-cables-pitch-uk-plc-sensible-corbyn/|title=Vince Cable's pitch to UK plc: we're more sensible than Corbyn|last=Wallace|first=Tim|date=8 November 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=16 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417205026/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/11/08/vince-cables-pitch-uk-plc-sensible-corbyn/|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Political journalist [[Andrew Rawnsley]] of ''[[The Observer]]'' was critical of Cable's general approach but conceded the possibility of Cable's anti-Brexit policy paying off eventually.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Rawnsley|first=Andrew|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/16/has-vince-cable-been-smoking-too-many-hallucinogenic-drugs|title=Has Vince Cable been trying too many hallucinogenic drugs?|work=The Observer|date=16 September 2017|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093108/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/sep/16/has-vince-cable-been-smoking-too-many-hallucinogenic-drugs|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 7 September 2018, Cable announced his intention to resign as leader of the Liberal Democrats. He initially said he would resign once Brexit has been resolved or stopped, and when his proposed party reforms had been accepted,&lt;ref name=&quot;:4&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/07/vince-cable-step-down-lib-dem-leader-brexit-resolved-stopped|title=Vince Cable to step down 'after Brexit is resolved or stopped'|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=7 September 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101175529/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/sep/07/vince-cable-step-down-lib-dem-leader-brexit-resolved-stopped|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-will-resign-as-liberal-democrat-leader-2018-9|title=Vince Cable announces plans to resign as Liberal Democrat leader|work=Business Insider|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022014408/http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-will-resign-as-liberal-democrat-leader-2018-9|archive-date=22 October 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; but in March 2019, he said that he would resign in May 2019 after the local elections.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47577739 |title=Sir Vince Cable to quit as Lib Dem leader in May |date=14 March 2019 |access-date=20 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190401021325/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-47577739 |archive-date=1 April 2019 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the [[2019 European Parliament election in the United Kingdom]], he confirmed on 24 May that he would stand down on 23 July 2019.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-48403038  &quot;Liberal Democrats start leadership contest&quot;, ''BBC News'', 24 May 2019] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190525023007/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-48403038 |date=25 May 2019 }}. Retrieved 24 May 2019&lt;/ref&gt;

==Views==
Cable has compared himself to [[centrist]] French [[President of France|President]] [[Emmanuel Macron]], saying that as Business Secretary he had worked with Macron (then an economy minister) personally and that they have a &quot;very similar&quot; approach. He believes his party should occupy the &quot;vast middle ground&quot;, likening the political conditions of the UK with those of France.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40680626|title=Vince Cable: I can offer the same formula as Macron|date=21 July 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723055822/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40680626|archivedate=23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/01/vince-cable-lib-dems-mimic-emmanuel-macron|title=Vince Cable: Lib Dems should emulate tactics of Emmanuel Macron|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=1 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|last2=Elgot|first2=Jessica|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723135013/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/01/vince-cable-lib-dems-mimic-emmanuel-macron|archivedate=23 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable asserts that there is an &quot;appetite&quot; for &quot;middle-of-the-road politics&quot; which he claims he can provide,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/18/vince-cable-likens-theresa-may-to-headteacher-barricaded-in-her-office|title=Vince Cable likens May to headteacher 'barricaded in her office'|last=Walker|first=Peter|date=18 September 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062539/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/sep/18/vince-cable-likens-theresa-may-to-headteacher-barricaded-in-her-office|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and has decried what he sees as the mistreatment of “middle-of-the-road [[Brownism|Brownite]] type” politicians like [[Tom Watson (Labour politician)|Tom Watson]] by the &quot;hard left&quot; within the Labour Party.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.skygroup.sky/corporate/media-centre/articles/en-gb/sophy-ridge-on-sunday-interview-with-vince-cable-mp-liberal-democrat-leader-230717|title=Sky Corporate|website=Sky|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422034458/https://www.skygroup.sky/corporate/media-centre/articles/en-gb/sophy-ridge-on-sunday-interview-with-vince-cable-mp-liberal-democrat-leader-230717|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He is a supporter of the [[Social Liberal Forum]], a centre-left group within the Liberal Democrats.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.vincecable.org/about-us.html|title=Vince Cable|website=www.vincecable.org|accessdate=31 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208152745/http://www.vincecable.org/about-us.html|archive-date=8 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-warns-nick-clegg-that-lib-dems-must-return-to-radical-party-roots-8527239.html|title=Vince Cable warns Nick Clegg that Lib Dems must return to 'radical'|work=The Independent|accessdate=31 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101102436/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-warns-nick-clegg-that-lib-dems-must-return-to-radical-party-roots-8527239.html|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/23/vince-cable-exposed-lib-dem-divide|title=Vince Cable has exposed the Liberal Democrat divide {{!}} Vernon Bogdanor|last=Bogdanor|first=Vernon|date=23 July 2012|work=The Guardian|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202030201/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/jul/23/vince-cable-exposed-lib-dem-divide|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Trade===
[[File:President of Burma (9299580892).jpg|thumb|Cable with [[Myanmar]]'s President [[Thein Sein]] in London, July 2013]]
He supported the proposed [[Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership]] trade agreement (TTIP), saying in 2014 that &quot;if you are a true believer in free trade then you want to trade more with the US.&quot; To critics such as trade unions he replied that he was &quot;genuinely baffled&quot; about their fears that TTIP would lead to the [[Privatization|privatisation]] of the NHS, adding that TTIP had &quot;nothing to do with allowing the Americans to interfere with our NHS&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/10/02/ttip-vince-cable-ukip_n_5914040.html|title=Cable Mocks Ukip For Opposing Controversial US-EU Trade Deal|date=2 October 2014|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223232302/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2014/10/02/ttip-vince-cable-ukip_n_5914040.html|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ttip-vince-cables-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs/ttip-vince-cables-detailed-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs|title=TTIP: Vince Cable's detailed response to 'TTIP: no public benefits, but major costs' - GOV.UK|accessdate=22 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223171306/https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ttip-vince-cables-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs/ttip-vince-cables-detailed-response-to-ttip-no-public-benefits-but-major-costs|archive-date=23 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2018, concerning the possibility of US-UK trade deal which might follow the United Kingdom's future exit from the European Union, Cable warned that a trade deal in such circumstances might involve agreeing to open up the NHS to private American healthcare firms. Cable claimed this was unlike TTIP in which public services were to remain protected and therefore he argued the UK should remain in the EU.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/vince-cable-best-way-protect-nhs-america-work-eu/|title=Vince Cable: the only way to protect the NHS from private US firms is to work with the EU|date=9 February 2018|work=iNews|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031848/https://inews.co.uk/opinion/comment/vince-cable-best-way-protect-nhs-america-work-eu/|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/pmqs-theresa-may-nhs_uk_5a7afd58e4b07af4e81fc180|title=Theresa May Refuses To Rule Out The NHS Being Part Of UK/US Trade Deal|date=7 February 2018|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031558/https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/pmqs-theresa-may-nhs_uk_5a7afd58e4b07af4e81fc180|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable also warned that a post-Brexit trade deal with the US might lead to accepting lower standards in farming produce, less food being produced in the UK and less employment for farmers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2017/07/26/news/us-trade-deal-would-not-offset-potential-losses-of-hard-brexit--1093108/|title=US trade deal 'would not offset potential losses of hard Brexit'|last=Association|first=Elizabeth Arnold, Press|website=The Irish News|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417192417/https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2017/07/26/news/us-trade-deal-would-not-offset-potential-losses-of-hard-brexit--1093108/|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable thinks free trade is not a [[zero-sum game]] and that it is mutually beneficial for nations, stating: &quot;Countries are better off when they participate in specialisation, with consumers benefiting from greater choice, higher quality products, and lower prices.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/283827/stop-sacrificing-free-trade-banging-protectionist-drum|title=Stop sacrificing free trade by banging the protectionist drum|last=Cable|first=Sir Vince|date=12 April 2018|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417191916/http://www.cityam.com/283827/stop-sacrificing-free-trade-banging-protectionist-drum|archive-date=17 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has condemned British and American politicians such as [[Donald Trump]] who he claims exploit the &quot;anger and fear&quot; over potential job losses which may result from foreign trade competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;:3&quot; /&gt;

===Human rights===
In May 2018, Theresa May welcomed Turkish President [[Recep Tayyip Erdoğan]] to the United Kingdom for a three-day state visit. Erdoğan declared that the United Kingdom is &quot;an ally and a strategic partner, but also a real friend.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/president-erdogan-theresa-may-post-brexit-trade-turkey-a8351531.html Post-Brexit, the UK will need Turkey for trade – and Erdogan is using that to his advantage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180514214843/https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/president-erdogan-theresa-may-post-brexit-trade-turkey-a8351531.html |date=14 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The Independent.'' 14 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt; Cable denounced the visit, saying that &quot;The UK has a strong, proud history of democracy and human rights, but our reputation on the world stage is in danger of being eroded by this Conservative government’s desire to woo world leaders like [Donald] Trump and Erdoğan. May’s administration appears to have substituted diplomacy for sycophancy in its pursuit of Brexit.&quot; Cable said that Erdoğan &quot;is responsible for alarming [[2016–present purges in Turkey|oppression and violence]].&quot;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/13/theresa-may-under-fire-human-rights-as-turkish-president-lands-in-uk Campaigners call for UK to act on rights as Turkish president arrives] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180516162236/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2018/may/13/theresa-may-under-fire-human-rights-as-turkish-president-lands-in-uk |date=16 May 2018 }}&quot;. ''The Guardian.'' 13 May 2018.&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to the murder of the [[Saudi Arabia|Saudi]] opposition journalist [[Jamal Khashoggi]], Cable said: &quot;This situation gets murkier and murkier. The Government should have already suspended arms export licences to Saudi Arabia given the outrages in Yemen. This reinforces the argument for loosening the bonds to the regime.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Turkey 'will not allow cover-up' after Saudi Arabia claims Jamal Khashoggi died in 'fist fight' |url=http://www.itv.com/news/2018-10-20/jamal-khashoggi-dead-saudi-arabia-istanbul/ |work=ITV News |date=20 October 2018 |access-date=20 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181020201847/https://www.itv.com/news/2018-10-20/jamal-khashoggi-dead-saudi-arabia-istanbul/ |archive-date=20 October 2018 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Taxation and economy===
As an economist, Cable considers [[Adam Smith]] and [[John Maynard Keynes]] to be his heroes, recommending Smith's ''[[The Wealth of Nations]]'' and [[Robert Skidelsky, Baron Skidelsky|Robert Skidelsky]]’s ''Life of John Maynard Keynes'' to novice economists.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/my-london-vince-cable-6464942.html|title=My London: Vince Cable|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823121312/https://www.standard.co.uk/lifestyle/my-london-vince-cable-6464942.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.thefreethinktank.com/interview-sir-vince-cable/|title=Interview with Sir Vince Cable – The Freethink Tank|date=24 February 2017|work=The Freethink Tank|accessdate=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823133807/http://www.thefreethinktank.com/interview-sir-vince-cable/|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He has been a proponent of greater [[Capital expenditure|capital spending]], or borrowing to invest, and has made the case for this several times during and after the 2010-2015 coalition government.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/economics/economics/2013/03/after-cables-intervention-austerity-consensus-crumbling|title=Leader: After Cable's intervention, the austerity consensus is crumbling|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135217/https://www.newstatesman.com/economics/economics/2013/03/after-cables-intervention-austerity-consensus-crumbling|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/mar/07/clegg-cable-borrowing-capital-investment|title=Clegg fails to back Cable's call for more borrowing to fund capital investment|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|last2=Watt|first2=Nicholas|date=7 March 2013|work=The Guardian|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181202030159/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2013/mar/07/clegg-cable-borrowing-capital-investment|archive-date=2 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.sky.com/story/sir-vince-cable-admits-regret-coalition-austerity-policies-may-have-led-to-brexit-vote-11499891|title=Sir Vince Cable admits 'regret' coalition austerity policies may have led to Brexit vote|work=Sky News|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135227/https://news.sky.com/story/sir-vince-cable-admits-regret-coalition-austerity-policies-may-have-led-to-brexit-vote-11499891|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable has called the [[Demutualization|demutualisation]] of [[building society|building societies]] &quot;one of the greatest acts of test123 economic vandalism in modern times&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/jun/18/cable-laments-destruction-building-societies|title=Vince Cable laments destruction of building societies|first1=Jill|last1=Treanor|first2=Juliette|last2=Jowit|date=18 June 2012|via=The Guardian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170810172219/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2012/jun/18/cable-laments-destruction-building-societies|archivedate=10 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable supports the continuation of the Liberal Democrat policy of a [[Hypothecated tax|hypothecated]] 1p rise in income tax to pay for improved health and social care,&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC9/7/2017&quot;&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40547733 Brexit may never happen – Sir Vince Cable] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170709104650/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-40547733 |date=9 July 2017 }} ''[[BBC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39822306|title=Lib Dems pledge 1p income tax rise to fund NHS|last=Gallagher|first=James|date=6 May 2017|work=BBC News|accessdate=22 August 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911184140/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election-2017-39822306|archivedate=11 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; along with proposals for replacing national insurance taxes with a likewise hypothecated new NHS and social care tax .&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/92588/vince-cable-backs-new-nhs-and|title=Vince Cable backs new NHS and social care tax to replace National Insurance|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=5 February 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=10 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415210118/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/92588/vince-cable-backs-new-nhs-and|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He has also voiced support for a [[wealth tax]] to raise £15 billion or the equivalent of “less than one-third of 1pc of household wealth, net of debt” which would be used to address “intergenerational inequality.”&lt;ref name=&quot;:2&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.cityam.com/275391/autumn-budget-2017-liberal-democrats-leader-vince-cable|title=Lib Dems &quot;investigating&quot; wealth tax to fund youth grant|last=Neilan|first=Catherine|date=8 November 2017|accessdate=16 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418031511/http://www.cityam.com/275391/autumn-budget-2017-liberal-democrats-leader-vince-cable|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable has been critical of the [[National Living Wage]] (the UK system of minimum wage), arguing in 2015 that [[Small and medium-sized enterprises|smaller businesses]] would struggle to pay employees higher rates.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://businessadvice.co.uk/hr/employment-law/vince-cable-warns-small-firms-in-the-north-east-will-be-put-out-of-business-because-of-the-national-living-wage/|title=Vince Cable warns small firms in the North East will be put out of business because of the national living wage {{!}} Business Advice|date=12 October 2015|work=Business Advice|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107013435/http://businessadvice.co.uk/hr/employment-law/vince-cable-warns-small-firms-in-the-north-east-will-be-put-out-of-business-because-of-the-national-living-wage/|archivedate=7 November 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

He has called for companies [[Google]], [[Amazon (company)|Amazon]], and [[Facebook]] to be broken up,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/19/cable-calls-for-tech-titans-google-facebook-and-amazon-to-be-broken-up|title=Vince Cable calls for break-up of Google, Facebook and Amazon|last=Stewart|first=Heather|date=19 April 2018|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180420165829/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/19/cable-calls-for-tech-titans-google-facebook-and-amazon-to-be-broken-up|archive-date=20 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16168474.Regulators_should_be_ready_to__break_up__tech_giants_like_Facebook__Amazon_and_Google/|title=Regulators should be ready to 'break up' tech giants like Facebook, Amazon and Google|website=HeraldScotland|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233312/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/16168474.Regulators_should_be_ready_to__break_up__tech_giants_like_Facebook__Amazon_and_Google/|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and supports the introduction of a digital services tax on technology companies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/29/hammond-unveils-digital-services-tax-make-tech-giants-pay-fair/|title=Hammond unveils digital services tax to raise £400 million a year|last=Boland|first=Hannah|date=29 October 2018|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=1 November 2018|last2=Field|first2=Matthew|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101032758/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2018/10/29/hammond-unveils-digital-services-tax-make-tech-giants-pay-fair/|archive-date=1 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===New party===
Cable has held differing views over time on the possibility of a new party emerging which could involve the Liberal Democrats. After the election of Jeremy Corbyn to the Labour leadership in 2015, Cable called on centre-left MPs from Labour and the Liberal Democrats to unite to prevent the Conservatives holding a “monopoly on power.”&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/18/vince-cable-calls-for-labour-and-lib-dem-centre-left-mps-to-unite|title=Vince Cable calls for Labour and Lib Dem centre-left MPs to unite|last=Mason|first=Rowena|last2=Perraudin|first2=Frances|date=18 September 2015|work=The Guardian|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322084313/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2015/sep/18/vince-cable-calls-for-labour-and-lib-dem-centre-left-mps-to-unite|archive-date=22 March 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-09-20/cable-new-party-may-form-after-corbyns-labour-win/|title=Cable: New party may form after Corbyn's Labour win|work=ITV News|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190938/http://www.itv.com/news/update/2015-09-20/cable-new-party-may-form-after-corbyns-labour-win/|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tim-farron-rules-out-vince-cables-centre-left-party-idea-why-would-we-create-a-new-party-10510208.html|title=Tim Farron rules out Vince Cable's centre-left party idea|date=20 September 2015|work=The Independent|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415194001/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/tim-farron-rules-out-vince-cables-centre-left-party-idea-why-would-we-create-a-new-party-10510208.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He made a similar suggestion in the lead up to the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]], predicting a new party in the event of Labour undergoing electoral collapse.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vince-cable-says-creation-of-new-political-party-may-depend-on-how-lib-dems-perform-at-the-election_uk_591990b5e4b00f308cf696c5|title=Vince Cable Says Creation Of New Party Depends On How Lib Dems Perform At The Election|date=16 May 2017|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180218160756/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/vince-cable-says-creation-of-new-political-party-may-depend-on-how-lib-dems-perform-at-the-election_uk_591990b5e4b00f308cf696c5|archive-date=18 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-new-centre-left-party-could-emerge-after-tory-landslide-sir-vince-cable-a3538951.html|title=New centre left party will emerge after Tory landslide|work=Evening Standard|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415193823/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/politics/general-election-2017-new-centre-left-party-could-emerge-after-tory-landslide-sir-vince-cable-a3538951.html|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After becoming [[Vince Cable#Leader of the Liberal Democrats|leader]] of the Liberal Democrats, however, he rejected a proposal for a new anti-Brexit party by former government adviser [[James Chapman (journalist)|James Chapman]], insisting that anti-Brexit figures should join the Liberal Democrats instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15477426.Lib_Dems_dismiss_claims_Cable_supporting_creation_of_new_political_party/|title=Lib Dems dismiss claims Cable supporting creation of new political party|website=HeraldScotland|accessdate=9 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180415190754/http://www.heraldscotland.com/news/15477426.Lib_Dems_dismiss_claims_Cable_supporting_creation_of_new_political_party/|archive-date=15 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://leftfootforward.org/2017/11/vince-cable-i-was-asked-to-lead-a-new-pro-remain-party-heres-why-i-said-no/|title=Vince Cable: I was asked to lead a new pro-Remain party. Here's why I said no {{!}} Left Foot Forward|website=leftfootforward.org|accessdate=9 March 2018|date=15 November 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180221222304/https://leftfootforward.org/2017/11/vince-cable-i-was-asked-to-lead-a-new-pro-remain-party-heres-why-i-said-no/|archive-date=21 February 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Jeremy Corbyn===
Cable has criticised the Labour Party under [[Jeremy Corbyn]], referring to its economics as &quot;Venezuelan&quot; and believes it is now dominated by &quot;anti-capitalist zealots&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-19/dancing-74-year-old-offers-brits-hope-that-brexit-is-reversible|title=He Predicted Britain's Financial Crash. Now He Thinks Brexit May Not Happen|date=19 July 2017|work=Bloomberg.com|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170719134554/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2017-07-19/dancing-74-year-old-offers-brits-hope-that-brexit-is-reversible|archivedate=19 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2017/jul/14/vince-cable-liberal-democrats-interview-brexit-eu-referendum|title=Vince Cable: 'The Brexiteers are only just beginning to understand the can of worms they opened'|last=Moss|first=Stephen|date=14 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=24 July 2017|issn=0261-3077|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170727234226/https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2017/jul/14/vince-cable-liberal-democrats-interview-brexit-eu-referendum|archivedate=27 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; He claims Labour's policy of a large [[corporation tax]] hike would have negative effects on consumers and employees rather than reduce inequality. Instead, Cable suggests using [[land value tax]] to, for example, replace [[Rates in the United Kingdom|business rates.]] He has also long suggested aligning capital gains tax with income tax as a kind of anti-avoidance measure, previously noting this was last a policy of past Conservative [[Chancellor of the Exchequer|Chancellor]] [[Nigel Lawson]].&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/22/vince-cable-wealth-taxes-win-back-labour-voters |title=Vince Cable plans wealth taxes to win back Labour voters |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170723121157/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/22/vince-cable-wealth-taxes-win-back-labour-voters |archivedate=23 July 2017  }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/vince-cable-government-cannot-wash-its-hands-of-tax-1732750.html|title=Vince Cable: Government cannot wash its hands of tax|date=6 July 2009|work=The Independent|accessdate=24 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170823120423/http://www.independent.co.uk/voices/commentators/vince-cable-government-cannot-wash-its-hands-of-tax-1732750.html|archivedate=23 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Coalitions and electoral pacts ===
Cable has taken a sceptical approach to the question of potential coalitions with other parties since 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-lib-dems-brexit-referendum-coalition-labour-conservatives-2017-7|title=Vince Cable tells Business Insider: Britain may never leave the EU|work=Business Insider|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171219223238/http://uk.businessinsider.com/vince-cable-lib-dems-brexit-referendum-coalition-labour-conservatives-2017-7|archive-date=19 December 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In April 2018, he said that the Liberal Democrats would never form a coalition government with Labour led by Jeremy Corbyn,&lt;ref name=&quot;timesofisrael&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/vince-cable-interview-jn/|title=Sir Vince Cable: Lib Dems won't prop up Corbyn|last=Mendel|first=Jack|date=4 April 2018|work=|accessdate=8 April 2018|publisher=Jewish News Online|location=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180408211210/http://jewishnews.timesofisrael.com/vince-cable-interview-jn/|archive-date=8 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and previously opposed the idea in 2015 as well where he said working with Labour was &quot;inconceivable&quot; because of Jeremy Corbyn's economic policies.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34305994|title=Farron offers a 'home' to Labour MPs|date=20 September 2015|work=BBC News|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110172016/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-34305994|archive-date=10 November 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Cable claims he would not work with the Conservatives either, comparing a coalition with the Conservatives to &quot;mating with a [[Mantis|praying mantis]]&quot; where &quot;You get eaten at the end of it.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/vince-cable-theresa-may-s-tory-conference-speech-could-have-been-taken-out-mein|title=Vince Cable: Theresa May's Tory conference speech &quot;could have been taken out of Mein Kampf&quot;|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062319/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/uk/2017/07/vince-cable-theresa-may-s-tory-conference-speech-could-have-been-taken-out-mein|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/21/vince-cable-will-not-agree-support-tory-government-like-mating/|title=Vince Cable will not agree to support Tory Government because it is like 'mating with a praying mantis'|last=Hope|first=Christopher|date=21 June 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422011059/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/06/21/vince-cable-will-not-agree-support-tory-government-like-mating/|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rather than a coalition or propping up a government, he would prefer to work on &quot;issue-by-issue&quot; instead.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/04/lib-dems-may-back-government-on-case-by-case-basis-say-sources|title=Lib Dems may back government on case-by-case basis, say sources|last=Elgot|first=Jessica|date=4 July 2017|work=The Guardian|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062208/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/04/lib-dems-may-back-government-on-case-by-case-basis-say-sources|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable ruled out the idea of [[Electoral alliance|electoral pacts]] in mid-April during the [[2017 United Kingdom general election|2017 general election]] campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-rule-out-liberal-democrat-labour-electoral-pact-general-election-8-june-conservatives-a7690341.html|title=Vince Cable rules out Lib Dem electoral pact with Labour|date=19 April 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421234016/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/vince-cable-rule-out-liberal-democrat-labour-electoral-pact-general-election-8-june-conservatives-a7690341.html|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/89ac692e-05a0-3adb-8da3-6f81fe1f67d6|title=Vince Cable rules out Lib Dem-Labour electoral pact|date=19 April 2017|website=Financial Times|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233149/https://www.ft.com/content/89ac692e-05a0-3adb-8da3-6f81fe1f67d6|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in early May, Cable was recorded suggesting that Liberal Democrat supporters vote for Labour candidates in certain seats where they could stop the Conservatives.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/general-election-2017-liberal-democrats-paper-candidates-constituencies-tactical-voting-vince-cable-a7724276.html|title=Lib Dems say candidates 'should back off' to help Labour defeat Tories|date=8 May 2017|work=The Independent|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421233749/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/general-election-2017-liberal-democrats-paper-candidates-constituencies-tactical-voting-vince-cable-a7724276.html|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85753/vince-cable-tells-lib-dem-voters|title=Vince Cable tells Lib Dem voters to consider backing Labour candidates|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=8 May 2017|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422063749/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/85753/vince-cable-tells-lib-dem-voters|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|title=Revealed: Sir Vince Cable urges Lib Dem supporters to back Labour candidates in general election|last=Hughes|first=Laura|date=8 May 2017|work=The Telegraph|accessdate=21 April 2018|issn=0307-1235|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170511013850/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/05/08/revealed-sir-vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-supporters-back-labour/|archive-date=11 May 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-10380732|title=Vince Cable secretly taped urging Lib Dem supporters to vote Labour|last=Bartlett|first=Nicola|date=8 May 2017|work=mirror|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062127/https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/vince-cable-urges-lib-dem-10380732|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Responding to the story on [[LBC]] radio, Cable restated that he would not work with Labour and said that the Liberal Democrats had more &quot;common ground&quot; with the Conservatives under David Cameron than with Labour under Jeremy Corbyn.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/liberal-democrats-say-jeremy-corbyns-policies-are-completely-unacceptable-unlike-david-camerons-2017-5|title=Liberal Democrats say Jeremy Corbyn's policies are 'completely unacceptable' — unlike David Cameron's|work=Business Insider|accessdate=23 August 2017|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170820174916/http://uk.businessinsider.com/liberal-democrats-say-jeremy-corbyns-policies-are-completely-unacceptable-unlike-david-camerons-2017-5|archivedate=20 August 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly after, Cable was due to appear and speak at a [[Compass (think tank)|Compass]] event in support of a [[Progressive alliance (UK)#21st century|'progressive alliance]]' (a proposed electoral pact between the [[Green Party of England and Wales|Green Party]], the Liberal Democrats, and Labour) but backed out, stating it was &quot;too late&quot; for a progressive alliance because he couldn't work with Labour &quot;in its current form.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilydugan/vince-cable-says-its-too-late-for-a-progressive-alliance-on|title=Vince Cable Says It's &quot;Too Late&quot; For A Progressive Alliance – On The Night He's Meant To Be Launching It|work=BuzzFeed|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421232707/https://www.buzzfeed.com/emilydugan/vince-cable-says-its-too-late-for-a-progressive-alliance-on|archive-date=21 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He had previously spoken at a progressive alliance event by Compass in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/07/budding-progressive-alliance-wants-take-back-brexit-heartlands|title=A budding progressive alliance wants to take back the Brexit heartlands|website=www.newstatesman.com|accessdate=21 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180422062255/https://www.newstatesman.com/politics/staggers/2016/07/budding-progressive-alliance-wants-take-back-brexit-heartlands|archive-date=22 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Brexit===
Cable believed [[Brexit]] might never happen. He maintained that when people saw the economic costs they would turn against it and a cross-party coalition of opponents to Brexit might develop. Cable said, &quot;the whole question of continued membership will once again arise&quot; if people's living standards worsened and unemployment rose.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/09/brexit-may-never-happen-says-vince-cable-liberal-democrats|title=I'm beginning to think Brexit may never happen, says Vince Cable|first=Rowena Mason Deputy political|last=correspondent|date=9 July 2017|via=The Guardian|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170710144330/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2017/jul/09/brexit-may-never-happen-says-vince-cable-liberal-democrats|archivedate=10 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC9/7/2017&quot; /&gt;

Cable called for cross-border digital services and a single EU market for [[Netflix]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11355831/Vince-Cable-calls-for-single-EU-market-for-Netflix.html|title=Vince Cable calls for single EU market for Netflix|last=Williams|first=Christopher|journal=Daily Telegraph|date=2015|accessdate=25 October 2017|issn=0307-1235|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20171025184954/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/newsbysector/mediatechnologyandtelecoms/digital-media/11355831/Vince-Cable-calls-for-single-EU-market-for-Netflix.html|archivedate=25 October 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 June 2018 Cable appeared at the [[People's Vote]] march in London to mark the second anniversary of [[2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum|the referendum to leave the European Union]]. People's Vote is a campaign group calling for a public vote on the final [[Brexit]] deal between the UK and the European Union. In his speech he said, &quot;keep fighting, keep hoping, we will win.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | last = Staff writer | title = 'At least 100,000' march for vote on final Brexit deal | url = https://news.sky.com/story/live-thousands-marching-for-vote-on-final-brexit-deal-11414177 | work = [[Sky News]] | date = 23 June 2018 | accessdate = 25 June 2018 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180625185649/https://news.sky.com/story/live-thousands-marching-for-vote-on-final-brexit-deal-11414177 | archive-date = 25 June 2018 | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable maintained it &quot;beggars belief that the army and the police are now being asked to prepare for riots in the chaotic aftermath of a botched Brexit. (...)  For the 'true believers' - the fundamentalists - the costs of Brexit have always been irrelevant.  Years of economic pain justified by the erotic spasm of leaving the European Union.  Economic pain felt - of course - not by them by those least able to afford it. (...) [Theresa May] is dutifully delivering a policy she doesn't really believe in; failing in negotiations; losing public support; and all to appease a dwindling group of angry people in her party who will denounce her as a traitor, whatever she comes up with. (...) Our sympathy can only extend so far, while she puts the interests of the country second to the whims of the extremists in her party.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45553411 Sir Vince Cable: Economic pain from Brexiteers' 'erotic spasm'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918074223/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-politics-45553411 |date=18 September 2018 }} ''[[BBC]]''&lt;/ref&gt;

===Tuition fees===
In 2017, Cable defended the [[Tuition fees in the United Kingdom|£9,000 per year university tuition fees cap]], claiming it would be &quot;dangerous and stupid&quot; and a &quot;cheap populist gesture&quot; to abolish tuition fees, adding that the &quot;40% of students&quot; who go to university should not be subsidised by the &quot;60% who don't&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://news.sky.com/story/scrapping-tuition-fees-would-be-stupid-sir-vince-cable-10934161|title=Cable: Scrapping tuition fees would be stupid|work=Sky News|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702142844/http://news.sky.com/story/scrapping-tuition-fees-would-be-stupid-sir-vince-cable-10934161|archivedate=2 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The comments were criticised on social media by figures on the left, while Conservative MP [[Jo Johnson]] voiced support for Cable's stance.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/michael-gove-vince-cable-anger-university-tuition-fees_uk_595a0b8be4b02734df334f0e|title=Vince Cable And Michael Gove Spark Anger Over 'Hypocritical' Tuition Fee Defences|date=3 July 2017|work=HuffPost UK|accessdate=13 July 2017|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170703133705/http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/michael-gove-vince-cable-anger-university-tuition-fees_uk_595a0b8be4b02734df334f0e|archivedate=3 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Housing===
On housing, he has backed building on [[Green belt (United Kingdom)|green belts]] as a solution to the housing crisis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/20/uk-double-number-new-homes-300000-vince-cable|title=UK needs to double number of new homes to 300,000 a year: Vince Cable|last=Wintour|first=Patrick|date=20 May 2014|work=The Guardian|accessdate=17 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180418093051/https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/20/uk-double-number-new-homes-300000-vince-cable|archive-date=18 April 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; He proposes allowing councils to levy up to a 500% council tax on [[Housing in the United Kingdom#Empty homes|empty homes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/96314/vince-cable-empty-homes-should|title=Vince Cable: Empty homes should face 500% council tax bills|last=PoliticsHome.com|date=26 June 2018|work=PoliticsHome.com|accessdate=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181201135202/https://www.politicshome.com/news/uk/political-parties/liberal-democrats/vince-cable/news/96314/vince-cable-empty-homes-should|archive-date=1 December 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===The House of Lords===
In 2018, Cable wrote that he had opposed and still opposed the [[House of Lords]], the [[upper house]] of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|British Parliament]], for being made up of unaccountable members. However, he expressed his appreciation for the Lords' &quot;capacity to defeat and embarrass the government&quot; over [[Brexit]] legislation, in which he argued the House of Lords were exercising more thorough oversight.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Cable|first1=Vince|title=The House of Lords is leaping to the defence of UK democracy|url=https://www.ft.com/content/88ff8496-545a-11e8-84f4-43d65af59d43|accessdate=12 May 2018|work=[[Financial Times]]|date=12 May 2018|location=London|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180513053745/https://www.ft.com/content/88ff8496-545a-11e8-84f4-43d65af59d43|archive-date=13 May 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Personal life==
Cable's first wife was Olympia Rebelo, a [[Goan Catholics|Goan Roman Catholic]], whom he met &quot;in the unromantic setting of a [[York]] mental hospital where we happened to be working as nurses during a summer holiday.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=[[The Sunday Times]] |author=Vince Cable |title=Married to the multiculture |date=30 October 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had three children together and she completed her PhD in History at [[Glasgow University]] in 1976.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |publisher=[[University of Glasgow]] DSpace Service |title=Brazilian presidential elections of the first Republic, 1889–1930 |year=1976 |last=Cable |first=Olympia |url=https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/handle/1905/293 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306024336/https://dspace.gla.ac.uk/handle/1905/293 |archivedate=6 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; Olympia was diagnosed with [[breast cancer]] shortly after the [[1987 United Kingdom general election|1987 general election]]. After apparently successful treatment, the disease returned in the mid-1990s and before the [[1997 United Kingdom general election|1997 general election]]. She died shortly after the [[2001 United Kingdom general election|2001 general election]].

In 2004, he married Rachel Wenban Smith. When appearing on [[BBC Radio 4]]'s ''[[Desert Island Discs]]'' programme in January 2009, Cable revealed that he wears the [[wedding ring]]s from both of his marriages.&lt;ref name=&quot;Romantic&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/uk/article5537291.ece |title='Two rings' Cable is Mr Romantic |last=Brooks |first=Richard |date=18 January 2009 |work=The Sunday Times |accessdate=19 January 2009 |location=London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A keen [[ballroom dance]]r, Cable long expressed his desire to appear on the BBC's hit television show ''[[Strictly Come Dancing]]'';&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7121335.stm |title=Lib Dem Cable reveals dance dream |work=BBC News |date=30 November 2007 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081229104018/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7121335.stm |archivedate=29 December 2008  }}&lt;/ref&gt; he appeared on the Christmas 2010 edition of the show, partnered by [[Erin Boag]] and dancing the [[Foxtrot]]. He performed well and scored 36/40 from the judges, including a mark of 10/10 from head judge [[Len Goodman]]. Cable was the second politician to appear on the show, after former Conservative MP [[Ann Widdecombe]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11767413|title=Vince Cable to star in Christmas Strictly Come Dancing|work=BBC News|date=16 November 2010|accessdate=16 November 2010|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101116201214/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-11767413|archivedate=16 November 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Cable is a Patron of MyBigCareer,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.mybigcareer.org] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708204812/http://www.mybigcareer.org/|date=8 July 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; (a career guidance charity for young people), the [[polycystic kidney disease|Polycystic Kidney Disease]] Charity (PKD),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.pkdcharity.org.uk |title=UK Polycystic Kidney Disease Charity Website |publisher=Pkdcharity.org.uk |accessdate=21 December 2010 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101225141741/http://www.pkdcharity.org.uk/ |archivedate=25 December 2010  }}&lt;/ref&gt; a Patron of the [[Changez Charity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/8797573.Royal_bride_to_be_ponders_charity_offer/ |title=Royal bride-to-be Kate Middleton could be new patron of Whitton-based charity Changez |work=Richmond and Twickenham Times |date=20 January 2011 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307185210/http://www.richmondandtwickenhamtimes.co.uk/news/8797573.Royal_bride_to_be_ponders_charity_offer/ |archivedate=7 March 2012  }}&lt;/ref&gt; and chair of [http://www.hctgroup.org/ HCT Group], a social enterprise transport operator.

Cable's eldest grandson is social activist and entrepreneur [[Ayrton Cable]].&lt;ref name=Standard&gt;{{cite web|title=Vince Cable's grandson, nine, screens his animal welfare film in Commons|url=https://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/vince-cables-grandson-nine-screens-his-animal-welfare-film-in-commons-8105834.html|website=[[London Evening Standard]]|url-status=live|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150526164256/http://www.standard.co.uk/news/london/vince-cables-grandson-nine-screens-his-animal-welfare-film-in-commons-8105834.html|archivedate=26 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Honours==
* He was sworn in as a member of [[Privy Council of the United Kingdom|Her Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council]] in 2010 upon his appointment as [[Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy]] and [[President of the Board of Trade]] in the [[Cameron–Clegg coalition|Coalition Government]]. This gave him the [[Honorific|Honorific Title]] &quot;[[The Right Honourable]]&quot; for Life.
* In [[David Cameron]]’s [[2015 Dissolution Honours]], Cable was appointed a [[Knight Bachelor]] for political and public service.&lt;ref&gt;{{London Gazette |issue=61359 |date=22 September 2015 |page=17615 |supp=y}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/arrise-sir-vince-vince-cable-knighted-at-palace-1-7633232 |title=Arrise Sir Vince – Vince Cable knighted at palace |newspaper=[[The Yorkshire Post]] |date=18 December 2015 |accessdate=25 July 2016 |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160713130617/http://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/arrise-sir-vince-vince-cable-knighted-at-palace-1-7633232 |archivedate=13 July 2016  }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Bibliography==
*''Open Arms'' Vince Cable (Corvus, 2017) {{ISBN|9781786491718}}
* ''After the Storm: The World Economy and Britain's Economic Future'' Vince Cable (Atlantic Books, 2016) {{ISBN|9781782394495}}
*''Free Radical: A Memoir'' Vince Cable (Atlantic Books, 2010) {{ISBN|9781848870468}}
* ''The Storm: The World Economic Crisis and What it Means'' Vince Cable (Atlantic Books, 2009) {{ISBN|1-84887-057-4}}
* ''[[The Orange Book: Reclaiming Liberalism]]'' edited by [[David Laws]] and [[Paul Marshall (financier)|Paul Marshall]]; contributions by Vincent Cable and others (Profile Books, 2004) {{ISBN|1-86197-797-2}}
* ''Regulating Modern Capitalism (Centre for Reform Papers)'' Vincent Cable (Centre for Reform, 2002) {{ISBN|1-902622-36-7}}
* ''Commerce (Liberal Democrat Consultation Papers)'' Vincent Cable (Liberal Democrat Publications, 2002) {{ISBN|1-85187-688-X}}
* ''Globalization: Rules and Standards for the World Economy (Chatham House Papers)'' Vincent Cable, Albert Bressand (Thomson Learning, 2000) {{ISBN|1-85567-350-9}}
* ''Globalisation &amp; Global Governance'' Vincent Cable (Thomson Learning, 1999) {{ISBN|0-8264-6169-7}}
*''Preparing for EMU: A Liberal Democrat Response (Centre for Reform Papers)'' Vincent Cable (Centre for Reform, 1999) {{ISBN|1-902622-06-5}}
* ''China and India: Economic Reform and Global Integration'' Vincent Cable (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995) {{ISBN|1-899658-00-9}}
* ''Global Superhighways: The Future of International Telecommunications Policy (International Economics Programme Special Paper)'' Vincent Cable, Catherine Distler (Royal Institute of International Affairs, 1995) {{ISBN|0-905031-97-0}}
* ''The World's New Fissures: Identities in Crisis'' Vincent Cable (Demos, 1994) {{ISBN|1-898309-35-3}}
* ''Trade Blocs: The Future of Regional Integration'' edited by Vincent Cable and David Henderson (The Brookings Institution, 1994) {{ISBN|0-905031-81-4}}
* ''Commerce of Culture: Experience of Indian Handicrafts'', Vincent Cable (Lancer International, 1990) {{ISBN|81-7062-004-X}}
* ''Developing with Foreign Investment'' edited by Vincent Cable and Bishnodat Persaud (Routledge, 1987) {{ISBN|0-7099-4825-5}}
* ''Economics and the Politics of Protection: Some Case Studies of Industries (World Bank Staff Working Papers Number 569)'' Vincent Cable (World Bank, 1984) {{ISBN|0-8213-0199-3}}
* ''World Textile Trade and Production Trends'' Vincent Cable, Betsy Baker (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1983) {{ISBN|0-86218-084-8}}
* ''Case Studies in Development Economics'' Vincent Cable (Heinemann Educ., 1982) {{ISBN|0-435-33937-0}}
* ''The Role of Handicrafts Exports: Problems and Prospects Based on Indian Experience (ODI Working Paper)'' Vincent Cable (Overseas Development Institute, 1982) {{ISBN|0-85003-086-2}}
* ''British Electronics and Competition with Newly Industrialising Countries'' Vincent Cable, Jeremy Clarke (Overseas Development Institute, 1981) {{ISBN|0-85003-076-5}}
* ''Evaluation of the Multifibre Arrangement and Negotiating Options'' Vincent Cable (Commonwealth Secretariat, 1981) {{ISBN|0-85092-204-6}}
* ''British Interests and Third World Development'' Vincent Cable (Overseas Development Institute, 1980) {{ISBN|0-85003-070-6}}
* ''Britain's Pattern of Specialization in Manufactured Goods With Developing Countries and Trade Protection (World Bank Staff Working Paper No 425/8 Oct)'' Vincent Cable, Ivonia Rebelo (World Bank, 1980) {{ISBN|0-686-36204-7}}
* ''World Textile Trade and Production'' Vincent Cable (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1979) {{ISBN|0-900351-85-3}}
* ''South Asia's Exports to the EEC: Obstacles and Opportunities'' Vincent Cable, Ann Weston (Overseas Development Institute, 1979) {{ISBN|0-85003-068-4}}
* ''World Textile Trade and Production'' Vincent Cable (Economist Intelligence Unit, 1979) ISBN B0000EGG8M
* ''Import Controls: The Case Against'' Vincent Cable (Fabian Society, 1977) {{ISBN|0-7163-1335-9}}
* ''Glasgow: Area of Need'' Vincent Cable. Essay in 'The Red Paper on Scotland' ed. [[Gordon Brown]]. Edinburgh 1975. {{ISBN|0-9501890-7-3}}
* ''Glasgow's Motorways: a Technocratic Blight'' (New Society, 2 September. 1974)
* ''Whither Kenyan Emigrants?'' Vincent Cable (Fabian Society, 1969) {{ISBN|0-7163-2018-5}}

===Autobiography===
* (2010) ''Free Radical: A Memoir''. Atlantic Books. {{ISBN|978-1848870475}}

==See also==
*[[Liberal Democrat Frontbench Team]]
*[[Opposition to Brexit in the United Kingdom]]

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Vince Cable}}
{{Wikiquote}}
*[http://www.vincecable.org/ Vince Cable] official site
*[https://www.twitter.com/vincecable/ Vince Cable] Twitter profile
*[http://www.libdems.org.uk/people/vince-cable Vincent Cable MP] official Liberal Democrats profile
*[http://www.trlibdems.org.uk/ Twickenham and Richmond Liberal Democrats]
*{{UK MP links | parliament = sir-vince-cable/207 | hansard = dr-vincent-cable | hansardcurr = 2413 | guardian = 786/vincent-cable | publicwhip = Vincent_Cable | theywork = vincent_cable | record = Vince-Cable/Twickenham/1140 | bbc = 25665.stm | journalisted=vince-cable }}
*{{Worldcat id|lccn-n78-4413}}
*[http://www.typepad.com/services/trackback/6a00e54ee8dd9788330133f1fd0412970b Tracking Vince Cable (universities &amp; research only)] at Research Fortnight
*{{C-SPAN|vincentcable}}
;News articles
*[http://www.thirdway.org.uk/editions/summer-2009/high-profile/gold-standard.aspx ''Gold standard?'']. ''[[Third Way Magazine]]'', 11 May 2009
*[http://www.newstatesman.com/uk-politics/2009/09/mehdi-hasan Vince Cable: Beneath the halo] ''[[New Statesman]]'', September 2009
*[http://howtomakeadifference.net/2009/01/vince-cable/ Profile of Cable (2009) by Fran Monks; How to Make a Difference]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20130523052809/http://www.debretts.com/people/biographies/browse/c/18980/(John)%20Vincent%20(Vince)+CABLE.aspx ''Debrett's People of Today'']

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[[Category:1943 births]]
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[[Category:Advocates of the European Union]]
[[Category:Alumni of Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge]]
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[[Category:Leaders of the Liberal Democrats (UK)]]
[[Category:Liberal Democrats (UK) MPs for English constituencies]]
[[Category:Members of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom]]
[[Category:Knights Bachelor]]
[[Category:Politicians from York]]
[[Category:Politics of the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames]]
[[Category:Social Democratic Party (UK) parliamentary candidates]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1997–2001]]
[[Category:UK MPs 2001–2005]]
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    <title>Sevastopol International Airport</title>
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      <text bytes="8924" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox airport 
| name         = Sevastopol International Airport &quot;Belbek&quot;
| nativename   = Міжнародний аеропорт Севастополь &quot;Бельбек&quot;
| image        = Belbek.jpg
| image-width  = 270
| caption      = 
| IATA         = UKS
| ICAO         = UKFB
| type         = Public, Military
| operator     = Ltd. &quot;Aeroport Belbek&quot;
| city-served  = [[Sevastopol]] 
| location     = 9 km (5.6 mi) N of [[Sevastopol]], [[Crimea]]
| elevation-f  = 
| elevation-m  = 
| coordinates  = {{Coord|44|41|N|33|35|E|type:airport|display=inline,title}}
| website      = 
| metric-elev  = 
| metric-rwy   = 
| r1-number    = 07L/25R
| r1-length-f  = 9,863
| r1-length-m  = 3,007
| r1-surface   = Concrete
| stat-year    = 
| stat1-header = 
| stat1-data   = 
| stat2-header = 
| stat2-data   = 
| footnotes    = 
| pushpin_map = Sevastopol
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of the Sevastopol International Airport within Sevastopol.
| pushpin_label=Sevastopol International Airport
}}

'''Sevastopol International Airport''' ({{lang-ua|Міжнародний аеропорт Севастополь &quot;Бельбек&quot;}}, {{airport codes|UKS|UKFB}} is a military airfield in [[Belbek]], a village near [[Sevastopol]] in [[Crimea]].

There are plans to restore the airfield into an [[international airport]] by 2020.

== History ==
[[File:Airport Belbek.JPG|thumb|[[MiG-29]]s stationed at Belbek]]
The airfield was first constructed in June 1941, during the third year of [[World War II]]. Initially it housed a military fighter aviation unit. Constructed without a hardened runway, after the war the airfield received a concrete runway, but remained exclusively in use by the military. During the second half of the 1980s, after [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] came to power, the airfield was significantly increased and improved, as the airfield was to be used by him when travelling to the presidential [[dacha]] on the southern coast of the [[Crimea]], near the cape of [[Foros, Ukraine|Foros]]. Subsequently, it was also allowed to use the airfield for civilian purposes.

The original name of the airport comes from the Belbek river, in the south-west of Crimea. The airfield is located next to the coast, in the  Nakhimovsky area of Sevastopol, north of the city center, close to the adjacent neighborhood Lyubimovka.

Since July 2002, the airfield has been in use also for civil aviation. In December 2002, the airport received a license for international flights. Between 2002 and 2007 over 2,500 flights were carried out, which transported about 25,000 passengers.

During 2007, civil flights were suspended again. However, during spring 2009 it was announced that resumption of air links was to commence in the near future. To date, the civil service has not started yet.

Military use of airport continues to this day, being a military fighter airbase. During 1996, the [[Su-15|Su-15TM's]] were replaced by the [[Su-27]], and until 2014 the 204th Tactical Aviation Brigade flying the [[MiG-29]] was based there.

===Russian military presence===
On 28 February 2014, Ukraine’s acting Interior Minister [[Arsen Avakov (politician)|Arsen Avakov]] claimed that the airport was blocked by [[Russian Military]] personnel, and unidentified armed men are patrolling the area. He said through his [[Twitter]] account that, &quot;I can only describe this as a military invasion and occupation&quot;. 
The [[Russian Foreign Ministry]] refused to comment while a spokesman for the [[Russian defense ministry]] was not available for comment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/ukraine-crisis-idUKL6N0LX0CG20140228|title=Military airport in Ukraine's Crimea taken over by Russian soldiers-Interfax|work=Reuters UK|access-date=2020-07-07|archive-date=2014-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140304033629/http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/02/28/ukraine-crisis-idUKL6N0LX0CG20140228|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/ukraine/10666742/Ukraine-accuses-Russia-of-armed-invasion-after-Crimea-airports-blockaded.html|title=Ukraine accuses Russia of 'armed invasion' after Crimea airports blockaded|date=28 February 2014|work=Telegraph.co.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt;

11 March 2014, a new website was established&lt;ref name=&quot;belbek62.com.ua&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.belbek62.com.ua/|title=Главная|work=belbek62.com.ua}}&lt;/ref&gt; by the military personnel to report directly, of current and former events in the airfield. According to the website data, there had been a fire in the airport on the military area (воинская часть, [[Military Unit Number]], А-4515) where electrical equipment was stored, with some unknown soldiers guarding it.&lt;ref name=&quot;belbek62.com.ua&quot;/&gt;

14 March 2014, Colonel [[Yuliy Mamchur]] made an appeal on YouTube, addressed to the Ukraine government, telling it should give letter orders to all the Ukrainian troops on the Crimean peninsula. In case he would not receive the orders, he claimed that the 204th tactical brigade was going to fight, even if they could not withstand the adversary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite av media|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4uyb-LBm-M8|title=Обращение командира бригады Юлия Мамчура &quot;БЕЛЬБЕК&quot;|date=13 March 2014|work=YouTube}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 204th tactical brigade had been deployed in Belbek since December 2007 in the military area number A4515 (воинская часть A-4515).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gazeta.sebastopol.ua/2013/09/27/sevastopolskoj-brigade-takticheskoj-aviatsii-prisvoeno-imja-aleksandra-pokryshkina/|title=Севастопольской бригаде тактической авиации присвоено имя Александра Покрышкина|author=Рябов Михаил|date=27 September 2013|work=gazeta.sebastopol.ua}}&lt;/ref&gt;

After the 2014, a 38th fighter regiment of the 27th Mixed Aviation Division, flying Su-27s and Su-30s, was established at Belbek.

===Renovation plans===
As of January 2017, the company managing the airport planned to open a new temporary terminal with a capacity of 300,000 - 400,000 passengers by 2018, with a full-size terminal to follow by 2019 or 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;rusav&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=INSIGHT: A second civil airport for Crimea?|url=http://www.rusaviainsider.com/insight-a-second-civil-airport-for-crimea/|accessdate=9 July 2017|work=Russian Aviation Insider|date=12 January 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Facilities ==
The runway at Belbek airport is 3,007 × 48 m, class - B, and is designed to receive aircraft of all types. The maximum takeoff weight of an aircraft is unlimited. The classification of coverings - 34/R/A/X/T. Magnetic course landing is 065/245. Lighting - &quot;Luch-2MU.

== Airlines and destinations ==
As of 2015, there are no scheduled flights to or from the airport.&lt;ref&gt;[http://avia.tutu.ru/airport/fcd3aa/ Sevastopol airport is closed for flights]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://ria.ru/crimea_today/20140616/1012202324.html Russian Government says Belbeck will be restored]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://sevnovosti.ru/2015/04/04/rosturizm-proinspektiroval-sevastopol-pered-nachalom-kurortnogo-sezona.html Sevastopol airport must be opened by 2017 - Russia]&lt;/ref&gt;

== Ground transportation ==
{{Update|date=September 2015}}
The airport is located 2.5 km from the &quot;Belbek Airport&quot; interchange on the [[Simferopol]] - Sevastopol/[[Yalta]] motorway, near Fruktovoye Village on territorial of Nakhimovsky District of Sevastopol. Sevastopol itself is 20&amp;nbsp;km to the south and 9&amp;nbsp;km from Zaharova Square (main square of the north side of Sevastopol. The distance to the Simferopol is 50&amp;nbsp;km  and is about 110&amp;nbsp;km from Yalta. To get to airport from the center of Sevastopol by public transport, it is necessary to cross  Sevastopol Bay on the boat from the Grafskaya harbor to the Zaharova Square (north side of Sevastopol). Then the bus following the route number 36 &quot;North side - Kacha Village&quot; to get to the bus stop &quot;Belbek - Sevastopol International Airport&quot;. The fare on the boat was 2.50 UAH and 5 UAH was the fare on the bus. Length of the road in about 40–50 minutes. The city plans to carry a railroad Sevastopol-Simferopol slightly west, closer to the airport.

== See also ==
* [[List of the busiest airports in the former USSR]]
* [[Simferopol International Airport]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}

{{Airports in Ukraine}}
{{Airports in Russia}}
{{Airports in Crimea|collapsed}}
{{2014 Crimean crisis}}
{{Airports built in the Soviet Union}}

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[[Category:Airports in Sevastopol]]
[[Category:Airports built in the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Soviet Air Force bases]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Sevastopol]]
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  <page>
    <title>Transformative social change</title>
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      <text bytes="12265" xml:space="preserve">'''Transformative social change''' is a philosophical, practical and strategic process to affect revolutionary change within society, i.e., [[social transformation]]. It is effectively a [[systems approach]] applied to broad-based [[social change]] and [[social justice]] efforts to catalyze sociocultural, socioeconomic and political [[revolution]]. In seeking to integrate and then politicize [[personal development]] and [[Social change|social development]] as an overarching approach to social change at multiple levels, addressing a wide range of issues, using holistic, nonviolent methods,&lt;ref&gt;[http://sites.google.com/a/deepchangegathering.org/home/ Deep Change Gathering: ''Transforming the Practice of Social Justice'', Gathering, [[Asheville]], NC, June 5–7, 2009]&lt;/ref&gt; it may be best classified as a [[new social movement|new]] [[social movement]]. Rather than focus on particular issue(s), it seeks to impact the culture of left of center social movement and organizing work. However, by considering the dismantling of and liberation from oppressive systems, including economic, as core to its goal, it defies even definitions put forth for new social movements. As a comprehensive approach to progressive social change, it seeks distinguishes to itself from the &quot;ordinary&quot; change of conventional social change, social justice and their respective organizing practices by placing emphasis on personal, organizational and social systemic change that cannot be undone, or &quot;deep change&quot;.

==Definitions and components==
A key premise defining transformative social change is that &quot;the ends of justice can never be served by the means of injustice, even when the injustice is as subtle as the mental framework instilled by the quest for liberation.(&quot;Change vs. Transformation&quot; by [[Angel Kyodo Williams]])&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book| last =Williams| first =Angel Kyodo| authorlink =Angel Kyodo Williams|author2=Gass, Robert |author3=Horwitz, Claudia |author4=Vega-Frey, Jesse |author5=Maina, Ng'ethe |author6=Haines, Staci K. |author7= Movement Strategy Center | title =Framing Deep Change: Essays on Transformative Social Change| publisher =Third Way Press| year =2010| location =| pages =4| url =http://issuu.com/xsochange/docs/framingdeepchange| doi =| id = | isbn = 978-0-9828845-0-8}}&lt;/ref&gt; Williams further proposes that &quot;because suffering cannot be alleviated by instigating suffering&quot;; the conditions under which social justice activists and seekers operate within organizationally need to exemplify the conditions they wish to ultimately see cultivated within society at large. This ideal coincides with the quote often attributed to but not said by [[Gandhi]], &quot;You must be the change you wish to see in the world.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;[[q:Mahatma Gandhi|&quot;Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi&quot; Wikiquote]]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/opinion/falser-words-were-never-spoken.html|title=''Falser Words Were Never Spoken''
|first= Brian|last=Morton |date=August 29, 2011 |work=NY Times }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Seeking to better define and cohere the emerging and evolving work of transformative social change, a People's Movement Assembly process was held at the 2010 [[US Social Forum]] in [[Detroit]], Michigan, in which the following framework for defining transformation was agreed to by way of resolution:

~Transformation, as applied to social change, is a process through which who we are – individually or collectively – is changed so deeply that the following are altered:
* identity (way of seeing/thinking/reflecting upon ourselves and environment),
* emotions (range of feelings and reactivity,)
* embodiment (relationship and connectedness to and within our bodies and how we show up,)
* actions (behaviors, patterned responses,)
* creativity (capacity for responsiveness and ability to access resources,) and
* paradigms (overall perspective and mode of operating.)

Further, the work of transformation requires the following components:
* Awareness of the default conditioning, habits and reactions in our individual, organizational and movement experience.
* Appreciation of old identities and states as they pass away and an understanding of the experience of crisis, breakdown, “undone-ness,” or “not-knowing” as a necessary [[Catalysis|catalyst]] that moves us toward new identities and states. People and entities can and must be supported in these periods.
*  A container at the individual, organizational and movement levels; practices that support the process, and a commitment to mentoring people into the necessary skills and processes.
* A sustainable relationship with the whole web of life.

~ Transformation can and does consist of multi-disciplinary practices, modalities and paths, but overall it points toward the centrality of consistent, rigorous practice capable of undoing conditioning. Such a practice must effect systemic changes, internal and external. We refer to the broad spectrum of varied modalities as transformative practices.

~ Transformation happens in its own time and it can’t be undone. We expect processes of transformation, as distinct from change, to be inclined towards being irreversible.

~ In the transformation process, one identity or self passes away and a new, radically altered one emerges. The new way of being is more integrated, resourceful and aligned. This is apparent to others in your presence, your actions and your increased capacity to respond based on vision, rather than reaction. This process repeats itself and deepens through continued engagement in transformative practices and processes. The old, previous “form” sheds again and new emerges again.

~ The methods and philosophy of transformation must be rooted in an explicit analysis of oppression.
&lt;br /&gt;
~ We recognize that this work is grounded in ancient wisdom, lineages and history, and that it is entering a new phase of coherence that allows us to move forward.

==Outcomes of sought==
Applied transformation leads to the following outcomes:
* Radically increased awareness, clarity and comfort with direct experience what is so.
* Breakthroughs in ways of knowing, thinking and accessing creativity
* Impacts our{{Who|date=May 2016}} character in a way that is observable, felt and experienced by others.
* Increased ability to respond from a place of vision and compassion rather than ego or self-interest.
* Increased capacity for, skillfulness with and practice of: presence, authenticity and interdependence.&lt;ref&gt;[http://pma2010.org/node/237 ''Defining Transformation for Social Change''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100720200008/http://pma2010.org/node/237 |date=2010-07-20 }}, 2010 [[US Social Forum]] People's Movement Assembly, Detroit, MI – June 22–26, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;

==Grants and awards==
In 2009, the Seasons Fund for Social Transformation, a funding collaborative of representatives from small to large foundations, including W. W. [[Kellogg Foundation]], [[Ford Foundation]], Hidden Leaf Fund, [[Fetzer Institute]], [[Jewish Funds for Justice]], Seeds of Justice, [[Unitarian Universalist]] Veatch Program and small family funds held an inaugural Transformative Leadership Awards and awarded six collaborative teams $30,000 and two finalists $5,000 for their work in the field.&lt;ref&gt;[http://seasonsfund.org/?page_id=12 Transformative Leadership Awards, 2009]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Influences==
Transformative social change is influenced by the work of social movements led by individuals that are viewed as attending to both their personal or spiritual development as well as systemic social issues because of the &quot;realization that action is not enough&quot;:&lt;ref&gt;[http://seasonsfund.org/?page_id=16 Seasons Fund website]&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Aung San Suu Kyi]]
* [[Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi]]
* [[Martin Luther King, Jr.]]
* [[Black Elk]]
* [[Thich Nhat Hanh]]

==Related work==
In 2002, scholars Raymond Allen Morrow and Carlos Alberto Torres used the phrase ''transformative social change'' as part of the subtitle in their book ''Reading Freire and Habermas: Critical Pedagogy and Transformative Social Change''&lt;ref&gt;''Reading Freire and Habermas: Critical Pedagogy and Transformative Social Change'', Teachers College Press, 2002, {{ISBN|0-8077-4202-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; as a term to convey the intersection between [[Paulo Freire]]'s [[critical pedagogy]] and [[Jürgen Habermas]]' critical social theory, and the implications those convergences have for educational practice. However, the term is never specifically defined in the book, nor is any distinct theory set 

The phrase is being applied{{By whom|date=May 2016}} as a social change field and movement in which developing inner awareness and nurturing one's inner life, i.e., personal development, is seen as essential in effective social justice work. This is taken to mean from an aligned, sustainable, and nonviolent place. It seeks to operationalize, in practical terms, the ideal of embodiment of the future desired state, in other words, to actualize [[Gandhi]]'s exhortation to &quot;be the change.&quot;

While transformative social change has evolved to include secular practices with no specific spiritual ties, its emphasis on collective liberation shares history, principles and proponents with spiritual [[activism]] and liberation spirituality.&lt;ref&gt;Claudia Horwitz &amp; Jesse Maceo Vega-Frey (2006). [http://www.berkana.org/articles/spiritual_activism.htm ''Spiritual Activism and Liberation Spirituality: Pathways To Collective Liberation''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101223074950/http://www.berkana.org/articles/spiritual_activism.htm |date=2010-12-23 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Likewise, it shares principles of [[transformative learning]] and [[transformative justice]], Examples of &quot;transformative practice&quot; include: yoga, meditation, centering prayer, tai chi, forward stance and types of somatic practices.

Transformative community organizing is being taught in university courses, in fields such as [[social work]], community health, [[sociology]], and other service learning classes.  Scholars such as Loretta Pyles have offered a transformative organizing framework, grounded in feminist social change work, and affirming a practice of collective and self-inquiry based on meditative traditions and social movement practices, such as popular education.&lt;ref&gt;Pyles, L. (2014). [https://www.amazon.com/Progressive-Community-Organizing-Reflective-Globalizing/dp/0415538084/ref=sr_1_1?ie=UTF8&amp;qid=1396640827&amp;sr=8-1&amp;keywords=progressive+community+organizing ''Progressive Community Organizing: Reflective Practice in a Globalizing World'']&lt;/ref&gt;

==See also==
* [[Transformative justice]]
* [[Transformative learning]]
* [[Nonviolence]]

==References==
&lt;!--- See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Footnotes on how to create references using &lt;ref&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; tags which will then appear here automatically --&gt;
{{Reflist}}
{{refbegin}}
* Horwitz, Claudia and Maceo Vega-Frey, Jesse (May 2006). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100704191246/http://stonecircles.org/ ''Spiritual Activism &amp; Liberation Spirituality'']
* Zimmerman, K., Pathikonda, N., Salgado, B., James, T. (2010). [http://funderservices.movementstrategy.org/a/wp-content/uploads/Out_of_the_Spiritual_Closet.pdf ''Out of the Spiritual Closet: Organizers Transforming the Practice of Social Justice''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151106110347/http://funderservices.movementstrategy.org/a/wp-content/uploads/Out_of_the_Spiritual_Closet.pdf |date=2015-11-06 }}. Oakland, CA: Movement Strategy Center.
* Zimmerman, K., Quiroz, J. (2015). [http://movementbuilding.movementstrategy.org/media/docs/3138_MSC_LoveWithPower_PreRelease.pdf ''Love With Power: Practicing Transformation for Social Justice''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160131091656/http://movementbuilding.movementstrategy.org/media/docs/3138_MSC_LoveWithPower_PreRelease.pdf |date=2016-01-31 }}. Oakland, CA: Movement Strategy Center.
{{refend}}

{{Types of justice}}

[[Category:Social change]]
[[Category:Social movements]]
[[Category:Justice]]
[[Category:Political philosophy]]
[[Category:Nonviolence]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Transformative social change]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Transformative social change/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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[[File:Postal terminal now Air Canada Centre.jpg|thumb]]

==Clubs==
{{Main|List of sports teams in Toronto}}

===Professional sports teams based in the Greater Toronto Area===
Toronto has teams in nearly every [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|North American major professional league]], including the [[Toronto Blue Jays]] ([[Major League Baseball|MLB]]), [[Toronto Argonauts]] ([[Canadian Football League|CFL]]), [[Toronto Raptors]] ([[National Basketball Association|NBA]]), [[Toronto FC]] ([[Major League Soccer|MLS]]) and the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] ([[National Hockey League|NHL]]). Toronto is one of 4 North American cities (alongside [[Sports in Chicago|Chicago]], [[Sports in Los Angeles|Los Angeles]], &amp; [[Sports in Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]) to have won [[championship|titles]] in its five major leagues (MLB, NHL, NBA, MLS and either [[National Football League|NFL]] or CFL), and the only one to have done so in the Canadian Football League.

[[Rogers Media|Rogers Communications]] operates the Toronto Blue Jays [[baseball]] team through Rogers Blue Jays Baseball Partnership and the Rogers Centre. Canada Inc., a joint venture between Rogers Communications and Bell Canada owns 75% of [[Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment]], owns the Toronto Maple Leafs, Toronto Raptors, Toronto Argonauts, and Toronto FC of [[Major League Soccer]], as well as their minor league [[farm team]]s, the [[Toronto Marlies]] of the [[American Hockey League]] (AHL), [[Raptors 905]] of the [[NBA G League]] and [[Toronto FC II]] of the [[USL League One]].

[[Scotiabank Arena]] (home of the Leafs, Raptors, and [[Toronto Rock]] ([[National Lacrosse League|NLL]]); previously known as Air Canada Centre) and [[Rogers Centre]] (home of the Blue Jays; previously known as SkyDome) are located in the downtown core and are within a 9 minute walking distance from one another via Bremner Boulevard.&lt;ref&gt;https://goo.gl/maps/gUys1RBius862Hud9 Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; Rogers Centre was the first stadium to have a fully retractable motorized roof. [[BMO Field]] (home of Toronto FC and the Argonauts) and [[Coca-Cola Coliseum]] (home of the Toronto Marlies; previously known as Ricoh Coliseum) are located at [[Exhibition Place]], situated just outside the downtown core, while also being within a 2 minute walking distance from one another via Nova Scotia Avenue.&lt;ref&gt;https://goo.gl/maps/ggKXSf1ikunUP6V18 Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lamport Stadium]] (home of the [[Toronto Wolfpack]] ([[Super League]]) and [[Toronto Arrows]] ([[Major League Rugby|MLR]]); practice field for the Argonauts) also neighbours Exhibition Place in Toronto's West End, being within a 9 minute walking distance from BMO Field via [[Liberty Village]].&lt;ref&gt;https://goo.gl/maps/vktuMTKsY3Hk8qs19 Google Maps&lt;/ref&gt; 

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
!Established (lineage)
!Championships
![[Forbes]] valuation (year)

|-
|[[Toronto Argonauts]]
|[[Canadian football]]
|[[Canadian Football League]]
|[[BMO Field]]
|1873{{efn|Founded in 1873, the club is the oldest existing sports team in North America still using its original name, and they are the oldest-surviving team in both the modern-day CFL and East Division.&lt;ref name=CFLFacts&gt;''Canadian Football League Facts, Figures &amp; Records.'' (2009). pg. 23&lt;/ref&gt;}} 
|17 [[Grey Cup]]s&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[105th Grey Cup|2017]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Maple Leafs]]
|[[Ice hockey]]
|[[National Hockey League]]
|[[Scotiabank Arena]]
|1927&lt;br&gt;(1917){{efn|The club was originally nicknamed the &quot;[[Toronto Arenas|Toronto Arenas/Torontos]]&quot; in 1917, then changed their nickname to the &quot;[[Toronto St. Patricks]]&quot; in 1919. The club was finally rebranded to their current nickname, the &quot;Toronto Maple Leafs&quot; in 1927}} 
|13 [[Stanley Cup]]s&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[1967 Stanley Cup Finals|1967]])
|$1.50 billion USD (2019)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/toronto-maple-leafs/|title=Toronto Maple Leafs|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=December 9, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Toronto Blue Jays]]
|[[Baseball]]
|[[Major League Baseball]]
|[[Rogers Centre]]
|1977
|2 [[World Series]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[1993 World Series|1993]])
|$1.625 billion USD (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/toronto-blue-jays/|title=Toronto Blue Jays|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=April 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Toronto Raptors]]
|[[Basketball]]
|[[National Basketball Association]]
|Scotiabank Arena
|1995
|1 [[Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy|NBA Title]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2019 NBA Finals|2019]])
|$2.1 billion USD (2020)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/teams/toronto-raptors/|title=Toronto Raptors|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=February 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Toronto Rock]]
|[[Lacrosse]]
|[[National Lacrosse League]]
|Scotiabank Arena
|1999&lt;br&gt;(1998){{efn|Although established in Toronto in 1999, the club's history originated in 1998 when it was founded as the [[Ontario Raiders]] who played their home games in [[Hamilton, Ontario]].}}
|6 [[National Lacrosse League Cup|NLL Cups]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2011 NLL season|2011]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Marlies]]
|Ice hockey
|[[American Hockey League]]
|[[Coca-Cola Coliseum]]{{efn|Although the Coca-Cola Coliseum is their primary home venue, approximately 4 of their regular season home games are played at Scotiabank Arena}}
|2005&lt;br&gt;(1978){{efn|Although established in Toronto in 2005, the club's history originated back in 1978 when it was founded as the [[New Brunswick Hawks]] (1978-82). The club later became the [[St. Catharines Saints]] (1982-1986), the [[Newmarket Saints]] (1986-91), &amp; the [[St. John's Maple Leafs]] (1991-2005) before ultimately settling in Toronto.}}
|1 [[Calder Cup]]{{efn|Historically, the club has won 2 Calder Cups, but only 1 was won while based in Toronto. An additional Calder Cup championship was won in 1982 when the club was based in [[Moncton, New Brunswick]] as the [[New Brunswick Hawks]].}}&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2018 Calder Cup playoffs|2018]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto FC]]
|[[Soccer]]
|[[Major League Soccer]]
|BMO Field
|2007
|1 [[MLS Cup]]&lt;br /&gt;(last in [[MLS Cup 2017|2017]]){{efn|The club has also won 7 [[Voyageurs Cup]]s (last in [[2018 Canadian Championship|2018]]) which is the domestic trophy awarded to the best professional soccer club in Canada by virtue of winning the annual [[Canadian Championship]] tournament. The winner is also awarded Canada's berth in the [[CONCACAF Champions League]]. In addition to winning the MLS Cup in [[2017 Toronto FC season|2017]], the club also won the [[domestic treble]] by virtue of also winning the [[Supporters' Shield]] (for completing the MLS regular season with the best record overall as determined by the MLS points system) as well as winning the [[2017 Canadian Championship]].}} 
|$395 million USD (2019)&lt;ref name=forbesmls&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/chrissmith/2019/11/04/major-league-soccers-most-valuable-teams-2019-atlanta-stays-on-top-as-expansion-fees-sale-prices-surge/#72d3b3b051b5|title=Major League Soccer’s Most Valuable Teams 2019: Atlanta Stays On Top As Expansion Fees, Sale Prices Surge|work=[[Forbes]]|date=November 4, 2019|accessdate=November 6, 2019|last=Smith|first=Chris}}&lt;/ref&gt;

|-
|[[Brampton Beast]]
|Ice hockey
|[[ECHL]]
|[[CAA Centre]]
|2013
|0
|—

|-
|[[Toronto FC II]]
|Soccer
|[[USL League One]]
|[[BMO Training Ground]]
|2015
|0
|—

|-
|[[Raptors 905]]
|Basketball
|[[NBA G League]]
|[[Paramount Fine Foods Centre]]{{efn|Although the Paramount Fine Foods Centre in [[Mississauga, Ontario]] is their primary home venue, approximately 2 of their regular season home games are played at Scotiabank Arena in Toronto.}}
|2015
|1 [[List of NBA G League champions|D-League Title]]{{efn|The club won the championship during the league's final season of their branding as the &quot;NBA D-League&quot;. The following season, the league's name was rebranded to its current one, the &quot;NBA G League&quot;, after a title sponsorship deal was reached with [[Gatorade]].}} &lt;br /&gt;(last in [[2016–17 NBA Development League season|2017]])
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Wolfpack]]
|[[Rugby league]]
|[[Super League]]
|[[Lamport Stadium]]
|2017
| 0 (in Super League){{efn|The club competes in a [[promotion and relegation]] system, and has won championships in lower tier divisions. The club won the [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]] season championship in 2017, and was promoted to the [[RFL Championship]]. In 2019, the team was the champion of the [[RFL Championship]] playoffs, and was promoted to Super League.}} 
|—

|-
|Toronto Nationals
|[[Cricket]]
|[[Global T20 Canada]]
|[[CAA Centre]]
|2018
|0 
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Arrows]]
|[[Rugby union]]
|[[Major League Rugby]]
|[[Alumni Field (York University)|Alumni Field]]&lt;br /&gt;Lamport Stadium
|2019&lt;br&gt;(2017)
|0
|—

|-
|[[York9 FC]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Premier League]]
|[[York Lions Stadium]]
|2019
|0 
|—

|-
|Brampton Wolves
|Cricket
|[[Global T20 Canada]]
|[[CAA Centre]]
|2019
|0 
|—

|-
|[[Toronto Six]]
|Ice hockey
|[[National Women's Hockey League]]
|
|2020
|0
|–
|}

===Semi-professional or amateur sports teams in Toronto===

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!Club
!Sport
!League
!Venue
!Established
!Championships
|-
|[[Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)|Toronto Maple Leafs]]
|Baseball
|[[Intercounty Baseball League]]
|[[Christie Pits]]
|1969
|8
|-
|[[Toronto Croatia]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Soccer League]]
|[[Centennial Park Stadium]]
|1956
|8
|-
|[[Serbian White Eagles]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Soccer League]]
|[[Centennial Park Stadium]]
|1968
|1
|-
|[[Toronto Rush]]
|Ultimate Disc
|[[American Ultimate Disc League]]
|[[Varsity Stadium]]
|2013
|1
|-
|[[Scarborough SC]]
|Soccer
|[[Canadian Soccer League]]
|[[Birchmount Stadium]]
|2014
|0
|-
|[[Toronto FC Academy]]
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario]]
|[[KIA Training Ground]]
|2014
|1
|-
|Sanjaxx Lions
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario]]
|[[Monarch Park Stadium]]
|2015
|0
|-
|North Toronto Nitros
|Soccer
|[[League1 Ontario]]
|[[Varsity Stadium]]
|2016
|0
|}

===College sports===

Three [[U Sports]] [[Ontario University Athletics]] athletic programs reside in the Toronto.

====University teams====
* [[Ryerson Rams]] ([[Ryerson University]]) (est. 1948)
* [[Toronto Varsity Blues|Varsity Blues]] ([[University of Toronto]]) (est. 1877)
* [[York Lions]] ([[York University]]) (est. 1968)
* [[UOIT Ridgebacks]] ([[University of Ontario Institute of Technology]]) (est. 2006)

{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center;&quot;
!Institution
!Nickname
!Location&lt;br /&gt;(Ontario)
!Founded
!Type
! data-sort-type=&quot;number&quot;| Enrollment
!Endowment
!Joined
!Division
|-
| [[Ryerson University]]
| [[Ryerson Rams|Rams]]
| [[Toronto]]
| 1948
| Public
| 32,670
| $125.8M
| 1972-73
| East
|-
| {{sort|Toronto|[[University of Toronto]]}}
| [[Toronto Varsity Blues|Varsity Blues]]
| [[Toronto]]
| 1827
| Public
| 73,185
| $2.38B
| 1955-56
| East
|-
| [[York University]]
| [[York Lions|Lions]]
| [[Toronto]]
| 1959
| Public
| 42,400
| $306M
| 1972-73
| East
|-
| {{sort|Ontario Tech|[[University of Ontario Institute of Technology]]}}
| [[University of Ontario Institute of Technology Ridgebacks|Ridgebacks]]
| [[Oshawa]]
| 2003
| Public
| 5,000
| ---
| 2006-07
| East
|}

'''Facilities'''

&lt;div style=&quot;&quot;&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; cellpadding=&quot;3&quot; border=&quot;1&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot;
!Institution!!Football&lt;br /&gt;Stadium!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity!!Basketball&lt;br /&gt;Arena!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity!!Hockey&lt;br /&gt;Arena!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity!!Soccer&lt;br /&gt;Stadium!!Seated&lt;br /&gt;Capacity

|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[University of Toronto|Toronto]]||[[Varsity Stadium]]||5,000||[[Goldring Centre for High Performance Sport|Goldring Centre]]||2,000||[[Varsity Arena]]||4,116||[[Varsity Stadium]]||5,000
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[Ryerson University|Ryerson]]||No Football|| -- ||[[Maple Leaf Gardens|Mattamy Athletic Centre]]||1,000||[[Maple Leaf Gardens|Mattamy Home Ice]]||2,796||[[Monarch Park Stadium]]||3,000
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[York University|York]]||[[Alumni Field (York University)|Alumni Field]]||2,000||[[Tait McKenzie Centre]]|| 1,200 ||[[Canlan Ice Sports – York]]|| 1,700 ||[[Alumni Field (York University)|Alumni Field]]||2,000
|- align=&quot;center&quot;
|align=&quot;left&quot;| [[University of Ontario Institute of Technology|UOIT]]||No Football|| -- ||Campus Recreation &amp; Wellness Centre|| 2,000&lt;ref name=&quot;oua.ca&quot;&gt;{{Cite web | url=http://www.oua.ca/directory/uoit |title = Directory: UOIT Ridgebacks - Ontario University Athletics (OUA)}}&lt;/ref&gt; ||UOIT Campus Ice Centre||550||Vaso's Field|| 1,000&lt;ref name=&quot;oua.ca&quot;/&gt;

|}

====Community colleges====
* [[Seneca College|Seneca Sting]]
* [[Humber College|Humber Hawks]]
* [[George Brown College|George Brown Huskies]]
* [[Centennial College|Centennial Colts]]

====Junior====
* [[Toronto Predators]]
* [[Toronto Jr. Canadiens]]
* [[Toronto Patriots]]
* [[St. Michael's Buzzers]]
* [[North York Rangers]]

==Ice hockey==
:{{Main|Toronto Maple Leafs|Toronto Blueshirts|Toronto Arenas|Toronto St. Patricks|Toronto Ontarios|Toronto Tecumsehs|Toronto 228th Battalion (NHA)|Toronto Toros|Toronto Marlies|Toronto Roadrunners|Toronto Furies|Toronto Six}}
[[File:Toronto Professional Hockey Club, 1906–97.jpg|thumb|Team members of the 1906–07 [[Toronto Professional Hockey Club]]. Founded in 1906, the club was the first professional hockey team in Toronto.]]
The city is known for the [[Toronto Maple Leafs]] of the [[National Hockey League]], a team with passionate support in the city, and the most financially successful sports franchise in the country.  The team built Maple Leaf Gardens, a sporting venue which served as the home arena for the Maple Leafs, and was also used for cultural and other events.  Since 1999, they have played in the [[Scotiabank Arena]] (initially referred to as the Air Canada Centre).  The team's roots stretch back to the [[Toronto Blueshirts]] of the [[National Hockey Association]], the predecessor to the NHL.  The NHA was founded in 1909 without any teams from Toronto. In 1911, the [[Mutual Street Arena|Arena Gardens]] was being built and [[Ambrose O'Brien]], who had operated four NHA franchises but decided to get out of the business, sold two of his franchises to Toronto-based groups.  The Toronto Hockey Club purchased one, which would become known as the Blueshirts, and a second was sold to a group affiliated with the Tecumseh Lacrosse Club for $500 cash and promissory notes for $2,000 which would be called the [[Toronto Tecumsehs]].  They were scheduled to begin play in the 1911-12 season, but construction delays led to the two Toronto teams being dropped from the schedule and they instead began play in 1912–13.

After a year of play, the Tecumsehs were sold and renamed the [[Toronto Ontarios]].  The following year the team was purchased by [[Eddie Livingstone]], who renamed them the Toronto Shamrocks in January 1915.  Later that year, Livingstone purchased the Blueshirts giving him ownership of two NHA teams, but after the [[Pacific Coast Hockey Association]] raids left him with only enough players for one team, he transferred Shamrocks players to the Blueshirts and only the Blueshirts competed in the [[1915–16 NHA season]]. When Livingstone failed to sell the Shamrocks, the NHA seized the franchise, which was left dormant for the year before being reactivated in [[1916–17 NHA season|1916–17]], awarding it to a Canadian military team, the [[Toronto 228th Battalion (NHA)|Toronto 228th Battalion]]. When the regiment was ordered overseas in February 1917, the team was forced to withdraw.  That left the NHA with an odd number of teams, and as a result, the team owners, who wanted Livingstone out of the league, decided to suspend operations of the Blueshirts for the remainder of the season. Following the end of the season, Toronto was reinstated, with the condition that the club was to be sold within 60 days. However, Livingstone obtained a court order to prevent the sale.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=Montreal Gazette |date=March 19, 1917 |title=Suit Against N.H.A. Clubs |page=16}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Before the start of the 1917–18 season, the NHA owners announced that the league would not operate in the 1917–18 season. About two weeks later, all of the owners except Livingstone announced that they were creating a new league, the National Hockey League.  Livingstone was not invited to participate in the new league.  However, the other teams wished to continue a team in Toronto, and also needed a fourth team to balance the schedule.  Accordingly, Livingstone's landlord, the Toronto Arena Company, was given a temporary franchise in the NHL and leased Livingstone's Torontos players for the inaugural [[1917–18 NHL season]].{{sfn|Holzman|Nieforth|2002|p=157}}  Although the team had no official name, it was made up mostly of former Blue Shirts and as a result, the newspapers still called the team the Blue Shirts or the Torontos, as they always had.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |title=The Toronto Blue Shirts a.k.a. The Torontos, the NHL's first Stanley Cup champions 1917-1918| last=Morrison |first=John |last2=Mclatchy |first2=Doug |publisher=Hockey Information Service Inc. |year=1996 |isbn=1-894014-00-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Arena Company had originally promised to return the Toronto players to Livingstone if no transfer could be arranged. Instead, before the [[1918–19 NHL season|1918–19 season]], it formed a new club, which was known as the [[Toronto Arenas]].{{sfn |Holzman |Nieforth |2002 |pp=197–198}} This new franchise was separated from the Arena Company. The dispute with Livingstone forced the Arena Company into bankruptcy.  The Arenas were sold to a group headed by [[Charles Querrie]] for $5000, who renamed them the [[Toronto St. Patricks]].  In 1927, with the team in trouble financially due to Querrie having lost a lawsuit to former Livingstone, Querrie put the St. Pats up for sale and agreed in principle to sell them for $200,000 to a group that would move the team to [[Philadelphia]].&lt;ref name=thoughages&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.nationalpost.com/2010/12/01/maple-leafs-owners-through-the-ages/|title=Maple Leafs' owners through the ages|last=Sandler|first=Jeremy|newspaper=[[National Post]]|date=December 1, 2010|accessdate=March 19, 2014|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140320041448/http://sports.nationalpost.com/2010/12/01/maple-leafs-owners-through-the-ages/|archivedate=March 20, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, [[Conn Smythe]] persuaded Querrie that civic pride was more important than money and put together a syndicate that bought the St. Pats.  Smythe himself invested $10,000 of his own money and his group contributed $75,000 up front and a further $75,000 due 30 days later, with minority partner [[Jack Bickell]] retaining his $40,000 share in the team.&lt;ref name=thoughages/&gt;&lt;ref name=smythe&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sports.nationalpost.com/2011/10/21/excerpt-the-lives-of-conn-smythe/|title=The Lives of Conn Smythe: From the Battlefield to Maple Leaf Gardens: A Hockey Icon's Story|year=2011|accessdate=January 11, 2014|work=[[National Post]]|first=Kelly|last=McParland|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://archive.is/20140112052642/http://sports.nationalpost.com/2011/10/21/excerpt-the-lives-of-conn-smythe/|archivedate=January 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The deal was finalized on Valentine's Day,&lt;ref name=smythe/&gt; and the new owners quickly renamed the team the Toronto Maple Leafs.&lt;ref name=smytheyoung&gt;{{cite book |last1=Smythe |first1=Conn |author1-link=Conn Smythe|last2=Young |first2=Scott |author2-link=Scott Young (writer)|title=Conn Smythe: If you can't beat 'em in the alley |year=1981 |publisher=McClelland and Stewart |location=Toronto, Ontario |isbn=0-7710-9078-1}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|85–86}}

When the [[World Hockey Association]], a rival league to the NHL, awarded Doug Michel an Ontario-based franchise in 1971 for $25,000 to play in the WHA's inaugural [[1972–73 WHA season|1972–73 season]],&lt;ref name=Bassett/&gt; Toronto was one of several cities under consideration as home for the team. [[Harold Ballard]], owner of the Maple Leafs and Maple Leaf Gardens, offered to rent the arena to the team, but Michel found the rent excessive.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No WHA decomposure: New hockey body is 'alive and kicking'|date=January 21, 1972|first=Dick|last=Beddos|newspaper=[[The Globe and Mail]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=ballardterms&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard gives WHA terms|date=December 11, 1971|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  He then tried to base the team in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]], but the city did not have an appropriate venue.&lt;ref name=ballardterms/&gt;  Michel settled on [[Ottawa]] and the team became the [[Ottawa Nationals]].  However, after a season at the [[Ottawa Civic Centre]], the team decided to relocate and played their home playoff games at Maple Leaf Gardens. During this time, the team was referred to as the Ontario Nationals.  The team moved to Toronto permanently for the following season after being sold to [[John F. Bassett]], son of former Leafs part-owner [[John Bassett]].&lt;ref name=Bassett&gt;{{cite news|title=Bassett buys WHA's Ottawa franchise, seeks Toronto home, nickname for team|first=Paul|last=Patton|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=May 3, 1973}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Future Leafs owner [[Steve Stavro]] was a minority shareholder.&lt;ref name=Bassett/&gt; They were renamed the [[Toronto Toros]] in June 1973.  However, they could only attract a fraction of the attendance numbers the competing Leafs drew.  In their inaugural season, they played out of [[Varsity Arena]], but played the next two seasons out of Maple Leaf Gardens.  The team played their final game in Toronto in 1976, after which a drop in attendance and onerous lease terms at the Gardens forced them to relocate to [[Birmingham, Alabama]] as the [[Birmingham Bulls (WHA)|Birmingham Bulls]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHA will operate in 2-division setup|date=August 19, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Ricohcoliseum.jpg|thumb|Originally built in 1920, [[Coca-Cola Coliseum]] was renovated in 2003 in order to accommodate the [[Toronto Marlies]], the [[American Hockey League|AHL]] affiliate of the Maple Leafs. ]]
In the early 1980s, Ballard and the owner of the [[Edmonton Oilers]] discussed to possibility of the franchise swapping home cities with the Maple Leafs, with Ballard receiving $50 million to compensate him for relocating to the smaller city, but the deal fell through.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/hockey/2009/10/11/peter_pocklington_book_says_oilersleafs_almost_swapped_cities.html|title=Peter Pocklington book says Oilers-Leafs almost swapped cities|first=Sylvia|last=Strojek|date=October 11, 2009|accessdate=July 15, 2017|newspaper=[[Toronto Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There have been numerous attempts to establish a [[Potential National Hockey League expansion#Greater Toronto Area|second NHL team in the Greater Toronto Area]] or nearby [[Potential National Hockey League expansion#Hamilton|Hamilton]].  The latter briefly had the [[Hamilton Tigers]] in the NHL from 1920, when local interests purchased and relocated the [[Quebec Bulldogs]], until 1925 when they folded.

In 2003, the [[Toronto Roadrunners]] of the [[American Hockey League]] played their inaugural season out of a renovated [[Ricoh Coliseum]] in Exhibition Place. They served as a [[farm club]] for the NHL's Edmonton Oilers.  After a season of bad attendance, the team relocated to [[Edmonton]], [[Alberta]].  However, with the Ricoh Coliseum vacated, a new tenant for the facility was found with the Maple Leafs relocating their AHL farm team, the [[St. John's Maple Leafs]], from [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador]] to Toronto as the [[Toronto Marlies]] in 2005.

Toronto has also hosted various international hockey tournaments: hosting parts of the [[Summit Series|1972]] and [[1974 Summit Series]]; parts of the [[1976 Canada Cup|1976]] and [[1991 Canada Cup]]s; parts of the [[2004 World Cup of Hockey]] &amp; all of the [[2016 World Cup of Hockey|2016 edition]]; and parts of the [[2015 World Junior Ice Hockey Championship|2015]] &amp; [[2017 World Junior Ice Hockey Championships]].

Participation in [[minor hockey]] is very popular. The [[Greater Toronto Area]] is home to the [[Greater Toronto Hockey League]] (GTHL), the largest minor hockey league in the world, and the North York Hockey League.{{citation needed|date=October 2019}}

The Greater Toronto Area has also been home to several women's hockey team including the professional [[Canadian Women's Hockey League]]'s (CWHL) [[Markham Thunder]] and [[Toronto Furies]]. However, the league ceased operations in 2019. In 2020, the [[National Women's Hockey League]] (NWHL) announced expansion to Toronto with the [[Toronto Six]] taking the ice for the 2020–21 season.

==Baseball==
:{{Main|Toronto Blue Jays|Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)}}
[[File:Toronto Diamond Park.jpg|thumb|[[Diamond Park (Toronto)|Diamond Park]] was the fourth home of the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] baseball team. The team was founded in 1895 and was a member of the [[International League]].]]
Professional baseball has had a presence in the city at the minor league level since 1896 with the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] of the AAA [[International League]]. It was in a game against the Leafs on September 4, 1914 at [[Hanlan's Point Stadium]] where [[Babe Ruth]] hit his first professional [[home run]]&lt;ref name=wonderful&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto's Baseball Story And Its New, Wonderful Tale|date=October 19, 1992|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|first=Dave|last=Anderson}}&lt;/ref&gt; while also pitching a complete game [[one-hitter (baseball)|one-hitter]] for the visiting [[Providence Grays]]. A year after the conclusion of his MLB career, hall of famer [[Nap Lajoie]] served as player manager for the Maple Leafs in 1917, winning the International League's batting title with a .380 average at 42 years of age, while also managing his team to the league's championship in his only season with the team. In 1926, hall of fame pitcher [[Carl Hubbell]] was assigned to the Maple Leafs, and finished the season with a 7-7 record on that championship winning team. In 1943, hall of fame hitter [[Ralph Kiner]] was assigned to play with the Maple Leafs, but left the team after a few weeks upon being called to duty by the U.S. Navy. Hall of famer [[Sparky Anderson]] was also a member of the Leafs as both a player (1960-1963) and a manager (1964).&lt;ref name=wonderful/&gt; 

Toronto interests long pursued a major league team for the city. Toronto was proposed as the home for a [[National League]] (NL) team by [[Albert Spalding]] when he was established the league in 1876.&lt;ref name=wonderful/&gt; Exhibition games were played by both the NL and [[American League]] (AL) of [[Major League Baseball]] (MLB) in Toronto in the 1910s.&lt;ref name=vila&gt;{{cite news|title=Vila intimates change coming|date=December 2, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Member of Parliament#Canada|Member of Parliament]] [[Bernard Rickart Hepburn]] was granted a Toronto franchise by the [[Federal League]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Millions of dollars for Federal League|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]|date=January 5, 1914}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=insists/&gt; a rival major league to the NL and AL, for its inaugural season in 1914,&lt;ref name=insists/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto is in Federal League to a certainty: All doubt was swept aside last night|date=January 27, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto and the Federal Leaguers: Still a chance for a team in this city|date=December 30, 1913|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; after the franchise was revoked from [[Cleveland]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto joins Federal League: Tinker and Brown have jumped|date=December 29, 1913|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=visiting&gt;{{cite news|title=Federal President visiting Toronto|date=December 31, 1913|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; After speculation the franchise would be returned to Cleveland&lt;ref name=visiting/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Federal to keep Toronto in League: Another Crisis of Outlaw Organization Straightened Out at Chicago|date=February 8, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; or moved to [[Cincinnati]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Want Toronto's place in Federal League|date=January 15, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cincinnati for outlaws?: Federal League May Transfer Toronto Franchise to Redland|date=January 23, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto gives up hope of the Feds: Slight Prospect of This City Being Represented|date=January 24, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; it was transferred to [[Brooklyn]] to become the [[Brooklyn Tip-Tops]] prior to playing a game in Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Fed. Franchise is taken to Brooklyn|date=February 14, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Federal League to play in Brooklyn|date=February 14, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; Hepburn cited his inability to find a park to play at in short notice as the reason the team didn't launch.&lt;ref name=insists/&gt; However, he secured an agreement with the league which granted him the rights to a team for the following season.&lt;ref name=insists&gt;{{cite news|title=Hepburn insists Toronto will have Feds|date=February 20, 1914|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Though Toronto would be proposed as the new home to the [[Kansas City Packers]] Federal League franchise for the 1915 season,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Federals planning stronger circuit|date=October 25, 1914|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; no team ever came to fruition in the city.

Toronto interests put forward a bid to buy the [[History of the Washington Senators (1901–60)|Washington Nationals]] to move them to Toronto in 1918 when there was discussion of the team relocating.&lt;ref name=vila/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto capitalist makes an offer to Ban|date=December 6, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Most momentous week in the history of baseball|date=December 5, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Major bee is buzzing again|date=November 22, 1918|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The following year it was reported that there were plans for the [[Boston Red Sox]], [[Chicago White Sox]] and [[New York Yankees]], which were dissatisfied with the President of the AL [[Ban Johnson]], to break away and form their own new major league, which would include Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto is named to join American League rebellion|date=November 7, 1919|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1922 a Toronto group attempted to purchase the Boston Red Sox to relocate them to Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Emphatic denials that Toronto men get Boston option|date=December 7, 1922|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|The Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Frazee flatly denies transfer of Red Sox|date=December 7, 1922|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The owner of the [[Boston Braves (baseball)|Boston Braves]], [[Lou Perini]], tried to sell his team to Toronto interests in the early 1950s before relocating them to become the [[Milwaukee Braves]].&lt;ref name=globechairman/&gt;  While owning the Maple Leafs baseball team, [[Jack Kent Cooke]] set his sights on bringing MLB to Toronto. He made a bid on the [[St. Louis Browns]] in 1953,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bill De Witt Confirms Cooke Seeking Brownies' Franchise|date=April 28, 1953|first=Al|last=Nickleson|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the team was sold to a competing group which relocated them to become the [[Baltimore Orioles]] the following season.&lt;ref name=notready&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Not Ready: Major League Ball Franchise For Baltimore|date=September 30, 1953|first=Jim|last=Vipovod|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The AL considered Toronto as a potential home for the [[Philadelphia Athletics]] before they became the [[Kansas City Athletics]] in 1955,&lt;ref name=enlarged&gt;{{cite news|title=Enlarged Ball Park To Seat 38,790 Fans|date=January 27, 1955|last=Smith|first=Wilf|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto May Win Out With Major Franchise Of Philadelphia A's|date=July 13, 1953|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; after Cooke bid on them,&lt;ref name=franchisefirst/&gt; but the city's lack of a major league venue was an obstacle to acquiring a team.&lt;ref name=notready/&gt;&lt;ref name=enlarged/&gt;  Cooke unsuccessfully bid on the [[Detroit Tigers]] in 1956,&lt;ref name=franchisefirst/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Cooke in Bid for Detroit; Lions Withdrawing Offer|date=June 29, 1956|first=Al|last=Nickleson|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke, Veeck groups Tiger rivals|date=June 29, 1956|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; reportedly to move them to Toronto.&lt;ref name=globechairman/&gt;  In 1957 he submitted a bid for a NL expansion team for Toronto.&lt;ref name=franchisefirst&gt;{{cite news|title='If we can get big league franchise we will get the stadium' -- Cooke|date=September 11, 1957|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|first=Neil|last=MacCarl}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke to Apply for NL Franchise: His Bid Will Be Made Within Next 72 Hours|date=September 11, 1957|first=Jim|last=Vipovod|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sees Toronto Joining NL: O'Malley Outlines Ten-Team Circuit|date=October 2, 1957|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Jim|last=Vipovod}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shag pans O'Malley's 10-team league|date=October 2, 1957|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|first=Milt|last=Dunnell}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1958, Cooke offered to withdraw from Toronto if the [[Los Angeles Dodgers]], who were considering relocating, moved to the city, in exchange for partial ownership of the club.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=By Jim Coleman|first=Jim|last=Coleman|date=May 31, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto May Win Dodgers' Franchise|date=May 24, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Metropolitan Toronto: Allen at Bat for the Big League|date=May 28, 1958|first=Ronald|last=Haggart|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Didn't Favor Toronto, Warren Giles Insists|date=June 10, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  That same year it was reported that Toronto was one of the cities that the owner of the [[Washington Senators (1960–1971)|Washington Senators]] was considering relocating his team to.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New Angle: Senators Latest To Talk Toronto In Rumor Mart|date=July 7, 1958|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1959 Cooke became one of the founding owners in the [[Continental League]], a proposed third major league of baseball, getting a team for Toronto for a fee of $50,000,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Third Major League Is Formed in Baseball|date=July 28, 1959|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Howard|last=Tuckner}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the league disbanded a year later without ever staging a game.  Cooke later applied to the AL for a Toronto expansion team in 1960, but found the expansion terms too onerous,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke Seeks AL Berth: Stadium Guarantee Included in Bid|date=October 13, 1960|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Canadians ready if peace bid fails|date=November 24, 1960|newspaper=The New York Times|first=John|last=Drebinger}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto By-Passed in AL Expansion Moves|date=October 27, 1960|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooke will beat Toronto into big time|date=January 10, 1961|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|first=Neil|last=MacCarl}}&lt;/ref&gt; and considered purchasing the [[Cincinnati Reds]] for Toronto in 1961 after their owner died.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Just Conversation: Cooke Denies Report He Has Bid for Reds|date=March 31, 1961|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1967, with mounting losses, the owner of the baseball Maple Leafs sough a buyer to keep the team in Toronto.&lt;ref name=helpinghand/&gt;&lt;ref name=notover/&gt; [[Maple Leaf Gardens Limited]], owner of the Maple Leafs of the NHL, considered purchasing the team,&lt;ref name=helpinghand&gt;{{cite news|title=Hockey Leafs offer helping hand to struggling baseball namesakes|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=August 28, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=notover&gt;{{cite news|title=Game's not over yet for ball Leafs, support grows to keep team here|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=September 7, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=doom/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baseball club gives assurance stadium bill will be paid|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=November 2, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the deal ultimately fell apart due to concerns about the team's home, [[Maple Leaf Stadium]], which needed up to $250,000 in repairs and whose owner wanted $4 million to purchase it.&lt;ref name=notover/&gt;&lt;ref name=doom&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard lays Leafs' doom to apathy|date=October 18, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; Harold Ballard, part owner of MLGL, said that the company's interest was due in part to help position itself to go after an MLB franchise for Toronto.&lt;ref name=notover/&gt;&lt;ref name=doom/&gt;  The team was subsequently relocated out of Toronto to [[Louisville, Kentucky]].

In 1967 a Toronto group was one of six to submit a bid for a NL expansion team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title= Toronto bid made for N.L. franchise|date=November 14, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto submits one of six formal bids as N.L. decides to add two teams by 1971|date=December 2, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1971, Howard Webster, chairman of ''The Globe and Mail'', made an offer to purchase the [[San Diego Padres]] and relocate them to Toronto but it was refused.&lt;ref name=globechairman&gt;{{cite news|title=Globe chairman seeks big-league ball for Toronto|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=October 9, 1971}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NL Padres officials turn down 2nd offer|date=November 10, 1971|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In early 1974, MLGL announced plans to build a new baseball stadium in Toronto,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=East of Yonge near expressway: Free stadium if Metro adopts Ballard's $190 million development|date=January 16, 1974|first=Alden|last=Baker|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the city ultimately decided to renovate [[Exhibition Stadium]] to make it suitable for baseball.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Work could start this fall: Metro votes 23 to 6 to enlarge the CNE Stadium|date=February 27, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Simpson|first=Jeff}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baseball franchise seekers may pool their resources to expedite stadium plan|date=January 24, 1974|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Later that year a group called Canadian Baseball Co. led by Sydney Cooper submitted an application to both the AL and NL for a franchise.&lt;ref name=bothapproached&gt;{{cite news|title=Both major leagues will be approached|date=November 20, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=gardensseek/&gt;&lt;ref name=consolidation/&gt;  Cooper had previously been part of Webster's group.&lt;ref name=bothapproached/&gt;  At the time it was reported that there were at least four groups bidding for a Toronto team, including ones led by [[Labatt Brewing Company]], MLGL&lt;ref name=gardensseek&gt;{{cite news|title=Gardens will seek baseball franchise|date=November 28, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Robert Hunter, the former President of the International League Maple Leafs, in addition to Canadian Baseball Co.&lt;ref name=bothapproached/&gt;&lt;ref name=consolidation&gt;{{cite news|title=Franchise consolidation not sighted: Toronto bids likely to fatten price|date=December 4, 1974|first=Mary|last=Trueman|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Not a question of money': Godfrey leads Metro delegation seeking major-league franchise|date=October 11, 1974|last=Parsons|first=Anne|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fourth group pursues franchise: As among major baseball clubs sought for Toronto by Labatt|date=November 29, 1974|first=Mary|last=Trueman|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Lorne Duguid, vice-president of [[Hiram Walker]] Distillers and MLGL executive, led MLGL's bid.&lt;ref name=gardensseek/&gt;
[[File:Toronto, Skydome, N.Y. Yankees vs. BlueJays.JPG|thumb|left|Inside the [[Rogers Centre]]. A game between the [[New York Yankees]] and [[Toronto Blue Jays]]. The team moved into the stadium in 1989.]]
In 1975, the owner of the Baltimore Orioles stated that he was in negotiations to sell his team to a Toronto group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Orioles will be sold to highest bidder|date=February 8, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The following January, [[San Francisco Giants]] owner [[Horace Stoneham]] agreed to sell the team for $13.25 million to a group headed by Labatt intending to relocate it to Toronto. The team would have begun play in the 1976 season at Exhibition Stadium, and be called the Toronto Giants.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Giants Moving: Toronto |author= |newspaper=St. Petersburg Times |date=January 9, 1976|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=hbwMAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=Ql8DAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=5064,759147 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However the plan to move the Giants was quashed by a U.S. court.&lt;ref&gt;{{citation |author=CBC Archives |date=April 4, 1976 |title=Will Toronto Ever Get a Franchise |url=http://archives.cbc.ca/sports/baseball/clips/3274/ |work=CBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The MLGL group also bid on the Giants, with Ballard stating that they had offered $15 million for the team,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=2 Toronto-based groups seek franchise at winter baseball meetings in Florida|date=December 4, 1975|first=Jim|last=Vipond|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; after having previously negotiated with the owners of the Baltimore Orioles, Chicago White Sox, [[Cleveland Indians]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Big league baseball asks Ballard to buy team for Toronto|date=March 16, 1972|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Jim|last=Proudfoot}}&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Oakland Athletics]] in their attempt to acquire a team for Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard confident Gardens group soon will buy Giants ballclub|date=October 21, 1975|first=Don|last=Ramsay|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Labatt group then pursued a NL expansion team, but when the NL only agreed to consider expanding in March 1976, while the AL voted to grant Toronto a team,&lt;ref name=eastern/&gt;&lt;ref name=rival/&gt; they switched gears.  A second Toronto group backed by [[Carling O'Keefe]] also applied for the AL expansion team.&lt;ref name=eastern/&gt;&lt;ref name=rival&gt;{{cite news|title=Rival bidders meet president MacPhail in fight for team|date=March 23, 1976|last=Perkins|first=Dave|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=shift/&gt;  Less than a week later, the AL awarded the team to the Labatt group, which included Webster, and the [[Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce]] (CIBC), for $7 million.&lt;ref name=eastern&gt;{{cite news|title=Expansion approved In Eastern Division: Toronto can join American League in 1977|date=March 22, 1976|first=Dave|last=Perkins|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Labatt's, Webster get ball franchise|date=March 27, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Is Given A.L. Franchise|date=March 27, 1976|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=p47&gt;Diamond Dreams: 20 Years of Blue Jays Baseball, Stephen Brunt, p.47, Penguin Books, {{ISBN|0-14-023978-2}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A few days later the NL had their own vote on expanding to Toronto and Washington, but while receiving a majority support of 10-2 it failed to pass due to lack of unanimity and was put off for two weeks.&lt;ref name=shift&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto group made NL bid before AL shift in expansion|date=October 19, 1985|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=battletoronto&gt;{{cite news|title=Bowie tells how he lost 'battle of Toronto'|date=February 28, 1987|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Milt|last=Dunnell}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=kuhn/&gt;  The NL objected to the AL's expansion in to Toronto, arguing that the NL was a better match for the city with a natural rivalry with the [[Montreal Expos]], and asked baseball commissioner [[Bowie Kuhn]] to intervene so they could reconsider their own expansion plans.&lt;ref name=battletoronto/&gt;&lt;ref name=kuhn&gt;{{cite news|title=National League asks Kuhn for Toronto priority|date=March 30, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Kuhn requested a moratorium on the AL's expansion plans,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=American League again says no to Kuhn's bid for a moratorium|date=April 15, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AL defies Kuhn, votes to proceed with Toronto move|date=April 17, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but a second non-unanimous vote by the NL on expanding to Toronto&lt;ref name=battletoronto/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Baseball franchise in Toronto rejected by National League|date=April 27, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=National League Bars Expansion: N.L. Rejects Bid to Add Two Teams|date=April 27, 1976|newspaper=The New York Times|first=Eonard|last=Koppett}}&lt;/ref&gt; left Toronto uncontested to the AL.  The [[Toronto Blue Jays]]' inaugural campaign was in 1977 with Exhibition Stadium chosen as the site for the team's home games. Built in the 1950s, it was rebuilt in 1976 to satisfy the requirements for baseball. In 1989, the team moved to the newly built SkyDome (now known as the [[Rogers Centre]]).  Although the team performed poorly, placing last in the [[American League East]] for each of its first three years, successful drafting and team management resulted in improved performance that led to the team's first pennant in 1985, and culminated with consecutive [[World Series]] victories in 1992 and 1993.

The city is also home to the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (semi-pro baseball)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] baseball club of the [[Intercounty Baseball League]]. Toronto has also hosted parts of the [[2009 World Baseball Classic]].

==Basketball==
:{{Main|Toronto Raptors|Toronto Huskies|Toronto Tornados|Buffalo Braves}}
[[File:Raptors 0607.JPG|thumb|Inside the Air Canada Centre, the Toronto Raptors play the [[Milwaukee Bucks]]. The Raptors moved into the arena in 1999.]]
Basketball is among the fastest growing sports in Toronto and is the most popular sport among the city's youth and [[millennials]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news | url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/toronto/why-toronto-is-becoming-basketball-city/article21404856/ |title = Why Toronto is becoming Basketball City}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although not as historically entrenched in Toronto culture as other sports, basketball does have significant milestones in the city. The first major professional basketball game in the city was an exhibition between the [[Fort Wayne Zollner Pistons]] and [[Rochester Royals]] of the [[National Basketball League (United States)|National Basketball League]] at the Gardens in 1946.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Collegians, Pro Cagers Play to 11,867 Patrons|date=January 17, 1946|last=Rosknfeld|first=Bobbie|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Basketball Bill Not Sell-Out Yet|date=January 12, 1946|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Gardens Set For Cagers|date=January 16, 1946|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The first game of the professional [[Basketball Association of America]], forerunner of the [[National Basketball Association]] (NBA), was contested at Maple Leaf Gardens (MLG) between the [[Toronto Huskies]] and the [[New York Knicks|New York Knickerbockers]] on November 1, 1946.&lt;ref name=firstgame&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nba.com/canada/History_of_Basketball_in_Canad-Canada_Generic_Article-18023.html|title=History of Basketball in Canada|publisher=NBA Media Ventures, LLC|accessdate=April 13, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the Huskies folded after the league's inaugural season following losses thought to total $60,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Huskies Drop From BAA Join Three Other Clubs As Pro Caqe Casualties|date=June 28, 1947|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Numerous exhibition and regular season NBA and [[American Basketball Association]] (ABA) games were held at both MLG and [[SkyDome]] over the years,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=SkyDome exhibition not going through roof|date=October 27, 1993|first=James|last=Christie|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NBA returns but passes on SkyDome|date=September 13, 1991|first=James|last=Christie|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Suns shade 76ers|date=October 22, 1991|first=Larry|last=Millson|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No decision on Toronto as a pro basketball town|date=January 15, 1972|last=Sokol|first=Al|publisher=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=January 13, 1972|work=The Globe and Mail|title=Toronto cage fans are on trial as ABA teams unveil big stars}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Promoters hoping their doubleheader will lead to a basketball franchise|date=January 6, 1972|last=Cauz|first=Louis|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; including a total of 16 regular season [[Buffalo Braves]] games at MLG from 1971-75&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/NBA/Toronto/2004/11/03/699007.html|title=The road was paved|date=November 3, 2004|accessdate=October 8, 2013|work=[[Toronto Sun]]|last=Buffery|first=Steve}}&lt;/ref&gt; in an attempt to gauge the city's interest in a full-time team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Buffalo Braves may be experimental team: NBA will test Toronto basketball fans' appetites next season on part-time basis|last=Proudfoot|first=Dan|date=February 13, 1973|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Ruby Richman, the former coach of Canada's national basketball team, working with the head of Maple Leaf Gardens Limited (MLGL) Harold Ballard, pursued a number of existing ABA and NBA teams to relocate to the city in the 1970s.&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=nbaawards/&gt;&lt;ref name=covetsrockets/&gt;  Richman had a tentative agreement to purchase both the [[Miami Floridians]] and [[Pittsburgh Condors]] of the ABA with the plan to merge them into a single Toronto-based team, but the deal fell through.&lt;ref name=richmanquest&gt;{{cite news|title=Ruby Richman's quest: The pro basketball chase|date=March 3, 1976|last=Fear|first=Jonathan|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Later Richman held negotiations with the [[Detroit Pistons]], which were seeking $5 million for the franchise, but pulled out when the price was raised to $8.25 million.&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;  MLGL attempted to purchase the Braves for $8.5 million and relocate them to Toronto in 1974,&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=dream&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto dream of NBA team remains dream|date=January 14, 1975|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Snyder rejects Gardens bid of $8.5 million for Braves|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 5, 1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; and again several times later,&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=hawks/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid to bring Braves to Toronto has 50-50 chance|last=Goodman|first=Jeffrey|date=December 14, 1977|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=VFM_AAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=KVIMAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4925,5570645|title=Toronto group seeking Braves|date=December 14, 1977|accessdate=October 8, 2013|publisher=[[Windsor Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Carling O'Keefe also considering purchasing the team in 1976,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto bid made for Braves, club owner Paul Snyder says|date=February 25, 1976|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the owners eventually chose to move the team to [[San Diego]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=gU4sAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=os0EAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4052,1555484|title=Boston, Buffalo Exchange Owners; Buffalo Transfer to San Diego Approved|date=July 8, 1978|accessdate=October 8, 2013|publisher=[[Spartanburg Herald-Journal]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=Nt0hAAAAIBAJ&amp;sjid=G0cEAAAAIBAJ&amp;pg=4972,3789055|title=Brown now looking west|date=June 23, 1978|accessdate=October 8, 2013|publisher=[[The Daily News (Kentucky)|Daily News]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

When Toronto was awarded an expansion NBA franchise in 1974 for the 1975-76 season&lt;ref name=nbaawards&gt;{{cite news|title=NBA awards expansion franchise to Toronto for 1975-76 season|date=June 22, 1974|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=withoutowner&gt;{{cite news|title=N.B.A. Adds Toronto, Without Owner|date=June 22, 1974|first=Sam|last=Goldaper|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=back&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto is back in NBA picture|last=Keller|first=Arlie|publisher=Toronto Star|date=September 26, 1975}}&lt;/ref&gt; MLGL was one of three groups to bid for the rights to the team,&lt;ref name=nbaawards/&gt;&lt;ref name=withoutowner/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard expects to win bid for NBA franchise by end of November|date=November 8, 1974|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fresh backing is expected for Toronto's NBA entry|last=Keller|first=Arlie|publisher=Toronto Star|date=December 13, 1974}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the club never materialized since no group was able to secure funding for the expansion fee of at least $6.15 million.&lt;ref name=dream/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NBA lowers curtain on Toronto's quest for team next season|date=January 15, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Richman seeks NBA backers for Toronto|date=January 8, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  MLGL attempted to purchase and relocate the [[Houston Rockets]] in 1975, which were seeking $8 million for the team, but the teams lease ultimately prevented a relocation.&lt;ref name=richmanquest/&gt;&lt;ref name=covetsrockets&gt;{{cite news|title=Ballard covets NBA Rockets, sends Richman to make deal|date=September 25, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rockets' president doubts Ballard to get Houston NBA team|date=September 26, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1976, MLGL attempted to buy the [[Atlanta Hawks]].&lt;ref name=hawks&gt;{{cite news|title=Basketball by this fall is MLG aim|date=June 3, 1976|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=back/&gt; In 1979, a Toronto group which included Ballard again pushed for an expansion franchise, but lost out to the [[Dallas Mavericks]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto's NBA bid is real longshot|date=February 8, 1979|first=Jeffry|last=Goodman|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=roundup: Toronto team may join NBA|date=February 5, 1979|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto interests considered purchasing and relocating the [[Kansas City Kings]] in 1979.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Don't order NBA tickets yet|date=June 29, 1979|publisher=Toronto Star|first=Ken|last=McKee}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1983, [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] owner [[Ted Stepien]] stated that &quot;the chances are 999-to-1&quot; that his team would be relocated and renamed the Toronto Towers, playing their games in MLG,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cav owner almost certain Toronto Towers in NBA|work=The Globe and Mail|date=March 16, 1983|first=Paul|last=Palango}}&lt;/ref&gt; with Carling O'Keefe thought to be involved financially in the deal,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Brewery considers investing in Cavs|date=March 15, 1983|last=Palango|first=Paul|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but he ultimately sold it to a local group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CBA today; NBA next?|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 21, 1983|first=Paul|last=Patton}}&lt;/ref&gt;  A Toronto group which included [[Bill Ballard]], son of Harold, and [[Basketball Hall of Fame]]r [[Wilt Chamberlain]] submitted an application and $100,000 deposit for an NBA expansion franchise for MLG in 1986, but of the six cities to apply&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/21/sports/sports-people-toronto-in-nba-bid.html|title=Sports people; Toronto in N.B.A. Bid|date=August 21, 1986|accessdate=January 27, 2014|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto investors seek NBA franchise|date=August 20, 1986|work=The Globe and Mail|first=James|last=Davidson}}&lt;/ref&gt; Toronto was not one of the four which were successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No NBA club for Toronto|date=April 23, 1987|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Larry Tanenbaum]] attempted to purchase and relocate the [[Denver Nuggets]] to Toronto in 1991, but the team could not get out of its lease at the [[McNichols Arena]].  Tanenbaum later pursued the [[New Jersey Nets]] and [[San Antonio Spurs]] unsuccessfully.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Basketball/NBA/Toronto/2004/10/31/694990.html|title=Raptors have been through plenty in trying decade of NBA existence|first=Bill|last=Lankhof|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=October 31, 2004|accessdate=August 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=The steal: Larry Tanenbaum had every reason to think he'd get the city's NBA franchise. Then along came John Bitove, Jr|newspaper=[[Toronto Life]]|date=October 1995}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Ultimately, the NBA awarded an expansion franchise to [[John Bitove]], over Tanenbaum's group which had partnered with the Maple Leafs&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Leafs left out in cold by NBA decision|last=Shoalts|first=David|work=The Globe and Mail|date=October 1, 1993}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a third group led by Bill Ballard and [[Michael Cohl]] which included [[Magic Johnson]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://torontolife.com/city/toronto-sports/larry-tanenbaum-mlse-chairman-losing-legacy-last-chance/|title=Can Larry Tanenbaum transform his losing legacy?|accessdate=May 1, 2016|newspaper=[[Toronto Life]]|date=November 12, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{citeweb|url=https://www.upi.com/Archives/1993/06/15/Magic-backs-Torontos-NBA-bid/4279740116800/|title=Magic backs Toronto's NBA bid|date=1993-06-15|accessdate=2020-05-17|publisher=[[United Press International]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Toronto Raptors]] joined the NBA for the 1995–96 season, giving the city its own team once again. The franchise was one of two Canadian expansion teams announced by the NBA in 1993, the other being the [[Memphis Grizzlies|Vancouver Grizzlies]], which moved south of the border to [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] after the 2000–01 season.

The [[Toronto Tornados]] of the minor league [[Continental Basketball Association]] played in the city from 1983-85 before being relocated to [[Pensacola, Florida]] in the middle of their third season to become the [[Pensacola Tornados]].

Toronto has also hosted parts of the [[1994 FIBA World Championship]] tournament alongside [[Hamilton, Ontario]] from August 4 to August 14, 1994. The tournament was held at [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]]&lt;ref&gt;[[The New York Times]], [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/15/sports/basketball-dream-team-ends-its-sequel-predictably.html BASKETBALL; Dream Team Ends Its Sequel Predictably]&lt;/ref&gt; and [[Maple Leaf Gardens]] in [[Toronto]]&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;&gt;''The New York Times'', [https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/06/sports/sports-of-the-times-toronto-dream-team-the-world.html Sports of The Times; Toronto, Dream Team, The World]&lt;/ref&gt; as well as at [[Copps Coliseum]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes&quot;/&gt; The hosting duties were originally awarded to [[Belgrade]], [[Yugoslavia]], but after [[United Nations]] [[United Nations Security Council Resolution 757|limited participation in sporting events in Yugoslavia]], Toronto stepped in as a replacement option in 1992. This also marked the first time that this tournament would allow current American NBA players that had already played in an official NBA regular season game to participate. Prior to that only professionals from other leagues were allowed to compete, since players from other leagues were still considered amateurs.&lt;ref&gt;https://www.usab.com/history/why-can-pros-complete-in-international-events.aspx&lt;/ref&gt; The tournament was won by the United States's [[United States men's national basketball team#1994 World Championship Team – Dream Team II|''Dream Team II'']], who beat [[Russia national basketball team|Russia]] 137–91 in the Final at SkyDome.

Toronto hosted the [[2016 NBA All-Star Game]] weekend February 12–14, 2016. The All-Star Weekend events were held at [[Air Canada Centre]] &amp; [[Ricoh Coliseum]]. This marked the first time that an NBA All-Star Weekend was ever hosted outside the United States.

On July 27, 2018, [[Scotiabank Arena]] hosted week 6 of the [[2018 Big3 season]]. The [[Big3]] is a professional [[3x3 basketball]] league founded by [[Ice Cube]] comprising eight teams, each featuring rosters of retired NBA players, with all league games played in one session as a quadruple-header. Toronto is the lone non-American venue city to host a Big3 event.

The Toronto Raptors hosted their first ever [[2019 NBA Finals|NBA Finals in 2019]] vs. the [[Golden State Warriors]]. Game 1, which was played on May 30, 2019 at [[Scotiabank Arena]], marked the first ever [[NBA Finals]] game to be held outside the United States. On June 13, 2019, the Raptors defeated the Warriors in Game 6 at [[Oracle Arena]] in [[Oakland]], [[California]], to win their first ever [[NBA title|Larry O'Brien Championship Trophy]], which was also the [[List of NBA champions|first ever NBA championship won]] by a team based outside of the United States.

==Football==
{{Main|Toronto Argonauts|National Football League in Toronto|Bills Toronto Series|Toronto Rifles|Toronto Northmen|Toronto Phantoms|International Bowl|Toronto Triumph}}
[[File:Argos v Rough Riders 1924.jpg|thumb|A game of [[Canadian football|football]] between the [[Toronto Argonauts]] and the [[Ottawa Rough Riders]] at [[Varsity Stadium]]. Founded in 1873, the Argonauts are the oldest professional gridiron football team in North America.]]
Toronto is home to the oldest professional [[gridiron football|football]] team in North America, the Toronto Argonauts, who have won the [[Grey Cup]] championship a record 17 times, most recently in [[105th Grey Cup|2017]].  Toronto has also played host to the Grey Cup Championship 48 times, more than any other city and most recently the [[104th Grey Cup]] in 2016.  The Argos were founded in 1873 by the Argonaut Rowing Club and is referred to colloquially as the ''Boatmen'' in honour of that heritage. The team is also known as the ''double blue'' because of the franchise colours (''Oxford blue'' and ''Cambridge blue''); the colour blue has become emblematic of the city and most of its sports franchises. The Argos also draw the highest per-game attendance of any sports team in Toronto and draw the second highest per-game TV ratings nationally of any Toronto-based sports team (after the Maple Leafs hockey club).  In the early 1970s, Maple Leaf Gardens Limited announced plans to apply for a second [[Canadian Football League]] team to be based in Toronto which would play at [[Varsity Stadium]], but the proposal never went anywhere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid to CFL for 2nd team in Toronto|first=Dick|last=Bleddoes|date=April 18, 1973|work=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Jake Gauaur is waiting for Bill Ballard's cheque|date=April 28, 1973|first=Al|last=Sokol|publisher=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=linking&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2012/11/20/linking-torontos-football-hockey-pasts|title=Linking Toronto's football, hockey pasts|date=November 20, 2012|accessdate=January 14, 2014|work=Toronto Sun|last=Hornby|first=Lance}}&lt;/ref&gt;  During his tenure as owner of the [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats]], Ballard repeatedly threatened to move the franchise to Varsity Stadium,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Ticats talked with Varsity brass|date=November 30, 1988|last1=Starkman|first1=Randy|authorlink=Randy Starkman|last2=Hunter|first2=Paul|publisher=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the move was vetoed by the Argos.&lt;ref name=&quot;alternative&quot;/&gt;

Toronto also has a long history with [[American football]].  The first professional U.S. football team to play a home game in Toronto was the [[Los Angeles Wildcats (AFL)|Los Angeles Wildcats]] of the [[American Football League (1926)|American Football League of 1926]], the first major competitor to the [[National Football League]] for the dominance of professional football.  While the Wildcats nominally represented [[Los Angeles, California]], frequent travel to the west coast still posed a major obstacle so the team was instead a [[traveling team]] based in [[Illinois]] and played most of its games in the home stadiums of its opponents, with the exception of the Toronto game.  The Wildcats lost the regular season game to the [[New York Yankees (NFL)|New York Yankees]] (which would join the National Football League (NFL) the following year) 28-0 in front of 10,000 fans at Maple Leaf Stadium on November 8, 1926.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=&quot;Red&quot; Grange's team scored 4 touchdowns|date=November 9, 1926|last=Hewitt|first=W.A.|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[National Football League in Toronto|NFL has had a presence in Toronto]] since 1959 when the [[List of National Football League games played outside the United States|Argonauts hosted three NFL teams]] in a three-season span.  The nearby Hamilton Tiger-Cats also hosted a game against the [[Buffalo Bills]], then an [[American Football League]] team.  Several decades later, the [[American Bowl]] and later the [[Bills Toronto Series]] brought both preseason and regular season games to the Rogers Centre.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.buffalobills.com/news/news.jsp?NEWS_ID=5854]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20080216034411/http://www.billsintoronto.com/pressannouncements.html]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:BMO Field, 104th Grey Cup.jpeg|thumb|left|[[BMO Field]] during the [[104th Grey Cup]]. BMO Field is the present home stadium of the Toronto Argonauts.|link=Special:FilePath/BMO_Field,_104th_Grey_Cup.jpeg]]
There have been several failed attempts to establish a professional American football franchise in Toronto in the past.  A Toronto group submitted a bid for an American Football League expansion team for the city in 1960, the expansion fee set at $125,000, with plans to play in the league's second season in the following year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto, Montreal in AFL Bids: Expect Franchises to Be Approved Soon|date=May 12, 1960|first=Ken|last=McKee|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=AFL Planners Endorse Toronto Bid|date=May 19, 1960|last=Vipond|first=Jim|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto, Montreal groups seek AFL franchises|date=May 11, 1960|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]|last=Dunnell|first=Milt}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Toronto interests continued pursuing an AFL team for several years,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=No Chance for Canadian Cities in AFL|date=August 12, 1965|first=Kenneth|last=McKee|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the league naming the city as a potential expansion market in 1965.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NFL Commissioner Rozelle Lists Toronto As Site for Franchise in Expanded League|date=June 4, 1965|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1964 a Toronto group applied for a [[United Football League (1961–64)|United Football League]] franchise,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Group Awaits Okay For Toronto Entry In US. Grid League|date=March 12, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=May Accept Toronto Into UFL Here Today|date=March 21, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=UFL Will Consider Toronto Bid April 4–5|date=March 24, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but ultimately withdrew their bid for a team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid Cancelled For UFL Entry|date=April 4, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the season, a Toronto group attempted to purchase the [[Canton Bulldogs (UFL)|Canton Bulldogs]] of the UFL to relocate them to Toronto.&lt;ref name=lastresort/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Canton Transfer Is Strictly Rumor|date=December 10, 1964|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the [[Continental Football League]] was established for the 1965 season with former UFL teams, the [[Quebec Rifles]] of the UFL were admitted and transferred to Toronto to become the [[Toronto Rifles]] due to a lack of a suitable facility in Montreal.&lt;ref name=lastresort&gt;{{cite news|title=Move to Toronto Was Last Resort Says Co-Owner of Football Rifles|date=February 9, 1965|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto in 10-team Pro Football League: New Continental Circuit Formed by UFL and ACL Teams|date=February 8, 1965|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New pro league is formed here by football men|date=February 7, 1965|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cooperation of N.F.L. and A.F.L. Sought by New Major League|date=February 8, 1965|first=Robert|last=Lipsyte|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Rifles competed in the Continental League from 1965–67, but the owners pulled out in the middle of their final season after having lost a reported $400,000 in their final full season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rifles dissolved under financial gun: League may draft players|date=September 6, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The league took over the club and planned to have it play all of its games on the road, but several weeks later the team folded.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rosen on way: Rifles to keep franchise alive playing on road|date=September 12, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rifles' footballers unemployed again|date=September 22, 1967|last=Dechman|first=Phillip|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During John Bassett's ownership of the Argonauts from the late 1950s to early 1970s, he entertained various machinations for bringing American football to Toronto, including moving the Argos to the NFL or bringing an NFL team to the city alongside the Argos.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc3YbqHtsW4C&amp;pg=PT199&amp;lpg=PT199|title=Bassett: John Bassett's forty years in politics, publishing, business and sports|last=Siggins|first=Maggie|year=2011|publisher=James Lorimer &amp; Company|isbn=9781552779491}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Will the Canadian Football League survive?|date=October 1, 1972|pages=85|last=Batten|first=Jack|magazine=[[Maclean's]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Argonauts and the NFL|date=September 7, 1971|first=Milt|last=Dunnell|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Other CFL team owners were steadfastly against Bassett's moves and almost rescinded his franchise in 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Siggins, Maggie |title=Bassett: John Bassett's Forty Years in Politics, Publishing, Business and Sports |publisher=James Lorimer &amp; Company |location=Toronto, Ontario|year=1979|isbn=0-88862-284-8 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jc3YbqHtsW4C|pages=112–113, 231–232|author-link=Maggie Siggins }}&lt;/ref&gt;  His son John F. Bassett obtained a [[World Football League]] franchise for the city in the league's inaugural season of 1974, which he named the [[Toronto Northmen]], but in response the Canadian government proposed the [[Canadian Football Act]], a bill that would have banned US football leagues from playing in Canada to protect the CFL from competition.&lt;ref name=alternative/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Basset says Northmen likely to move|date=May 4, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The bill forced Bassett to move the club to [[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] where they became the [[Memphis Southmen]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto of W.F.L. Gets Memphis Home|date=May 7, 1974|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the legislation died without being approved before the [[1974 Canadian federal election]], Bassett again attempted to put a team in Toronto for the 1975 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bassett wants to challenge Lalonde again|date=February 7, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Martin|first=Lawrence}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=WHL president likes Toronto|date=February 8, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Second WFL season could include Canada, head of league says|date=February 19, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Martin|first=Lawrence}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lalonde lone worry facing WFL in bid for Canadian team: Bassett|date=February 21, 1975|last=White|first=Peter|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  There were plans to establish a [[United States Football League]] franchise in Toronto in 1983 being pushed by John F. Bassett, but again the Canadian government warned against it and the idea was dropped.&lt;ref name=alternative&gt;{{cite news|title=Alternative to Tiger-Cats: Bassett sees Hamilton in USFL|date=March 22, 1983|first=Marty|last=York|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=USFL thwarted by Davey|date=February 2, 1983|first=Marty|last=York|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[XFL (2001)|XFL]] considered expanding to Toronto for 2002, but ultimately folded after its inaugural season in 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Looks like there will be even more football in the area|date=October 23, 2000|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=[[Hamilton Spectator]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Martinez to manage Blue Jays|date=October 24, 2000|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=York|first=Marty}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=XFL could find a home in Toronto by next season|date=February 12, 2001|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=[[Hamilton Spectator]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  There have been efforts to bring an NFL team to Toronto for more than 40 years.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ca.sports.yahoo.com/blogs/eh-game/bon-jovi-nfl-toronto-latest-series-fantasies-155219296.html|title=Bon Jovi, MLSE and the NFL in Toronto: The latest in a series of fantasies?|first=Chris|last=Zelkovich|date=November 25, 2013|accessdate=May 18, 2014|publisher=[[Yahoo! Sports]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, it was widely reported that Toronto interests, including Larry Tanenbaum, part owner of [[Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment]] (MLSE), and [[Edward Rogers III]], Deputy Chairman of [[Rogers Communication]], were attempting to acquire an NFL franchise in hopes of moving it to Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/football/ralph-wilson-made-sure-bills-will-stay-in-buffalo-for-as-least-six-years/article17686988/|archive-url=https://archive.is/20140330070947/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/sports/football/ralph-wilson-made-sure-bills-will-stay-in-buffalo-for-as-least-six-years/article17686988/|url-status=dead|archive-date=March 30, 2014|title=Ralph Wilson made sure Bills will stay in Buffalo for at least six years|date=March 26, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|first=John|last=Wawrow}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/football/nfl/with-passing-of-wilson-bills-future-in-question/|title=Wilson's passing leaves Bills' future in question|last=Grange|first=Michael|date=March 26, 2014|accessdate=March 30, 2014|publisher=[[Sportsnet]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Kryk|first=John|date=March 26, 2014|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/03/26/bills-to-stay-in-buffalo-until-at-least-2020|title=Bills to stay in Buffalo until at least 2020|newspaper=Toronto Sun|accessdate=March 26, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.torontosun.com/2014/04/10/bon-jovi-part-of-toronto-group-expected-to-bid-on-bills|title=Bon Jovi part of Toronto group expected to bid on Bills|date=April 10, 2014|accessdate=April 10, 2014|newspaper=Toronto Sun|last=Kryk|first=John}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were numerous attempts to bring the [[Arena Football League (1987–2008)|Arena Football League]] to Maple Leaf Gardens in the 1990s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Investors in brawl with Gardens Angry shareholders assail hockey stadium's board over ownership battle, executive bonus|date=October 6, 1995|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|last=Waldie|first=Paul}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The city was considered by the league for a 1996 and 1997 expansion club, with John Bitove, owner of the Toronto Raptors, one of several groups interested in owning the team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Fight for football fans may move to new arena|date=September 14, 1995|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto tackling arena football 1996|date=October 16, 1995|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Cahill snubbed by Argonaut brass: Former coach, GM wants Toronto job|date=January 20, 1996|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  MLSE held negotiations with the Arena League on acquiring a $4–7 million expansion franchise for 1999 to coincide with the opening of their new building the ACC.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Arena football team may land in Toronto|date=July 29, 1998|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CFL is looking at new arenas to keep football alive|date=March 17, 1999|last=York|first=Marty|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Several other groups also considered putting a club in the ACC following its opening.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Arena football hopes to fill Bills fans' summers|last=Donovan|first=Vincent|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=November 3, 1998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Arena football may touch down in Toronto: Businessman interested: New franchise would compete with Argos for fans|date=August 19, 2000|newspaper=[[National Post]]|last=Sandler|first=Jeremy}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2000, the New England Sea Wolves were purchased by a group led by Rogers Communication and relocated from [[Hartford, Connecticut]], becoming the [[Toronto Phantoms]] the following year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Phantoms to Make Arena Football League Debut|date=October 17, 2000|publisher=[[Canada NewsWire]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the team lasted only two seasons before folding when the Arena League switched its regular season window from the summer to the spring.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto shelves football team|date=September 21, 2002|newspaper=[[The StarPhoenix]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto has also hosted the [[Vanier Cup]] Championship 41 times, the most out of any host city, serving as its exclusive host from its inception in 1965 until 2003. In 2004, [[Canadian Interuniversity Sport]] began accepting bids from other cities to host the event. Since then, Toronto has won 2 additional bids to host Vanier Cup Championships in 2007 &amp; 2012 to coincide with both the 95th &amp; 100th Grey Cups being played during the same weekend in the city.

Toronto also hosted a series of [[NCAA football]] [[bowl games]] called the [[International Bowl]] between 2007 and 2010.

Toronto was granted an expansion team in the women's Lingerie Football League (now the [[Legends Football League]]), the [[Toronto Triumph]]. The team played their games at the Ricoh Coliseum for one season in 2011-12. The league is legitimate [[arena football|indoor football]], which at the time was played by women in lingerie and football pads, though players now wear more standard athletic apparel.

==Soccer==
:{{Main|Toronto FC|Toronto Blizzard (1971–84)|Toronto Falcons|Toronto City|Toronto Blizzard (1986-93)|Toronto ThunderHawks|Toronto Shooting Stars|Toronto Lynx|Toronto FC II|Mississauga MetroStars|York9 FC}}

[[File:First-goal-at-BMO.jpg|thumb|Crowd celebrating at [[BMO Field]] after [[Toronto FC]] score the club's first goal. BMO Field hosts the Toronto FC and the Toronto Argonauts.]]
The popularity of soccer reflects the city's [[Demographics of Toronto|demographics]]; Toronto is a multicultural city with a large immigrant population that has long-established roots with the game.

Toronto has had teams in a number of first division soccer leagues of the United States.  The [[Toronto Greenbacks]] were members of the [[North American Soccer Football League]] for its two years of existence in 1946-47.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Heavy Losses In First Year Of Pro Soccer|date=October 30, 1946|last=Waring|first=Ed|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Greenbacks Win Over Pioneers, 1-0|date=April 21, 1947|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1967, two rival leagues began play: the [[United Soccer Association]] (USA) and [[National Professional Soccer League (1967)|National Professional Soccer League]] (NPSL).  Both leagues had Toronto-based clubs with [[Toronto City]] (owned by future owner of Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment Steve Stavro) joining the US and the [[Toronto Falcons]] in the NPSL and both playing their games at [[Varsity Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pro soccer merger hinges on unified Toronto team|first=Ed|last=Waring|date=December 8, 1967|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Falcons' boss insists he has sole ownership of merged franchise|date=December 13, 1967|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the merger of the two leagues for the 1968 season only the Falcons survived, with Stavro selling his team back to the league for $160,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=20 cities picked for soccer loop|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 14, 1967}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Legal action could boot soccer Falcons from Toronto|date=March 29, 1968|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the Falcons only played a single year in the newly founded [[North American Soccer League (1968–84)|North American Soccer League]] (NASL) with losses reported to be up to $500,000 before folding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Falcons fly wrong way for Peters|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=November 8, 1968}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The following year, Toronto City was invited to join the NASL.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto City studying invitation from NASL|date=September 26, 1969|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Subsequently, the [[Toronto Metros]] joined the NASL in 1971,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto enters soccer team in U.S. league|date=December 11, 1970|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and though they were renamed the [[Toronto Metros-Croatia]] in 1975 following the purchase of 50% of the club for $250,000 by the [[Toronto Croatia]] of the [[Canadian National Soccer League|National Soccer League]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto Croatia purchases 50% share of soccer Metros|date=February 6, 1975|first=Ed|last=Waring|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and again in 1979 to the [[Toronto Blizzard (1971–84)|Toronto Blizzard]] following the acquisition of 85% of the team by [[Global Television Network]] for $2.6 million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=95% of shareholders in favor Sale of Metros approved|date=February 1, 1979|first=Jeffery|last=Labow|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NASL gives Global unanimous support|date=February 6, 1979|first=Jeffery|last=Labow|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; the team played until the NASL folded in 1984.

In 1994, then part owner of [[Rogers Centre|SkyDome]], [[Labatt]], considered purchasing a team in [[Major League Soccer]] (MLS), the new top US league, to play at the stadium.&lt;ref name=dreamjob&gt;{{cite book|title=Dream Job|last=Peddie|first=Richard|year=2013|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 2004, then Toronto Argonauts owners [[Howard Sokolowski]] and [[David Cynamon]] considered bringing a MLS team to the city in connection with negotiations on the construction of a new stadium to jointly house the Argos and soccer,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Soccer 'theatre of dreams'; CSA boss Pipe 'ecstatic' about site Argo owners hoping to land MLS team|date=October 19, 2004|last=Byers|first=Jim|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt; but when [[BMO Field]] was ultimately built the Argos were excluded for the deal.&lt;ref name=&quot;dreamjob&quot;/&gt;  In 2007, Maple Leaf Sports &amp; Entertainment launched [[Toronto FC]] in MLS as its first international team.
[[File:Kia training ground.jpg|thumb|left|KIA Training Grounds is a practice facility used by the Toronto FC, and their youth academy, [[TFC Academy]].]]
Toronto has also hosted professional [[indoor soccer]] teams.  The Metros-Croatia fielded a team in NASL's indoor league from 1975–76,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Metros-Croatia split two games|date=March 15, 1976|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; as did the Blizzard in 1980-82.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NASL officials feeling good despite splotches of red ink|date=January 20, 1982|first=Jeffery|last=Labow|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The [[Major Indoor Soccer League (1978–92)|Major Indoor Soccer League]] considered putting a team in Toronto in 1987.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hamilton turning to MISL|last=Davidson|first=James|newspaper=The Globe and Mail|date=January 20, 1987}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In 1988 the [[American Indoor Soccer Association]] (AISA) granted Toronto a franchise which was to play its games at Hamilton, Ontario's Copps Coliseum (now [[FirstOntario Centre]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto has the team, Copps gets the games|date=July 11, 1988|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the team never launched.  The [[Toronto Shooting Stars]] competed in the [[National Professional Soccer League (1984–2001)|National Professional Soccer League]], as the AISA had renamed itself, during the 1996-97 season, but the ownership of the franchise collapsed just 3 games in, forcing the league to take control of the team's operations for the remainder of the season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=League bails out soccer's Stars|first=Norman|last=Da Costa|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=November 2, 1996|page=E7}}&lt;/ref&gt;  After losses of nearly $1 million, the team suspended operations and never returned to play.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hamilton in the running for moving Stars|date=March 11, 1997|newspaper=[[Hamilton Spectator]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|title=Shooting Stars to go on hiatus for one season|first=|last=|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=August 15, 1997|page=E5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  An application was made for a new NPSL Toronto team in 1998.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Toronto group seeks soccer franchise|date=April 1, 1998|newspaper=[[Waterloo Region Record]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The NPSL returned to Toronto with the [[Toronto ThunderHawks]] for the 2000–01 season, playing at the [[Paramount Fine Foods Centre|Hershey Centre]] in [[Mississauga, Ontario]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2000/06/07/thunderhawks000607.html | title = NPSL adds Toronto Thunderhawks | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = June 7, 2000 | accessdate = January 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the NPSL disbanded in the summer of 2001 and reorganized as the [[Major Indoor Soccer League (2001–2008)|Major Indoor Soccer League]], the ThunderHawks were admitted to the new league under the condition that they would suspend operations for the 2001–02 season to work on the business side of the franchise and return to active competition for the 2002–03 season.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web| url = http://www.cbc.ca/sports/story/2001/08/08/thunderhawks010808.html | title = ThunderHawks sit out MISL season | publisher = [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]] | date = August 8, 2001 | accessdate = January 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the team never returned from this temporary suspension of operations.  In April 2017 the [[Major Arena Soccer League]] announced that it had granted an expansion franchise, which was later named [[Mississauga MetroStars]], to begin play in 2018 at the Hershey Centre.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maslsoccer.com/news/masl-announces-international-expansion|title=MASL Announces International Expansion|date=April 7, 2017|accessdate=April 7, 2017|first=Jeff|last=Husted|publisher=Major Arena Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.maslsoccer.com/news/greater-toronto-area-based-team-to-debut-this-fall|title=Greater Toronto Area-based Team to Debut this Fall|date=2018-08-09|accessdate=2018-08-09|publisher=Major Arena Soccer League}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto has also been home to numerous minor pro soccer teams.  The Toronto Nationals played in the [[Canadian Professional Soccer League (1983)|Canadian Professional Soccer League]] in its only season in 1983.  The [[Eastern Canada Professional Soccer League]], which existed between 1961-1966, featured 3 Toronto based teams over those years: [[Toronto City]] (1961-1965), which later joined the United Soccer Association, Toronto Roma FC (1962-1964) / Inter-Roma (1965-1966), and Toronto Italia FC (1961-1964) / Italia Falcons (1965–66).  The [[Toronto Blizzard (1986–93)|Toronto Blizzard]] played in the [[Canadian Soccer League (1987–92)|Canadian Soccer League]] from 1987 to 1992 and the [[American Professional Soccer League]] in 1993 before folding following the [[United States Soccer Federation]]'s decision to reject the APSL's bid for sanctioning as a first division league in favour of a competing bid from the group that would found MLS.  The Blizzard were replaced in the APSL by the [[Toronto Rockets (soccer team)|Toronto Rockets]] in 1994, but they to folded prior to the following season.  The [[A-League (1995–2004)|A-League]], as the APSL was then known, awarded Toronto another team to begin play in 1997.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A-League future lies with merger|date=July 11, 1996|newspaper=[[The Province]]|last=Keating|first=Jack}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A-League merges into Major League 2nd division|date=July 12, 1996|newspaper=[[Vancouver Sun]]|last=Stinson|first=Dan}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When the A-league and [[USISL Select League]] merged for the 1997 season, the Toronto expansion team, which was named the [[Toronto Lynx]], debuted in the combined league, which carried on the A-League name.  The Lynx would play in the A-League until 2004.  When the league was renamed the [[USL First Division]], they continued their membership.  However, in 2007, with the arrival of TFC to the city, the Lynx dropped down to the fourth [[USL League Two|USL Premier Development League]], where they competed until 2014.

Toronto hosted parts of the [[2007 FIFA U-20 World Cup]]. Toronto also hosted the [[MLS Cup 2010|2010 Major League Soccer championship]] match between [[FC Dallas]] and [[Colorado Rapids]] (Colorado defeated Dallas 2-1). It was the first time the MLS cup took place outside of the United States.

Toronto would go on to host 2 more MLS Cups. On December 10, 2016, the [[MLS Cup 2016|MLS Cup]] was held at BMO Field where Toronto FC and the [[Seattle Sounders FC|Seattle Sounders]] played to a 0-0 draw, with the Sounders winning 5-4 on penalty kicks to claim the championship. On December 9, 2017, Toronto FC defeated the Sounders 2–0 in an [[2017 MLS Cup|MLS Cup]] rematch, and became the first MLS team to complete a [[domestic treble]] with their win by virtue of winning the [[Supporters' Shield]] with an MLS record 69 points &amp; the [[Canadian Championship]] combined. They also became the first Canadian team to win the MLS Cup.&lt;ref name=mlscupwin&gt;{{cite web |date=December 9, 2017 |title=Recap: Toronto FC vs Seattle Sounders |url=https://matchcenter.mlssoccer.com/matchcenter/2017-12-09-toronto-fc-vs-seattle-sounders-fc|publisher=mlssoccer.com |accessdate=December 9, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, BMO Field is listed as a potential venue for the [[2026 FIFA World Cup]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.si.com/soccer/2017/10/04/2026-world-cup-north-american-bid-host-cities-usa-mexico-canada|title=USA, Mexico, Canada 2026 World Cup Bid Trims Potential Host List to 32 Cities|last=Straus|first=Brian|date=October 4, 2017|work=SI.com|access-date=November 19, 2017|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Auto racing==

The '''[[Honda Indy Toronto]]''' is an [[IndyCar Series]] race, held annually in July on a temporary [[street circuit]] that runs through Exhibition Place and on [[Lake Shore Boulevard]]. The city has hosted the race for over thirty years and it is now IndyCar's second-longest running street race, only behind the [[Grand Prix of Long Beach]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto could shake up title hunt|url=http://espn.go.com/racing/indycar/story/_/id/9470813/indycar-toronto-doubleheader-shake-title-hunt|work=ESPN|accessdate=July 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the fourth oldest race on the current IndyCar schedule in terms of number of races run.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Genova|first=Victor|title=10 Random Toronto Indy Facts|url=http://www.hondaindytoronto.com/more-news-a-announcements/458-10-facts-toronto-indy|work=Honda Indy Toronto|accessdate=September 1, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Historically, the city played host to the [[1958 Jim Mideon 500]], a [[NASCAR]] [[Monster Energy NASCAR Cup Series|Cup Series]] racing event at Exhibition Stadium. Legendary NASCAR driver [[Lee Petty]] won this race, defeating his son [[Richard Petty|Richard]] in the latter's Cup Series debut.

[[Canadian Tire Motorsports Park]], formerly known as Mosport Park, is located approximately 100&amp;nbsp;km east of Toronto in the community of [[Bowmanville]].  The venue holds the unique distinction in motorsport of having hosted [[Canadian Grand Prix#Mosport Park and Mont-Tremblant|Formula One]], [[Honda Indy Toronto#USAC (Mosport Park)|IndyCar]], [[Chevrolet Silverado 250|NASCAR]], [[Mosport Can-Am|Can-Am]], [[Canadian motorcycle Grand Prix|MotoGP]] and [[List of Superbike World Championship circuits|World Superbike]] events. The track hosts Canada's largest annual sportscar race, the '''[[Grand Prix of Mosport|Mobil 1 SportsCar Grand Prix]]''' part of the [[WeatherTech SportsCar Championship|IMSA WeatherTech SportsCar Championship]], the [[NASCAR Camping World Truck Series]] Chevrolet Silverado 250, the [[NASCAR Pinty's Series]], the [[Pirelli World Challenge]] and the [[Canadian Superbike Championship]] along with other events. The track was the original home of [[Formula One]]'s [[Canadian Grand Prix]] from 1961 to 1977 (except for 1968 and 1970).

==Tennis==
[[File:Rexall Centre York University Toronto.JPG|thumb|The [[Aviva Centre]] is one of the two tennis stadiums that host the annual [[Canada Masters]].]]
The '''[[Rogers Cup]]''', historically known as the Canadian Open, is an annual professional tennis tournament held at the [[Aviva Centre]] at [[York University]]. The tournament began in 1881 and is the third oldest major tennis tournament in the world behind only [[The Championships, Wimbledon|Wimbledon]] and the [[US Open (tennis)|US Open]]. The men's competition is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] event on the [[Association of Tennis Professionals|Association of Tennis Professionals (ATP) tour]]. The women's competition is a [[WTA Premier tournaments|Premier 5]] event on the [[Women's Tennis Association|Women's Tennis Association (WTA) tour]]. The events alternate from year-to-year between the cities of Montreal and Toronto. In odd-numbered years, the men's tournament is held in Montreal, while the women's tournament is held in Toronto, and vice versa in even-numbered years. The competition is played on hard courts.

From 1971 until 1990, Toronto hosted the [[Toronto Indoor|Toronto Molson Light Challenge]] a second annual professional men's [[tennis]] tournament played on [[Carpet court|indoor carpet courts]] at Maple Leaf Gardens.  The final tournament took place in February [[1990 ATP Tour|1990]] at the SkyDome and went by the tournament name [[1990 SkyDome World Tennis Tournament|Skydome World Tennis]].

==Lacrosse==
:{{Main|Toronto Rock|Hamilton Nationals|Toronto Tomahawks|Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)}}
[[File:Buffalo Bandits at Toronto Rock.jpg|thumb|Inside the Air Canada Centre, the [[Toronto Rock]] play against the [[Buffalo Bandits]].]]
The [[Toronto Rock]], which operate in the [[National Lacrosse League]], were founded in 1998 as the [[Ontario Raiders]] in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]]. The following year, the team moved to Toronto proceeded to finish first every year from 1999 to 2005 and won [[Champion's Cup|the league championship]] in five of those seven seasons.  The city previously had several professional [[box lacrosse]] teams.  A team named the [[Toronto Tecumsehs (ILL)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] competed in the first season of the professional [[International Lacrosse League]] in 1931 at the [[Arena Gardens]].&lt;ref name=twoteams&gt;{{cite news|title=Two Toronto teams in lacrosse loop|date=January 29, 1932|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On the highway of sports: Maroons and Leafs in lacrosse opener tonight|date=June 29, 1931|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Following the season, a new franchise was awarded to [[Conn Smythe]] on behalf of [[Maple Leaf Gardens Ltd.]] (MLGL),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maple Leaf Gardens granted franchise|date=December 10, 1931|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=testolympic/&gt; which was also named the [[Toronto Maple Leafs (ILL)|Toronto Maple Leafs]], with the previous season's Maple Leafs being renamed the Tecumsehs.&lt;ref name=twoteams/&gt;&lt;ref name=testolympic&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport: Local Seniors Will Test Olympic Team Tonight|date=January 29, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Both teams played at the newly opened Maple Leaf Gardens.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Maple Leafs score decisive victory|date=June 20, 1932|first=jack|last=Murray|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport: Tecumsehs' Victory Creates All-Round Tie|date=May 9, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Smythe pulled out following the season due to financial losses,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport: Mustangs on Rampage at U. of T.'s Expense|date=October 31, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the league didn't play the following year.  Toronto also had a team in the [[American Box Lacrosse League]] in 1932.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=On The Highways of Sport|date=June 1, 1932|last=Rodden|first=M.J.|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=So-called Torontos beaten in New York|date=June 3, 1932|newspaper=[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/lacrossehistoryo0000fish|url-access=registration|title=Lacrosse: A History of the Game|year=2002|last=Fisher|first=Donald|pages=[https://archive.org/details/lacrossehistoryo0000fish/page/160 160]|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University Press]]|isbn=9780801869389}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Toronto Maple Leafs (NLA)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] competed in the inaugural season of the [[National Lacrosse Association]] in 1968 at the Gardens.&lt;ref name=leafsrespond&gt;{{cite news|title=Leafs respond with win for new coach Kapasky|date=July 18, 1968|last=Cauz|first=Louis|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Stafford Smythe]] and [[Harold Ballard]], part owners of the NHL Maple Leafs, were two of the five founding partners of the club,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Big gamble by backers in lacrosse|date=April 9, 1968|last=Golla|first=James|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but financial difficulties forced MLGL to take over ownership midway through the season.&lt;ref name=leafsrespond/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=TV key to lacrosse expansion|date=August 8, 1968|first=Terry|last=Fraser|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=losesfaith&gt;{{cite news|title=Kells losses faith in sports fans|date=August 14, 1969|first=Terry|last=Fraser|newspaper=[[Toronto Daily Star]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The NLA suspended operations prior to the following season.&lt;ref name=losesfaith/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Pro lacrosse league suspends operations|date=March 18, 1969|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, the eastern division of the NLA reconstituted itself as the [[Eastern Professional Lacrosse Association]], in which the Maple Leafs competed in 1969.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=St. Kitts, Kitchener to join Leafs, Petes in eastern lacrosse|date=April 1, 1969|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title='Coolest spot in town': New-look boxla Leafs move to new home|date=May 9, 1969|last=Cauz|first=Louis|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lacrosse Leafs win on floor, lose at gate; move out of Gardens|date=July 25, 1969|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 1970 the pro league had disbanded.

The [[Toronto Shooting Stars (NLL)|Toronto Shooting Stars]] joined the professional [[National Lacrosse League (1972)|National Lacrosse League]] (unrelated to the modern NLL) for its inaugural season in 1972.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Lacrosse rejects Topless Bikinis: Team named Shooting Stars|date=March 17, 1972|first=Larry|last=Millson|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Bid to put NLL back on course: Windsor franchise may be moved to Oshawa|date=December 20, 1972|last=Fraser|first=Rick|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;  When a new professional league launched as the [[National Lacrosse League (1974–75)|National Lacrosse League]] (again unrelated to today's NLL) in 1974, the [[Toronto Tomahawks]] were included as a charter franchise.  The Shooting Stars continued as an amateur team in the [[Ontario Lacrosse Association]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Room for two teams in Toronto lacrosse, Bishop maintains|date=March 21, 1974|last=Cauz|first=Louis|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Shooting Stars say Tomahawks scalping OLA team's chances|date=March 12, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; but folded following the 1974 season.&lt;ref name=reorganization/&gt;  The Tomahawks were sold following the 1974 season,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Tomahawks leave town for the U.S.|date=September 12, 1974|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Hawks quit Toronto, move to Long Island|date=September 12, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; and received league approval to move the team to [[Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum]] in [[Long Island]], [[New York (state)|New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=NLL seeking deal for U.S. TV show|date=October 19, 1974|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=New lacrosse job for Jim Bishop|date=December 5, 1974|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;  However, ultimately it was decided to relocate the team to [[Boston]] to become the [[Boston Bolts (lacrosse)|Boston Bolts]] for the start of the 1975 NLL season,&lt;ref name=reorganization&gt;{{cite news|title=Reorganization of professional lacrosse benefits Ontario league|date=April 30, 1975|last=White|first=Peter|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=tomahawkspoised&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=Fr8DH2VBP9sC&amp;dat=19750430&amp;printsec=frontpage&amp;hl=en|title=Tomahawks poised for debut at home|first=Dave|last=Carter|newspaper=[[Montreal Gazette]]|date=April 30, 1975|page=28}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sports roundup|date=January 9, 1975|newspaper=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the [[Rochester Griffins]] becoming the [[Long Island Tomahawks]].&lt;ref name=reorganization/&gt;&lt;ref name=tomahawkspoised/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=A New Game for L.I. Coliseum: New Game In Coliseum Is Lacrosse|date=January 16, 1975|last=Eskenazi|first=Gerald|newspaper=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2009, the [[Toronto Nationals (lacrosse)|Toronto Nationals]] of [[Major League Lacrosse]] was established, with much of the roster of the [[Rochester Rattlers]], which would be suspended, being transferred to the new Nationals' team.  However, the name, colours, and history stayed behind in Rochester to potentially be used by a future MLL team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.democratandchronicle.com/article/20090220/SPORTS04/902200323/1007/SPORTS|title=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|website=Rochester Democrat and Chronicle|accessdate=May 27, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In their inaugural year in Toronto, the Nationals went on to win the [[Steinfeld Cup]]. In 2011, the team relocated to [[Hamilton, Ontario]], and after the 2013 season the team announced they would not field a team the following season.

==Rugby league==
[[File:Lamport Stadium Stands.jpg|thumb|[[Lamport Stadium]] is the home stadium for the [[Canada national rugby league team|Canadian national rugby league team]] and the [[Toronto Wolfpack]] rugby league club. ]]
{{Main|Toronto Wolfpack|Canada national rugby league team}}

In 2014, Toronto investors submitted an application for a professional [[rugby league]] franchise in the British/French [[League 1 (rugby league)|League 1]], the third-tier of the [[Rugby Football League]] (RFL) system. It was announced in 2016 that the [[Toronto Wolfpack]] would join the RFL's third division [[League 1 (rugby league)|League One]] from April 2017, becoming the first professional transatlantic sports team.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2016/apr/27/toronto-wolfpack-rugby-league-one-2017-brian-noble|title=Toronto Wolfpack to enter League One next season, RFL announces|first=Aaron|last=Bower|date=April 27, 2016|publisher=|accessdate=May 23, 2017|via=The Guardian}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The team plays in Toronto's 9,600 seat [[Lamport Stadium]],&lt;ref name=pr&gt;{{cite web|url=https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/toronto-announced-home-worlds-first-110000984.html|title=Rugby Football League officials joined by Mayor John Tory to unveil team brand and league information|date=April 25, 2016|accessdate=April 25, 2016|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426174917/https://ca.finance.yahoo.com/news/toronto-announced-home-worlds-first-110000984.html|archivedate=April 26, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; with the goal of earning promotion to the top-tier [[Super League]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coventrytelegraph.net/sport/other-sport/rugby-league/coventry-bears-could-face-canadian-7927524|title=Coventry Bears could face Canadian opposition as Toronto seek to join League One in 2016|date=October 13, 2014|accessdate=October 4, 2015|first=AIDAN|last=MCCARTNEY|newspaper=[[Coventry Telegraph]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2015/10/03/local-group-looks-to-bring-rugby-league-to-toronto.html|title=Local group looks to bring Rugby League to Toronto|date=October 3, 2015|accessdate=October 4, 2015|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Morgan|last=Campbell}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The club won the League 1 championship in its inaugural season, thereby earning promotion to the second division [[Championship (rugby league)|Championship]] for the 2018 season.

In 2018, the Wolfpack reached [[the Qualifiers]], an end of season round robin tournament for the four top teams from the RFL Championship, and the bottom four teams from Super League. Finishing fourth qualified Wolfpack for the [[Million Pound Game]], a final eliminator for the last place in Super League in 2019. However, they were defeated 6-4 by [[London Broncos]], and thus rejoined the RFL Championship for the 2019 season. That season saw a change in the promotion system, with the top five Championship teams entering a playoff whose winner received automatic promotion to Super League. The Wolfpack finished atop the Championship regular-season table, and easily won both of their playoff matches, securing their promotion to Super League with a 24–6 win over [[Featherstone Rovers]].

The amateur Ontario Rugby league competition has fluctuated between 2 and 4 teams since it began in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.canadarugbyleague.com/domestic/ontario/orl-fixturesresults/&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Canada national rugby league team]], nicknamed the Wolverines, are also based at Lamport Stadium.

==Rugby union==
:{{Main|Toronto Rebellion|Toronto Arrows}}

Amateur rugby is organized under the Toronto Rugby Union, a branch of [[Ontario Rugby Union|Rugby Ontario]]. There are over 20 clubs in the city and surrounding area.&lt;ref&gt;http://torontorugby.ca/clubs/&lt;/ref&gt; There a 4 divisions for Toronto teams as well as the top teams playing in the province-wide Marshall Premiership and McCormick Cup competitions.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rugbyontario.com/marshall-leagues/&lt;/ref&gt; Rugby has been played in Toronto since the 1870s, although at times sporadically. The oldest of the current clubs date back to the 1940s and '50s, starting with the Wanderers in 1949.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rugbyontario.com/content_page/10015942/&lt;/ref&gt;

The semi-pro [[rugby union]] team the [[Toronto Rebellion]] (formerly the Renegades and Xtreme) played in the [[Rugby Canada Super League]] from 1999 to 2007 and the [[Rugby Canada National Junior Championship]] in 2009.  The team hosted games at [[Markham, Ontario]]'s [[Fletcher's Fields]] in the north of the [[Greater Toronto Area]].  The team was replaced by the [[Ontario Blues]] of the [[Canadian Rugby Championship]] in 2009, who play their games at various locations across the province including Fletcher's Fields.  In 2016, the United States-based [[PRO Rugby]] league stated that it was considering expanding to Toronto,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theprovince.com/sports/rugby/american-pro-rugby-mogul-hopes-to-add-vancouver-team|title=American pro rugby mogul hopes to add Vancouver team|date=September 1, 2016|accessdate=September 5, 2016|first=Patrick|last=Johnston|newspaper=[[Vancouver Province]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; though the plans fell through&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://thechronicleherald.ca/sports/1412347-expansion-talks-between-rugby-canada-and-pro-rugby-north-america-collapse|title=Expansion talks between Rugby Canada and Pro Rugby North America collapse|date=November 3, 2016|accessdate=November 3, 2016|publisher=[[Canadian Press]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the league folded before its second season.&lt;ref&gt;http://www.rugbytoday.com/elite/down-goes-pro&lt;/ref&gt; [[Pro14]], a European-based league, in 2017 was reportedly considering placing an expansion franchise in Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2017/feb/21/ireland-usa-new-jersey-pro12-north-america-rugby|title=Ireland to play USA in New Jersey as Pro12 eyes North America expansion|date=February 21, 2017|accessdate=February 25, 2017|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, the Ontario Arrows were formed as a semi-professional version of the Ontario Blues. They began playing a series of exhibition games against MLR, American amateur clubs, and other opposition, to prepare for applying to join [[Major League Rugby]]. In November 2018 their entry was announced, including a re-brand to the [[Toronto Arrows]]. They began MLR play in January 2019 as an expansion team along with [[Rugby United New York]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americasrugbynews.com/2017/11/13/new-york-ontario-major-league-rugby-talks/|title=New York and Ontario in Major League Rugby talks|date=November 13, 2017|accessdate=November 19, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.americasrugbynews.com/2017/08/25/ontario-arrows-launch-elite-rugby-team-september/|title=Ontario Arrows to launch Elite Rugby Team in September|website=Americasrugbynews.com|date=August 25, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2017/09/08/ontario-arrows-take-first-step-toward-becoming-pro-rugby-outfit.html|title=Ontario Arrows take first step toward becoming pro rugby outfit|first=Neil|last=Davidson|newspaper=Toronto Star|date=September 8, 2017|accessdate=September 20, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Arrows have played at [[York University]]'s Alumni Field and downtown at [[Lamport Stadium]].&lt;ref&gt;https://torontoarrows.com/2019/05/02/toronto-arrows-set-for-downtown-move-to-lamport-stadium/&lt;/ref&gt;

==Cricket==
{{main|Global T20 Canada}}

The [[Caribbean Premier League]] professional [[Twenty20]] [[cricket]] league has discussed its desire to place a franchise in Toronto.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/2014/05/19/caribbean_premier_league_looking_to_bring_cricket_to_toronto.html|title=Caribbean Premier League looking to bring cricket to Toronto|date=May 19, 2014|accessdate=August 1, 2016|newspaper=Toronto Star}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/magazine/content/story/1030231.html|title='We'd like franchises in New York and Toronto'|date=June 29, 2016|accessdate=August 1, 2016|publisher=[[ESPN]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[Global T20 Canada]] is a [[Twenty20|20-over]] [[cricket]] tournament played in [[Canada]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/22550013/cricket-canada-announces-icc-approved-t20-league |title=Cricket Canada announces ICC-approved T20 league |accessdate=February 23, 2018 |work=ESPN Cricinfo}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[2018 Global T20 Canada|first season]] of the tournament started in June 2018, with six teams competing.&lt;ref name=&quot;CI&quot;/&gt; The [[Maple Leaf Cricket Club]] in [[King City, Ontario]] hosted all matches for the first season of the competition.&lt;ref name=&quot;ANI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.aninews.in/news/sports/cricket/cricket-canada-delighted-with-icc-approval-for-global-t20201802222239060001/ |title=Cricket Canada delighted with ICC approval for Global T20 |accessdate=February 23, 2018 |work=ANI News}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the [[CAA Centre]] in [[Brampton, Ontario]] hosted all the matches for the second season of the competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.insidesport.co/second-edition-of-global-t20-canada-league-to-begin-from-july-last-week/ |title=Second Edition of Global T20 Canada League to begin from July last week |work=Inside Sport |accessdate=7 April 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.espncricinfo.com/story/_/id/26900014/brampton-host-second-edition-global-t20-canada |title=Brampton to host second edition of Global T20 Canada |work=ESPN Cricinfo |accessdate=5 May 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Australian rules football==
Toronto currently has seven different [[Australian rules football]] teams called the [[Broadview Hawks]], [[High Park Demons]], [[Central Blues]], [[Etobicoke Kangaroos]], [[Lakeshore Rebels]], [[Toronto Downtown Dingos]], and the [[Toronto Eagles]]. There are two more [[Ontario Australian Football League]] teams in the surrounding areas, the [[Hamilton Wildcats (Australian football)|Hamilton Wildcats]] and the [[Grand River Gargoyles]].

==Ultimate (disc)==
{{Main|Toronto Rush|Ultimate Canada|Flying disc games}}
[[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] is a [[team sport]] played with a [[flying disc]]. The object of the game is to score points by passing the disc to members of your own team, on a rectangular field approximately the size of a soccer field, until you have successfully completed a pass to a team member in the opposing team's end zone. In the 1970s, [[Ken Westerfield]] introduced [[Flying disc games|disc sports]] including [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate]] north of the 49th parallel at the [[Ken Westerfield#The Canadian Open Championships and the first Frisbee freestyle competition|Canadian Open Frisbee Championships]] and by creating the Toronto Ultimate League (Club).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Ultimate|url=http://tuc.org/halloffame-2010|work=Hall of Fame Ken Westerfield|accessdate=January 4, 2013|archive-date=November 6, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106080326/http://www.tuc.org/halloffame-2010|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Since 1998, Canada has been ranked number one in the World Ultimate Rankings, several times in all divisions (including Open and Women's) according to the [[World Flying Disc Federation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WFDF World Rankings&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=WFDF World Ultimate Rankings|url=http://www.wfdf.org/history-stats/world-rankings/175#Open|work=World Flying Disc Federation|accessdate=January 14, 2013|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2013, as a founding partner, the Toronto [[Ultimate (sport)|Ultimate]] Club presented Canada's first semi-professional [[Ultimate (sport)|ultimate]] team the [[Toronto Rush]], to the [[American Ultimate Disc League]] (AUDL).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Rush Ultimate|url=http://www.torontorush.com/|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Ultimate Franchise Ultimate|url=https://www.thestar.com/sports/localsports/article/1292212|work=Toronto Rush Takes Flight|accessdate=January 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; They finished their first season undefeated 18-0 and won the AUDL Championships.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=AUDL|url=http://theaudl.com/|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Rush|url=http://torontor.wwwss6.a2hosted.com/partners/founding-partners/|work=Founding Partners|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Toronto Rush|url=http://torontorush.com/fan-zone/what-is-ultimate/|work=History of Ultimate|accessdate=March 4, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Disc ultimate has become one of today's fastest growing sports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Greatest Sport in the World Is Not What You're Thinking |url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/isaac-saul/greatest-sport-in-the-world_b_5087205.html|work=Huffington Post Issac Saul|accessdate=August 14, 2015|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2015, the [[International Olympic Committee]] (IOC) granted full recognition to the [[World Flying Disc Federation]] (WFDF) for [[flying disc]] sports including [[ultimate (sport)|ultimate]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultimate Frisebee Recognized by the International Olympic Committee|url=http://time.com/3982386/international-olympic-committee-ultimate-frisbee/|work=World Flying Disc Federation|accessdate=August 4, 2015|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Ultimate Frisbee recognized by International Olympic Committee|url=https://www.si.com/more-sports/2015/08/02/ulimate-frisbee-international-olympic-committee-approval|work=Sports Illustrated Dan Gartland|accessdate=August 4, 2015|date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Horse racing==
[[File:Queen Elizabeth at the Queen's Plate.jpg|thumb|The 2010 [[Queen's Plate]] at [[Woodbine Racetrack]] was attended by its patron, Queen [[Elizabeth II]].]]
Horse racing meets are held at '''[[Woodbine Racetrack]]''' in the northwestern suburb of Rexdale in Toronto. Woodbine is the only horse racing track in North America which stages, or is capable of staging, [[Thoroughbred horse racing|thoroughbred]] and [[standardbred]] racing programs on the same day. Woodbine hosts two of the three legs of the [[Canadian Triple Crown of Thoroughbred Racing]]—the opening [[Queen's Plate]] on its [[Synthetic racetrack surfaces for horse racing|Polytrack]] synthetic dirt course, and the closing [[Breeders' Stakes]] on grass. In 1996 Woodbine became the first and only track outside the United States to host the [[Breeders' Cup]] World Championships. The Woodbine facility is also home to the [[Canadian Horse Racing Hall of Fame]].

==Marathons==
The city home to two [[marathon]]s: the [[Toronto Marathon]] (held annually in May from [[Mel Lastman Square]], in the north end of Toronto to [[Ontario Place]]) and the [[Toronto Waterfront Marathon]] (held annually in October throughout downtown Toronto).

==Multi-sport events==

The first major [[multi-sport event]] held in the [[Greater Toronto and Hamilton Area|GTHA]] region was the '''[[1930 British Empire Games|1930 Commonwealth Games]]''' held in [[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]].

In the following decades, Toronto submitted bids to host the [[Summer Olympic Games]] five times: [[1960 Summer Olympics|1960]], [[1964 Summer Olympics|1964]], [[1976 Summer Olympics|1976]], [[1996 Summer Olympics|1996]] and [[2008 Summer Olympics|2008]].&lt;ref name=olympics&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2015/07/24/toronto-has-made-5-attempts-to-host-the-olympics-could-the-sixth-be-the-winner.html|title=Toronto has made 5 attempts to host the Olympics. Could the sixth be the winner?|newspaper=Toronto Star|first=Peter|last=Edwards|date=July 24, 2015|accessdate=July 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The closest it came to winning the games was in 2008, when it finished second to [[Beijing]] by a vote of 56-22. [[Varsity Stadium]] on the campus of the [[University of Toronto]], hosted some of the matches of the [[Football at the 1976 Summer Olympics|Olympic football tournament]] of the [[1976 Summer Olympics]] in [[Montreal]].

The first major multi-sport event that the city of Toronto hosted was the '''[[1976 Summer Paralympics]]'''. It was the fifth edition of the [[Paralympic Games]] and the first time it was hosted in Canada.

In 2009, Toronto submitted a bid to host the [[Pan American Games]] and [[Parapan American Games]], subsequently winning both of them for 2015. After successfully hosting both the '''[[2015 Pan American Games|2015 Pan Am]] &amp; [[2015 Parapan American Games|Parapan American Games]]''', the city briefly considered another Olympic bid for the [[2024 Summer Olympics]],&lt;ref name=olympics/&gt; but on September 15, 2015, Toronto Mayor [[John Tory]] announced that the city would not be a candidate for a bid.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/olympics-toronto-bid-tory-1.3228434|title='Not this time': Toronto Mayor John Tory won't bid on 2024 Olympics|website=cbc.ca|accessdate=May 23, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Toronto also hosted the first ever [[World Masters Games]] in 1985 as well as the [[Special Olympics World Games|1997 Special Olympics World Winter Games]], the [[2017 North American Indigenous Games]], and the [[2017 Invictus Games]].

==Sports culture==
{{Expand section|date=March 2019}}

===Rivalries===
Due to their geographic locations, Toronto has an intense sports rivalry with many cities around the Great Lakes. For football, Toronto has a rivalry with [[Hamilton Tiger-Cats|Hamilton]] (begun in 1873&lt;ref name=&quot;Football Canada timeline&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp|title=Canadian Football Timelines (1860 – present)|accessdate=July 3, 2007|publisher=[[Football Canada]] |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20070604175814/http://www.footballcanada.com/history_timeline.asp &lt;!-- Bot retrieved archive --&gt; |archivedate = June 4, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is heightened during the [[Labour Day Classic]]), [[Ottawa Redblacks|Ottawa]] and as far as [[Montreal Alouettes|Montreal]]. In hockey, Toronto's rivals include the [[Canadiens–Maple Leafs rivalry|Montreal Canadiens]] the [[Ottawa Senators]] (often dubbed the &quot;[[Battle of Ontario]]&quot;), and the [[Maple Leafs–Red Wings rivalry|Detroit Red Wings]]. In basketball, Toronto's rival includes the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]].&lt;ref&gt;https://www.news-herald.com/sports/cavaliers-raptors-renew-playoff-rivalry-beginning-may/article_398ea224-ab77-55c7-9ed6-6789903bba99.html&lt;/ref&gt;

===Toronto’s association with the colour blue===
The colour of blue has been associated with the city of Toronto, its sports teams and its academic institutions for over a hundred years.&lt;ref name=&quot;The Toronto Star&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=The colour of Toronto|url=https://www.thestar.com/news/gta/2008/11/12/the_colour_of_toronto.html|accessdate=May 15, 2020|work=The Toronto Star|date=November 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;  City symbols such as the [[flag of Toronto]], its [[Coat of arms of Toronto|coat of arms]] and city [[:File:Toronto,_City_of.svg|wordmark]] all reflect this association. Some of the oldest colleges and universities located within the [[Old Toronto|original city of Toronto]] incorporated blue into their [[Athletic nickname|athletic nickames]] including the [[Toronto Varsity Blues|University of Toronto Varsity Blues]] (established 1827),  the [[Upper Canada College|Upper Canada College Blues]] (1829) and the [[St. Michael's College School|St Michael’s Kerry Blues]] (1852) while newer post-secondary institutions at [[Ryerson Rams|Ryerson University]] (1948), [[George Brown College]] (1967) and [[Humber College]] (1968) included blue in their [[school colours]].

When the [[Argonaut Rowing Club]] was founded in 1872 the blue colours of [[University of Oxford|Oxford]] and [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]] universities (the &quot;Double Blue&quot;) was adopted as the club colours.&lt;ref name=&quot;about-us&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.argonautrowingclub.com/Images/Important%20Club%20Documents/Club%20History/The%20Modern%20Era%201872.doc |format=application/word |publisher=Argonaut Rowing Club |accessdate=2009-08-30 |title=Argonauts Rowing Club - About Us |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714080159/http://www.argonautrowingclub.com/Images/Important%20Club%20Documents/Club%20History/The%20Modern%20Era%201872.doc |archivedate=2010-07-14 }}&lt;/ref&gt; When the club went on to found the [[Toronto Argonauts]] football club with the same name a year later in 1873, the &quot;Double Blue&quot; colour was also adopted for the football field and has continued with the team nearly 150 years later.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Double Blue: an illustrated history of the Toronto Argonauts |url= https://books.google.ca/books/about/Double_Blue.html?id=ltw9BAAACAAJ&amp;redir_esc=y |first1=Wayne|last1=Parrish|first2=Jim  |last2=O’Leary|publisher=ECW Press|year=2007|pages=24|isbn=978-1-55022-779-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Other major teams that adopted Toronto blue included the original [[Toronto Maple Leafs (International League)|Toronto Maple Leafs]] of baseball’s [[International League]] from 1896 until 1967&lt;ref name=&quot;CBC News&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title= The original Maple Leafs: Pro-baseball in Toronto before the Blue Jays |url= https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/the-original-maple-leafs-pro-baseball-in-toronto-before-the-blue-jays-1.3803678|accessdate=May 15, 2020|work=CBC News|date=October 14, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;, the [[Toronto Marlboros|Marlboros]] of the [[Ontario Hockey Association|OHA]] (1904), the [[Toronto Blueshirts|Blueshirts]] of the [[National Hockey Association|NHA]] (1911) and the [[Toronto Arenas|Arenas]] of the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] (1917).

When [[Conn Smythe]] acquired the [[Toronto St. Patricks]] in 1927, in addition to the team being rebranded as the [[Toronto Maple Leafs|Maple Leafs]], it was announced that the team had changed their colour scheme to blue and white,{{sfn|Shea|Wilson|2016|p=35}} which they have worn ever since. While the Leafs say that blue represents the Canadian skies and white represents snow, another theory is that Smythe changed the colours as a nod to his school alma maters at [[Upper Canada College]] and the [[University of Toronto]].&lt;ref&gt;Lance Hornby &quot;The Story of Maple Leaf Gardens, 100 Memories at Church and Carlton&quot;, p. 37.&lt;/ref&gt;

As various leagues expanded into the city the tradition of using blue in team identity continued including the [[Toronto Huskies|Huskies]] of the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] (1947), [[World Hockey Association|WHA]]‘s [[Toronto Toros|Toros]] (1973), baseball’s [[Toronto Blue Jays|Blue Jays]] (1977), the [[North American Soccer League (1968–1984)|NASL]] [[Toronto Blizzard (1971–1984)|Blizzard]] (1978), the [[Toronto Rock|Rock]] of the [[National Lacrosse League|NLL]] (1999), and rugby’s [[Toronto Arrows|Arrows]] (2019). 

When the [[Toronto Raptors]] joined the [[National Basketball Association|NBA]] in 1995, the original owners were given a six-month window to reap 100 percent of merchandise profits sold in their region to help cover the cost of the franchise.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Studio Stories: Naming and Designing the Original Toronto Raptors|url=https://news.sportslogos.net/2019/06/09/studio-stories-naming-and-designing-the-original-toronto-raptors/|last=Newcomb|first=Tim|date=June 9, 2019|website=sportslogos.net|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; To maximize those initial sales the choice was made to break with Toronto traditions and adopt a name and colour that would appeal to kids between the ages of six and ten with a focus on becoming an international brand.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Elliott|first=Josh K.|date=June 2, 2019|title=How the Toronto Raptors chose their name and the infamous ‘Barney jersey’ look|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5325010/toronto-raptors-throwback-jersey-name/|url-status=live|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Before they were the Raptors, Toronto's NBA team was nearly the Beavers, Hogs or Dragons|url=https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/raptors-name-game-impeach-o-meter-regulating-tech-companies-black-mirror-song-of-the-summer-and-more-1.5155735/before-they-were-the-raptors-toronto-s-nba-team-was-nearly-the-beavers-hogs-or-dragons-1.5155747|last=|first=|date=May 31, 2019|website=CBC Radio|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a name the team contest narrowed the list down to ten names, the name [[Toronto Raptors|Raptors]] with a base colour of '''purple''' was chosen after inspiration of the eight year old son of owner [[John Bitove]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Elliott|first=Josh K.|date=June 2, 2019|title=How the Toronto Raptors chose their name and the infamous ‘Barney jersey’ look|work=Global News|url=https://globalnews.ca/news/5325010/toronto-raptors-throwback-jersey-name/|url-status=live|access-date=May 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, the Raptors re-branded with '''red''' as their new base colour. 

In 2007 [[Toronto FC]] joined [[Major League Soccer|major league soccer]] and also chose to distance itself from Toronto traditions by adopting '''red''' as its primary colour to reflect its status as the only Canadian team in the league.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Kloke|first=Joshua|title=Come On You Reds: The Story of Toronto FC|publisher=Dundurn Press|year=2018|isbn=978-1-4597-4237-6|location=https://books.google.ca/books?id=7AM-DwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA46&amp;lpg=PA46&amp;dq=toronto+fc+unveil+name+and+logo+2006&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=nHqVjb2BKH&amp;sig=ACfU3U3m5VlZ5SkwPA7DuU1I00QK2oKhbA&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ved=2ahUKEwjG8bjuq73pAhUHCc0KHbrMAp84ChDoATAEegQIBxAB#v=onepage&amp;q=toronto%20fc%20unveil%20name%20and%20logo%202006&amp;f=true|pages=32}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Generic FC: Toronto's pro soccer team has an odd name, a cool logo - and no identity|url=http://www.sportsnet.ca/soccer/columnist.jsp?content=20060512_170215_6792|last=Knight|first=Ben|date=May 12, 2006|website=sportsnet.ca|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 18, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Closing Bell - MLSE, MLS Unveil Toronto FC As Name Of League’s 13th Franchise|url=https://www.sportsbusinessdaily.com/Daily/Closing-Bell/2006/05/11/Closing-Bell-May-11-2006.aspx|last=Lefton|first=Terry|date=May 11, 2006|website=Sports Business Daily|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=May 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This status only lasted four seasons until their future rivals the [[Vancouver Whitecaps FC|Vancouver Whitecaps]] (2011)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=NAME &amp; LOGO|url=https://www.whitecapsfc.com/media/namelogo|publisher=MLS Digital|website=WhitecapsFC.com|access-date=May 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Montreal Impact]] (2012) joined the league, ironically both in blue uniforms.

===Sports museums===
The [[Hockey Hall of Fame]] is an ice hockey museum located in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Dedicated to the history of ice hockey, it is a museum and a hall of fame. It holds exhibits about players, teams, National Hockey League records, memorabilia and NHL trophies, including the Stanley Cup. Originally based in [[Kingston, Ontario]], the Hockey Hall of Fame relocated to Toronto in 1958. 

The [[Canada's Sports Hall of Fame]] was founded in Toronto in 1955, and was based at [[Exhibition Place]] between 1955-2006. It has since relocated to [[Calgary, Alberta]].

The [[Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame]] was founded in 1993 by Lee Abrahamson and Gary Magwood assisted by Len Coates to celebrate the accomplishments and contributions of the Canadian motorsport communities. It was originally based at Exhibition Place, sharing the same facility as Canada's Sports Hall of Fame until 1997 when it relocated to Bay Street. In 2001, the Canadian Motorsport Hall of Fame began relocating to various temporary locations before deciding to become a virtual online museum today. Their annual induction ceremonies take place at the [[Metro Toronto Convention Centre]] in downtown Toronto.

The [[Ontario Sports Hall of Fame]] was founded in 1994 in Toronto. Currently they only host an online museum instead of a physical sports museum, but their administrative office is located in Toronto. Their annual induction ceremonies take place at the Metro Toronto Convention Centre in downtown Toronto.

==Major league professional championships==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}

=== Toronto Arenas/Torontos (NHL) ===
1 Stanley Cup
*[[1918 Stanley Cup Finals|1918]]

=== Toronto St. Patricks (NHL) ===
1 Stanley Cup
*[[1922 Stanley Cup Finals|1922]]

=== Toronto Maple Leafs (NHL) ===
11 Stanley Cups
*[[1932 Stanley Cup Finals|1932]]
*[[1942 Stanley Cup Finals|1942]]
*[[1945 Stanley Cup Finals|1945]]
*[[1947 Stanley Cup Finals|1947]]
*[[1948 Stanley Cup Finals|1948]]
*[[1949 Stanley Cup Finals|1949]]
*[[1951 Stanley Cup Finals|1951]]
*[[1962 Stanley Cup Finals|1962]]
*[[1963 Stanley Cup Finals|1963]]
*[[1964 Stanley Cup Finals|1964]]
*[[1967 Stanley Cup Finals|1967]]

=== Toronto Blue Jays (MLB) ===
2 World Series titles
*[[1992 World Series|1992]]
*[[1993 World Series|1993]]
{{Col-break}}

=== Toronto Argonauts (CFL) ===
17 Grey Cup Championships
*[[6th Grey Cup]] (1914)
*[[9th Grey Cup]] (1921)
*[[21st Grey Cup]] (1933)
*[[25th Grey Cup]] (1937)
*[[26th Grey Cup]] (1938)
*[[33rd Grey Cup]] (1945)
*[[34th Grey Cup]] (1946)
*[[35th Grey Cup]] (1947)
*[[38th Grey Cup]] (1950)
*[[40th Grey Cup]] (1952)
*[[71st Grey Cup]] (1983)
*[[79th Grey Cup]] (1991)
*[[84th Grey Cup]] (1996)
*[[85th Grey Cup]] (1997)
*[[92nd Grey Cup]] (2004)
*[[100th Grey Cup]] (2012)
*[[105th Grey Cup]] (2017)

=== Toronto FC (MLS) ===
1 MLS Cup
*[[MLS Cup 2017|2017]]

=== Toronto Raptors (NBA) ===
1 NBA title
*[[2019 NBA Finals|2019]]
{{col-end}}

==Notable sports figures==

=== Basketball ===
*[[Rafer Alston]]
*[[OG Anunoby]]
*[[Andrea Bargnani]]
*[[Anthony Bennett (basketball)|Anthony Bennett]]
*[[Nav Bhatia]]
*[[Chauncey Billups]]
*[[John Bitove]]
*[[Bismack Biyombo]]
*[[Muggsy Bogues]]
*[[Matt Bonner]]
*[[Chris Bosh]]
*[[Chris Boucher (basketball)|Chris Boucher]]
*[[José Calderón (basketball)|José Calderón]]
*[[Marcus Camby]]
*[[Vince Carter]]
*[[Dwane Casey]]
*[[Doug Christie]]
*[[Bryan Colangelo]]
*[[Dell Curry]]
*[[Antonio Davis]]
*[[DeMar DeRozan]]
*[[Drake (musician)|Drake]]
*[[Wayne Embry]]
*[[Marc Gasol]]
*[[Rudy Gay]]
*[[Danny Green (basketball)|Danny Green]]
*[[Glen Grunwald]]
*[[Serge Ibaka]]
*[[Mark Jackson]]
*[[Mike James (basketball, born 1975)|Mike James]]
*[[Amir Johnson]]
*[[Cory Joseph]]
*[[Jason Kapono]]
*[[Kawhi Leonard]]
*[[Jeremy Lin]]
*[[Kyle Lowry]]
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*[[Nick Nurse]]
*[[Charles Oakley]]
*[[Hakeem Olajuwon]]
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*[[Norman Powell]]
*[[Jalen Rose]]
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*[[Pascal Siakam]]
*[[Peja Stojakovic]]
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*[[Isiah Thomas]]
*[[Hedo Turkoglu]]
*[[Masai Ujiri]]
*[[Jonas Valanciunas]]
*[[Fred VanVleet]]
*[[Charlie Villanueva]]
*[[Lenny Wilkens]]
*[[Alvin Williams]]
*[[Jerome Williams (basketball)|Jerome Williams]]
*[[Lou Williams]]

=== Baseball ===
*[[Danny Ainge]]
*[[Roberto Alomar]]
*[[Sparky Anderson]]
*[[Alex Anthopoulos]]
*[[Jesse Barfield]]
*[[José Bautista]]
*[[Paul Beeston]]
*[[George Bell (outfielder)|George Bell]]
*[[Bo Bichette]]
*[[Cavan Biggio]]
*[[Pat Borders]]
*[[Mark Buehrle]]
*[[A. J. Burnett]]
*[[Rob Butler]]
*[[Jose Canseco]]
*[[Chris Carpenter]]
*[[Joe Carter]]
*[[Roger Clemens]]
*[[David Cone]]
*[[Bobby Cox]]
*[[Carlos Delgado]]
*[[R.A. Dickey]]
*[[Josh Donaldson]]
*[[Rob Ducey]]
*[[Edwin Encarnación]]
*[[Tony Fernández]]
*[[Cecil Fielder]]
*[[Dámaso García]]
*[[Cito Gaston]]
*[[John Gibbons]]
*[[Pat Gillick]]
*[[Shawn Green]]
*[[Alfredo Griffin]]
*[[Kelly Gruber]]
*[[Vladimir Guerrero Jr.]]
*[[Juan Guzmán (baseball)|Juan Guzmán]]
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*[[Dave Stewart (baseball)|Dave Stewart]]
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*[[Marcus Stroman]]
*[[Frank Thomas (designated hitter)|Frank Thomas]]
*[[Troy Tulowitzki]]
*[[Frank Viola]]
*[[Omar Vizquel]]
*[[Chien-Ming Wang]]
*[[Duane Ward]]
*[[David Wells]]
*[[Vernon Wells]]
*[[Devon White (baseball)|Devon White]]
*[[Ernie Whitt]]
*[[Dave Winfield]]
*[[Gregg Zaun]]

=== Football ===
{{Main|Category:Toronto Argonauts players}}
*[[Damon Allen]]
*[[Zenon Andrusyshyn]]
*[[Leo Cahill]]
*[[John Candy]]
*[[Lance Chomyc]]
*[[Frank Clair]]
*[[Pinball Clemons]]
*[[Lionel Conacher]]
*[[Royal Copeland (Canadian football)|Royal Copeland]]
*[[Jim Corrigall]]
*[[Ulysses Curtis]]
*[[Royal Copeland (Canadian football)|Royal Copeland]]
*[[Robert Drummond (gridiron football)|Robert Drummond]]
*[[Matt Dunigan]]
*[[Gil Fenerty]]
*[[Dan Ferrone]]
*[[Doug Flutie]]
*[[Terry Greer]]
*[[Wayne Gretzky]]
*[[Rodney Harding]]
*[[Lew Hayman]]
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*[[Hank Ilesic]]
*[[Raghib Ismail]]
*[[Joe Krol]]
*[[Paul Masotti]]
*[[Don Matthews]]
*[[Derrell Mitchell]]
*[[Don Moen]]
*[[Joe Montford]]
*[[Danny Nykoluk]]
*[[Bob O'Billovich]]
*[[Mike O'Shea (Canadian football)|Mike O'Shea]]
*[[Chad Owens]]
*[[Byron Parker]]
*[[Elfrid Payton (Canadian football)|Elfrid Payton]]
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*[[Willie Pless]]
*[[Noel Prefontaine]]
*[[Ricky Ray]]
*[[Andre Rison]]
*[[Tobin Rote]]
*[[Dick Shatto]]
*[[Adrion Smith]]
*[[Darrell K. Smith]]
*[[Bill Symons]]
*[[Joe Theismann]]
*[[Mike Vanderjagt]]
*[[Ricky Williams]]

=== Ice hockey ===
{{Main|Category:Ice hockey players in Toronto}}
*[[Frederik Andersen]]
*[[Dave Andreychuk]]
*[[Syl Apps]]
*[[George Armstrong (ice hockey)|George Armstrong]]
*[[Mike Babcock]]
*[[Ace Bailey]]
*[[Harold Ballard]]
*[[Bill Barilko]]
*[[Ed Belfour]]
*[[Johnny Bower]]
*[[Turk Broda]]
*[[Brian Burke (ice hockey)|Brian Burke]]
*[[Pat Burns]]
*[[King Clancy]]
*[[Wendel Clark]]
*[[Charlie Conacher]]
*[[Hap Day]]
*[[Tie Domi]]
*[[Ken Dryden]]
*[[Ron Ellis]]
*[[Cliff Fletcher]]
*[[Ron Francis]]
*[[Grant Fuhr]]
*[[Doug Gilmour]]
*[[Tim Horton]]
*[[Phil Housley]]
*[[Punch Imlach]]
*[[Dick Irvin]]
*[[Curtis Joseph]]
*[[Red Kelly]]
*[[Ted Kennedy (ice hockey)|Ted Kennedy]]
*[[Dave Keon]]
*[[Phil Kessel]]
*[[Lou Lamoriello]]
*[[Gary Leeman]]
*[[Brian Leetch]]
*[[Eric Lindros]]
*[[Frank Mahovlich]]
*[[Mitch Marner]]
*[[Auston Matthews]]
*[[Lanny McDonald]]
*[[Jim McKenny]]
*[[Howie Meeker]]
*[[Alexander Mogilny]]
*[[Roger Neilson]]
*[[Dion Phaneuf]]
*[[Jacques Plante]]
*[[Félix Potvin]]
*[[Joe Primeau]]
*[[Pat Quinn (ice hockey)|Pat Quinn]]
*[[Gary Roberts (ice hockey)|Gary Roberts]]
*[[Borje Salming]]
*[[Brendan Shanahan]]
*[[Darryl Sittler]]
*[[Conn Smythe]]
*[[Steve Stavro]]
*[[Mats Sundin]]
*[[John Tavares]]
*[[Darcy Tucker]]
*[[Rick Vaive]]
*[[Tiger Williams]]
*[[Ron Wilson (ice hockey, born 1955)|Ron Wilson]]

=== Soccer ===
*[[Jozy Altidore]]
*[[Tim Bezbatchenko]]
*[[Alex Bono]]
*[[Michael Bradley (soccer)|Michael Bradley]]
*[[Júlio César (football goalkeeper, born 1979)|Júlio César]]
*[[Jermain Defoe]]
*[[Dwayne De Rosario]]
*[[Danny Dichio]]
*[[Stefan Frei]]
*[[Sebastian Giovinco]]
*[[Jonathan Osorio]]
*[[Alejandro Pozuelo]]
*[[Greg Vanney]]
*[[Quentin Westberg]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

;Bibliography
* {{cite book |last1=Holzman |first1=Morey |first2=Joseph |last2=Nieforth |title=Deceptions and Doublecross: How the NHL Conquered Hockey |location=Toronto, ON |publisher=Dundurn Press |year=2002}}

==See also==
*[[Amateur sport in Toronto]]
*[[List of sports teams in Toronto]]
*[[Multiple major sports championship seasons]]
*[[CJCL]] (Toronto all-sports radio station, ''Sportsnet 590 The Fan'')
*[[CHUM (AM)]] (Toronto all-sports radio station, ''TSN Radio 1050'')

{{Toronto}}
{{Toronto Sports}}
{{Sport venues in Toronto}}

[[Category:Sport in Toronto| ]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Sports in Toronto]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Sports in Toronto/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Reinhold Messner</title>
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      <text bytes="51789" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Italian mountaineer, adventurer and explorer}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2015}}
{{Infobox climber
| image = File:Reinhold Messner at Frankfurt Book Fair 2017 (54).jpg
| caption = Reinhold Messner (2017)
| name = Reinhold Messner
| nationality = Italian
| birth_date = {{birth date and age|df=y|1944|9|17}}
| birth_place = [[Brixen|Brixen (Bressanone)]], [[Italian Social Republic|Italy]]
| death_date = 
| death_place = 
| typeofclimber = 
| highestgrade = 
| knownfor = First to climb all 14 [[eight-thousander]]s
| firstascents = {{Plainlist|
* Agnér northeast face 
* Nanga Parbat Rupal face
* [[Sas dla Crusc|Heiligkreuzkofel]] middle pillar
* [[Marmolada]] south face
* [[Yerupaja]] east face
* Yerupaja Chico
}}
| namedroutes = 
| majorascents = [[Mount Everest]] first solo ascent without supplemental oxygen
| website    = {{official|www.reinhold-messner.de}}
}}

'''Reinhold Andreas Messner''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʁaɪ̯nhɔlt ˈmɛsnɐ}}) (born 17 September 1944) is an [[Italy|Italian]] [[Mountaineering|mountaineer]], explorer, and author. He made the first solo ascent of [[Mount Everest]] and, along with [[Peter Habeler]], the first ascent of Everest without supplemental oxygen. He was the first climber to ascend all fourteen [[eight-thousander|peaks over {{Convert|8000|m|ft}} above sea level]]. Messner was the first to cross [[Antarctica]] and [[Greenland]] with neither snowmobiles nor dog sleds.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=dFG5CIb2R5QC&amp;dq=messner+greenland | title=Antarctica: Both Heaven and Hell| isbn=9780898863055| last1=Messner| first1=Reinhold| year=1991}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also crossed the [[Gobi Desert]] alone.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=q-XcMgEACAAJ&amp;dq=Gobi+–+Die+Wüste+in+mir+messner | title=Gobi: Il deserto dentro di me| isbn=9788897173236| last1=Messner| first1=Reinhold| year=2013 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt; Messner has published more than 80 books (only a quarter of which have been translated into English) about his experiences as a climber and explorer. In 2018, he received jointly with [[Krzysztof Wielicki]] the [[Princess of Asturias Award]] in the category of Sports.d

==Early life and education==
[[File:GianAngelo Pistoia - Reinhold Messner - Foto 1.TIF|thumb|Reinhold Messner in June 2002]]
Messner was born and grew up in St. Peter, [[Villnöß]], near [[Brixen]] in [[South Tyrol]].  According to his sister his delivery was difficult as he was a large baby and birth took place  during an air raid. His mother Maria (1913–1995) was the daughter of a shop owner and 4 years older than her husband. His father Josef (1917–1985) was drafted to serve the German army and participated in WW II at the Russian front. After the war he was an auxiliary teacher until 1957, when he became the director of the local school. 
Messner was the second of nine children – Helmut (born 1943), [[Günther Messner|Günther]] (1946–1970), Erich (born 1948), Waltraud (born 1949), Siegfried (1950–1985), Hubert (born 1953), Hansjörg (born 1955) and Werner (born 1957) and grew up in modest means.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last=Kratzer |first=Clemens  |date=2012 |title=Messner – der Film |journal=Alpin – Das BergMagazin |volume=9 |pages=9 |ISSN=0177-3542}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://woman.brigitte.de/leben-lieben/familie/waltraud-kastlunger-1015037/1.html |title=Waltraud Kastlunger und ihre Brüder |author=Lisa Stocker |website=BRIGITTE-woman.de |date=2009-04-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Messner spent his early years climbing in the [[Alps]] and falling in love with the [[Dolomites]]. 
His father was strict and sometimes severe with him.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} He led Reinhold to his first summit at the age of five.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

When Messner was 13, he began climbing with his brother [[Günther Messner|Günther]], age 11. By the time Reinhold and Günther were in their early twenties, they were among Europe's best climbers.&lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo112006&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Caroline |last=Alexander |title=Murdering the Impossible |work=National Geographic |date=November 2006 |url=http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html |access-date=7 July 2020 |archive-date=14 November 2006 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061114073511/http://www7.nationalgeographic.com/ngm/0611/feature1/index.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Since the 1960s, Messner, inspired by [[Hermann Buhl]], was one of the first and most enthusiastic supporters of [[alpine style]] mountaineering in the [[Himalayas]], which consisted of climbing with very light equipment and a minimum of external help. Messner considered the usual [[expedition style]] (&quot;siege tactics&quot;) disrespectful toward nature and mountains.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==Career==
Messner's first major Himalayan climb in 1970, the unclimbed [[Rupal face]] of [[Nanga Parbat]], turned out to be a tragic success. Both he and his brother Günther reached the summit, but Günther died two days later on the descent of the Diamir face. Reinhold lost seven toes, which had become badly frostbitten during the climb and required amputation.&lt;ref name=&quot;natgeo112006&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine |date=2006-11-03 |title=Die Füße des Extrembergsteigers |url=https://www.stern.de/panorama/reinhold-messner-die-fuesse-des-extrembergsteigers-3321802.html |magazine=Stern |language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt; Reinhold was severely criticized for persisting on this climb with the less experienced Günther.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Rhoads |first=Christopher |title=The controversy surrounding Reinhold Messner |website=The Wall Street Journal |date=11 December 2003 |url=http://www.backcountry.net/arch/pct/0312/msg00095.html |accessdate=7 February 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 2010 movie ''[[Nanga Parbat (film)|Nanga Parbat]]'' by [[Joseph Vilsmaier]] is based on his account of the events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb | first=Kate | last=Connolly | date=19 January 2010 | accessdate=22 May 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

While Messner and [[Peter Habeler]] were noted for fast ascents in the Alps of the [[Eiger]] North Wall, standard route (10 hours) and Les Droites (8 hours), his 1975 [[Gasherbrum I]] first ascent of a new route took three days. This was unheard of at the time.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In the 1970s, Messner championed the cause for ascending Mount Everest without supplementary oxygen, saying that he would do it &quot;by fair means&quot; or not at all.{{sfn|Krakauer|1997}} In 1978, he reached the summit of Everest with Habeler.{{sfn|Krakauer|1997|p=153}} This was the first time anyone had been that high without supplemental oxygen and Messner and Habeler achieved what certain doctors, specialists, and mountaineers thought impossible.  He repeated the feat, without Habeler, from the [[Tibet]]an side in 1980, during the monsoon season. This was Everest's first solo summit.

[[File:Achttausender Neu.png|thumb|upright=1.35|Location of the eight-thousanders]]
In 1978, he made a solo ascent of the Diamir face of [[Nanga Parbat]]. In 1986, Messner became the first to complete all fourteen [[eight-thousander]]s (peaks over 8,000 metres above sea level).{{sfn|Krakauer|1997|p=61}}

Messner has crossed [[Antarctica]] on skis, together with fellow explorer [[Arved Fuchs]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}  
He has written over 60 books&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://reinhold-messner.de/popup_1_1.html |title=Reinhold Messner - Home |publisher=Reinhold-messner.de |accessdate=2016-09-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018151311/http://reinhold-messner.de/popup_1_1.html |archive-date=18 October 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; about his experiences, a quarter of which have been translated. He was featured in the 1984 film ''[[The Dark Glow of the Mountains]]'' by [[Werner Herzog]]. 
From 1999 to 2004, he held political office as a [[Member of the European Parliament]] for the Italian Green Party ([[Federazione dei Verdi]]). He was also among the founders of [[Mountain Wilderness]], an international NGO dedicated to the protection of mountains worldwide.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In 2004 he completed a {{convert|2000|km|mi|adj=on}} expedition through the [[Gobi desert]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}  
In 2006, he founded the [[Messner Mountain Museum]].

==Personal life==
From 1972 until 1977, Messner was married to Uschi Demeter. With his partner Nena Holdguin, he has a daughter, Làyla Messner, born in 1981.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28054657/ |title=Nena Holguin  | author=&lt;!--Not stated--&gt; |date= |website=Wiki Data |access-date=12 June  2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;         On 31 July 2009, he married his long time girlfriend Sabine Stehle, a textile designer from Vienna, with whom he has 3 children.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.nachrichten.at/panorama/society/Reinhold-Messner-trickste-Neugierige-aus-Einen-Tag-frueher-geheiratet;art411,232745 | title=Reinhold Messner trickste Neugierige aus: Einen Tag früher geheiratet | work=OÖNachrichten | publisher=OÖ. Online GmbH &amp; Co.KG | date=2009-08-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Expeditions ==

=== 1960–1970 ===
Up until 1970, Messner had made a name for himself mainly through his achievements in the Alps. Between 1960 and 1964, he led over 500 ascents, most of them in the [[Dolomites]].{{citation needed|date=May 2012}}  In 1965, he climbed a new direttissima route on the north face of the [[Ortler]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}  A year later, he climbed the Walker Spur on the [[Grandes Jorasses]] and ascended the Rocchetta Alta di Bosconero. In 1967 he made the first ascent of the northeast face of the Agnér and the first winter ascents of the Agnér north face and [[Furchetta]] north face.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In 1968, he achieved further firsts: the [[Heiligkreuzkofel]] middle pillar and the direct south face of the [[Marmolada]]. In 1969, Messner joined an [[Andes]] expedition, during which he succeeded, together with [[Peter Habeler]], in making the first ascent of the [[Yerupaja]] east face up to the summit ridge and, a few days later, the first ascent of the {{convert|6121|m|ft|adj=mid|-high}} Yerupaja Chico.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Messner|first=Reinhold|year=1979|title=Aufbruch ins Abenteuer. Der berühmteste Alpinist der Welt erzählt|publisher=Bastei Lübbe|location=Bergisch Gladbach|language=German|p=122–133}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also made the first solo ascent of the [[Les Droites|Droites]] north face, the Philipp-Flamm intersection on the [[Civetta]] and the south face of Marmolata di Rocca. As a result, Messner won the reputation of being one of the best climbers in Europe. 
In 1970, he was invited to join a major Himalayan expedition, which can be regarded as one of the turning points in Messner's life.

=== Climbs of the eight-thousanders after 1970 ===
Messner was the first person to climb all fourteen eight-thousanders in the world and without supplemental oxygen. His climbs were also all amongst the first 20 ascents for each mountain individually. Specifically, these are:

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Year
! Peak 
! Remarks
|-
| 1970 || [[Nanga Parbat]] ({{convert|8125|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First ascent of the unclimbed Rupal Face and first traverse of the mountain by descending along the unexplored Diamir Face with his brother [[Günther Messner|Günther]].
|-
| 1972 || [[Manaslu]] ({{convert|8163|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First ascent of the unclimbed South-West Face, of which neither a photo existed before.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.alpinejournal.org.uk/Contents/Contents_1974_files/AJ%201974%2015-20%20Nairz%20Manaslu.pdf|title=Manaslu 1972|last=Nairsz|first=Wolfgang|year=1974|website=alpinejournal.org.uk}}&lt;/ref&gt; First ascent of Manaslu without supplemental oxygen.&lt;ref name=&quot;8000ers.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.8000ers.com/cms/en/8000ers-mainmenu-205.html|title=General Info|website=8000ers.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1975 || [[Gasherbrum I]] ({{convert|8080|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First ascent without supplemental oxygen with [[Peter Habeler]].&lt;ref name=&quot;8000ers.com&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1978 || [[Mount Everest]] ({{convert|8848|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Nanga Parbat]] ({{convert|8125|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen (with Peter Habeler).&lt;ref name=&quot;8000ers.com&quot;/&gt;{{page needed|date=September 2019}}&lt;br /&gt;Nanga Parbat: first solo ascent of an eight-thousander from base camp. He established a new route on the Diamir Face, which has since then never been repeated.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=_j46vgAACAAJ&amp;dq=simone+moro+nanga | title=Nanga: Fra rispetto e pazienza, come ho corteggiato la montagna che chiamavano assassina| isbn=9788817090230| last1=Moro| first1=Simone| year=2016 |language=Italian}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{page needed|date=September 2019}}
|-
| 1979 || [[K2]] ({{convert|8611|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || Ascent partially in alpine style with [[Michael Dacher]] on the [[Abruzzi Spur]].
|-
| 1980 || [[Mount Everest]] ({{convert|8848|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First to ascend alone and without supplementary oxygen – from base camp to summit – during the [[monsoon]]. He established a new route on the North Face.
|-
| 1981 || [[Shishapangma]] ({{convert|8027|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || Ascent with [[Friedl Mutschlechner]].
|-
| 1982 || [[Kangchenjunga]] ({{convert|8586|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Gasherbrum II]] ({{convert|8034|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Broad Peak]] ({{convert|8051|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || New route on Kangchenjunga's North Face, partially in alpine style with Friedl Mutschlechner.&lt;br /&gt;Gasherbrum II and Broad Peak: Both ascents with Sher Khan and Nazir Sabir.&lt;br /&gt;Messner becomes the first person to climb three 8000er in one season.&lt;br /&gt;Also a failed summit attempt on Cho Oyu during winter.
|-
| 1983 || [[Cho Oyu]] ({{convert|8188|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || Ascent with [[Hans Kammerlander]] and Michael Dacher on a partially new route.
|-
| 1984 || [[Gasherbrum I]] ({{convert|8080|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Gasherbrum II]] ({{convert|8034|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First traverse of two eight-thousanders without returning to base camp (with Hans Kammerlander).
|-
| 1985 || [[Annapurna]] ({{convert|8091|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Dhaulagiri]] ({{convert|8167|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || First ascent of Annapurna's unclaimed North-West Face.&lt;br /&gt;Both ascents with Hans Kammerlander.
|-
| 1986 || [[Makalu]] ({{convert|8485|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Lhotse]] ({{convert|8516|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) || Makalu: Ascent with Hans Kammerlander and Friedl Mutschlechner, Lhotse: Ascent with Hans Kammerlander.&lt;br /&gt;Messner becomes the first person to climb all 14 eight-thousanders.
|}

==== Nanga Parbat ====
Reinhold Messner took a total of five expeditions to [[Nanga Parbat]]. In 1970 and 1978 he reached the summit (in 1978 solo); in 1971, 1973 and 1977, he did not. In 1971 he was primarily looking for his brother's remains.

==== Rupal Face 1970 ====
{{more citations needed|section|date=October 2017}}&lt;!--first three paragraphs have no citations--&gt;
[[File:Northern Areas 38b commons.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|Rupal face of [[Nanga Parbat]]]]
In May and June 1970, Messner took part in the [[Nanga Parbat]] South Face expedition led by Karl Herrligkoffer, the objective of which was to climb the as yet unclimbed Rupal Face, the highest rock and ice face in the world. Messner's brother, Günther, was also a member of the team. On the morning of 27 June, Messner was of the view that the weather would deteriorate rapidly, and set off alone from the last high-altitude camp. Surprisingly his brother climbed after him and caught up to him before the summit. By late afternoon, both had reached the summit of the mountain and had to pitch an emergency [[bivouac shelter]] without tent, sleeping bags and stoves because darkness was closing in.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

The events that followed have been the subject of years of legal actions and disputes between former expedition members, and have still not been finally resolved. What is known now is that Reinhold and Günther Messner descended the Diamir Face, thereby achieving the first crossing of Nanga Parbat and second crossing of an eight-thousander after Mount Everest in 1963. Reinhold arrived in the valley six days later with severe frostbite, but survived. His brother, Günther, however died on the Diamir Face—according to Reinhold Messner on the same descent, during which they became further and further separated from each other. As a result, the time, place and exact cause of death is unknown. Messner said his brother had been swept away by an avalanche.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In the early years immediately after the expedition, there were disputes and lawsuits between Messner and Herrligkoffer, the expedition leader. After a quarter-century of peace, the dispute flared up again in October 2001, when Messner raised surprising allegations against the other members of the team for failing to come to their aid. The rest of the team consistently maintained that Messner had told them of his idea for crossing the mountain before setting off for the summit. Messner himself asserts, however, that he made a spontaneous decision to descend the Diamir Face together with his brother for reasons of safety. A number of new books—by Max von Kienlin, Hans Saler, Ralf-Peter Märtin, and Reinhold Messner—stoked the dispute (with assumptions and personal attacks) and led to further court proceedings.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

In June 2005, after an unusual heat wave on the mountain, the body of his brother was recovered on the Diamir Face, which seems to support Messner's account of how Günther died.&lt;ref name=&quot;outdoors&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Nanga Parbat Body Ends Messner Controversy |publisher=Outdoors Magic |date=19 August 2005 |url=http://outdoorsmagic.com/news/nanga-parbat-body-ends-messner-controversy/ |accessdate=14 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;connolly&quot;/&gt;

The drama was turned into a film ''[[Nanga Parbat (film)|Nanga Parbat]]'' (2010) by [[Joseph Vilsmaier]], based on the memories of Reinhold Messner and without participation from the other former members of the expedition. Released in January 2010 in cinemas, the film was criticized by the other members of the team for telling only one side of the story.&lt;ref name=&quot;connolly&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Connolly |first=Kate |title=Nanga Parbat film restarts row over Messner brothers' fatal climb |website=The Guardian |date=19 January 2010 |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/jan/19/nanga-parbat-film-controversy |accessdate=14 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because of severe frostbite, especially on his feet—seven toes were amputated—Messner was not able to climb quite as well on rock after the 1970 expedition. He therefore turned his attention to higher mountains, where there was much more ice.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Messner|first=Reinhold|year=2002|title=Überlebt – Alle 14 Achttausender mit Chronik|publisher=BLV|location=Munich|language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Solo climb in 1978 ====
On 9 August 1978, after three unsuccessful expeditions, Messner reached the summit of [[Nanga Parbat]] again via the Diamir Face.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

==== Manaslu ====
In 1972, Messner succeeded in climbing [[Manaslu]] on what was then the unknown south face of the mountain, of which there were not even any pictures. From the last high-altitude camp he climbed with Frank Jäger, who turned back before reaching the summit. Shortly after Messner reached the summit, the weather changed and heavy fog and snow descended. Initially Messner became lost on the way down, but later, heading into the storm, found his way back to the camp, where Horst Fankhauser and Andi Schlick were waiting for him and Jäger. Jäger did not return, although his cries were heard from the camp. Orientation had become too difficult. Fankhauser and Schlick began to search for him that evening, but lost their way and sought shelter at first in a snow cave. Messner himself was no longer in a position to help the search. The following day, only Horst Fankhauser returned. Andi Schlick had left the snow cave during the night and disappeared. So the expedition had to mourn the loss of two climbers. Messner was later criticised for having allowed Jäger go back down the mountain alone.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Gasherbrum I ====
Together with [[Peter Habeler]], Messner made a second ascent of [[Gasherbrum I]] on 10 August 1975, becoming the first man ever to climb more than two eight-thousanders. It was the first time a mountaineering expedition succeeded in scaling an eight-thousander using [[alpine style]] climbing.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}} Until that point, all fourteen 8000-meter peaks had been summitted using the [[expedition style]], though [[Hermann Buhl]] had earlier advocated &quot;West Alpine Style&quot; (similar to &quot;capsule&quot; style, with a smaller group relying on minimal fixed ropes).{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Messner reached the summit again in 1984, this time together with [[Hans Kammerlander]]. This was achieved as part of a double ascent where, for the first time, two eight-thousander peaks (Gasherbrum I and II) were climbed without returning to base camp. Again, this was done in alpine style, i.e. without the pre-location of stores.&lt;ref Name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Mount Everest ====
[[File:20110810 North Face of Everest Tibet China Panoramic.jpg|thumb|upright=1.35|[[Mount Everest]] north face]]

On 8 May 1978, Reinhold Messner and [[Peter Habeler]] reached the summit of [[Mount Everest]]; the first men known to climb it without the use of supplemental oxygen. Prior to this ascent it was disputed whether this was possible at all. Messner and Habeler were members of an expedition led by Wolfgang Nairz along the [[Mount Everest#Southeast ridge|southeast ridge]] to the summit. Also on this expedition was [[Reinhard Karl]], the first German to reach the summit, albeit with the aid of supplemental oxygen.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Two years later, on 20 August 1980, Messner again stood atop the highest mountain in the world, without supplementary oxygen. For this solo climb, he chose the [[Mount Everest#Northeast ridge|northeast ridge]] to the summit, where he crossed above the [[North Col]] in the North Face to the [[Norton Couloir]] and became the first man to climb through this steep gorge to the summit. Messner decided spontaneously during the ascent to use this route to bypass the exposed northeast ridge. Prior to this solo ascent, he had not set up a camp on the mountain.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;{{page needed|date=September 2019}}

====K2====
[[File:K2 2006b.jpg|thumb|[[K2]] seen from [[Concordia (Karakoram)|Concordia]]]]
For 1979, Messner was planning to climb [[K2]] on a new direct route through the South Face, which he called the &quot;Magic Line&quot;. Headed by Messner, the small expedition consisted of six climbers: Italians Alessandro Gogna, Friedl Mutschlechner and Renato Casarotto; the Austrian, Robert Schauer; and Germans [[Michael Dacher]], journalist, Jochen Hölzgen, and doctor Ursula Grether, who was injured during the approach and had to be carried to Askole by Messner and Mutschlechner. Because of avalanche danger on the original route and time lost on the approach, they decided on climbing via the [[Abruzzi Spur]]. The route was equipped with fixed ropes and high-altitude camps, but no hauling equipment (''Hochträger'') or bottled oxygen was used. On 12 July, Messner and Dacher reached the summit; then the weather deteriorated and attempts by other members of the party failed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Messner|first1=Reinhold|last2=Gogna|first2=Alessandro|title=K2 – Berg der Berge|publisher=BLV|location=Munich|year=1980|language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amg&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Messner|first1=Reinhold|title=Alle meine Gipfel|publisher=Herbig|location=Munich|year=1983|language=German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Shishapangma ====
During his stay in Tibet as part of his Everest solo attempt, Messner had the opportunity to explore [[Shishapangma]]. A year later, Messner, with Friedel Mutschlechner, Oswald Oelz and Gerd Baur, set base camp on the north side. On 28 May, Messner and Mutschlechner reached the summit in very bad weather; part of the climb involving [[ski mountaineering]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;amg&quot;/&gt;

==== Kangchenjunga ====
[[File:Kangchenjunga PangPema.JPG|thumb|upright=1.35|Kangchenjunga]]
In 1982, Messner wanted to become the first climber ever to scale three eight-thousanders in one year. He was planning on climbing [[Kangchenjunga]] first, before tackling [[Gasherbrum II]] and the [[Broad Peak]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Messner chose a new variation of the route up the North Face. Because there was still a lot of snow at the time of the expedition, Messner and Mutschlechner made very slow progress. In addition, the sheer difficulty of the climb forced the two mountaineers to use fixed ropes. Finally, on 6 May, Messner, Mutschlechner and [[Ang Dorje Sherpa|Ang Dorje]] stood on the summit. There, Mutschlechner suffered frostbite to his hands, and later to his feet as well. Whilst bivouacking during the descent, the tent tore away from Mutschlechner and Messner, and Messner also fell ill. He was suffering from [[amoebic liver abscess]], making him very weak. In the end he only made it back to base camp with Mutschlechner's help.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Gasherbrum II ====
After his ascent of Kangchenjunga, Mutschlechner flew back to Europe because his frostbite had to be treated and Messner needed rest. Thus the three mountains could not be climbed as planned. Messner was cured of his amoebic liver abscess and then travelled to [[Gasherbrum II]], but could not use the new routes as planned. In any case, his climbing partners, Sher Khan and [[Nazir Sabir]], would not have been strong enough. Nevertheless, all three reached the summit on 24 July in a storm. During the ascent, Messner discovered the body of a previously missing Austrian mountaineer, whom he buried two years later at the G I – G II crossing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Broad Peak ====
[[File:Broad Peak in July 2006.jpg|thumb|Broad Peak]]
In 1982, Messner scaled [[Broad Peak]] as his third eight-thousander. At the time, he was the only person with a permit to climb this mountain; he came across [[Jerzy Kukuczka]] and [[Wojciech Kurtyka]], who had permits to climb K2, but used its geographic proximity to climb Broad Peak illegally. In early descriptions of the ascent, Messner omitted to mention this encounter, but he referred to it several years later. On 2 August, Messner was reunited with [[Nazir Sabir]] and Khan again on the summit. The three mountaineers had decamped and made for Broad Peak immediately after their ascent of Gasherbrum II. The climb was carried out with a variation from the normal route at the start.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Cho Oyu ====
In the winter of 1982–1983, Messner attempted the first winter ascent of [[Cho Oyu]]. He reached an altitude of about {{convert|7500|m|ft|abbr=in}}, when great masses of snow forced him to turn back. This expedition was his first with Hans Kammerlander. A few months later, on 5 May, he reached the summit via a partially new route together with Kammerlander and Michael Dacher.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Annapurna ====
In 1985, Messner topped out on [[Annapurna]]. Using a new route on the northwest face, he reached the summit with Kammerlander on 24 April. Also on the expedition were Reinhard Patscheider, Reinhard Schiestl and Swami Prem Darshano, who did not reach the summit. During Messner and Kammerlander's ascent, the weather was bad and they had to be assisted by the other three expedition members during the descent due to heavy snowfall.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Dhaulagiri ====
[[File:Dhaulagiri - view from aircraft.jpg|thumb|Messner's attempt on the summit in 1977 failed on [[Dhaulagiri]]'s South Face]]

Messner had already attempted [[Dhaulagiri]] in 1977 and 1984, unsuccessfully. In 1985 he finally summited. He climbed with Kammerlander up the normal route along the northeast ridge. After only three days of climbing they stood on the summit in a heavy storm on 15 May.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Makalu ====
Messner tried climbing [[Makalu]] four times. He failed in 1974 and 1981 on the South Face of the south-east ridge. In winter 1985–1986 he attempted the first winter ascent of Makalu via the normal route. Even this venture did not succeed.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt; Not until February 2009 was Makalu successfully climbed in winter by [[Denis Urubko]] and [[Simone Moro]].

In 1986, Messner returned and succeeded in reaching the summit using the normal route with Kammerlander and Mutschlechner. Although they had turned back twice during this expedition, they made the summit on the third attempt on 26 September. During this expedition, Messner witnessed the death of [[Marcel Rüedi]], for whom the Makalu was his 9th eight-thousander. Rüedi was on the way back from the summit and was seen by Messner and the other climbers on the descent. Although he was making slow progress, he appeared to be safe. The tea for his reception had already been boiled when Rüedi disappeared behind a snow ridge and did not reappear. He was found dead a short time later.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt;

==== Lhotse ====
Messner climbed his last normal route.{{when|date=September 2019}} Both climbers{{who|date=September 2019}} had to contend with a strong wind in the summit area. To reach the summit that year and before winter broke, they took a direct helicopter flight from the Makalu base camp to the Lhotse base camp.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

Thus Messner became the first person to climb all eight-thousanders. 
Since this ascent, Messner has never climbed another eight-thousander.&lt;ref name=&quot;ava&quot;/&gt; 
In 1989, Messner led a European expedition to the South Face of the mountain. The aim was to forge a path up the as-yet-unclimbed face. Messner himself did not want to climb any more. The expedition was unsuccessful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kammerlander|first=Hans|title=Bergsüchtig|publisher=Piper|location=Munich|language=German|year=2001|edition=6|p=81ff}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Other expeditions after 1970 ===
[[File:Reinhold Messner 3.jpg|thumb|Reinhold Messner in 1985 in Pamir Mountains.]]
* 1971&amp;nbsp;– Journeys to the mountains of [[Iran|Persia]], [[Nepal]], [[New Guinea]], [[Pakistan]] and East Africa;
* 1972&amp;nbsp;– [[Noshak]] ({{convert|7492|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) in the [[Hindu Kush]];
* 1973&amp;nbsp;– [[Marmolada]] West Pillar, first climb; [[Furchetta]] West Face, first climb;
* 1974&amp;nbsp;– [[Aconcagua]] south wall ({{convert|6959|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), partially new &quot;South Tyrol Route&quot;; [[Eiger]] North Face with [[Peter Habeler]] in 10 hours (a record that stood for 34 years, for a roped party);
* 1976&amp;nbsp;– [[Mount McKinley]] ({{convert|6193|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), &quot;Face of the Midnight Sun&quot;, first climb;
* 1978&amp;nbsp;– [[Kilimanjaro]] ({{convert|5895|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), &quot;Breach Wall&quot;, first climb;
* 1979&amp;nbsp;– [[Ama Dablam]] rescue attempt; first climbs in the [[Hoggar Mountains]], Africa;
* 1981&amp;nbsp;– [[Chamlang]] ({{convert|7317|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) Centre Summit-North Face, first climb;
* 1984&amp;nbsp;– Double-[[Traverse (climbing)|Traverse]] of [[Gasherbrum II]] and [[Gasherbrum I|I]] with [[Hans Kammerlander]];
* 1985&amp;nbsp;– Tibet Transversale with [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]] exploration;
* 1986&amp;nbsp;– Crossing of East [[Tibet]]; [[Mount Vinson]] ({{convert|4897|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}, [[Antarctic]]), on 3 December 1986, thus becoming the first person to complete [[Seven Summits]] without the use of supplemental oxygen on Mount Everest;&lt;ref name=&quot;7summits&quot;&gt;[http://www.carstenszpapua.com/7summits-history.html History of 7 Summits project&amp;nbsp;— who was first?]&lt;/ref&gt;
* 1987&amp;nbsp;– [[Bhutan]] trip; [[Pamir Mountains|Pamir]] trip;
* 1988&amp;nbsp;– [[Yeti]]-[[Tibet]] solo expedition;
* 1989–1990&amp;nbsp;– [[Antarctic]] crossing (over the [[South Pole]]) on foot, {{convert|2800|km|mi|abbr=off|adj=on}} trek with [[Arved Fuchs]];
* 1991&amp;nbsp;– [[Bhutan]] crossing (east-west); &quot;Around [[South Tyrol]]&quot; as a positioning exercise, where he was peripherally involved in the [[Ötzi]] find, being among the groups who inspected the mummy on-site the day after its initial discovery;
* 1992&amp;nbsp;– Ascent of [[Chimborazo (volcano)|Chimborazo]] ({{convert|6310|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}); crossing of [[Taklamakan]] Desert in [[Xinjiang]]
* 1993&amp;nbsp;– Trip to [[Dolpo]], [[Mustang (kingdom)|Mustang]] and [[Manang]] in Nepal; [[Greenland]] longitudinal crossing (diagonal) on foot, {{convert|2200|km|mi|abbr=off|adj=on}} trek;
* 1994&amp;nbsp;– Cleaning project in North [[India]]/[[Gangotri]], [[Shivling]] region ({{convert|6543|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}); to [[Rwenzori Mountains|Ruwenzori]] ({{convert|5119|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Uganda]];
* 1995&amp;nbsp;– [[Arctic]] crossing ([[Siberia]] to Canada) failed; trip to [[Belukha]] ({{convert|4506|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Altai Mountains]]/[[Siberia]];
* 1996&amp;nbsp;– Trip through East [[Tibet]] and to [[Mount Kailash|Kailash]].
* 1997&amp;nbsp;– Trip to [[Kham]] (East Tibet); small expedition into [[Karakoram]]; filming on the [[Ol Doinyo Lengai]] (holy mountain of the [[Massai]]) in [[Tanzania]]
* 1998 &amp;nbsp;– Trip to the [[Altai Mountains]] ([[Mongolia]]) and to [[Puna (Argentina)|Puna de Atacama]] ([[Andes]])
* 1999&amp;nbsp;– Filming: [[San Francisco Peaks]], [[Arizona]] (Holy mountain of [[Navajo people|Navajo]]); trip into the [[Thar Desert]]/[[India]]
* 2000&amp;nbsp;– Crossing of [[South Georgia Island|South Georgia]] on the [[Shackleton Route]]; [[Nanga Parbat]] Expedition; filming on [[Mount Fuji]]/Japan for the [[ZDF]] series ''Wohnungen der Götter'' (~&quot;Homes of the Gods&quot;)
* 2001 &amp;nbsp;– [[Dharamsala, Himachal Pradesh|Dharamsala]] and foothills of the [[Himalayas]]/[[India]]; ZDF series ''Wohnungen der Götter'' on [[Gunung Agung]]/[[Bali]]
* 2002&amp;nbsp;– In the &quot;International Year of the Mountains&quot; visit by mountaineers into the [[Andes]] and ascent of [[Cotopaxi]] ({{convert|5897|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}), [[Ecuador]]
* 2003&amp;nbsp;– [[Trekking]] to [[Mount Everest]] (fiftieth anniversary of the first successful climb); trip to [[Franz Joseph Land]]/[[Arctic]]; on 1 October opening of the &quot;Günther Mountain School&quot; in the [[Diamir Valley]] on [[Nanga Parbat]]/[[Pakistan]]
* 2004&amp;nbsp;– Longitudinal crossing of the [[Gobi Desert]] ([[Mongolia]]) on foot, about {{convert|2000|km|mi|abbr=off|adj=on}} trek
* 2005&amp;nbsp;– Trip to the [[Tuvans|Dyva Nomads]] in Mongolia; &quot;time journey&quot; around [[Nanga Parbat]]/[[Pakistan]]

===The Seven Summits===
In 1985 [[Richard Bass]] first postulated and achieved the mountaineering challenge [[Seven Summits]], climbing the highest peaks of each of the seven continents.  Messner suggested another list (the ''Messner'' or ''Carstensz'' list) replacing [[Mount Kosciuszko]] with [[Indonesia]]'s [[Puncak Jaya]], or Carstensz Pyramid ({{convert|4884|m|ft|0|abbr=in|disp=or}}). From a mountaineering point of view the ''Messner'' list is the more challenging one. Climbing Carstensz Pyramid has the character of an expedition, whereas the ascent of Kosciuszko is an easy hike. In May 1986 [[Pat Morrow]] became the first person to complete the ''Messner'' list, followed by Messner himself when he summitted [[Mount Vinson]] in December 1986 to become the second.&lt;ref name=&quot;7summits&quot;/&gt;

== ''Guinness Book of Records'' ==
Messner is listed nine times in the ''[[Guinness World Records|Guinness Book of Records]]''. All these records belong to &quot;World's Firsts&quot; category, known also as Historical Firsts. &quot;World's First&quot; is the highest form of Guinness World Record, the ownership of this title never expires.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&amp;term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&amp;contentType=record|title=Official Guinness Registry|website=Guinness World Records|language=en-GB|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180529204702/https://guinnessworldrecords.com/Account/Login?ReturnUrl=%2fsearch%2fapplicationrecordsearch%3fterm%3d%2522Reinhold%2bMessner%2522%26contentType%3drecord&amp;term=%22Reinhold+Messner%22&amp;contentType=record|archive-date=2018-05-29|url-status=dead|access-date=2018-05-29}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of 2020 it is the world's second highest number of &quot;World's Firsts&quot; held by an individual. Higher number (13) is held by [[Fiann Paul]].

* First ascent of Manaslu without supplementary oxygen
* First solo summit of Everest
* First ascent of Everest and K2 without supplementary oxygen – male
* First ascent of the top three highest mountains without supplementary oxygen – male
* First 8,000-metre mountain hat-trick
* First person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains without supplementary oxygen
* First person to climb all 8,000-metre mountains
* First ascent of Everest without supplementary oxygen
* First ascent of Gasherbrum I without supplementary oxygen

== The Messner Mountain Museum ==
{{main|Messner Mountain Museum}}
[[File:Passo Cibiana 5.jpg|thumb|Messer Mountain Museum in Monte Rite, Dolomites.]]
In 2003 Messner started work on a project for a mountaineering museum.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Kunze|first=Thomas|url=http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html|title=Messners 15. Achttausender|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110815015527/http://www.berlinonline.de/berliner-zeitung/archiv/.bin/dump.fcgi/2006/0708/reise/0018/index.html|archive-date=15 August 2011|newspaper=Berliner Zeitung|date=8 July 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 11 June 2006, the Messner Mountain Museum (MMM) opened, a museum that unites within one museum the stories of the growth and decline of mountains, culture in the Himalayan region and the history of South Tyrol.

The MMM consists of five locations:

* MMM Firmian at [[Sigmundskron Castle]] near Bozen is the centerpiece of the museum and concentrates on man's relationship with the mountains. Surrounded by peaks from the Schlern and the Texel range, the MMM Firmian provides visitors with a series of pathways, stairways, and towers with displays that focus on the geology of the mountains, the religious significance of mountains in the lives of people, and the history of mountaineering and alpine tourism. The so-called white tower is dedicated to the history of the village and the struggle for the independence of South Tyrol.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmm-firmian&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=MMM Firmian |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140716041303/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637819,mid,1242637817,first,1.html |archivedate=16 July 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* MMM Juval at Juval Castle in the [[Burggrafenamt]] in Vinschgau is dedicated to the &quot;magic of the mountains&quot;, with an emphasis on mystical mountains, such as [[Mount Kailash]] or [[Ayers Rock]] and their religious significance. MMM Juval houses several art collections.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmm-juval&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=MMM Juval |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092058/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638447,mid,1242638445,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* MMM Dolomites, known as the Museum in the Clouds, is located at Monte Rite ({{convert|2181|m|ft|abbr=in|disp=or}}) between Pieve di Cadore and Cortina d'Ampezzo. Housed in an old fort, this museum is dedicated to the subject of rocks, particularly in the Dolomites, with exhibits focusing on the history of the formation of the Dolomites. The summit observation platform offers a 360° panorama of the surrounding Dolomites, with views toward Monte Schiara, Monte Agnèr, Monte Civetta, Marmolada, Monte Pelmo, Tofana di Rozes, Sorapis, Antelao, Marmarole.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmm-dolomites&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=MMM Dolomites |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091952/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638209,mid,1242638207,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* MMM Ortles at [[Sulden]] on the [[Ortler]] is dedicated to the theme of ice. This underground structure is situated at {{convert|1900|m|ft|abbr=in}} and focuses on the history of mountaineering on ice and the great glaciers of the world. The museum contains the world's largest collection of paintings of the Ortler, as well as ice-climbing gear from two centuries.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmm-ortles&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=MMM Ortles |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225092100/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242637409,mid,1242637407,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* MMM Ripa at Brunico Castle in [[South Tyrol]] is dedicated to the mountain peoples from Asia, Africa, South America and Europe, with emphasis on their cultures, religions, and tourism activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;mmm-ripa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=MMM Ripa |website=Messner Mountain Museum |url=http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html |accessdate=9 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225091955/http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it/messner-mountain-museum,pid,1,lid,en,meid,1242638873,mid,1242638871,first,1.html |archivedate=25 February 2014 |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;
* MMM Corones, opened in July 2015 on the top of the [[Kronplatz]] mountain (''Plan de Corones'' in Italian), is dedicated to [[traditional climbing]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Zaha Hadid's MMM Corones museum gazes at the mountains | url=http://www.inexhibit.com/case-studies/corones-museum-zaha-hadid-gazing-mountains | author= Federica Lusiardi |publisher=[[Inexhibit]]|accessdate=November 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Political career ==
{{Infobox officeholder
| name = Reinhold Messner
| image = Reinhold Messner in Koeln 2009 (02).jpg
| imagesize =
| office1 = [[Member of the European Parliament|Member]] of the [[European Parliament]]&lt;br /&gt;for [[North-East Italy (European Parliament constituency)|North-East Italy]]
| term_start1 = 20 July 1999
| term_end1 = 19 July 2004
| predecessor1 = 
| successor1 =

| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1944|9|17|df=y}}
| birth_place = [[Brixen]], Italy
| nationality = 
| religion =
| alma_mater =
| residence = 
| profession = 
| party = [[Greens (South Tyrol)|Greens of South Tyrol]]
| otherparty = [[Federation of the Greens]]
| spouse =
| children =
}}

In 1999, Messner was elected [[Member of the European Parliament]] for the [[Federation of the Greens]] (FdV), the Italian [[green party]], receiving more than 20,000 votes in the [[1999 European Parliament election in Italy|European election]]. He fully served his term until 2004, when he retired from politics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.europarl.europa.eu/parlArchives/mepArch/alphaOrder/view.do?language=EN&amp;id=4419 |title=Search for a Member; European Parliament |publisher=Europarl.europa.eu |date= |accessdate=2016-09-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Messner was officially a member of [[Greens (South Tyrol)|South Tyrolean Greens]], a regionalist and ecologist political party active only in [[South Tyrol]], who ''[[de facto]]'' acts as a regional branch of the FdV.{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

During all his life, even after the end of his political career, he has been a strong supporter of [[green politics|green]] and [[Environmentalism|environmentalist policies]] and an activist in the fight against [[global warming]].{{citation needed|date=September 2019}}

== In media ==
*[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0087317/ ''Gasherbrum – Der leuchtende Berg''] – A 1985 [[Werner Herzog]] TV documentary, also known as &quot;The Dark Glow of the Mountains&quot;.
* [http://www.mountainfilmdb.com/en/film/portrait_of_a_snow_lion_1992 ''Portrait of a Snow Lion''] – BBC/France3 1992 documentary on Messner, Part 4 of the series &quot;The Climbers&quot;.
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0471810/  ''Messner''] – Les Guthman's 2002 feature documentary on Messner.
* ''[[Nanga Parbat (film)|Nanga Parbat]]'' – A 2010 film based on Messner's achievements.
* ''[[The Unauthorized Biography of Reinhold Messner]]'' – A 1999 album released by [[Ben Folds Five]], named after the name used on a fake ID of one of the band members in his youth, not directly after Messner himself.
* In [[The Lost World Jurassic Park]] Roland Tembo mentions to Nick Van Owen about Messner's experience about climbing Mt Everest but couldn't remember Messner's name.

== See also ==
*[[List of climbers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Selected bibliography (English translations)==
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = Free Spirit: A Climber's Life  | publisher = Mountaineers Books  | year = 1998  | location = Seattle, WA, USA  | url =   | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-89886-573-8 }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = The Crystal Horizon: Everest – The First Solo Ascent  | publisher = Mountaineers Books  | year = 1998  | location = Seattle, WA, USA  | url = https://archive.org/details/crystalhorizon00rein_0  | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-89886-574-5  }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = All Fourteen 8,000ers  | publisher = Mountaineers Books  | year = 1999  | location = Seattle, WA, USA  | url =   | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-89886-660-5 }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = My Quest for the Yeti: Confronting the Himalayas' Deepest Mystery  | publisher = St. Martin's Press  | year = 2000  | location = New York, NY, USA  | url = https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312203948  | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-312-20394-8  }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = The Big Walls: From the North Face of the Eiger to the South Face of Dhaulagiri    | publisher = Mountaineers Books  | year = 2001  | location = Seattle, WA, USA  | url =   | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-89886-844-9 }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = Moving Mountains: Lessons on Life and Leadership  | publisher = Executive Excellence Publishing  | year = 2001  | location = Provo, UT, USA  | url = https://archive.org/details/movingmountainsl00rein  | doi =   | isbn = 978-1-890009-90-8  }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  |author2=trans. by Tim Carruthers  | title = The Second Death of George Mallory: The Enigma and Spirit of Mount Everest  | publisher = St. Martin's Griffin | year = 2002  | location = New York, NY, USA  | url =https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780312268060| url-access = registration  | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-312-27075-9 }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = The Naked Mountain  | publisher = Mountaineers Books  | year = 2003  | location = Seattle, WA, USA  | url =   | doi =   | isbn = 978-0-89886-959-0 }}
*{{cite book  | last = Messner  | first = Reinhold  | title = My Life at the Limit  | publisher = Mountaineers Books  | year = 2014  | location = Seattle, WA, USA  | url =   | doi =   | isbn = 978-1-59485-852-9 }}
*[[:de:Reinhold Messner#Publikationen|Publications in German]]

==Sources==
* {{cite news |url=http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html |last=Wetzler |first=Brad |work=Outside Magazine |title=Reinhold Don't Care What You Think |date=October 2002 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100922195720/http://outsideonline.com/outside/features/200210/200210_messner_1.html |archivedate=22 September 2010 |df=dmy-all }}
* {{cite book|ref=harv|last=Krakauer|first=Jon|title=[[Into Thin Air]]|publisher=Villard Books|location=New York|year=1997|isbn=978-0385494786|oclc=42967338}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite magazine|title=I Climbed Everest Alone... At My Limit|magazine=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]|first=Reinhold|last=Messner|pp=552–566|volume=160|issue=4|date=October 1981|issn=0027-9358|oclc=643483454}}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [http://www.reinhold-messner.de/ Official site] {{in lang|de}}
* [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/aug/19/barbaramcmahon Discovery of remains ends controversy about the death of Reinhold Messner's brother]
* [http://www.messner-mountain-museum.it Messner Mountain Museum website]
* [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0471810/ '''Messner''' – 2002]
* {{YouTube|7XQMRwAy0Y8|(rare English interview with Messner)}}
* [http://www.staeudtner.com/allgemein/reinhold-messner/] Portrait Painting of active Messner
* [http://thediplomat.com/2017/04/reinhold-messner-on-the-future-of-climbing-mount-everest/] Reinhold Messner on the Future of Climbing Mount Everest - an interview with Saransh Sehgal

==Interviews==
* [[Gaia Symphony (TV Series)|Gaia Symphony Documentary series]] (Japanese production).
* [https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/#interview Reinhold Messner Biography and Interview on American Academy of Achievement].

{{S-start}}
{{S-ach|aw}}
{{succession box|title=[[Princess of Asturias Awards#Sports (Deportes)|Princess of Asturias Award for Sports]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;(with [[Krzysztof Wielicki]])&lt;/small&gt;
|before=[[New Zealand national rugby union team]]|after=Incumbent|years=2018}}
{{succession box|title=Golden Plate Award of the [[Academy of Achievement|American Academy of Achievement]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title= Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement |website=www.achievement.org|publisher=[[American Academy of Achievement]]|url=https://achievement.org/our-history/golden-plate-awards/#science-exploration}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;1987
|before=n/a|after=n/a}}
{{S-end}}

{{Polar exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{Princess of Asturias Award for Sports}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Messner, Reinhold}}
[[Category:Italian explorers]]
[[Category:Italian mountain climbers]]
[[Category:Federation of the Greens MEPs]]
[[Category:Living people]]
[[Category:Cryptozoologists]]
[[Category:Free soloists]]
[[Category:Summiters of the Seven Summits]]
[[Category:Summiters of all 14 eight-thousanders]]
[[Category:Germanophone Italian people]]
[[Category:People associated with the Eiger]]
[[Category:People from Brixen]]
[[Category:MEPs for Italy 1999–2004]]
[[Category:20th-century Italian politicians]]
[[Category:21st-century Italian politicians]]
[[Category:Year of birth missing (living people)]]
[[Category:Politicians of South Tyrol]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Reinhold Messner]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Reinhold Messner/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>Saudi Electricity Company</title>
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      <text bytes="7660" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox company
| name = Saudi Electricity Company
| logo = Saudi_Electricity_Company_logo.png
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = [[Tadawul]]: [https://www.tadawul.com.sa/wps/portal/tadawul/market-participants/issuers/issuers-directory/company-details/!ut/p/z1/04_Sj9CPykssy0xPLMnMz0vMAfIjo8zi_Tx8nD0MLIy83V1DjA0czVx8nYP8PI0MDAz0I4EKzBEKDEJDLYEKjJ0DA11MjQzcTfXDCSkoyE7zBAC-SKhH/?companySymbol=5110 5110]
| foundation = {{Start date and age|df=yes|2000|5|3}}
| location_city = Al Aridh, [[Riyadh]]
| location_country = Saudi Arabia
| key_people = {{plainlist |
* Dr. Khaled bin Saleh Al Sultan &lt;small&gt;(Chairman)&lt;/small&gt;
* Fahad bin Hussein Al-Sudairi &lt;small&gt;(Acting CEO)&lt;/small&gt;
}}
| industry = [[Electric utility]]
| revenue = {{nowrap|{{increase}} [[Saudi riyal|SR]]{{0|0}}38.5&amp;nbsp;billion (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 AR&quot;&gt;{{citation |title=Annual Report 2014 |url=https://www.se.com.sa/en-us/Pages/AnnualReports.aspx |publisher=Saudi Electricity Company |date=2014-12-31 |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| operating_income = {{nowrap|{{decrease}} SR{{0|00}}1.1&amp;nbsp;billion (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 AR&quot;/&gt;}}
| net_income = {{nowrap|{{increase}} SR{{0|00}}3.6&amp;nbsp;billion (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 AR&quot;/&gt;}}
| assets = {{nowrap|{{increase}} SR307.9&amp;nbsp;billion (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 AR&quot;/&gt;}}
| equity = {{nowrap|{{increase}} SR{{0|0}}59.2&amp;nbsp;billion (2014)&lt;ref name=&quot;2014 AR&quot;/&gt;}}
| parent = {{plainlist|
* Government of Saudi Arabia (74.3%)&lt;ref name=&quot;base&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Saudi Electricity Co. - SECO |url=http://www.gulfbase.com/profile-summary-saudi-electricity-co-seco-98?pageid=39 |publisher=GulfBase |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saudi Aramco]] (6.9%)&lt;ref name=&quot;base&quot;/&gt;
}}
| subsid = {{plainlist|
* National Grid SA Company
}}
| homepage = {{url|http://www.se.com.sa/}}
}}

{{Update|section|date=June 2019}}
'''Saudi Electricity Company''' ({{lang-ar|الشركة السعودية للكهرباء}}; '''SEC''') is the Saudi [[Electric utility|electric energy]] company. It enjoys a [[monopoly]] on the generation, transmission and distribution of [[electric power]] in [[Saudi Arabia]] through 45 power generation plants in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Saudi Electricity to be divided into four separate companies |url=http://www.solargcc.com/saudi-electricity-to-be-divided-into-four-separate-companies/ |publisher=Solar GCC Alliance |date=2014-03-25 |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019 SEC was ranked by Forbes as the 5th largest company in the Kingdom, and the 578 worldwide, with total annual sales of 17.1 billion $.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/companies/saudi-electricity/|title=Saudi Electricity|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=2020-01-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The company was formed in 2000 by Order of the [[Council of Ministers of Saudi Arabia|Council of Ministers]] through a merger of existing regional electricity companies in the Central, Eastern, Western and Southern regions into a single joint stock company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saudi Electricity Company Successfully Rolls out SAP Plant Maintenance Solution |url=http://www.tcs.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/Case%20Studies/Saudi-Electricity-Company-SAP-Plant-Maintenance-Solution-0913-1.pdf |publisher=[[Tata Consultancy Services]] |year=2013 |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Merger of electric companies — is it time to evaluate? |url=http://www.arabnews.com/merger-electric-companies-%E2%80%94-it-time-evaluate |date=2012-08-01 |first=Salman |last=Al-Jeshi |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, the Electricity and Cogeneration Regulatory Authority (ECRA) announced its intention to split the company into four generation companies and separate transmission and distribution companies to encourage competition in the domestic utilities sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saudi plans to split up state electric company |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/30/saudi-electric-idUSLU53699420090330 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |date=2009-03-30 |access-date=2015-08-30 |archive-date=2015-09-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924141319/http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/03/30/saudi-electric-idUSLU53699420090330 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; A transmission company – National Grid SA – was established in 2012 to operate the national grid.&lt;ref name=&quot;tariff&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Electricity regulator chief calls for hike in power tariff |url=http://www.saudigazette.com.sa/index.cfm?method=home.regcon&amp;contentid=20141125225535 |newspaper=[[Saudi Gazette]] |date=2014-11-25 |last=Hoey |first=Joshua |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saudi Electricity Company goes digital with its Engineering Drawings and establishes kingdom-wide EDMS  |url=https://www.bentley.com/en/project-profiles/saudi-electricity-company_establishment-of-kingdom-wide-edms-at-sec |publisher=[[Bentley Systems]] |date=2012-11-01 |access-date=2017-09-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2014, ECRA was said to have hired advisors on the break-up of the company.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Saudi Arabia Said to Hire HSBC for Breakup of SEC Power Monopoly |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2014-05-07/saudi-arabia-said-to-hire-hsbc-for-breakup-of-sec-power-monopoly |newspaper=[[Bloomberg Business]] |date=2014-05-07 |first1=Dinesh |last1=Nair |first2=Matthew |last2=Martin |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt; ECRA also confirmed the new generation companies will be open to foreign investment.&lt;ref name=&quot;tariff&quot;/&gt;

The company is 81.24 percent owned by the government, both directly (74.31 percent) and through [[Saudi Aramco]] (6.93 percent).&lt;ref name=&quot;gcc&quot;/&gt;

SEC plans to expand its power generation capacity from 60 [[gigawatt|GW]] to 91 GW by 2020 and more than double the existing capacity over the long term to meet demand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=ABB wins $150m orders to strengthen Saudi power grid |url=http://www.arabnews.com/economy/news/790546 |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |date=2015-08-13 |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, SEC, Taqnia Energy and [[King Abdulaziz City for Science and Technology]] (KACST) agreed to collaborate to build and operate the first standalone [[solar power]] station in the country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=KACST gears up for KSA's first solar power station |url=http://www.arabnews.com/saudi-arabia/news/784331 |newspaper=[[Arab News]] |date=2015-07-31 |access-date=2015-08-30}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
{{Portal|Saudi Arabia|Energy|Companies}}
* {{Official website |https://www.se.com.sa/en-us/}}—{{in lang|en}}
* {{Official website |https://www.se.com.sa/ar-sa/}}—{{in lang|ar}}
* Paper that an employee at SEC authored in 2017 on the effects of jointly reforming industrial fuel and residential electricity prices in Saudi Arabia.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=2017|title=Jointly reforming the prices of industrial fuels and residential electricity in Saudi Arabia|journal=Energy Policy|language=en|volume=109|pages=747–756|doi=10.1016/j.enpol.2017.07.060|last1=Matar|first1=Walid|last2=Anwer|first2=Murad|doi-access=free}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Electric power companies of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Government-owned companies of Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Energy companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:Non-renewable resource companies established in 2000]]
[[Category:2000 establishments in Saudi Arabia]]
[[Category:Companies listed on Tadawul]]
[[Category:Government-owned energy companies]]
[[Category:Companies based in Riyadh]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Saudi Electricity Company]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Saudi Electricity Company/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>What We Do in the Shadows</title>
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      <text bytes="29721" xml:space="preserve">{{About|the 2014 film|the 2019 TV series|What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)}}
{{short description|2014 film by Taika Waititi, Jemaine Clement}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2019}}
{{Use New Zealand English|date=December 2013}}
{{Infobox film
| name           = What We Do in the Shadows
| image          = What We Do in the Shadows poster.jpg
| alt            = 
| caption        = Theatrical release poster
| director       = {{Plainlist|
* [[Jemaine Clement]]
* [[Taika Waititi]]
}}
| producer       = {{Plainlist|
* Taika Waititi
* [[Chelsea Winstanley]]
* Emanuel Michael
}}
| writer         = {{Plainlist|
* Jemaine Clement
* Taika Waititi
}}
| starring       = {{Plainlist|
* Jemaine Clement
* Taika Waititi
* [[Jonathan Brugh]]
* Cori Gonzalez-Macuer
* Stu Rutherford 
}}
| music          = Plan 9
| cinematography = {{Plainlist|
* D.J. Stipsen
* Richard Bluck
}}
| editing        = {{Plainlist|
* Jonathan Woodford-Robinson
* [[Yana Gorskaya]]
* [[Tom Eagles]]
}}
| production_companies = {{Plainlist|
* Resnick Interactive Development
* Unison Films 
* Defender Films
* [[Funny or Die]]
* [[New Zealand Film Commission]]
}}
| distributor    = [[Madman Entertainment]] (New Zealand)&lt;br /&gt;[[Paramount Pictures]]&lt;br /&gt;[[The Orchard (company)|The Orchard]] (North America)
| released       = {{Film date|df=yes|2014|01|19|[[2014 Sundance Film Festival|Sundance]]|2014|06|19|New Zealand|2015|02|13|United States}}
| runtime        = 85 minutes&lt;!--Theatrical runtime: 85:23--&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://bbfc.co.uk/releases/what-we-do-shadows-film |title=''WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS'' (15) |publisher=[[British Board of Film Classification]] |date=14 October 2014 |accessdate=19 October 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| country        = {{plainlist|
* New Zealand
* United States&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/542b2b696bee8|title=What We Do in the Shadows (2014)|publisher=[[British Film Institute]]|access-date=16 April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}
| language       = English
| budget         = $1.6 million
| gross          = $7 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&amp;id=whatwedointheshadows.htm | title=What We Do in the Shadows (2015) - International Box Office Results |publisher=[[Box Office Mojo]] |accessdate=10 May 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

'''''What We Do in the Shadows''''' is a 2014 New Zealand [[mockumentary]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.firstshowing.net/2015/review-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-is-the-first-must-see-of-2015/ |title=Review: 'What We Do in the Shadows' is the First Must-See of 2015 |publisher=FirstShowing.net |date=27 February 2015 |accessdate=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Comedy horror|horror comedy film]] written and directed by [[Jemaine Clement]] and [[Taika Waititi]] and the first installment in the [[What We Do in the Shadows (franchise)|''What We Do in the Shadows'' franchise]]. The film also stars Clement and Waititi, along with [[Jonathan Brugh]], [[Ben Fransham]], Cori Gonzalez-Macuer, Stu Rutherford, and [[Jackie van Beek]]. The film's plot concerns several [[vampire]]s who live together in a flat in [[Wellington]].&lt;ref&gt;[http://mancunion.com/2016/11/08/review-what-we-do-in-the-shadows/ &quot;Review: What We Do in the Shadows&quot;]. ''Mancunion'', William Green, 15 November 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

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'' What We Do in the Shadows'' premiered at the [[Sundance Film Festival]] in January 2014.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZH&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.nzherald.co.nz/entertainment/news/article.cfm?c_id=1501119&amp;objectid=11168254 |title=Taika and Jemaine unleash vampires in USA |work=[[The New Zealand Herald]] |location=Auckland |date=6 December 2013 |accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;STUFF&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/9524289/Sundance-debut-for-Kiwi-vampire-spoof |title=Sundance debut for Kiwi vampire spoof |publisher=[[Stuff.co.nz]] |agency=[[The Dominion Post (Wellington)|The Dominion Post]] |date=17 December 2013|accessdate=17 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was released theatrically on 18 August 2014 by [[Madman Entertainment]], and received critical acclaim. The film earned $6.9 million on a $1.6 million budget.

==Plot==
&lt;!-- Per WP:FILMPLOT, plot summaries for feature films should be set between 400 to 700 words only. --&gt;
A documentary crew follows four vampire roommates—Viago, Vladislav, Deacon, and Petyr— who share a flat in the [[Wellington]] suburb of [[Te Aro]]. All of the vampires possess [[supernatural]] powers, including [[Levitation (paranormal)|levitation]] and the ability to [[Shapeshifting|transform into animals]]. Viago is a 379-year-old [[dandy]] from the 18th century, who originally traveled to [[New Zealand]] in the 1910s in search of the love of his life Katherine; Vladislav is an 862-year-old known as &quot;[[Vlad the Impaler|Vladislav the Poker]]&quot;, who is haunted by memories of his nemesis &quot;the Beast&quot;; and Deacon is a 183-year-old former [[peddler]] and the &quot;young rebel&quot; of the group who was bitten by Petyr—a reclusive, 8,000-year-old vampire who behaves like a [[feral]] animal.

Each night, Viago, Vladislav, and Deacon take the bus into town and prowl the streets of Wellington for people to kill. Deacon's human [[Familiar spirit|familiar]], Jackie, runs errands for the vampires and cleans up the gore left behind by their feeding. A married mother, Jackie hopes to attain immortality—but is frustrated that Deacon will not turn her into a vampire as promised. Deacon requests that Jackie bring [[virginity|virgins]] to the flat so that the vampires can feed on them. She lures a woman who insulted her in [[primary school]] and Nick, her ex-boyfriend from childhood, to the flat. Though neither are actually virgins, the woman is killed, and Nick is attacked by Petyr. Nick survives the attack and becomes a vampire.

Two months later, the vampires accept Nick into their group and bond with his human friend Stu—a computer analyst who introduces them to modern technology such as the [[Internet]] and cameras. Viago uses the Internet to find Katherine, who is now a 96-year-old widow living in a rest home in Wellington, and also briefly reconnects with his old servant Philip. Despite being able to get his new friends into popular bars and clubs, Nick struggles to adapt to life as a vampire. Nick is also held in contempt by Deacon, who resents Nick's newfound popularity and his careless revealing of his vampirism to strangers he meets. One of these strangers, a [[vampire hunter]], breaks into the flat basement during the day and kills Petyr by exposing him to sunlight.

The vampires are furious when they discover Nick has indirectly caused Petyr's death, and Deacon tries to kill Nick before being interrupted by a police welfare check. The police, whom Viago [[Hypnosis|hypnotises]], warn the vampires about numerous fire hazards inside the flat. Once the police leave, Nick is banished from the flat by the remaining vampires, though Stu is permitted to come as he pleases.

Several months later, the vampires receive an invitation to the annual [[masquerade ball|Unholy Masquerade]], hosted for the local undead population of vampires, [[zombie]]s, and [[witchcraft|witches]]. Vladislav refuses to attend after learning that &quot;the Beast&quot; will be the guest of honor. When Viago and Deacon arrive at the ball, they find in attendance Nick, Stu and Jackie, the latter of whom has been turned into a vampire by Nick. &quot;The Beast&quot; is revealed to be Vladislav's ex-girlfriend Pauline, and when Stu and the camera crew are discovered to be living humans, the party guests threaten to kill and feed on them. Vladislav arrives and fights with Pauline's new boyfriend Julian. Stu impales Julian, and the vampires and camera crew escape the ball with him, only to encounter a rival pack of [[werewolves]] who transform under the full moon. One cameraman is [[disembowelment|disemboweled]] by a werewolf, and Stu is viciously mauled. Believing Stu to be dead, the vampires run away and grieve for him.

After some time (how long is not made clear), Nick leaves a voice-message with the vampires saying he has a &quot;Surprise that will blow them away&quot; and returns to the flat with Stu. Deacon answers the front-doorbell knocking and is thrilled to see Stu standing there, greeting him with a big hug and telling him how cool his new scars are, which are very visible. Stu reveals that he survived the attack and transformed into a werewolf. With Stu's urging, the pack visits the vampires along with Stu and Nick's banishment is rescinded, as well. Though momentarily apprehensive, Deacon invites the werewolf pack inside, making jokes like &quot;Please don't urinate on everything,&quot; they meet all the other vampires and have a visit to celebrate Stu's return to the flat and his recovery most of all. Viago also reconnects with Katherine, whom he turns into a vampire and their romance is rekindled despite the fact that she is now 96 years old. Scenes during the credits reveal that Vladislav has gotten back together with Pauline, repeating his cycle of self-inflicted torture over his relationship with her; and Jackie has made her husband her familiar. A [[post-credits scene]] shows Deacon attempting to hypnotize the audience to forget the events of the film.

==Cast==
* [[Taika Waititi]] as Viago Von Dorna Schmarten Scheden Heimburg (né von Blitzenberg), aged 379 – an uptight member of the household. Waititi based his performance on his own mother.&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot;/&gt;
* [[Jemaine Clement]] as Vladislav the Poker, aged 862 – a former tyrant with extreme powers. Clement based his performance on [[Gary Oldman]]'s [[Dracula (1992 film)|Dracula]].&lt;ref name=&quot;independent1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|author=Darren Richman |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/arts-entertainment/films/features/movies-you-might-have-missed-taika-waititi-jemaine-clement-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-a7656181.html |title=Movies You Might Have Missed: Taika Waititi and Jemaine Clement's What We Do in the Shadows |publisher=The Independent |date=29 March 2017 |accessdate=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Jonathan Brugh]] as Deacon Brucke, aged 183 – the &quot;young rebel&quot; of the group who is fond of knitting, erotic dancing, and &quot;being cool&quot;.
* [[Ben Fransham]] as Petyr, aged 8,000 – a [[Count Orlok|Nosferatu]]-like vampire who lives on the bottom floor of the flat in a stone coffin and generally keeps to himself.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thehollywoodnews.com/2015/04/10/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-dvd-review/ &quot;What We Do In The Shadows DVD Review&quot;]. ''The Hollywood News'', By Jazmine Sky Bradley - 10 April 2015&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=telegraph&gt;{{cite news |last1=Robey |first1=Tim |title=What We Do in the Shadows, review: 'Desperately funny' |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/film/filmreviews/11245531/What-We-Do-in-the-Shadows-review-Desperately-funny.html |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |location=London |date=21 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Cori Gonzalez-Macuer as Nick – an intended victim who is turned into a vampire by Petyr.
* Stu Rutherford as Stu – Nick's best friend who introduces the vampires to modern technology.
* [[Jackie van Beek]] as Jackie – a human and Deacon's familiar who cleans up after the vampires and connects them with potential victims.
* [[Rhys Darby]] as Anton – the leader of a local pack of werewolves.
* Ethel Robinson as Katherine Heimburg – the love of Viago's life.
* [[Elena Stejko]] as Pauline – Vladislav's ex-girlfriend whom he calls &quot;The Beast&quot;.
* [[Jason Hoyte]] as Julian - Pauline's new boyfriend when she broke up with Vladislav.
* Karen O'Leary as Officer O'Leary – a police officer who gets called to the vampires' house.
* Mike Minogue as Officer Minogue – a police officer who gets called to the vampires' house.

==Production==
The film is based on a 2005 short film—''What We Do In The Shadows: Interviews With Some Vampires''—written and directed by Waititi and Clement, and starring Jonny Brugh, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer and Stu Rutherford in their roles of Deacon, Nick and Stu respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.imdb.com/title/tt4963986/|title=What We Do In The Shadows: Interviews With Some Vampires (2005) }}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature film adaptation was shot in Wellington in September 2012, and was Waititi's first feature since ''[[Boy (2010 film)|Boy]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;NZH&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;STUFF&quot;/&gt;

Stu Rutherford, an IT technician and high school friend of Waititi's in real life, was initially told he would only have a bit part in the film so he would act more natural when filming. He did not realise his role was so important until the film's premiere.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/10127770/IT-guy-turns-accidental-film-star |title=IT guy turns accidental film star |publisher=Stuff.co.nz |date=8 June 2014 |accessdate=28 March 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to Waititi and Clement their favourite vampire films were ''[[The Lost Boys]]'', ''[[Bram Stoker's Dracula (1992 film)|Bram Stoker's Dracula]]'' and ''[[Interview with the Vampire (film)|Interview with the Vampire]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.theglobeandmail.com/arts/film/vampire-mockumentary-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-heading-for-cult-status/article22956380/|title=Vampire mockumentary What We Do in the Shadows heading for cult status|via=The Globe and Mail}}&lt;/ref&gt; All of those movies are heavily quoted or referenced in the film, along with many other genre films such as ''[[Blade (film)|Blade]]'', ''[[Twilight (2008 film)|Twilight]]'' and ''[[Buffy the Vampire Slayer (film)|Buffy The Vampire Slayer]]''.{{Citation needed|reason=I haven't been able to find any verification of references to these and they're not mentioned in The Globe &amp; Mail interview cited for previous sentence|date=September 2018}}

==Music==
The score for the film was composed by [[Plan 9 (band)|Plan 9]].&lt;ref name=variety&gt;{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Rob |title=Sundance Film Review: 'What We Do in the Shadows' |url=https://variety.com/2014/film/reviews/sundance-film-review-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-1201070008/ |work=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]] |date=24 January 2014 |accessdate=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's opening credits feature the song &quot;You're Dead&quot; by [[Norma Tanega]], after Clement and Waititi were introduced to the song by film editor [[Tom Eagles]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://filmschoolrejects.com/32-things-we-learned-from-the-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-commentary-1a3a4a339681/|title=32 Things We Learned From the What We Do In the Shadows Commentary|author=Rob Hunter|website=[[Film School Rejects]]|access-date=31 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shutterstock.com/blog/jemaine-clement-and-taika-waititi-shine-a-light-on-what-we-do-in-the-shadows|title=Jemaine Clement and Taika Waititi Shine a Light on 'What We Do in the Shadows'|date=13 February 2015|author=Ashley Hefnawy|website=[[Shutterstock]]|access-date=31 May 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film's trailer and ending feature the song &quot;Lastochka&quot; by the Russian [[Rock music|rock]] band [[Leningrad (band)|Leningrad]].

==Release==
The film was released in a [[limited release]] on 13 February 2015 in [[New York City]] and [[Los Angeles]], followed by a screening in San Francisco, Irvine, Philadelphia, Boston, Seattle, and Washington, D.C.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Barton |first=Steve |title=What We Do in the Shadows Is Quote Critics!|url=https://dreadcentral.com/news/87710/shadows-quote-critics/ |publisher=[[Dread Central]] |date=29 January 2015 |accessdate=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The film received a regional release in the U.S. in March 2015, by Unison Films, [[The Orchard (company)|The Orchard]], and [[Paramount Pictures]] in association with [[Funny or Die]] and Paladin Pictures.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Gingold |first=Michael |title='WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS' creators reveal what they didn't do Critics! |url=http://www.fangoria.com/new/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-creators-reveal-what-they-didnt-do/ |work=[[Fangoria]] |date=13 February 2015 |accessdate=19 March 2014 |archive-date=19 January 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180119205003/http://www.fangoria.com/new/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-creators-reveal-what-they-didnt-do/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The film was heavily pirated. After the shutting down of a piracy website based in [[Mount Wellington, New Zealand|Mount Wellington]], Auckland, the website revealed that, at 277,000 downloads, ''What We Do in the Shadows'' was one of its most heavily pirated films.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nzherald.co.nz/business/news/article.cfm?c_id=3&amp;objectid=11540096|title=Global piracy site run out of house in Mt Wellington|last=Drinnan|first=John|date=5 November 2015|work=NZ Herald|access-date=16 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Critical response===
On [[Rotten Tomatoes]] the film holds an approval rating of 96% based on 179 reviews, with an average rating of 7.85/10. The site's critical consensus reads: &quot;Smarter, fresher, and funnier than a modern vampire movie has any right to be, ''What We Do in the Shadows'' is bloody good fun.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://rottentomatoes.com/m/what_we_do_in_the_shadows/ |title=What We Do in the Shadows (2015) |publisher=[[Fandango Media]] |work=[[Rotten Tomatoes]] |accessdate=April 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On [[Metacritic]] the film has a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 33 critics, indicating &quot;generally favorable reviews&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://metacritic.com/movie/what-we-do-in-the-shadows |title=What We Do in the Shadows Reviews |publisher=[[CBS Interactive]] |work=[[Metacritic]] |accessdate=3 June 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Fearnet]] called the film &quot;a great vampire comedy&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Weinberg |first=Scott |title=FEARNET Movie Review: 'What We Do in the Shadows' |url=http://www.fearnet.com/news/review/fearnet-movie-review-what-we-do-shadows-sxsw-2014 |publisher=[[Fearnet]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319083458/http://www.fearnet.com/news/review/fearnet-movie-review-what-we-do-shadows-sxsw-2014 |archive-date=19 March 2014 |date=17 March 2014 |accessdate=19 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Film School Rejects]] wrote a predominantly positive review, commenting that some of the film's broader moments fell flat but compared it favorably to similar [[Mockumentary|mockumentaries]] such as ''[[Best in Show (film)|Best in Show]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Campbell |first=Christopher |title=SXSW 2014 Review: 'What We Do In the Shadows' Is Also a New Vampire Classic |url=http://filmschoolrejects.com/reviews/sxsw-2014-review-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-is-also-a-new-vampire-classic.php |publisher=[[Film School Rejects]] |date=13 March 2014 |accessdate=19 March 2014 |archive-date=23 April 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160423112033/http://filmschoolrejects.com/reviews/sxsw-2014-review-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-is-also-a-new-vampire-classic.php |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; The film was warmly received by UK newspapers, with ''[[The Guardian]]''{{-'}}s film critic [[Peter Bradshaw]] describing it as &quot;the best comedy of the year&quot;,&lt;ref name=guardian&gt;{{cite news |last1=Bradshaw |first1=Peter |authorlink1=Peter Bradshaw |title=What We Do in the Shadows review – best comedy of the year |url=https://www.theguardian.com/film/2014/nov/20/what-we-do-in-shadows-review |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |date=20 November 2014 |accessdate=9 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; while ''[[The Daily Telegraph|The Telegraph]]''{{-'}}s Tim Robey found it &quot;desperately funny&quot;.&lt;ref name=telegraph /&gt; ''[[Film International]]'', in a positive review, commended the film for noting, with a double of [[Count Orlok]] locked in the vampires' basement, that the true vampire film tradition is repressed by the current craze.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last= Sorrento |first= Matthew |title=So It Goes in ''What We Do in the Shadows'' (2014) |url=http://filmint.nu/?p=14674 |journal=[[Film International]] |date=28 February 2015 |accessdate=9 April 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]'' was more critical, writing that &quot;Some genre fans who prefer the silly to the satiric may bite, but the anemic pic isn't remotely weird or witty enough for cult immortality.&quot;&lt;ref name=variety /&gt;

However [[Mark Kermode]] gave the film a negative review,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Toq4M4SOuW8|title=Mark Kermode reviews What We Do in the Shadows|website=YouTube|date=21 November 2014|accessdate=21 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; until a couple years later, when, on the [[British Film Institute|BFI Player]], Kermode chose this film on his [[British Film Institute|BFI Player]] choice's film and gave a positive review.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h9NyAfpb6rc|title=Mark Kermode reviews What We Do in the Shadows (2014) |website=YouTube|date=27 December 2019|accessdate=27 December 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Box office===
''What We Do in the Shadows'' grossed US$2 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://boxofficemojo.com/movies/?page=intl&amp;id=whatwedointheshadows.htm|title=What We Do in the Shadows|work=Box Office Mojo}}&lt;/ref&gt; in New Zealand and $3.4 million in the US. {{Citation needed|date=March 2016}}

===Home media===
''What We Do in the Shadows'' was released on [[DVD]] and [[Blu-ray]] on 26 November 2014 by Weltkino Filmverleih.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

==Proposed sequel==
A sequel to the film, focused on the werewolves depicted in ''What We Do in the Shadows'', was in development, but stopped due to some unresolved production issues.{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} Originally rumoured to be titled ''What We Do in the Moonlight'',{{Citation needed|date=May 2019}} the working title was later announced as ''We're Wolves''.&lt;ref&gt;Chavez, Danette (17 August 2015). [https://avclub.com/article/what-we-do-shadows-getting-sequel-223968 &quot;What We Do in the Shadows Is Getting a Sequel.&quot;] ''AVClub.com''. Retrieved 2016-01-04.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://birthmoviesdeath.com/2016/01/25/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-follow-up-gets-a-snappy-title|title=What We Do in the Shadows Follow-up Gets A Snappy Title|first=Evan|last=Saathoff|date=25 January 2016|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2019, Waititi said “'&lt;nowiki/&gt;''We're Wolves''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' is the film that Jemaine and I keep pretending that we’re making. Every couple of years we say, we’re making this new film called '''We're Wolves''&lt;nowiki/&gt;' which follows the werewolves from the film,” said Waititi. “I feel bad to even mention it now because we keep saying it, [but] it’s like a dad saying, ‘Yeah, I’ll be home for Christmas.’ I suppose we’re just two dads out on the road enjoying our lives and going, ‘We’re not coming home for Christmas.’ We'll send a postcard. It's not like we don't want to come home for Christmas. We would like nothing more but we have a lot of shit going on. When are you going to die? Do you have a deadline before your death? I guarantee it before then. Five years, ten years? It took us seven years to write the [first] film, so you do the math. That was a sad thing to say.&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiewire.com/2019/05/taika-waititi-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-werewolves-emmys-fx-1202144458/|title=27|date=May 24, 2019|website=Indie Wire}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Short films==
In 2005, Waititi and Clement wrote and directed a [[short film]] titled ''What We Do in the Shadows: Interviews with Some Vampires'', which was a precursor to the feature-length film. The short stars Jonny Brugh, Cori Gonzalez-Macuer and Stu Rutherford in their roles of Deacon, Nick and Stu respectively.

In June 2014, Waititi, in conjunction with Discover New Zealand, produced a promotional short film titled ''Vampire's Guide to Vellington'', in which he reprises his role as Viago von Blitzenberg.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite av media |url= https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WGvyjKLLnp4 | title = Vampire's Guide to Vellington |date= 8 June 2014 |via= [[YouTube]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.wellingtonnz.com/about-wreda/media/newsroom/local-vampires-as-capital-turns-into-vellington/ |title=Wellington Vampires make their mark as capital turns into 'Vellington' |date=10 June 2014 |publisher=wellingtonnz.com|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180926212553/https://www.wellingtonnz.com/about-wreda/media/newsroom/local-vampires-as-capital-turns-into-vellington/ |archivedate=2018-09-26 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Television spin-offs==
===''Wellington Paranormal''===
{{Main|Wellington Paranormal}}
In September 2016, it was revealed that Waititi and Clement were planning a [[Police procedural|procedural]] [[comedy series]] based on the police officers, O'Leary and Minogue, who had minor roles in the film, titled ''[[Wellington Paranormal]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloody Disgusting&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://bloody-disgusting.com/tv/3475458/shadows-paranormal-spinoff-retitled-wellington-paranormal/ |title='What We Do In the Shadows' Police Spinoff Retitled to &quot;Wellington Paranormal&quot; |last=Miska |first=Brad |date=19 December 2017 |publisher=Bloody Disgusting |access-date=11 January 2018 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The series producers granted Waititi and Clement $1 million to produce six 30-minute episodes for the series, which aired on [[TVNZ 2]] from 11 July 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bloody Disgusting&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spin-Off-Series&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Ritman|first1=Alex|title=Taika Waititi Planning 'What We Do in the Shadows' TV Spinoff|url=https://hollywoodreporter.com/news/taika-waititi-planning-tv-spin-934120|accessdate=30 September 2016|work=[[The Hollywood Reporter]]|date=30 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Spin-Off-Series-2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=What We Do In The Shadows TV spin-off on the way|url=http://www.radionz.co.nz/news/national/314558/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-tv-spin-off-on-the-way|accessdate=30 September 2016|publisher=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=30 September 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The character Nick from the film also appeared in the episode &quot;A Normal Night&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;avclub&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gerardi |first1=Matt |title=What We Do In The Shadows' incompetent cops to get their own TV show in 2018 |url=https://www.avclub.com/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-incompetent-cops-to-get-thei-1821472730 |accessdate=8 February 2019 |work= [[The A.V. Club]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; New Zealand On Air announced that a second series with thirteen episodes would air in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/tv-radio/107570384/13-new-episodes-of-wellington-paranormal-will-air-in-2019|title=13 new episodes of Wellington Paranormal will air in 2019|website=Stuff|language=en|access-date=24 January 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''What We Do in the Shadows''===
{{Main|What We Do in the Shadows (TV series)}}
An American version of the film was developed as a television series. A pilot was ordered by [[FX (TV channel)|FX]], which featured [[Kayvan Novak]], [[Matt Berry]], [[Natasia Demetriou]], and [[Harvey Guillén]]. Executive producers of the show include Clement, Waititi, [[Scott Rudin]], [[Paul Simms]], [[Garrett Basch]], and Eli Bush.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://nerdist.com/taika-waititi-what-we-do-in-the-shadows-us-tv-show/ |title=Taika Waititi Says a WHAT WE DO IN THE SHADOWS TV Show Is in Development |last=Ratcliffe |first=Amy |date=27 October 2017 |publisher=[[Nerdist Industries|Nerdist]] |access-date=11 January 2018 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; On 3 May 2018, FX picked up the Waititi-directed pilot, with an order of ten 30-minute episodes which premiered on 27 March 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2018/05/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-reboot-jemaine-clement-taika-waititi-fx-series-order-1202382260/|title='What We Do In The Shadows' Reboot From Jemaine Clement &amp; Taika Waititi Gets FX Series Order|last=Andreeva|first=Nellie|publisher=Deadline|date=3 May 2018|accessdate=4 May 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May 2019, FX renewed the series for a 10-episode second season that debuted in 2020. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://deadline.com/2019/05/what-we-do-in-the-shadows-season-two-fx-1202608997/|title=FX Takes Second Bite Of Jermaine Clement &amp; Taika Waititi's Vampire Comedy 'What We Do In The Shadows'|work=Deadline Hollywood|last=White|first=Peter|date=May 7, 2019|accessdate=May 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In May of 2020, FX announced that they have renewed the series for a third season. The show was grown in its audience over double since the initial series take-off, with average viewing tolling to about 3.2 million. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Porter |first1=Rick |title='What We Do in the Shadows' Renewed for Season 3 on FX' |url=https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/live-feed/what-we-do-shadows-renewed-season-3-fx-1295701 |website=Hollywood Reporter |accessdate=June 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikiquote}}
* {{IMDb title|3416742|What We Do in the Shadows}}
* {{rotten-tomatoes|what_we_do_in_the_shadows|What We Do in the Shadows}}
* {{metacritic film|what-we-do-in-the-shadows|What We Do in the Shadows}}

{{What We Do in the Shadows}}
{{Taika Waititi}}
{{TIFF People's Choice Midnight Madness}}
{{Warsaw Film Festival Audience Award}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:2010s comedy horror films]]
[[Category:2010s mockumentary films]]
[[Category:2010s parody films]]
[[Category:2014 comedy films]]
[[Category:2014 horror films]]
[[Category:English-language films]]
[[Category:Features based on short films]]
[[Category:Films directed by Taika Waititi]]
[[Category:Films set in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Films shot in New Zealand]]
[[Category:Mockumentary films]]
[[Category:New Zealand comedy films]]
[[Category:New Zealand comedy horror films]]
[[Category:New Zealand horror films]]
[[Category:Urban fantasy films]]
[[Category:Vampire comedy films]]
[[Category:Wellington in fiction]]
[[Category:Werewolves in film]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:What We Do in the Shadows]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[What We Do in the Shadows/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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    <title>TurboExpress</title>
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      <text bytes="13225" xml:space="preserve">{{About||the software library|Turbo Vision}}
{{Infobox information appliance
| name = TurboExpress/PC Engine GT
| logo = [[File:TurboExpress Logo.png|230px]]&lt;br/&gt;[[File:PC Engine GT Logo.png|150px]]
| image = NEC-TurboExpress-Upright-FL.jpg
| image_size = 230px
| caption = TurboExpress handheld
| manufacturer = [[NEC Home Electronics]]
| type = [[Handheld game console]]
| model = [[HES-EXP-01]]
| generation = [[Fourth generation of video game consoles|Fourth generation]]
| releasedate = {{vgrelease|JP|December 1, 1990&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.pc-engine.co.uk/?section=systems|title=PC-Engine|date=23 June 2018|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=29 December 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623210846/http://www.pc-engine.co.uk/?section=systems|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;|NA|December 1990}}
| discontinued = {{vgrelease|NA|1994&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=17673|title=TurboGrafx-16 TurboExpress - Overview - allgame|date=14 November 2014|website=Web.archive.org|accessdate=29 December 2018|archive-date=14 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141114094414/http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=17673|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| price = $249.99, ¥44,800
| unitssold = 1.5 million units
| media = [[HuCard]]
| power = 6 [[AA batteries]] or 6 volt [[AC adapter]]
| cpu = [[HuC6280]]
| CPUspeed = 7.16&amp;nbsp;MHz or 1.79&amp;nbsp;MHz
| memory = 8KB [[RAM]]
| display = 400×270 pixels
| graphics = 512 color palette, 481 colors on-screen
| sound = 6-channel [[programmable sound generator|PSG]]
| connectivity = TurboLink
| related = [[TurboGrafx-16]]
}}

The '''TurboExpress''' is a [[handheld video game console]] by [[NEC Home Electronics]], released in late 1990 in [[Japan]] and the [[United States]] as the '''TurboExpress Handheld Entertainment System'''. It is essentially a portable version of the [[TurboGrafx-16]] home console that came two to three years earlier, and was released as the '''PC Engine GT''' in Japan. Its launch price in Japan was ¥44,800 and $249.99 in the U.S.

The TurboExpress was technically advanced at the time, able to play all the TurboGrafx-16's [[HuCard]] games, featuring a [[TV tuner]], and a [[Backlight|backlit]], [[Active matrix|active-matrix]] color [[LCD]] screen.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.defunctgames.com/history/21/the-turboexpress-has-won-the-war|title=The TurboExpress Has won the War|last=Lachel|first=Cyril|date=February 22, 2012|website=Defunct Games|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623193643/http://www.defunctgames.com/history/21/the-turboexpress-has-won-the-war|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The TurboExpress primarily competed with [[Nintendo]]'s [[Game Boy]], [[Sega]]'s [[Game Gear]], and the [[Atari Lynx]]. However, with 1.5 million units sold, far behind its two main competitors, NEC failed to gain significant sales or market share in the handheld market.&lt;ref name=&quot;gamepro&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://www.gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/125748.shtml|title=The 10 Worst-Selling Handhelds of All Time|last=Snow|first=Blake|date=July 30, 2007|magazine=[[GamePro]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071012194600/http://gamepro.com/gamepro/domestic/games/features/125748.shtml|archivedate=October 12, 2007|accessdate=January 17, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==History==
The TurboExpress's [[Project code name|codename]] was '''Game Tank'''. A working prototype was revealed in the April 1990 issue of [[VG&amp;CE]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|last=|first=|date=April 1990|title=Game Tank|url=http://archives.tg-16.com/VGCE/VGCE_1990_04_024.jpg|magazine=[[TurboPlay]]|page=24|pages=|doi=|pmid=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623194636/http://archives.tg-16.com/VGCE/VGCE_1990_04_024.jpg|archive-date=June 23, 2018|access-date=|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was eventually released in December 1990 in both Japan and the U.S. Its price in the U.S. was briefly raised to $299.99 in March 1991 due to higher costs of the display,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archives.tg-16.com/TURBOPLAY/TP-05-11.jpg|title=TurboExpress release|last=|first=|date=March 1991|website=|publisher=TurboPlay|via=tg-16.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623205845/http://archives.tg-16.com/TURBOPLAY/TP-05-11.jpg|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=live|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; before dropping back to its launch price of $249.99, and lowering the price again to $199.99 in 1992.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Regardless of its technical advantages upon its release, the TurboExpress was not widely recognized or adopted by consumers.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.allgame.com/cg/agg.dll?p=agg&amp;sql=5:17673|title=TurboGrafx-16 TurboExpress|last=Marriott|first=Scott Alan|date=|website=|publisher=[[AllGame]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090406021702/http://www.allgame.com/platform.php?id=17673|archive-date=April 6, 2009|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to NEC's marketing issues, the handheld was initially released for $299.99, significantly higher than popular competitors.  Because of this price tag, it was labeled as the &quot;[[Rolls-Royce Motor Cars|Rolls Royce]] of handheld systems&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://most-expensive.net/handheld-video-game-system|title=Most Expensive Handheld Video Game System|last=|first=|date=October 14, 2006|website=|publisher=The Most Expensive Journal|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119143432/http://most-expensive.net/handheld-video-game-system|archive-date=January 19, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Hardware==
[[File:PC Engine GT.jpg|thumb|left|The PC Engine GT]]

The screen is sized 66&amp;nbsp;mm (2.6 in.), the same as the original [[Game Boy]]. It can display 64 [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprite]]s at once, 16 per [[Scan line|scanline]], in up to 481 colors from a [[Palette (computing)|palette]] of 512.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} It has 8 [[kilobyte]]s of [[Random Access Memory|RAM]], and it runs a [[HuC6280]] [[Central processing unit|CPU]] at 1.79 or 7.16 [[megahertz|MHz]], same as TurboGrafx-16.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

The TurboExpress had a [[backlit]] display. Handheld market leader [[Nintendo]] did not have a backlit handheld until the release of the [[Game Boy Light]] in 1998. Its keypad layout is similar to that of the original [[Game Boy]], with the unique addition of two &quot;turbo switches&quot; that engage two levels of high-speed controller button re-triggering to assist the player.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

Due to a problem with cheap [[capacitor]]s (an industry-wide issue in the early [[1990s]]), sound failure is a frequent problem with the TurboExpress, sometimes even in new systems.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://www.pcenginefx.com/forums/index.php?topic=702.0 |title={title} |access-date=2008-01-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408105248/http://www.pcenginefx.com/forums/index.php?topic=702.0 |archive-date=2008-04-08 |url-status=live |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt; The screen used in the TurboExpress was another source for problems, though it was state of the art when it was released. The [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]] technology used was still fairly new and the rate of [[Defective pixel|pixel failure]] was very high. Brand-new TurboExpress systems often had several bad pixels. Text is also difficult or impossible to read in certain circumstances, as many times fonts were written to be seen on a television screen, not on a small LCD screen. As a result, certain [[Role-playing game|RPGs]] and [[adventure game]]s can be difficult to play on the unit.{{citation needed|date=November 2014}}

The TurboExpress plays the same [[game cartridges]] as the TurboGrafx-16 home console.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://ew.com/article/1991/03/15/1991-gadget-guide/|title=1991 Gadget guide|work=EW.com|access-date=2018-09-10|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151001084323/http://www.ew.com/article/1991/03/15/1991-gadget-guide|archive-date=2015-10-01|url-status=live|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some TurboGrafx-16 [[HuCard]]s save game data to the internal memory of the [[TurboGrafx-CD]] unit, [[TurboDuo]], or TurboBooster Plus (a peripheral for the core TG-16 console). The TurboExpress lacks this internal memory and, as a result, is not capable of saving in this manner. Most games provide a [[Password (video games)|password save]] mechanism as an alternative.

The battery life is about three hours for 6 [[AA batteries]]. This is also a problem for other color and backlit or sidelit handhelds of the time, such as the [[Game Gear]] at 5–6 hours, the [[Sega Nomad]] at 2–3 hours, and the [[Atari Lynx]] at more than 4 hours. Nintendo's Game Boy had a 40-hour lifespan on 4 AA batteries.

===Specifications===
*[[Central processing unit|CPU]]: [[HuC6280]]
*[[Clock rate|CPU speed]]: 7.16&amp;nbsp;MHz or 1.79&amp;nbsp;MHz (switchable in software)
*[[Display resolution|Resolution]]: 400x270 [[pixel]]s
*[[Palette (computing)|Color palette]]: 512 colors; 9-bit [[RGB]]
*Max simultaneous colors: 481 on screen
*Max [[Sprite (computer graphics)|sprites]]: 64
*Audio: 6-voice [[programmable sound generator]]

===TurboLink===
[[File:NEC-TurboExpress-COM-Link-Cable.jpg|link=File:NEC-TurboExpress-COM-Link-Cable.jpg|thumb|right|The TurboLink cable.]]
The TurboLink allows two-player play. ''[[Falcon (video game series)|Falcon]]'', a flight simulator, includes &quot;head-to-head&quot; [[dogfight]] and cooperative modes that can only be accessed via TurboLink.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|title=Review Crew: Falcon|magazine=[[Electronic Gaming Monthly]]|issue=36|publisher=Sendai Publishing|date=July 1992|page=24|url=https://archive.org/details/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_036|access-date=2018-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180729080951/https://archive.org/details/Electronic_Gaming_Monthly_036|archive-date=2018-07-29|url-status=live|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; This technology was also used for ''[[Bomberman '93]]'' Com-Link multiplayer. It was released after the TurboExpress launch. However, very few TG-16 games offer co-op play modes especially designed with the TurboExpress in mind.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

===TurboVision===
[[File:NEC-TurboExpress-wTurboVision.jpg|thumb|upright|The TurboVision TV tuner]]
TurboVision is a [[TV tuner]] adapter for the TurboExpress.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt; The accessory was available at launch for US$100.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine|url=http://archives.tg-16.com/PLAYBOY/Playboy_1991_04.pdf|title=PlayBoy Collection|magazine=Playboy|publication-date=April 1991|via=tg-16.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170105223547/http://archives.tg-16.com/PLAYBOY/Playboy_1991_04.pdf|archive-date=January 5, 2017|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; It allowed a player to either watch television, or go back to playing games with the flip of a switch; in other words, one may use the TurboExpress as a video monitor. It includes an [[RCA connector|RCA audio/video input]] for external [[composite video]] signals. However, due to the widespread adoption of [[digital television]] and the [[HDTV]] standard, the adapter will no longer function as a television in most places due to the lack of any HDTV digital processing circuitry (the tuner can only process an [[analog signal]] for television). Due to this limitation, the TV tuner adapter is now relegated to a collectible for most people, although its RCA audio/video input function (albeit very limited with its low screen resolution) will still be operational with the correct cables.{{Citation needed|date=September 2018}}

==Reception==
''[[Computer Gaming World]]'' favorably compared TurboExpress to the Game Boy, but stated that the NEC handheld &quot;gobbles power like crazy ... almost forcing players to ''immediately'' purchase an [[AC adapter]]&quot;. The magazine nonetheless praised its compatibility with TurboGrafx games, and concluded, &quot;to see this machine in action is to fall in love with it&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;adams199101&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&amp;pub=2&amp;id=78|title=Firing Up the TurboExpress / NEC's Hot New Hand-Held System|author=Adams|first=Roe R. III|date=January 1991|work=Computer Gaming World|accessdate=17 November 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623205300/http://www.cgwmuseum.org/galleries/index.php?year=1991&amp;pub=2&amp;id=78|archive-date=June 23, 2018|url-status=live|pages=64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''[[Entertainment Weekly]]'' praised the new [[16-bit|16 bit]] computer architecture of the system and the graphics of the games, but warned that the small screen is a downgrade for those used to playing the games on a big screen.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== See also ==
* [[TurboGrafx-16]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Other sources==
*''The Electronic Gaming Monthly 1991 Video Game Buyers Guide''.

{{NEC video game consoles}}
{{Fourth generation game consoles}}
{{Handheld game consoles}}

[[Category:Handheld game consoles]]
[[Category:TurboGrafx-16]]
[[Category:Products introduced in 1990]]
[[Category:1990s toys]]
[[Category:Discontinued handheld game consoles]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:TurboExpress]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[TurboExpress/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Universe at War: Earth Assault</title>
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      <text bytes="16332" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox video game
| width = 264px
| title = Universe at War: Earth Assault
| image = Uawea-cover.jpg
| image_size = 256px
| caption= North American Windows version box art
| developer = [[Petroglyph Games]]
| publisher = [[Sega]]
| designer = 
| engine = [[Alamo (game engine)|Alamo]]
| released ='''Windows'''&lt;br /&gt;{{vgrelease|NA|December 10, 2007}}{{vgrelease|EU|January 25, 2008}}'''Xbox 360'''&lt;br /&gt;{{vgrelease|NA|March 25, 2008}}{{vgrelease|EU|March 28, 2008}}
| genre = [[Real-time strategy]]
| modes = [[Single player]], [[Multiplayer video game|multiplayer]]
| platforms = [[Microsoft Windows]], [[Xbox 360]]
|composer =  [[Frank Klepacki]]
}}

'''''Universe at War: Earth Assault''''' is a [[real-time strategy]] game, developed by [[Petroglyph Games]] and published by [[Sega]]. ''Universe at War: Earth Assault'' was intended to be the first game in a planned series of games to be called the ''Universe at War'' series.&lt;ref name=&quot;ign&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pc.ign.com/articles/760/760748p1.html|title=Exclusive First Universe at War: Earth Assault Details|date=February 1, 2007|publisher=IGN|accessdate=2008-10-09|archive-date=2011-06-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110613111808/http://pc.ign.com/articles/760/760748p1.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On May 10, 2007, Sega announced that the title was also in development for the [[Xbox 360]], which was released in 2008.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.videogamer.com/news/10-05-2007-5447.html|title=Universe at War coming to Xbox 360|last=Orry|first=James  |date=May 10, 2007|publisher=VideoGamer|accessdate=2008-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt; Further, on June 27, 2007, Sega announced that the title would allow cross platform multiplayer through [[Xbox Live]] and [[Games for Windows – Live]] services.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shacknews.com/onearticle.x/47646|title=Universe at War to Support PC to Xbox 360 Play|last=Remo|first=Chris |date=June 27, 2007|publisher=ShackNews|accessdate=2008-10-09}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Plot==
''Universe at War: Earth Assault'', begins in the year 2012 when an alien race known as the Hierarchy lands on Earth to [[Surface mining|strip-mine]] the planet. Before their landing, observatories and scientists on Earth gave warning of aliens but the [[human]] race, as a whole, is not able to organize a unified military front against the alien forces. Because the Hierarchy has vast military experience from invading and destroying other planets in the universe, the human race is not able to withstand their forces.&lt;ref name=&quot;ign&quot; /&gt;

The Novus (a race of machines who fight the Hierarchy to avenge their fallen creators) arrive just in time to save [[Washington, D.C.]] where the [[United States Armed Forces|U.S. military]] has made its last stand. They then proceed to establish bases, using [[Guerrilla warfare|guerrilla tactics]] to harass the Hierarchy while investigating why the Hierarchy has delayed in using their ultimate weapon &quot;the Purifier&quot;, to utterly eradicate all life on Earth and proceed to strip mine the planet. Over the course of these missions the Novus field commander Mirabel, a cloned member of Novus' creator species, manages to befriend the human General Moore, in charge of leading what's left of the US forces after the initial Hierarchy invasion, and together they are able to launch an attack on a Hierarchy Material Conduit and use it to enable Mirabel to board one of their command ships, learning that Kamal Re'x, the overseer in charge of the Hierarchy forces on Earth has purposefully delayed the Purifier's activation in order to use it to destroy the Novus forces when they arrive on Earth before scuttling the command ship to kill Mirabel. She manages to escape from the crashing ship but is unable to warn the Novus forces before they launch an attack on the Novus command base, damaging the portal that Novus were planning to use to return to Earth and forcing the Novus leader, known only as the Founder, to sacrifice himself to prevent it from exploding and destroying what's left of the Novus forces.

With the Novus portal destroyed and their forces scattered Kamal gives the order for the Purifier to be primed for activation, however, while distracting the Novus from the Purifier, Hierarchy field commander Orlok accidentally trips an ancient alarm in the [[Egyptian pyramids]], and the Masari, asleep beneath the Earth's oceans, begin to waken. Though the Masari mothership initially creates a signal that prevents the Purifier from being used, the Hierarchy bombard the ship from orbit and Orlok boards it to destroy the jamming signal transmitters.

Orlok, who has been questioning Kamal's intentions prepares to separate with others who follow him. Nufai, a spy working for Kamal, used to be part of a species that the Hierarchy has since eliminated. He tells Orlok that he would be happy to overthrow Kamal's regime, so Nufai is sent to secure the Purifier while Orlok tries to make an alliance with the Masari queen, but instead finds her son, Prince Zessus. The prince and his forces join Orlok as he tries to capture a communication center to contact the others who want to separate from the Hierarchy. But Kamal Re'x appears with a massive force of troops, and Orlok almost defeats him, but Nufai shows up and helps Kamal destroy Orlok, revealing that he was working for Kamal the entire time. Nufai is appointed commander and they begin to use the Purifier to destroy the Earth. Prince Zessus is captured but is freed by a soldier who managed to escape. They find more humans captured in other encampments and join forces with them.

Meanwhile, the Masari Queen is concerned about her son and the fate of the planet. The Masari are furious when they awoke only to find their enemy, the Hierarchy, present on Earth and their mothership destroyed. As such, the Masari have no allegiance and are prepared to destroy any and all of the other factions to reap revenge on those who destroyed their civilization and their adopted home. Then, Novus approaches the queen and offers another allegiance, which the queen accepts. The two armies then assault all the Hierarchy bases on Earth. When they arrive in South America, they find Zessus, who announces that he has befriended the humans. Finally, the combined armies of the Masari, Novus and the humans attack and destroy the Purifier. Kamal Re'x is outraged and attempts to destroy them by himself, which instantly fails.

The armies argue over what to do with him, with the humans and Novus wanting to kill him for the damage he caused to the galaxy and Earth. But the Masari queen says that death is not the answer. She then apparently gives Kamal the power of a god which he uses to destroy them all, at least in his eyes. The queen is revealed to have actually trapped Kamal inside his own mind where he visualizes someone conquering the galaxy, but is never able to accomplish it himself. He was locked in the prison of his own mind, forever.

==Gameplay==
Gameplay is split between three modes, two of which are further divided into different game types.

The first mode is single player. These are games that are played exclusively by one human player against [[Artificial intelligence (video games)|AI-controlled]] opponents. This mode contains the campaign and scenario game types. In Campaign, the player controls one of the four factions, depending on which part of campaign is being played, and plays through various battles, accomplishing predetermined objectives to progress along the storyline and eventually &quot;beat&quot; the game.

Scenario mode gives the player a choice of one of the three main factions (Novus, the Hierarchy or the Masari) and then allows the player to choose a global situation and then take over the world. This mode is split between [[Grand strategy|global strategy]], which involves attacking neutral or enemy territories, constructing global structures and collecting resources; and tactical combat, in which the player must attack an enemy in an occupied territory in order to gain control of it, or defend one of their territories from an attempted invasion.

The second mode is the standard RTS skirmish mode. The player is given the option of playing against up to three opponents on the Xbox 360 or seven opponents on the PC. These opponents can be either AI controlled, or human controlled over an internet connection. The players are each given a base and a construction unit and must build up their forces to achieve domination of the chosen game map.

==Audio==
The '''Universe at War: Earth Assault Original Soundtrack''' was composed by [[Frank Klepacki]] and released on December 22, 2007.

{{tracklist
| collapsed       = yes
| headline        = Disc 1 - Hierarchy
| title1          = Damage King
| title2          = Doom of the Aliens
| title3          = On Edge
| title4          = Anticipating
| title5          = Slithering
| title6          = Schematic
| title7          = Mechanical Brain
| title8          = Strangers Attack
| title9          = Impending Doom
| title10          = Prepare For Oblivion
| title11          = Surrounding
| title12          = Haunt
}}
{{tracklist
| collapsed       = yes
| headline        = Disc 2 - Novus
| title1          = Modern Design
| title2          = Act On Invasion
| title3          = Electrode
| title4          = Calculations
| title5          = Bass Case
| title6          = Moving Forces
| title7          = Technical Data
| title8          = Roots
| title9          = Hit And Run
| title10          = Fog Of War
| title11          = Composite
| title12          = Resources
| title13          = Zap
}}
{{tracklist
| collapsed       = yes
| headline        = Disc 3 - Masari
| title1          = Divine Intervention 
| title2          = Reanimation
| title3          = Surveying the Land
| title4          = Resurfaced
| title5          = Mind In Motion
| title6          = Display of Power
| title7          = Disturbance
| title8          = Dark Intrusion
| title9          = The Gathering
| title10          = Ancient Presence
| title11          = Masari Suite
| title12          = Credits UAW Remix Suite
}}

==Reception==
{{Expand section|date=June 2008}}
{{Video game reviews
| GR = 76% (PC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-GR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/938138.asp|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault (PC) Review - GameRankings|publisher=GameRankings|accessdate=2008-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 66% (X360)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EA360rev-GR&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamerankings.com/htmlpages2/939445.asp|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault (X360) Review -  GameRanking|publisher=GameRankings|accessdate=2008-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| MC = 77% (PC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/pc/universeatwarearthassault|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault (PC) Review - MetaCritic|publisher=MetaCritic|accessdate=2008-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;br/&gt; 66% (X360)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EA360rev-MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.metacritic.com/games/platforms/xbox360/universeatwarearthassault?q=Universe%20at%20War:%20Earth%20Assault|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault (X360) Review - MetaCritic|publisher=Metacritic|accessdate=2008-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 1UP = B- (PC)
| GI = 8.3/10 (PC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-GameInformer&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/1F115785-38E7-4963-8143-A8EBD8876D20.htm|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault Review (PC)|last=Biessener|first=Adam|publisher=GameInformer|accessdate=2008-08-03 |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080619045235/http://gameinformer.com/NR/exeres/1F115785-38E7-4963-8143-A8EBD8876D20.htm |archivedate = June 19, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GamePro = 4/5(PC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-GamePro&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/153848.shtml|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault Review (PC)|author=Dagley, Andrew|date=18 December 2007|publisher=[[GamePro]]|accessdate=2008-01-11|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071220025233/http://www.gamepro.com/computer/pc/games/reviews/153848.shtml|archivedate=2007-12-20}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| GSpot = 7.5 (PC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-GameSpot&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gamespot.com/pc/strategy/universeatwarearthassault/review.html?om_act=convert&amp;om_clk=gssummary&amp;tag=summary;review|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault Review (PC)|last=Ocampo|first=Jason |date=December 19, 2007|publisher=GameSpot|accessdate=2008-08-03}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| IGN = 8/10 (PC)&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-IGN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://au.pc.ign.com/articles/841/841719p1.html|title=Universe at War: Earth Assault Review (PC)|last=Butts |first=Steve |date=December 14, 2007|publisher=IGN - AU|page=3|accessdate=2008-09-25}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| OXM = 7.5/10
}}

1up.com said that &quot;If you can't wait another year for ''[[StarCraft II: Wings of Liberty|StarCraft II]]'' Petroglyph and Sega have what you're looking for&quot;

[[Gamepro]] described ''Universe At War'' &quot;like a breath of fresh air that carries with it the vague stench of something foul. It offers three interesting and diverse sides, great graphics, and some tantalizing strategic elements but it's afflicted by some unfortunate quirks that hold the game back.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-GamePro&quot;/&gt;

[[IGN]] remarked &quot;What Petroglyph has done is to take the basic framework and use it to create a game with three wildly unique but finely balanced factions that each offer a level of real-time customization that gives players a chance to really adapt to the changing circumstances on the battlefield. Unfortunately, the game's campaign doesn't do justice to the overall design while a number of sticky interface and performance problems add to the frustrations.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;UAW:EApcrev-IGN&quot;/&gt;

The Xbox 360 version of the game received a lower score than the PC version for &quot;poor framerate&quot; and &quot;technical problems&quot;.

===Awards===
*[[ActionTrip]]: Best strategy game of [[Electronic Entertainment Expo|E3]] 2007.
*[[Kotaku]]: Best strategy game of E3 2007.
*CHUD: Sixth of Best of E3 2007, also the number one strategy game on the top ten list.
*Game Critics nominee.
*Number 9 on [[IGN]] PC Editor's most anticipated games.

==References==
{{reflist|2}}

==External links==
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    ======================= {{No more links}} =============================--&gt;
*[https://www.mobygames.com/game/universe-at-war-earth-assault ''Universe at War: Earth Assault''] at [[MobyGames]]
*[https://gamefaqs.gamespot.com/pc/938138-universe-at-war-earth-assault/faqs/53240 FAQ/Walkthrough] at [[GameFAQs]]

{{DEFAULTSORT:Universe At War: Earth Assault}}
[[Category:2007 video games]]
[[Category:Alien invasions in video games]]
[[Category:Fiction set in 2012]]
[[Category:Games for Windows certified games]]
[[Category:Lua-scripted video games]]
[[Category:Multiplayer and single-player video games]]
[[Category:Real-time strategy video games]]
[[Category:Science fiction video games]]
[[Category:Sega video games]]
[[Category:Video games about extraterrestrial life]]
[[Category:Video games developed in the United States]]
[[Category:Video games scored by Frank Klepacki]]
[[Category:Video games set in Egypt]]
[[Category:Video games set in Kazakhstan]]
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[[Category:Video games set in the United States]]
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[[Category:Xbox 360 games]]&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Universe at War: Earth Assault]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Universe at War: Earth Assault/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Women in Israel</title>
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      <text bytes="55074" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|women who live in or who are from the State of Israel}}
{{Infobox women
|image         = Emekizr.jpg
|caption       = 
|gii           = 0.144 (2012)
|gii_rank      = 25th
|matdeath      = 7 (2008)
|womparl       = 29.17% (2019)&lt;ref&gt;http://main.knesset.gov.il/mk/Pages/Current.aspx?pg=mklist&lt;/ref&gt;
|femed         = 82.7% (2010)
|womlab        = 64.2%, [[employment rate]]&lt;br&gt;2014 data from [[OECD]]&lt;ref&gt;http://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DatasetCode=LFS_SEXAGE_I_R&lt;/ref&gt;
| ggg          = 0.722 (2018)
| ggg_rank     = 46th
| ggg_ref      = &lt;ref name=&quot;ggr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=The Global Gender Gap Report 2018|url=http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_GGGR_2018.pdf|publisher=World Economic Forum|pages=10–11}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
'''Women in Israel'''  are women who live in or who are from the [[State of Israel]], established in 1948. Israel does not have a constitution, but the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] states: “The State of Israel (…) will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex.” test

[[Israeli law]] prohibits [[Sexism|discrimination based on gender]] in employment and wages, and provides for [[class action]] suits; nonetheless, there are complaints of significant wage disparities between men and women.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt; In 2012, Israel ranked eleventh out of 59 developed nations for participation of women in the workplace. In the same survey, Israel was ranked 24th for the proportion of women serving in executive positions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lior&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Lior|first=Gad|title=Israel ranks 24th in number of women executives|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4199179,00.html|accessdate=9 March 2012|newspaper=[[Ynetnews]]|date=7 March 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, Israel was ranked the world's 8th safest country for women by the [[New World]] Wealth research group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/the-10-safest-countries-in-the-world-for-women-2018-1|title=The 10 safest countries in the world for women|last=Australia|first=Chris Pash, Business Insider|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-03-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Women's rights==
{{see also|Women's Equal Rights Law of Israel (1951)}}
[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - 163rd IAF Flight Course Graduates (1).jpg|thumb|Graduates of Israeli Air Force flight course]]

Even before the state of Israel was created, there were women [[settlers]] fighting for [[women's rights]] in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]]. An example of this is the women in the [[New Yishuv]]. [[Yishuv]] is the term referring to the body of Jewish residents in [[Mandatory Palestine|Palestine]] before the establishment of the state of Israel, and New Yishuv refers to those who began building homes outside the [[Old City (Jerusalem)|Old City]] [[walls of Jerusalem]] in the 1860s. In 1919 the first nationwide women's party in the New Yishuv (the Union of Hebrew Women for Equal Rights in Eretz Israel) was created, and [[Rosa Welt-Straus]], who had immigrated there that year, was appointed its leader, as which she continued until her death.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/welt-straus-rosa |title=Welt-Straus, Rosa &amp;#124; Jewish Women's Archive |publisher=Jwa.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QnLnZrwBw-EC&amp;pg=PT396&amp;lpg=PT396&amp;dq=%22rosa+welt-straus%22&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=Gmq6uBbg2J&amp;sig=ORUYnYHwFCnSZy0BuRGVntKI_00&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=ly5xUaD3H9iy4AOBhIGQCg&amp;ved=0CE8Q6AEwBg |title=Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel: Life History, Politics, and Culture |publisher=Books.google.com |date=2009-03-15 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/searching-for-the-banner-of-the-hebrew-woman.premium-1.516467 |title=Searching for the Banner of the Hebrew Woman - Week's End - Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News Source |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2013-04-19 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://jwa.org/encyclopedia/article/second-aliyah-womens-experience-and-their-role-in-yishuv |title=Second Aliyah: Women's Experience and Their Role in the Yishuv &amp;#124; Jewish Women's Archive |publisher=Jwa.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; One of the members of the union was [[Ada Geller]], the first woman accountant in [[ Eretz Israel]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://web.nli.org.il/sites/nli/hebrew/digitallibrary/pages/viewer.aspx?presentorid=NNL_Ephemera&amp;DocID=NNL_Ephemera700125132|title=התאחדות נשים עבריות לשווי זכויות|access-date=2019-04-05}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1926 the [[haredim]], who preferred not to face the possibility of a [[plebiscite]], left the yishuv's Assembly of Representatives, and that year an official declaration was made (ratified by the mandate government in 1927) confirming &quot;equal rights to women in all aspects of life in the yishuv - civil, political, and economic.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DpwFFZG9kDAC&amp;pg=PA272&amp;lpg=PA272&amp;dq=israel+1926+suffrage+declaration&amp;source=bl&amp;ots=4YoUgTNKnV&amp;sig=n0M1JeUHD1tVCtBuoaRrrjfuK6A&amp;hl=en&amp;sa=X&amp;ei=025xUbjhF4GG8QSN-IDgBw&amp;ved=0CEoQ6AEwBQ#v=onepage&amp;q=israel%201926%20suffrage%20declaration&amp;f=false |title=Pioneers and Homemakers: Jewish Women in Pre-State Israel |page=272 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Israel was the third country in the world to be led by a female prime minister, [[Golda Meir]], and in 2010, [[Women in governments of Israel|women's parliamentary representation in Israel]] was 18 percent, which is above the Arab world's average of 6 percent and equals that of the [[U.S. Congress]]. Still, it trails far behind the [[Scandinavian countries]]' 40 percent average

The Israeli parliament, [[The Knesset]], has established “The Committee on the Status of Women,” to address women’s rights. The stated objectives of this committee are to prevent discrimination, combat [[violence against women]], and promote equality in [[Politics of Israel|politics]], lifecycle events and [[Education in Israel|education]]. In 1998, the Knesset passed a law for &quot;Prevention of [[Sexual Harassment]]&quot;.

In 2013, the [[Ministry of Religious Services|Minister of Religious Affairs]] and [[Chief Rabbinate of Israel|Chief Rabbis]] issued statements telling ritual bath attendants only to inspect women who want inspection, putting an end to forced inspections of women at [[mikveh]]s.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/174499#.UqT7w-Jo2kw |title=End to Forced Inspections for Women at Mikveh - Inside Israel - News - Arutz Sheva |publisher=Israelnationalnews.com |date=2013-11-26 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018, [[Ruth Bader Ginsburg]], in Israel to accept the Genesis Lifetime Achievement award, lamented the segregation of women in Israel at public universities, likening the practice to discriminatory &quot;separate but equal&quot; laws once applied to blacks in the United States.&lt;ref&gt; [https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-gender-segregation-in-israeli-universities-is-intensifying-1.6317199] &lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt; Ruth Bader Ginsburg Compares Exclusion of Women in Israel to Discrimination Against African-Americans in U.S.[https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-ginsburg-compares-exclusion-of-women-in-israel-to-separate-but-equal-1.6247002] &lt;/ref&gt;

===Crimes against women===
{{See also|Violence against women|Crime in Israel}}
[[Rape]], including [[Marital rape|spousal rape]], is a felony in Israel, punishable by 16 years in [[Israel Prison Service|prison]]. The Israeli Supreme Court affirmed that marital rape is a crime in a 1980 decision, citing law based on the [[Talmud|Talmud (at least 6th century).]]&lt;ref name=RiM284&gt;{{Cite journal| volume = 6 | page = 284 | last = Geis | first = Gilbert | title = Rape-in-marriage: Law and law reform in England, the United States, and Sweden | journal = Adelaide Law Review | year = 1977}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IntroCrim79&gt;David Kauzlarich, Introduction to Criminology, 2008, p. 79.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Israeli law|The law]] doubles the penalty if the perpetrator assaults or rapes a relative.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;&gt;2010 Human Rights Report: Israel and the occupied territories. U.S. Department of state. ''This article incorporates public domain material from this source''.&lt;/ref&gt; There are nine [[rape crisis centers]] that operate a 24-hour crisis line for victims to [[sexual violence]]. The Israeli Ministry of Social Affairs operates a battered women's shelter and an abuse reporting hotline. The police operates a call center to inform victims about their cases. Women's organizations provided counseling, crisis intervention, legal assistance, and shelters.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

A major motivation for homicide in Israel is violence against women (including [[honor killing]]s in Muslim families).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.actnow.com.au/Issues/Honour_killings.aspx |title=Looking for ActNow.com.au? &amp;#124; ReachOut.com Australia |publisher=Actnow.com.au |date=2014-05-28 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several honor killings occur yearly in Israel within the Israeli Arab community.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

The indictment and conviction of former president [[Moshe Katsav]] for two counts of rape and other charges was interpreted as a victory for women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Katsav mum, women's groups welcome rape indictment |author1=Zvi Zrahiya |author2=Jonathan Lis |author3=Dana Weiler-Polak |author4=Yuval Azoulay |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/katsav-mum-women-s-groups-welcome-rape-indictment-1.271712 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2009-03-09 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; Rape crisis centers received record number of calls following the verdict.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Israeli rape crisis centers get record number of calls following Katsav verdict |author=Dana Weiler-Polak
|url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/israeli-rape-crisis-centers-get-record-number-of-calls-following-katsav-verdict-1.396693
|newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-11-21 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Sexual harassment ====
Sexual harassment is illegal but remains widespread. The law requires that suspected victims be informed of their right to assistance. Penalties for sexual harassment depend on the severity of the act and whether blackmail is involved; range from two to nine years' imprisonment.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

The 1998 Israeli Sexual Harassment Law interprets sexual harassment broadly, and prohibits the behavior as a discriminatory practice, a restriction of liberty, an offence to human dignity, a violation of every person's right to elementary respect, and an infringement of the right to privacy.  Additionally, the law prohibits intimidation or retaliation that accommodates sexual harassment. Intimidation or retaliation thus related to sexual harassment are defined by the law as &quot;prejudicial treatment&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Kamir, 2005&lt;/ref&gt;

According to a survey by the Ministry of Industry published in 2010, 35 to 40 percent of women reported experiencing sexual harassment at work, one-third of whom experienced it in the previous 12 months. Among the women who reported harassment, 69 percent said they had received &quot;proposals,&quot; 47 percent reported comments of a sexual nature, 22 percent cited physical violation, 10 percent reported humiliation, and 7.7 percent reported extortion and threats.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

Israel, in accordance with Western ethics, has made [[polygamy]] illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Eglash |first=Ruth |url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1225199601867&amp;pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |title=Israel 2008: State of Polygamy |publisher=Fr.jpost.com |date=2008-10-30 |accessdate=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2011-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813160810/http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1225199601867&amp;pagename=JPost%2FJPArticle%2FShowFull |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last=Aburabia |first=Sarab |url=http://www.haaretz.com/victims-of-polygamy-1.255285 |title=Victims of polygamy |publisher=Haaretz.com |date= |accessdate=2011-09-13 |archive-date=2016-02-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160202015342/http://www.haaretz.com/victims-of-polygamy-1.255285 |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt; Provisions were instituted to allow for existing polygamous families immigrating from countries where the practice was legal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=13900&amp;sec=40&amp;con=35 |title=Polygamy's Practice Stirs Debate in Israel|accessdate=December 29, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080414212442/http://www.wwrn.org/article.php?idd=13900&amp;sec=40&amp;con=35 |archivedate=April 14, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

====Public harassment====
{{Main article|Mishmeret Tzniyut}}
Vigilante &quot;[[Mishmeret Tzniyut|modesty patrols]]&quot; have harassed women perceived as immodestly dressed in Haredi neighborhoods. In 2010, police arrested two Haredi men at the [[Western Wall]] plaza on suspicion that they threw chairs at a [[Women of the Wall]] group that was praying aloud at the site.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt; On September 28, 2010, the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] outlawed public gender segregation in Jerusalem's [[Mea Shearim]] neighborhood in response to a petition submitted after extremist Haredi men physically and verbally assaulted women for walking on a designated men's only road.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;
===Gender segregation and discrimination in public spaces===
[[File:20091030173030!MEHADRIN-1-.JPG|thumb|left|A [[Dan Bus Company|Dan]] bus labeled “mehadrin” in [[Bnei Brak]]]]
{{Further information|Gender separation in Judaism}}

In 2013, Israel's attorney general, Yehuda Weinstein, advised ministers across the government to end gender segregation in public spaces.  If implemented, the guidelines would change many aspects of daily life in Israel, where gender segregation is allowed on buses, at funerals, in health care and on radio airwaves. The attorney general's guidelines, however, are non-binding.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/world/middleeast/israel-moves-to-end-gender-segregation-in-public-spaces.html Israel Moves to End Gender Segregation in Public Spaces ''New York Times'', 8 May 2013]&lt;/ref&gt;

In [[Orthodox Judaism]], there are certain situations in which gender separation is practiced for religious and social reasons, with strict rules on mingling of men and women. Before they were banned in 2011, [[Mehadrin bus lines]] operated along routes with large Haredi populations, with seats in the front reserved for men passengers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=Katya Alder|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/6584661.stm |title=Israel's 'modesty buses' draw fire|publisher=BBC News|date= 24 April 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irac.org/userfiles/Excluded%2C%20For%20God%27s%20Sake%20-%20Report%20on%20Gender%20Segregation%20in%20the%20Public%20Sphere%20in%20Israel.pdf|title=Excluded, For God’s Sake: Gender Segregation in Public Space in Israel|publisher=Irac.org\accessdate=2015-11-21|access-date=2020-07-07|archive-date=2011-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725203356/http://www.irac.org/userfiles/Excluded%2C%20For%20God%27s%20Sake%20-%20Report%20on%20Gender%20Segregation%20in%20the%20Public%20Sphere%20in%20Israel.pdf|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/weekend/week-s-end/divide-and-rule-1.323075 |title=Divide and Rule|work=Haaretz|date=November 5, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4135718,00.html |title=Court: No sex segregation in Mea Shearim|work= Ynet|date= October 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2006, [[Miriam Shear]], an [[American Jews|American Jewish]] woman, claims she was attacked by ultra-Orthodox men after refusing to move to the back of the bus on a non-segregated line.&lt;ref name=&quot;DBerman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=Haaretz|title=Woman beaten on J'lem bus for refusing to move to rear seat| url=http://haaretz.com/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=801449 | date=December 17, 2006|accessdate=2011-03-08 |first=Daphna |last=Berman}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics likened the “mehadrin” lines to [[racial segregation in the United States]], with Shear compared to [[African American]] icon [[Rosa Parks]].&lt;ref name=&quot;DForman&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=Jerusalem Post| title=Destination: Montgomery, 1955| url=http://fr.jpost.com/servlet/Satellite?cid=1167467776731&amp;pagename=JPost/JPArticle/ShowFull| date=January 21, 2007|accessdate=2011-03-08 | first=David| last=Forman}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2004, American-Israeli novelist [[Naomi Ragen]] claims she was bullied for refusing to move to the back of the bus.&lt;ref name=&quot;YYoaz&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |publisher=Haaretz|title=Court to hear petition against segregation of sexes on buses. Orthodox novelist Naomi Ragen says was bullied into giving up seat, state claims arrangement is voluntary| url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/court-to-hear-petition-against-segregation-of-sexes-on-buses-1.237185 | date=January 14, 2008|accessdate=2011-03-09 |first=Yuval| last=Yoaz }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Jewish Daily Forward noted that gender segregation has been a tradition in Israel and is actually on the rise, now encompassing gender segregated elevators in some places.&lt;ref&gt;[Israel Gets Gender-Segregated Elevator — Finally! The Jewish Daily Forward] June 9, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; In parts of Jerusalem where ultra-Orthodox live, advertisements and billboard do not have pictures of women, and some supermarkets have different hours for men to shop than women. Some clinics also have separate hours for men and women.&lt;ref&gt;	
[Gender segregation on rise in Israel YNETNews] Nov 15, 2011&lt;/ref&gt;

Similar problems with gender segregation have surfaced on airlines such as El Al, where ultra-Orthodox male passengers have pressured females to move, and planes have been delayed as a result. The New York Times interviewed [[Anat Hoffman]] on the phenomenon of ultra-Orthodox males asking female passengers on airlines to move, noting that IRAC had started a campaign urging Israeli women not to give up their seats. “I have a hundred stories,” said Hoffman.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/10/us/aboard-flights-conflicts-over-seat-assignments-and-religion.html When a Plane Seat Next to a Woman Is Against Orthodox Faith, ''The New York Times'', 9 April 2015]&lt;/ref&gt;

Controversy has also been created by discrimination against women in public spaces. [[Women of the Wall]] have fought for the right of women to pray in their fashion at the [[Western Wall]], including wearing prayer shawls, singing and conducting priestly blessings by daughters of the priestly caste. Women have also been denied the right to sing at some public events, such as memorial services and in the Knesset. The controversy focuses on whether &quot;forbidding women to sing is an insulting act of unacceptable discrimination, or a gesture of sensitivity and consideration to Orthodox Jewish men who believe that listening to a woman’s singing voice is, for them, a violation of religious law. &quot; Some believe such policies endorse religious fundamentalism and silence women or restrict their freedom in the public arena.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot;&gt;[http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.717651 Controversy Rages Over Female Singers at Israeli Memorial Ceremonies] Haaretz, May 4, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016, women protested that they had been discriminated against in Holocaust Remembrance Day observance. [[Bar-Ilan University]], for example,  announced it would allow women to read passages of text and play musical instruments at its Holocaust Remembrance Day, but would bar women from singing in order not to offend Orthodox Jewish males. The city of Sderot also limited women's singing at public events to appease religious males. Other organizations, such as Ne’emanei Torah V’Avodah (NTA), protested that it is an Israeli custom to sing at national ceremonies and that extreme Jewish religious law should not be imposed on the general public.&lt;ref name=&quot;haaretz.com&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.jpost.com/Israel-News/Bar-Ilan-Univ-bans-women-singing-in-memorial-ceremony-453021 Bar-Ilan Univ. bans women singing in memorial ceremony] The Jerusalem Post, May 4, 2016&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, the Jerusalem Magistrates Court ruled that employees of airlines could not request female passengers change their seats just because men wish them to.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Goldman |first=Paul |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/travel/israeli-court-rules-el-al-airline-cannot-ask-women-move-n775391 |title=Israeli Court Rules El Al Airline Cannot Ask Women to Move Seats |publisher=NBC News |date= |accessdate=2017-06-23}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Marriage and divorce laws===
{{Further information|Marriage in Israel}}
{{Women in society sidebar|expanded=by country}}
Since the establishment of the state, Israeli law gives jurisdiction for matters of personal status for [[Israeli Jews|Jews]], including [[Jewish views on marriage|marriage]] and divorce, to the [[Judicial system of Israel|rabbinical courts]].&lt;ref name=&quot;toronto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.utoronto.ca/wjudaism/journal/vol1n2/v1n2grae.htm |title=Judaism Confronts Wife Beating |first=Naomi |last=Graetz |publisher=Women in Judaism |year=1998 |accessdate=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1947 [[David Ben-Gurion]] agreed that the authority in matters of marriage and divorce of persons registering as [[Demographics of Israel#Jews|Jews]] would be invested in the hands of the Chief Rabbinate of Israel, and an agreement was signed stating that (among other matters), known as the &quot;[[Status quo (Israel)|status quo letter]].&quot; &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Daniel Ben Simon |url=http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2013/10/civil-marriage-israel-jews-secular-orthodox-rabbinical-court.html |title=Israel's Rabbis Keep Lock On Jewish Marriage - Al-Monitor: the Pulse of the Middle East |publisher=Al-Monitor |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1953 the [[Knesset]] enacted the Rabbinical Courts Jurisdiction (Marriage and Divorce) Law, 5713 – 1953.&lt;ref name=&quot;jewishvirtuallibrary.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0003_0_02840.html |title=Bet Din and Judges |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  Section 1 of the Law states, &quot;Matters of marriage and divorce of Jews in Israel, being citizens or residents of the State, shall be under the exclusive jurisdiction of the rabbinical courts.&quot; &lt;ref name=&quot;jewishvirtuallibrary.org&quot;/&gt; The substantive provision of section 2 of this Law further states: &quot;Marriages and divorces of Jews shall be performed in Israel in accordance with Jewish religious law&quot; (din torah).&lt;ref name=&quot;jewishvirtuallibrary.org&quot;/&gt;

In the rabbinical courts, which operate according to ''[[halakha]]'' ([[Torah]] law), a [[Women in Judaism|Jewish woman]] is allowed to initiate divorce proceedings, but her husband must give his consent to make the divorce final. If the husband disappears or refuses to grant the divorce, the wife is considered an &quot;''[[agunah]]''&quot; (lit. &quot;chained woman&quot;) and may not remarry or give birth to ''halakhically'' legitimate children. Rabbinical tribunals may, and sometimes do, sanction a husband who refused divorce, but still do not grant a divorce without his consent.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

Similarly, a [[Islam in Israel|Muslim]] man is privileged to [[Divorce in Islam|divorce]] his wife without her consent and without petitioning the court.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;  Unless a [[Women in Islam|Muslim woman]] has a [[Islamic marriage contract|marriage contract]] providing for circumstances in which she may obtain a divorce without her husband's consent, she can only petition for divorce through the [[Sharia]] courts, and if her husband elects to withhold consent, she is denied a divorce absent certain conditions, and when these too are lacking she becomes a chained woman, prevented from moving forward with her life based solely on her gender.

[[Christianity in Israel|Christians in Israel]] may seek official separations or [[Christian views on divorce|divorces]] only through the [[ecclesiastical courts]] of the [[Christian denomination|denomination]] to which they belong.  Gender discrimination in such courts is not so rigid or codified as under Sharia or orthodox rabbinical rules.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

In 2010, Israel passed the Civil Union Law, allowing a few couples to marry and divorce civilly in Israel, with men and women enjoying equal rights&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Gelfman |first=Rachael |url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml |title=Civil Marriage in Israel |publisher=My Jewish Learning |date=2009-07-24 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;  The Civil Union Law extends this right to only the very small minority of couples in which neither person is registered as a member of any religion.  A poll conducted by Tel Aviv University in 2009 revealed that 65% of the Jewish Israeli community supported the availability of civil, gender-neutral marriage, even though 70% of those polled expressed that a religious ceremony was still personally important for their own wedding.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml?p=3 |title=Civil Marriage in Israel|accessdate=May 18, 2014 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024095054/http://www.myjewishlearning.com/israel/Contemporary_Life/Society_and_Religious_Issues/Freedom_of_Religion/civil_marriage_in_israel.shtml?p=3 |archivedate=October 24, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015 [[Tzohar (organization)|Tzohar]] (a [[Religious Zionism|Religious Zionist]] rabbinic organization in Israel), along with the [[Israeli Bar Association]], introduced a [[prenuptial agreement]] meant to help ensure divorcing wives will receive a [[Get (divorce document)|get]]; under the agreement the husband commits to paying a high sum of money daily to his spouse in the event of a separation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.jta.org/2015/03/03/news-opinion/israel-middle-east/new-prenup-aims-to-prevent-agunot |title=Israeli rabbinic, legal groups partner for prenup in bid to prevent agunot &amp;#124; Jewish Telegraphic Agency |publisher=Jta.org |date=2015-03-03 |accessdate=2015-03-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2018 the [[Knesset]] passed a law, slated to remain in effect for three years, allowing Israel’s rabbinical courts to handle certain cases of Jewish women wishing to divorce their Jewish husbands, even if neither the wife nor the husband is an Israeli citizen.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-israel-gives-rabbinical-courts-unprecedented-control-over-diaspora-jew-1.6216340 |title=Israel gives rabbinical courts unprecedented jurisdiction over Diaspora Jews - Israel News |publisher=Haaretz.com |date= |accessdate=2018-06-27}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Politics ==
[[Image:Golda Meir2.jpg|thumb|upright|left|[[Golda Meir]], the only woman to serve as the [[Prime Minister of Israel]]]]
{{main article|Women in governments of Israel}}
{{See also|Cabinet of Israel|Politics of Israel|Israeli system of government}}
Since the [[Declaration of Independence (Israel)|founding of the State of Israel]], relatively few women have served in the [[Cabinet of Israel|Israeli government]], and fewer still have served in the leading ministerial offices. While 
Israel is one of a small number of countries where a woman&amp;mdash;[[Golda Meir]]&amp;mdash;has served as [[Prime Minister of Israel|Prime Minister]], it is behind most Western countries in the representation of women in both the parliament and government.

Although the [[Israeli Declaration of Independence]] states: “The State of Israel (…) will ensure complete equality of social and political rights to all its inhabitants irrespective of religion, race or sex,” the Haredi political parties ([[Shas]] and [[United Torah Judaism]]) have never allowed women on their lists for [[Knesset]] [[Elections in Israel|elections]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/features/even-china-has-more-female-politicians-than-israel-1.35908 |title=Even China has more female politicians than Israel |work=[[Haaretz]] |date=26 August 2002}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.jpost.com/JewishWorld/Judaism/Article.aspx?id=122076 |title=Ask the Rabbi: Queen for a day |work=[[The Jerusalem Post]] |date=28 November 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in December 2014, women activists in the Haredi community have threatened a boycott of Haredi parties in upcoming elections if women are not included in election slates.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|author=Novik, Akiva|title='Female haredi activists to haredi factions: Allow us to run, or we'll boycott. Activists send open letter to haredi party chiefs, calling for 'historic justice'; threaten not to vote unless represented in Knesset.'|date=December 5, 2014|publisher=Ynetnews.com|accessdate=2015-11-21|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4600030,00.html}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{As of|2016}}, women comprised 26.7% of Israel's 120-member [[Knesset]], placing it 54th of 185&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Women in national parliaments|url=http://www.ipu.org/wmn-e/classif.htm|website=Inter-Parliamentary Union|date=1 February 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; countries in which women are included in the legislature. For comparison, the female ratio in [[Scandinavia]] is over 40%, the [[European Union]] average is 17.6%, while in the [[Arab world]] it is 6.4%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&amp;_Culture/women2004.html |title=Report on the Status of Women in Israel (2004) |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date=2004-11-19 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Female representation varies significantly by demographics: most female politicians have represented secular parties, while very few  have come from religious Jewish or Arab parties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Society_&amp;_Culture/Women_in_public_life.html |title=Israeli Women In Politics &amp; Public Life |publisher=Jewish Virtual Library |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.knesset.gov.il/mk/eng/MKIndex_Current_eng.asp?view=3 |title=Current Knesset Members |publisher=Knesset.gov.il |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 1986 Israeli female teacher [[Leah Shakdiel]] was granted membership in the religious council of [[Yeruham]], but the Minister of Religious Affairs [[Zvulun Hammer]] canceled her membership on the grounds that women should not serve in that capacity. In early 1987 a petition was submitted to the [[Israeli Supreme Court]] regarding this incident. The Supreme Court precedent-setting ruling was unanimously accepted in Shakdiel's favor, and in 1988 Shakdiel became the first woman in Israel to serve in a religious council.&lt;ref&gt;''Judicial Power and National Politics: Courts and Gender in the Religious-Secular Conflict in Israel'', Patricia Woods, SUNY Press, 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, the first Israeli political party dedicated to ultra-Orthodox women was unveiled, called &quot;[[U'Bizchutan]]: Haredi Women Making Change.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-election-2015/.premium-1.637916|title=Israel's first ever ultra-Orthodox women’s party makes bold debut|date=20 January 2015|work=Haaretz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Military==
[[File:IDF women officers 1950.jpg|thumb|IDF women officers in 1950]]
{{main article|Women in the Israel Defense Forces}}
Israel is one of the few countries in the world with a [[conscription|mandatory military service requirement]] for women.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html |title=The World Factbook |publisher=Cia.gov |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archive-date=2016-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322125136/https://www.cia.gov/library//publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2024.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=serviceStatsAugust2010&gt;{{cite web|title=Statistics: Women’s Service in the IDF for 2010, 25 Aug 2010|url=http://idfspokesperson.com/2010/08/25/statistics-womens-service-in-the-idf-for-2010-25-aug-2010/|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=22 March 2011|date=25 August 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;&gt;{{cite news
| author= Lauren Gelfond Feldinger
| title = Skirting history
| publisher= The Jerusalem Post
| accessdate=2011-03-22
| date = September 21, 2008
| url = http://www.jpost.com/Home/Article.aspx?id=114834
}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=mfaWomen&gt;{{cite web|title=Integration of women in the IDF|publisher=Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs|url=http://www.mfa.gov.il/MFA/Israel+beyond+politics/Integration_women_in_IDF-March_2009 | accessdate=23 March 2011|date=8 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Women have taken part in Israel’s military before and since the founding of the state in 1948,&lt;ref name=womenIDF&gt;{{cite web|title=Women in the IDF|url=http://idfspokesperson.com/2011/03/07/women-in-the-idf/|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=22 March 2011|date=7 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=60YearsService&gt;{{cite web|title=60 Years of Women’s Service in the IDF|url=http://idfspokesperson.com/reports/60-years-of-women%E2%80%99s-service-in-the-idf/|publisher=Israel Defense Forces|accessdate=22 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; with women currently comprising 33% of all IDF soldiers and 51% of its officers,&lt;ref name=dotzNov11&gt;{{cite press_release | url=http://www.idf.il/1086-14000-EN/Dover.aspx | title=More female officers in more positions in the IDF | publisher=[[IDF spokesperson]] | date=30 November 2011 |accessdate=8 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; fulfilling various roles within the [[GOC Army Headquarters|Ground]], [[Israeli Navy|Navy]] and [[Israeli air force|Air]] Forces. The 2000 Equality amendment to the Military Service law states that &quot;The right of women to serve in any role in the IDF is equal to the right of men.&quot;&lt;ref name=mfaWomen /&gt; 88% of all roles in the IDF are open to female candidates, while women can be found in 69% of all positions.&lt;ref name=serviceStatsAugust2010 /&gt;

On November 8, 1995, while she was a student of [[aeronautics]] at the [[Technion]] as part of the academic reserve, Alice Miller appealed to the Israeli Supreme Court after being turned down for the pilot selection phase in the [[Israeli Air Force flight academy]]. Following her appeal, Israeli president [[Ezer Weizman]], a former IAF commander, made chauvinistic comments that ridiculed the idea of women as fighter pilots: &quot;Listen maideleh, have you ever seen a man knitting socks? Have you ever seen a female surgeon or a female being a conductor of an orchestra? Women are not able to withstand the pressures required for fighter pilots.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.archive.scoop.co.il/article.html?id=16675 |title=Scoop|accessdate=January 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120407015611/http://www.archive.scoop.co.il/article.html?id=16675 |archivedate=April 7, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Israeli Supreme Court eventually ruled in 1996 that the IAF could not exclude qualified women from pilot training. Even though Miller did not pass the exams, the ruling was a watershed, opening doors for women in the IDF.&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;/&gt; Following the petition, formerly all-male military units began accepting women, including the Israeli Air Force flight academy, the Israeli navy officers' course, various artillery courses, the Israeli air defense  and the Israeli Border Police. The Equality Amendment to the Military Service law, enacted in January 2000, completed the Supreme Court ruling as it defined the right of female soldiers to volunteer for combat professions. This law stated that &quot;The right of women to serve in any role in the IDF is equal to the right of men.&quot;&lt;ref name=mfaWomen /&gt; The amendment drafted by female lawmakers granted equal opportunities to women found physically and personally suitable for a job. The question of who and what was &quot;suitable&quot;  was left to the discretion of military leaders on a case-by-case basis.

[[File:Flickr - Israel Defense Forces - Female Soldiers Take a Break in the Desert Sun.jpg|thumb|Israeli women soldiers]]
Women began to apply for combat support and light combat roles in the Artillery Corps, infantry units and armored divisions. The [[Caracal Battalion]] was formed which allowed men and women to serve together in light infantry. Many women joined the [[Israeli Border Police|Border Police]].&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;/&gt; Many Israeli women were accepted to the pilot selection phase in the Israeli Air Force flight academy some completed it successfully. The first female jet fighter pilot, [[Roni Zuckerman]], received her wings in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;IAFwomandies&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.jweekly.com/article/full/29471/first-woman-pilot-in-israeli-air-force-dies/ |title=First woman pilot in Israeli Air Force dies|publisher=The Jewish news weekly of Northern California |date=June 2, 2006 |accessdate=2010-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2006, the first female pilots and navigators graduated from the IAF training course, and several hundred women entered combat units, primarily in support roles, like intelligence gatherers, instructors, social workers, medics and engineers.  When the [[Second Lebanon War]] broke out, women took part in field operations alongside men. Airborne helicopter engineer Sgt.-Maj. (res.) Keren Tendler was the first female IDF combat soldier to be killed in action.&lt;ref name=&quot;feldinger&quot;/&gt; In November 2007 the Air Force appointed its first woman deputy squadron commander.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/israel-air-force-appoints-first-female-deputy-squadron-commander-1.234139 |title=Israel Air Force appoints first female deputy squadron commander |publisher=Haaretz.com |author=Yuval Azoulay |date=November 28, 2007 |accessdate=2010-06-10}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Nevertheless, there are still positions in the IDF that are off limits to women. In 2003 Yaara Stolberg filed a petition to the Israeli Supreme Court against the IDF's decision not to allow women to serve in the [[Machbet]] anti-aircraft unit. About six months after Stolberg completed her two-year mandatory military service, the court denied the petition, stating it has become &quot;irrelevant and theoretical&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ynet.co.il/articles/0,7340,L-3051999,00.html |title=ynet בג&quot;ץ דחה בקשת חיילת לשרת במערך נ&quot;מ קרבי - חדשות |publisher=Ynet.co.il |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On 23 June 2011, [[Orna Barbivai]] became the first female [[Aluf|Major-General]] in the IDF upon her promotion to the role of commander of the [[Manpower Directorate]]. She is the second woman to serve on the General Staff.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4074563,00.html|title=IDF names first female major general|newspaper=[[Yediot Ahronot]]|date=26 May 2011|first=Hanan|last=Greenberg}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=idfPromotionAlufa&gt;{{cite web | work=IDF Spokesperson's Blog | date=23 June 2011 | accessdate=4 July 2011 | title=Israeli Army Celebrates First Female Major General | publisher=IDF Spokesperson | url=http://idfspokesperson.com/2011/06/23/israeli-army-celebrates-first-ever-female-major-general/}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In response to several incidents where Orthodox Jewish soldiers objected to women singing during military ceremonies, the IDF Chief of Staff's office ruled that soldiers may not walk out of military assemblies to protest women singing, but may request to be excused from cultural events on those grounds.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IDF: Religious soldiers can't walk out on women singing |author=Amos Harel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-religious-soldiers-can-t-walk-out-on-women-singing-1.278593 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2009-06-09 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=IDF: Soldiers cannot skip ceremonies with women singing |author=Amos Harel |url=http://www.haaretz.com/print-edition/news/idf-soldiers-cannot-skip-ceremonies-with-women-singing-1.384288 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-09-14 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt; In October 2011, female soldiers were asked to leave an official event marking the end of the [[Simhat Torah]] holiday and dance in a separate area. In November 2011, 19 retired generals sent a letter to Defense Minister [[Ehud Barak]] and IDF Chief of Staff [[Benny Gantz]], urging them not to cave in to the demands of religious soldiers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Top settler rabbi: Soldiers will sooner choose death than suffer women's singing |author=Yair Ettinger |url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/top-settler-rabbi-soldiers-will-sooner-choose-death-than-suffer-women-s-singing-1.396180 |newspaper=Haaretz |date=2011-11-17 |accessdate=2011-12-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Health==
{{expand section|date=June 2020}}
{{as of|2008}}, the [[maternal mortality]] rate in the country was 7 per 100,000 births, one of the lowest in the world. Women and men were given equal access to diagnostic services and treatment for sexually transmitted diseases.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

==In the workforce ==
[[Image:Dorit Beinisch.JPG|thumb|[[Dorit Beinisch]], first woman to serve as president of the [[Supreme Court of Israel]]]]

An [[International Institute for Management Development|IMD]] survey published in 2012 ranked Israel in eleventh place out of 59 developed nations for participation of women in the workplace. In the same survey, Israel was ranked 24th for the proportion of women serving in executive positions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lior&quot;/&gt; Israeli law prohibits discrimination based on gender in employment and wages and provides for class action suits; nonetheless, there are complaints of significant wage disparities between men and women.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt; The OECD reported in 2016 that income disparity between men in women in Israel is particularly high compared with other countries in the OECD. On average, men in Israel make 22 percent more than women, which places Israel among the four OECD (behind Japan, Estonia, and South Korea) with the highest wage inequality between men and women. The OECD average stands at 15 percent.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.ynetnews.com/articles/0,7340,L-4753118,00.html Israel's poverty rates highest among OECD nations, Ynetnews.com, 14 January 2016]&lt;/ref&gt;

The government enacted a number of programs to improve the status of women in the work place and society. The Authority for the Advancement of the Status of Women in the Prime Minister's Office grants scholarships for higher education for [[Druze]], Bedouin, and [[Circassians|Circassian]] female students in the country north. The authority holds professional training courses in Arab, Druze, and Circassian localities.&lt;ref name=&quot;hr2010&quot;/&gt;

In 2013, [[Malka Schaps]] became the first female Haredi dean at an Israeli university when she was appointed dean of Bar Ilan University's Faculty of Exact Sciences.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/1.550156 |title=Malka Schaps Becomes First Female Haredi Dean at Israeli University - National - Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News Source |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2013-10-02 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Also in 2013, Israel’s [[Chief Rabbinate]] promised to remove the obstacles preventing women from working as supervisors in the state [[kosher]] certification system, and [[Emunah]] announced the first supervisor certification course for women in Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/news/national/.premium-1.561459 |title=Rabbinate Opens Kashrut Supervision to Women - National - Israel News - Haaretz Israeli News Source |publisher=Haaretz.com |date=2013-12-03 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2016 it was announced that the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court of Justice]] had given the Justice Ministry 30 days to formulate new regulations to allow women to compete equally with men for the position of director of rabbinical courts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-1.696233|title=Israel High Court Rules to Let Women Compete With Men for Rabbinical Court Role|work=Haaretz.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Women's organizations==
{{See also|Jewish feminism#Israel and Jewish feminism}}
[[Na'amat]] is the largest [[Israel]]i women's organization, founded in 1921. It has a membership of 800,000 women, (Jews, Arabs, [[Druze]] and [[Circassians]]) representing the entire spectrum of Israeli society.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=195&amp;cid=0&amp;sec=APP02 |title=HUMAN RIGHTS BRIEF: VIOLENCE AGAINST WOMEN IN ISRAEL — February 1995| accessdate=December 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050426084538/http://www.irb-cisr.gc.ca/en/research/publications/index_e.htm?docid=195&amp;cid=0&amp;sec=APP02 |archivedate=April 26, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The organization has 100 branches in cities, towns and settlements all over the country. It also has sister organizations in other countries whose members are part of the [[World Labour Zionist Movement]] and the [[World Zionist Organization]].
The Association of Rape Crisis Centers in Israel is a leading organisation in fighting violence against women.

[[Women's International Zionist Organization]] (WIZO), is a volunteer organization dedicated to [[social welfare]] in all sectors of Israeli society, the advancement of the status of women, and Jewish education in [[Israel]] and the [[Diaspora]]. WIZO was founded in [[England]] on 7 July 1920, and then opened branches throughout Europe and the Americas, and created well-baby clinics and clothing distribution centers in [[Mandatory Palestine]], many still in operation today. WIZO opened the country's first day care center in [[Tel Aviv]] in 1926. After the creation of the State of Israel, the organization's headquarters moved from London to Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite  web|url=http://www.wizo.org/1920-1929.aspx?c0=13411&amp;bsp=13376|title=The First Decade: 1920-1930|publisher=WIZO|accessdate=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Emunah - Women's Religious-Nationalist Organization, founded in 1918, promotes religious Zionist-nationalistic education for girls and women, managing day-care centers, religious schools, family counseling centers and more, while promoting women's equality within the religious and social settings.

In 2008, WIZO,  Na'amat and Emunah received the [[Israel Prize]] for its lifetime achievements and special contribution to society and the State of Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/CvNashim.htm|title=Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Recipients' C.V.’s|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504125703/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/CvNashim.htm|archivedate=4 May 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/NsNashim.htm|title=Israel Prize Official Site (in Hebrew) - Judges' Rationale for Grant to Recipients|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090504125005/http://cms.education.gov.il/EducationCMS/Units/PrasIsrael/Tashsah/Nashim/NsNashim.htm|archivedate=4 May 2009|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[Israel Women's Network]] (IWN) is a [[feminist]] [[non-partisan]] [[civil society]] organization working to advance the status of women in Israel by promoting equality through a range of projects and methods.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.israelgives.org/amuta/580085686|title=Israel Women's Network|website=Israel Gives|accessdate=10 August 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Feminist organizations ===
Feminist organizations in Israel include the [[Haifa Women's Coalition]], which includes four [[Haifa]]-based women's organizations: ''Isha l'Isha – Haifa Feminist Center'', ''Kayan – Feminist Organization'', ''Haifa Rape Crisis'' ''Center'' and ''Aswat – Palestinian Gay Women''; [[Coalition of Women for Peace]] is an Israeli-Palestinian umbrella organization of women's groups that is &quot;a feminist organization against the occupation of Palestine and for a just peace.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;cwp-a&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coalitionofwomen.org/?page_id=340&amp;lang=en|title=About CWP|publisher=Coalition of Women for Peace|accessdate=12 May 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Women in Black]] is a nationwide anti-war movement; [[Ahoti – for Women in Israel]] is a [[Mizrahi feminism|Mizrahi feminist]] organization based in [[Tel Aviv]]; [[New Profile]] is a movement dedicated to turning Israel into a &quot;civilian&quot; (as opposed to &quot;militarized&quot;) society; the [[Jewish Women's Collaborative International Fund]] promotes women's rights and gender equality. 

=== Political action organizations ===
[[Machsom Watch]], or Checkpoint Watch is a group of [[Israel|Israeli]] women who monitor and document the conduct of soldiers and policemen at [[Israel Defense Forces checkpoint|checkpoints]] in the West Bank.

Women Lawyers for Social Justice promotes the rights of the women from socially and economically marginalized groups. Among its activities: Petition to the [[Supreme Court of Israel|High Court]] for Inclusion of [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] Women in the [[Agudat Yisrael|Agudat Israel Party]], publication of a report on Domestic Violence Against Bedouin Arab Women, petition to repeal a law that negates welfare support in cases of car ownership and more.&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.itach.org.il/&lt;/ref&gt;

We Power (עמותת כ&quot;ן - כוח לנשים) is a non-profit organization dedicated to promoting women to leadership and decision-making roles in Israel.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.haeton.co.il/hani-peer/|title=נשים הן הכוח החזק וכף מאזני השוויון נוטה לטובתן|date=2017-03-05|website=העיתון News אתר אקטואליה ותוכן איכותי|language=he-IL|access-date=2019-09-05}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Religious organizations ===
[[Bat Kol (organization)|Bat Kol]] is an organization for [[Orthodox Judaism|orthodox religious]] [[Lesbian|lesbians]] which seeks to educate and promote tolerance and acceptance within religious communities. [[Women of the Wall]] is a multi-denominational feminist organization whose goal is to secure the rights of women to pray at the [[Western Wall]], also called the Kotel, in a fashion that includes singing, reading aloud from the [[Torah]] and wearing religious garments (''[[tallit]]'', ''[[tefillin]]'' and ''[[kippah]]'').&lt;ref&gt;{{harvnb|Starr Sered|2010|p=644}}: &quot;The Women of the Wall believed themselves to be liberal feminists.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; [[Lo Nivcharot, Lo Bocharot]] is a [[Haredi Judaism|Haredi]] feminist movement launched by Esty Shushan in October 2012,&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.thejc.com/news/israel-news/97420/israeli-elections-charedi-women-refuse-vote Nathan Jeffay, “Israeli elections: Charedi women refuse to vote”, The Jewish Chronicle, 10 January 2013.]&lt;/ref&gt;  to protest the exclusion of Haredi women from Haredi political parties and from the Haredi public sphere in general.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/israel-elections-women-confront-final-taboo-by-calling-for-shake-up-of-male-dominated-knesset-9959082.html Ben Lynfield, “Israel elections: Women confront final taboo by calling for shake-up of male-dominated Knesset”, The Independent, 5 January 2015.]&lt;/ref&gt;

==Notable women==
[[Golda Meir]] was Israel’s Minister of Foreign Affairs for 10 years under [[David Ben-Gurion|David Ben Gurion]] and [[Levi Eshkol]] before becoming herself the 4th Prime Minister of Israel. &lt;gallery&gt;
Image:Shahar Pe'er Israel tennis championship 2008 3.jpg|[[Shahar Pe'er]] is an Israeli professional tennis player, with the highest ever ranking for an Israeli singles tennis player, World No. 11.
File:N%C3%BCrnberger_Versicherungscup_2014-Julia_Glushko_by_2eight_3SC5654.jpg|[[Julia Glushko]], three-time Israeli tennis champion.
Image:Tzipi Livni - WEF Annual Meeting Davos 2008.jpg|[[Tzipi Livni]], the former Israeli Opposition Leader, and the founder and leader of [[Hatnuah]].
Image:AdaYonath.jpg|[[Ada Yonath]], a crystallographer, and the first Israeli woman to win the [[Nobel Prize]], for her work on the structure of the [[ribosome]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==See also==
* [[Feminism in Israel]]
* [[Sexism in Israel]]
* [[Women in Judaism]]
* [[Women for Israel's Tomorrow]]
* [[Women of the Wall]]
* [[Women's Party (Israel)]]
* ''[[Gett: The Trial of Viviane Amsalem]]''
* [[Israel women's national football team]]
* [[Israel women's national volleyball team]]
* ''[[LaIsha]]''

==Further reading==
*Aguilar, Grace. The Women of Israel, Volume 1, D. Appleton &amp; Co., 1851&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/womenisrael02aguigoog |quote=women of israel. |title=The Women of Israel |via=[[Internet Archive]] |year=1851 |author=Grace Aguilar |publisher=D. Appleton &amp; Company |date= |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
*Eglash, Ruth. [http://www.jpost.com/Israel/Article.aspx?id=170370 Status of Israeli women improves little over decade], March 7, 2010 
*Sexes: The Women of Israel], February 20, 1978&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948046,00.html |title=Sexes: The Women of Israel |publisher=TIME |date=1978-02-20 |accessdate=2015-11-21 |archive-date=2010-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100324172857/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,948046,00.html |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Smadar Lavie|Lavie, Smadar]]. 2011 “Mizrahi Feminism and the Question of Palestine.” Journal of Middle East Women Studies. Vol. 7 (2): 56-88&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.academia.edu/1804726/Mizrahi_Feminism_and_the_Question_of_Palestine_JMEWS_ |title=Mizrahi Feminism and the Question of Palestine (JMEWS) &amp;#124; Smadar Lavie |publisher=Academia.edu |date=1970-01-01 |accessdate=2015-11-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Smadar Lavie|Lavie, Smadar]]. Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture. Oxford and New York: Berghahn Books, 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Wrapped-Flag-Israel-Mizrahi-Bureaucratic/dp/1782382224|title=Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture by Smadar Lavie|last=|first=|date=|website=|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-1-78238-222-5}} hardback; 978-1-78238-223-2 ebook.
*[[Smadar Lavie|Lavie, Smadar]]. ''Wrapped in the Flag of Israel: Mizrahi Single Mothers and Bureaucratic Torture.'' Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.nebraskapress.unl.edu/university-of-nebraska-press/9781496205544|title=Wrapped in the Flag of Israel - University of Nebraska Press|website=Nebraska Press|language=en-US|access-date=2020-02-18}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{ISBN|978-1-4962-0554-4}}

==References==
{{Reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commonscatinline|Women of Israel}}
* [https://israelmodernart.com/shop/by-theme/israeli-women-156 Paintings of Israeli women]

{{Israel topics}}
{{Asia topic|Women in|titlestyle = background:#FFCBDB}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Women In Israel}}
[[Category:Women in Israel| ]]
&lt;noinclude&gt;

&lt;small&gt;This page was moved from [[:en:Women in Israel]]. Its edit history can be viewed at [[Women in Israel/edithistory]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;/noinclude&gt;</text>
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      <text bytes="283704" xml:space="preserve">{{short description|Ongoing viral pandemic in the United States}}
{{pp-move-indef|small=yes}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=July 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox pandemic
| name            = COVID-19 pandemic in the United States
| map1            = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States imagemap}}
| legend1         = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States imagemap/caption}}
| map2            = COVID-19 rolling 14day Prevalence in the United States by county.svg{{!}}upright=1.5
| legend2         = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States new cases prevalence legend|state=the United States}}
| map3            = COVID-19 Prevalence in the United States by county.svg{{!}}upright=1.5
| legend3         = {{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States prevalence legend|state=the United States}}
| disease         = [[Coronavirus disease 2019|COVID-19]]
| virus_strain    = [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|SARS-CoV-2]]
| location        = [[United States]]
| first_case      = [[Chicago|Chicago, Illinois]] (earliest known arrival)&lt;ref name=firstthreemonths/&gt;&lt;br&gt;[[Everett, Washington]] (first case report)&lt;ref name=NEJMFirstCase&gt;{{Cite journal|title=First Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus in the United States|first1=Michelle L.|last1=Holshue|first2=Chas|last2=DeBolt|first3=Scott|last3=Lindquist|first4=Kathy H.|last4=Lofy|first5=John|last5=Wiesman|first6=Hollianne|last6=Bruce|first7=Christopher|last7=Spitters|first8=Keith|last8=Ericson|first9=Sara|last9=Wilkerson|first10=Ahmet|last10=Tural|first11=George|last11=Diaz|first12=Amanda|last12=Cohn|first13=LeAnne|last13=Fox|first14=Anita|last14=Patel|first15=Susan I.|last15=Gerber|first16=Lindsay|last16=Kim|first17=Suxiang|last17=Tong|first18=Xiaoyan|last18=Lu|first19=Steve|last19=Lindstrom|first20=Mark A.|last20=Pallansch|first21=William C.|last21=Weldon|first22=Holly M.|last22=Biggs|first23=Timothy M.|last23=Uyeki|first24=Satish K.|last24=Pillai|date=March 5, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=10|pages=929–936|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2001191|pmid=32004427|pmc=7092802}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| arrival_date    = January 13, 2020&lt;ref name=secondcase/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;({{Age in years, months, weeks and days|month1=01|day1=13|year1=2020|month2=|day2=|year2=}} ago)
| origin          = [[Wuhan]], Hubei, China&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Sheikh |first1=Knvul |last2=Rabin |first2=Roni Caryn |title=The Coronavirus: What Scientists Have Learned So Far |url=https://www.nytimes.com/article/what-is-coronavirus.html |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 10, 2020|accessdate=March 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| deaths          = {{Unbulleted list
 |171,012 ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])&lt;ref name=CDCnumbers&gt;{{cite web|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Cases in U.S.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention}} Data lags one day behind other sources.&lt;/ref&gt;
 |173,193 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])&lt;ref name=JHU&gt;{{cite web|work=Johns Hopkins CSSE|title=Coronavirus COVID-19 (2019-nCoV)|format=ArcGIS|url=https://www.arcgis.com/apps/opsdashboard/index.html#/bda7594740fd40299423467b48e9ecf6}} Frequently updated.&lt;/ref&gt;
 |165,011 ([[COVID Tracking Project|CTP]])&lt;ref name=CTP&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://covidtracking.com/data/|title=Our Data|website=The COVID Tracking Project}} Frequently updated.&lt;/ref&gt;}}
| confirmed_cases = {{Unbulleted list
 |5,460,429 ([[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]])&lt;ref name=CDCnumbers/&gt;
 |5,530,247 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])&lt;ref name=JHU/&gt;
 |5,502,927 ([[COVID Tracking Project|CTP]])&lt;ref name=CTP/&gt;
 }}
| active_cases    = 
| recovery_cases  = 1,925,049 ([[Johns Hopkins University|JHU]])&lt;ref name=JHU/&gt;
| suspected_cases = 
| total_ili       = 
| website         = {{URL|coronavirus.gov/}}
}}

The '''COVID-19 pandemic in the United States''' is part of the [[COVID-19 pandemic|worldwide pandemic]] of [[coronavirus disease 2019]] ({{nowrap|COVID-19}}) caused by [[severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus&amp;nbsp;2]] ({{nowrap|SARS-CoV-2}}). The first confirmed [[local transmission]] was recorded in January 2020,&lt;ref name=Ghinai/&gt; while the first known deaths were reported in February.&lt;ref name=freqTraveller/&gt; By the end of March, cases had occurred in all fifty [[U.S. state]]s, the [[District of Columbia]], and all inhabited [[Territories of the United States|U.S. territories]] except [[American Samoa]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=CDC Weekly Key Messages: March 29, 2020 as of 10:30 p.m. |url=https://banningca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7139/CDC_COVID19-Weekly-Key_Messages_03292020_FINAL |publisher=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200428073138/https://banningca.gov/DocumentCenter/View/7139/CDC_COVID19-Weekly-Key_Messages_03292020_FINAL |archivedate=April 28, 2020 |date=March 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Oliver |title=The only places on Earth still (apparently) without coronavirus |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/countries-with-no-covid-coronavirus/ |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |date=April 21, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200424013035/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/lists/countries-with-no-covid-coronavirus/ |archivedate=April 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Within a week after China announced that it found a cluster of infections from the virus in [[Wuhan]], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]] offered to send them a team of experts to help contain the spread, but they refused the offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;FoxNews&quot;/&gt; The US outbreak was officially declared a public health emergency on January 31, and restrictions were placed on flights arriving from China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/01/31/801686524/trump-declares-coronavirus-a-public-health-emergency-and-restricts-travel-from-c |publisher=[[NPR]] |date=January 31, 2020 |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |title=Trump Declares Coronavirus A Public Health Emergency And Restricts Travel From China |author=Aubrey, Allison|quote='Foreign nationals other than immediate family of U.S. citizens and permanent residents who have traveled in China in the last 14 days will be denied entry into United States,' Azar said.}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=RobertsonApril15&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/trumps-snowballing-china-travel-claim |title=Trump's Snowballing China Travel Claim |first=Lori |last=Robertson |date=April 15, 2020 |website=[[FactCheck.org]] |access-date=April 29, 2020|quote=...{{nbsp}}effective February{{nbsp}}2.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The initial U.S. response to the pandemic was otherwise slow, in terms of preparing the healthcare system, stopping other travel, and [[COVID-19 testing|testing for the virus]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lemire |first1=Jonathan |last2=Miller |first2=Zeke |last3=Colvin |first3=Jill |last4=Alonso-Zaldivar |first4=Ricardo |title=Signs missed and steps slowed in Trump's pandemic response |url=https://apnews.com/6a8f85aad99607f313cca6ab1398e04d |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:10&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Pilkington|first1=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/mar/28/trump-coronavirus-politics-us-health-disaster|title=The missing six weeks: how Trump failed the biggest test of his life|date=March 28, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 28, 2020|last2=McCarthy|first2=Tom|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Ollstein |first1=Alice Miranda |title=Trump halts funding to World Health Organization |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/14/trump-world-health-organization-funding-186786 |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=April 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{Efn|A lack of mass testing obscured the extent of the outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoriskeyMarch16&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Whoriskey|first1=Peter|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/03/16/cdc-who-coronavirus-tests/|title=How U.S. coronavirus testing stalled: Flawed tests, red tape and resistance to using the millions of tests produced by the WHO|date=March 16, 2020|work=[[The Washington Post]]|accessdate=March 18, 2020|last2=Satija|first2=Neena}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} Meanwhile, President [[Donald Trump]] downplayed the threat posed by the virus and claimed the outbreak was under control.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Blake |first1=Aaron |title=A timeline of Trump playing down the coronavirus threat |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/12/trump-coronavirus-timeline/ |accessdate=August 14, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=June 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200811160119/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/12/trump-coronavirus-timeline/ |archive-date=August 11, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 13, President Trump declared a [[national emergency]].&lt;ref name=LiptakMarch13&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/13/politics/donald-trump-emergency/index.html|title=Trump declares national emergency—and denies responsibility for coronavirus testing failures|last=Liptak|first=Kevin|date=March 13, 2020|work=CNN|accessdate=April 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In early March, the [[Food and Drug Administration]] (FDA) began allowing public health agencies and private companies to develop and administer tests, and loosened restrictions so anyone with a doctor's order could be tested.&lt;ref name=WangMarch22 /&gt;

The Trump administration largely waited until mid-March to start purchasing large quantities of medical equipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;BieseckerApril7&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Biesecker|first1=Michael|date=April 7, 2020|title=US 'wasted' months before preparing for coronavirus pandemic|agency=Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/090600c299a8cf07f5b44d92534856bc|accessdate=April 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In late March, the administration started to use the [[Defense Production Act]] to direct industries to produce medical equipment.&lt;ref name=&quot;WatsonMarch27&quot; /&gt; [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services|Federal health inspectors]] who surveyed hospitals in late March found shortages of test supplies, [[personal protective equipment]] (PPE), and other resources due to extended patient stays while awaiting test results.&lt;ref name=&quot;RobertsonApril7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Robertson |first1=Lori |title=The HHS Inspector General Report |date=April 7, 2020 |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/04/the-hhs-inspector-general-report/ |publisher=[[Factcheck.org]] |accessdate=April 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By April 11, the federal government approved disaster declarations for all states and inhabited territories except American Samoa.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/live-blog/2020-04-11-coronavirus-news-n1181761/ncrd1182006|title=Every U.S. state is now under disaster declaration|last=Good|first=Dan|date=April 11, 2020|website=[[NBC News]]|language=en|access-date=April 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By early May, testing had increased, but experts said this level of testing was still not enough to contain the outbreak.&lt;ref name=GearanMay9/&gt;

[[U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|State and local responses]] to the outbreak have included prohibitions and cancellation of large-scale gatherings (including festivals and sporting events), [[stay-at-home order]]s, and the closure of schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt sports&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Deb|first1=Sopan|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/sports/basketball/warriors-coronavirus-fans.html|title=Sports Leagues Bar Fans and Cancel Games Amid Coronavirus Outbreak|date=March 11, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 12, 2020|last2=Cacciola|first2=Scott|issn=0362-4331|last3=Stein|first3=Marc}}&lt;/ref&gt; Disproportionate numbers of cases have been observed among [[Black people|Black]] and [[Latino (demonym)|Latino]] populations,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Godoy|first=Maria|date=May 30, 2020|title=What Do Coronavirus Racial Disparities Look Like State By State?|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/30/865413079/what-do-coronavirus-racial-disparities-look-like-state-by-state|access-date=|website=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Karson|first1=Kendall|last2=Scanlan|first2=Quinn|date=May 22, 2020|title=Black Americans and Latinos nearly 3 times as likely to know someone who died of COVID-19: POLL|url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/black-americans-latinos-times-died-covid-19-poll/story?id=70794789|access-date=|website=ABC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date = July 28, 2020 |title = States tracking COVID-19 race and ethnicity data|website = American Medical Association|url = https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/health-equity/states-tracking-covid-19-race-and-ethnicity-data|accessdate = July 31, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and &lt;!--THE FOLLOWING SENTENCE HAS BEEN AFFIRMED BY AN RFC. DO NOT REMOVE WITHOUT CONSENSUS.--&gt;there were reported [[List of incidents of xenophobia and racism related to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States|incidents of xenophobia and racism]] against [[Asian Americans]].&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT Racism&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Tavernise|first1=Sabrina|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/23/us/chinese-coronavirus-racist-attacks.html|title=Spit On, Yelled At, Attacked: Chinese-Americans Fear for Their Safety|date=March 23, 2020|work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=March 23, 2020|last2=Oppel Jr|first2=Richard A.}}&lt;/ref&gt; Clusters of infections and deaths have occurred in urban areas, [[nursing home]]s, [[long-term care]] facilities, group homes for the intellectually disabled,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/872401607/covid-19-infections-and-deaths-are-higher-among-those-with-intellectual-disabili|title=COVID-19 Infections And Deaths Are Higher Among Those With Intellectual Disabilities|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[COVID-19 pandemic in US immigration detention|detention centers]] (including prisons), [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the meat industry in the United States|meatpacking plants]], churches, and navy ships.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/872710991/u-s-navy-policies-battling-covid-19-rely-heavily-on-isolation|title=U.S. Navy Policies Battling COVID-19 Rely Heavily On Isolation|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A second rise in infections began in June 2020, following relaxed restrictions in several states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2020/06/26/the-health-202-the-trump-administration-is-eyeing-a-new-testing-strategy-for-coronavirus-anthony-fauci-says/5ef4f629602ff1080718f308/ |title=The Health 202: The Trump administration is eyeing a new testing strategy for coronavirus, Anthony Fauci says |author1=Paige Winfield Cunningham |author2=Paulina Firozi |work=[[The Washington Post]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August, the U.S. topped five million confirmed cases. As of mid-August, according to [[Johns Hopkins University]], the U.S. has been doing the most per-capita testing of any country,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=How Does Testing in the U.S. Compare to Other Countries? |url=https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/international-comparison |work=Johns Hopkins Univ. of Medicine |accessdate=August 12, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; although [[Our World in Data]] shows other countries having higher rates.&lt;ref name=&quot;owid-covid&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Roser |first1=Max |last2=Ritchie |first2=Hannah |last3=Ortiz-Ospina |first3=Esteban |last4=Hasell |first4=Joe |title=Coronavirus Pandemic (COVID-19) |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus |website=Our World in Data |accessdate=August 19, 2020 |date=August 19, 2020}} – New Zealand, Israel and UK are examples.&lt;/ref&gt; Its test positivity rate was still above the WHO's recommended threshold for controlling the outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.jhsph.edu/covid-19/articles/covid-19-testing-understanding-the-percent-positive.html |title=COVID-19 Testing: Understanding the &quot;Percent Positive&quot; |publisher=Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health |author1=David Dowdy |author2=Gypsyamber D'Souza |date=10 August 2020 |accessdate=17 August 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=NYTAugustTesting&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/15/us/coronavirus-testing-decrease.html |title='We're Clearly Not Doing Enough': Drop in Testing Hampers Coronavirus Response |publisher=New York Times |date=16 August 2020 |accessdate=17 August 2020 |author=Sarah Mervosh |author2=Nicholas Bogel-Burroughs |author3=Sheryl Gay Stolberg |quote=And the percent of people testing positive over all is hovering at about 7{{nbsp}}percent, down from 8.5 percent in July{{nbsp}}... A community may be considered to have controlled virus spread if it is testing widely and the percent of people testing positive over a two-week period is less than 5{{nbsp}}percent, according to the World Health Organization.}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of August 20, its death rate had reached 529 per million people, the eleventh-highest{{Efn|If the [[microstate]]s of [[Andorra]] and [[San Marino]] are excluded, the U.S. has the ninth-highest death rate globally.}} [[COVID-19 pandemic death rates by country|rate globally]].&lt;ref name=&quot;statista&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.statista.com/statistics/1104709/coronavirus-deaths-worldwide-per-million-inhabitants/ |title=Coronavirus (COVID-19) deaths worldwide per one million population as of August 17, 2020, by country |publisher=[[Statista]] |date=August 17, 2020 |accessdate=August 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JH Mortality&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/data/mortality|title=Mortality Analyses—Johns Hopkins University Coronavirus Resource Center|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins University]]|accessdate=August 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{TOC limit|4}}

== Timeline ==

{{Main|Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases chart}}
{{stack|clear=right|{{COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases by state}}}}
[[File:CoViD-19 US.svg|thumb|upright=2|right|Number of cases (blue), number of deaths (red), and deaths reported in the previous ten days (dotted black) on a [[logarithmic scale]]]]

=== December 2019 to January 2020 ===

On December 31, 2019, China reported a [[disease cluster|cluster]] of [[pneumonia]] cases in [[Wuhan]].&lt;ref name=NEJMFirstCase/&gt; On January 6, Health and Human Services offered to send China a team of CDC health experts to help contain the outbreak, but they ignored the offer.&lt;ref name=&quot;FoxNews&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.foxnews.com/health/us-health-officials-on-coronavirus-outbreak |first=Madeline |last=Farber |title=China spurned CDC offer to send a team to help contain coronavirus: US Health Secretary |work=Fox News |date=January 28, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Dr. [[Robert Redfield]], the director of the CDC, the CDC was ready to send in a team of scientists within a week, but the Chinese government refused to let them in, which was a reason the US got a later start in identifying the danger of virus outbreak there and taking early action.&lt;ref name=Redfield&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/28/health/redfield-coronavirus-spread-abc/index.html |title=The Trump administration was slow to recognize coronavirus threat from Europe, CDC director admits |work=CNN |date=July 28, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.webmd.com/coronavirus-in-context/video/robert-redfield |title=Coronavirus in Context: CDC Director Discusses Next Steps in the War Against COVID |work=WebMD |date=August 12, 2020 }}&lt;/Ref&gt;

On January 7, 2020, the Chinese health authorities confirmed that this cluster was caused by [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2|a novel infectious coronavirus]].&lt;ref name=NEJMFirstCase/&gt; On January 8, the CDC issued an official health advisory via its [[Health Alert Network]] (HAN) and established an Incident Management Structure to coordinate domestic and international public health actions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00424.asp |title=Outbreak of Pneumonia of Unknown Etiology (PUE) in Wuhan, China |work=CDC.gov |date=January 8, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 10 and 11, the [[World Health Organization]] (WHO) issued technical briefings warning about a strong possibility of human-to-human transmission and urging precautions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-WHO&quot;&gt;{{cite web | first1=Peter | last1=Beaumont | first2=Julian | last2=Borger | title=WHO warned of transmission risk in January, despite Trump claims | work=[[The Guardian]] | url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/09/who-cited-human-transmission-risk-in-january-despite-trump-claims | date=April 9, 2020 | accessdate=April 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 14, the WHO said &quot;preliminary investigations conducted by the Chinese authorities have found no clear evidence of human-to-human transmission,&quot; although it recommended that countries still take precautions due to the human-to-human transmission during earlier [[Severe acute respiratory syndrome|SARS]] and [[Middle East respiratory syndrome|MERS]] outbreaks.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian-WHO&quot;/&gt;

The CDC issued an update on January 17, noting that person-to-person spread was not confirmed, but was still a possibility.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/han/han00426.asp |title=Update and Interim Guidance on Outbreak of 2019 Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV) in Wuhan, China |work=CDC.gov |date=January 17, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 20, it activated its [[Emergency Operations Center]] (EOC) to further respond to the outbreak in China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://emergency.cdc.gov/recentincidents/ |title=CDC Emergency Operations Center Activations |work=CDC |date=January 20, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The same day, the WHO and China confirmed that human-to-human transmission had occurred.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kuo |first1=Lily |title=China confirms human-to-human transmission of coronavirus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/20/coronavirus-spreads-to-beijing-as-china-confirms-new-cases |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[The Guardian]] |date=January 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 20, the first report of a COVID-19 case in the U.S. came in a man who returned on January 15 from visiting family in Wuhan, China, to his home in [[Snohomish County, Washington]]. He sought medical attention on January 19.&lt;ref name=&quot;NEJMFirstCase&quot; /&gt; The second report came on January 24, in a woman who returned to [[Chicago, Illinois]], on January 13 from visiting Wuhan.&lt;ref name=&quot;firstthreemonths&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|date=April 22, 2020|title=Coronavirus: the first three months as it happened|journal=Nature|doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00154-w|pmid=32152592|s2cid=212652777}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;secondcase&quot;&gt;{{cite news|title=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States|work=[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]|url=https://www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2020/p0124-second-travel-coronavirus.html|quote=Second Travel-related Case of 2019 Novel Coronavirus Detected in United States: The patient returned to the U.S. from Wuhan on January 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The woman passed the virus to her husband, and he was confirmed to have the virus on January 30; at the time it was the first reported case of [[local transmission]] in the United States.&lt;ref name=Ghinai&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Ghinai |first1=Isaac |last2=McPherson |first2=Tristan D |last3=Hunter |first3=Jennifer C |last4=Kirking |first4=Hannah L |last5=Christiansen |first5=Demian |last6=Joshi |first6=Kiran |last7=Rubin |first7=Rachel |last8=Morales-Estrada |first8=Shirley |last9=Black |first9=Stephanie R |last10=Pacilli |first10=Massimo |last11=Fricchione |first11=Marielle J |last12=Chugh |first12=Rashmi K |last13=Walblay |first13=Kelly A |last14=Ahmed |first14=N Seema |last15=Stoecker |first15=William C |last16=Hasan |first16=Nausheen F |last17=Burdsall |first17=Deborah P |last18=Reese |first18=Heather E |last19=Wallace |first19=Megan |last20=Wang |first20=Chen |last21=Moeller |first21=Darcie |last22=Korpics |first22=Jacqueline |last23=Novosad |first23=Shannon A |last24=Benowitz |first24=Isaac |last25=Jacobs |first25=Max W |last26=Dasari |first26=Vishal S |last27=Patel |first27=Megan T |last28=Kauerauf |first28=Judy |last29=Charles |first29=E Matt |last30=Ezike |first30=Ngozi O |last31=Chu |first31=Victoria |last32=Midgley |first32=Claire M |last33=Rolfes |first33=Melissa A |last34=Gerber |first34=Susan I |last35=Lu |first35=Xiaoyan |last36=Lindstrom |first36=Stephen |last37=Verani |first37=Jennifer R |last38=Layden |first38=Jennifer E |title=First known person-to-person transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the USA |journal=Lancet |date=2020 |volume=395 |issue=10230 |pages=1137–1144 |doi=10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30607-3 |pmid=32178768 |pmc=7158585 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The same day, the WHO declared the outbreak a [[Public Health Emergency of International Concern]], warning that &quot;all countries should be prepared for containment.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Boseley|first1=Sarah|date=January 30, 2020|title=WHO declares coronavirus a global health emergency|work=[[The Guardian]]|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/jan/30/who-declares-coronavirus-a-global-health-emergency|accessdate=March 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Kennedy|first1=Merrit|date=January 30, 2020|title=WHO Declares Coronavirus Outbreak A Global Health Emergency|work=[[NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2020/01/30/798894428/who-declares-coronavirus-outbreak-a-global-health-emergency|accessdate=April 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{efn|The editorial board for ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' suggested the world may have been &quot;better prepared&quot; had the WHO declared a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on January 23, by which time the virus had spread to other countries.&lt;ref name=wsj-info&gt;{{cite news |title=World Health Coronavirus Disinformation |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=April 5, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200409192517/https://www.wsj.com/articles/world-health-coronavirus-disinformation-11586122093 |archivedate=April 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} The next day, January 31, the U.S. also declared a public health emergency.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globe&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/news/nation/2020/01/31/declares-public-health-emergency-from-coronavirus/9WMXL38AdA08GJworROtII/story.html |title=US declares public health emergency from coronavirus |newspaper=Boston Globe |date=February 1, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Although by that date there were only seven known cases in the U.S., the [[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]] and CDC reported that there was a likelihood of further cases appearing in the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Globe&quot; /&gt;

=== February 2020 ===

On February 2, the U.S. enacted [[Travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic|travel restrictions]] to and from China.&lt;ref name=RobertsonApril15/&gt; Additional travel restrictions were placed on foreign nationals who had traveled within the past 14 days in certain countries, with exceptions for families and residents. Americans returning from those regions underwent health screenings and a 14-day [[quarantine]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=DHS Issues Supplemental Instructions for Inbound Flights with Individuals Who Have Been in China|url=https://www.dhs.gov/news/2020/02/02/dhs-issues-supplemental-instructions-inbound-flights-individuals-who-have-been-china|accessdate=March 9, 2020 |agency=[[Department of Homeland Security]]|date=March 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Colarossi |first1=Natalie |last2=Cranley |first2=Ellen |title=The CDC is urging residents in New York, New Jersey, and Connecticut to refrain from travel because of the coronavirus |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/us-government-travel-warnings-for-coronavirus-outbreak-2020-2#the-us-state-department-has-implemented-travel-restrictions-barring-most-non-us-citizens-or-permanent-residents-from-entering-the-country-from-europe-the-uk-and-ireland-6 |accessdate=March 31, 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=March 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

On February 6, the earliest confirmed American death occurred in [[Santa Clara County, California]], of a 57-year-old woman.&lt;ref name=freqTraveller&gt;{{cite news|last1=Moon|first1=Sarah|date=April 24, 2020|title=A seemingly healthy woman's sudden death is now the first known US coronavirus-related fatality|work=CNN|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/23/us/california-woman-first-coronavirus-death/index.html|accessdate=May 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was later learned that nine deaths had occurred before February{{nbsp}}6, as the virus had been circulating undetected in the U.S. before January, and possibly as early as November.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last=Melinek|first=Judy|date=May 1, 2020|title=When Did COVID-19 Arrive and Could We Have Spotted It Earlier?|url=https://www.medpagetoday.com/infectiousdisease/covid19/86291|accessdate=May 7, 2020|publisher=MedPage Today}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

On February 25, the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] (CDC) warned the American public for the first time to prepare for a local outbreak.&lt;ref name=TaylorMarch23&gt;{{cite news |last1=Taylor |first1=Marisa |title=Exclusive: U.S. axed CDC expert job in China months before virus outbreak |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-china-cdc-exclusiv/exclusive-u-s-axed-cdc-expert-job-in-china-months-before-virus-outbreak-idUSKBN21910S |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |agency=[[Reuters]] |date=March 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; With no vaccine or treatment available, Americans were asked to prepare to take other precautions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Lanese |first1=Nicoletta |title=A US coronavirus outbreak is almost inevitable. Here's how you can prepare. |url=https://www.livescience.com/coronavirus-epidemic-how-to-prepare.html |website=[[Live Science]] |accessdate=August 4, 2020 |date=February 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, large gatherings that occurred before widespread shutdowns and [[social distancing]] measures were put in place, including [[Mardi Gras in New Orleans]] on February 25, accelerated transmission.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url=https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/69/wr/mm6918e2.htm |author=Anne Schuchat |date=May 1, 2020 |title=Public Health Response to the Initiation and Spread of Pandemic COVID-19 in the United States, February 24 – April 21, 2020 |journal=MMWR. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report |volume=69 |issue=18 |pages=551–556 |doi=10.15585/mmwr.mm6918e2 |pmid=32379733 |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== March 2020 ===

[[File:President Trump Signs the Congressional Funding Bill for Coronavirus Response (49627907646).jpg|thumb|March 6: President Trump and Alex Azar at the signing of [[Coronavirus Preparedness and Response Supplemental Appropriations Act]] into law]]

On March 2, travel restrictions from Iran went into effect.&lt;ref name=Boulder&gt;{{cite web |title=February 29, 2020: Temporary Restriction on Entering the U.S. after Travel from Iran |url=https://www.colorado.edu/isss/2020/03/03/february-29-2020-temporary-restriction-entering-us-after-travel-iran |date=March 3, 2020 |publisher=[[University of Colorado Boulder]] |accessdate=April 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 7, the CDC warned that widespread disease transmission may force large numbers of people to seek healthcare, which could overload healthcare systems and lead to otherwise preventable deaths.&lt;ref name=&quot;CDC COVID-19 Situation Summary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/summary.html |title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Summary |last= |publisher=CDC |accessdate=March 7, 2020|date=March 7, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On March{{nbsp}}11, the WHO declared the outbreak to be a [[pandemic]].&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt sports&quot; /&gt; By this time, the virus had spread to 110 countries and all continents except Antarctica.&lt;ref name=declaration&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/11/health/coronavirus-pandemic-who.html |title=Coronavirus Has Become a Pandemic, W.H.O. Says |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 11, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The World Health Organization's definition of a pandemic &quot;mixed severity and spread&quot;, reported ''[[Vox (website)|Vox]]'', and it held off calling the outbreak a pandemic because many countries at the time were reporting no spread or low spread.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.vox.com/future-perfect/2020/3/9/21163412/who-coronavirus-covid19-pandemic-world-health-organization |title=Why the WHO waited to call the coronavirus a pandemic |work=Vox |date=March 11, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/02/how-coronavirus-could-become-pandemic-and-why-it-matters/ |title=Coronavirus is officially a pandemic. Here's why that matters. |work=National Geographic |date=March 11, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

By March 12, diagnosed cases of {{nowrap|COVID-19}} in the U.S. exceeded a thousand.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/03/11/coronavirus-live-updates/ |title=Live updates: As U.S. coronavirus cases top 1,000, mixed signs of recovery in China, South Korea |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |first1=Adam |last1=Taylor |first2=Teo |last2=Armus |date=March 11, 2020 |accessdate=March 11, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 13, travel restriction for the 26 European countries that comprise the [[Schengen Area]] went into effect; restrictions for the United Kingdom and Ireland went into effect on March 16.&lt;ref name=WoodyardMarch16&gt;{{cite news |last1=Woodyard |first1=Chris |title=Q&amp;A: What you need to know about the United Kingdom and Ireland travel ban |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/travel/airline-news/2020/03/16/coronavirus-uk-ireland-travel-ban-what-know-europe-travel-ban/5060715002/ |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also on March 16, the White House advised against any gatherings of more than ten people.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Liptak |first1=Kevin |title=White House advises public to avoid groups of more than 10, asks people to stay away from bars and restaurants |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/16/politics/white-house-guidelines-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=March 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since March 19, 2020, the [[State Department]] has advised U.S. citizens to avoid all international travel.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://travel.state.gov/content/travel/en/traveladvisories/ea/travel-advisory-alert-global-level-4-health-advisory-issue.html |title=Global Level 4 Health Advisory—Do Not Travel|website=travel.state.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By the middle of March, all fifty states were able to perform tests with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or from commercial labs. However, the number of available test kits remained limited, which meant the true number of people infected had to be estimated.&lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/why-coronavirus-testing-us-so-delayed/607954/ |title=The 4{{nbsp}}Key Reasons the U.S. Is So Behind on Coronavirus Testing |work=The Atlantic |date=March 15, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 19, administration officials warned that the number of cases would begin to rise sharply as the country's testing capacity substantially increased to 50,000-70,000 tests per day.&lt;ref name=&quot;CBSTesting&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kates |first1=Graham |title=Confirmed coronavirus cases will jump as testing ramps up |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/coronavirus-confirmed-cases-rise-tests/ |accessdate=March 27, 2020 |publisher=CBS |date=March 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GageTesting&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gage |first1=John |title='Transformed the testing process': Deborah Birx says US has done more coronavirus testing in eight days than South Korea in eight weeks |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/news/transformed-the-testing-process-deborah-birx-says-us-has-done-more-coronavirus-testing-in-eight-days-than-south-korea-in-eight-weeks |accessdate=March 27, 2020 |publisher=Washington Examiner |date=March 24, 2020}}{{unreliable source?|date=April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As cases began spreading throughout the nation, federal and state agencies began taking urgent steps to prepare for a surge of hospital patients. Among the actions was establishing additional places for patients in case hospitals became overwhelmed. The [[Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival]], for instance, was postponed to October and the fairgrounds where it is normally held was turned into a medical center.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto3&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/music/story/2020-03-30/coronavirus-event-companies-coachella-pivot-covid-19-testing |title=They were supposed to build stages for Coachella. Now they're building coronavirus triage tents |work=Los Angeles Times |date=March 30, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Manpower from the military and volunteer armies were called up to help construct the emergency facilities.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto8&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://abcnews.go.com/International/photos-field-hospitals-built-globe-coronavirus-pandemic-spreads/story?id=69962474 |title=Field hospitals built around the globe as coronavirus pandemic spreads |work=ABC News |date=April 4, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcconnecticut.com/news/local/connecticut-national-guard-sets-up-temporary-hospitals-amid-coronavirus-pandemic/2248512/ |title=Connecticut National Guard Sets Up Temporary Hospitals Amid Coronavirus Pandemic |work=NBC |date=April 1, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

Throughout March and early April, several state, city, and county governments imposed [[Stay-at-home order|&quot;stay at home&quot;]] [[U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic|quarantines on their populations]] to stem the spread of the virus.&lt;ref name=&quot;Norwood&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Norwood |first1=Candace |title=Most states have issued stay-at-home orders, but enforcement varies widely |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/politics/most-states-have-issued-stay-at-home-orders-but-enforcement-varies-widely |accessdate=April 9, 2020 |publisher=PBS |date=April 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By March 27, the country had reported over 100,000 cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Chan |first1=Christine |last2=Shumaker |first2=Lisa |last3=Maler |first3=Sandra |title=Confirmed coronavirus cases in U.S. reach 100,000: Reuters tally |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-cases/confirmed-coronavirus-cases-in-u-s-reach-100000-reuters-tally-idUSKBN21E3DA |date=March 28, 2020 |agency=Reuters |accessdate=March 28, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== April 2020 ===

On April 2, at President Trump's direction, the [[Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services]] (CMS) and CDC ordered additional preventive guidelines to the long-term care facility industry. They included requiring temperature checks for anyone in a nursing home, symptom screenings, and requiring all nursing home personnel to wear face masks. Trump also said COVID patients should have their own buildings or units and dedicated staffing teams.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.mcknights.com/news/trump-wants-masks-on-all-nursing-home-workers-temperature-checks-for-all-and-separate-covid-units/ |title=Trump wants masks on all nursing home workers, temperature checks for all, and separate COVID-19 units |work=McKnight's Long-term Care News |date=April 3, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 11, the U.S. death toll became the highest in the world when the number of cases reached 20,000, surpassing that of [[COVID-19 pandemic in Italy|Italy]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=April 11, 2020|title=U.S. coronavirus deaths top 20,000, highest in world exceeding Italy: Reuters tally|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-usa-casualties-idUSKCN21T0NA|access-date=May 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On April 19, the CMS added new regulations requiring nursing homes to inform residents, their families and representatives, of COVID-19 cases in their facilities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration-announces-new-nursing-homes-covid-19-transparency-effort |title=Trump Administration Announces New Nursing Homes COVID-19 Transparency Effort |work=Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services |date=April 19, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 28, the total number of confirmed cases across the country surpassed one million.&lt;ref name=&quot;million 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/28/health/us-coronavirus-tuesday/index.html|title=US coronavirus cases surpass 1 million and the death toll is greater than US losses in Vietnam War|author1=Steve Almasy |author2=Christina Maxouris |author3=Nicole Chavez|work=CNN|access-date=April 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;million 2&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=April 28, 2020|title=The US has now passed 1 million confirmed Covid-19 cases|publisher=Vox|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/28/21239172/coronavirus-us-confirmed-cases-update-1-million|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;million 3&quot;&gt;{{cite news|date=April 28, 2020|title=U.S. Surpasses 1 Million Coronavirus Cases|publisher=NPR|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/28/846741935/u-s-surpasses-1-million-coronavirus-cases|accessdate=April 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On April 30, President Trump announced the administration was establishing a Coronavirus Commission for Safety and Quality in Nursing Homes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/briefings-statements/president-donald-j-trump-remains-committed-caring-nations-seniors-coronavirus-pandemic-beyond/ |title=President Donald J. Trump Remains Committed to Caring for Our Nation's Seniors During the Coronavirus Pandemic and Beyond |website=Whitehouse.gov |date=April 30, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o-_XhBQPpgU&amp;t=4m17s |title=President Trump delivers remarks on senior citizens and COVID-19 |work=USA Today |date=April 30, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== May to June 2020 ===

The CDC prepared detailed guidelines for the reopening of businesses, public transit, restaurants, religious organizations, schools, and other public places. The Trump administration shelved the guidelines, but an unauthorized copy was published by the [[Associated Press]] on May 7.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Trump administration buries detailed CDC advice on reopening|last1=Dearen|first1=Jason|last2=Stobbe|first2=Mike|date=May 6, 2020|accessdate=May 15, 2020|publisher=The Associated Press|url=https://apnews.com/7a00d5fba3249e573d2ead4bd323a4d4}}&lt;/ref&gt; Six flow charts were ultimately published on May 15,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=C.D.C. Issues Reopening Checklists for Schools and Businesses|work=The New York Times|author=Bogel-Burroughs, Nicholas|date=May 15, 2020|accessdate=May 15, 2020|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/15/us/cdc-coronavirus-checklists-decision-trees.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; and a 60-page set of guidelines was released without comment on May 20, weeks after many states had already emerged from lockdowns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=CDC quietly releases detailed plan for reopening America|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/cdc-quietly-releases-detailed-plan-reopening-america-n1211316|author=Chuck, Elizabeth|date=May 20, 2020|accessdate=May 20, 2020|publisher=NBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By May 27, less than four months after the pandemic reached the U.S., 100,000 Americans had died from COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/100000-deaths-american-coronavirus/ |title=U.S. coronavirus death toll surpasses 100,000, exposing nation's vulnerabilities |work=[[Washington Post]] |author=Marc Fisher |date=May 27, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; State economic reopenings and lack of widespread mask orders resulted in a sharp rise in cases across most of the continental U.S. outside of the Northeast. By June 11, the number of cases in the U.S. had passed two million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2020/06/11/coronavirus-update-us/ |title=U.S. surpasses 2 million coronavirus cases |work=[[Washington Post]] |date=June 11, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 | author=Antonia Noori Farzan |displayauthors=etal}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== July 2020 to present ===

By July 9, the number of cases had passed three million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53342222 |title=Coronavirus: US surpasses three million cases |date=July 9, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 |publisher=[[BBC]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
President Trump was first seen wearing a face mask in public on July 11, months after it had been recommended by public health experts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/7651589ac439646e5cf873d021f1f4b6|title=Trump wears mask in public for first time during pandemic|work=[[Associated Press]]|first=Jonathan|last=Lemire|date=July 11, 2020|accessdate=July 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By July 23, the number of cases had passed four million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/23/health/us-coronavirus-thursday/index.html |title=US surpasses 4 million reported coronavirus cases as hospitalizations near record |publisher=[[CNN]] |author=Christina Maxouris |author2=Jason Hanna |date=July 23, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On July 29, the U.S. passed 150,000 deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/07/29/896491060/more-than-150-000-people-have-died-from-coronavirus-in-the-u-s |title=More Than 150,000 People Have Died From Coronavirus In The U.S. |date=July 29, 2020 |accessdate=July 29, 2020 |publisher=[[NPR]] |author=Alana Wise |author2=Bill Chappell}}&lt;/ref&gt; On August 9, the U.S. passed five million COVID-19 cases.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/09/900640397/u-s-hits-5-million-coronavirus-cases-as-debate-lingers-over-the-path-forward |title=U.S. Hits 5 Million Coronavirus Cases As Debate Lingers Over The Path Forward |publisher=NPR |author=Jason Slotkin |date=August 9, 2020 |accessdate=August 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July, [[Public Interest Research Group|U.S. PIRG]] and 150 health professionals sent a letter asking the federal government to &quot;shut it down now, and start over&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/alisondurkee/2020/07/24/medical-experts-tell-government-shut-it-down-now-and-start-over/#5c0f64e7695c|title=Medical Experts Tell Government: 'Shut It Down Now, And Start Over'|author=Durkee, Alison|date=July 24, 2020|accessdate=July 25, 2020|publisher=Forbes (Forbes Media)}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July and early August, requests multiplied, with a number of experts asking for lockdowns of &quot;six to eight weeks&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=America Could Control the Pandemic by October. Let's Get to It.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/opinion/sunday/coronavirus-response-testing-lockdown.html|author=Editorial Board|date=August 8, 2020|accessdate=August 8, 2020|work=The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; that they believed would restore the country by October 1, in time to reopen schools and have an in-person election. &lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Resetting Our Response: Changes Needed in the US Approach to COVID-19|vauthors=Rivers C, Martin E, Watson C, Schoch-Spana M, Cicero A, Inglesby T|year=2020|url=https://www.centerforhealthsecurity.org/our-work/publications/resetting-our-response-changes-needed-in-the-us-approach-to-covid-19|publisher=[[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]]|location=Baltimore, MD}} and {{cite news|url=https://www.khou.com/article/news/health/coronavirus/us-life-back-to-normal-by-october-with-local-experts-plan/285-296ded16-c271-4306-a08b-e31123351161|date=July 23, 2020|author=Benito, Marcelino|publisher=KHOU-TV|title=Back to normal by October? Dr. Hotez sends the White House a national, unified coronavirus plan}} and {{cite news|title=Here's How to Crush the Virus Until Vaccines Arrive|last1=Osterholm|first1=Michael T.|last2=Kashkari|first2=Neel|date=August 7, 2020|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/opinion/coronavirus-lockdown-unemployment-death.html}} and {{cite news|author=Slavitt, Andy|title=Joe Biden is the national reset we need on COVID-19, but he's more than 75,000 lives away|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/opinion/2020/08/04/trump-ignores-covid-deaths-need-for-national-strategy-column/5574327002/|date=August 4, 2020|publisher=USA Today (Gannett)}} and {{cite news|title=Winter is coming: Why America's window of opportunity to beat back Covid-19 is closing|author=Branswell, Helen|date=August 10, 2020|accessdate=August 11, 2020|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/08/10/winter-is-coming-as-flu-season-nears-americas-window-of-opportunity-to-beat-back-covid-19-is-narrowing/|publisher=STAT}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Preparations made after previous outbreaks ==

{{Main|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}}

The United States has been subjected to pandemics and epidemics throughout its history, including the 1918 [[Spanish flu]], the 1957 [[Asian flu]], and the 1968 [[Hong Kong flu]] pandemics.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc7&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Miguel |first1=Ken |title=Here's a look at some of history's worst pandemics that have killed millions |url=https://abc7news.com/5974174/ |accessdate=March 22, 2020 |publisher=ABC 7 News |date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lileks |first1=James |title=How the news media played down the pandemics of yore, from Spanish flu to Swine flu |url=http://www.startribune.com/how-the-news-media-played-down-the-pandemics-of-yore-from-spanish-flu-to-swine-flu/568899732/?refresh=true |accessdate=March 22, 2020 |work=Star Tribune |date=March 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Brown |first1=Jeremy |title=The Coronavirus Is No 1918 Pandemic |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/03/were-not-facing-second-spanish-flu/607354/ |access-date=March 22, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=March 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the most recent pandemic prior to COVID-19, the [[2009 swine flu pandemic]] took the lives of more than 12,000 Americans and hospitalized another 270,000 over the course of approximately one year.&lt;ref name=&quot;abc7&quot; /&gt;

According to the [[Global Health Security Index]], an American-British assessment which ranks the health security capabilities in 195 countries, the U.S. in 2020 was the &quot;most prepared&quot; nation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/02/these-are-the-countries-best-prepared-for-health-emergencies/ |title=These are the countries best prepared for health emergencies |work=World Economic Forum |date=February 12, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=cfr&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/what-global-health-survey-found-months-coronavirus-pandemic |title=What a Global Health Survey Found Months Before the Coronavirus Pandemic |work=Council on Foreign Relations |date=March 24, 2020 |first1= Lindsay |last1=Maizland |first2=Thamine |last2=Nayeem |first3=Anu |last3=Kumar}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reports predicting global pandemics ===

[[File:Alex Azar declares PHED for Coronavirus.jpg|thumb|[[Health and Human Services Secretary|Health and Human Services (HHS) Secretary]] [[Alex Azar]] signs a public health emergency declaration.]]

The [[United States Intelligence Community]], in its annual ''[[Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community|Worldwide Threat Assessment]]'' report of 2017 and 2018, said if a related coronavirus were &quot;to acquire efficient human-to-human transmissibility&quot;, it would have &quot;pandemic potential&quot;. The 2018 ''Worldwide Threat Assessment'' also said new types of microbes that are &quot;easily transmissible between humans&quot; remain &quot;a major threat&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto7&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/Newsroom/Testimonies/SSCI%20Unclassified%20SFR%20-%20Final.pdf |title=Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community |work=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date=May 11, 2017 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Reider |first1=Rem |title=Contrary to Trump's Claim, A Pandemic Was Widely Expected at Some Point |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/contrary-to-trumps-claim-a-pandemic-was-widely-expected-at-some-point/ |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |work=[[Factcheck.org]] |date=March 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=DilanianFebruary29&gt;{{cite news |last1=Dilanian |first1=Ken |title=U.S. intel agencies warned of a rising risk of an outbreak like coronavirus |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/national-security/u-s-intel-agencies-warned-rising-risk-outbreak-coronavirus-n1144891 |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |publisher=[[NBC News]] |date=February 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Similarly, the 2019 ''Worldwide Threat Assessment'' warned that &quot;the United States and the world will remain vulnerable to the next flu pandemic or large-scale outbreak of a contagious disease that could lead to massive rates of death and disability, severely affect the world economy, strain international resources, and increase calls on the United States for support.&quot;&lt;ref name=DilanianFebruary29 /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;threats&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.dni.gov/files/ODNI/documents/2019-ATA-SFR---SSCI.pdf |title=Worldwide Threat Assessment of the US Intelligence Community |work=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence |date=January 29, 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Preparations ===

{{Main|Pandemic predictions and preparations prior to the COVID-19 pandemic#United States}}

In 2005, President [[George W. Bush]] began preparing a national pandemic response plan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/george-bush-2005-wait-pandemic-late-prepare/story?id=69979013 |title=George W. Bush in 2005: 'If we wait for a pandemic to appear, it will be too late to prepare' |publisher=[[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]] |date=April 5, 2020 |accessdate=July 23, 2020 |author=Matthew Mosk}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In 2006, the [[Department of Health and Human Services]] established a new division, the [[Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority]] (BARDA) to prepare for chemical, biological and nuclear attacks, as well as infectious diseases. In its first year of operation, BARDA &quot;estimated that an additional 70,000 [ventilators] would be required in a moderate influenza pandemic&quot;; a contract was let and work started, but no ventilators were ever delivered.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT Mission Failed&quot;&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Kulish|first1=Nicholas|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html |title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|date=March 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |access-date=April 12, 2020 |last2=Kliff |first2=Sarah |issn=0362-4331| last3=Silver-Greenberg |first3=Jessica}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A vaccine for a related coronavirus, [[SARS]], was developed in the U.S. by 2016, but never progressed to human trials due to a lack of funding.&lt;ref name=&quot;nbc5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-care/scientists-were-close-coronavirus-vaccine-years-ago-then-money-dried-n1150091 |title=Scientists were close to a coronavirus vaccine years ago. Then the money dried up. |work=NBC |access-date=April 13, 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; In January 2017, the U.S. government had updated its estimate of resource gaps, including ventilators, face masks, and hospital beds.&lt;ref name=&quot;nat5&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last=Klippenstine |first=Ken |url=https://www.thenation.com/article/politics/covid-military-shortage-pandemic/ |title=The Military Knew Years Ago That a Coronavirus Was Coming |date=April 1, 2020 |work=The Nation |access-date=April 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; While some cities did take the risk of a pandemic seriously enough to prepare years ahead of time, there was often a failure to follow through due to financial constraints. New York City, for instance, took preparatory steps more than a decade ago, but then discontinued them in favor of other priorities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2020/04/07/nycs-pandemic-preparations-that-started-and-stopped/ |title=NYC's pandemic preparations that started—and stopped |newspaper=New York Post |date=April 7, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2017, outgoing Obama administration officials briefed incoming Trump administration officials on how to respond to pandemics by using simulated scenarios.&lt;ref name=&quot;briefing&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Toosi |first1=Nahal |last2=Lippman |first2=Daniel |last3=Diamond |first3=Dan |title=Before Trump's inauguration, a warning: 'The worst influenza pandemic since 1918' |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/16/trump-inauguration-warning-scenario-pandemic-132797 |accessdate=March 20, 2020 |work=[[Politico]] |date=March 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Obama's national security advisor [[Susan Rice]] met with her successor, General [[Michael Flynn]], where she outlined the risk of a pandemic with a tabletop exercise and gave him a pandemic guidebook.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Capehart|first=Jonathan|date=April 6, 2020|title=Susan Rice on Trump's coronavirus response: 'He has cost tens of thousands of American lives'|work=Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2020/04/06/susan-rice-trumps-coronavirus-response-he-has-cost-tens-thousands-american-lives/|access-date=May 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Trump administration simulated a series of pandemic outbreaks from China in 2019 and found that the U.S. government response was &quot;underfunded, underprepared, and uncoordinated&quot; (see [[Crimson Contagion]]).&lt;ref name= simulation2019&gt;{{cite web|url=https://news.yahoo.com/trump-let-u-fall-behind-120054883.html|title=How Trump let the U.S. fall behind the curve on coronavirus threat|website=news.yahoo.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Among the conclusions of the test was a shortage of certain medical supplies which are produced overseas, including N95 masks. President Trump responded to the simulation with an executive order to increase the availability and quality of flu vaccines, and the administration later increased funding for the pandemic threats program of the Department of Health and Human Services ([[United States Department of Health and Human Services|HHS]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Sanger|first1=David E.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/trump-coronavirus-outbreak.html|title=Before Virus Outbreak, a Cascade of Warnings Went Unheeded|date=March 19, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=March 20, 2020|last2=Lipton|first2=Eric|issn=0362-4331|last3=Sullivan|first3=Eileen|last4=Crowley|first4=Michael}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2019, White House economists published a study that warned a pandemic could kill half a million Americans and devastate the economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Tankersley|first=Tim|title=White House Economists Warned in 2019 a Pandemic Could Devastate America|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/business/coronavirus-economy-trump.html|date=March 31, 2020|newspaper=New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Reorganization and departures ===

In May 2018, [[National Security Advisor (United States)|National Security Advisor]] [[John Bolton]] reorganized the executive branch's [[United States National Security Council]] (NSC), largely merging the group responsible for global [[health security]] and [[biodefense]]—established by the Obama administration following the [[Ebola virus cases in the United States|2014 ebola epidemic]]—into a bigger group responsible for [[counter-proliferation]] and biodefense. Along with the reorganization, the leader of the global health security and biodefense group, Rear Admiral [[Timothy Ziemer]], left to join another federal agency, while [[Tim Morrison (presidential advisor)|Tim Morrison]] became the leader of the combined group.&lt;ref name=KellyMarch20&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |last2=Kelly |first2=Meg |title=Was the White House office for global pandemics eliminated? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/20/was-white-house-office-global-pandemics-eliminated |accessdate=March 21, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=March 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;disband&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://apnews.com/ce014d94b64e98b7203b873e56f80e9a|title=Trump disbanded NSC pandemic unit that experts had praised|author-last=Riechmann|author-first=Deb|agency=[[Associated Press]]|date=March 14, 2020|accessdate=March 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics of this reorganization referred to it as &quot;disbanding&quot; a pandemic preparedness group.&lt;ref name=&quot;disband&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Bethania|last= Palma |url=https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/experts-officials-pandemic-2018 |title=Did Experts and Officials Warn in 2018 US Couldn't Respond Effectively to a Pandemic? Such individuals have made repeated warnings about U.S. readiness in the event of a pandemic. |date=1 April 2020 |work=[[Snopes]] }}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2020, the administration planned to create a new pandemic preparedness office within the State Department.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last1=Atwood|first1=Kylie|last2=Gaouette|first2=Nicole|date=July 2, 2020|title=Trump administration moves ahead with plan to open new pandemic office as coronavirus crisis intensifies|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/politics/trump-state-dept-new-pandemic-office/index.html|access-date=July 2, 2020|website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In the years before the COVID-19 outbreak, the administration had reduced the number of staff working in the Beijing office of the U.S. CDC from 47 to 14. One of the staff eliminated in July 2019 was training Chinese field epidemiologists to respond to disease outbreaks at their hotbeds. Also closed were single-person offices of Beijing's [[National Science Foundation]] (NSF), the [[United States Agency for International Development]] (USAID) and [[U.S. Department of Agriculture]].&lt;ref name=TaylorMarch26 /&gt;

The Trump Administration also ended funding for the [[PREDICT (USAID)|PREDICT]] pandemic early-warning program in China, which trained and supported staff in 60 foreign laboratories, with field work ceasing September 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.latimes.com/science/story/2020-04-02/coronavirus-trump-pandemic-program-viruses-detection |title=Trump administration ended coronavirus detection program |date=March 2, 2020 |work=LATimes.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; The scientists tasked with identifying potential pandemics were already stretched too far and thin.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-the-coronavirus-slipped-past-disease-detectives |title=Why the Coronavirus Slipped Past Disease Detectives; Groups of scientists tasked with identifying pandemic-prone microbes were stretched too far and thin |first=Charles |last=Schmidt |date=April 3, 2020 |website=[[Scientific American]] |access-date=April 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Unsuccessful efforts to improve mask and ventilator supply ===

Since 2015, the federal government has spent $9.8{{nbsp}}million on two projects to prevent a mask shortage but abandoned both projects before completion.&lt;ref name=&quot;wp-masks&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/federal-government-spent-millions-to-ramp-up-mask-readiness-but-that-isnt-helping-now/2020/04/03/d62dda5c-74fa-11ea-a9bd-9f8b593300d0_story.html|title=Federal government spent millions to ramp up mask readiness, but that isn't helping now|first=Jon |last=Swaine|website=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; A second BARDA contract was signed with Applied Research Associates of Albuquerque, to design an N95-rated mask that could be reused in emergencies without reduced effectiveness. Though federal reports had called for such a project since 2006, the ARA contract was not signed until 2017, and missed its 15-month completion deadline, resulting in the 2020 pandemic reaching the United States before the design was ready.&lt;ref name=&quot;wp-masks&quot; /&gt;

Previous respiratory epidemics and government planning indicated a need for a stockpile of ventilators that were easier for less-trained medical personnel to use. BARDA Project Aura issued a [[request for proposals]] in 2008, with a goal of FDA approval in 2010 or 2011. A contract for the production of up to 40,000 ventilators was awarded to Newport Medical Instruments, a small ventilator manufacturer, with a target price of $3,000, much lower than more complicated machines costing more than $10,000, and it produced prototypes with target FDA approval in 2013. [[Covidien]] purchased NMI and after requesting more money to complete the project (bringing the total cost to around $8{{nbsp}}million) asked the government to cancel the contract, saying it was not profitable.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-vent&quot; /&gt; The government awarded a new $13.8{{nbsp}}million contract to [[Philips]], in 2014. The design for the Trilogy Evo Universal gained FDA approval in July 2019. The government ordered 10,000 ventilators in September 2019, with a mid-2020 deadline for the first deliveries and a deadline of 2022 to complete all 10,000. Despite the start of the epidemic in December, the capacity of the company to have produced enough to fill the full order, and the ability of the government to force faster production, the government did not reach an agreement with Philips for accelerated delivery until March 10, 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-vent&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/29/business/coronavirus-us-ventilator-shortage.html|title=The U.S. Tried to Build a New Fleet of Ventilators. The Mission Failed.|first1=Nicholas|last1=Kulish|first2=Sarah|last2=Kliff|first3=Jessica|last3=Silver-Greenberg|date=March 29, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica-vent&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.propublica.org/article/taxpayers-paid-millions-to-design-a-low-cost-ventilator-for-a-pandemic-instead-the-company-is-selling-versions-of-it-overseas- |title=Taxpayers Paid Millions to Design a Low-Cost Ventilator for a Pandemic. Instead, the Company Is Selling Versions of It Overseas. |first1=Sebastian|last1=Rotella|first2=Patricia|last2=Callahan|first3=Tim |last3=Golden |date=March 30, 2020 |website=ProPublica.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; By mid-March, the need for more ventilators had become immediate, and even in the absence of any government contracts, other manufacturers announced plans to make many tens of thousands.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/01/824610787/fema-hadnt-ordered-ventilators-manufacturers-forged-ahead-anyway|title=FEMA Hadn't Ordered Ventilators. Manufacturers Forged Ahead Anyway|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the meantime, Philips had been selling a commercial version, the Trilogy Evo, at much higher prices,&lt;ref name=&quot;propublica-vent&quot; /&gt; leaving only 12,700 in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] as of March 15.&lt;ref name=&quot;nyt-vent&quot; /&gt;

Compared to the small amount of money spent on recommended supplies for a pandemic, billions of dollars had been spent by the Strategic National Stockpile to create and store a vaccine for [[anthrax]], and enough [[smallpox]] inoculations for the entire country.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/coronavirus-strategic-national-stockpile-was-ready-but-not-for-this-135266|title=Coronavirus: Strategic National Stockpile was ready, but not for this|first=Andrew|last=Lakoff|website=[[The Conversation (website)|The Conversation]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Potential response strategies ===

In 2016, the NSC laid out pandemic strategies and recommendations including moving swiftly to fully detect potential outbreaks, securing supplemental funding, considering invoking the [[Defense Production Act of 1950|Defense Production Act]], and ensuring sufficient protective equipment available for healthcare workers. The Trump administration was briefed on it in 2017, but declined to make it official policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Dan |last1=Diamond |first2=Nahal |last2=Toosi |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/25/trump-coronavirus-national-security-council-149285 |title=Trump team failed to follow NSC's pandemic playbook; The 69-page document, finished in 2016, provided a step by step list of priorities—which were then ignored by the administration. |date=March 25, 2020 |website=[[Politico]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Responses ==
=== Medical response ===
==== Attempts to assist China and Iran ====

On January 6, a week after the U.S. was informed about the outbreak in China, both the [[Health and Human Services]] department and the CDC offered to send a team of U.S. health experts to China multiple times but were ignored.&lt;ref name=&quot;FoxNews&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=TheHill&gt;{{cite news |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/480314-us-looks-to-send-health-experts-to-china-amid |title=Trump offers to send health experts to China to help with coronavirus outbreak |work=The Hill |date=January 28, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; For all of January, China reported shortages of test equipment and hospital facilities in Wuhan.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-testing-insight/confusion-and-lost-time-how-testing-woes-slowed-chinas-coronavirus-response-idUSKBN1ZQ21K |title=Confusion and lost time: how testing woes slowed China's coronavirus response |work=Reuters |date=January 27, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/china/society/article/3047603/wuhan-coronavirus-hospitals-turning-people-doctors-say-home-best |title=China coronavirus: hospitals turning people away as doctors say 'home is best' in many cases |work=South China Morning Post |date=January 24, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Nonetheless, according to CDC Director Dr. [[Robert Redfield]], the director of the CDC, the Chinese government refused to let them in, which contributed to the U.S. getting a late start in identifying the danger of their outbreak and containing it before it reached other countries.&lt;ref name=Redfield/&gt; U.S. Health Secretary [[Alex Azar]] said China did notify the world much sooner than it had after their [[SARS outbreak]] in 2003, but it was unexplainably turning away CDC help for this new one.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html |title=CDC's response to SARS during the 2003 outbreak|work=CDC.gov }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;/&gt; 

On January 28, the CDC updated its China travel recommendations to level 3, its highest alert.&lt;ref name=&quot;FoxNews&quot;/&gt; Alex Azar submitted names of U.S. experts to the WHO and said the U.S. would provide $105{{nbsp}}million in funding, adding that he had requested another $136{{nbsp}}million from Congress.&lt;ref name=Reuters-2&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-health-usa/u-s-announces-aid-for-china-other-countries-impacted-by-coronavirus-idUSKBN2012FH |title=U.S. announces aid for China, other countries impacted by coronavirus |work=Reuters |date=February 7, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/07/health/cdc-coronavirus-china.html |title=C.D.C. and W.H.O. Offers to Help China Have Been Ignored for Weeks |newspaper=The New York Times |date=February 7, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 8, the WHO's director-general announced that a team of international experts had been assembled to travel to China and he hoped officials from the CDC would also be part of that mission.&lt;ref name=NPR-China&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/02/08/804130735/whos-tedros-china-has-agreed-to-allow-international-team-probe-coronavirus |author=Bobby Allyn |title=China's Coronavirus Death Toll Surpasses SARS Pandemic |publisher=NPR |date=February 8, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes1&quot;/&gt; The WHO team consisted of 13 international researchers, including two Americans, and toured five cities in China with 12 local scientists to study the epidemic from February 16–23.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | first=Jon | last=Cohen | work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | title=Quarantined at home now, U.S. scientist describes his visit to China's hot zone | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/quarantined-scientist-reveals-what-it-s-be-china-s-hot-zone | date=March 6, 2020 | accessdate=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The final report was released on February 28.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | first1=Kai | last1=Kupferschmidt | first2=Jon | last2=Cohen | work=[[Science (journal)|Science]] | title=China's aggressive measures have slowed the coronavirus. They may not work in other countries | url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/03/china-s-aggressive-measures-have-slowed-coronavirus-they-may-not-work-other-countries | date=March 2, 2020 | accessdate=May 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In late January, a number of U.S. organizations began sending personal protective equipment to China. [[Boeing]] announced a donation of 250,000 medical masks to help address China's supply shortages,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://komonews.com/news/local/boeing-donating-250000-medical-masks-to-battle-coronavirus-in-china |title=Boeing donating 250,000 medical masks to battle coronavirus in China |work=[[KOMO-TV]] |date=January 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; while the [[United Church of Christ]] (UCC) and [[American Baptist Churches]] USA joined an ecumenical effort of American churches to provide much-needed medical supplies to China.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ucc.org/news_ucc_joins_ecumenical_effort_to_send_medical_supplies_to_china_to_combat_coronaviru_01282020 |title=UCC joins ecumenical effort to send medical supplies to China to combat coronavirus |work=United Church of Christ |date=January 28, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On February 7, The State Department said it had facilitated the transportation of nearly eighteen tons of medical supplies to China, including masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.state.gov/the-united-states-announces-assistance-to-combat-the-novel-coronavirus/ |title=The United States Announces Assistance To Combat the Novel Coronavirus|work=U.S. Dept. of State |date=February 7, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; On the same day, U.S. Secretary of State Pompeo announced a $100&amp;nbsp;million pledge to China and other countries to assist with their fights against the virus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://thehill.com/changing-america/well-being/prevention-cures/482096-us-pledges-100-million-to-help-fight-coronavirus |title=US pledges $100&amp;nbsp;million to help fight coronavirus in China |last=Guzman |first=Joseph| name-list-format = vanc |date=February 7, 2020 |website=TheHill|access-date=April 11, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 21, China said it had not received epidemic funding from the U.S. government and said so again on April 3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=COVID-19: China says it has received no U.S. aid |url=https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-03/COVID-19-China-says-it-has-received-no-U-S-aid-PoBg2L0kXS/index.html |access-date=April 13, 2020 |work=CGTN |date=April 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On February 28, the State Department offered to help Iran fight its own outbreak, as Iran's cases and deaths were dramatically increasing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.foxnews.com/world/coronavirus-iran-us-help-death-toll-higher |title=Coronavirus in Iran prompts US to extend olive branch amid claim country's death toll far higher than reported |publisher=Fox News |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020 |author=Hollie McKay}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/how-iran-became-a-new-epicenter-of-the-coronavirus-outbreak |title=How Iran Became a New Epicenter of the Coronavirus Outbreak |publisher=The New Yorker |author=Robin Wright |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Testing ====

{{See also|COVID-19 testing|Trump administration communication during the COVID-19 pandemic#Testing}}
[[File:Colorado National Guard (49673441472).jpg|thumb|March 18: Colorado National Guard, [[Colorado Department of Public Health and Environment|CDPHE]], and [[San Miguel County, Colorado|San Miguel County]] personnel assist at a drive-up testing center in [[Telluride, Colorado]].]]
[[File:Utah National Guard (49897808562).jpg|thumb|May 14: COVID-19 test conducted in [[Salt Lake City]], [[Utah]]]]
[[File:West Virginia National Guard - 49744586872.jpg|thumb|April 5: Testing team in [[Charleston, West Virginia]] responds to a confirmed case in a [[nursing home]].]]

Beyond identifying whether a person is currently infected, SARS-CoV-2 testing helps health professionals ascertain how bad the epidemic is and where it is worst.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/03/13/coronavirus-testing-long-way-to-go |title=Coronavirus testing is starting to get better—but it has a long way to go |work=[[Statnews.com]] |date=March 13, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the accuracy of national statistics on the number of cases and deaths from the outbreak depend on knowing how many people are being tested every day, and how the available tests are being allocated.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://ourworldindata.org/coronavirus-testing-source-data |title=Coronavirus Testing—Source Data |work=Our World of Data |date=March 20, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

While the WHO opted to use an approach developed by Germany to test for SARS-CoV-2, the United States developed its own testing approach. The German testing method was made public on January 13, and the American testing method was made public on January 28. The WHO did not offer any test kits to the U.S. because the U.S. normally had the supplies to produce their own tests.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Greenberg |first1=Jon |last2=Knight |first2=Victoria |title=Mostly False: Joe Biden stated on March 15, 2020, in a Democratic primary debate: &quot;The World Health Organization offered the testing kits that they have available and to give it to us now. We refused them. We did not want to buy them.&quot; |url=https://www.politifact.com/factchecks/2020/mar/16/joe-biden/biden-falsely-says-trump-administration-rejected-w/ |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[Politifact]] |date=March 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States had a slow start in widespread SARS-CoV-2 testing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Shear |first1=Michael |last2=Goodnough |first2=Abby |last3=Kaplan |first3=Sheila |last4=Fink |first4=Sheri |last5=Thomas |first5=Katie |last6=Weiland |first6=Noah |title=The Lost Month: How a Failure to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 29, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200330032228/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/us/testing-coronavirus-pandemic.html |archivedate=March 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cohen |first1=Jon |title=The United States badly bungled coronavirus testing—but things may soon improve |url=https://www.sciencemag.org/news/2020/02/united-states-badly-bungled-coronavirus-testing-things-may-soon-improve |website=[[Science (journal)|Science]] |date=February 28, 2020 |accessdate=March 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; From the start of the outbreak until early March 2020, the CDC gave restrictive guidelines on who should be eligible for COVID-19 testing. The initial criteria were (a) people who had recently traveled to certain countries, or (b) people with respiratory illness serious enough to require hospitalization, or (c) people who have been in contact with a person confirmed to have coronavirus.&lt;ref name=WangMarch22/&gt;

In February, the U.S. CDC produced 160,000 SARS-CoV-2 tests, but soon it was discovered that many were defective and gave inaccurate readings.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoriskeyMarch16&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kenen |first1=Joanne |title=How testing failures allowed coronavirus to sweep the U.S. |url=http://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/06/coronavirus-testing-failure-123166 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 19, the first U.S. patient with COVID-19 of unknown origin (a possible indication of [[community transmission]]) was hospitalized. The patient's test was delayed for four days because he had not qualified for a test under the initial federal testing criteria.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abdalla |first1=Jihan |title=First US coronavirus case of unknown origin marks 'turning point' |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/02/coronavirus-case-unknown-origin-marks-turning-point-200227154643100.html |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |publisher=[[Al Jazeera]] |date=February 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By February 27, fewer than 4,000 tests had been conducted in the U.S.&lt;ref name=WhoriskeyMarch16 /&gt; Although academic laboratories and hospitals had developed their own tests, they were not allowed to use them until February 29, when the FDA issued approvals for them and private companies.&lt;ref name=&quot;WhoriskeyMarch16&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=LeeMarch21&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lee |first1=Timothy |title=America is finally testing for coronavirus in significant volumes |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2020/03/america-is-finally-testing-for-coronavirus-in-significant-volumes/ |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=[[Ars Technica]] |date=March 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From February 25, a group of researchers from the [[Seattle Flu Study]] defied federal and state officials to conduct their own tests, using samples already collected from flu study subjects who had not given permission for SARS-CoV-2 testing. They quickly found a teenager infected with SARS-CoV-2 of unknown origin, newly indicating that an outbreak had already been occurring in Washington for the past six weeks. State regulators stopped these researchers' testing on March 2, although the testing later resumed through the creation of the [[Seattle Coronavirus Assessment Network]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Fink |first1=Sheri |last2=Baker |first2=Mike |title='It's Just Everywhere Already': How Delays in Testing Set Back the U.S. Coronavirus Response |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=March 10, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200319065701/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/10/us/coronavirus-testing-delays.html |archivedate=March 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Achenbach |first1=Joel |last2=Mettler |first2=Katie |last3=Sun |first3=Lena H. |last4=Guarino |first4=Ben |title=Coronavirus may have spread undetected for weeks in Washington state, which reported first two deaths in U.S. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-may-have-spread-undetected-for-weeks-in-washington-state/2020/03/01/0f292336-5bcc-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |accessdate=April 5, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 1, 2020| archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200421025345/https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/coronavirus-may-have-spread-undetected-for-weeks-in-washington-state/2020/03/01/0f292336-5bcc-11ea-9055-5fa12981bbbf_story.html |archivedate= April 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On March{{nbsp}}5, the CDC relaxed the criteria to allow doctors discretion to decide who would be eligible for tests.&lt;ref name=WangMarch22&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wang |first1=Jessica |last2=Huth |first2=Lindsay |last3=Umlauf |first3=Taylor |last4=Wang |first4=Elbert |last5=McKay |first5=Betsy |title=How the CDC's Restrictive Testing Guidelines Hid the Coronavirus Epidemic |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |archivedate=March 22, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=March 22, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200322161141/https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-the-cdcs-restrictive-testing-guidelines-hid-the-coronavirus-epidemic-11584882001}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also on March 5, Vice President [[Mike Pence]], the leader of the coronavirus response team, acknowledged that &quot;we don't have enough tests&quot; to meet the predicted future demand; this announcement came only three days after [[FDA]] commissioner [[Stephen Hahn (oncologist)|Stephen Hahn]] committed to producing nearly a million tests by that week.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: White House concedes US lacks enough test kits |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51761435 |accessdate=March 23, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Senator [[Chris Murphy]] of Connecticut and Representative [[Stephen F. Lynch|Stephen Lynch]] of Massachusetts both noted that as of March{{nbsp}}8 their states had not yet received the new test kits.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=transcript |title=Transcript: Chris Murphy on &quot;Face the Nation&quot;, March 8, 2020 |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/transcript-chris-murphy-on-face-the-nation-march-8-2020/ |website=Face the Nation |accessdate=March 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cathey |first1=Libby |title=Government coronavirus response: Trump prepared to use the 'full power' of government |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Politics/government-coronavirus-response-updates-fauci-warns-congress-worse/story?id=69532695 |website=ABC News |accessdate=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By March 11, the U.S had tested fewer than 10,000 people.&lt;ref name=worried&gt;{{cite news |title=Coronavirus: Should Americans be worried? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-51649897 |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |work=[[BBC News]] |date=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doctor [[Anthony Fauci]], head of the [[National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases]], acknowledged on March 12 it was &quot;a failing&quot; of the U.S. system that the demand for SARS-CoV-2 tests was not being met;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton_WSJ&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Burton |first1=Thomas M. |last2=Armour |first2=Stephanie |last3=Wise |first3=Lindsay |date=March 12, 2020 |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-virus-testing-system-is-failing-fauci-tells-congress-11584042312 |title=U.S. Virus Testing System Is Failing, Fauci Tells Congress |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |accessdate=April 19, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Fauci later clarified that he believed the private sector should have been brought in sooner to address the shortfall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kessler |first1=Glenn |title=What did Dr. Anthony Fauci say about coronavirus testing 'failing'? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/18/what-did-dr-fauci-say-about-coronavirus-testing-failing/ |accessdate=March 18, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By mid-March, the U.S. had tested 125 people per million of their population, which was lower than several other countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McCarthy |first1=Niall |title=U.S. Lags Behind Other Countries in Coronavirus Testing |url=https://www.statista.com/chart/21108/covid-19-tests-performed-per-million-of-the-population/ |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=[[Statista]] |date=March 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first COVID-19 cases in the U.S. and South Korea were identified at around the same time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=McCann |first1=Larry |last2=Lai |first2=Rebecca |last3=McCann |first3=Allison |title=U.S. Lags in Coronavirus Testing |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/03/17/us/coronavirus-testing-data.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=March 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics say the U.S. government has botched the approval and distribution of test kits, losing crucial time during the early weeks of the outbreak, with the result that the true number of cases in the United States was impossible to estimate with any reasonable accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Pilkington|first=Ed|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/13/coronavirus-testing-us|title=Why has coronavirus testing in the US been such a disaster?|date=March 13, 2020|work=The Guardian|access-date=March 15, 2020|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By March 12, all fifty states were able to perform tests, with a doctor's approval, either from the CDC or local commercial lab.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/testing-in-us.html |title=Testing in the U.S. |work=CDC.gov |date=March 13, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This was followed by the government announcing a series of measures intended to speed up testing. These measures included the appointment of Admiral [[Brett Giroir]] of the [[United States Public Health Service|U.S. Public Health Service]] to oversee testing, funding for two companies developing rapid tests, and a hotline to help labs find needed supplies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/03/13/815363944/trump-administration-announces-measures-to-speed-coronavirus-testing |title=Trump Administration Announces Measures To Speed Coronavirus Testing |work=NPR |date=March 13, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The FDA also gave emergency authorization for New York to obtain an automated coronavirus testing machine.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://nypost.com/2020/03/13/fda-issues-emergency-authorization-for-coronavirus-test/ |title=FDA authorizes coronavirus test that could drastically speed up screening |work=New York Post |date=March 13, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a March 13 press conference, the Trump administration announced a campaign to conduct tests in retail store parking lots across the country,&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |accessdate=March 15, 2020 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-google/google-walmart-join-us-effort-to-speed-up-coronavirus-testing-idUSKBN21036R |title=Google, Walmart join U.S. effort to speed up coronavirus testing |agency=Reuters |location=New York, NY |date=March 13, 2020 |author=Sanders, Chris}}&lt;/ref&gt; but this was not widely implemented.&lt;ref name=&quot;MakApril13&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Mak |first1=Tim |last2=Pfeiffer |first2=Sacha |last3=Huo |first3=Jingnan |last4=Benincasa |first4=Robert |last5=Smith |first5=Graham |last6=Shapiro |first6=Joseph |last7=Anderson |first7=Meg |title=A Month After Emergency Declaration, Trump's Promises Largely Unfulfilled |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/13/832797592/a-month-after-emergency-declaration-trumps-promises-largely-unfulfilled |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=April 13, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On March 13, drive-through testing in the U.S. began in [[Westchester County, New York|New Rochelle]], [[Westchester County, New York|Westchester County]], as New Rochelle was the U.S. town with the most diagnosed cases at that time.&lt;ref name=&quot;pbs1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |accessdate=March 15, 2020 |url=https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/new-york-launches-drive-thru-testing-site-for-covid-19 |title=New York launches drive-thru testing site for COVID-19 |publisher=PBS |location=New York, NY |date=March 14, 2020 |author=Booker, Christopher}}&lt;/ref&gt; By March 22, drive-through testing had started in more than thirty states, although the [[Associated Press]] reported that &quot;the system has been marked by inconsistencies, delays, and [[Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic|shortages]],&quot; leading to many people waiting hours or days even though they showed symptoms and were recommended by a doctor to get a test. A lack of supplies had already forced the closure of drive-through testing in seven states.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Smith |first1=Michelle |title=Chaos, Inconsistency Mark Launch of Drive-Thru Virus Testing |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/business/articles/2020-03-22/chaos-inconsistency-mark-launch-of-drive-thru-virus-testing |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=March 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By March 30, more than a million people had been tested,&lt;ref name=CummingsMarch30&gt;{{cite news |last1=Cummings |first1=William |last2=Hayes |first2=Christal |last3=Jackson |first3=David |title=Trump says more than 1 million Americans have been tested for coronavirus |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2020/03/30/coronavirus-response-mnuchin-trump/5086774002/ |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |work=[[USA Today]] |date=March 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; but not all the people showing symptoms were being tested.&lt;ref name=&quot;Stockman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Farah |last=Stockman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/coronavirus-testing-challenges.html |title=Sick People Across the U.S. Say They Are Being Denied the Coronavirus Test |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Sheila |last1=Kaplan |first2=Katie |last2=Thomas |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/06/health/coronavirus-testing-us.html |title=Despite Promises, Testing Delays Leave Americans 'Flying Blind' |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 6, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Burton_WSJ&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Myer_Atlantic&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Myer |first1=Robinson |last2=Madrigal |first2=Alexis |date=April 16, 2020 |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2020/04/us-coronavirus-outbreak-out-control-test-positivity-rate/610132/ |title=A New Statistic Reveals Why America's COVID-19 Numbers Are Flat |work=The Atlantic |accessdate=April 19, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; During the weeks of April{{nbsp}}6 and 13, the U.S. conducted about 150,000 tests per day, while experts recommended at least 500,000 per day prior to ending social distancing, with some recommending several times that level. Building up both testing and surveillance capacity are important to re-opening the economy; the purpose of social distancing is to buy time for such capacity-building.&lt;ref name=&quot;Vox_Tests1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |url=https://www.vox.com/2020/4/17/21224872/coronavirus-testing-trump-reopen-economy |title=Trump's plan to reopen America can't work without a massive surge in testing |work=vox.com |date=April 17, 2020 |author=Lopez, German}}&lt;/ref&gt;

''The New York Times'' reported on April 26 that the U.S. still had yet to reach an adequate level of testing capacity needed to monitor and contain outbreaks. The capacity has been hampered by shortages of reagents, shortages of test kits components like nasal swabs, shortages of protective gear for health workers, limited laboratory workers and equipment, and the federal government's limited interventions to solve shortages, instead of leaving the issue to the free market, causing states and hospitals to compete with each other for supplies.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stolberg |first1=Sheryl |last2=Stockman |first2=Farah |last3=LaFraniere |first3=Sharon |title=Testing Remains Scarce as Governors Weigh Reopening States |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/politics/virus-testing-shortages-states-trump.html |accessdate=April 28, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=April 26, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200427021827/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/25/us/politics/virus-testing-shortages-states-trump.html |archivedate=April 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By early May, the U.S. was testing around 240,000 to 260,000 people per day, but this was still an inadequate level to contain the outbreak.&lt;ref name=&quot;GearanMay9&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Gearan |first1=Anne |last2=DeBonis |first2=Mike |last3=Dennis |first3=Brady |title=Trump plays down coronavirus testing as U.S. falls far short of level scientists say is needed |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/trump-plays-down-coronavirus-testing-as-us-falls-far-short-of-level-scientists-say-is-needed/2020/05/08/d9241454-913f-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=MeyerMay8&gt;{{cite news |last1=Meyer |first1=Robinson |title=There's One Big Reason the U.S. Economy Can't Reopen |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2020/05/theres-only-one-way-out-of-this-mess/611431/ |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[The Atlantic]] |date=May 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=SteinMay7&gt;{{cite news |last1=Stein |first1=Rob |last2=Worth |first2=Carmel |last3=Hurt |first3=Alyson |title=U.S. Coronavirus Testing Still Falls Short. How's Your State Doing? |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2020/05/07/851610771/u-s-coronavirus-testing-still-falls-short-hows-your-state-doing |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[NPR]] |date=May 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=McDonaldMay8&gt;{{cite news |last1=McDonald |first1=Jessica |title=How Many COVID-19 Tests Are 'Needed' to Reopen? |url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/05/how-many-covid-19-tests-are-needed-to-reopen/ |accessdate=May 10, 2020 |work=[[FactCheck.org]] |date=May 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By June 24, 13 of the 41 federally funded community-based testing sites originally established in March were set to lose federal funding. They will remain under state and local control. Trump administration testing czar Admiral Giroir described the original community-based testing program as &quot;antiquated&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Mangan|first=Dan|date=June 24, 2020|title=Coronavirus: Federal government will end funding for 13 community-based Covid-19 test sites, most in Texas|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/06/24/coronavirus-federal-government-to-end-funding-some-covid-19-test-sites.html|access-date=June 25, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; By June 26, 2020, Dr. Fauci said the administration was considering [[COVID-19 testing#Pooled testing|pooled testing]] as a way to speed up testing.&lt;ref name= pooledTesting&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/06/26/politics/anthony-fauci-testing-coronavirus-task-force/index.html |author1=Jim Acosta |author2=Sam Fossum |date=June 26, 2020 |accessdate=August 12, 2020 |title=Fauci says task force 'seriously considering' new testing strategy}}&lt;/ref&gt;

By August, the overall [[test positivity rate]] (ratio of positives to total) was close to seven percent—well above the WHO's threshold (five) for containment.&lt;ref name=NYTAugustTesting/&gt;

==== Contact tracing ====

{{further|COVID-19 apps}}

[[Contact tracing]] is a tool to control transmission rates during the reopening process. Some states like Texas and Arizona opted to proceed with reopening without adequate contact tracing programs in place. Health experts have expressed concerns about training and hiring enough personnel to reduce transmission. Privacy concerns have prevented measures such as those imposed in South Korea where authorities used cellphone tracking and credit card details to locate and test thousands of nightclub patrons when new cases began emerging.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/05/29/contact-tracing-can-it-help-avoid-more-lockdowns/|title=Contact tracing may help avoid another lockdown. Can it work in the U.S.?|date=May 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Funding for contact tracing is thought to be insufficient, and even better-funded states have faced challenges getting in touch with contacts. Congress has allocated $631{{nbsp}}million for state and local health surveillance programs, but the [[Johns Hopkins Center for Health Security]] estimates that $3.6{{nbsp}}billion will be needed. The cost rises with the number of infections, and contact tracing is easier to implement when the infection count is lower. Health officials are also worried that low-income communities will fall further behind in contact tracing efforts which &quot;may also be hobbled by long-standing distrust among minorities of public health officials&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/paloma/the-health-202/2020/06/15/the-health-202-u-s-isn-t-ready-for-the-contact-tracing-it-needs-to-stem-the-coronavirus/5ee6528b602ff12947e8c0d7/|title=Analysis &amp;#124; The Health 202: U.S. isn't ready for the contact tracing it needs to stem the coronavirus|first=Paige Winfield|last=Cunningham|date=June 15, 2020|via=www.washingtonpost.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

As of July 1, only four states are using [[COVID-19 apps|contact tracing apps]] as part of their state-level strategies to control transmission. The apps document digital encounters between smartphones, so the users will automatically be notified if someone they had contact with has tested positive. Public health officials in California claim that most of the functionality could be duplicated by using text, chat, email and phone communications.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com/2020/07/01/coronavirus-users-weigh-benefits-of-growing-number-of-covid-19-contact-tracing-apps-with-data-privacy-concerns/ |title=New Contact Tracing Apps Need Access To Users' Private Data To Control Spread Of COVID-19 |date=July 1, 2020 |work=sanfrancisco.cbslocal.com |accessdate=July 7, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Drug therapy and vaccine development ====

{{further|COVID-19 vaccine|COVID-19 drug development|COVID-19 drug repurposing research}}
{{See also|List of unproven methods against COVID-19}}
[[File:President Trump at the National Institute of Health (49618032306).jpg|thumb|March 3: President [[Donald Trump]] and Doctor [[Anthony Fauci]] visit the [[Vaccine Research Center]] and the Viral Pathogenesis Laboratory at the [[National Institutes of Health]].]]

There is currently no drug therapy or vaccine approved for treating COVID-19, nor is there any clear evidence that COVID-19 infection leads to immunity (although experts assume it does for some period).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Callaway |first1=Ewen |title=Coronavirus vaccines: five key questions as trials begin |journal=Nature |date=March 18, 2020 |volume=579 |issue=7800 |pages=481 |doi=10.1038/d41586-020-00798-8 |pmid=32203367 |bibcode=2020Natur.579..481C |doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of late March 2020, more than a hundred drugs were in testing.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Herman |first1=Bob |title=Over 100 drugs are in testing in the race to treat coronavirus |url=https://www.axios.com/coronavirus-treatment-vaccine-research-pharma-drugs-55a28ea3-ee91-4f77-a093-44d450470b25.html |work=Axios |date=March 25, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early March, President Trump directed the FDA to test certain medications to discover if they had the potential to treat COVID-19 patients.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-drugs&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-expected-to-detail-new-virus-therapies-but-expansion-could-be-controversial-11584629965 |title=U.S. Moves to Expand Array of Drug Therapies Deployed Against Coronavirus |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=March 19, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Among those were [[chloroquine]] and [[hydroxychloroquine]], which have been successfully used to treat [[malaria]] for over fifty years. A small test in France had apparently given good results&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Braun |first1=Elisa |title=In France, controversial doctor stirs coronavirus debate |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/30/in-france-controversial-doctor-stirs-coronavirus-debate-156889 |website=Politico |accessdate=April 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and they were being tested in a European Union-wide clinical trial.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.newsweek.com/hydroxychloroquine-trial-gets-french-presidents-attention-460000-sign-petition-supporting-1497218|title=Hydroxychloroquine trial gets French president's attention as 460,000 sign petition supporting treatment|first=Daniel|last= Villarreal |date=April 10, 2020|website=Newsweek|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some U.S. physicians, under the [[compassionate use]] and [[Emergency Use Authorization]] exceptions by the FDA, have prescribed them while trials and analysis are still ongoing.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ-drugs&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.pharmacytimes.com/news/fda-announces-two-drugs-approved-for-compassionate-use-in-treating-covid-19|title=FDA Announces Two Drugs Given 'Compassionate Use' Status in Treating COVID-19|last=Koppock|first=Kristen|date=March 13, 2020|work=Pharmacy Times|accessdate=April 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JustinWise&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Wise |first1=Justin |title=FDA issues emergency-use authorization for anti-malaria drugs amid coronavirus outbreak |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/490110-fda-issues-emergency-use-authorization-for-anti-malaria-drugs-amid |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |newspaper=The Hill |date=March 30, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 2020, the CDC began testing blood samples to determine if a person has been exposed to the virus, even without showing symptoms, which could provide information about immunity.&lt;ref name=stat-1&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.statnews.com/2020/04/04/cdc-launches-studies-to-get-more-precise-count-of-undetected-covid-19-cases |title=CDC launches studies to get more precise count of undetected Covid-19 cases |website=[[Statnews.com]] |date=April 4, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

On July 1, 2020, the FDA updated its advice and cautioned against the use of hydroxychloroquine for COVID-19 outside of a hospital or clinical trial due to heart risk, but maintained its approved use for malaria, lupus, and rheumatoid arthritis.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-safety-and-availability/fda-cautions-against-use-hydroxychloroquine-or-chloroquine-covid-19-outside-hospital-setting-or|title=FDA cautions against use of hydroxychloroquine or chloroquine for COVID-19 outside of the hospital setting or a clinical trial due to risk of heart rhythm problems|first=Center for Drug Evaluation and|last=Research|date=June 26, 2020|journal=FDA|via=www.fda.gov}}&lt;/ref&gt; In a study of 1446 patients hospitalized for COVID-19 published June 18, 2020, hydroxychloroquine was found to not have a significant beneficial or adverse effect.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|title=Observational Study of Hydroxychloroquine in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19|first1=Joshua|last1=Geleris|first2=Yifei|last2=Sun|first3=Jonathan|last3=Platt|first4=Jason|last4=Zucker|first5=Matthew|last5=Baldwin|first6=George|last6=Hripcsak|first7=Angelena|last7=Labella|first8=Daniel K.|last8=Manson|first9=Christine|last9=Kubin|first10=R. Graham|last10=Barr|first11=Magdalena E.|last11=Sobieszczyk|first12=Neil W.|last12=Schluger|date=June 18, 2020|journal=New England Journal of Medicine|volume=382|issue=25|pages=2411–2418|doi=10.1056/NEJMoa2012410|pmid=32379955|pmc=7224609}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in a study of 2,541 patients admitted to hospitals for COVID-19, published July 1, 2020, the use of hydroxychloroquine with and without azithromycin resulted in a significant reduction of deaths.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|url=https://www.ijidonline.com/article/S1201-9712(20)30534-8/abstract|title=Treatment with Hydroxychloroquine, Azithromycin, and Combination in Patients Hospitalized with COVID-19|first1=Samia|last1=Arshad|first2=Paul|last2=Kilgore|first3=Zohra S.|last3=Chaudhry|first4=Gordon|last4=Jacobsen|first5=Dee Dee|last5=Wang|first6=Kylie|last6=Huitsing|first7=Indira|last7=Brar|first8=George J.|last8=Alangaden|first9=Mayur S.|last9=Ramesh|first10=John E.|last10=McKinnon|first11=William|last11=O'Neill|first12=Marcus|last12=Zervos|first13=Varidhi|last13=Nauriyal|first14=Asif Abdul|last14=Hamed|first15=Owais|last15=Nadeem|first16=Jennifer|last16=Swiderek|first17=Amanda|last17=Godfrey|first18=Jeffrey|last18=Jennings|first19=Jayna|last19=Gardner-Gray|first20=Adam M.|last20=Ackerman|first21=Jonathan|last21=Lezotte|first22=Joseph|last22=Ruhala|first23=Raef|last23=Fadel|first24=Amit|last24=Vahia|first25=Smitha|last25=Gudipati|first26=Tommy|last26=Parraga|first27=Anita|last27=Shallal|first28=Gina|last28=Maki|first29=Zain|last29=Tariq|first30=Geehan|last30=Suleyman|first31=Nicholas|last31=Yared|first32=Erica|last32=Herc|first33=Johnathan|last33=Williams|first34=Odaliz Abreu|last34=Lanfranco|first35=Pallavi|last35=Bhargava|first36=Katherine|last36=Reyes|first37=Anne|last37=Chen|s2cid=220282688|date=July 1, 2020|journal=International Journal of Infectious Diseases|volume=0|pages=396–403|via=www.ijidonline.com|doi=10.1016/j.ijid.2020.06.099|pmid=32623082|pmc=7330574}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.foxnews.com/politics/hydroxychloroquine-helped-save-coronavirus-study|title=Hydroxychloroquine helped save coronavirus patients, study shows; Trump campaign hails 'fantastic news'|first=Gregg|last=Re|date=July 3, 2020|website=Fox News}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/02/health/hydroxychloroquine-coronavirus-detroit-study/index.html|title=Study finds hydroxychloroquine may have boosted survival, but other researchers have doubts|first1=Maggie |last1=Fox |first2=Andrea |last2=Kane |first3=Elizabeth |last3=Cohen|website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

There is no vaccine for coronavirus {{as of|July 2020|lc=y}}, however, research is ongoing in a number of countries to create one.&lt;ref name=May-vaccine&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/coronavirus-vaccine/art-20484859 |title=COVID-19 (coronavirus) vaccine: Get the facts |work=[[Mayo Clinic]] |date=April 22, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; More than 70 companies and research teams are working on a vaccine, with five or six operating primarily in the U.S.&lt;ref name=WSJ-vaccine&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/america-needs-to-win-the-coronavirus-vaccine-race-11587924258 |title=America Needs to Win the Coronavirus Vaccine Race |first=Scott |last=Gottlieb |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal |date=April 26, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Contributing funds to the research is [[Bill Gates]], whose [[Bill &amp; Melinda Gates Foundation|foundation]] is focusing entirely on the pandemic, and he anticipates a vaccine could be ready by April 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-26/billionaire-gates-s-foundation-to-focus-solely-on-virus-ft-says |title=Bill Gates's Coronavirus Vaccine Could Be Ready in 12 Months |work=Bloomberg News |date=April 26, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In preparation for large-scale production, Congress set aside more than $3.5{{nbsp}}billion for this purpose as part of the [[Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security Act|CARES Act.]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.sbc.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/guide-to-the-cares-act |accessdate=15 August 2020 |title=Guide to the Cares Act |work=[[United States Senate Committee on Small Business and Entrepreneurship]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=WSJ-vaccine/&gt; Among the labs working on a vaccine is the [[Walter Reed Army Institute of Research]], which has previously studied other infectious diseases, such as HIV/AIDS, Ebola, and MERS. By March 18, tests had begun with dozens of volunteers in Seattle, Washington, which was sponsored by the U.S. government. Similar safety trials of other coronavirus vaccines will begin soon in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/walter-reed-researchers-join-global-search-coronavirus-vaccine-n1165806 |title=Walter Reed researchers join global search for coronavirus vaccine |work=NBC News |date=March 21, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This search for a vaccine has taken on aspects of national security and global competition.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/19/us/politics/coronavirus-vaccine-competition.html |title=Search for Coronavirus Vaccine Becomes a Global Competition |newspaper=The New York Times |date=March 19, 2020 |first1=David E. |last1=Sanger |first2=David D. |last2=Kirkpatrick |first3=Sui-Lee |last3=Wee |first4=Katrin |last4=Bennhold |accessdate=August 15, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On August 5, 2020, the United States agreed to pay [[Johnson and Johnson]] more than $1{{nbsp}}billion to create 100{{nbsp}}million doses of [[COVID-19 vaccine]]. The deal gave the US an option to order an additional 200 million doses. The doses were supposed to be provided for free to Americans if they are used in a COVID-19 vaccination campaign.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite_web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/05/jj-reaches-deal-with-us-for-100-million-doses-of-coronavirus-vaccine-at-more-than-1-billion.html|title=Johnson &amp; Johnson reaches deal with U.S. for 100 million doses of coronavirus vaccine at more than $1 billion|accessdate=August 5, 2020|website=CNBC}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Medical supplies ====

{{See also|Shortages related to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
[[File:NNU Protest UCLA Medical Center (crop).png|thumb|April 13: Protest by [[National Nurses United]] over lack of [[personal protective equipment]] at [[Ronald Reagan UCLA Medical Center|UCLA Medical Center]]]]

The first known case of COVID-19 in the U.S. was confirmed by the CDC on January 21, 2020.&lt;ref name=CNN20200329 /&gt; The next day, the owner of the medical supply company [[Prestige Ameritech]] wrote to HHS officials to say he could produce millions of N95 masks per month, but the government was not interested. In a follow-up letter on January 23, the business owner informed the government that &quot;We are the last major domestic mask company,&quot; without success.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=In the early days of the pandemic, the U.S. government turned down an offer to manufacture millions of N95 masks in America|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/in-the-early-days-of-the-pandemic-the-us-government-turned-down-an-offer-to-manufacture-millions-of-n95-masks-in-america/2020/05/09/f76a821e-908a-11ea-a9c0-73b93422d691_story.html|last=Davis|first=Aaron C.|date=May 9, 2020|website=Washington Post|access-date=May 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Trump administration officials declined an offer for congressional coronavirus funding on February 5. The officials, including HHS Secretary Alex Azar, &quot;didn't need emergency funding, that they would be able to handle it within existing appropriations,&quot; Senator [[Chris Murphy]] recalled.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first=Suzanne |last=Smalley |url=https://news.yahoo.com/senator-says-white-house-turned-down-emergency-coronavirus-funding-in-early-february-003319950.html |title=Senator says White House turned down emergency coronavirus funding in early February |date=March 27, 2020 |website=news.yahoo.com }}&lt;/ref&gt; On February{{nbsp}}7 [[Mike Pompeo]] announced the administration donated more than 35,000 pounds of &quot;masks, gowns, gauze, respirators, and other vital materials&quot; to China the same day the WHO warned about &quot;the limited stock of PPE ([[personal protective equipment]])&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;CNN20200329&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first=Dean |last=Obeidallah |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/29/opinions/coronavirus-personal-protective-equipment-obeidallah |title=Trump administration sent protective medical gear to China while he minimized the virus threat to US |work=CNN |date=March 30, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In early March, the country had about twelve million [[N95 masks]] and thirty million [[surgical mask]]s in the [[Strategic National Stockpile]] (SNS), but the DHS estimated the stockpile had only 1.2% of the roughly 3.5&amp;nbsp;billion masks that would be needed if COVID-19 were to become a &quot;full-blown&quot; pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=HHS clarifies US has about 1% of face masks needed for 'full-blown' coronavirus pandemic|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/04/hhs-clarifies-us-has-about-1percent-of-face-masks-needed-for-full-blown-pandemic.html|last=Lovelace Jr.|first=Berkeley|date=March 4, 2020|website=CNBC|language=en|access-date=May 14, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; As of March, the SNS had more than 19,000 ventilators (16,660 immediately available and 2,425 in maintenance), all of which dated from previous administrations.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Gore|first=D'Angelo|date=June 22, 2020|title=Trump Inherited More Ventilators Than Have Been Distributed|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/06/trump-inherited-more-ventilators-than-have-been-distributed/|access-date=June 25, 2020|website=FactCheck.org|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; A previous 2015 CDC study found that seven billion N95 respirators might be necessary to handle a &quot;severe respiratory outbreak&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Akpan |first1=Nsikan |title=U.S. has only a fraction of the medical supplies it needs to combat coronavirus.|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/03/us-america-has-fraction-medical-supplies-it-needs-to-combat-coronavirus/? |accessdate=March 24, 2020 |work=[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]] |date=March 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Vessel manifests maintained by [[U.S. Customs and Border Protection]] showed a steady flow of the medical equipment needed to treat the coronavirus being shipped abroad as recently as March 17. Meanwhile [[FEMA]] said the agency &quot;has not actively encouraged or discouraged U.S. companies from exporting overseas&quot; and asked USAID to send back its reserves of protective gear for use in the U.S.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/31/pence-task-force-coronavirus-aid-157806|title=Pence taskforce freezes coronavirus aid amid backlash|website=Politico}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2020/04/01/coronavirus-medical-supplies-export |title=Key Medical Supplies Exported From U.S. to Foreign Buyers |publisher=Theintercept.com |date=April 1, 2020 |accessdate=April 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; President Trump evoked the Defense Production Act to prohibit some medical exports.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://time.com/5815155/3m-face-masks-trump/|title=3M Says White House's Request to Stop Exporting Masks Would Reduce U.S. Supplies|website=Time|language=en|access-date=April 19, 2020|archive-date=April 18, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200418205904/https://time.com/5815155/3m-face-masks-trump/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some analysts warned that export restrictions could cause retaliation from countries that have medical supplies the United States needs to import.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/08/828789521/borders-didnt-stop-the-pandemic-but-they-might-block-the-trade-of-medical-goods|title=Borders Didn't Stop The Pandemic. But They Might Block The Trade Of Medical Goods|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:President Trump in Michigan (49922546878).jpg|thumb|May 21: President Trump traveled to the [[Ford Motor Company|Ford]] Rawsonville Components Plant in [[Ypsilanti, Michigan]] to tour the factory where they have been producing ventilators.]]

Some states had immediate needs for ventilators; hospitals in New York City, for example, ran out.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Walsh |first1=James |title=Elon Musk Can't Solve This |url=https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2020/03/car-manufacturers-alone-cant-solve-the-ventilator-crisis.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=[[New York (magazine)|New York]] |date=March 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Allen |first1=Jonathan |title=Trump's war between the states creates eBay-like fight for aid |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/white-house/trump-s-war-between-states-creates-ebay-fight-aid-n1173116 |accessdate=April 25, 2020 |work=[[NBC News]] |date=April 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; By the end of March, states were in a bidding war against each other and the federal government for scarce medical supplies such as N95 masks, surgical masks, and ventilators.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Forgey |first1=Quint |last2=Choi |first2=Matthew |title=Trump downplays need for ventilators as New York begs to differ |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/26/trump-ventilators-coronavirus-151311 |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nationalreview.com/2020/04/coronavirus-crisis-ventilator-shortages-have-not-come-to-pass/|title=The Ventilator Shortage That Wasn't|date=April 17, 2020|website=National Review|language=en-US|access-date=April 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BieseckerApril7&quot; /&gt; Meanwhile, as States scrambled to purchase supplies at inflated prices from third party distributors (some of which later turned out to be defective), hundreds of tons of medical-grade face masks were shipped by [[air freight]] to foreign buyers in China and other countries.&lt;ref name=n95&gt;{{cite news |last=Fang |first=Lee |title=The Airline Industry Blocked Disclosure of Trade Data, Helping Conceal the Airlift of N95 masks from the US to China |date=June 29, 2020 |work=The Intercept}}&lt;/ref&gt; In February, the [[Department of Commerce]] published a guidance advising U.S. firms on compliance with Beijing's fast-track process for the sale of &quot;critical medical products&quot;, which required the masks shipped overseas meet U.S. regulatory standards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/context/commerce-s-covid-service-flyer/7e7f5bec-fb82-4516-a858-89b3ae658eaf/|title=Commerce's COVID Service Flyer|website=Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=U.S. sent millions of face masks to China early this year, ignoring pandemic warning signs |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/us-sent-millions-of-face-masks-to-china-early-this-year-ignoring-pandemic-warning-signs/2020/04/18/aaccf54a-7ff5-11ea-8013-1b6da0e4a2b7_story.html |date=April 18, 2020 |work=The Washington Post}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to Chinese customs disclosures, over 600 tons of face masks were shipped to China in February. [[Rick Bright]], a federal immunologist and [[whistleblower]] testified in May that the federal government had not taken proper action to acquire the needed supplies.&lt;ref name=n95/&gt;

Medical organizations such as the [[American Medical Association]] and [[American Nurses Association]] implored Trump to obtain medical supplies, because they were &quot;urgently needed&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Naughton |first1=Hailey |last2=Naughton |first2=Keith |title=Trump Baffles Ford, GM Over Ventilators They're Willing to Make |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/trump-says-they-can-make-ventilators-automakers-aren-t-so-sure |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[Bloomberg News]] |date=March 22, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200323135559/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-22/trump-says-they-can-make-ventilators-automakers-aren-t-so-sure |archivedate=March 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date = March 31, 2020 |title = Why stronger federal leadership is needed to buy, distribute PPE|website = American Medical Association|url = https://www.ama-assn.org/delivering-care/public-health/why-stronger-federal-leadership-needed-buy-distribute-ppe|accessdate = July 31, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; That led President Trump to sign an order setting motion parts of the [[Defense Production Act]], first used during the [[Korean War]], to allow the federal government a wide range of powers, including telling industries on what to produce, allocating supplies, giving incentives to industries, and allowing companies to cooperate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Vazquez |first1=Maegan |title=Trump invokes Defense Production Act to expand production of hospital masks and more |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/03/18/politics/trump-defense-production-act-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |publisher=CNN |date=March 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rizzo |first1=Salvador |title=Is Trump using the Defense Production Act? |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/2020/03/25/is-trump-using-defense-production-act/ |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=March 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trump then ordered auto manufacturer [[General Motors]] to make ventilators.&lt;ref name=WatsonMarch27&gt;{{cite news |last1=Watson |first1=Kathryn |title=Trump invokes Defense Production Act to require GM to produce ventilators |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/trump-invokes-defense-production-act-to-require-gm-to-produce-ventilators-2020-03-27/ |accessdate=April 24, 2020 |work=[[CBS News]] |date=March 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

During this period, hospitals in the U.S. and other countries were reporting shortages of test kits, test swabs, masks, gowns and gloves, referred to as PPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Diamond |first1=Dan |title=Short-term thinking plagues Trump's coronavirus response |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/03/21/short-term-thinking-trump-coronavirus-response-140883 |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |work=Politico |date=March 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Adamczyk |first1=Ed |title=U.S. mayors say they're running out of supplies to fight coronavirus |url=https://www.upi.com/Top_News/US/2020/03/27/US-mayors-say-theyre-running-out-of-supplies-to-fight-coronavirus/2751585333088/ |accessdate=March 30, 2020 |agency=[[United Press International]] |date=March 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Mccammon |first1=Sarah |title=Hospitals Reject Trump's Claim They Are 'Really Thrilled' With Supplies |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/05/827671323/hospitals-reject-trumps-claim-they-are-really-thrilled-with-supplies |website=NPR |accessdate=April 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]] released a report regarding their March 23–27 survey of 323 hospitals. The hospitals reported &quot;severe shortages of testing supplies&quot;, &quot;frequently waiting 7{{nbsp}}days or longer for test results&quot;, which extended the length of patient stays, and as a result, &quot;strained bed availability, personal protective equipment (PPE) supplies, and staffing&quot;. The hospitals also reported, &quot;widespread shortages of PPE&quot; and &quot;changing and sometimes inconsistent guidance from federal, state and local authorities&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Grimm |first1=Christi |title=Hospital Experiences Responding to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Results of a National Pulse Survey March 23–27, 2020 |url=https://oig.hhs.gov/oei/reports/oei-06-20-00300.pdf |accessdate=April 18, 2020 |publisher=[[Office of Inspector General, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; At a press briefing following the release of the report President Trump called the report &quot;wrong&quot; and questioned the motives of the author. Later he called the report &quot;another fake dossier&quot;.&lt;ref name=RobertsonApril7/&gt;

In early April, there was a widespread shortage of PPE, including masks, gloves, gowns, and sanitizing products.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news| last=Balmes| first=John R.| url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/health/mask-shortages-are-outrageous-the-federal-government-needs-to-do-better/2020/04/02/58301064-7399-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html|title=Mask shortages are outrageous. The federal government needs to do better.| work=The Washington Post| date=April 2, 2020| access-date=April 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The difficulties in acquiring PPE for local hospitals led to orders for gowns and other safety items being confiscated by FEMA and diverted to other locations, which meant that in some cases states had to compete for the same PPE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Levey |first1=Noam |title=Hospitals say feds are seizing masks and other coronavirus supplies without a word |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-07/hospitals-washington-seize-coronavirus-supplies |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |work=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=April 7, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200412043814/https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2020-04-07/hospitals-washington-seize-coronavirus-supplies |archivedate=April 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The shortages led in one instance of a governor asking the [[New England Patriots]] of the [[NFL]] to use their private plane to fly approximately 1.2&amp;nbsp;million masks from China to [[COVID-19 pandemic in Boston|Boston]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WWLP-NE-Patriots&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Asiamah |first=Nancy |date=April 3, 2020 |title=3 million masks ordered by Massachusetts were seized at Port of NY in March |url=https://www.wwlp.com/news/massachusetts/3-million-masks-ordered-by-massachusetts-seized-at-port-of-ny-in-march/ |url-status=live |work=WWLP 22 News |location=Boston, Massachusetts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412104110/https://www.wwlp.com/news/massachusetts/3-million-masks-ordered-by-massachusetts-seized-at-port-of-ny-in-march/ |archive-date=April 12, 2020 |access-date=April 27, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; At that time, [[United States Department of Veterans Affairs|Veterans Affairs]] (VA) employees said nurses were having to use surgical masks and face shields instead of more protective N95 masks.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rein |first1=Lisa |title=VA health chief acknowledges a shortage of protective gear for its hospital workers |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/va-health-chief-acknowledges-a-shortage-of-protective-gear-for-its-hospital-workers/2020/04/24/4c1bcd5e-84bf-11ea-ae26-989cfce1c7c7_story.html |accessdate=April 27, 2020 |work=[[The Washington Post]] |date=April 25, 2020 |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20200425191929/https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/va-health-chief-acknowledges-a-shortage-of-protective-gear-for-its-hospital-workers/2020/04/24/4c1bcd5e-84bf-11ea-ae26-989cfce1c7c7_story.html |archivedate=April 25, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An unexpectedly high percentage of COVID-19 patients in the ICU required [[dialysis]] as a result of [[kidney failure]], about 20%.&lt;ref name=&quot;politico&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/04/15/dialysis-kidney-coronavirus-188840|title=U.S. races to stock up on dialysis supplies as kidney failure ravages virus patients|website=POLITICO}}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid-April, employees at some hospitals in New York City reported not having enough [[dialysis machine]]s, were running low on fluids to operate the machines, and reported a shortage of dialysis nurses as many were out sick with COVID-19 due to lack of sufficient PPE.&lt;ref name=&quot;politico&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/18/health/kidney-dialysis-coronavirus.html|title=An Overlooked, Possibly Fatal Coronavirus Crisis: A Dire Need for Kidney Dialysis|first1=Reed|last1=Abelson|first2=Sheri|last2=Fink|first3=Nicholas|last3=Kulish|first4=Katie|last4=Thomas|date=April 18, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/19/837727691/doctors-at-hard-hit-hospitals-say-theyre-facing-shortage-of-dialysis-equipment|title=Doctors at Hard-Hit Hospitals Say They're Facing Shortage Of Dialysis Equipment|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Exceeding hospital capacity ====

Uncontrolled [[community spread]] led some medical facilities to refuse new patients or start transferring patients out. In March and April, this happened in the [[Detroit, Michigan]] area&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fox2detroit.com/news/henry-ford-health-reaches-capacity-at-2-hospitals-for-covid-19-patients Henry Ford Health reaches capacity at 2{{nbsp}}hospitals for COVID-19 patients]&lt;/ref&gt;
and [[COVID-19 pandemic in New York City|New York City]] area;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/21/nyregion/coronavirus-hospital-usta-queens.html This Hospital Cost $52{{nbsp}}Million. It Treated 79 Virus Patients.]&lt;/ref&gt; [[Yakima, Washington]] in June;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/28/896088067/as-coronavirus-cases-surge-npr-examines-hospital-capacity As Coronavirus Cases Surge, NPR Examines Hospital Capacity]&lt;/ref&gt;
and in July it happened in [[Houston]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.texastribune.org/2020/07/10/houston-coronavirus-emergency-rooms/ Houston hospitals are increasingly turning away new patients as coronavirus overwhelms emergency rooms]&lt;/ref&gt;
the [[Boise, Idaho]] area,&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/22/894343578/idaho-is-among-the-most-likely-to-see-hospitals-reach-their-capacity In Idaho, One Of The Last States Hit By The Coronavirus, Cases Are Now Surging]&lt;/ref&gt;
[[Lake Charles, Louisiana|Lake Charles]] and [[Lafayette, Louisiana]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/2020/07/27/895651311/coronavirus-pushes-some-hospitals-to-the-brink Coronavirus Pushes Some Hospitals In Southern Louisiana To The Brink]&lt;/ref&gt;
and at dozens of hospitals across Florida.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.cnn.com/world/live-news/coronavirus-pandemic-07-29-20-intl/h_15aad8fa4b8ae02fc0ca3e7a7a4655a4 At least 54 hospitals have reached ICU capacity in Florida]&lt;/ref&gt; By August, some hospitals in [[Mississippi]] were transferring patients out of state.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/08/03/898656250/mississippi-on-track-to-become-no-1-state-for-new-cases-of-coronavirus-per-capit Mississippi On Track To Become No.{{nbsp}}1 State For New Coronavirus Cases Per Capita]&lt;/ref&gt;

Arizona declared [[crisis standards of care]] in July 2020, allowing hospitals to legally provide treatment normally considered substandard to some patients in order to save others.&lt;ref&gt;[https://kvoa.com/news/2020/07/01/arizona-under-crisis-standards-of-care-triage-protocols-in-place/ Arizona under 'Crisis Standards of Care'; triage protocols in place]&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Measuring case and mortality rates ====

[[File:COVID19 deceased in Hackensack NJ April 27.jpg|thumb|Deceased in a 53-foot &quot;mobile morgue&quot; outside a hospital in [[Hackensack, New Jersey]] on April 27, 2020]]

By March 26, the United States, with the world's third-largest population, surpassed China and Italy as the country with the highest number of confirmed cases in the world.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|author1=Nicole Chavez |author2=Holly Yan |author3=Madeline Holcombe|title=US has more known cases of coronavirus than any other country|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/03/26/health/coronavirus-thousand-deaths-thursday/index.html|access-date=June 14, 2020|website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; By April 25, the U.S. had over 905,000 confirmed coronavirus cases and nearly 52,000 deaths, giving it a mortality rate around 5.7 percent. (In comparison, Spain's mortality rate was 10.2 percent and Italy's was 13.5 percent.)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/us-has-lowest-coronavirus-mortality-rates-worldwide-highest-number-deaths-1499347 |title=U.S. Has One of the Lowest Coronavirus Mortality Rates Worldwide but Highest Number of Deaths |work=Newsweek |date=April 21, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=statista/&gt; At that time, more than 10,000 American deaths had occurred in nursing homes. Most nursing homes did not have easy access to testing, making the actual number unknown.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=10,000 deaths: Ravaged nursing homes plead for more testing |url=https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/coronavirus/10-000-deaths-ravaged-nursing-homes-plead-for-more-testing |website=KMGH |agency=Associated Press|archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20200425170705/https://www.thedenverchannel.com/news/national/coronavirus/10-000-deaths-ravaged-nursing-homes-plead-for-more-testing |archivedate=April 25, 2020 |language=en |date=April 23, 2020 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Subsequently, a number of states including Maryland&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.baltimoresun.com/coronavirus/bs-md-nursing-home-resources-20200428-47niuutoubeohovoa42wfyhw7y-story.html |title=Nursing homes account for more than half of Maryland's coronavirus deaths. Some want the state to do more. |newspaper=Baltimore Sun |date=April 28, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; and New Jersey&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.nj.com/coronavirus/2020/04/coronavirus-deaths-in-nursing-homes-grow-as-nj-still-tries-to-sort-out-the-grim-toll-in-each-facility.html |title=Coronavirus deaths in nursing homes grow, as N.J. still tries to sort out the grim toll in each facility |work=[[NJ.com]] |date=April 27, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; reported their own estimates of deaths at nursing homes, ranging from 20 to 50 percent of the states' total deaths.

Several [[Serology|serological]] antibody studies suggest both that the number of infections is far higher than officially reported, and that the true [[case fatality rate]] is far lower.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Ioannidis|first=John|s2cid=218676078|date=July 14, 2020|title=The infection fatality rate of COVID-19 inferred from seroprevalence data|url=https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.05.13.20101253v3|journal=MedRxiv|language=en|pages=2020.05.13.20101253|doi=10.1101/2020.05.13.20101253}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{medrs|date=August 2020}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Donnelly|first=Claire|title=Wake Forest COVID Study: Death Rate, Severity Of Symptoms Is Lower Than First Thought|url=https://www.wunc.org/post/wake-forest-covid-study-death-rate-severity-symptoms-lower-first-thought|access-date=August 1, 2020|website=www.wunc.org|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Sheyner|first=Gennady|title=Los Angeles study backs Stanford researchers' conclusion about high prevalence of COVID-19|url=https://paloaltoonline.com/news/2020/04/21/los-angeles-study-backs-stanford-researchers-conclusion-about-high-prevalence-of-covid-19|access-date=August 1, 2020|website=paloaltoonline.com|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=April 24, 2020|title=Miami-Dade has tens of thousands of missed coronavirus infections, UM survey finds|url=https://www.miamiherald.com/news/coronavirus/article242260406.html|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=|website=Miami Herald}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{medcn|date=August 2020}}

In counting actual confirmed cases, some have questioned the reliability of totals reported by different countries. Measuring rates reported by countries such as China or Iran have been questioned as potentially inaccurate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/02/15/heres-why-the-white-house-doesnt-trust-chinas-coronavirus-numbers.html |title=The White House doesn't trust China's coronavirus numbers—here's why |work=CNBC |date=February 15, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In mid-April 2020, China revised its case totals much higher and its death toll up by 50% for Wuhan, partly as a result of a number of countries having questioned China's official numbers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.livescience.com/wuhan-coronavirus-death-toll-revised.html |title=China increases Wuhan's COVID-19 death toll by 50% |work=Live Science |date=April 17, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Iran's rates have also been disputed, as when the WHO's reports about their case counts were contradicted by top Iranian health officials.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.newsweek.com/who-coronavirus-cases-iran-flattening-iranian-health-official-half-million-infected-1496803 |title=WHO Says Coronavirus Cases in Iran are 'Flattening Off', Despite Iranian Health Official Claiming Half Million Infected |work=Newsweek |date=April 8, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Within the U.S., there are also discrepancies in rates between different states. After a group of epidemiologists requested revisions in how the CDC counts cases and deaths, the CDC in mid-April updated its guidance for counting COVID-19 cases and deaths to include both confirmed and probable ones, although each state can still determine what to report.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.webmd.com/lung/news/20200417/how-accurate-are-coronavirus-death-counts |title=How Accurate Are Coronavirus Death Counts? |work=WebMD |date=April 17, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Without accurate reporting of cases and deaths, however, epidemiologists have difficulty in guiding government response.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/17/who-says-china-revised-coronavirus-infection-data-to-leave-no-case-undocumented.html |title=WHO says China revised coronavirus infection data to 'leave no case undocumented' |work=CNBC |date=April 17, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Federal, state, and local governments ===

{{See|U.S. federal government response to the COVID-19 pandemic|U.S. state and local government responses to the COVID-19 pandemic}}

The [[federal government of the United States]] responded to the pandemic with various [[State of emergency#United States|declarations of emergency]], which resulted in travel and entry restrictions. They also imposed guidelines and recommendations regarding the [[Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on education#United States|closure of schools]] and public meeting places, [[Curfews and lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic|lockdowns]], and other restrictions intended to slow the progression of the virus, which state, territorial, tribal, and local governments have followed.

Effective July 15, 2020, the default data centralization point for COVID-19 data in the U.S. is switching from the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]] to [[Department of Health and Human Services]].&lt;ref name= cdcToHhs &gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.hhs.gov/sites/default/files/covid-19-faqs-hospitals-hospital-laboratory-acute-care-facility-data-reporting.pdf|title=HHS (March 2020) COVID-19 Guidance for Hospital Reporting and FAQs For Hospitals, Hospital Laboratory, and Acute Care Facility Data Reporting—Updated July 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= dataGlitchesAfterSwitchover &gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/16/us-coronavirus-data-has-already-disappeared-after-trump-administration-shifted-control-from-cdc-to-hhs.html |first=Will |last=Feuer |date=16 July 2020 |title=Coronavirus data has already disappeared after Trump administration shifted control from CDC }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= rockyStart &gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19-data-reporting-system-gets-off-to-rocky-start-11597178974 |first=Robbie |last=Whelan |date=11 August 2020 |title=Covid-19 Data Reporting System Gets Off to Rocky Start |quote=They pulled it away from CDC because it was updated three times a week, and now they update it once a week.{{nbsp}}... HHS's estimated patient impact and hospital-capacity statistics, for example, weren't updated between August{{nbsp}}3 and August 10.}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, &quot;hospitals may be relieved from reporting directly to the Federal Government if they receive a written release from the State stating the State will collect the data from the hospitals and take over Federal reporting.&quot;&lt;ref name= cdcToHhs /&gt;

=== Military ===

{{See also|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the military#United States|COVID-19 pandemic on naval ships#United States|Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Iraq (2020)}}
[[File:USNS Comfort in NYC, 1 April 2020.jpg|thumb|{{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}}, docked in Manhattan]]
[[File:Food bank support (49743030266).jpg|thumb|The [[Georgia National Guard]] assisting the Atlanta Community Food Bank]]

On February 3, an unclassified Army briefing document on the coronavirus projected that in an unlikely &quot;[[Black swan theory|black swan]]&quot; scenario, &quot;between 80,000 and 150,000 could die.&quot; The black swan theory correctly stated that [[Asymptomatic carrier|asymptomatic]] people could &quot;easily&quot; [[Transmission (medicine)|transmit]] the virus, a belief that was presented as outside medical consensus at the time of the briefing. The briefing also stated that military forces could be tasked with providing logistics and medical support to civilians, including &quot;provid[ing] PPE (N-95 Face Mask, Eye Protection, and Gloves) to evacuees, staff, and DoD personnel&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=James LaPorta |author2=Spencer Ackerman |url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/army-warned-in-early-february-that-coronavirus-could-kill-150000-americans |title=Army Warned in Early February That Coronavirus Could Kill 150,000 Americans |date=April 3, 2020 |publisher=[[The Daily Beast]] |accessdate=August 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; 

In mid-March, the government began having the military add its health care capacity to impacted areas. The [[United States Army Corps of Engineers]] (USACE), under the authority of [[Federal Emergency Management Agency]] (FEMA), leased private buildings nationwide. They included hotels, college dormitories, and larger open buildings, which were converted into temporary hospitals. The [[Jacob K. Javits Convention Center]] in New York City was quickly transformed into a 2,000-bed care facility on March 23, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-03-23/n-y-s-javits-center-to-add-2-000-beds-to-system-under-strain |title=N.Y.'s Javits Center to Add 2,000 Beds to System Under Strain |date=March 23, 2020 |work=Bloomberg L.P. |access-date=March 26, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;The [[United States Army|Army]] also set up [[field hospital]]s in various affected cities.&lt;ref name= uamtf332,1/&gt;

Some of these facilities had [[Intensive care unit|ICU]]s for Covid patients, while others served non-coronavirus patients to allow established hospitals to concentrate on the pandemic.&lt;ref name=&quot;auto1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://twitter.com/balajis/status/1242029099310133248|title=Ok. It's just one clip. But it's by far the most intelligent thing I've heard any government official say in the last few months. Further increases likelihood the military will take over COVID-19 response in the near future. |website=twitter.com/usarmy|first=Balaji S.|last=Srinivasan|date=March 23, 2020|accessdate=March 24, 2020}}{{Primary source inline|date=April 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= uamtf332,1 &gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/237328/verge_of_collapsing_soldiers_describe_initial_fight_against_covid_19 |first=Thomas |last=Brading |work=Army News Service |date=16 July 2020 |title='Verge of collapsing': Soldiers describe the initial fight against COVID-19 }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the height of this effort, [[U.S. Northern Command]] had deployed 9000 military medical personnel.&lt;ref name= uamtf332,1/&gt;

On March 18, in addition to the many popup hospitals nationwide, the [[United States Navy|Navy]] deployed two [[hospital ship]]s, {{USNS|Mercy|T-AH-19|6}} and {{USNS|Comfort|T-AH-20|6}}, which were planned to accept non-coronavirus patients transferred from land-based hospitals, so those hospitals could concentrate on virus cases.&lt;ref name=ships&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.defense.gov/Explore/News/Article/Article/2116862/hospital-ships-other-dod-assets-prepare-for-coronavirus-response/|title=Hospital Ships, Other DOD Assets Prepare for Coronavirus Response|website=U.S. Department of Defense|access-date=March 19, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On March 29, citing reduction in on-shore medical capabilities and the closure of facilities at the [[Port of Miami]] to new patients, the U.S. Coast Guard required ships carrying more than fifty people to prepare to care for sick people onboard.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/01/825205607/coast-guard-tells-cruise-ships-with-covid-19-cases-to-stay-away-from-u-s-ports|title=Coast Guard Tells Cruise Ships With COVID-19 Cases To Stay Away From U.S. Ports|last=Chappell|first=Bill|date=April 1, 2020|website=NPR|language=en|access-date=April 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://homeport.uscg.mil/Lists/Content/Attachments/62863/MSIB%2020-001%20COVID-19%20Cruiseship%20Medical%20Capabilities_Signed.29Mar20.pdf |title=Marine Safety Information Bulletin 01-20 |date=March 29, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; 

On April 6, the Army announced that [[basic training]] would be postponed for new recruits. Recruits already in training would continue what the Army is calling &quot;social-distanced-enabled training&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/06/828276307/u-s-army-delays-new-recruits-basic-training-due-to-coronavirus |title=U.S. Army Delays New Recruits' Basic Training Due To Coronavirus |date=April 6, 2020 |publisher=NPR}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, the military, in general, remained ready for any contingency in a COVID-19 environment. By April 9, nearly 2,000 service members had confirmed cases of COVID-19.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.military.com/daily-news/2020/04/09/terrible-tragic-mistake-top-general-warns-enemies-not-test-us-military-readiness.html|title='Terrible, Tragic Mistake:' Top General Warns Enemies Not to Test US Military Readiness|work=Military.com|date=April 9, 2020|accessdate=April 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April, the Army made plans to resume collective training.&lt;ref name= planToResumeCollectiveTraining &gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/235160/army_finalizing_plan_to_resume_collective_training |title=Army finalizing plan to resume collective training |publisher=United States Army |first=Sean |last=Kimmons |date=April 30, 2020 |url-status=live |work=Army News Service |location=Washington |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626200816/https://www.army.mil/article/235160/army_finalizing_plan_to_resume_collective_training |archive-date=June 26, 2020 |access-date=July 3, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Social distancing of soldiers is in place during training, assemblies,&lt;ref name= ftHuachucaAitVideo &gt;{{cite web |url=https://vimeo.com/408177447 |work=U.S. Army Fort Huachuca |date=April 2020 |title=Fort Report Soldiers PCS During COVID-19 |quote=Permanent Change of Station (PCS) }}&lt;/ref&gt; and transport between locations.&lt;ref name= ftHuachucaAitArticle&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/234747/soldier_graduates_to_their_new_duty_stations |first=Thom|last=Williams |date=20 April 2020 |title=Soldier graduates to their new duty stations |work=U.S. Army Intelligence Center of Excellence travel from Fort Huachuca, Arizona }}&lt;/ref&gt; Temperatures of the soldiers are taken at identified intervals, and measures are taken to immediately remediate affected soldiers.&lt;ref name= westPtGraduationPlanning &gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/234815/president_to_speak_at_west_point_graduation |first=Audricia |last=Harris |date=26 April 2020 |title=Statement from the Secretary of the Army on West Point graduation }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-west-point.html |first1=Eric |last1=Schmitt |first2=Annie |last2=Karni |date=24 April 2020 |title=Trump Speech to Bring 1,000 West Point Cadets Back to Campus |accessdate=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=April 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200424180546/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/24/us/politics/coronavirus-trump-west-point.html |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/04/30/army-defends-decision-to-have-west-point-graduation/ |first=Lolita C. |last=Baldor |agency=The Associated Press |date=30 April 2020 |title=Army defends decision to have West Point graduation |quote=1000 First Classmen divided into five cohorts, and quarantine physically separated before the graduation |access-date=August 20, 2020 |archive-date=May 3, 2020 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200503000856/https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2020/04/30/army-defends-decision-to-have-west-point-graduation/ |url-status=bot: unknown }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name= westPtGraduationPlanDetails &gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.army.mil/article/235804/plans_in_place_to_safely_welcome_class_of_2020_back_to_west_point |first=Brandon |last=OConnor |date=20 May 2020 |title=Plans in place to safely welcome Class of 2020 back to West Point |accessdate=June 13, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

On June 26, 2020, the VA reported 20,509 cases of COVID-19 and 1,573 deaths among patients (plus more than two thousand cases and 38 deaths among its own employees).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Shane |first=Leo |date=June 26, 2020 |title=Grim COVID-19 milestones for Veterans Affairs: 20,000 cases, 1,500 deaths in the last 100 days |url=https://www.militarytimes.com/news/pentagon-congress/2020/06/26/grim-coronavirus-milestones-for-veterans-affairs-20000-cases-1500-deaths-in-the-last-100-days/ |work=[[Sightline Media Group|Militarytimes.com]] |location= |access-date=July 3, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; As of July 2020, additional Reserve personnel are on 'prepare-to-deploy orders' to Texas and California.&lt;ref name= uamtf332,1/&gt;

=== Private sectors ===

Many [[janitor]]s and other cleaners throughout the United States have reported that they are afforded completely inadequate time and resources to clean and to disinfect for COVID-19. Many office cleaners reported that they are given insufficient time for cleaning and no training on how to disinfect COVID-19. Airlines often allot ten minutes to clean an entire airplane between arrival and departure, and cleaners are unable to disinfect even close to all the tray tables and bathrooms. Often, cleaners are not told where workers who test positive for COVID-19 are working; cleaning cloths and wipes are re-used, and disinfecting agents, such as bleach, are not provided. The [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] (OSHA), the federal agency that regulates workplace safety and health, investigates but a small fraction of COVID-19 complaints. Mary Kay Henry, president of [[Service Employees International Union]] (a [[trade union]] which represents 375,000 American custodians), explained that &quot;reopenings happened across the country without much thoughtfulness for cleaning standards.&quot; She urges better government standards and a certification system.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |newspaper=The New York Times |date=July 17, 2020 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/07/17/us/coronavirus-janitors.html |title=No Bleach and Dirty Rags: How Some Janitors Are Asked to Keep You Virus Free |first=Jodi |last=Kantor}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Public response ===

[[File:2020-03-06 — Coronavirus – Flyers at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport wearing facemasks.jpg|thumb|Passengers wearing facemasks at [[Hartsfield–Jackson Atlanta International Airport]]]]

Polling showed a significant partisan divide regarding the outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/2020/3/15/21180506/coronavirus-poll-democrats-republicans-trump|title=A new poll shows a startling partisan divide on the dangers of the coronavirus|first=Zeeshan|last=Aleem|date=March 15, 2020|website=Vox}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[NPR]], [[PBS NewsHour]], and Marist found in their mid-March survey that 76% of Democrats viewed COVID-19 as &quot;a real threat&quot;, while only 40% of Republicans agreed; the previous month's figures for Democrats and Republicans were 70% and 72%, respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Allyn |first1=Bobby |last2=Sprunt |first2=Barbara |title=Poll: As Coronavirus Spreads, Fewer Americans See Pandemic As A Real Threat |url=https://www.npr.org/2020/03/17/816501871/poll-as-coronavirus-spreads-fewer-americans-see-pandemic-as-a-real-threat |accessdate=March 25, 2020 |publisher=NPR |date=March 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mid-March poll conducted by NBC News and ''The Wall Street Journal'' found that 60% of Democrats were concerned someone in their family might contract the virus, while 40% of Republicans expressed concern. Nearly 80% of Democrats believed the worst was yet to come, whereas 40% of Republicans thought so. About 56% of Democrats believed their lives would change in a major way due to the outbreak, compared to 26% for Republicans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/meet-the-press/sixty-percent-believe-worst-yet-come-u-s-coronavirus-pandemic-n1159106 |title=Sixty percent believe worst is yet to come for the U.S. in coronavirus pandemic; Public attitudes about the coronavirus response are split along partisan lines in a new NBC News/Wall Street Journal poll |publisher=NBC News |first=Mark |last=Murray |date=March 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mid-March poll by the [[Kaiser Family Foundation]] found that 83% of Democrats had taken certain precautions against the virus, compared to 53% of Republicans. The poll found that President Trump was the least-trusted source of information about the outbreak, at 46% overall, after the news media (47%), state and local government officials (70%), WHO (77%), and CDC (85%). 88% of Republicans expressed trust in the President; 69% of Democrats expressed trust in the media.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://slate.com/business/2020/03/democrats-republicans-coronavirus-trump.html|title=Democrats Are Being Much, Much More Careful About the Coronavirus Than Republicans|first=Jordan|last=Weissmann|date=March 17, 2020|website=[[Slate (magazine)|Slate]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; A CNBC/Change Research Poll conducted in early May—in six states where the November election was expected to be close—found that 97% of Democrats but only 39% of Republicans were &quot;seriously concerned&quot; about the outbreak, and similarly that Democrats were far more likely to report taking health precautions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=States of Play: Change Research/CNBC Poll on COVID-19|url=https://www.changeresearch.com/post/states-of-play-battleground-wave-4|date=May 6, 2020|website=Change Research|language=en|access-date=May 7, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The outbreak prompted calls for the United States to adopt social policies common in other wealthy countries, including [[universal health care]], [[universal child care]], [[paid sick leave]], and higher levels of funding for public health.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT Calls&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Miller |first1=Claire Cain |title=Could the Pandemic Wind Up Fixing What's Broken About Work in America? |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/10/upshot/coronavirus-future-work-america.html |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Hill5&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Swanson |first1=Ian |title=Five ways the coronavirus could change American politics |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/campaign/495761-five-ways-the-coronavirus-could-change-american-politics |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=TheHill |date=May 2, 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Ddn2P&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/2020/03/13/opinion/americas-botched-response-coronavirus-is-problem-bigger-than-donald-trump/ |title=America's botched response to the coronavirus is a problem bigger than Donald Trump |website=[[Boston Globe]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:OPEN our OHIO IMG 0144 (49790376873).jpg|thumb|An [[2020 United States anti-lockdown protests|anti-lockdown protester]] wearing a face mask at the [[Ohio Statehouse]] in April 2020&lt;ref name=&quot;Columbus Dispatch&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rouan |first1=Rick |title=Protesters at Statehouse demand state reopen as DeWine announces schools to remain closed |url=https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=[[The Columbus Dispatch]] |date=April 20, 2020 |language=en |archive-date=April 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200425004821/https://www.dispatch.com/news/20200420/protesters-at-statehouse-demand-state-reopen-as-dewine-announces-schools-to-remain-closed |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

Political analysts anticipated it may negatively affect Trump's chances of re-election.&lt;ref name=&quot;qsnbr&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Haberman |first1=Maggie |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/12/us/politics/trump-vs-biden.html |title=Trump's Re-election Chances Suddenly Look Shakier |date=March 12, 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=March 15, 2020 |last2=Martin |first2=Jonathan |issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AtlanticChances&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Lowrey |first1=Annie |title=The Economy Is Collapsing. So Are Trump's Reelection Chances. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/04/most-important-number-trumps-re-election-chances/609376/ |accessdate=May 3, 2020 |work=The Atlantic |date=April 3, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; In March 2020, when &quot;social distancing&quot; practices began, the governors of many states experienced sharp gains in approval ratings,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last1=Gabriel|first1=Trip|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/trump-approval-rating.html|title=Who Are the Voters Behind Trump's Higher Approval Rating?|date=March 31, 2020|work=The New York Times|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=Lerer|first2=Lisa|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; and Trump's approval rating increased from 44% to 49% in [[Gallup poll]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Jeffrey M.|url=https://news.gallup.com/poll/298313/president-trump-job-approval-rating.aspx|title=President Trump's Job Approval Rating Up to 49%|date=March 24, 2020|work=Gallup|access-date=April 1, 2020|last2=|first2=}}&lt;/ref&gt; although it then fell to 43% by mid-April. At that time, [[Pew Research]] polls indicated that 65% of Americans felt Trump was too slow in taking major steps to respond to the coronavirus outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Rummler |first1=Orion |title=Gallup: Trump's approval rating takes its steepest drop |url=https://www.axios.com/trump-coronavirus-approval-rating-442a186f-0b10-467b-afb0-8ec408d8e349.html |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[Axios (website)|Axios]] |date=April 17, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; An April 21 Washington Post-University of Maryland poll found a 44% approval rate for the president's handling of the pandemic, compared to 72% approval for state governors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/politics/most-rate-trumps-coronavirus-response-negatively-and-expect-crowds-will-be-unsafe-until-summer-post-u-md-poll-finds/2020/04/20/0b436dda-833b-11ea-a3eb-e9fc93160703_story.html |title=Most rate Trump's coronavirus response negatively and expect crowds will be unsafe until summer, Post-U. Md. poll finds |website=Washington Post |date=April 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A mid-April poll by the Associated Press and [[NORC at the University of Chicago]] estimated that President Trump was a source of information on the pandemic for 28% of Americans, while state or local governments were a source for 50% of Americans. 60% of Americans felt Trump was not listening enough to health experts in dealing with the outbreak.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pace |first1=Julie |last2=Fingerhut |first2=Hannah |title=AP-NORC poll: Few Americans trust Trump's info on pandemic |url=https://apnews.com/87f1545cea4b5e8c96e6e902a8d9e9bd |accessdate=May 5, 2020 |agency=[[Associated Press]] |date=April 24, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Assessing the President as an Information Source on the Coronavirus Outbreak |url=http://www.apnorc.org/projects/Pages/Assessing-the-President-as-an-Information-Source-on-the-Coronavirus-Outbreak.aspx |accessdate=May 5, 2020 |work=[[NORC at the University of Chicago]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Protest against police violence - Justice for George Floyd, May 26, 2020 11.jpg|thumb|People wearing face masks during the [[George Floyd protests]] against police violence, Minneapolis, May 28]]
{{Excerpt|2020 United States anti-lockdown protests|nohat=yes|files=|tag=div}}

On April 16, Pew Research polls indicated that 32% of Americans worried state governments would take too long to re-allow public activities, while 66% feared the state restrictions would be lifted too quickly.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Coleman |first1=Justine |title=Two-thirds of Americans worry states will lift restrictions on public activity too quickly: poll |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/news/public-global-health/493210-two-thirds-of-americans-worry-states-will-lift |accessdate=April 19, 2020 |work=[[The Hill (newspaper)|The Hill]] |date=April 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A poll conducted from May 7 to 10 by SRSS, for [[CNN]], concluded that 54% of people in the U.S. felt the federal government was doing a poor job in stopping the spread of COVID-19 in the country. 57% felt the federal government was not doing enough to address the limited availability of COVID-19 testing. 58% felt the federal government was not doing enough to prevent a second wave of COVID-19 cases later in 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Agiesta |first1=Jennifer |title=CNN Poll: Negative ratings for government handling of coronavirus persist |url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/05/12/politics/cnn-poll-federal-government-handling-of-coronavirus/index.html |accessdate=May 13, 2020 |work=[[CNN]] |date=May 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A poll conducted from May 20 and 21 by [[Yahoo News]] and [[YouGov]] found that 56% of the American public were &quot;very&quot; concerned about &quot;false or misleading information being communicated about coronavirus&quot;, while 30% were &quot;somewhat&quot; concerned. 56% of Democrats said the top source of false or misleading information about the coronavirus was the Trump administration, while 54% of Republicans felt the media was the top source of false or misleading information. Regarding a debunked conspiracy theory that philanthropist Bill Gates was planning to use mass COVID-19 vaccinations to implant microchips into people to track them, 44% of Republicans believed the conspiracy theory, as did 19% of Democrats.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Romano |first1=Andrew |title=New Yahoo News/YouGov poll shows coronavirus conspiracy theories spreading on the right may hamper vaccine efforts |url=https://news.yahoo.com/new-yahoo-news-you-gov-poll-shows-coronavirus-conspiracy-theories-spreading-on-the-right-may-hamper-vaccine-efforts-152843610.html |accessdate=May 25, 2020 |work=[[Yahoo News]] |date=May 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Starting in late May, [[George Floyd protests|large-scale protests]] against police brutality in at least 200 U.S. cities in response to the [[killing of George Floyd]] raised concerns of a resurgence of the virus due to the close proximity of protesters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Protests could cause catastrophic setback for controlling coronavirus, experts say |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/health/health-news/protests-could-accelerate-spread-coronavirus-public-health-experts-say-n1220551 |website=NBC News |accessdate=June 1, 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doctor Fauci said it could be a &quot;perfect set-up for the spread of the virus&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Meek |first1=Andy |title=Dr. Fauci is worried that protestors may be spreading coronavirus |url=https://bgr.com/2020/06/07/coronavirus-us-fauci-protest-comments-crowds-spread-virus/ |work=BGR |date=June 7, 2020 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fauci also said, &quot;Masks can help, but it's masks plus physical separation.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Fauci underscores concerns about protests spreading coronavirus |url=https://thehill.com/homenews/administration/502001-fauci-underscores-concerns-about-protests-spreading-coronavirus |work=The Hill |date=June 10, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2020 study using both GPS location data and surveys found that Republicans engaged in less social distancing than Democrats during the pandemic.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Allcott|first1=Hunt|last2=Boxell|first2=Levi|last3=Conway|first3=Jacob|last4=Gentzkow|first4=Matthew|last5=Thaler|first5=Michael|last6=Yang|first6=David|date=August 6, 2020|title=Polarization and Public Health: Partisan Differences in Social Distancing during the Coronavirus Pandemic|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0047272720301183|journal=Journal of Public Economics|language=en|pages=104254|doi=10.1016/j.jpubeco.2020.104254|issn=0047-2727|pmc=7409721}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Impacts ==
=== Economic ===

{{Main|Economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States|Coronavirus recession}}

The pandemic, along with the resultant [[2020 stock market crash|stock market crash]] and other impacts, has led a recession in the United States following the economic cycle peak in February 2020.&lt;ref name=&quot;NBER_Recession&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nber.org/cycles/june2020.html |title=Determination of the February 2020 Peak in US Economic Activity|date=June 8, 2020|via=NBER.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; The economy contracted 4.8 percent from January through March 2020,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=U.S. economy shrank 4.8 percent in first quarter, the biggest decline since the Great Recession |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/04/29/gdp-coronavirus/ |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=April 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the unemployment rate rose to 14.7 percent in April.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Long |first1=Heather |title=U.S. unemployment rate soars to 14.7 percent, the worst since the Depression era |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/05/08/april-2020-jobs-report/ |accessdate=May 8, 2020 |work=The Washington Post |date=May 8, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total healthcare costs of treating the epidemic could be anywhere from $34{{nbsp}}billion to $251{{nbsp}}billion according to analysis presented by ''The New York Times''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Abelson |first1=Reed |title=Coronavirus May Add Billions to the Nation's Health Care Bill |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/28/health/coronavirus-insurance-premium-increases.html?algo=identity&amp;fellback=false&amp;imp_id=351649575&amp;imp_id=888116964&amp;action=click&amp;module=Science%20%20Technology&amp;pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=April 1, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=March 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study by economists [[Austan Goolsbee]] and Chad Syverson indicated that most economic impact due to consumer behavior changes was prior to mandated lockdowns.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Goolsbee |first1=Austan|title=Fear, Lockdown, and Diversion: Comparing Drivers of Pandemic Economic Decline 2020 |url=https://bfi.uchicago.edu/working-paper/2020-80/?|accessdate=June 23, 2020 |work=bfi.uchicago.edu |date=June 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; During the second quarter of 2020, the U.S. economy suffered its largest drop on record, with GDP falling at an annualized rate of 32.9%. As of June 2020, the U.S. economy was over 10% smaller than it was in December 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Tapee |first1=Annekan|title=US economy posts its worst drop on record |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/30/economy/us-economy-2020-second-quarter/index.html|accessdate=August 19, 2020 |work=cnn.com |date=July 31, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; border: none;&quot;
|+ Impact of the pandemic on various economic variables
|-
! Variable
! Feb
! Mar
! Apr
! May
! June
! July
|-
| Jobs, level (000s)&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/PAYEMS|title=All Employees: Total Nonfarm Payrolls|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1939|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 152,463
| 151,090
| 130,303
| 133,002
| 137,802
| 139,582
|-
| Jobs, monthly change (000s)&lt;ref name=&quot;auto4&quot;/&gt;
| 251
| -1,373
| -20,787
| 2,699
| 4,800
| 1,780
|- 
| Unemployment rate %&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNRATE|title=Civilian Unemployment Rate|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3.5%
| 4.4%
| 14.7%
| 13.3%
| 11.1%
| 10.2%
|-
| Number unemployed (millions)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/UNEMPLOY|title=Unemployment level|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 5.8
| 7.1
| 23.1
| 21.0
| 17.8
| 16.3
|-
| Employment to population ratio %, age 25-54&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/LNS12300060|title=Employment-Population Ration 25-54 Yrs.|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1948|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 80.5%
| 79.6%
| 69.7%
| 71.4%
| 73.5%
| 73.8%
|-
| Inflation rate % (CPI-All)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/CPIAUCSL|title=Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers: All Items|last=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics|date=January 1, 1947|website=FRED, Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 2.3%
| 1.5%
| 0.4%
| 0.2%
| 0.7%
| 1.0%
|-
| Stock market S&amp;P 500 (avg. level)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://fred.stlouisfed.org/series/SP500|title=S&amp;P 500|date=June 3, 2019|website=fred.stlouisfed.org|accessdate=June 4, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 3,277
| 2,652
| 2,762
| 2,920
| 3,105
| 3,230
|-
|Debt held by public ($ trillion)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/pd_debttothepenny.htm|title=The Debt to the Penny and Who Holds It|date=June 20, 2020|website=treasurydirect.gov|accessdate=June 20, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 17.4
| 17.7
| 19.1
| 19.9
| 20.5
| 20.6
|-
|}

=== Social ===

{{Main|Social impact of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}

The pandemic has had far-reaching consequences that go beyond the spread of the [[Coronavirus disease 2019|disease]] itself and efforts to quarantine it, including political, cultural, and social implications.

=== Elections ===

{{Main|Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on politics#United States}}

The pandemic prompted calls from voting rights groups and some Democratic Party leaders to expand [[mail-in voting]]. Republican leaders generally opposed the change, though Republican governors in Nebraska and New Hampshire adopted it. Some states were unable to agree on changes, and a lawsuit in Texas resulted in a ruling (which is under appeal) that would allow ''any'' voter to mail in a ballot.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/15/835515753/texas-judge-set-to-order-state-to-allow-all-voters-to-request-mail-in-ballots|title=Texas Judge Set To Order State To Allow All Voters To Request Mail-In Ballots|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Responding to Democratic proposals for nation-wide mail-in voting as part of a coronavirus relief law, President Trump said &quot;you'd never have a Republican elected in this country again&quot; despite evidence the change would not favor any particular group.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/trump-falsely-claims-expanding-voting-access-would-hurt-republicans-2020-3|title=Trump baselessly claimed that expanding voting access would lead to a Republican never being elected in America again|first=Grace|last=Panetta|website=Business Insider}}&lt;/ref&gt; Trump called mail-in voting &quot;corrupt&quot; and said voters should be required to show up in person, even though, as reporters pointed out, he had himself voted by mail in the last Florida primary.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/politics/trump-defends-his-mail-in-ballot-after-calling-vote-by-mail-corrupt/ar-BB12i2Ce|title=Trump defends his mail-in ballot after calling vote-by-mail 'corrupt'|website=www.msn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; Though vote fraud is slightly higher than in-person voter fraud, both instances are rare, and mail-in voting can be made more secure by disallowing third parties to collect ballots and providing free drop-off locations or prepaid postage.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/coronavirus-live-updates/2020/04/07/829323152/fact-check-is-mail-ballot-fraud-as-rampant-as-president-trump-says-it-is|title=Fact Check: Is Mail Ballot Fraud As Rampant As President Trump Says It Is?|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; April{{nbsp}}7 elections in Wisconsin were [[COVID-19 pandemic in Wisconsin#Impact on politics and elections|impacted by the pandemic]]. Many polling locations were consolidated, resulting in hours-long lines. County clerks were overwhelmed by a shift from 20 to 30% mail-in ballots to about 70%, and some voters had problems receiving and returning ballots in time. Despite the problems, turnout was 34%, comparable to similar previous primaries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/04/15/834037566/in-the-end-the-voters-responded-surprising-takeaways-from-wisconsin-s-election|title='In The End, The Voters Responded': Surprising Takeaways From Wisconsin's Election|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Statistics ==

The CDC publishes official numbers every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday, reporting several categories of cases: individual travelers, people who contracted the disease from other people within the U.S., and repatriated citizens who returned to the U.S. from crisis locations, such as Wuhan, where the disease originated, and the cruise ship ''Diamond Princess''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|title=International Locations with Confirmed COVID-19 Cases|date=February 11, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222072600/https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html|archive-date=February 22, 2020|access-date=February 18, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

However, multiple sources note that statistics on confirmed coronavirus cases are misleading, since the shortage of tests means the actual number of cases is much higher than the number of cases confirmed.&lt;ref&gt;{{bulleted list|{{cite web|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/why-we-dont-know-how-many-americans-are-infected-with-coronavirusand-might-never-know-11586005200|title=Why We Don't Know How Many Americans Are Infected With Coronavirus—and Might Never Know|first1=Joel |last1=Eastwood |first2=Paul |last2=Overberg |first3=Rob |last3=Barry|date=April 4, 2020|newspaper=The Wall Street Journal|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.dailyastorian.com/coronavirus/lack-of-testing-clouds-virus-picture-on-the-north-coast/article_b6253d02-7876-11ea-828a-bf59009219b5.html |title=Lack of testing clouds virus picture on the North Coast &amp;#124; Coronavirus |publisher=dailyastorian.com |date=April 8, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.healthline.com/health-news/how-many-coronavirus-cases-are-there|title=How Many People in the United States Actually Have COVID-19?|website=Healthline|ref=none}}|{{cite news|first=Julie |last=Bosman |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/coronavirus-deaths-undercount.html |title=Official Counts Understate the U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll—The New York Times |publisher=Nytimes.com |date=April 11, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/in-depth/graphics/2020/03/10/us-coronavirus-map-tracking-united-states-outbreak/4945223002/ |title=US coronavirus map: Tracking the United States outbreak |publisher=Usatoday.com |date=January 28, 2020 |accessdate=April 27, 2020|ref=none}}|{{cite news |quote=Confirmed coronavirus cases in the U.S. crossed 200,000 on Thursday, but experts agree the actual number of infected people is much higher. The lack of reliable data—a persistent problem since the pandemic began—has made it impossible to determine the actual size of the outbreak, hampering the U.S. response. |first=Jeff J. |last=Roberts |url=https://fortune.com/2020/04/03/coronavirus-data-stats-private-sector-covid-19/ |title=Can the private sector provide better coronavirus data? Experts are skeptical |work=Fortune |date=April 3, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }} }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Myer_Atlantic&quot; /&gt; The number of deaths confirmed to be due to coronavirus is likely to be an undercount for the same reason.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kliff+Bosman&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Mark |last1=Abdelmalek |first2=Josh |last2=Margolin |first3=Aaron |last3=Katersky |first4=Eden |last4=David |url=https://abcnews.go.com/Health/coronavirus-death-toll-us-worse-numbers/story?id=70018321 |title=Coronavirus death toll in US likely worse than numbers say |work=ABC News |date=April 7, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Emma |last1=Brown |first2=Beth |last2=Reinhard |first3=Aaron C. |last3=Davis |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/coronavirus-death-toll-americans-are-almost-certainly-dying-of-covid-19-but-being-left-out-of-the-official-count/2020/04/05/71d67982-747e-11ea-87da-77a8136c1a6d_story.html |title=Coronavirus death toll: Americans are almost certainly dying of covid-19 but being left out of the official count |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=April 5, 2020 |accessdate=April 10, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first1=Jonathan |last1=Swan |first2=Sam |last2=Baker |url=https://www.axios.com/trump-coronavirus-death-toll-d8ba60a4-316b-4d1e-8595-74970c15fb34.html |title=Trump and some top aides question the accuracy of virus death toll |work=Axios |date=May 6, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Conversely, deaths of people who had underlying conditions may lead to overcounting.&lt;ref name=stuff120443722&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.stuff.co.nz/national/health/coronavirus/120443722/coronavirus-is-covid19-really-the-cause-of-all-the-fatalities-in-italy |title=Coronavirus: Is Covid-19 really the cause of all the fatalities in Italy? |website=Stuff |accessdate=April 16, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:U.S. COVID-19 Deaths Could Be Far Higher Than Reported.jpg|thumb|Excess mortality from March{{nbsp}}1 to April{{nbsp}}4 was higher than the number of confirmed deaths.]]

[[Excess mortality]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm|title=Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention—National Center for Health Statistics|url-status=live|access-date=July 21, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; comparing deaths for all causes versus the seasonal average is more reliable.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0nytimes&quot;&gt;{{Cite news |last1=Wu |first1=Jin |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/21/world/coronavirus-missing-deaths.html |title=28,000 Missing Deaths: Tracking the True Toll of the Coronavirus Crisis |work=[[The New York Times]]|accessdate=April 22, 2020|last2=McCann |first2=Allison |last3=Katz |first3=Josh |last4=Peltier |first4=Elian | name-list-format = vanc |issn=0362-4331 }}&lt;/ref&gt; It counts additional deaths which are not explained by official reported coronavirus mortality statistics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Katz |first1=Josh |last2=Lu |first2=Denise |last3=Sanger-Katz |first3=Margot |title=U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll Is Far Higher Than Reported, C.D.C. Data Suggests |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/04/28/us/coronavirus-death-toll-total.html |accessdate=April 29, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 28, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the other hand, it may include deaths due to strained healthcare systems, bans on [[elective surgery]], or by policies aimed at curtailing the epidemic.&lt;ref name=20200429reason&gt;{{cite web |title=What 'Excess Deaths' Do and Don't Tell Us About COVID-19 |url=https://reason.com/2020/04/29/what-excess-deaths-do-and-dont-tell-us-about-covid-19/ |website=Reason |accessdate=May 4, 2020|date=April 29, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The CDC says it will issue an official estimate of coronavirus deaths in 2021—current estimates may not be reliable.&lt;ref name=&quot;Kliff+Bosman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kliff |first1=Sarah |last2=Bosman |first2=Julie |title=Official Counts Understate the U.S. Coronavirus Death Toll |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/05/us/coronavirus-deaths-undercount.html?action=click&amp;module=Spotlight&amp;pgtype=Homepage |accessdate=April 5, 2020 |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The following numbers are based on CDC data, which is incomplete. In most U.S. locations, testing for some time was performed only on symptomatic people with a history of travel to Wuhan or with close contact to such people.&lt;ref name=&quot;Madrigal&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url= https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/03/how-many-americans-have-been-tested-coronavirus/607597/ |title=Exclusive: The Strongest Evidence Yet That America Is Botching Coronavirus Testing|last=Madrigal|first=Robinson Meyer, Alexis C.|date=March 6, 2020|website=[[The Atlantic]] |accessdate=July 23, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/925233|title=Persons Evaluated for 2019 Novel Coronavirus—US, Jan 2020|website=Medscape|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McFall_testing&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/new-york-man-denied-coronavirus-test-japan-trip-fever-cough-2020-3|title=A New York City man wasn't tested for the coronavirus even though he had symptoms and had gone to Japan. It highlights the troublingly limited scope of US testing.|first=Morgan|last=McFall-Johnsen|website=Business Insider|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; CDC testing protocols did not include non-travelling patients with no known contact with China until February 28.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/02/27/health/us-cases-coronavirus-community-transmission/index.html|title=The CDC has changed its criteria for testing patients for coronavirus after the first case of unknown origin was confirmed|first1=Sarah |last1=Moon |first2=Holly |last2=Yan |first3=Jen |last3=Christensen |first4=Christina|last4=Maxouris|publisher=CNN|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The original CDC-developed tests sent out on February{{nbsp}}5 turned out to be faulty.&lt;ref name=&quot;factcheck.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.factcheck.org/2020/03/trumps-misplaced-blame-on-obama-for-coronavirus-tests/|title=Trump's Misplaced Blame on Obama for Coronavirus Tests|first=Jessica|last=McDonald|date=March 6, 2020|accessdate=March 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The faulty test produced a [[false positive]] from ordinary running water; a newer version is accurate and reliable.&lt;ref name= simulation2019 /&gt; On February 29, the FDA announced that labs would be allowed to do their own in-house testing immediately, independently of CDC testing, as long as they complete an emergency use authorization (EUA) within 15 days.&lt;ref name=&quot;factcheck.org&quot; /&gt;

=== Maps ===

{{gallery
| File:COVID-19 Outbreak Cases in the United States (Density).svg|Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed cases {{As of|2020|08|15|lc=y|df=US}}
{{legend|#D3D3D3|None confirmed}}
{{legend|#FFDDDD|&lt;6,250 confirmed}}
{{legend|#FFAAAA|&gt;6,250 confirmed}}
{{legend|#FF6666|&gt;25,000 confirmed}}
{{legend|#CC0000|&gt;100,000 confirmed}}
{{legend|#550000|&gt;400,000 confirmed}}
| File:COVID-19 Pandemic Deaths in the United States (Density).svg|Map of states and territories in the U.S. with number of confirmed deaths {{As of|2020|08|19|lc=y|df=US}}
{{legend|#D3D3D3|None confirmed}}
{{legend|#FFDDDD|&lt;125 confirmed}}
{{legend|#FFBBBB|&gt;125 confirmed}}
{{legend|#FF8888|&gt;500 confirmed}}
{{legend|#FF2222|&gt;2,000 confirmed}}
{{legend|#BB0000|&gt;8,000 confirmed}}
{{legend|#330000|&gt;32,000 confirmed}}
| File:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States by county.svg|Confirmed COVID-19 cases by county ({{As of|2020|08|14|lc=y|df=US}})
|title=}}

=== Number of U.S. cases by date {{anchor|State number of reported cases by date}} ===

{{Main|Template:COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases|l1=COVID-19 pandemic data/United States medical cases}}
&lt;!--Template for Graph:Chart is at [[Template:Graph:Chart]]--&gt;

'''&gt; 200,000 cases''':
{{Graph:Chart
|type=line
| above = 
|width=700
|height=250
|showValues=offset:1
|xType = date
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases
|legend=Legend


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|x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020
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|y6=19,25,32,46,64,93,159,288,422,585,753,1049,1273,1535,1865,2538,3026,3491,4596,5057,5994,6980,7695,8904,10357,11256,12262,13549,15078,16422,17887,19180,20852,22025,23247,24593,25733,27575,29160,30357,31508,33059,35108,36934,39658,41777,43903,45883,48102,50355,52918,56055,58505,61499,63840,65962,68232,70873,73760,76085,77741,79007,83021,84698,87937,90369,92457,94191,96485,98030,100418,102686,105444,107796,110304,112017,113195,114306,115833,117455,118917,120260,121234,122848,123830,124759,125915,126890,127757,129139,129936,130561,131327,132059,132732,133404,133877,134500,135046,135639,136470,137104,137762,138224,138825,139540,140434,141344,142130,142776,143514,144238,145066,145935,146872,147734,148373,148987,149574,150554,151572,152899,154094,155048,155931,156638,157825,159082,160509,161785,162750,163923,164878,166476,168100,169699,171125,172666,173897,174973,176366,178138,180118,181757,183224,184522,185993,187752,189705,191808,193998,195380,196699,198248,199893,201727,204023,205851,207413,209186
|y6Title=Illinois
|y4=216,216,421,524,729,950,1700,2382,4152,7102,10356,15168,20875,25665,30811,37258,44635,52318,59513,66497,75795,83712,92381,102863,113704,122031,130689,138863,149316,159937,170512,180458,188694,195031,202208,213779,222284,229642,236732,242786,247512,251690,257216,263460,271590,282143,288045,291996,295106,299691,304372,308314,312977,316415,318953,321192,323978,327649,330407,333122,335395,337055,338485,340661,343051,345813,348232,350121,351371,352845,354370,356458,358154,359926,361515,362764,363836,364965,366733,368284,369660,370770,371711,373040,374085,375133,376208,377316,378097,378799,379482,380156,380892,381714,382630,383324,383944,384575,385142,385760,386556,387272,387936,388488,389085,389666,390415,391220,391923,392539,392930,393454,394079,394954,395872,396598,397131,397649,398237,398929,399513,400299,401029,401706,402263,403175,404006,404775,405551,406305,406807,407326,408181,408886,409697,410450,411200,411736,412344,412878,413593,414370,415014,415767,416298,416843,417589,418225,418928,419642,420345,420860,421336,422003,422703,423440,424167,424901,425508,425916
|y4Title=New York
|y3=21,23,39,51,56,57,64,83,143,194,304,334,352,410,974,1396,1731,2052,2552,2877,3266,3997,4669,5330,6110,6812,7276,8262,9353,10230,11671,12561,13484,13906,14624,15492,16455,17371,18260,18923,19458,20196,21069,21944,22806,23773,24631,25297,26171,27054,28087,29229,30522,31548,32332,33369,34422,35390,36609,37860,38869,39869,41048,42403,43851,45198,46999,47784,48693,49912,51323,52268,53449,54509,55348,55971,56560,57921,59776,61006,62338,64287,64880,66568,68271,69920,71613,73553,74978,75616,77253,79757,81583,83680,86011,87854,89108,93206,96335,99851,103305,107735,111601,114881,120370,125921,131917,137624,143371,148728,153011,159986,168062,175977,183532,191790,195293,200557,210585,220564,230346,240111,250462,258658,264313,275058,282365,292656,307572,317730,325030,332434,341739,351618,361125,369826,375846,381656,385923,394265,403307,412107,420946,430485,436711,442014,451181,459887,467485,474524,481483,486362,490817,500620,506820,513575,520593,528838,535582,542950
|y3Title=Texas
&lt;!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT:
|yScaleType=--&gt;&lt;!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--&gt;
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

'''100,000–200,000 cases''':
{{Graph:Chart
|type=line
| above = 
|width=700
|height=250
|showValues=offset:1
|xType = date
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases
|legend=Legend


&lt;!--Search string CASES_X--&gt;
|x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020
&lt;!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--&gt;
|y8=0,0,1,6,12,28,36,46,68,81,124,138,167,215,283,506,587,696,806,859,981,1077,1233,1432,1580,1796,1968,2119,2369,2769,2968,3191,3525,3734,3876,4113,4345,4530,4655,4837,5025,5231,5465,5778,5832,6137,6270,6499,6687,6842,7019,7158,7434,7725,8025,8285,8581,8898,9221,9567,9777,10009,10310,10617,10968,11216,11523,11771,12086,12376,12744,13119,13563,13938,14327,14730,15396,15843,16310,16823,17359,17903,18363,18642,18851,19072,19387,20043,20500,20925,21422,21989,22845,23710,24601,25615,26272,26912,27312,28206,29002,29549,30021,30454,31097,32064,33206,34183,35083,35441,37175,38045,38962,40111,41865,42862,43953,44878,45785,46962,49174,50508,51947,53587,55545,57255,59067,61088,63091,65234,67011,68891,70358,71813,74212,76005,78130,79294,81115,82366,83782,85762,87723,89349,91444,92661,93702,94654,96592,98301,98387,101334,103020,103851,104786,105557,106309,107580,108433,109004
|y8Title=Alabama
|y1=9,9,9,12,12,18,20,28,44,65,104,152,265,357,450,577,736,873,919,1157,1289,1413,1598,1769,2019,2269,2456,2575,2726,3018,3112,3393,3539,3702,3806,3962,4234,4507,4719,4929,5064,5251,5459,5769,6045,6280,6526,6716,6948,7202,7648,7962,8364,8640,8919,9305,9707,9945,10526,10960,11119,11380,11736,12176,12674,13169,13631,13937,14170,14566,14897,15315,15608,16039,16339,16561,16783,17262,17763,18465,19255,19936,20123,21250,22233,22753,24332,25451,26889,27678,28296,29852,31264,32918,34458,35691,36705,39097,40924,43443,46689,49798,52390,54586,58179,59974,63030,66548,70051,73908,74533,79215,84092,87425,91858,94553,98089,101441,105094,108614,112671,116892,119930,122467,123824,128097,131354,134613,138523,141265,143624,145183,148683,150609,152944,156301,160041,162014,163827,165934,168273,170798,174010,177002,178476,179497,180505,182203,183647,185053,186107,186923,187523,188737,189443,190794,191721,192654,193537,194005
|y1Title=Arizona
|y4=6,14,36,51,90,115,137,240,347,473,580,837,1172,1388,1795,2305,2746,3315,3540,4025,5237,6424,9150,10297,12496,13010,14867,16284,17030,18283,19253,20014,20595,21016,21518,21951,22532,23118,23580,23928,24523,24854,25258,25739,26140,26512,26773,27068,27286,27660,28001,28711,29140,29340,29673,29996,30399,30652,30855,31417,31600,31815,32050,32662,33489,33837,34117,34432,34709,35038,35316,36504,36925,37040,37169,37809,38054,38497,38802,38802,39577,39916,40341,40746,41133,41562,41989,42486,42816,43050,43612,44030,44472,44995,46283,46619,47172,47706,48634,48634,48515,49385,49778,50239,51595,52477,53415,54769,54769,56236,57081,58095,60178,61561,63289,63289,65226,66327,68263,70151,71994,74636,76803,78122,79827,82042,84131,86411,88590,88590,91706,94892,96583,99354,101650,103734,103734,107574,109917,111038,112773,114481,116280,116280,119747,120846,124461,125943,127246,128746,128746,131399,131961,133125,134304,135439,136737,136737,137918,138485
|y4Title=Louisiana
|y7=0,8,23,38,64,97,118,156,229,314,426,547,678,1060,1739,2318,3151,4158,4856,5653,6521,7639,8867,10303,11637,12402,13739,15104,16692,18843,20878,22766,25381,26794,28109,29970,32492,35125,37527,39820,41416,43168,44913,47992,50969,53348,54938,56462,58302,60265,62205,64311,66263,68087,69087,70271,72025,73721,75333,76743,77793,78462,79332,80497,82182,83421,84933,86010,86010,87925,88970,90084,90889,91662,92675,93271,93693,94220,94895,95512,96301,96965,96965,101163,101592,102063,102557,103132,103436,103626,103889,104156,104667,105059,105395,105603,105690,105885,106151,106422,106650,106936,107061,107210,107439,107611,107837,108070,108443,108667,108768,108882,109143,109338,109628,109838,109974,110137,110338,110602,110897,111110,111398,111597,111827,112130,112347,112581,112879,113238,113534,113789,114033,114320,114320,114647,115268,115637,115926,116182,116182,117098,117612,117612,118458,118657,119203,119203,119874,120291,120711,121040,121315,121707,122000,122319,122531,122897,123200,123413
|y7Title=Massachusetts
|y13=9,12,17,26,31,28,57,85,107,149,190,244,288,349,423,580,774,992,1239,1413,1660,1985,2331,2758,3125,3609,4045,4371,5529,6185,6968,7694,8225,8936,9472,10032,10784,11572,12308,12830,13684,14193,14775,15737,16616,17766,18581,19487,20113,20849,21742,23472,24473,25462,26408,27117,28163,29374,30485,31534,32587,33373,34061,34812,35903,36986,37968,38804,39762,41546,42323,43531,44424,45495,46313,47152,47687,48423,49709,50988,52015,52778,53327,54175,54982,55858,56770,57482,57973,58404,58904,59465,60197,60613,61305,61701,62032,62409,62969,63229,63548,63956,64306,64603,65007,65337,65777,66115,66450,66777,67254,67559,67918,68423,68961,69341,69632,69904,70396,70861,71447,71910,72467,73109,73527,74260,75016,75664,76371,77206,78131,78685,79545,80172,80836,81766,83054,83748,84876,85524,86285,87177,88346,89365,90274,91144,91854,92426,93005,93806,94581,95503,96258,96843,97843,98160,98875,99693,100212,100715
|y13Title=Maryland
|y12=497,702,945,1196,1480,1933,3659,4531,5276,6219,7023,7822,9062,10155,11335,12475,13799,14865,15784,17363,18654,20246,21376,22579,23581,24458,25785,26964,28064,29096,30172,30980,31666,32702,33613,34533,35455,36320,37029,37557,38494,39589,40705,41694,42730,43263,43789,44709,45538,46488,47505,48240,48672,49029,49809,50497,51131,51731,52349,52732,53033,54004,55641,56458,57036,57687,58023,58278,58812,59576,60151,60610,61075,61293,61457,61632,62075,62461,62797,63116,63321,63568,63813,64103,64382,64616,64821,64914,64969,65104,65167,65182,65449,65672,65836,66054,66085,66269,66497,66798,67097,67545,67711,67957,68197,68555,68989,69329,69679,69946,70223,70728,71089,71678,72175,72581,72941,73269,73900,74551,75063,75685,76370,76776,77198,77864,78913,79839,80593,81338,81868,82395,83059,83730,84431,85072,85072,86661,87173,87958,88974,89781,90574,91332,91761,92374,93175,93893,94656,95470,96191,96726,97306,98213,98689,99856,100724,101782,102259,102749
|y12Title=Michigan
|y2=24,30,50,50,98,178,267,427,742,890,1327,1914,2844,3675,4402,6876,8825,11124,13386,16636,18696,22255,25590,29895,34124,37505,41090,44416,47437,51027,54588,58151,61850,64584,68824,71030,75317,78467,81420,85301,88806,92387,95865,99989,102196,105523,109038,111188,113856,116264,118652,121190,123717,126744,128269,130593,131890,133635,135454,137085,138532,139945,140743,141560,142704,143905,145089,146334,148039,149013,150399,151472,152719,153104,154154,155092,155764,156628,157815,158844,159608,160445,160918,161545,162068,162530,163336,163893,164164,164497,164796,165346,165816,166164,166605,166881,167103,167426,167703,168107,168496,168834,169142,169415,169734,169892,170196,170584,170873,171182,171272,171667,171928,172356,172742,173033,173402,173611,173878,174039,174240,174628,174959,175298,175522,175915,176278,176501,176551,176814,176783,176963,177256,177645,177887,178345,178858,179363,179812,180295,180766,180970,181660,182029,182350,182614,182970,183327,183701,184061,184429,184773,185031,185475,185938,186594,187164,187442,187455,187767
|y2Title=New Jersey
|y3=7,12,15,23,32,33,40,63,97,137,184,255,297,398,504,636,763,935,1040,1307,1498,1584,1857,2093,2402,2585,2870,3221,3426,3651,3908,4312,4520,4816,5024,5123,5465,5859,6140,6493,6764,6951,7220,7608,8052,8623,8830,9142,9568,9948,10509,10923,11509,11664,11848,12256,12758,13397,13868,14360,14764,15045,15346,15816,16507,17129,17982,18512,19023,19700,20122,20860,21618,22725,23222,23964,24140,24628,25412,26488,27673,28589,29263,29889,30777,31966,33255,34625,35546,36484,37160,38171,39481,41249,42676,44119,45102,45853,46855,48188,49840,51389,52801,53605,54453,56174,57183,58818,60537,62142,63484,64670,66513,68142,70241,71654,72983,74529,75875,77310,79349,81331,83793,85701,87528,89484,91266,93426,95477,97958,99778,101046,102861,105001,106893,108995,111092,112713,114338,116087,117850,120194,122148,123878,125219,126532,128161,129288,131267,132812,134766,136218,136844,137895,139061,140824,142170,143706,144952,145516
|y3Title=North Carolina
|y9=4,5,13,13,36,50,67,88,119,169,247,351,442,564,704,867,1137,1406,1653,1933,2199,2547,2902,3312,3739,4043,4450,4782,5148,5512,5878,6250,6604,6975,7280,7791,8414,9107,10222,11602,12919,13725,14117,14694,15169,15587,15963,15699,16128,17303,18027,18743,19335,19914,20474,20969,21576,22131,23016,23697,24081,24777,25250,25721,26357,26954,27474,27923,28454,28952,29436,30167,30794,31408,31911,32477,33006,33439,33915,34566,35034,35513,35984,36350,36792,37282,37758,38111,38476,38837,39162,39575,40004,40424,40848,41148,41576,42010,42422,43122,43731,44262,44808,45537,46127,46759,47651,48638,49455,50309,51046,51789,52865,52865,55257,56183,57151,57956,58904,60181,61331,62856,64214,65592,66853,67995,69311,70601,72280,73822,74932,76168,77215,78742,80186,81746,83184,84073,85177,86497,87893,89626,91159,92087,93031,93963,95106,96305,97471,98675,99969,100848,101731,102826,104248,105426,106557,107674,108287,109062
|y9Title=Ohio
|y6=16,22,41,47,63,76,96,133,185,268,371,479,644,851,1127,1687,2218,2751,3394,4087,4843,5805,7016,8420,10017,11510,12980,14559,16239,18228,19979,21655,22833,24199,25345,26490,27735,29441,31069,32284,33232,34528,35684,37053,38652,40049,41165,42050,43264,44366,45763,46971,48305,49267,50092,50957,51845,52915,54238,55316,56611,57154,57991,58698,59636,60622,61611,62234,63056,63666,63666,65392,66258,66983,67713,68186,68637,69417,70042,71339,72031,72546,72898,73510,74022,74560,75005,75706,76212,76563,77056,77466,77933,77999,78462,78798,79121,79483,79818,80263,80762,81266,81730,82186,82696,83191,83770,84370,84370,85496,85988,86606,87242,88074,88741,89375,89854,90304,91299,92148,92867,93876,94689,95266,95742,96671,97665,98446,99478,100241,101027,101738,102765,103396,104358,105571,106625,107425,108264,109384,110218,111078,112048,112936,113590,114155,115009,115714,116521,117279,118092,118852,119453,120281,121130,122121,122950,123800,124460,124844
|y6Title=Pennsylvania
|y11=9,10,12,13,19,28,33,60,60,81,152,195,298,298,424,456,456,539,774,925,1083,1293,1554,1554,1917,2049,2049,2417,2552,2792,3065,3207,3319,3319,3553,3656,3656,3941,4246,4377,4377,4439,4761,4917,4917,5253,5490,5490,5613,5881,6095,6258,6489,6626,6626,6757,6936,6936,7142,7531,7653,7653,7927,7927,8189,8407,8407,8816,8942,9056,9056,9175,9638,9895,10096,10178,10416,10623,10788,11131,11394,11861,12148,12415,12561,13005,13453,13916,14286,14800,15228,15759,16441,17170,17955,18795,19378,19990,20556,21548,22641,23786,24693,25701,26613,27897,29022,30335,31939,33320,34644,36399,37919,39701,41532,43386,44847,46380,47352,48909,50691,52419,54699,56648,58168,60389,62245,64083,66060,67612,69986,71445,73337,75042,76606,78607,80008,81199,82417,84109,85846,87572,89016,90599,91788,92951,95190,95472,96797,98219,99460,100435,101159,102130,102974,103909,104841,105882,106497,106953
|y11Title=South Carolina
|y5=7,18,26,32,39,52,73,98,154,228,371,505,615,667,784,957,1203,1373,1537,1834,2239,2683,2845,3067,3321,3633,3802,4138,4362,4634,4862,5114,5308,5610,5823,6079,6262,6589,6762,7070,7238,7394,7842,8266,8726,9189,9667,9918,10052,10366,10735,11891,12661,13177,13571,13690,13938,14096,14441,14768,14985,15544,16111,16370,16699,16970,17288,17388,18011,18378,18532,18961,19394,19789,20145,20607,20965,21306,21679,22085,22566,23006,23554,24375,24822,25120,25520,26071,26381,26944,27575,28061,28538,29126,29541,30432,31160,31830,32143,32829,34017,34446,35102,35553,36303,37235,38034,39444,40172,40172,42297,43509,45315,46890,48712,50140,51431,52155,53514,55986,57591,59546,61006,61960,65274,66788,69061,71540,73819,76336,78115,79754,81944,84417,86987,89078,90796,93936,96489,99044,100822,102871,105959,108184,109627,110636,112441,114098,116350,118782,120585,122712,123914,124915,126393,128511,130458,131747,133708,134744
|y5Title=Tennessee
|y10=9,17,30,30,45,51,67,77,94,114,152,219,254,290,391,460,604,739,890,1020,1250,1484,1706,2012,2407,2637,2878,3333,3645,4042,4509,5077,5274,5747,6171,6500,6889,7491,8053,8537,8990,9630,10266,10998,11594,12366,12970,13535,14339,14961,15846,16901,17731,18671,19492,20256,20256,21570,22342,23196,24081,25070,25800,26746,27813,28672,29683,30388,31140,32145,32908,34137,34950,35749,36244,37727,39342,40249,41401,42533,43611,44607,45398,46239,46905,47856,48532,49397,50681,51251,51738,52177,52647,53211,53869,54506,54886,55331,55775,56238,56793,57443,57994,58465,58994,59514,59946,60570,61247,61736,62189,62787,63203,63735,64393,65109,65748,66102,66740,67375,67988,68931,69782,70670,71642,72443,73527,74431,75433,76373,77430,78375,79371,80393,81237,82364,83609,84567,86072,86994,87993,88904,89888,90801,91782,93106,94251,95049,95867,97882,99189,100086,100749,101745,102521,103622,104838,105750,106687,107421
|y10Title=Virginia
&lt;!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT:
|yScaleType=--&gt;&lt;!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--&gt;
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

'''50,000–100,000 cases''':
{{Graph:Chart
|type=line
|width=700
|height=250
|showValues=
|xType = date
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisTitle=Cumulative no. of cases
|legend=Legend

&lt;!--Search string CASES_X--&gt;
|x= Mar 11 2020, Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020, Mar 15 2020, Mar 16 2020, Mar 17 2020, Mar 18 2020, Mar 19 2020, Mar 20 2020, Mar 21 2020, Mar 22 2020, Mar 23 2020, Mar 24 2020, Mar 25 2020, Mar 26 2020, Mar 27 2020, Mar 28 2020, Mar 29 2020, Mar 30 2020, Mar 31 2020, Apr 1 2020, Apr 2 2020, Apr 3 2020, Apr 4 2020, Apr 5 2020, Apr 6 2020, Apr 7 2020, Apr 8 2020, Apr 9 2020, Apr 10 2020, Apr 11 2020, Apr 12 2020, Apr 13 2020, Apr 14 2020, Apr 15 2020, Apr 16 2020, Apr 17 2020, Apr 18 2020, Apr 19 2020, Apr 20 2020, Apr 21 2020, Apr 22 2020, Apr 23 2020, Apr 24 2020, Apr 25 2020, Apr 26 2020, Apr 27 2020, Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020, Apr 30 2020, May 1 2020, May 2 2020, May 3 2020, May 4 2020, May 5 2020, May 6 2020, May 7 2020, May 8 2020, May 9 2020, May 10 2020, May 11 2020, May 12 2020, May 13 2020, May 14 2020, May 15 2020, May 16 2020, May 17 2020, May 18 2020, May 19 2020, May 20 2020, May 21 2020, May 22 2020, May 23 2020, May 24 2020, May 25 2020, May 26 2020, May 27 2020, May 28 2020, May 29 2020, May 30 2020, May 31 2020, Jun 1 2020, Jun 2 2020, Jun 3 2020, Jun 4 2020, Jun 5 2020, Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020
&lt;!--Search string CASES_STATES_Y--&gt;
|y9=0,6,9,12,16,22,22,33,46,96,118,165,174,218,280,335,381,404,426,473,523,584,643,704,743,830,875,946,1000,1119,1171,1226,1280,1410,1480,1569,1620,1695,1739,1781,1923,2227,2276,2465,2741,2829,2941,3017,3111,3192,3255,3321,3372,3431,3458,3496,3568,3611,3694,3747,3747,4034,4164,4164,4236,4463,4578,4759,4813,4923,5003,5458,5612,5612,5922,6029,6180,6277,6538,6538,7013,7253,7443,7443,8067,8067,8651,9101,9426,9740,10080,10368,10816,11547,11547,12501,12917,13191,13606,13928,14631,15142,15142,16083,16678,17375,18062,18062,18740,19310,20257,20777,21197,22075,22622,23209,23209,24253,24512,24512,26052,26803,26803,28367,28939,29733,30297,31114,31762,31762,32533,33927,34655,35246,36259,37249,37249,38623,39447,40181,40968,41759,42511,43173,43173,44597,45381,46293,47028,48039,48039,49383,50028,50411,51114,51766,51892,51992,52655,53077
|y9Title=Arkansas
|y8=28,45,72,101,131,131,160,183,216,277,363,475,591,720,912,1086,1430,1734,2061,2627,2627,2966,3342,3728,4173,4565,4950,5172,5429,5655,6510,6510,6893,7684,7691,7941,8280,8675,9047,9433,9730,10106,10447,10878,11262,12256,12968,13441,13879,14735,14758,15284,15768,16225,16635,16907,17364,17830,18801,18827,19703,19899,19879,20157,20475,20838,21232,21633,21938,22202,22482,22797,23191,23487,23964,24174,24269,24565,24767,25121,25613,26098,26378,26577,26788,27060,27360,27615,27848,28001,28183,28347,28499,28647,28822,29017,29130,29299,29442,29673,29901,30187,30349,30539,30705,30893,31155,31479,31796,32022,32307,32511,32715,33029,33352,33619,33866,34065,34257,34664,35116,35525,36191,36591,36913,37242,37686,38155,38726,39344,39788,40142,40566,41059,41698,42314,42980,43789,44336,44565,45314,45796,46204,46809,47267,47716,47968,48394,48988,49436,49893,50324,50660,51039,51441,51756,52219,52538,52838,53176
|y8Title=Colorado
|y11=3,6,6,11,20,26,41,68,96,194,194,223,415,618,875,1012,1291,1291,1993,2571,3128,3557,3824,4914,5276,5675,6906,7781,7781,9784,10538,11510,12035,13381,13989,14755,15884,16809,16809,17550,19815,20360,22469,23100,23921,24582,25269,25269,26312,26767,27700,28764,28764,29287,29287,30621,30995,31784,32411,32984,33554,33765,34333,34855,35464,36085,36703,37419,38116,38430,39017,39208,39640,40022,40468,40873,41303,41288,41559,41762,42022,42201,42740,42979,43091,43239,43460,43818,43968,44092,44179,44347,44461,44689,44994,45088,45235,45349,45429,45440,45557,45715,45755,45782,45899,45913,45994,46059,46206,46303,46362,46514,46572,46646,46717,46717,46717,46976,47033,47108,47209,47287,47287,47287,47510,47530,47636,47750,47893,47893,47893,48055,48096,48223,48232,48776,48776,48776,48983,49077,49540,49670,49810,49810,49810,50062,50110,50225,50245,50320,50320,50320,50567,50684,50706,50782,50897,50897,50897,51267
|y11Title=Connecticut
|y1=10,12,12,15,19,24,30,39,56,79,126,201,259,365,477,645,981,1232,1514,1786,2159,2565,3039,3437,3953,4411,4944,5507,5943,6351,6907,7435,7928,8236,8527,8955,9542,10154,10641,11210,11686,12097,12438,13039,13680,14395,15012,15961,16588,17182,17835,18630,19295,19933,20507,21033,21870,22503,23146,23732,24126,24627,25127,25473,26053,26655,27280,27778,28255,28705,29274,29936,30409,30901,31376,31715,32078,32437,33068,33558,34211,34574,34830,35237,35712,36096,36578,36997,37397,37623,38033,38337,38748,39146,39543,39909,40430,40786,41013,41438,41746,42061,42423,42633,42871,43140,43655,44140,44575,44930,45228,45594,45952,46387,46915,47432,48008,48331,48626,49063,49575,50300,51079,51612,52037,52685,53370,54080,54813,55654,56571,57206,57916,58673,59602,60598,61520,62372,62907,63678,64299,65253,66154,67122,67857,68433,69255,69975,71015,72254,73287,74328,74992,75862,76522,77565,78632,79676,80415,81006
|y1Title=Indiana
|y10=13,14,16,17,18,22,23,29,38,45,68,90,105,124,145,179,235,298,336,424,497,549,614,699,786,868,946,1048,1145,1270,1388,1510,1587,1710,1899,1995,2141,2332,2513,2902,3159,3641,3748,3924,4445,5092,5476,5868,6376,6843,7145,7884,8641,9169,9703,10111,10404,11059,11457,11671,11959,12373,12912,13289,13675,14049,14328,14651,14955,15349,15614,16170,16504,16893,17252,17577,17703,18360,18573,18926,19244,19552,19697,20016,20055,20805,21152,21478,21667,21987,22236,22551,22938,23337,23717,23926,24053,24179,24461,24854,25275,25496,25963,26051,26373,26705,27197,27686,28012,28489,28782,29007,29451,30209,30429,31041,31353,31657,32029,32509,33240,33984,34647,35071,35529,35849,36291,37132,37722,37907,38723,39166,39474,39793,40634,41271,41671,42200,42554,42777,43277,44038,44582,44976,45492,45841,46042,46659,47361,47865,48283,48789,49071,49329,49806,50336,50932,51793,52428,52722
|y10Title=Iowa
|y6=21,43,62,90,128,179,246,269,287,303,327,349,393,444,502,565,640,687,725,823,916,973,1056,1119,1158,1217,1330,1432,1534,1637,1732,1806,1864,2012,2165,2321,2486,2668,2788,2914,3190,3452,3758,4270,4788,5127,5512,6187,6788,7468,8116,8736,9071,9411,10235,10876,11510,12328,13040,13321,13552,14379,15043,15772,16565,17363,17705,18016,18987,19842,20609,21582,22374,22765,23121,23524,24308,24988,25559,26013,26181,26322,26897,27376,27889,28290,28688,28853,28988,29436,29866,30199,30418,30463,30465,30471,30693,30882,31296,31675,32031,32467,32920,33227,33469,33763,34123,34616,35033,35549,35861,36303,36716,37210,37624,37624,38136,38569,39133,39589,40163,40767,41571,42281,42772,43170,43742,44347,45013,45470,46204,47107,47457,47961,48721,49488,50291,51153,51803,52281,52947,53692,54463,55188,55947,56560,57162,57779,58640,59185,60101,60898,61516,61839,62303,62993,63723,64413,65152,65716
|y6Title=Minnesota
|y2=0,1,4,6,10,12,21,34,50,80,140,207,249,320,377,485,579,663,758,847,937,1073,1177,1358,1455,1638,1738,1915,2003,2260,2469,2642,2781,2942,3087,3360,3624,3793,3974,4274,4512,4716,4894,5153,5434,5718,5911,6094,6342,6569,6815,7212,7441,7550,7877,8207,8424,8686,9090,9378,9501,9674,9908,10090,10483,10801,11123,11296,11432,11704,11967,12222,12624,13005,13252,13458,13731,14044,14372,14790,15229,15501,15752,16020,16322,16560,16759,16769,17270,17768,17768,18483,18483,19091,19348,19516,19799,20152,20641,20641,20641,20641,20641,22287,22898,23424,24516,25066,25531,25892,26567,27247,27900,28770,28770,30674,30900,31257,32214,32888,33591,34622,35419,36287,36680,37542,38567,39797,40829,41846,42638,43889,45524,47071,48053,49663,51097,52304,52957,54299,55804,57579,58747,59881,60553,61125,62199,63444,64400,65436,66646,67173,67649,68293,69374,69986,70930,71755,72136,72412
|y2Title=Mississippi
|y4=1,1,2,4,5,6,8,13,24,47,73,90,183,183,356,502,669,838,838,1031,1327,1581,1834,2113,2291,2367,2722,3037,3327,3539,3799,4024,4160,4388,4686,4895,5111,5283,5517,5667,5807,5941,6137,6321,6625,6826,6997,7171,7303,7425,7562,7835,8154,8386,8754,8916,9102,9341,9489,9666,9844,9918,10006,10142,10317,10456,10675,10789,10945,11080,11232,11340,11558,11752,11988,12167,12291,12492,12673,12795,12962,13147,13327,13575,13767,14057,14253,14442,14553,14734,14913,15187,15390,15585,15810,15810,16189,16414,16625,16908,17201,17590,18003,18143,18143,18868,19421,19914,20261,20575,21043,21551,21927,22283,22830,23215,23436,23856,24629,25204,25999,25999,27133,27443,27890,28826,29714,30422,31288,32248,33094,33624,34762,36063,37700,39352,40709,41927,43050,44823,46750,48834,50323,51258,51840,52887,54080,55321,56383,57379,57379,57379,59954,60935,62530,63797,65270,66397,67475,68623
|y4Title=Missouri
|y7=5,7,11,20,21,45,55,55,95,109,124,190,245,278,321,420,535,621,738,1008,1113,1279,1458,1514,1742,1836,1953,2087,2318,2456,2584,2700,2836,2971,3088,3211,3321,3524,3626,3728,3830,3937,4081,4208,4398,4539,4602,4690,4805,4898,4998,5227,5311,5426,5491,5594,5663,5766,5884,6028,6098,6152,6311,6394,6499,6614,6662,6857,6906,7046,7166,7255,7401,7696,7770,7879,7997,8113,8208,8350,8495,8593,8688,8830,8935,9090,9266,9460,9649,9786,10030,10164,10399,10678,10946,11173,11279,11658,11842,12076,12486,12931,13205,13535,13997,14362,14859,15240,16339,17160,17894,18456,19101,19733,20718,21575,22418,22909,23785,24301,24904,25908,26838,27683,28515,29619,30468,31915,33295,34477,35765,36713,37528,38657,39919,40885,41816,42843,43831,44936,45806,46824,48088,49074,50205,51199,52179,52828,53557,54533,55419,56230,56972,57520,58048,58650,59749,60608,61305,61967
|y7Title=Nevada
|y5=1665,1921,2218,2484,2738,3107,3432,3810,4146,4551,4837,5121,5568,5923,6329,6700,7076,7397,7715,8120,8431,8869,9201,9485,9732,9953,10282,10547,10831,11118,11395,11605,11775,12079,12303,12619,12872,13174,13407,13583,13890,14133,14375,14628,14913,15110,15292,15566,15798,16042,16309,16653,16802,16943,17209,17470,17718,17914,18124,18275,18449,18741,18952,19179,19424,19650,19838,19991,20286,20535,20784,20988,21283,21492,21652,21909,22184,22483,22753,23047,23275,23456,23798,24086,24385,24677,25023,25227,25419,25732,26004,26281,26559,26825,26985,27095,27493,27925,28255,28575,28666,28680,28225,28680,28870,29386,29869,30367,30855,31404,31752,32253,32824,33435,34151,34778,35247,35898,36985,37420,37941,38581,39218,39218,40656,41757,42304,43046,44313,45067,46026,46946,47743,48575,49247,50009,50824,51849,52635,53321,54205,54985,55803,55803,57541,58173,58751,59379,60084,60917,61587,62523,63072,63647,64151,64702,65339,66139,66885,67461
|y5Title=Washington
|y3=3,9,23,23,37,56,83,121,174,235,315,425,466,525,667,806,969,1134,1276,1422,1585,1821,2040,2263,2476,2643,2866,3064,3279,3443,3665,3822,3964,4080,4246,4453,4636,4839,5013,5176,5353,5509,5766,6011,6364,6715,6963,7161,7391,7660,8052,8550,8920,9227,9538,9896,10262,10621,11030,11402,11694,11920,12131,12449,12869,13344,13878,14257,14442,14692,15269,15792,16340,16843,17253,17571,17867,18513,19077,19843,20382,20564,20736,21155,21661,22193,22599,22937,23212,23434,23734,24070,24441,24795,25089,25340,25546,25844,26129,26590,26913,27326,27615,27878,28175,28641,29105,29668,30227,30707,31033,31662,32225,32809,33431,34207,34740,35230,35765,36410,37210,38099,39080,39877,40382,41349,42197,43139,44068,45099,45948,46675,47836,48583,49669,50727,51715,52680,53281,54064,54988,56079,56934,58058,58990,59401,60171,61110,61985,63028,64213,64835,65356,66123,66654,67622,68681,69547,70246,70715
|y3Title=Wisconsin
&lt;!--Numbers that I see for the linear plot April 11, 2020, 10:15 pm EDT:
|yScaleType=--&gt;&lt;!--log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--&gt;
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

=== Progression charts ===

No. of new daily cases (also in [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com] and [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ Worldometers]), with a seven-day [[moving average]]:
&lt;!--CASES PER DAY--&gt;
{{Graph:Chart
|width=700
|height=
|type=line
|colors=#50A5FF, #0045FF
|showValues=offset:1
|xAxisAngle=-40
|xType = date
|xAxisFormat=%e %b

&lt;!--Search string NEW_X (if the date range is NOT the same as for total cases, you may need to add zeros to the y axis data with fewer dates to align the data)--&gt;
|x= Feb 26 2020,Feb 27 2020,Feb 28 2020,Feb 29 2020,Mar 1 2020,Mar 2 2020,Mar 3 2020,Mar 4 2020,Mar 5 2020,Mar 6 2020,Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020,Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020,May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020,Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020

|yAxisTitle=No. of new cases
| yAxisMin = 1
| yAxisMax =

&lt;!--Search String NEW_Y (if the date range is NOT the same as for total cases, you may need to add zeros to the y axis data with fewer dates to align the data)--&gt;
|y1= 1, 0, 4, 5, 18, 15, 28, 26, 64, 77, 101, 144, 148, 291, 269, 393, 565, 662, 676, 872, 1291, 2410, 3948, 5417, 6271, 8631, 10410, 9939, 12226, 17050, 19046, 20093, 19118, 20463, 25396, 26732, 28812, 32182, 34068, 25717, 29362, 30752, 32039, 34243, 33578, 31869, 28057, 24685, 25987, 29465, 32076, 30915, 28084, 26013, 25132, 25178, 29246, 32331, 36137, 34956, 26884, 22086, 24429, 25904, 29674, 33007, 30568, 25393, 21278, 22252, 24859, 27535, 27114, 25562, 20697, 17779, 21486, 20549, 26762, 25382, 24527, 19731, 21109, 19962, 22368, 25028, 22206, 22717, 20253, 18554, 16682, 18636, 23016, 23575, 23816, 21684, 16079, 20048, 19685, 21004, 23292, 23394, 18550, 16313, 17182, 19958, 17847, 24421, 25891, 21141, 18307, 23047, 23620, 27082, 30927, 31963, 28095, 26558, 33315, 37945, 38853, 44726, 43581, 40691, 36390, 43865, 52609, 54869, 57209, 50445, 43003, 46727, 50940, 62425, 57437, 66786, 62653, 61038, 57942, 61834, 65370, 70254, 76091, 65389, 63591, 55896, 63496, 68377, 70719, 74360, 65944, 58631, 54806, 58540, 63255, 68543, 66364, 60817, 53561, 41963, 51185, 51884, 53305, 60184, 55692, 48769, 40171, 54443, 55170, 51335, 55057, 55348, 42181, 37240, 39794, 43798
|y2= ,,,,,,10, 14, 23, 33, 47, 65, 84, 122, 156, 203, 273, 353, 429, 533, 675, 981, 1489, 2182, 2984, 4120, 5483, 6718, 8120, 9992, 11939, 13914, 15412, 16848, 19056, 21128, 22809, 24685, 26682, 27624, 28896, 29661, 30419, 31195, 31394, 31080, 31414, 30746, 30065, 29698, 29388, 29008, 28467, 28175, 28239, 28123, 28092, 28128, 28874, 29856, 29981, 29545, 29438, 28961, 28581, 28134, 27507, 27294, 27179, 26868, 26719, 26413, 25571, 24856, 24185, 23685, 23576, 22960, 22850, 22602, 22455, 22317, 22792, 22575, 22834, 22587, 22133, 21874, 21949, 21584, 21115, 20582, 20295, 20490, 20647, 20852, 20498, 20979, 21129, 20842, 20801, 20741, 20293, 20327, 19917, 19956, 19505, 19666, 20023, 20393, 20678, 21516, 22039, 23358, 24288, 25155, 26149, 27327, 28794, 30841, 32522, 34494, 36153, 37953, 39357, 40864, 42959, 45247, 47031, 48011, 48341, 49818, 50829, 52231, 52598, 53966, 55710, 58287, 59889, 61445, 61866, 63697, 65026, 65417, 65782, 65489, 65727, 66156, 66223, 65975, 66055, 65346, 65190, 64482, 63751, 63440, 62298, 61565, 60841, 59006, 57955, 56331, 54154, 53271, 52539, 51854, 51598, 52064, 52533, 52252, 51520, 51470, 50529, 50111, 48014
&lt;!--|yScaleType=log This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis--&gt;
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

No. of new daily deaths (also in [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com] and [https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/country/us/ Worldometers]), with a seven-day moving average:
&lt;!--DEATHS PER DAY--&gt;
{{Graph:Chart
|width=700
|height=
|colors=#A4A1A2, #343132
|showValues=offset:1
|xAxisAngle=-40
|type=line
|xType=date
|xAxisFormat=%e %b

&lt;!--Search String DEATH_X--&gt;
|x= Feb 26 2020,Feb 27 2020,Feb 28 2020,Feb 29 2020,Mar 1 2020,Mar 2 2020,Mar 3 2020,Mar 4 2020,Mar 5 2020,Mar 6 2020,Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020,Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020,May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020,Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020

|yAxisTitle=No. of new deaths
| yAxisMin = 1
| yAxisMax =

&lt;!--Search string DEATH_Y--&gt;
|y1= 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 4, 3, 3, 0, 6, 1, 3, 4, 5, 7, 4, 7, 7, 6, 13, 21, 26, 52, 51, 67, 109, 111, 162, 225, 253, 433, 447, 392, 554, 821, 939, 1075, 1186, 1346, 1175, 1214, 1928, 1936, 1831, 2078, 1910, 1493, 1462, 2378, 2438, 1871, 2080, 1743, 1634, 1643, 2624, 2119, 1840, 2053, 1825, 1161, 1237, 2204, 2536, 2083, 1794, 1668, 1117, 877, 2435, 2701, 1971, 1695, 1555, 941, 840, 1591, 1715, 1858, 1524, 1231, 785, 792, 1425, 1528, 1286, 1262, 1089, 646, 504, 634, 1379, 1216, 1175, 979, 605, 478, 1039, 1004, 909, 849, 725, 448, 491, 926, 861, 812, 758, 654, 345, 384, 739, 742, 694, 682, 550, 283, 292, 766, 688, 644, 598, 507, 250, 338, 613, 670, 671, 610, 273, 212, 244, 902, 810, 874, 839, 735, 476, 282, 785, 873, 924, 936, 879, 512, 390, 1039, 1103, 1082, 1150, 985, 552, 1079, 1144, 1449, 1231, 1323, 1207, 462, 505, 1265, 1328, 1248, 1287, 1109, 554, 432, 1334, 1486, 1149, 1234, 1190, 616, 400, 1205, 1369
|y2= , , , , , , 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 12, 19, 25, 34, 48, 62, 83, 111, 140, 194, 249, 289, 352, 446, 548, 666, 773, 902, 1014, 1108, 1266, 1409, 1517, 1644, 1725, 1770, 1805, 1870, 1941, 1947, 1947, 1924, 1944, 1970, 2005, 1959, 1955, 1951, 1963, 1895, 1837, 1777, 1837, 1871, 1834, 1812, 1806, 1754, 1787, 1811, 1795, 1781, 1764, 1739, 1734, 1613, 1473, 1456, 1432, 1386, 1363, 1357, 1333, 1306, 1224, 1187, 1167, 1147, 1106, 993, 971, 961, 949, 933, 927, 924, 982, 928, 884, 838, 801, 779, 781, 765, 744, 730, 717, 707, 692, 677, 650, 633, 617, 606, 591, 582, 569, 573, 565, 558, 546, 540, 535, 542, 520, 517, 521, 523, 489, 484, 470, 512, 532, 561, 593, 659, 697, 703, 686, 695, 702, 716, 736, 742, 757, 793, 826, 849, 879, 894, 900, 999, 1014, 1063, 1084, 1109, 1141, 1128, 1046, 1063, 1046, 1048, 1043, 1029, 1042, 1031, 1042, 1064, 1050, 1043, 1054, 1063, 1058, 1040
|yScaleType= &lt;!--log This is the option that makes the plot have a log axis, so leave it blank here!--&gt;
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

The plots above are charts showing the number of COVID-19 cases, deaths, and recoveries in the U.S. since February 26, 2020. The plot below uses a [[Logarithmic scale|log scale]] for all four y axes on one plot to show relationships between the trends. On a log scale, data that shows exponential growth will plot as a more-or-less straight line. Each major division is a factor of 10. This makes the slope of the plot the relative rate of change anywhere in the timeline, which allows comparison of one plot with the others throughout the pandemic.&lt;!--One option in the Graph:Chart template, &quot;yScaleType=log&quot; makes this happen; this option was added for this article and is not yet documented in the template. If you accidentally break the chart, please don't delete that line. Template for Graph:Chart is at [[Template:Graph:Chart]]--&gt;

{{Graph:Chart
|type=line
|width=700
|height=480&lt;!--height = 80 X &lt;no. of log10 cycles in y axis&gt;--&gt;
|colors=#50A5FF,#FFC000,#87CEEB,#A4A1A2
|showValues=
|xType = date
|xAxisFormat=%e %b
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisTitle=No. of cases
|legend=Legend

&lt;!--When you update this chart, please clipboard copy the &quot;x=...&quot; and &quot;|y1=...&quot; lines to the linear charts, update second and third datasets from &quot;y2=&quot; and &quot;y3=&quot; to &quot;y1=&quot;--&gt;

&lt;!--Search string CASES_X (on this log scale combined chart, we use only one x axis for all three datasets!)--&gt;
|x= Mar 7 2020,Mar 8 2020,Mar 9 2020,Mar 10 2020,Mar 11 2020,Mar 12 2020,Mar 13 2020,Mar 14 2020,Mar 15 2020,Mar 16 2020,Mar 17 2020,Mar 18 2020,Mar 19 2020,Mar 20 2020,Mar 21 2020,Mar 22 2020,Mar 23 2020,Mar 24 2020,Mar 25 2020,Mar 26 2020,Mar 27 2020,Mar 28 2020,Mar 29 2020,Mar 30 2020,Mar 31 2020,Apr 1 2020,Apr 2 2020,Apr 3 2020,Apr 4 2020,Apr 5 2020,Apr 6 2020,Apr 7 2020,Apr 8 2020,Apr 9 2020,Apr 10 2020,Apr 11 2020,Apr 12 2020,Apr 13 2020,Apr 14 2020,Apr 15 2020,Apr 16 2020,Apr 17 2020,Apr 18 2020,Apr 19 2020,Apr 20 2020,Apr 21 2020,Apr 22 2020,Apr 23 2020,Apr 24 2020,Apr 25 2020,Apr 26 2020,Apr 27 2020,Apr 28 2020, Apr 29 2020,Apr 30 2020,May 1 2020,May 2 2020,May 3 2020,May 4 2020,May 5 2020,May 6 2020,May 7 2020,May 8 2020,May 9 2020,May 10 2020,May 11 2020,May 12 2020,May 13 2020,May 14 2020,May 15 2020,May 16 2020,May 17 2020,May 18 2020,May 19 2020,May 20 2020,May 21 2020,May 22 2020,May 23 2020,May 24 2020,May 25 2020,May 26 2020,May 27 2020, May 28 2020,May 29 2020,May 30 2020,May 31 2020,Jun 1 2020,Jun 2 2020,Jun 3 2020,Jun 4 2020,Jun 5 2020,Jun 6 2020, Jun 7 2020,Jun 8 2020,Jun 9 2020,Jun 10 2020,Jun 11 2020,Jun 12 2020,Jun 13 2020,Jun 14 2020, Jun 15 2020,Jun 16 2020,Jun 17 2020,Jun 18 2020,Jun 19 2020,Jun 20 2020,Jun 21 2020,Jun 22 2020,Jun 23 2020,Jun 24 2020,Jun 25 2020,Jun 26 2020,Jun 27 2020,Jun 28 2020,Jun 29 2020,Jun 30 2020,Jul 1 2020,Jul 2 2020,Jul 3 2020,Jul 4 2020,Jul 5 2020,Jul 6 2020,Jul 7 2020,Jul 8 2020,Jul 9 2020,Jul 10 2020,Jul 11 2020,Jul 12 2020,Jul 13 2020,Jul 14 2020,Jul 15 2020,Jul 16 2020,Jul 17 2020,Jul 18 2020,Jul 19 2020,Jul 20 2020,Jul 21 2020,Jul 22 2020,Jul 23 2020,Jul 24 2020,Jul 25 2020,Jul 26 2020,Jul 27 2020,Jul 28 2020,Jul 29 2020,Jul 30 2020,Jul 31 2020,Aug 1 2020,Aug 2 2020,Aug 3 2020,Aug 4 2020,Aug 5 2020,Aug 6 2020,Aug 7 2020,Aug 8 2020,Aug 9 2020,Aug 10 2020,Aug 11 2020,Aug 12 2020,Aug 13 2020,Aug 14 2020,Aug 15 2020,Aug 16 2020,Aug 17 2020,Aug 18 2020,Aug 19 2020


|y1Title=Total confirmed cases
&lt;!--Search string CASES_Y--&gt;
|y1=353,497,645,936,1205,1598,2163,2825,3501,4373,5662,8074,12018,17439,23710,32341,42749,52685,64916,81966,101022,121105,140223, 160686,186082,212814,241626,273808,307876,333593,362955,393707,425746,459989,493567,525436,553493,578178,604165,633630,665706,696621,724705,750718,775850,801028, 830274,862605,898742,933698,960582,982668,1007097,1033001,1062675,1095682,1126250,1151643,1172921,1195173,1220032,1247567,1274681,1300244,1320941,1338720,1360206, 1380755,1407517,1432899,1457426,1477157,1498266,1517928,1540296,1565324,1587530,1610247,1630500,1649054,1665736,1684372,1707388,1730963,1754779,1776463,1792542,1812590,1832275,1853279,1876571,1899965,1918515,1934828,1949450,1969696,1987543,2011966,2037857,2059048,2077355,2100402,2124026,2151108,2182035,2213998,2242093,2268651,2301966,2339911,2378764,2423490,2467071,2507762,2544152,2588017,2640626,2695495,2752704,2803149,2846152,2892879,2943823,3006248,3063685,3130471,3193124,3256142,3312104,3374256,3439626,3509880,3585701,3651090,3714681,3770577,3834073,3902450,3973169,4047529,4113473,4172104,4226910,4285450,4348705,4417248,4483612,4544429,4597990,4639953,4691138,4743022,4796327,4856511,4912203,4960972,5001143,5055586,5110756,5162091,5217148,5272496,5314677,5351917,5391711,5435509

|y2Title=Total active cases
&lt;!--Search string ACTIVE_Y--&gt;
|y2=319,461,604,890,1153,1542,2098,2720,3379,4222,5458,7844,11734,17062,23241,31755,41934,51625,63616,78943,96965,115835,133233, 152195,175025,199198,225330,254526,284706,306096,332648,359371,388257,417632,447746,474559,498923,517832,539569,556708,577041,603676,622242,643894,666006,678026,704026,732644,742208,767620,792724,793364,812341,830536,849801,875188,889793,911658,922260,929647,939883,958823,980048,989216,990394,1001761,987251,992473,1009605,1025234,1035540,1047329,1057652,1071092,1083036,1094597,1072512,1087331,1092413,1093162,1100258,1134630,1150190,1115401,1124178,1080647,1080693,1069170,1045169,1041699,1037780,1047215,1055509,1059562,1058320,1055239,1064956,1062773,1076492,1080740,1078847,1087980,1095107,1109297,1114475,1129008,1149406,1153098,1168173,1185228,1211749,1239465,1269806,1298228,1310560,1327655,1358248,1386035,1398237,1423492,1437124,1448224,1468350,1492149,1514963,1546843,1578816,1612415,1638009,1648648,1667378,1703037,1716322,1746846,1782806,1790661,1816524,1827744,1860401,1885154,1916111,1946137,1953390,1961495,1964151,1991542,2013976,2038255,2074040,2048917,2063955,2056054,2071481,2099278,2123258,2145242,2133748,2147443,2143872,2163457,2185337,2214454,2233483,2219460,2220538,2211734

|y3Title=Total recoveries
&lt;!--Search string RECOV_Y--&gt;
|y3= 15,15,15,15,15,15,16,49,60,75,107,107,109,147,171,178,296,379,394,1864,2465,3231,4559,5506,7251,8878,10483,12283,14825,17977,19573,21674, 22891,25928,27314,30453,32634,36948,38820,48708,57754,60510,68285,71012,72389,82923,84050,85922,110432,118162,118781,138990,142238,147411,155737,161563,173725, 178263,188068,200628,213084,217250,223603,238078,256336,262225,296746,310259,318027,326242,339232,346389,356383,361180,370076,382169,403201,446914,451702,464670,479969,490130,498725,519569,535238,599867,615416,645974,688670,712252,738646,751894,761708,773480,788862,808494,816086,841934,854106,870050,889866,903041,918796,930994,956061,972941,980355,1002929,1020403,1040605,1052293,1068703,1081437,1093456,1117177,1143334,1164680,1191091,1235488,1260405,1289564,1324947,1354863,1392679,1426428,1460495,1490446,1517084,1549469,1600195,1645962,1679633,1741233,1775219,1802338,1849989,1886583,1942637,1979617,2028074,2061692,2090129,2136603,2185894,2245044,2284965,2327572,2362903,2380217,2446798,2481680,2540137,2576668,2616967,2638470,2664701,2715934,2755348,2812603,2843204,2875147,2900188,2922724,2973587,3011098,3062331

&lt;!--|y4Title=No. of DEATHS PER DAY--&gt;
|y4Title=Total deaths
&lt;!--Search string CUMULATIVE_DEATHS_Y--&gt;
|y4=19,21,26,31,37,41,49,56,62,76,97,123,175,230,298,408,519,681,906,1159,1592,2039,2431,2985,3806,4746,5821,7006,8359,9534,10746,12674, 14610,16466,18544,20443,21936,23398,25776,28214,30085,32435,34178,35812,37455,40079,42198,44038,46091,47916,49077,50314,52518,55054,57137,58931,60599,61716,62593,65028,67729,69700,71395,72950,73895,74735,76326,78041,79899,81423,82654,83439,84231,85656,87184,88470,89732,90821,91467,91971,92605,93984,95200,96375,97354,97959,98437,99476,100480,101389,102238,102963,103411,103902,104828,105689,106501,107259,107913,108258,108642,109381,110123,110817,111499,112049,112332,112624,113390,114078,114722,115320,115828,116077,116415,117028,117698,118369,118979,119252,119464,119708,120610,121420,122294,123133,123868,124346,124628,125413,126286,127210,128146, 129025,129537,129927,130966,132069,133151,134301,135286,135838,136917,138061,139510,140741,142064,143271,143733,144238,145503,146831,148079,149366,150475,151029,151461,152795,154281,155430,156664,157854,158470,158870,160075,161444

|yScaleType=log&lt;!--This is the line that makes this plot have a log axis--&gt;
|yAxisMin = 1&lt;!--Needed to avoid trying to show the values y2, y3 of 0, impossible on log scale because log(0)=-infinity--&gt;
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

Daily new tests from Our World in Data, from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-covid-19-tests-smoothed-7-day?country=~USA chart], [https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day?country=~USA pop-adjusted chart]), smoothed via seven-day moving average:
{{Graph:Chart
 |type=line
 |width=500
 |yAxisTitle=Daily new tests, US
 |xGrid=
 |yGrid=
 |yAxisMin=0
 |xType=date
 |xAxisFormat=%e %b
 |xAxisAngle=-45
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}}

Daily new tests per 1000 pop from Our World in Data, from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/daily-tests-per-thousand-people-smoothed-7-day?tab=chart&amp;country=~USA chart]), seven-day moving average, for the U.S. and top 5 countries by latest test rate:
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|x = 2020-02-03, 2020-02-04, 2020-02-05, 2020-02-06, 2020-02-07, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-10, 2020-02-11, 2020-02-12, 2020-02-13, 2020-02-14, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-17, 2020-02-18, 2020-02-19, 2020-02-20, 2020-02-21, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-23, 2020-02-24, 2020-02-25, 2020-02-26, 2020-02-27, 2020-02-28, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-02, 2020-03-03, 2020-03-04, 2020-03-05, 2020-03-06, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-09, 2020-03-10, 2020-03-11, 2020-03-12, 2020-03-13, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16, 2020-08-17, 2020-08-18, 2020-08-19
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|y1Title = U.S.
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|y2Title = United Arab Emirates
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|y3Title = Malta
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|y4Title = Bahrain
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|y5Title = Denmark
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|y6Title = New Zealand
}}

Test positivity rate for the U.S., calculated from Our World in Data (OWID), from owid-covid-data.csv[https://github.com/owid/covid-19-data/tree/master/public/data] ([https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/positive-rate-daily-smoothed?tab=chart&amp;country=~USA chart]), smoothed via seven-day moving average:
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 |xAxisFormat=%e %b
 |xAxisAngle=-45
 |x = 2020-03-14, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-16, 2020-03-17, 2020-03-18, 2020-03-19, 2020-03-20, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-23, 2020-03-24, 2020-03-25, 2020-03-26, 2020-03-27, 2020-03-28, 2020-03-29, 2020-03-30, 2020-03-31, 2020-04-01, 2020-04-02, 2020-04-03, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-06, 2020-04-07, 2020-04-08, 2020-04-09, 2020-04-10, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-13, 2020-04-14, 2020-04-15, 2020-04-16, 2020-04-17, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-20, 2020-04-21, 2020-04-22, 2020-04-23, 2020-04-24, 2020-04-25, 2020-04-26, 2020-04-27, 2020-04-28, 2020-04-29, 2020-04-30, 2020-05-01, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-04, 2020-05-05, 2020-05-06, 2020-05-07, 2020-05-08, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-11, 2020-05-12, 2020-05-13, 2020-05-14, 2020-05-15, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-18, 2020-05-19, 2020-05-20, 2020-05-21, 2020-05-22, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-25, 2020-05-26, 2020-05-27, 2020-05-28, 2020-05-29, 2020-05-30, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-01, 2020-06-02, 2020-06-03, 2020-06-04, 2020-06-05, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-08, 2020-06-09, 2020-06-10, 2020-06-11, 2020-06-12, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-15, 2020-06-16, 2020-06-17, 2020-06-18, 2020-06-19, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-22, 2020-06-23, 2020-06-24, 2020-06-25, 2020-06-26, 2020-06-27, 2020-06-28, 2020-06-29, 2020-06-30, 2020-07-01, 2020-07-02, 2020-07-03, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-05, 2020-07-06, 2020-07-07, 2020-07-08, 2020-07-09, 2020-07-10, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-12, 2020-07-13, 2020-07-14, 2020-07-15, 2020-07-16, 2020-07-17, 2020-07-18, 2020-07-19, 2020-07-20, 2020-07-21, 2020-07-22, 2020-07-23, 2020-07-24, 2020-07-25, 2020-07-26, 2020-07-27, 2020-07-28, 2020-07-29, 2020-07-30, 2020-07-31, 2020-08-01, 2020-08-02, 2020-08-03, 2020-08-04, 2020-08-05, 2020-08-06, 2020-08-07, 2020-08-08, 2020-08-09, 2020-08-10, 2020-08-11, 2020-08-12, 2020-08-13, 2020-08-14, 2020-08-15, 2020-08-16
 |y = 7.6, 7.5, 7.2, 6.8, 6.8, 7.5, 8.8, 9.0, 9.7, 11.2, 12.7, 13.2, 13.7, 14.1, 14.9, 15.9, 16.1, 16.5, 18.3, 19.6, 20.4, 19.9, 20.7, 20.9, 21.0, 20.7, 20.2, 20.1, 21.8, 20.6, 21.2, 20.7, 20.6, 20.4, 20.2, 19.5, 19.7, 19.1, 19.4, 18.2, 16.9, 15.7, 13.8, 14.1, 13.6, 12.5, 12.3, 12.7, 12.6, 13.4, 11.8, 11.4, 11.0, 11.0, 10.4, 10.4, 9.7, 9.3, 8.5, 8.2, 7.8, 7.5, 7.2, 6.9, 6.4, 6.4, 6.4, 6.1, 6.0, 5.8, 5.7, 5.5, 5.5, 5.6, 5.7, 5.6, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.4, 5.2, 5.0, 5.0, 4.9, 4.7, 4.7, 4.8, 4.7, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.7, 4.7, 4.6, 4.5, 4.6, 4.7, 4.8, 4.9, 5.1, 5.2, 5.5, 5.8, 5.8, 6.1, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.6, 6.7, 7.0, 7.1, 7.2, 7.2, 7.7, 7.9, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.4, 8.7, 8.5, 8.4, 8.4, 8.4, 8.6, 8.6, 8.5, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.6, 8.2, 8.3, 8.3, 8.1, 8.1, 7.8, 8.0, 8.4, 8.3, 8.3, 8.2, 8.1, 8.2, 7.9, 7.7, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 7.6, 7.8, 7.7, 7.4, 7.4, 7.2
}}

Test positivity rate is the ratio of positive tests to all tests made on the day. Charts of test positivity rate on U.S. state level are available in [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/tracker/overview coronavirus.jhu.edu].

As of July 19, 2020, maximum test positivity rates on state-level (seven-day average) are 23.6% for Arizona, 19.1% for Nevada and 18.7% for Florida [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/testing/tracker/overview Track Testing Trends].

An up-to-date hospitalization chart is available at [https://covidtracking.com/data covidtracking.com]. A map in which progression charts for current hospitalizations per state are available on mouseover is available in [https://covidtracking.com/data/charts/currently-hospitalized-by-state Currently Hospitalized by State], covidtracking.com.

Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S. based on CDC data [https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/vsrr/covid19/excess_deaths.htm Excess Deaths Associated with COVID-19]:
{{Graph:Chart
|width=700
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|xAxisAngle=-40
|xType = date
|yAxisMin = 0
|xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y
|yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths
|yGrid=|xGrid=
|x = 2017-01-14, 2017-01-21, 2017-01-28, 2017-02-04, 2017-02-11, 2017-02-18, 2017-02-25, 2017-03-04, 2017-03-11, 2017-03-18, 2017-03-25, 2017-04-01, 2017-04-08, 2017-04-15, 2017-04-22, 2017-04-29, 2017-05-06, 2017-05-13, 2017-05-20, 2017-05-27, 2017-06-03, 2017-06-10, 2017-06-17, 2017-06-24, 2017-07-01, 2017-07-08, 2017-07-15, 2017-07-22, 2017-07-29, 2017-08-05, 2017-08-12, 2017-08-19, 2017-08-26, 2017-09-02, 2017-09-09, 2017-09-16, 2017-09-23, 2017-09-30, 2017-10-07, 2017-10-14, 2017-10-21, 2017-10-28, 2017-11-04, 2017-11-11, 2017-11-18, 2017-11-25, 2017-12-02, 2017-12-09, 2017-12-16, 2017-12-23, 2017-12-30, 2018-01-06, 2018-01-13, 2018-01-20, 2018-01-27, 2018-02-03, 2018-02-10, 2018-02-17, 2018-02-24, 2018-03-03, 2018-03-10, 2018-03-17, 2018-03-24, 2018-03-31, 2018-04-07, 2018-04-14, 2018-04-21, 2018-04-28, 2018-05-05, 2018-05-12, 2018-05-19, 2018-05-26, 2018-06-02, 2018-06-09, 2018-06-16, 2018-06-23, 2018-06-30, 2018-07-07, 2018-07-14, 2018-07-21, 2018-07-28, 2018-08-04, 2018-08-11, 2018-08-18, 2018-08-25, 2018-09-01, 2018-09-08, 2018-09-15, 2018-09-22, 2018-09-29, 2018-10-06, 2018-10-13, 2018-10-20, 2018-10-27, 2018-11-03, 2018-11-10, 2018-11-17, 2018-11-24, 2018-12-01, 2018-12-08, 2018-12-15, 2018-12-22, 2018-12-29, 2019-01-05, 2019-01-12, 2019-01-19, 2019-01-26, 2019-02-02, 2019-02-09, 2019-02-16, 2019-02-23, 2019-03-02, 2019-03-09, 2019-03-16, 2019-03-23, 2019-03-30, 2019-04-06, 2019-04-13, 2019-04-20, 2019-04-27, 2019-05-04, 2019-05-11, 2019-05-18, 2019-05-25, 2019-06-01, 2019-06-08, 2019-06-15, 2019-06-22, 2019-06-29, 2019-07-06, 2019-07-13, 2019-07-20, 2019-07-27, 2019-08-03, 2019-08-10, 2019-08-17, 2019-08-24, 2019-08-31, 2019-09-07, 2019-09-14, 2019-09-21, 2019-09-28, 2019-10-05, 2019-10-12, 2019-10-19, 2019-10-26, 2019-11-02, 2019-11-09, 2019-11-16, 2019-11-23, 2019-11-30, 2019-12-07, 2019-12-14, 2019-12-21, 2019-12-28, 2020-01-04, 2020-01-11, 2020-01-18, 2020-01-25, 2020-02-01, 2020-02-08, 2020-02-15, 2020-02-22, 2020-02-29, 2020-03-07, 2020-03-14, 2020-03-21, 2020-03-28, 2020-04-04, 2020-04-11, 2020-04-18, 2020-04-25, 2020-05-02, 2020-05-09, 2020-05-16, 2020-05-23, 2020-05-30, 2020-06-06, 2020-06-13, 2020-06-20, 2020-06-27, 2020-07-04, 2020-07-11, 2020-07-18
|y = 61124, 59444, 58176, 58537, 59175, 58591, 58385, 57370, 57597, 56780, 57161, 55827, 55267, 54976, 53168, 53404, 52753, 52082, 52574, 51101, 51370, 51525, 50933, 51326, 50742, 51090, 50122, 50230, 49505, 50210, 50364, 50296, 49666, 50960, 51116, 51820, 51353, 51462, 52250, 51703, 52357, 52672, 53823, 53384, 53919, 54225, 54903, 55749, 57537, 59672, 61261, 66339, 67664, 64820, 62922, 61124, 61243, 59931, 57954, 56830, 57244, 56462, 55912, 55045, 55421, 55359, 54152, 53848, 53875, 52215, 50739, 51066, 51162, 52123, 51514, 51230, 50995, 51812, 51337, 50731, 50432, 50799, 51142, 50423, 50577, 50745, 50429, 51215, 51720, 51098, 52486, 51972, 53113, 53892, 53784, 53692, 54820, 54981, 55210, 56095, 56530, 56671, 56180, 58462, 58506, 58351, 58042, 58276, 58650, 58116, 58141, 58071, 58664, 58033, 57214, 56773, 56710, 55641, 54584, 53767, 54118, 53611, 53676, 53822, 52856, 53292, 52790, 52418, 52320, 52498, 52070, 51788, 51800, 51554, 51849, 51128, 51141, 51284, 51953, 51751, 51905, 52869, 52679, 53217, 54435, 54155, 54206, 55814, 56030, 56313, 55591, 57432, 57772, 57575, 58613, 60103, 60654, 59281, 59025, 58626, 59254, 58888, 59020, 59373, 59555, 58312, 59075, 63163, 72502, 79493, 77343, 74437, 69826, 67339, 65047, 62119, 60218, 59414, 58552, 58387, 57304, 57792, 59803, 60510
}}

Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S., based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv [https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]:
{{Graph:Chart
|width=700
|type=line
|xType = date
|xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisMin = 0
|yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths
|yGrid=|xGrid=
|x = 2013-01-06, 2013-01-13, 2013-01-20, 2013-01-27, 2013-02-03, 2013-02-10, 2013-02-17, 2013-02-24, 2013-03-03, 2013-03-10, 2013-03-17, 2013-03-24, 2013-03-31, 2013-04-07, 2013-04-14, 2013-04-21, 2013-04-28, 2013-05-05, 2013-05-12, 2013-05-19, 2013-05-26, 2013-06-02, 2013-06-09, 2013-06-16, 2013-06-23, 2013-06-30, 2013-07-07, 2013-07-14, 2013-07-21, 2013-07-28, 2013-08-04, 2013-08-11, 2013-08-18, 2013-08-25, 2013-09-01, 2013-09-08, 2013-09-15, 2013-09-22, 2013-09-29, 2013-10-06, 2013-10-13, 2013-10-20, 2013-10-27, 2013-11-03, 2013-11-10, 2013-11-17, 2013-11-24, 2013-12-01, 2013-12-08, 2013-12-15, 2013-12-22, 2013-12-29, 2014-01-05, 2014-01-12, 2014-01-19, 2014-01-26, 2014-02-02, 2014-02-09, 2014-02-16, 2014-02-23, 2014-03-02, 2014-03-09, 2014-03-16, 2014-03-23, 2014-03-30, 2014-04-06, 2014-04-13, 2014-04-20, 2014-04-27, 2014-05-04, 2014-05-11, 2014-05-18, 2014-05-25, 2014-06-01, 2014-06-08, 2014-06-15, 2014-06-22, 2014-06-29, 2014-07-06, 2014-07-13, 2014-07-20, 2014-07-27, 2014-08-03, 2014-08-10, 2014-08-17, 2014-08-24, 2014-08-31, 2014-09-07, 2014-09-14, 2014-09-21, 2014-09-28, 2014-10-05, 2014-10-12, 2014-10-19, 2014-10-26, 2014-11-02, 2014-11-09, 2014-11-16, 2014-11-23, 2014-11-30, 2014-12-07, 2014-12-14, 2014-12-21, 2014-12-28, 2015-01-04, 2015-01-11, 2015-01-18, 2015-01-25, 2015-02-01, 2015-02-08, 2015-02-15, 2015-02-22, 2015-03-01, 2015-03-08, 2015-03-15, 2015-03-22, 2015-03-29, 2015-04-05, 2015-04-12, 2015-04-19, 2015-04-26, 2015-05-03, 2015-05-10, 2015-05-17, 2015-05-24, 2015-05-31, 2015-06-07, 2015-06-14, 2015-06-21, 2015-06-28, 2015-07-05, 2015-07-12, 2015-07-19, 2015-07-26, 2015-08-02, 2015-08-09, 2015-08-16, 2015-08-23, 2015-08-30, 2015-09-06, 2015-09-13, 2015-09-20, 2015-09-27, 2015-10-04, 2015-10-11, 2015-10-18, 2015-10-25, 2015-11-01, 2015-11-08, 2015-11-15, 2015-11-22, 2015-11-29, 2015-12-06, 2015-12-13, 2015-12-20, 2015-12-27, 2016-01-03, 2016-01-10, 2016-01-17, 2016-01-24, 2016-01-31, 2016-02-07, 2016-02-14, 2016-02-21, 2016-02-28, 2016-03-06, 2016-03-13, 2016-03-20, 2016-03-27, 2016-04-03, 2016-04-10, 2016-04-17, 2016-04-24, 2016-05-01, 2016-05-08, 2016-05-15, 2016-05-22, 2016-05-29, 2016-06-05, 2016-06-12, 2016-06-19, 2016-06-26, 2016-07-03, 2016-07-10, 2016-07-17, 2016-07-24, 2016-07-31, 2016-08-07, 2016-08-14, 2016-08-21, 2016-08-28, 2016-09-04, 2016-09-11, 2016-09-18, 2016-09-25, 2016-10-02, 2016-10-09, 2016-10-16, 2016-10-23, 2016-10-30, 2016-11-06, 2016-11-13, 2016-11-20, 2016-11-27, 2016-12-04, 2016-12-11, 2016-12-18, 2016-12-25, 2017-01-01, 2017-01-08, 2017-01-15, 2017-01-22, 2017-01-29, 2017-02-05, 2017-02-12, 2017-02-19, 2017-02-26, 2017-03-05, 2017-03-12, 2017-03-19, 2017-03-26, 2017-04-02, 2017-04-09, 2017-04-16, 2017-04-23, 2017-04-30, 2017-05-07, 2017-05-14, 2017-05-21, 2017-05-28, 2017-06-04, 2017-06-11, 2017-06-18, 2017-06-25, 2017-07-02, 2017-07-09, 2017-07-16, 2017-07-23, 2017-07-30, 2017-08-06, 2017-08-13, 2017-08-20, 2017-08-27, 2017-09-03, 2017-09-10, 2017-09-17, 2017-09-24, 2017-10-01, 2017-10-08, 2017-10-15, 2017-10-22, 2017-10-29, 2017-11-05, 2017-11-12, 2017-11-19, 2017-11-26, 2017-12-03, 2017-12-10, 2017-12-17, 2017-12-24, 2018-01-07, 2018-01-14, 2018-01-21, 2018-01-28, 2018-02-04, 2018-02-11, 2018-02-18, 2018-02-25, 2018-03-04, 2018-03-11, 2018-03-18, 2018-03-25, 2018-04-01, 2018-04-08, 2018-04-15, 2018-04-22, 2018-04-29, 2018-05-06, 2018-05-13, 2018-05-20, 2018-05-27, 2018-06-03, 2018-06-10, 2018-06-17, 2018-06-24, 2018-07-01, 2018-07-08, 2018-07-15, 2018-07-22, 2018-07-29, 2018-08-05, 2018-08-12, 2018-08-19, 2018-08-26, 2018-09-02, 2018-09-09, 2018-09-16, 2018-09-23, 2018-09-30, 2018-10-07, 2018-10-14, 2018-10-21, 2018-10-28, 2018-11-04, 2018-11-11, 2018-11-18, 2018-11-25, 2018-12-02, 2018-12-09, 2018-12-16, 2018-12-23, 2018-12-30, 2019-01-06, 2019-01-13, 2019-01-20, 2019-01-27, 2019-02-03, 2019-02-10, 2019-02-17, 2019-02-24, 2019-03-03, 2019-03-10, 2019-03-17, 2019-03-24, 2019-03-31, 2019-04-07, 2019-04-14, 2019-04-21, 2019-04-28, 2019-05-05, 2019-05-12, 2019-05-19, 2019-05-26, 2019-06-02, 2019-06-09, 2019-06-16, 2019-06-23, 2019-06-30, 2019-07-07, 2019-07-14, 2019-07-21, 2019-07-28, 2019-08-04, 2019-08-11, 2019-08-18, 2019-08-25, 2019-09-01, 2019-09-08, 2019-09-15, 2019-09-22, 2019-09-29, 2019-10-06, 2019-10-13, 2019-10-20, 2019-10-27, 2019-11-03, 2019-11-10, 2019-11-17, 2019-11-24, 2019-12-01, 2019-12-08, 2019-12-15, 2019-12-22, 2019-12-29, 2020-01-05, 2020-01-12, 2020-01-19, 2020-01-26, 2020-02-02, 2020-02-09, 2020-02-16, 2020-02-23, 2020-03-01, 2020-03-08, 2020-03-15, 2020-03-22, 2020-03-29, 2020-04-05, 2020-04-12, 2020-04-19, 2020-04-26, 2020-05-03, 2020-05-10, 2020-05-17, 2020-05-24, 2020-05-31, 2020-06-07, 2020-06-14, 2020-06-21, 2020-06-28, 2020-07-05
|y = 59430, 60790, 59159, 57843, 56345, 55683, 54418, 53468, 53049, 53332, 53016, 52068, 51788, 51322, 50842, 49531, 48348, 48353, 47909, 47334, 47283, 46585, 46966, 46523, 46442, 46370, 46628, 45762, 46127, 46170, 46137, 46001, 45822, 45999, 46265, 45572, 46183, 46550, 46651, 47484, 47294, 47597, 47734, 48773, 48934, 49395, 49584, 49278, 50807, 51842, 52538, 51940, 53269, 55617, 54569, 54077, 53950, 53387, 53805, 52634, 51669, 52052, 51774, 51381, 50848, 50740, 50520, 49732, 49741, 49587, 50314, 47925, 48592, 48154, 47743, 47710, 47529, 47334, 47234, 47284, 47085, 47114, 46928, 46876, 46633, 46623, 46388, 47284, 46804, 47930, 48403, 48352, 49338, 49218, 49038, 48935, 50944, 50355, 52466, 51755, 52721, 53541, 54617, 56021, 59335, 61731, 61135, 58622, 57264, 57277, 56413, 56342, 55659, 55724, 55262, 54253, 53229, 52999, 52690, 52839, 51603, 51457, 51651, 50667, 49324, 49713, 49033, 49743, 49101, 49053, 49207, 48908, 49220, 48538, 48256, 47728, 47972, 48430, 48487, 48714, 48758, 48851, 49222, 48802, 50947, 49829, 50658, 50378, 51154, 50666, 51383, 51193, 51989, 53549, 51835, 52756, 55784, 55523, 55178, 55602, 54891, 55103, 55781, 54862, 55871, 56106, 54452, 54660, 53879, 54059, 53484, 53144, 51020, 51266, 50992, 50461, 50487, 49706, 49914, 49906, 49617, 49743, 49695, 49632, 49266, 49690, 49501, 49734, 49806, 49502, 49573, 50066, 49907, 49871, 50248, 51394, 52120, 51434, 51860, 51734, 52516, 53432, 53120, 54492, 55125, 55973, 56686, 57603, 59760, 60975, 59286, 58045, 58427, 59037, 58474, 58283, 57250, 57469, 56650, 57041, 55697, 55153, 54858, 53067, 53289, 52654, 51981, 52476, 50967, 51248, 51412, 50790, 51192, 50611, 50957, 49972, 50120, 49360, 50084, 50232, 50184, 49514, 50824, 50973, 51692, 51226, 51339, 52102, 51571, 52215, 52537, 53663, 53233, 53762, 54117, 54757, 55590, 57363, 59500, 61084, 66129, 67491, 64641, 62777, 60972, 61107, 59774, 57790, 56690, 57089, 56317, 55758, 54913, 55285, 55223, 54031, 53719, 53734, 52101, 50617, 50923, 51037, 51998, 51383, 51043, 50851, 51681, 51188, 50604, 50267, 50633, 50963, 50295, 50453, 50600, 50292, 51081, 51576, 50951, 52348, 51846, 52971, 53757, 53632, 53558, 54694, 54844, 55055, 55962, 56380, 56523, 56024, 58290, 58347, 58189, 57830, 58125, 58489, 57914, 57857, 57917, 58497, 57895, 57084, 56669, 56593, 55477, 54454, 53646, 53972, 53458, 53548, 53668, 52710, 53126, 52626, 52266, 52182, 52324, 51912, 51617, 51616, 51357, 51653, 50934, 50966, 51106, 51772, 51547, 51677, 52680, 52563, 53090, 54335, 54045, 54084, 55695, 55880, 56195, 55458, 57300, 57655, 57419, 58453, 59924, 60424, 58978, 58555, 58300, 59071, 58355, 58412, 58711, 58757, 57650, 58508, 62473, 71700, 78472, 76179, 73168, 68540, 66059, 63632, 60613, 58403, 57083, 55432, 54489, 53563, 52680
}}
mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay.

Weekly all-cause deaths in the U.S. for 0-14 year olds, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv [https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]:
{{Graph:Chart
|width=700
|type=line
|xType = date
|xAxisFormat=%e %b %Y
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisMin = 0
|yAxisTitle=Weekly all-cause deaths, 0-14y
|yGrid=|xGrid=
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}}
mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay.

All-cause deaths in the U.S. in weeks 1-27, year by year, based on mortality.org data, stmf.csv[https://mpidr.shinyapps.io/stmortality/ ]:
{{Graph:Chart
|type=rect
|width=500
|xAxisAngle=-40
|yAxisMin = 0
|yAxisTitle=All-cause deaths in weeks 1-27
|yGrid=|xGrid=
|x = 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019, 2020
|y = 1390825, 1371887, 1451326, 1431186, 1487049, 1515074, 1503153, 1658131
}}
mortality.org indicates the data for 2020 to be preliminary; above, the last two weeks available from mortality.org were excluded to prevent the worst effect of registration delay. The above is not adjusted by population size.

=== Demographics ===

No. of COVID-19 deaths by age on July 22[https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Sex-Age-and-S/9bhg-hcku]:
{{Graph:Chart
|type = stackedrect
|linewidth=1
|showSymbols=1
|colors=#0060AB
|width=250
|showValues = offset:4
|xAxisTitle=Age
|xAxisAngle=-60
|x=Under 1, 1-4, 5-14, 15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, 55-64, 65-74, 75-84, 85+
|yAxisTitle=No. of deaths
|y1= 11, 9, 16, 190, 935, 2411, 6566, 15880, 27166, 34398, 42663
|yGrid= |xGrid=
}}

{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:right; font-size:90%&quot;
|+ {{nowrap|Current provisional COVID-19 deaths in the United States by age}}
|-
! Age group
! Death count
! Death percent (%)
|- style=&quot;font-weight:bold;&quot;
! All ages
|130,245
|100%
|-
! Under 1y
|11
|0.008%
|-
! 1-4y
|9
|0.007%
|-
! 5-14y
|16
|0.012%
|-
! 15-24y
|190
|0.15%
|-
! 25-34y
|935
|0.72%
|-
! 35-44y
|2,411
|1.85%
|-
! 45-54y
|6,566
|5.04%
|-
! 55-64y
|15,880
|12.19%
|-
! 65-74y
|27,166
|20.86%
|-
! 75-84y
|34,398
|26.41%
|-
! 85y and over
|42,663
|32.76%
|-
| style=&quot;text-align:left;&quot; colspan=&quot;4&quot; | '''Source:''' U.S. ''[[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|CDC]]'',&lt;ref name=CDCdeaths&gt;{{cite web|url=https://data.cdc.gov/NCHS/Provisional-COVID-19-Death-Counts-by-Sex-Age-and-S/9bhg-hcku|title=Provisional COVID-19 Death Counts by Sex, Age, and Week)|last=|first=|date=|website=CDC|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2020/07/22.&lt;!--Please no time-of-day (worse &quot;midnight&quot;, worst &quot;EST&quot;).--&gt;
|}

=== Mortality rates ===

Top 20 mortality rates in U.S. states, that is, covid-coded deaths per million pop, August{{nbsp}}9[https://www.realclearpolitics.com/coronavirus/country/united-states/]:

{{Graph:Chart
 |type=rect
 |width=600
 |yGrid=
 |showValues=offset:2
 |xAxisAngle=-45
 |yAxisTitle=Deaths per million pop
 |x=New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, Louisiana, District of Columbia, Michigan, Mississippi, Illinois, Delaware, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Arizona, Indiana, Georgia, South Carolina, Florida, Alabama, New Mexico
 |y=1795, 1688, 1255, 1246, 957, 905, 836, 653, 630, 619, 606, 592, 578, 568, 451, 394, 390, 378, 354, 325
}}

=== Death projections ===

On March 31, 2020, the CDC projected that, even under the best case scenario, eventually at least 100,000 Americans would die of coronavirus.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Shear|first1=Michael D.|last2=Crowley|first2=Michael|last3=Glanz|first3=James|date=March 31, 2020|title=Coronavirus May Kill 100,000 to 240,000 in U.S. Despite Actions, Officials Say|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/31/us/politics/coronavirus-death-toll-united-states.html|accessdate=April 1, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; This death toll was reached within two months after the CDC made its projection.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|date=May 28, 2020|title=Coronavirus Live Updates: Four Months After First Case, U.S. Death Toll Passes 100,000|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/27/us/coronavirus-live-news-updates.html|access-date=May 28, 2020|issn=0362-4331}}&lt;/ref&gt; Then, at the end of May, the CDC projected the death toll would reach 115,000–135,000 by June 20.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=With the coronavirus pandemic entering a new phase in the US, world health experts shift focus to new hot spots|url=https://www.kitv.com/story/42187942/with-the-coronavirus-pandemic-entering-a-new-phase-in-the-us-world-health-experts-shift-focus-to-new-hot-spots|last=Holcombe|first=Madeline|date=May 28, 2020|website=www.kitv.com|language=en|access-date=May 29, 2020}}{{Dead link|date=July 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; The CDC eventually counted 119,000 deaths by this date.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=CDC|date=|title=Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) in the U.S.|url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-updates/cases-in-us.html|access-date=June 21, 2020|website=Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|language=en-us}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The University of Washington [[Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation]] (IHME) on July 30 predicted 230,000 deaths by November{{nbsp}}1 under current conditions.&lt;ref name= &quot;KOMO&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url=https://komonews.com/news/coronavirus/latest-uw-model-projects-230000-covid-19-deaths-in-united-states-by-dec-1 |title=Latest UW model projects 230,000 COVID-19 deaths in United States by Nov. 1 |work=KOMO News |date=July 31, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The CDC ensemble forecast as of July 31 predicts between 168,000 and 182,000 total COVID-19 deaths by August 22.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/covid-data/forecasting-us.html |title=Forecasts of COVID-19 Deaths |website=CDC.gov |date=July 31, 2020 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

For comparison, the CDC estimated deaths in the U.S. from the [[Spanish flu|1918 Spanish Flu]], the [[1957–1958 influenza pandemic]], and the [[Hong Kong flu|1968 Hong Kong flu]] were 675,000, 116,000 and 100,000 respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Past Pandemics |url=https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200703120333/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/pandemic-resources/basics/past-pandemics.html |archive-date=July 3, 2020 |accessdate=June 22, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; Adjusted for growth in population, these would be per-capita equivalents of 2,147,000, 218,000, and 164,000, respectively, in 2020.

=== Impact of face coverings ===

IHME predicted that universal wearing of face masks could prevent between 17,000 and 28,000 deaths between June 26 and October 1, 2020.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/07/03/886905055/widespread-use-of-face-masks-could-save-tens-of-thousands-of-lives-models-projec|title=Widespread Use Of Face Masks Could Save Tens Of Thousands Of Lives, Models Project|website=NPR.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; An IHME model in late July 2020 projected that nationwide deaths would exceed 250,000 by November{{nbsp}}1 if people did not wear masks but could be reduced to 198,000 with universal mask-wearing.&lt;ref name= &quot;KOMO&quot; /&gt;

== See also ==

* [[COVID-19 pandemic by country and territory]]
* [[Misinformation related to the COVID-19 pandemic]]
* [[United States House Select Committee on the Coronavirus Crisis]]
* [[United States influenza statistics by flu season]]
* [[COVID Tracking Project]]
* [[COVID-19 pandemic in North America]]

== Notes ==

{{reflist|group=lower-alpha|liststyle=lower-alpha}}

== References ==

{{reflist}}

== External links ==

{{Commons category|COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{Wikiquote}}
* [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-nCoV/index.html CDC: Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)], the [[Centers for Disease Control and Prevention|U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]]
** [https://www.cdc.gov/coronavirus/2019-ncov/cases-in-us.html CDC: Map of U.S. cases]
** [https://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/diseases-and-conditions/coronavirus/coronavirus-2020.html CDC: Newsroom on Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)]
** [https://www.cdc.gov/publichealthgateway/healthdirectories/healthdepartments.html CDC: State &amp; Territorial Health Department directory]
* [https://covidtracking.com/data Our Data | The COVID Tracking Project], covidtracking.com—a tracker by a volunteer organization launched from ''The Atlantic''
* [https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/us/coronavirus-us-cases.html Coronavirus U.S. Maps and Case Count] by [[The New York Times]]
* [https://www.c-span.org/coronavirus/ Coverage of federal response to coronavirus pandemic] by [[C-SPAN]]
* [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/ Coronavirus Resource Center], [https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map map], and [https://github.com/CSSEGISandData/COVID-19 historical data] by [[Johns Hopkins University]]
* [https://www.unacast.com/covid19/social-distancing-scoreboard U.S. Social-Distancing Interactive Data Visualization, by county, by day, using location data from apps installed on phones, by Unacast, from Norway]
* [https://rt.live/ R&lt;sub&gt;t&lt;/sub&gt; COVID-19] real-time [[effective reproduction number]] estimates and history per state
* [https://www.washingtonpost.com/graphics/2020/national/businesses-foot-traffic-coronavirus-reopening-us/ As states start to reopen, here's where people are going]
* [https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public/myth-busters COVID-19 FACTS] ([[World Health Organization|W.H.O.]]; August 2020).
{{COVID-19 pandemic|locations|short=yes}}
{{COVID-19 pandemic in the United States}}
{{United States topics}}
{{Portal bar|Coronavirus disease 2019|Medicine|United States|Viruses}}

[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic in the United States| ]]
[[Category:COVID-19 pandemic by country|United States]]
[[Category:2020 disasters in the United States]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:January 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:February 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:March 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:April 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:May 2020 events in the United States]]
[[Category:June 2020 events in the United States]]
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    <title>USA</title>
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      <text bytes="79280" xml:space="preserve">'''''&lt;big&gt;
== SSSSSSSSSAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAaaaaaaAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA ==
&lt;/big&gt;'''''{{:USA}}{{s], which the U.S. [[Newlands Resolution|annexed]] in 1898. [[Puerto Rico]], [[Guam]], and the [[Philippines]] were ceded by Spain in the same year, following the [[Spanish–American War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Spanish–American War, 1898 |url=https://h/ |publisher=U.S. Department of State |website=Office of the Historian |accessdate=December 24, 2014 |archive-date=October 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171027171138/http://h/ |url-status=dead }}&lt;/reeased conflicts with Native Americans.&lt;ref name=&quot;Black2011kj&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Black |first=Jeremy |authorlink=Jeremy Black (historian) |title=Fighting for America: The Struggle for Mastery in North America, 1519–1871 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EIst_CSWOqIC&amp;pg=PA275 |year=2011 |publisher=Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35660-4 |page=275 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1869, a new [[Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant#Indian af&gt;  [[American Samoa]] was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the [[Second Samoan Civil War]].&lt;ref&gt;Ryden, George Herbert. ''The Foreign Policy of the United States in Relation to Samoa''. New York: Octagon Books, 1975.&lt;/ref&gt; The [[United States Virgin Islands|U.S. Virgin Islands]] were purchased from Denmark in 1917.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Virgin Islands History |url=http://www.vinow.com/general_usvi/history/ |publisher=Vinow.com |accessdate=January 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Gilded Age|Rapid economic development]] during the late 19th and early 20th centuries fostered the rise of many prominent industrialists. [[Business magnate|Tycoons]] like [[Cornelius Vanderbilt]], [[John D. Rockefeller]], and [[Andrew Carnegie]] led the nation's progress in the [[Railways|railroad]], [[Petroleum industry|petroleum]], and [[History of the steel industry (1850–1970)|steel]] industries. Banking became a major part of the economy, with [[J. P. Morgan]] playing a notable role. The Ameated prnst-californias-native-americans|title=Revealing the history of genocide against California's Native Americans|last=Wolf|first=Jessica|website=UCLA Newsroom|language=en|access-date=July 8, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the creation of additional western states.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rawls1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Rawls, James J. |title=A Golden State: Mining and Economic Development in Gold Rush California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UPUsIaHZTm0C&amp;pg=PA20 |year=1999 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-21771-3 |page=20}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the Civil War, new transcontinental [[Rail transportation in the United States#History|railways]] made relocation easier for settlers, expanded internal trade, and incrffairs and Peace Policy|Peace Policy]] nominally promised to protect Native Americans from abuses, avoid further war, and secure their eventual U.S. citizenship. Nonetheless, large-scale conflicts continued throughout the West into the 1900s.

===Civil War and Reconstruction era===
{{main|American Civil War|Reconstruction era}}
{{further|Origins of the American Civil War}}
[[File:Sword and pen - or, Ventures and adventures of Willard Glazier in war and literature (1890) (14576100410).jpg|thumb|The [[Battle of Gettysburg]], fought between [[Union Army|Union]] and [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] forces on July 1–3, 1863 around the town of [[Gettysburg, Pennsylvania]], marked a turning point in the [[American Civil War]].]]
 
Irreconcilable sectional conflict regarding [[Slavery in the United States|the enslavement]] of [[Africans]] and [[African Americans]] ultimately led to the [[Origins of the American Civil War|American Civil War]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Stuart Murray |title=Atlas of American Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bJ_sy7mmmxQC&amp;pg=PA76 |year=2004 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-3025-5 |page=76 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book |author=Harold T. Lewis |title=Christian Social Witness |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kr-xNru5vZkC&amp;pg=PA53 |year=2001 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-1-56101-188-9 |page=53}}&lt;/ref&gt; With the [[1860 United States presidential election|1860 election]] of [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] [[Abraham Lincoln]], conventions in thirteen slave states declared secession and formed the [[Confederate States of America]] (the &quot;South&quot; or the &quot;Confederacy&quot;), while the federal government (the &quot;[[Union (American Civil War)|Union]]&quot;) maintained that secession was illegal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=O'Brien |first1=Patrick Karl |title=Atlas of World History |date=2002 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York, NY |isbn=978-0-19-521921-0 |page=184 |edition=Concise}}&lt;/ref&gt; In order to bring about this secession, military action was initiated by the secessionists, and the Union responded in kind. The ensuing war would become the deadliest military conflict in American history, resulting in the deaths of approximately 618,000 soldiers as well as many civilians.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Vinovskis |first=Maris |date=1990 |title=Toward A Social History of the American Civil War: Exploratory Essays |page=4 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge; New York |isbn=978-0-521-39559-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Union initially simply fought to keep the country united. Nevertheless, as casualties mounted after 1863 and Lincoln delivered his [[Emancipation Proclamation]], the main purpose of the war from the Union's viewpoint became the abolition of slavery. Indeed, when the Union ultimately won the war in April 1865, each of the states in the defeated South was required to ratify the [[Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|Thirteenth Amendment]], which prohibited slavery. Two other amendments were also ratified, ensuring citizenship for blacks and, at least in theory, voting rights for them as well.

[[Reconstruction (United States)|Reconstruction]] began in earnest following the war. While President Lincoln attempted to foster friendship and forgiveness between the Union and the former Confederacy, [[Assassination of Abraham Lincoln|his assassination]] on {{nowrap|April 14, 1865}} drove a wedge between North and South again. Republicans in the federal government made it their goal to oversee the rebuilding of the South and to ensure the rights of African Americans. They persisted until the [[Compromise of 1877]] when the Republicans agreed to cease protecting the rights of African Americans in the South in order for Democrats to concede the [[1876 United States presidential election|presidential election of 1876]].

Southern white Democrats, calling themselves &quot;[[Redeemers]]&quot;, took control of the South after the end of Reconstruction. From 1890 to 1910, the Redeemers established so-called [[Jim Crow laws]], [[Disenfranchisement after the Reconstruction Era|disenfranchising]] most blacks and some poor whites throughout the region. Blacks faced [[Racial segregation in the United States|racial segregation]], especially in the South.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Shearer Davis Bowman |title=Masters and Lords: Mid-19th-Century U.S. Planters and Prussian Junkers |url=https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm |url-access=registration |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford UP |page=[https://archive.org/details/masterslordsmid10000bowm/page/221 221]|isbn=978-0-19-536394-4 }}&lt;/ref&gt; They also occasionally experienced vigilante violence, including [[Lynching in the United States|lynching]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=Jason E. Pierce |title=Making the White Man's West: Whiteness and the Creation of the American West |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zJPgCwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PT256 |year=2016 |publisher=University Press of Colorado |page=256|isbn=978-1-60732-396-9 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Further immigration, expansion, and industrialization===
{{Main|Economic history of the United States|Technological and industrial history of the United States}}
[[File:Ellis Island in 1905.jpg|thumb|[[Ellis Island]], in [[New York Harbor]], was a major entry point for European [[immigration to the United States|immigration]] into the U.S.&lt;ref name=&quot;PriceBenton-Short2008&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author1=Marie Price |author2=Lisa Benton-Short |title=Migrants to the Metropolis: The Rise of Immigrant Gateway Cities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_Tb5HMB63xAC&amp;pg=PA51 |year=2008 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-3186-6 |page=51}}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

In the North, urbanization and an unprecedented [[History of immigration to the United States|influx of immigrants]] from [[Southern Europe|Southern]] and [[Eastern Europe]] supplied a surplus of labor for the country's industrialization and transformed its culture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Powell2009qwet&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=John Powell |title=Encyclopedia of North American Immigration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNCX6UsdZYkC&amp;pg=PA74 |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |isbn=978-1-4381-1012-7 |page=74 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; National infrastructure, including [[First Transcontinental Telegraph|telegraph]] and [[First Transcontinental Railroad|transcontinental railroads]], spurred economic growth and greater settlement and development of the [[American frontier|American Old West]]. The later invention of [[Incandescent light bulb|electric light]] and the [[telephone]] would also affect communication and urban life.&lt;ref&gt;Winchester, pp. 351, 385&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States fought [[American Indian Wars|Indian Wars]] west of the Mississippi River from 1810 to at least 1890.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Wars: Western Battles and Skirmishes, 1850-1890|last=Michno|first=Gregory|date=2003|publisher=Mountain Press Publishing|isbn=978-0-87842-468-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; Most of these conflicts ended with the cession of Native American territory and their confinement to [[Indian reservation]]s. Additionally, the [[Trail of Tears]] in the 1830s exemplified the [[Indian Removal Act|Indian removal policy]] that forcibly resettled Indians. This further expanded acreage under mechanical cultivation, increasing surpluses for international markets.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Toward a Market Economy |url=http://www.cliffsnotes.com/more-subjects/history/us-history-i/economic-growth-and-development-18151860/toward-a-market-economy |website=CliffsNotes |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Harcourt |accessdate=December 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Mainland expansion also included the [[Alaska Purchase|purchase of Alaska]] from [[Russian Empire|Russia]] in 1867.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Purchase of Alaska, 1867 |url=https://history.state.gov/milestones/1866-1898/alaska-purchase |publisher=U.S. Department of State |website=Office of the Historian |accessdate=December 23, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1893, pro-American elements in Hawaii [[Overthrow of the Kingdom of Hawaii|overthrew]] the [[Kingdom of Hawaii|Hawaiian monarchy]] and formed the [[Republirican economy boomed, becoming the world's largest.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kirkland |first1=Edward |title=Industry Comes of Age: Business, Labor, and Public Policy |pages=400–405 |edition=1961}}&lt;/ref&gt; These dramatic changes were accompanied by social unrest and the rise of [[People's Party (United States)|populist]], [[History of the socialist movement in the United States|socialist]], and [[Anarchism in the United States|anarchist]] movements.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Zinn|Zinn, 2005]], pp. 321–357&lt;/ref&gt; This period eventually ended with the advent of the [[Progressive Era]], which saw significant reforms including [[women's suffrage]], [[Prohibition in the United States|alcohol prohibition]], regulation of consumer goods, greater [[United States antitrust law|antitrust measures]] to ensure competition and attention to worker conditions.&lt;ref&gt;Paige Meltzer, &quot;The Pulse and Conscience of America&quot; The General Federation and Women's Citizenship, 1945–1960,&quot;&amp;nbsp;''Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies''&amp;nbsp;(2009), Vol. 30 Issue 3, pp. 52–76.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;James Timberlake,&amp;nbsp;''Prohibition and the Progressive Movement, 1900–1920''&amp;nbsp;(Harvard UP, 1963)&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;George B. Tindall, &quot;Business Progressivism: Southern Politics in the Twenties,&quot;&amp;nbsp;''South Atlantic Quarterly''&amp;nbsp;62 (Winter 1963): 92–106.&lt;/ref&gt;

===World War I, Great Depression, and World War II===
{{further|World War I|Great Depression|World War II}}
[[File:New York - New York City - NARA - 68145756 (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|The [[Empire State Building]] was the tallest building in the world when completed in 1931, during the [[Great Depression]].]]

The United States remained neutral from the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914 until 1917 when it joined the war as an &quot;associated power&quot; alongside the [[Allies of World War I]], helping to turn the tide against the [[Central Powers]]. In 1919, President [[Woodrow Wilson]] took a leading diplomatic role at the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]] and advocated strongly for the U.S. to join the [[League of Nations]]. However, the Senate refused to approve this and did not ratify the [[Treaty of Versailles]] that established the League of Nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated418&quot;&gt;McDuffie, Jerome; Piggrem, Gary Wayne; Woodworth, Steven E. (2005). ''U.S. History Super Review''. Piscataway, NJ: Research &amp; Education Association. p. 418. {{ISBN|0-7386-0070-9}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1920, the women's rights movement won passage of a [[Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution|constitutional amendment]] granting [[Women's suffrage in the United States|women's suffrage]].&lt;ref name=&quot;voris&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Voris |first1=Jacqueline Van |title=Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life |series=Women and Peace Series |year=1996 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |location=New York City |isbn=978-1-55861-139-9 |page=vii |quote=Carrie Chapmann Catt led an army of voteless women in 1919 to pressure Congress to pass the constitutional amendment giving them the right to vote and convinced state legislatures to ratify it in 1920.&amp;nbsp;... Catt was one of the best-known women in the United States in the first half of the twentieth century and was on all lists of famous American women.}}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1920s and 1930s saw the rise of [[radio]] for [[mass communication]] and the invention of early [[television]].&lt;ref&gt;Winchester pp. 410–411&lt;/ref&gt; The prosperity of the [[Roaring Twenties]] ended with the [[Wall Street Crash of 1929]] and the onset of the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]]. After his election as president in 1932, [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] responded with the [[New Deal]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |title=Social Welfare: A History of the American Response to Need |first1=June |last1=Axinn |first2=Mark J. |last2=Stern |isbn=978-0-205-52215-6 |edition=7th |publisher=Allyn &amp; Bacon |location=Boston |year=2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Great Migration (African American)|Great Migration]] of millions of African Americans out of the American South began before World War I and extended through the 1960s;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Lemann |first=Nicholas |title=The Promised Land: The Great Black Migration and How It Changed America |page=6 |year=1991 |location=New York |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |isbn=978-0-394-56004-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; whereas the [[Dust Bowl]] of the mid-1930s impoverished many farming communities and spurred a new wave of western migration.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |author=James Noble Gregory |title=American Exodus: The Dust Bowl Migration and Okie Culture in California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qNdtGwnXYrIC |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-507136-8 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/americanexperience/features/general-article/dustbowl-mass-exodus-plains/ |title=Mass Exodus From the Plains |author=&lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt; |year=2013 |website=American Experience |publisher=WGBH Educational Foundation |accessdate=October 5, 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite web |url=http://memory.loc.gov/ammem/afctshtml/tsme.html |title=The Migrant Experience |last1=Fanslow |first1=Robin A. |date=April 6, 1997 |website=American Folklore Center |publisher=Library of Congress |accessdate=October 5, 2014}}&lt;br /&gt;{{cite book |author=Walter J. Stein |title=California and the Dust Bowl Migration |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hGuGAAAAIAAJ |year=1973 |publisher=Greenwood Press |isbn=978-0-8371-6267-6 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, larger - edit1.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. Marines [[Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima|raising the American flag]] on [[Mount Suribachi]] during the [[Battle of Iwo Jima]] in one of the most iconic images of the war.]]

At first effectively neutral during [[Military history of the United States during World War II|World War II]], the United States began supplying materiel to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] in March 1941 through the [[Lend-Lease]] program. On {{nowrap|December 7, 1941}}, the [[Empire of Japan]] launched a surprise [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], prompting the United States to join the Allies against the [[Axis powers]] and, the following year, to [[Internment of Japanese Americans|intern]] about 120,000&lt;ref&gt;The official WRA record from 1946 state it was 120,000 people. See {{cite book|author=[[War Relocation Authority]]|url=http://ddr.densho.org/ddr-densho-282-5/|title=The Evacuated People: A Quantitative Study|year=1946|page=8}}. This number does not include people held in other camps such as those run by the DoJ or U.S. Army. Other sources may give numbers slightly more or less than 120,000.&lt;/ref&gt; U.S. residents (including American citizens) of Japanese descent.&lt;ref name=&quot;Pearl Harbor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Yamasaki |first1=Mitch |title=Pearl Harbor and America's Entry into World War II: A Documentary History |url=http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |publisher=World War II Internment in Hawaii |accessdate=January 14, 2015 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213122046/http://www.hawaiiinternment.org/static/ush_yamasaki_documentary_history.pdf |archivedate=December 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Although Japan attacked the United States first, the U.S. nonetheless pursued a &quot;[[Europe first]]&quot; defense policy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Stoler|first1=Mark A.|title=George C. Marshall and the &quot;Europe-First&quot; Strategy, 1939–1951: A Study in Diplomatic as well as Military History|url=http://marshallfoundation.org/marshall/wp-content/uploads/sites/22/2014/04/EDStoler.pdf|accessdate=April 4, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States thus left its vast Asian colony, the [[Philippines]], isolated and fighting a losing struggle against [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines|Japanese invasion and occupation]]. During the war, the United States was one of the &quot;[[Four Policemen|Four Powers]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.iup.edu/WorkArea/DownloadAsset.aspx?id=37681 |title=The Four Policemen and. Postwar Planning, 1943–1945: The Collision of Realist and. Idealist Perspectives |last=Kelly |first=Brian |accessdate=June 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; who met to plan the postwar world, along with Britain, the Soviet Union, and China.{{sfn|Hoopes|Brinkley|1997|p=100}}{{sfn|Gaddis|1972|p=25}} Although the nation lost around 400,000 military personnel,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://fas.org/sgp/crs/natsec/RL32492.pdf |title=American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics |publisher=Congressional Research Service |last1=Leland |first1=Anne |last2=Oboroceanu |first2=Mari–Jana |date=February 26, 2010 |accessdate=February 18, 2011}} p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt; it emerged [[World War II casualties#Human losses by country|relatively undamaged]] from the war with even greater economic and military influence.&lt;ref&gt;Kennedy, Paul (1989). ''The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers''. New York: Vintage. p. 358. {{ISBN|0-679-72019-7}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States played a leading role in the [[Bretton Woods Conference|Bretton Woods]] and [[Yalta Conference|Yalta]] conferences, which signed agreements on new international financial institutions and Europe's postwar reorganization. As an [[Victory in Europe Day|Allied victory was won in Europe]], a 1945 [[United Nations Conference on International Organization|international conference]] held in [[San Francisco]] produced the [[United Nations Charter]], which became active after the war.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/pubs/fs/55407.htm |title=The United States and the Founding of the United Nations, August 1941 – October 1945 |date=October 2005 |accessdate=June 11, 2007 |publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, Office of the Historian}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States and Japan then fought each other in the largest naval battle in history, the [[Battle of Leyte Gulf]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Woodward1947&quot;&gt;{{cite book | title=The Battle for Leyte Gulf | last=Woodward | first=C. Vann | authorlink=C. Vann Woodward | year=1947 | publisher=Macmillan | location=New York | isbn=1-60239-194-7 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The Largest Naval Battles in Military History: A Closer Look at the Largest and Most Influential Naval Battles in World History|url=http://militaryhistory.norwich.edu/largest-naval-sea-battles-in-military-history/|website=Military History|publisher=Norwich University|accessdate=March 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States eventually developed the [[Manhattan Project|first nuclear weapons]] and used them on Japan [[Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki|in the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]] in August 1945; the Japanese [[Surrender of Japan|surrendered]] on September 2, ending World War II.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |url=http://www.japantimes.co.jp/opinion/2016/08/06/commentary/japan-surrender-world-war-ii/ |title=Why did Japan surrender in World War II? {{!}} The Japan Times|newspaper=The Japan Times|access-date=February 8, 2017|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Pacific War Research Society (2006). ''Japan's Longest Day''. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|4-7700-2887-3}}.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Cold War and civil rights era===
{{Main|History of the United States (1945–1964)|History of the United States (1964–1980)|History of the United States (1980–1991)}}
{{Further|Cold War|Civil Rights Movement|War on Poverty|Space Race|Reaganomics}}
[[File:Martin Luther King - March on Washington.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Martin Luther King Jr.]] gives his famous &quot;[[I Have a Dream]]&quot; speech at the [[Lincoln Memorial]] during the [[March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom|March on Washington]], 1963]]

After World War II, the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] competed for power, influence, and prestige during what became known as the [[Cold War]], driven by an ideological divide between [[capitalism]] and [[communism]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WaggAndrews2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Wagg |first1=Stephen |last2=Andrews |first2=David |title=East Plays West: Sport and the Cold War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qmjLR5YyUhEC&amp;pg=PR11 |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-24167-5 |page=11}}&lt;/ref&gt; They dominated the military affairs of Europe, with the U.S. and its [[NATO]] allies on one side and the Soviet Union and its [[Warsaw Pact]] allies on the other. The U.S. developed a policy of [[containment]] towards the expansion of communist influence. While the U.S. and Soviet Union engaged in [[proxy war|proxy wars]] and developed powerful nuclear arsenals, the two countries avoided direct military conflict.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|la
The United States often opposed [[Third World]] movements that it viewed as Soviet-sponsored and occasionally pursued direct action for [[United States involvement in regime change|regime change]] against left-wing governments, even occasionally supporting authoritarian right-wing regimes.&lt;ref&gt;[[#Blakeley|Blakeley, 2009]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=rft8AgAAQBAJ&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=PA92#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false p. 92]&lt;/ref&gt; American troops fought communist [[People's Liberation Army|Chinese]] and [[North Korea]]n forces in the [[Korean War]] of 1950–53.&lt;ref name=&quot;Proxy&quot; /&gt; The Soviet Union's 1957 launch of the [[Sputnik 1|first artificial satellite]] and its 1961 launch of the [[Vostok 1|first crewed spaceflight]] initiated a &quot;[[Space Race]]&quot; in which the United States became the first nation to [[Apollo 11|land a man on the Moon]] in 1969.&lt;ref name=&quot;Proxy&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Collins |first=Michael |authorlink=Michael Collins (astronaut) |title=Liftoff: The Story of America's Adventure in Space |url=https://archive.org/details/liftoff00coll |url-access=registration |location=New York |publisher=Grove Press |year=1988}}&lt;/ref&gt; A proxy war in Southeast Asia eventually evolved into the [[Vietnam War]] (1955–1975), with full American participation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|last=Chapman|first=Jessica M.|title=Origins of the Vietnam War|date=2016-08-05|url=http://americanhistory.oxfordre.com/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.001.0001/acrefore-9780199329175-e-353|encyclopedia=Oxford Research Encyclopedia of American History|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=en|doi=10.1093/acrefore/9780199329175.013.353|isbn=978-0-19-932917-5|access-date=2020-08-28}}&lt;/ref&gt;

At home, the U.S. had experienced [[Post–World War II economic expansion|sustained economic expansion]] and a [[Post–World War II baby boom|rapid growth of its population]] and [[American middle class|middle class]] following World War II. After a surge in female labor participation, especially in the 1970s, by 1985, the majority of women aged 16 and over were employed.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Women in the Labor Force: A Databook |url=http://www.bls.gov/cps/wlf-databook-2012.pdf |publisher=U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=March 21, 2014 |page=11 |year=2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Construction of an [[Interstate Highway System]] transformed the nation's infrastructure over the following decades. Millions moved from farms and [[inner city|inner cities]] to large [[suburb]]an housing developments.&lt;ref&gt;Winchester, pp. 305–308&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IntHighways&gt;{{cite web |last1=Blas |first1=Elisheva |title=The Dwight D. Eisenhower National System of Interstate and Defense Highways |url=http://www.societyforhistoryeducation.org/pdfs/N10_NHD_Blas_Junior.pdf |website=societyforhistoryeducation.org |publisher=Society for History Education |accessdate=January 19, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1959 [[Hawaii]] became the 50th and last U.S. state added to the country.&lt;ref name=&quot;Lightner2004&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Richard Lightner |title=Hawaiian History: An Annotated Bibliography |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Yei4fDrecWsC&amp;pg=PA141 |year=2004 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-313-28233-1 |page=141}}&lt;/ref&gt; The growing [[Civil Rights Movement]] used [[nonviolence]] to confront segregation and discrimination, with [[Martin Luther King Jr.]] becoming a prominent leader and figurehead. A combination of court decisions and legislation, culminating in the [[Civil Rights Act of 1968]], sought to end racial discrimination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Dallek |first=Robert |year=2004 |title=Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President |page=[https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 169] |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-515920-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/lyndonbjohnsonpo00dall/page/169 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?flash=old&amp;doc=97 |title=Our Documents—Civil Rights Act (1964) |publisher=United States Department of Justice |accessdate=July 28, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp |title=Remarks at the Signing of the Immigration Bill, Liberty Island, New York |date=October 3, 1965 |accessdate=January 1, 2012 |archiveurl=http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20160516063650/http://www.lbjlib.utexas.edu/Johnson/archives.hom/speeches.hom/651003.asp |archivedate=May 16, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Meanwhile, a [[counterculture of the 1960s|counterculture movement]] grew, which was fueled by [[Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War|opposition to the Vietnam war]], the [[Black Power movement]], and the [[sexual revolution]].

[[File:President Ronald Reagan and Soviet General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev at the first Summit in Geneva, Switzerland.jpg|thumb|left|U.S. president [[Ronald Reagan]] (left) and [[General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union|Soviet general secretary]] [[Mikhail Gorbachev]] [[Geneva Summit (1985)|in Geneva]], 1985]]

The launch of a &quot;[[War on Poverty]]&quot; expanded entitlements and welfare spending, including the creation of [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]], two programs that provide health coverage to the elderly and poor, respectively, and t

[[Capital punishment]] is sanctioned in the United States for certain federal and military crimes, and at the state level in 28 states, though three states have [[Moratorium (law)|moratoriums]] on carrying out the penalty imposed by their governors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Connor |first1=Tracy |last2=Chuck |first2=Elizabeth |title=Nebraska's Death Penalty Repealed With Veto Override |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/nebraskas-death-penalty-repealed-veto-override-n365456 |accessdate=June 11, 2015 |work=NBC News |date=May 28, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Simpson |first=Ian |title=Maryland becomes latest U.S. state to abolish death penalty |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-maryland-deathpenalty-idUSBRE9410TQ20130502 |date=May 2, 2013 |accessdate=April 6, 2016 |work=Reuters}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|title=State by State|url=https://deathpenaltyinfo.org/state-and-federal-info/state-by-state|access-date=2020-10-06|website=Death Penalty Information Center|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2019, the country had the sixth-highest number of executions in the world, following [[Capital punishment in China|China]], [[Capital punishment in Iran|Iran]], [[Capital punishment in Saudi Arabia|Saudi Arabia]], [[Capital punishment in Iraq|Iraq]], and [[Capital punishment in Egypt|Egypt]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |ur&lt;big&gt;l=https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/act50/1847/2020/en/ |title=Death Sentences and Executions 2019 |accessdate=May 30, 2020 |year=2019 |publisher=Amnesty International USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; No executions took place from 1967 to 1977, owing in part to a [[Furman v. Georgia|U.S. Supreme Court ruling]] striking down the practice. Since the decision, however, there have been more than 1,500 executions.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.deathpenaltyinfo.org/views-executions |title=Searchable Execution Database |accessdate=October 10, 2012 |publisher=[[Death Penalty Information Center]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; In recent years the number of executions and presence of capital punishment statute on whole has trended down nationally, with [[Capital punishment in the United States#States without capital punishment|several states]] recently abolishing the penalty.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;
&lt;/big&gt;
{{See also|Capital punishment in the United States}}

==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of the United States}}
{{See also|Economic history of the United States|List of companies of the United States by state|List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|Lists of companies}}
{| class=&quot;infobox&quot; style=&quot;font-size: 90%; border: 1px solid #999; width: 325px;&quot;
|- style=&quot;background:#f5f5f5&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | Economic indicators
|-
| Nominal [[gross domestic product|GDP]] || $20.66 trillion &lt;small&gt;(Q3 2018)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;BEA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=GDP Estimates |url=https://www.bea.gov/newsreleases/national/gdp/gdpnewsrelease.htm |website=Bureau of Economic Analysis |publisher=Bureau of Economic Analysis |access-date=August 25, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| Real GDP growth || 3.5% &lt;small&gt;(Q3 2018)&lt;/small&lt;small&gt;&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;BEA&quot; /&gt;
|-
| ||2.1% &lt;small&gt;(2017)&lt;/small&gt;|| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot;|&lt;ref name=&quot;BEA&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [[Consumer price index|CPI]] inflation || 2.2% &lt;small&gt;(November 2018)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/pdf/cpi.pdf |title=Consumer Price Index—November 2018 |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=December 19, 2018 |date=November 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Employment-to-population ratio]] || 60.6% &lt;small&gt;(November 2018)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS12300000 |title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |accessdate=December 19, 2018 |date=December 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Unemployment in the United States|Unemployment]] || 3.7% &lt;small&gt;(November 2018)&lt;/small&gt;|| style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=The Employment Situation—November 2018 |url=http://www.bls.gov/news.release/empsit.nr0.htm |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |publisher=Bureau of Labor Statistics |date=December 7, 2018 |accessdate=December 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Labor force#Labor force in the United States|Labor force]] participation rate || 62.9% &lt;small&gt;(November 2018)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://data.bls.gov/timeseries/LNS11300000 |title=Labor Force Statistics from the Current Population Survey |author=&lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt; |date= December 19, 2018 |website=Bureau of Labor Statistics |publisher=United States Department of Labor |accessdate=December 19, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[National debt of the United States|Total public debt]] || $21.85 trillion &lt;small&gt;(November 2018)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.treasurydirect.gov/govt/reports/pd/mspd/2018/opds112018.pdf |title=Monthly Statement of the Public Debt of the United States |publisher=Treasury Direct |accessdate=December 19, 2018 |date=November 30, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| [[Wealth in the United States|Household net worth]] || $109.0 trillion &lt;small&gt;(Q3 2018)&lt;/small&gt; || style=&quot;text-align:right;&quot; |&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.federalreserve.gov/releases/z1/20181206/z1.pdf |title=Federal Reserve Statistical Release |date=December 6, 2018 |accessdate=December 19, 2018 |website=Federal Reserve |publisher=Federal Reserve}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

According to the [[International Monetary Fund]], the U.S. GDP of {{nowrap|$16.8 trillion}} constitutes 24% of the [[gross world product]] at market exchange rates and over 19% of the gross world product at [[purchasing power parity]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=|title=World Economic Outlook Database, April 2015|url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2015/01/weodata/weorept.aspx?pr.x=23&amp;pr.y=9&amp;sy=2014&amp;ey=2014&amp;scsm=1&amp;ssd=1&amp;sort=country&amp;ds=.&amp;br=1&amp;c=512%2C668%2C914%2C672%2C612%2C946%2C614%2C137%2C311%2C962%2C213%2C674%2C911%2C676%2C193%2C548%2C122%2C556%2C912%2C678%2C313%2C181%2C419%2C867%2C513%2C682%2C316%2C684%2C913%2C273%2C124%2C868%2C339%2C921%2C638%2C948%2C514%2C943%2C218%2C686%2C963%2C688%2C616%2C518%2C223%2C728%2C516%2C558%2C918%2C138%2C748%2C196%2C618%2C278%2C624%2C692%2C522%2C694%2C622%2C142%2C156%2C449%2C626%2C564%2C628%2C565%2C228%2C283%2C924%2C853%2C233%2C288%2C632%2C293%2C636%2C566%2C634%2C964%2C238%2C182%2C662%2C453%2C960%2C968%2C423%2C922%2C935%2C714%2C128%2C862%2C611%2C135%2C321%2C716%2C243%2C456%2C248%2C722%2C469%2C942%2C253%2C718%2C642%2C724%2C643%2C576%2C939%2C936%2C644%2C961%2C819%2C813%2C172%2C199%2C132%2C733%2C646%2C184%2C648%2C524%2C915%2C361%2C134%2C362%2C652%2C364%2C174%2C732%2C328%2C366%2C258%2C734%2C656%2C144%2C654%2C146%2C336%2C463%2C263%2C528%2C268%2C923%2C532%2C738%2C944%2C578%2C176%2C537%2C534%2C742%2C536%2C866%2C429%2C369%2C433%2C744%2C178%2C186%2C436%2C925%2C136%2C869%2C343%2C746%2C158%2C926%2C439%2C466%2C916%2C112%2C664%2C111%2C826%2C298%2C542%2C927%2C967%2C846%2C443%2C299%2C917%2C582%2C544%2C474%2C941%2C754%2C446%2C698%2C666&amp;s=NGDPD&amp;grp=0&amp;a=|accessdate=|website=|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=IMF_GDP&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2014/02/weodata/index.aspx |publisher=International Monetary Fund |title=World Economic Outlook Database: United States |date=October 2014 |accessdate=November 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States is the [[List of countries by imports|largest importer]] of goods and [[List of countries by exports|second-largest exporter]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=The World Factbook|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/Publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2087rank.html|website=CIA.gov|publisher=Central Intelligence Agency|access-date=November 26, 2020|archive-date=October 4, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004070323/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook//rankorder/2087rank.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; though [[List of countries by exports per capita|exports per capita]] are relatively low. In 2010, the total [[Foreign trade&lt;/small&gt; of the United States|U.S. trade deficit]] was {{nowrap|$635 billion}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;Trade&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Trade Statistics|url=http://greyhill.com/trade-statistics|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=October 6, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Canada]], [[China]], [[Mexico]], [[Japan]], and [[Germany]] are its top trading partners.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Top Ten Countries with which the U.S. Trades|url=https://www.census.gov/foreign-trade/top/dst/current/balance.html|date=August 2009|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|accessdate=October 12, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

From 1983 to 2008, U.S. real compounded annual GDP growth was 3.3%, compared to a 2.3% weighted average for the rest of the [[G7]].&lt;ref name=Hagopian&gt;{{cite journal |author=Hagopian, Kip |last2=Ohanian |first2=Lee |title=The Mismeasure of Inequality |journal=Policy Review |date=August 1, 2012 |url=http://www.hoover.org/publications/policy-review/article/123566 |accessdate=August 22, 2013 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The country ranks ninth in the world in [[List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita|nominal GDP per capita]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=https://unstats.un.org/unsd/snaama/selbasicFast.asp |title=United Nations Statistics Division—National Accounts|website=unstats.un.org|access-date=June 1, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and sixth in [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP per capita at PPP]].&lt;ref name=&quot;IMF_GDP&quot; /&gt; The [[United States dollar|U.S. dollar]] is the world's primary [[reserve currency]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20141007054940/http://www.imf.org/external/np/sta/cofer/eng/cofer.pdf |title=Currency Composition of Official Foreign Exchange Reserves |publisher=International Monetary Fund |accessdate=April 9, 2012 |archivedate=October 7, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;[[File:Photos NewYork1 032.jpg|thumb|left|The [[New York Stock Exchange]&lt;small&gt;] on [[Wall Street]] is the [[List of stock exchanges|world's largest stock exchange]] (per [[market capitalization]] of its listed companies)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.businessinsider.com/global-stock-market-capitalization-chart-2014-11?IR=T|title=The NYSE Makes Stock Exchanges Around The World Look Tiny|publisher=|accessdate=March 26, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; at {{nowrap|$23.1 trillion}} as of April 2018.&lt;ref name=&quot;Largest stock markets in the world&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Largest stock exchange operators worldwide as of April 2018, by market capitalization of listed companies (in trillion U.S. dollars) |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/270126/largest-stock-exchange-operators-by-market-capitalization-of-listed-companies/|publisher=Statista|accessdate=February 18, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; |alt=A large flag is stretched over Roman style columns on the front of a large building.]]

In 2009, the private sector was estimated to constitute 86.4% of the economy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=GDP by Industry|url=http://greyhill.com/gdp-by-industry/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|accessdate=October 13, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; While its economy has reached a [[post-industrial society|postindustrial]] level of development, the United States remains an industrial power.&lt;ref name=&quot;Econ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=USA Economy in Brief|url=http://usinfo.state.gov/products/pubs/economy-in-brief/pag%3C/small%3Ee3.html|publisher=U.S. Dept. of State, International Information Programs|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20080312123609/http://usinfo.state.gov/productimarily|access-date=August 24, 2022|archive-date=March 12, 2008|url-status=live}}
{{redirect-multi|4|America|US|USA|United States of America|the landmass comprising North, Central, South America, and the Caribbean|Americas||America (disambiguation)|and|US (disambiguation)|and|USA (disambiguation)|and|United States (disambiguation)}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{Coord|40|N|100|W|display=title}}
{{Use American English|date = September 2019}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}
{{Infobox country
| conventional_long_name = United States of America
| common_name            = the United States
| image_flag             = Flag of the United States.svg
| image_coat             = Greater coat of arms of the United States.svg
| symbol_type_article    = Great Seal of the United States#Obverse
| national_motto         = &lt;div style=&quot;padding-bottom:0.5em;text-align:center;&quot;&gt;&quot;[[In God We Trust]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{USC|36|302}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/div&gt;{{collapsible list
|title=Other traditional mottos:
|titlestyle=background:transparent;text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;
|liststyle=text-align:center;white-space:nowrap;
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[E pluribus unum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|publisher=[[U.S. Department of State]], [[Bureau of Public Affairs]] |year=2003|url= https://2009-2017.state.gov/documents/organization/27807.pdf|title=The Great Seal of the United States|accessdate=February 12, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|&quot;Out of many, one&quot;}}
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Annuit cœptis]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|&quot;[[God|He]] has favored our undertakings&quot;}}
|{{native phrase|la|&quot;[[Novus ordo seclorum]]&quot;|italics=off}}&lt;ref name=&quot;de facto Motto&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;{{small|&quot;New order of the ages&quot;}}
}}
| national_anthem        = {{center|&quot;[[The Star-Spangled Banner]]&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite act |date=3 March 1931 |article=14 |article-type=H.R. |legislature=[[71st United States Congress]] |title=An Act To make The Star-Spangled Banner the national anthem of the United States of America |url=https://uscode.house.gov/statviewer.htm?volume=46&amp;page=1508}}&lt;/ref&gt; }}&lt;div style=&quot;display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;&quot;&gt;{{center|[[File:&quot;The Star-Spangled Banner&quot; performed by the Uid=ka6LxulZaEwC&amp;q=territorial+expansion+United+States+%22manifest+destiny%22|title=Manifest Destiny and the Expansion of America|last2=Golson|first2=J. Geoffrey|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2007|isbn=978-1-85109-833-0|series=Turning Points in History Series|page=238}}&lt;/ref&gt; prompting a long series of [[American Indian Wars]].&lt;ref name=&quot;BillingtonRidge2001j&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Billington, Ray Allen |author2=Ridge, Martin |author-link2=Martin Ridge (historian) |title=Westward Expansion: A History of the American Frontier |url=https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 |year=2001 |publisher=UNM Press |isbn=978-0-8263-1981-4 |page=[https://archive.org/details/westwardexpansio00bill/page/22 22] }}&lt;/ref&gt; The 1803 [[Louisiana Purchase]] almost doubled the nation's area,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Louisiana Purchase |publisher=National Park Services |url=http://www.nps.gov/jeff/historyculture/upload/louisiana_purchase.pdf |accessdate=March 1, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Adams–Onís Treaty|Spain ceded Florida]] and other Gulf Coast territory in 1819,&lt;ref name=&quot;KloseJones1994&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=Klose, Nelson |author2=Jones, Robert F. |title=United States History to 1877 |url=https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 |year=1994 |publisher=Barron's Educational Series |isbn=978-0-8120-1834-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/unitedstateshist00klos_0/page/150 150] }}&lt;/ref&gt; the Republic of Texas was [[Texas annexation|annexed]] in 1845 during a period of expansionism,&lt;ref name=&quot;Morrison1999&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Morrison, Michael A. |title=Slavery and the American West: The Eclipse of Manifest Destiny and the Coming of the Civil War |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YTaxzMlkVEMC&amp;pg=PA13 |date=April 28, 1997 |publisher=University of North Carolina Press |isbn=978-0-8078-4796-1 |pages=13–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the 1846 [[Oregon Treaty]] with Britain led to U.S. control of the present-day [[Northwestern United States|American Northwest]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Kemp2010&quot;&gt;{{cite book |author=Kemp, Roger L. |title=Documents of American Democracy: A Collection of Essential Works |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JHawgM-WnlUC&amp;pg=PA180 |year=2010 |publisher=McFarland |isbn=978-0-7864-4210-2 |page=180 |accessdate=October 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Victory in the [[Mexican–American War]] resulted in the 1848 [[Mexican Cession]] of California and much of the present-day [[Southwestern United States|American Southwest]], making the U.S. span the continent.&lt;ref name=&quot;MD2007&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;McIlwraithMuller2001&quot;&gt;{{cite book|author1=McIlwraith, Thomas F. |author2=Muller, Edward K. |title=North America: The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent |url=https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 |year=2001 |publisher=Rowman &amp; Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7425-0019-8 |page=[https://archive.org/details/northamericahist00mcil/page/61 61] |accessdate=October 25, 2015 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

The [[California Gold Rush]] of 1848–49 spurred migration to the Pacific coast, which led to the [[California Genocide]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |url=http://newsroom.ucla.edu/stories/revealing-the-history-of-genocide-agais/pubs/economy-in-brief/page3.html|archivedate=March 12, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; In August 2010, the American labor force consisted of {{nowrap|154.1 million}} people (50%). With {{nowrap|21.2 million}} people, government is the leading field of employment. The largest private employment sector is health care and social assistance, with {{nowrap|16.4 million}} people. It has a smaller [[welfare state]] and redistributes less income through government action than most European nations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author1=Isabelle Joumard |author2=Mauro Pisu |author3=Debbie Bloch |title=Tackling income inequality The role of taxes and transfers |url=http://www.oecd.org/eco/public-finance/TacklingincomeinequalityTheroleoftaxesandtransfers.pdf |publisher=OECD |accessdate=May 21, 2015 |date=2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The United States is the only advanced economy that does not [[List of statutory minimum employment leave by country|guarantee its workers paid vacation]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Ray|first1=Rebecca|last2=Sanes|first2=Milla|last3=Schmitt|first3=John|date=May 2013|title=No-Vacation Nation Revisited|url=http://www.cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf|access-date=September 8, 2013|website=|publisher=[[Center for Economic and Policy Research]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; and is one of a few countries in the world without [[paid family leave]] as a legal right.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Bernard|first=Tara Siegel|date=February 22, 2013|title=In Paid Family Leave, U.S. Trails Most of the Globe|newspaper=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/23/your-money/us-trails-much-of-the-world-in-providing-paid-family-leave.html|access-date=August 27, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; 74% of full-time American workers get paid sick leave, according to the [[Bureau of Labor Statistics]], although only 24% of part-time workers get the same benefits.&lt;ref name=&quot;SLCNN&quot;&gt;{{cite web|last1=Vasel|first1=Kathryn|title=Who doesn't get paid sick leave?|url=https://money.cnn.com/2015/01/20/news/economy/paid-sick-leave/|website=CNN}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2009, the United States had the third-highest [[workforce productivity]] per person in the world, behind [[Luxembourg]] and [[Norway]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|date=February 11, 2009|title=U.S. Workers World's Most Productive|publisher=CBS News|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/2100-500395_162-3228735.html|accessdate=April 23, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=September 2010|title=Total Economy Database, Summary Statistics, 1995–2010|url=http://www.conference-board.org/data/economydatabase/|access-date=September 20, 2009|website=Total Economy Database|publisher=The Conference Board}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Information on the effects of the recession was already provided in history, so it would be redundant to have it here --&gt;&lt;!-- Also, I think information about employee benefits doesn't belong here. It isn't that relevant &lt;big&gt;to the economy itself --&gt;
&lt;!-- Agree with previous comment, but I'm not sure where else to place the last paragraph --&gt;

=== Science and technology ===
{{Main|Science and technology in the United States|Science policy of the United States}}
[[File:Aldrin Apollo 11 original.jpg|thumb|[[Buzz Aldrin]] on the Moon, 1969]]

The United States has been a leader in technological innovation since the late 19th century and scientific research since the mid-20th century. Methods for producing [[interchangeable parts]] were developed by the U.S. War Department by the Federal Armories during the first half of the 19th century. This technology, along with the establishment of a [[machine tool]] industry, enabled the U.S. to have large-scale manufacturing of sewing machines, bicycles, and other items in the late 19th century and became known as the [[American system of manufacturing]]. Factory [[electrification]] in the early 20th century and introduction of the [[assembly line]] and other labor-saving techniques created the system of [[mass production]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Hounshell1984}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the 21st century, approximately two-thirds of research and development funding comes from the private sector.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Research and Development (R&amp;D) Expenditures by Source and Objective: 1970 to 2004|url=https://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tabl&lt;/big&gt;es/08s0775.xls|publisher=U.S. Census Bureau|archiveurl=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20120210170338/http://www.census.gov/compendia/statab/2008/tables/08s0775.xls|archivedate=February 10, 2012|accessdate=June 19, 2007|df=}}&lt;/ref&gt; The United States leads the world in scientific research papers and [[impact factor]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|author=MacLeod, Donald|date=March 21, 2006|title=Britain Second in World Research Rankings|work=The Guardian|location=London|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2006/mar/21/highereducation.uk4|accessdate=May 14, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Understanding China's AI Strategy|url=https://www.cnas.org/publications/reports/understanding-chinas-ai-strategy|last=Allen|first=Gregory|date=February 6, 2019|website=Center for a New American Security|access-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 1876, [[Alexander Graham Bell]] was awarded the first U.S. [[Invention of the telephone|patent for the telephone]]. [[Thomas Edison]]'s [[Research institute|research laboratory]], one of the first of its kind, developed the [[phonograph]], the first [[Incandescent light bulb|long-lasting light bulb]], and the first viable [[Kinetoscope|movie camera]].&lt;ref name=Edison&gt;{{cite web |title=Thomas Edison's Most Famous Inventions |url=http://www.thomasedison.org/index.php/education/inventions/ |website=Thomas A Edison Innovation Foundation |accessdate=January 21, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latter led to emergence of the worldwide [[Show business|entertainment industry]]. In the early 20th century, the automobile companies of [[Ransom E. Olds]] and [[Henry Ford]] popularized the assembly line. The [[Wright brothers]], in 1903, made the [[Wright Flyer|first sustained and controlled heavier-than-air powered flight]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author=Benedetti, François |url=http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070912065254/http://www.fai.org/news_archives/fai/000295.asp |archivedate=September 12, 2007 |title=100 Years Ago, the Dream of Icarus Became Reality |publisher=Fédération Aéronautique Internationale (FAI) |date=December 17, 2003 |accessdate=August 15, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The rise of [[fascism]] and [[Nazism]] in the 1920s and 30s led many European scientists, including [[Albert Einstein]], [[Enrico Fermi]], and [[John von Neumann]], to immigrate to the United States.&lt;ref name=fraser&gt;{{cite book |last1=Fraser |first1=Gordon |title=The Quantum Exodus: Jewish Fugitives, the Atomic Bomb, and the Holocaust |date=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-959215-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-NYknwEACAAJ}}&lt;/ref&gt; During World War II, the [[Manhattan Project]] developed nuclear weapons, ushering in the [[Atomic Age]], while the [[Space Race]] produced rapid advances in rocketry, [[materials science]], and [[aeronautics]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qYZmj7Us3m8C&amp;q=Space+Race++rapid+advances+in+rocketry,+materials+science,+and+computers&amp;pg=PA68 |title=10 Little Americans |via=Google Books |accessdate=September 15, 2014 |isbn=978-0-615-14052-0}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.computerworld.com/article/2525898/app-development/nasa-s-apollo-technology-has-changed-history.html |title=NASA's Apollo technology has changed the history |publisher=Sharon Gaudin |accessdate=September 15, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The invention of the [[transistor]] in the 1950s, a key active component in practically all modern [[electronics]], led to many technological developments and a significant expansion of the U.S. technology industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Celebrating July 2: 10 Days That Changed History |work=The New York Times|first=Adam |last=Goodheart |date=July 2, 2006 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/02/weekinreview/02goodheart.html}}&lt;/ref&gt; This, in turn, led to the establishment of many new technology companies and regions around the country such as [[Silicon Valley]] in California. Advancements by American [[microprocessor]] companies such as [[Advanced Micro Devices]] (AMD) and [[Intel]], along with both computer [[software]] and [[Computer hardware|hardware]] companies such as [[Adobe Systems]], [[Apple Inc.]], [[IBM]], [[Microsoft]], and [[Sun Microsystems]], created and popularized the [[personal computer]]. The [[ARPANET]] was developed in the 1960s to meet [[United States Department of Defense|Defense Department]] requirements, and became the first of a [[history of the Internet|series of networks which evolved]] into the [[Internet]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Sawyer2012&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last=Sawyer |first=Robert Keith |title=Explaining Creativity: The Science of Human Innovation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QyJjyZ_YBAkC&amp;pg=PA256 |year=2012 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-973757-4 |page=256}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Income, poverty and wealth===
{{Further|Income in the United States|Poverty in the United States|Affluence in the United States|United States counties by per capita income|Income inequality in the United States}}

Accounting for 4.24% of the [[World population|global population]], Americans collectively possess 29.4% of the world's total wealth, the largest percentage of any country.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlPopulation Clock&quot;&gt;{{cite web|date=May 16, 2020|title=Population Clock|url=https://www.census.gov/popclock/|accessdate=May 24, 2020|website=U.S. and World Population Clock|publisher=U.S. Department of Commerce|quote=The United States population on May 23, 2020 was: 329,686,270}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|date=October 2018|title=Global Wealth Report|url=https://www.credit-suisse.com/corporate/en/research/research-institute/global-wealth-report.html|accessdate=February 11, 2019|website=Credit Suisse}}&lt;/ref&gt; Americans also make up roughly half of the world's population of millionaires.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.statista.com/chart/3890/the-countries-with-the-most-millionaires/|title=The Countries With The Most Millionaires|last1=McCarthy|first1=Niall|date=October 22, 2019|website=Statista|access-date=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Global Food Security Index]] ranked the U.S. number one for food affordability and overall food security in March 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Global Food Security Index |url=http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Country/Details#United%20States |publisher=The Economist Intelligence Unit |location=London |access-date=April 8, 2013 |date=March 5, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Americans on average have more than twice as much living space per dwelling and per person as [[European Union|EU]] residents.&lt;ref name=&quot;Heritage Poor&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Understanding Poverty in the United States: Surprising Facts About America's Poor |url=http://www.heritage.org/research/reports/2011/09/understanding-poverty-in-the-united-states-surprising-facts-about-americas-poor |publisher=Heritage Foundation |accessdate=April 8, 2013 |author=Rector, Robert |last2=Sheffield |first2=Rachel |date=September 13, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; For 2017 the [[United Nations Development Programme]] ranked the United States 13th among 189 countries in its [[Human Development Index#2014 report|Human Development Index]] (HDI) and 25th among 151 countries in its [[Inequality-adjusted Human Development Index|inequality-adjusted HDI]] (IHDI).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Human Development Index (HDI) {{!}} Human Development Reports |url=http://hdr.undp.org/en/content/human-development-index-hdi |website=UNHDP |accessdate=December 27, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Wealth in the United States|Wealth]], like income and taxes, is [[Wealth inequality in the United States|highly concentrated]]; the richest 10% of the adult population possess 72% of the country's household wealth, while the bottom half possess only 2%.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Piketty|first1=Thomas|title=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|title-link=Capital in the Twenty-First Century|date=2014|publisher=Belknap Press|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780674430006/page/257 257]|author-link1=Thomas Piketty}} {{ISBN|0-674-43000-X}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Federal Reserve, the top 1% controlled 38.6% of the country's wealth in 2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Egan|first=Matt|date=September 27, 2017|title=Record inequality: The top 1% controls 38.6% of America's wealth|work=CNN Money|location=|url=https://money.cnn.com/2017/09/27/news/economy/inequality-record-top-1-percent-wealth/index.html|access-date=October 12, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, [[Forbes]] found that just three individuals ([[Jeff Bezos]], [[Warren Buffett]] and [[Bill Gates]]) held more money than the bottom half of the population.&lt;ref name=&quot;Richest3&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kirsch |first1=Noah |title=The 3 Richest Americans Hold More Wealth Than Bottom 50% Of The Country, Study Finds |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2017/11/09/the-3-richest-americans-hold-more-wealth-than-bottom-50-of-country-study-finds/ |website=Forbes }}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a 2018 study by the OECD, the United States has a larger percentage of low-income workers than almost any other developed nation, largely because of a weak [[collective bargaining]] system and lack of government support for at-risk workers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Van Dam|first=Andrew|date=July 4, 2018|title=Is it great to be a worker in the U.S.? Not compared with the rest of the developed world.|work=The Washington Post|location=|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2018/07/04/is-it-great-to-be-a-worker-in-the-u-s-not-compared-to-the-rest-of-the-developed-world/?noredirect=on|access-date=July 12, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Upper class|top one percent of income-earners]] accounted for 52 percent of the income gains from 2009 to 2015, where income is defined as market income excluding government transfers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Striking it Richer: The Evolution of Top Incomes in the United States|url=http://elsa.berkeley.edu/~saez/saez-UStopincomes-2015.pdf|last=Saez|first=Emmanuel|author-link=Emmanuel Saez|date=June 30, 2016|publisher=University of California, Berkeley|accessdate=September 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:US Wealth Inequality - v2.png|thumb|[[Wealth inequality in the United States|Wealth inequality]] in the U.S. increased between 1989 and 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Trends in Family Wealth, 1989 to 2013|url=https://www.cbo.gov/publication/51846|date=August 18, 2016|work=[[Congressional Budget Office]] }}&lt;/ref&gt;]]

After years of stagnation, median household income reached a record high in 2016 following two consecutive years of record growth. Income inequality remains at record highs however, with the top fifth of earners taking home more than half of all overall income.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/us-middle-class-incomes-reached-highest-ever-level-in-2016-census-bureau-says/2017/09/12/7226905e-97de-11e7-b569-3360011663b4_story.html|title=U.S. middle-class incomes reached highest-ever level in 2016, Census Bureau says|last=Long|first=Heather|date=September 12, 2017|work=The Washington Post|access-date=November 11, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The rise in the share of total annual income received by the top one percent, which has more than doubled from nine percent in 1976 to 20 percent in 2011, has significantly affected [[Income inequality in the United States|income inequality]],&lt;ref name=&quot;PikettySaez&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Alvaredo |first1=Facundo |last2=Atkinson |first2=Anthony B. |author-link2=Tony Atkinson |last3=Piketty |first3=Thomas |author-link3=Thomas Piketty |last4=Saez |first4=Emmanuel |author-link4=Emmanuel Saez |date=2013 |title=The Top 1 Percent in International and Historical Perspective |journal=[[Journal of Economic Perspectives]] |volume=27 |issue=Summer 2013 |pages=3–20 |doi=10.1257/jep.27.3.3 |hdl=11336/27462 |s2cid=154466898 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; leaving the United States with one of the widest income distributions among OECD nations.&lt;ref name=&quot;Sme&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Smeeding |first1=T.M. |year=2005 |title=Public Policy: Economic Inequality and Poverty: The United States in Comparative Perspective |journal=Social Science Quarterly |volume=86 |pages=955–983 |doi=10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00331.x|s2cid=154642286 |url=https://semanticscholar.org/paper/81b4d972c7a40d051d9ee3ced2ab2ddfc221fbf9}}&lt;/ref&gt; The extent and relevance of income inequality is a matter of debate.{{sfn|Gilens|Page|2014}}&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last=Bartels |first=Larry |author-link=Larry Bartels |chapter=Economic Inequality and Political Representation |title=The Unsustainable American State |url=https://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf |date=2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304091537/http://www.princeton.edu/~bartels/economic.pdf |archive-date=March 4, 2016 |pages=167–196 |citeseerx=10.1.1.172.7597 |doi=10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195392135.003.0007 |isbn=978-0-19-539213-5 |access-date=October 6, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Winship |first1=Scott |title=Overstating the Costs of Inequality |journal=National Affairs |date=Spring 2013 |issue=15 |url=http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/research/files/articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131024141452/http://www.brookings.edu/~/media/Research/Files/Articles/2013/03/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship/overstating%20inequality%20costs%20winship.pdf |archivedate=October 24, 2013 |accessdate=April 29, 2015 |df= }}&lt;/ref&gt;

There were about 567,715 sheltered and unsheltered [[Homelessness in the United States|homeless persons in the U.S.]] in January 2019, with almost two-thirds staying in an emergency shelter or transitional housing program.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Why Is Homelessness Such a Problem in U.S. Cities |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-0HR]]|access-date=June 5, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, the U.S. states or territories with the lowest and highest [[List of U.S. states by poverty rate|poverty rates]] were [[New Hampshire]] (7.6%) and [[American Samoa]] (65%), respectively.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Places: New Hampshire. |urlandson |first2=Torben C |last2=Rick |first3=Rene L |last3=Vellanoweth |title=A Canyon Through Time: Archaeology, History, and Ecology of the Tecolote Canyon Area, Santa Barbara County |location=California |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GeTv2lmb79UC&amp;pg=PA19 |year=2008 |publisher=University of Utah Press |isbn=978-0-87480-879-7}}
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* {{cite book |last=Quirk |first=Joel |title=The Anti-Slavery Project: From the Slave Trade to Human Trafficking |ref=Quirk |year=2011 |publisher=University of Pennsylvania Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qqxK4KlqKYMC |isbn=978-0-8122-4333-8 |page=344}}
* {{cite book |last=Ranlet |first=Philip |title=New England Encounters: Indians and Euroamericans Ca. 1600–1850 |ref=Ranlet |publisher=North Eastern University Press |editor-first=Alden T. |editor-last=Vaughan |pages= |year=1999}}
* {{cite book |last=Rausch |first=David A. |title=Native American Voices |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iyZMeGMgIgEC&amp;q=triangle |ref=Rausch |publisher=Baker Books |location=Grand Rapids |page=180 |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-8010-7773-9}}
* {{cite book |last=Remini |first=Robert V. |title=The House: The History of the House of Representatives |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CAM6J6IoQFQC |ref=harv |year=2007 |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=978-0-06-134111-3}}
* {{Cite book |editor1-last=Richter |editor1-first=Daniel K. |editor2-last=Merrell |editor2-first=James H. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZQnEwUaPAegC |title=Beyond the covenant chain : the Iroquois and their neighbors in Indian North America, 1600–1800 |date=2003 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University Press |isbn=978-0-271-02299-4 |location=University Park |oclc=51306167}}
* {{cite book |last=Ripper |first=Jason |title=American Stories: To 1877 |year=2008 |ref=Ripper2008 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vX-fYvoAeHwC |page=299 |isbn=978-0-7656-2903-6}}
* {{cite book |last=Russell |first=John Henderson |title=The Free Negro in Virginia, 1619–1865 |ref=Russell1913 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University |url=https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirg00russgoog |year=1913 |page=[https://archive.org/details/freenegroinvirg00russgoog/page/n202 196]}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=William |last=Safire |title=No Uncertain Terms: More Writing from the Popular &quot;On Language&quot; Column in The New York Times Magazine |url=https://archive.org/details/nouncertainterms00safi |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/nouncertainterms00safi/page/199 199] |year=2003 |publisher=Simon and Schuster |isbn=978-0-7432-4955-3}}
* {{cite book |ref=harv |first=Bunford |last=Samuel |title=Secession and Constitutional Liberty: In which is Shown the Right of a Nation to Secede from a Compact of Federation and that Such Right is Necessary to Constitutional Liberty and a Surety of Union |url=https://archive.org/details/secessionandcon03samugoog |page=[https://archive.org/details/secessionandcon03samugoog/page/n329 323] |year=1920 |publisher=Neale publishing Company}}
* {{cite book |first= Candace|last= Savage|title=Prairie: A Natural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=X1u9BwAAQBAJ&amp;pg=PA55|date=2011|publisher=Greystone Books|isbn=978-1-55365-899-3|ref=harv}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schneider |first1=Dorothy |last2=Schneider |first2=Carl J. |title=Slavery in America |ref=Schneider |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QlemwRTsY20C |year=2007 |page=554 |isbn=978-1-4381-0813-1}}
* {{cite book |last=Schultz |first=David Andrew |title=Encyclopedia of the United States Constitution |ref=Schultz |year=2009 |publisher=Infobase Publishing |url=https://books.google.com/boersity Press |isbn=978-0-19-533084-7}}
* {{cite book |last=Simonson |first=Peter |title=Refiguring Mass Communication: A History |ref=Simonson |year=2010 |publisher=University of Illinois Press |quote=He held high the Declaration of Independence, the Constitution, and the nation's unofficial motto, ''e pluribus unum'', even as he was recoiling from the party system in which he had long participated. |location=Urbana |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N6lrAmPlbvIC&amp;pg=PA79 |isbn=978-0-252-07705-0}}
* {{cite book |last=Smith |first=Andrew F. |year=2004 |title=The Oxford Encyclopedia of Food and Drink in America |ref=Smith2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |pages=131–132 |isbn=978-0-19-515437-5}}
* {{cite book |last=Soss |first=Joe |editor-last=Hacker |editor-first=Jacob S. |editor2-last=Mettler |editor2-first=Suzanne |ref=Soss |title=Remaking America: Democracy and Public Policy in an Age of Inequality |year=2010 |publisher=Russell Sage Foundation |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JttyjBoyb3AC |isbn=978-1-61044-694-5 |pages=}}
* {{cite book|ref=Stannard |last=Stannard |first=David E. |authorlink=David Stannard |title=American Holocaust: The Conquest of the New World |year=1993 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/americanholocaus00stan |isbn=978-0-19-508557-0 }}
* {{Cite journal |ref=Tadman |last=Tadman |first=Michael |title=The Demographic Cost of Sugar: Debates on Slave Societies and Natural Increase in the Americas |journal=American Historical Review |volume=105 |year=2000 |issue=5 |pages=1534–1575 |jstor=2652029|doi=10.2307/2652029 }}
* {{cite book|ref=Taylor |last=Taylor |first=Alan |title=American Colonies: The Settling of North America |publisher=Penguin Books |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/americancolonies00tayl_1 |editor=Eric Foner |year=2002 |isbn=978-0-670-87282-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Thornton |first=Russell |title=American Indian Holocaust and Survival: A Population History Since 1492 |volume=186 |series=Civilization of the American Indian |year=1987 |ref=harv |publisher=University of Oklahoma Press |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9iQYSQ9y60MC&amp;lpg=PA49 |isbn=978-0-8061-2220-5 |page=49}}
* {{cite book|f
; Maps
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20091021182322/http://www.nationalatlas.gov/ National Atlas of the United States] Official maps from the U.S. Department of the Interior
* {{wikiatlas|the United States}}
* {{osmrelation-inline|148838}}
* [http://www.measureofamerica.org/maps/ Measure of America] A variety of mapped information relating to health, education, income, and demographics for the U.S.

; Photos
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?text=USA Photos of the USA]

{{Anchor|Related information}}&lt;!-- target for Navbox link at See also section --&gt;
{{United States topics}}
{{United States political divisions|state=collapsed}}
{{Countries of North America}}
{{Biodiversity Worldwide}} 
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:United States| ]]
[[Category:1776 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:Countries in North America]]
[[Category:English-speaking countries and territories]]
[[Category:Federal constitutioember states of the United Nations]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1776]]
[[Category:Superpowers]]
[[Category:Transcontinental countries]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia</title>
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      <text bytes="234698" xml:space="preserve">== History ==
{{main|History of Wikipedia}}
{{Multiple image
| footer = [[Jimmy Wales]] and [[Larry Sanger]]
| width =
| image1 = Jimmy Wales September 2015.jpg
| width1 = 100
| image2 = L Sanger.jpg
| width2 = 116
}}

=== Nupedia ===
{{main|Nupedia}}
[[File:Nupedia logo and wordmark.png|thumb|alt=Logo reading &quot;Nupedia.com the free encyclopedia&quot; in blue with the large initial &quot;N&quot;|Wikipedia originally developed from another encyclopedia project called Nupedia]]
Other collaborative online encyclopedias were attempted before Wikipedia, but none were as successful.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.niemanlab.org/2011/10/the-contribution-conundrum-why-did-wikipedia-succeed-while-other-encyclopedias-failed/ |title = The contribution conundrum: Why did Wikipedia succeed while other encyclopedias failed? |website = Nieman Lab |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia began as a complementary project for [[Nupedia]], a free online English-language encyclopedia project whose articles were written by experts and reviewed under a formal process.&lt;ref name=&quot;KockJungSyn2016&quot;&gt;Kock, N., Jung, Y., &amp; Syn, T. (2016). [http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf Wikipedia and e-Collaboration Research: Opportunities and Challenges.] (PDF) {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160927001627/http://cits.tamiu.edu/kock/pubs/journals/2016JournalIJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration/Kock_etal_2016_IJeC_WikipediaEcollaboration.pdf |date=September 27, 2016}} ''International Journal of e-Collaboration'' (IJeC), 12(2), 1–8.&lt;/ref&gt; It was founded on March 9, 2000, under the ownership of [[Bomis]], a [[Web portal|web portal]] company. Its main figures were Bomis CEO Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, editor-in-chief for Nupedia and later Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated1&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Meyers&quot;/&gt; Nupedia was initially licensed under its own Nupedia [[free content|Open Content]] License, but even before Wikipedia was founded, Nupedia switched to the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] at the urging of [[Richard Stallman]].&lt;ref name=&quot;stallman1999&quot;/&gt; Wales is credited with defining the goal of making a publicly editable encyclopedia,&lt;ref name=&quot;SangerMemoir&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Sanger&quot;/&gt; while Sanger is credited with the strategy of using a [[wiki]] to reach that goal.&lt;ref name=&quot;WM foundation of WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2001-October/000671.html |title = Wikipedia-l: LinkBacks? |access-date = February 20, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; On January 10, 2001, Sanger proposed on the Nupedia mailing list to create a wiki as a &quot;feeder&quot; project for Nupedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;nupedia feeder from WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Larry |last = Sanger |title = Let's Make a Wiki |date = January 10, 2001 |publisher = Internet Archive |url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20030414014355/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000676.html |archive-date = April 14, 2003 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Launch and early growth ===
The [[domain name|domain]]s ''wikipedia.com'' and ''wikipedia.org'' were registered on January 12, 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927193149/http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.com|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 27, 2007|title=WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.com from Network Solutions|date=September 27, 2007|access-date=August 31, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; and January 13, 2001,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927194913/http://www.networksolutions.com/whois/results.jsp?domain=wikipedia.org|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 27, 2007|title=WHOIS domain registration information results for wikipedia.org from Network Solutions|date=September 27, 2007|access-date=August 31, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; respectively, and Wikipedia was launched on January 15, 2001,&lt;ref name=&quot;KockJungSyn2016&quot; /&gt; as a single English-language edition at www.wikipedia.com,&lt;ref name=&quot;WikipediaHome&quot; /&gt; and announced by Sanger on the Nupedia mailing list.&lt;ref name=&quot;SangerMemoir&quot; /&gt; Wikipedia's policy of &quot;neutral point-of-view&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NPOV&quot; /&gt; was codified in its first few months. Otherwise, there were relatively few rules initially and Wikipedia operated independently of Nupedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;SangerMemoir&quot; /&gt; Originally, Bomis intended to make Wikipedia a business for profit.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seth-Finkelstein&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2008/sep/25/wikipedia.internet |title = Read me first: Wikipedia isn't about human potential, whatever Wales says |author = Finkelstein, Seth |work = [[The Guardian]] |date = September 25, 2008 |location = London}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:English Wikipedia main page 20011217.jpg|thumb|The Wikipedia home page on December 17, 2001]]
Wikipedia gained early contributors from Nupedia, [[Slashdot]] postings, and web [[search engine]] indexing. Language editions were also created, with a total of 161 by the end of 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP early language stats 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Multilingual_statistics |title = Multilingual statistics |website = Wikipedia |date = March 30, 2005 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Nupedia and Wikipedia coexisted until the former's servers were taken down permanently in 2003, and its text was incorporated into Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia passed the mark of two million articles on September 9, 2007, making it the largest encyclopedia ever assembled, surpassing the ''[[Yongle Encyclopedia]]'' made during the [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1408, which had held the record for almost 600&amp;nbsp;years.&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_encyclopedia&quot; /&gt;

Citing fears of commercial [[advertising]] and lack of control in [[list of Wikipedias|Wikipedia]], users of the [[Spanish Wikipedia]] [[fork (software development)|fork]]ed from Wikipedia to create the [[Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español|Enciclopedia Libre]] in February 2002.&lt;ref name=&quot;EL fears and start 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = [long] Enciclopedia Libre: msg#00008 |url = http://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |website = Osdir |access-date = December 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081006065927/http://osdir.com/ml/science.linguistics.wikipedia.international/2003-03/msg00008.html |archive-date = October 6, 2008 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales then announced that Wikipedia would not display advertisements, and changed Wikipedia's domain from ''wikipedia.com'' to ''wikipedia.org''.&lt;ref name=&quot;Shirky&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last=Vibber|first=Brion|date=August 16, 2002|title=Brion VIBBER at pobox.com|url=https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140620071550/https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikipedia-l/2002-August/003982.html|archive-date=June 20, 2014|access-date=December 8, 2020|website=[[Wikimedia]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though the English Wikipedia reached three million articles in August 2009, the growth of the edition, in terms of the numbers of new articles and of contributors, appears to have peaked around early 2007.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian WP user peak 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/aug/12/wikipedia-deletionist-inclusionist |title = Wikipedia approaches its limits |first = Bobbie |last = Johnson |work = The Guardian |location = London |date = August 12, 2009 |access-date = March 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Around 1,800 articles were added daily to the encyclopedia in 2006; by 2013 that average was roughly 800.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP growth modelling 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia extended growth}}&lt;/ref&gt; A team at the [[Palo Alto Research Center]] attributed this slowing of growth to the project's increasing exclusivity and resistance to change.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikisym slowing growth 1&quot;&gt;{{cite conference |url = http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf |title = The Singularity is Not Near: Slowing Growth of Wikipedia |year = 2009 |location = Orlando, Florida |conference = The International Symposium on Wikis |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110511110022/http://www.wikisym.org/ws2009/procfiles/p108-suh.pdf |archive-date = May 11, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- ''Hidden whilst in discussion on the talk page'': New or occasional editors have significantly higher rates of their edits reverted (removed) than an elite group of regular editors, colloquially known as &quot;the [[cabal]]&quot;. This could make it more difficult for the project to recruit and retain new contributors over the long term, resulting in stagnation in article creation. --&gt; Others suggest that the growth is flattening naturally because articles that could be called &quot;[[wikt:low-hanging fruit|low-hanging fruit]]&quot;—topics that clearly merit an article—have already been created and built up extensively.&lt;ref name=&quot;bostonreview the end of WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url = https://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov |title = Edit This Page; Is it the end of Wikipedia |magazine = Boston Review |first = Evgeny |last = Morozov |date = November–December 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211050926/http://bostonreview.net/books-ideas/edit-page-wikipedia-evgeny-morozov|archive-date=December 11, 2019|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Noam |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/29/weekinreview/29cohen.html |title = Wikipedia&amp;nbsp;– Exploring Fact City |work = The New York Times |date = March 28, 2009 |access-date = April 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;stanford WP lack of future growth 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first1=Austin |last1=Gibbons |first2=David |last2=Vetrano |first3=Susan |last3=Biancani |year=2012 |url=https://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf |title=Wikipedia: Nowhere to grow |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718091331/http://snap.stanford.edu/class/cs341-2012/reports/09-GibbonsVetranoBiancaniCS341.pdf |archive-date=July 18, 2014 |url-status=live }} {{open access}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2009}}
[[File:Wikipedia Edit 2014.webm|thumb|right|A promotional video of the Wikimedia Foundation that encourages viewers to edit Wikipedia, mostly reviewing 2014 via Wikipedia content]]&lt;!-- Appropriateness debated in Talk:Wikipedia#Promotional video --&gt;
In November 2009, a researcher at the [[Rey Juan Carlos University]] in [[Madrid]] found that the English Wikipedia had lost 49,000 editors during the first three months of 2009; in comparison, the project lost only 4,900 editors during the same period in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;guardian editors leaving 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2009/nov/26/wikipedia-losing-disgruntled-editors |title = Wikipedia falling victim to a war of words |work = The Guardian |location = London |first = Jenny |last = Kleeman |date = November 26, 2009 |access-date = March 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |url = http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe |title = Wikipedia: A quantitative analysis |website=Libresoft |format = PDF |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120403172516/http://libresoft.es/publications/thesis-jfelipe |archive-date = April 3, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Wall Street Journal'' cited the array of rules applied to editing and disputes related to such content among the reasons for this trend.&lt;ref name=&quot;WSJ WP losing editors 1&quot;&gt;Volunteers Log Off as Wikipedia Ages, The Wall Street Journal, November 27, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt; Wales disputed these claims in 2009, denying the decline and questioning the methodology of the study.&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph Wales WP not losing editors 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/6660646/Wikipedias-Jimmy-Wales-denies-site-is-losing-thousands-of-volunteer-editors.html |title = Wikipedia's Jimmy Wales denies site is 'losing' thousands of volunteer editors |first = Emma |last = Barnett |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |date = November 26, 2009 |access-date = March 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Two years later, in 2011, Wales acknowledged the presence of a slight decline, noting a decrease from &quot;a little more than 36,000 writers&quot; in June 2010 to 35,800 in June 2011. In the same interview, Wales also claimed the number of editors was &quot;stable and sustainable&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wiki-women&quot; /&gt; A 2013 article titled &quot;The Decline of Wikipedia&quot; in ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' questioned this claim. The article revealed that since 2007, Wikipedia had lost a third of its volunteer editors, and those still there have focused increasingly on minutiae.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last = Simonite |first = Tom |url = https://www.technologyreview.com/2013/10/22/175674/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ |title = The Decline of Wikipedia |date = October 22, 2013 |journal = [[MIT Technology Review]] |access-date = November 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In July 2012, ''[[The Atlantic]]'' reported that the number of administrators is also in decline.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 |title = 3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins |work = The Atlantic |date = July 16, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the November 25, 2013, issue of ''[[New York (magazine)|New York]]'' magazine, Katherine Ward stated &quot;Wikipedia, the sixth-most-used website, is facing an internal crisis&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Ward, Katherine. ''New York'' Magazine, issue of November 25, 2013, p. 18.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Milestones ===
[[File:European Wikipedias article count 2019 map.svg|thumb|[[Cartogram]] showing number of articles in each European language as of January 2019. One square represents 10,000 articles. Languages with fewer than 10,000 articles are represented by one square. Languages are grouped by language family and each language family is presented by a separate color.]]
In January 2007, Wikipedia entered for the first time the top-ten [[list of most popular websites|list of the most popular websites]] in the US, according to [[comscore]] Networks. With 42.9&amp;nbsp;million unique visitors, Wikipedia was ranked number 9, surpassing ''[[The New York Times]]'' (#10) and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]] (#11). This marked a significant increase over January 2006, when the rank was number 33, with Wikipedia receiving around 18.3&amp;nbsp;million unique visitors.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite magazine |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/129135/wikipedia_breaks_into_us_top_10_sites.html |title = Wikipedia Breaks Into US Top 10 Sites |magazine = PCWorld |date = February 17, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{as of|2020|March}}, Wikipedia has rank 13&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa siteinfo&quot; /&gt; among websites in terms of popularity according to [[Alexa Internet]]. In 2014, it received eight billion page views every month.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://stats.wikimedia.org/wikimedia/squids/SquidReportPageViewsPerCountryOverview.htm |title = Wikimedia Traffic Analysis Report&amp;nbsp;– Wikipedia Page Views Per Country |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = March 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; On February 9, 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Wikipedia has 18&amp;nbsp;billion [[pageview|page view]]s and nearly 500&amp;nbsp;million [[unique user#Unique visitor|unique visitor]]s a month, &quot;according to the ratings firm comScore&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/10/technology/wikipedia-vs-the-small-screen.html?_r=0 |title = Wikipedia vs. the Small Screen |work = The New York Times |date = February 9, 2014 |last = Cohen |first = Noam}}&lt;/ref&gt; Loveland and Reagle argue that, in process, Wikipedia follows a long tradition of historical encyclopedias that accumulated improvements piecemeal through &quot;[[stigmergy|stigmergic]] accumulation&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sagepub WP and encyclopedic production 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|first1=Jeff|last1=Loveland|first2=Joseph|last2=Reagle|date=January 15, 2013|title=Wikipedia and encyclopedic production|journal=New Media &amp; Society|volume=15|issue=8|page=1294|doi=10.1177/1461444812470428|s2cid=27886998}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic WP actually a reversion 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2013/01/what-if-the-great-wikipedia-revolution-was-actually-a-reversion/272697|title=What If the Great Wikipedia 'Revolution' Was Actually a Reversion? • The Atlantic|first=Rebecca J.|last=Rosen|date=January 30, 2013|access-date=February 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{anchor|BlackoutProtest}}
[[File:History Wikipedia English SOPA 2012 Blackout2.jpg|thumb|right|Wikipedia blackout protest against [[Stop Online Piracy Act|SOPA]] on January 18, 2012]]
On January 18, 2012, the English Wikipedia participated in a series of coordinated protests against two proposed laws in the [[United States Congress]]—the [[Stop Online Piracy Act]] (SOPA) and the [[PROTECT IP Act]] (PIPA)—by [[protest against SOPA and PIPA|blacking out its pages for 24 hours]].&lt;ref name=&quot;LA Times Jan 19&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/technology/2012/01/wikipedia-sopa-blackout-congressional-representatives.html |title = Wikipedia: SOPA protest led eight million to look up reps in Congress |first = Deborah |last = Netburn |work = Los Angeles Times |date = January 19, 2012 |access-date = March 6, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; More than 162&amp;nbsp;million people viewed the blackout explanation page that temporarily replaced Wikipedia content.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC WP blackout protest 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia joins blackout protest at US anti-piracy moves |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-16590585 |work = BBC News |date = January 18, 2012 |access-date = January 19, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |title = SOPA/Blackoutpage |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = January 19, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180622185443/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/SOPA/Blackoutpage |archive-date = June 22, 2018 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On January 20, 2014, Subodh Varma reporting for ''[[The Economic Times]]'' indicated that not only had Wikipedia's growth stalled, it &quot;had lost nearly ten percent of its page views last year. There was a decline of about two billion between December 2012 and December 2013. Its most popular versions are leading the slide: page-views of the English Wikipedia declined by twelve percent, those of German version slid by 17 percent and the Japanese version lost nine percent.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Subodh |last = Varma |title = Google eating into Wikipedia page views? |date = January 20, 2014 |url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/29094246.cms |work = The Economic Times |access-date = February 10, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Varma added that &quot;While Wikipedia's managers think that this could be due to errors in counting, other experts feel that Google's [[Knowledge Graph]]s project launched last year may be gobbling up Wikipedia users.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot; /&gt; When contacted on this matter, [[Clay Shirky]], associate professor at New York University and fellow at Harvard's [[Berkman Klein Center for Internet &amp; Society]] indicated that he suspected much of the page view decline was due to Knowledge Graphs, stating, &quot;If you can get your question answered from the search page, you don't need to click [any further].&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;economictimes.indiatimes.com&quot; /&gt; By the end of December 2016, Wikipedia was ranked fifth in the most popular websites globally.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.alexa.com/topsites |title = Alexa Top 500 Global Sites |website = [[Alexa Internet]] |access-date = December 28, 2016 |archive-date = March 2, 2015 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150302173920/http://www.alexa.com/topsites |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In January 2013, [[274301 Wikipedia]], an [[asteroid]], was named after Wikipedia; in October 2014, Wikipedia was honored with the ''[[Wikipedia Monument]]''; and, in July 2015, 106 of the 7,473 700-page volumes of Wikipedia became available as [[Print Wikipedia]]. In April 2019, an Israeli [[lunar lander]], [[Beresheet]], crash landed on the surface of the [[Moon]] carrying a copy of nearly all of the English Wikipedia engraved on thin nickel plates; experts say the plates likely survived the crash.&lt;ref name=&quot;WRD-20190805&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Oberhaus |first=Daniel |title=A Crashed Israeli Lunar Lander Spilled Tardigrades On The Moon |url=https://www.wired.com/story/a-crashed-israeli-lunar-lander-spilled-tardigrades-on-the-moon/ |date=August 5, 2019 |work=[[wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=August 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VOX-20190806&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Resnick |first=Brian |title=Tardigrades, the toughest animals on Earth, have crash-landed on the moon&amp;nbsp;– The tardigrade conquest of the solar system has begun. |url=https://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2019/8/6/20756844/tardigrade-moon-beresheet-arch-mission |date=August 6, 2019|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]] |access-date=August 6, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2019, scientists reported that all 16&amp;nbsp;GB of article text from the English Wikipedia have been encoded into [[synthetic genomics|synthetic DNA]].&lt;ref name=&quot;CNET-20190629&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Shankland |first=Stephen |title=Startup packs all 16GB of Wikipedia onto DNA strands to demonstrate new storage tech&amp;nbsp;– Biological molecules will last a lot longer than the latest computer storage technology, Catalog believes. |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/startup-packs-all-16gb-wikipedia-onto-dna-strands-demonstrate-new-storage-tech/ |date=June 29, 2019 |work=[[CNET]] |access-date=August 7, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}}}

== Openness ==
{{Wikipedia article graph|caption=Number of English Wikipedia articles}}
{{Wikipedia editor graph}}
[[File:History Comparison Example (Vector).png|thumb|Differences between versions of an article are highlighted]]
Unlike traditional encyclopedias, Wikipedia follows the [[procrastination]] principle&lt;ref group=note&gt;The procrastination principle dictates that you should wait for problems to arise before solving them.&lt;/ref&gt; regarding the security of its content.&lt;ref name=zittrain&gt;{{cite book |last = Zittrain |first = Jonathan |title = The Future of the Internet and How to Stop It&amp;nbsp;– Chapter 6: The Lessons of Wikipedia |author-link = Jonathan Zittrain |publisher = Yale University Press |year = 2008 |url = https://archive.org/details/futureofinternet00zitt |isbn = 978-0-300-12487-3 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It started almost entirely open—anyone could create articles, and any Wikipedia article could be edited by any reader, even those who did not have a Wikipedia account. Modifications to all articles would be published immediately. As a result, any article could contain inaccuracies such as errors, [[ideological bias on Wikipedia|ideological bias]]es, and nonsensical or irrelevant text.

=== Restrictions ===
Due to the increasing popularity of Wikipedia, some editions, including the English version, have introduced editing restrictions for certain cases. For instance, on the English Wikipedia and some other language editions, only registered users may create a new article.&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Tutorial/Registration|Registration notes}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the English Wikipedia, among others, particularly controversial, sensitive or vandalism-prone pages have been protected to varying degrees.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP protection policy 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Protection policy|Protection Policy}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Hafner |first1 = Katie |title = Growing Wikipedia Refines Its 'Anyone Can Edit' Policy |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/17/technology/17wiki.html |access-date = December 5, 2016 |work = The New York Times |date = June 17, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; A frequently vandalized article can be [[Help:Semi-protection|semi-protected]] or [[WP:ECP|extended confirmed protected]], meaning that only [[Wikipedia:Autoconfirmed|autoconfirmed]] or [[WP:XCON|extended confirmed]] editors are able to modify it.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia:Protection policy|English Wikipedia's protection policy]]&lt;/ref&gt; A particularly contentious article may be locked so that only [[Wikipedia administrators|administrators]] are able to make changes.&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Full protection|English Wikipedia's full protection policy}}&lt;/ref&gt; A 2021 article in the ''[[Columbia Journalism Review]]'' identified Wikipedia's page protection policies as &quot;[p]erhaps the most important&quot; means at Wikipedia's disposal to &quot;regulate its market of ideas&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|last1=Harrison|first1=Stephen|last2=Benjakob|first2=Omer|title=Wikipedia is twenty. It's time to start covering it better.|date=2021-01-14|url=https://www.cjr.org/opinion/wikipedia-is-twenty-its-time-to-start-covering-it-better.php|access-date=2021-01-15|website=[[Columbia Journalism Review]]|location=New York, USA|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In certain cases, all editors are allowed to submit modifications, but review is required for some editors, depending on certain conditions. For example, the [[German Wikipedia]] maintains &quot;stable versions&quot; of articles,&lt;ref name=&quot;WP some sites stable versions 1&quot;&gt;{{cite mailing list |first = P. |last = Birken |url = https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikide-l/2008-December/021594.html |title = Bericht Gesichtete Versionen |mailing-list = Wikide-l |date = December 14, 2008 |language = de |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = February 15, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; which have passed certain reviews. Following protracted trials and community discussion, the English Wikipedia introduced the &quot;pending changes&quot; system in December 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;BInsider pending changes intro 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/pending-changes-safeguard-on-wikipedia-2012-12 |title = Wikipedia Has Figured Out A New Way To Stop Vandals In Their Tracks |work = Business Insider |first = William |last = Henderson |date = December 10, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Under this system, new and unregistered users' edits to certain controversial or vandalism-prone articles are reviewed by established users before they are published.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last = Frewin |first = Jonathan |url = https://www.bbc.com/news/10312095 |title = Wikipedia unlocks divisive pages for editing |journal = BBC News |date = June 15, 2010 |access-date = August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Wikipedia editing interface.png|thumb|left|The editing interface of Wikipedia]]

=== Review of changes ===
Although changes are not systematically reviewed, the software that powers Wikipedia provides tools allowing anyone to review changes made by others. The &quot;History&quot; page of each article links to each revision.&lt;ref group=note&gt;Revisions with libelous content, criminal threats, or copyright infringements [[WP:Suppression|may be removed completely]].&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Torsten_Kleinz&quot; /&gt; On most articles, anyone can undo others' changes by clicking a link on the article's history page. Anyone can view the [[Help:Recent changes|latest changes]] to articles, and anyone may maintain a [[wiki#Controlling changes|&quot;watchlist&quot;]] of articles that interest them so they can be notified of any changes. &quot;New pages patrol&quot; is a process whereby newly created articles are checked for obvious problems.&lt;ref&gt;[[Wikipedia:New pages patrol]]&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2003, economics Ph.D. student Andrea Ciffolilli argued that the low [[transaction cost]]s of participating in a [[wiki]] create a catalyst for collaborative development, and that features such as allowing easy access to past versions of a page favor &quot;creative construction&quot; over &quot;creative destruction&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;FMonday collaborative effort 1&quot;&gt;Andrea Ciffolilli, [http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028 &quot;Phantom authority, self-selective recruitment, and retention of members in virtual communities: The case of Wikipedia&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206104747/http://firstmonday.org/article/view/1108/1028 |date=December 6, 2016}}, ''[[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]]'' December 2003.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Vandalism ===
{{main|Vandalism on Wikipedia}}
Any change or edit that manipulates content in a way that purposefully compromises the integrity of Wikipedia is considered vandalism. The most common and obvious types of vandalism include additions of obscenities and crude humor. Vandalism can also include advertising and other types of spam.&lt;ref name=&quot;upenn link spamming 1&quot;&gt;{{cite conference |last1 = West |first1 = Andrew G. |last2 = Chang |first2 = Jian |last3 = Venkatasubramanian |first3 = Krishna |last4 = Sokolsky |first4 = Oleg |last5 = Lee |first5 = Insup |title = Link Spamming Wikipedia for Profit |conference = 8th Annual Collaboration, Electronic Messaging, Anti-Abuse, and Spam Conference |pages = 152–161 |date = 2011 |url = http://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1508&amp;context=cis_papers |doi = 10.1145/2030376.2030394}}&lt;/ref&gt; Sometimes editors commit vandalism by removing content or entirely blanking a given page. Less common types of vandalism, such as the deliberate addition of plausible but false information to an article can be more difficult to detect. Vandals can introduce irrelevant formatting, modify page semantics such as the page's title or categorization, manipulate the underlying code of an article, or use images disruptively.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP vandalism manipulation 1&quot; /&gt;

[[File:John Seigenthaler Sr. speaking.jpg|thumb|alt=White-haired elderly gentleman in suit and tie speaks at a podium.|American journalist [[John Seigenthaler]] (1927–2014), subject of the [[Seigenthaler incident]].]]
Obvious vandalism is generally easy to remove from Wikipedia articles; the median time to detect and fix vandalism is a few minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;MIT_IBM_study&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue&quot; /&gt; However, some vandalism takes much longer to repair.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seigenthaler&quot; /&gt;

In the [[Seigenthaler biography incident]], an anonymous editor introduced false information into the biography of American political figure [[John Seigenthaler]] in May 2005. Seigenthaler was falsely presented as a suspect in the [[assassination of John F. Kennedy]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Seigenthaler&quot; /&gt; The article remained uncorrected for four months.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seigenthaler&quot; /&gt; Seigenthaler, the founding editorial director of ''[[USA Today]]'' and founder of the [[Freedom Forum]] [[First Amendment Center]] at [[Vanderbilt University]], called Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales and asked whether he had any way of knowing who contributed the misinformation. Wales replied that he did not, although the perpetrator was eventually traced.&lt;ref name=&quot;book The World is Flat 1&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last = Friedman |first = Thomas L. |title = The World is Flat |year = 2007 |publisher = [[Farrar, Straus &amp; Giroux]] |isbn = 978-0-374-29278-2 |page = 124}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |title = Founder shares cautionary tale of libel in cyberspace |last = Buchanan |first = Brian |date = November 17, 2006 |publisher = archive.firstamendmentcenter.org |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140311/http://archive.firstamendmentcenter.org/news.aspx?id=17798 |archive-date = December 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |access-date = November 17, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; After the incident, Seigenthaler described Wikipedia as &quot;a flawed and irresponsible research tool&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Seigenthaler&quot; /&gt; This incident led to policy changes at Wikipedia, specifically targeted at tightening up the verifiability of {{srlink|Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons|biographical articles of living people}}.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last = Helm |first = Burt |title = Wikipedia: &quot;A Work in Progress&quot; |url = http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress |newspaper = [[BusinessWeek]] |date = December 13, 2005 |access-date = July 26, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120708062333/http://www.businessweek.com/stories/2005-12-13/wikipedia-a-work-in-progress |archive-date = July 8, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2010, Daniel Tosh encouraged viewers of his show, ''[[Tosh.0]]'', to visit the show's Wikipedia article and edit it at will. On a later episode, he commented on the edits to the article, most of them offensive, which had been made by the audience and had prompted the article to be locked from editing.&lt;ref name=&quot;tosh CC WP funny 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://tosh.comedycentral.com/blog/2010/02/03/your-wikipedia-entries |title = Your Wikipedia Entries |date = February 3, 2010 |website = Tosh.0 |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;tosh CC WP funny 2&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://tosh.comedycentral.com/video-clips/wikipedia-updates |title = Wikipedia Updates |date = February 3, 2010 |website = Tosh.0 |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Edit warring ===
Wikipedians often have disputes regarding content, which may result in repeatedly making opposite changes to an article, known as [[Wikipedia:EW|&quot;edit warring&quot;]].&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Dispute Resolution|Dispute Resolution}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NBC WP editorial warzone 12&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=June 21, 2012 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20140822010030/http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793 |title=Wikipedia is editorial warzone, says study |department=Technology |work=[[NBC News]] |url=http://sys03-public.nbcnews.com/technology/wikipedia-editorial-warzone-says-study-838793 |archive-date=August 22, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The process is widely seen as a resource-consuming scenario where no useful knowledge is added.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Kalyanasundaram |first1=Arun |last2=Wei |first2=Wei |last3=Carley |first3=Kathleen M. |last4=Herbsleb |first4=James D. |date=December 2015 |title=An agent-based model of edit wars in Wikipedia: How and when is consensus reached |journal=2015 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC) |location=Huntington Beach, CA, USA |publisher=IEEE |pages=276–287 |doi=10.1109/WSC.2015.7408171 |isbn=9781467397438|s2cid=9353425 }}&lt;/ref&gt; This practice is also criticized as creating a competitive,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Suh |first1=Bongwon |last2=Convertino |first2=Gregorio |last3=Chi |first3=Ed H. |last4=Pirolli |first4=Peter |date=2009 |title=The singularity is not near: slowing growth of Wikipedia |url=http://portal.acm.org/citation.cfm?doid=1641309.1641322 |journal=Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Wikis and Open Collaboration&amp;nbsp;– WikiSym '09 |location=Orlando, Florida |publisher=ACM Press |page=1 |doi=10.1145/1641309.1641322 |isbn=9781605587301|doi-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; conflict based&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://hbr.org/2016/06/why-do-so-few-women-edit-wikipedia |title=Why Do So Few Women Edit Wikipedia? |last=Torres |first=Nicole |date=June 2, 2016 |work=Harvard Business Review |access-date=August 20, 2019 |issn=0017-8012}}&lt;/ref&gt; editing culture associated with traditional masculine [[gender role]]s,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1=Bear |first1=Julia B. |last2=Collier |first2=Benjamin |date=March 2016 |title=Where are the Women in Wikipedia? Understanding the Different Psychological Experiences of Men and Women in Wikipedia |journal=Sex Roles |volume=74 |issue=5–6 |pages=254–265 |doi=10.1007/s11199-015-0573-y |s2cid=146452625 |issn=0360-0025}}&lt;/ref&gt; which contributes to the [[gender bias on Wikipedia]].

Special interest groups have engaged in edit wars to advance their own political interests.

== &lt;span id=&quot;Rules_and_laws_governing_content&quot;&gt;Policies and laws&lt;/span&gt;{{anchor|Rules and laws governing content and editor behavior}} ==
{{anchor|Censorship}}
{{selfref|&quot;Wikipedia policy&quot; redirects here, for an introduction see [[Wikipedia:Policies and guidelines]] for a list see [[Wikipedia:List of policies]]}}
{{External media | width = 220px | float = right |headerimage = [[File:Jimbo at Fosdem cropped.jpg|210px]] | video1 =
[https://www.cbsnews.com/news/wikipedia-jimmy-wales-morley-safer-60-minutes/ Wikimania], ''[[60 Minutes]]'', [[CBS]], 20 minutes, April 5, 2015, co-founder Jimmy Wales at [[Fosdem]] | access-date = April 5, 2015}}

Content in Wikipedia is subject to the laws (in particular, [[copyright]] laws) of the United States and of the US state of [[Virginia]], where the majority of Wikipedia's servers are located. Beyond legal matters, the editorial principles of Wikipedia are embodied in the {{srlink|WP:Five pillars|&quot;five pillars&quot;}} and in numerous {{srlink|Wikipedia:List of policies and guidelines|policies and guidelines}} intended to appropriately shape content. Even these rules are stored in wiki form, and Wikipedia editors write and revise the website's policies and guidelines.&lt;ref name=&quot;pcworld who's behind WP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id;1866322157;fp;2;fpid;2 |title = Who's behind Wikipedia? |website = PC World |date = February 6, 2008 |access-date = February 7, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080209110303/http://www.pcworld.idg.com.au/index.php/id%3B1866322157%3Bfp%3B2%3Bfpid%3B2 |archive-date = February 9, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Editors can {{srlink|Wikipedia:Enforcement|enforce these rules}} by deleting or modifying non-compliant material. Originally, rules on the non-English editions of Wikipedia were based on a translation of the rules for the English Wikipedia. They have since diverged to some extent.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP some sites stable versions 1&quot; /&gt;

=== Content policies and guidelines{{anchor|Content policies}} ===
According to the rules on the English Wikipedia, each entry in Wikipedia must be about a topic that is [[wikt:encyclopedic|encyclopedic]] and is not a dictionary entry or dictionary-style.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP content policy 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not|What Wikipedia is not}}. Retrieved April 1, 2010. &quot;Wikipedia is not a dictionary, usage, or jargon guide.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; A topic should also meet [[notability in the English Wikipedia|Wikipedia's standards of &quot;notability&quot;]],&lt;ref name=&quot;WP notability guide 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Notability|Notability}}. Retrieved February 13, 2008. &quot;A topic is presumed to be notable if it has received significant coverage in reliable secondary sources that are independent of the subject.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; which generally means that the topic must have been covered in mainstream media or major academic journal sources that are independent of the article's subject. Further, Wikipedia intends to convey only knowledge that is already established and recognized.&lt;ref name=&quot;NOR&quot; /&gt; [[WP:No original research|It must not present original research]]. A claim that is likely to be challenged requires a reference to a [[WP:Identifying reliable sources|reliable source]]. Among Wikipedia editors, this is often phrased as &quot;verifiability, not truth&quot; to express the idea that the readers, not the encyclopedia, are ultimately responsible for checking the truthfulness of the articles and making their own interpretations.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP Verifiability policy 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Verifiability|Verifiability}}. February 13, 2008. &quot;Material challenged or likely to be challenged, and all quotations must be attributed to a reliable, published source.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; This can at times lead to the removal of information that, though valid, is not properly sourced.&lt;ref name=&quot;IHT WP valid info wrong removable 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Noam |title = For inclusive mission, Wikipedia is told that written word goes only so far |newspaper = [[International Herald Tribune]] |page = 18 |date = August 9, 2011}} {{subscription required}}&lt;/ref&gt; Finally, Wikipedia must not take sides.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated2&quot; /&gt; All opinions and viewpoints, if attributable to external sources, must enjoy an appropriate share of coverage within an article. This is known as a neutral point of view (NPOV).

== Governance ==
{{further|Wikipedia:Administration}}
Wikipedia's initial [[anarchy]] integrated [[democracy|democratic]] and hierarchical elements over time.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1 = Sanger |first1 = Larry |title = The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |url = http://features.slashdot.org/story/05/04/18/164213/the-early-history-of-nupedia-and-wikipedia-a-memoir |website = Slashdot |publisher = Dice |date = April 18, 2005}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Kostakis |first1 = Vasilis |title = Identifying and understanding the problems of Wikipedia's peer governance: The case of inclusionists versus deletionists |issue = 3 |url = http://firstmonday.org/ojs/index.php/fm/article/view/2613/2479 |journal = First Monday |volume = 15 |date = March 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; An article is not considered to be owned by its creator or any other editor, nor by the subject of the article.&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Ownership of articles|Ownership of articles}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Administrators ===
[[Wikipedia:Wikipedians|Editors]] in good standing in the community can run for one of many levels of volunteer stewardship: this begins with &quot;[[administrators (Wikipedia)|administrator]]&quot;,&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Administrators}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;David_Mehegan&quot;/&gt; privileged users who can delete pages, prevent articles from being changed in case of vandalism or editorial disputes (setting protective measures on articles), and try to prevent certain people from editing. Despite the name, administrators are not supposed to enjoy any special privilege in decision-making; instead, their powers are mostly limited to making edits that have project-wide effects and thus are disallowed to ordinary editors, and to implement restrictions intended to prevent certain persons from making disruptive edits (such as vandalism).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Administrators#Administrator_conduct |title = Wikipedia:Administrators |access-date = July 12, 2009 |date = October 3, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect |title = Wikipedia:RfA_Review/Reflect |access-date = September 24, 2009 |date = January 22, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Fewer editors become administrators than in years past, in part because the process of vetting potential Wikipedia administrators has become more rigorous.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2012/07/3-charts-that-show-how-wikipedia-is-running-out-of-admins/259829 |title = 3 Charts That Show How Wikipedia Is Running Out of Admins |last = Meyer |first = Robinson |website = [[The Atlantic]] |date = July 16, 2012 |access-date = September 2, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats|Bureaucrats]] name new administrators solely upon the recommendations from the community.

=== Dispute resolution ===
Over time, Wikipedia has developed a semi-formal dispute resolution process to assist in such circumstances. To determine community consensus, editors can raise issues at appropriate community forums,&lt;ref group=note&gt;See for example the [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons/Noticeboard|Biographies of Living Persons Noticeboard]] or [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/Noticeboard|Neutral Point of View Noticeboard]], created to address content falling under their respective areas.&lt;/ref&gt; or seek outside input through [[Wikipedia:Third opinion|third opinion requests]] or by initiating a more general community discussion known as a [[WP:RfC|&quot;request for comment&quot;]].

==== Arbitration Committee ====
{{main|Arbitration Committee}}
The Arbitration Committee presides over the ultimate dispute resolution process. Although disputes usually arise from a disagreement between two opposing views on how an article should read, the Arbitration Committee explicitly refuses to directly rule on the specific view that should be adopted. Statistical analyses suggest that the committee ignores the content of disputes and rather focuses on the way disputes are conducted,&lt;ref name=&quot;emory disputes handled 1&quot; /&gt; functioning not so much to resolve disputes and make peace between conflicting editors, but to weed out problematic editors while allowing potentially productive editors back in to participate. Therefore, the committee does not dictate the&lt;!-- The committee may (directly) rule that a content change is inappropriate, but may NOT (directly) rule that certain content is inappropriate. --&gt; content of articles, although it sometimes condemns content changes when it deems the new content violates Wikipedia policies (for example, if the new content is considered [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|biased]]). Its remedies&lt;!-- Although caution is no remedy, this is the language used in the reference. This could be quoted or changed. --&gt; include cautions and [[WP:Probation|probations]] (used in 63% of cases) and [[WP:BAN|banning editors from articles]] (43%), subject matters (23%), or Wikipedia (16%). Complete bans from Wikipedia are generally limited to instances of impersonation and [[anti-social behavior]]. When conduct is not impersonation or anti-social, but rather anti-consensus&lt;!-- This needs to be clarified. Anti-consensus behavior appears to be defined mostly as &quot;edit warring&quot;. --&gt; or in violation of editing policies, remedies tend to be limited to warnings.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title = Wikitruth through Wikiorder |ssrn = 1354424 |journal = [[Emory Law Journal]] |volume = 59 |issue = 1 |year = 2009 |pages = 151–210 |first = David A. |last = Hoffman |first2 = Salil K.|last2 = Mehra}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Community ==
{{main|Wikipedia community}}
[[File:Wikimania - the Wikimentary.webm|thumb|Video of [[Wikimania#2005|Wikimania 2005]]—an annual conference for users of Wikipedia and other projects operated by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], was held in [[Frankfurt am Main]], Germany, August 4–8.]]
Each article and each user of Wikipedia has an associated &quot;Talk&quot; page. These form the primary communication channel for editors to discuss, coordinate and debate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/wikipedia_coordination_final.pdf |first = Fernanda B. |last = Viégas |first2 = Martin M. |last2 = Wattenberg |first3 = Jesse |last3 = Kriss |first4 = Frank |last4 = van Ham |title = Talk Before You Type: Coordination in Wikipedia |publisher = Visual Communication Lab, [[IBM Research]] |date = January 3, 2007 |access-date = June 27, 2008 |author2-link = Martin M. Wattenberg |author-link = Fernanda B. Viégas}}&lt;/ref&gt;
[[File:Editing Hoxne Hoard at the British Museum.ogv|thumb|right|Wikipedians and [[British Museum]] curators collaborate on the article [[Hoxne Hoard]] in June 2010]]

Wikipedia's community has been described as [[cult]]like,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2005/dec/15/wikipedia.web20 |title = Log on and join in, but beware the web cults |first = Charles |last = Arthur |date = December 15, 2005 |work = [[The Guardian]] |location = London |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; although not always with entirely negative connotations.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/internet/08/03/wikipedia/index.html |title = Wikipedia: The know-it-all Web site |first = Kristie |last = Lu Stout |publisher = CNN |date = August 4, 2003 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The project's preference for cohesiveness, even if it requires compromise that includes disregard of [[credential]]s, has been referred to as &quot;[[anti-elitism]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism |url = http://www.kuro5hin.org/story/2004/12/30/142458/25 |website = [[Kuro5hin]], Op–Ed |first = Larry |last = Sanger |date = December 31, 2004 |quote = There is a certain mindset associated with unmoderated Usenet groups [...] that infects the collectively-managed Wikipedia project: if you react strongly to trolling, that reflects poorly on you, not (necessarily) on the troll. If you [...] demand that something be done about constant disruption by trollish behavior, the other listmembers will cry &quot;censorship&quot;, attack you, and even come to the defense of the troll. [...] The root problem: anti-elitism, or lack of respect for expertise. There is a deeper problem [...] which explains both of the above-elaborated problems. Namely, as a community, Wikipedia lacks the habit or tradition of respect for expertise. As a community, far from being elitist, it is anti-elitist (which, in this context, means that expertise is not accorded any special respect, and snubs and disrespect of expertise are tolerated). This is one of my failures: a policy that I attempted to institute in Wikipedia's first year, but for which I did not muster adequate support, was the policy of respecting and deferring politely to experts. (Those who were there will, I hope, remember that I tried very hard.) |author-link = Larry Sanger}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedians sometimes award one another [[Wikipedia:Barnstars|virtual barnstar]]s for good work. These personalized tokens of appreciation reveal a wide range of valued work extending far beyond simple editing to include social support, administrative actions, and types of articulation work.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title = Articulations of wikiwork: uncovering valued work in Wikipedia through barnstars | first1 = Travis Kriplean | last1 = Kriplean | first2 = Ivan | last2 = Beschastnikh |last3 = McDonald |first3 = David W. |name-list-style = vanc |publisher = Proceedings of the ACM |year = 2008 |doi = 10.1145/1460563.1460573 |page = 47 |isbn = 978-1-60558-007-4 |chapter = Articulations of wikiwork| s2cid = 7164949 }} {{subscription required|s}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- This is already covered in &quot;Wikipedia community&quot; and might be superfluous here. --&gt;

Wikipedia does not require that its editors and contributors provide identification.&lt;ref name=&quot;user identification&quot; /&gt; As Wikipedia grew, &quot;Who writes Wikipedia?&quot; became one of the questions frequently asked on the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |chapter= Power of the Few vs. Wisdom of the Crowd: Wikipedia and the Rise of the Bourgeoisie |title=CHI '07: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems |publisher = Viktoria Institute |first = Aniket |last = Kittur |year = 2007 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.212.8218}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimmy Wales once argued that only &quot;a community&amp;nbsp;... a dedicated group of a few hundred volunteers&quot; makes the bulk of contributions to Wikipedia and that the project is therefore &quot;much like any traditional organization&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blodget&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/2009/1/who-the-hell-writes-wikipedia-anyway |title = Who The Hell Writes Wikipedia, Anyway? |first = Henry |last = Blodget |work = Business Insider |date = January 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2008, a ''Slate'' magazine article reported that: &quot;According to researchers in Palo Alto, one percent of Wikipedia users are responsible for about half of the site's edits.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.slate.com/id/2184487 |title = The Wisdom of the Chaperones |date = February 22, 2008 |first = Chris |last = Wilson |work = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |access-date = August 13, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; This method of evaluating contributions was later disputed by [[Aaron Swartz]], who noted that several articles he sampled had large portions of their content (measured by number of characters) contributed by users with low edit counts.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |title = Raw Thought: Who Writes Wikipedia? |first = Aaron |last = Swartz |date = September 4, 2006 |access-date = February 23, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140803134036/http://www.aaronsw.com/weblog/whowriteswikipedia |archive-date = August 3, 2014 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;!-- Obsolete chart image needs to be updated as current definition of active users is over 125,000 [[File:ActiveWikipedians.PNG|thumb|356x356px|Historical chart of the number of Wikipedians considered as active by the Wikimedia Foundation]] --&gt;
{{anchor|Decline in participation since 2007}}

The English Wikipedia has {{srlink|Special:Statistics|{{NUMBEROFARTICLES}}}} articles, {{srlink|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFUSERS}}}} registered editors, and {{srlink|Special:ActiveUsers|{{NUMBEROFACTIVEUSERS}}}} active editors. An editor is considered active if they have made one or more edits in the past 30 days.

Editors who fail to comply with Wikipedia cultural rituals, such as [[WP:SIG|signing talk page comments]], may implicitly signal that they are Wikipedia outsiders, increasing the odds that Wikipedia insiders may target or discount their contributions. Becoming a Wikipedia insider involves non-trivial costs: the contributor is expected to learn Wikipedia-specific technological codes, submit to a sometimes convoluted dispute resolution process, and learn a &quot;baffling culture rich with in-jokes and insider references&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;labor squeeze on WP 1&quot; /&gt; Editors who do not log in are in some sense second-class citizens on Wikipedia,&lt;ref name=&quot;labor squeeze on WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title = Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |journal = Journal on Telecommunications and High Technology Law |author = Goldman, Eric |volume = 8}}&lt;/ref&gt; as &quot;participants are accredited by members of the wiki community, who have a vested interest in preserving the quality of the work product, on the basis of their ongoing participation&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;legal edu and WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title = Wikipedia and the Future of Legal Education |author = Noveck, Beth Simone |journal = Journal of Legal Education |volume = 57}}&lt;/ref&gt; but the contribution histories of anonymous unregistered editors recognized only by their [[IP address]]es cannot be attributed to a particular editor with certainty.

=== Studies ===
A 2007 study by researchers from [[Dartmouth College]] found that &quot;anonymous and infrequent contributors to Wikipedia [...] are as reliable a source of knowledge as those contributors who register with the site&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;sciam good samaritans 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.sciam.com/article.cfm?id=good-samaritans-are-on-the-money |title = Wikipedia &quot;Good Samaritans&quot; Are on the Money |work = Scientific American |date = October 19, 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; Jimmy Wales stated in 2009 that &quot;[I]t turns out over 50% of all the edits are done by just .7% of the users{{nbsp}}... 524 people{{nbsp}}... And in fact, the most active 2%, which is 1400 people, have done 73.4% of all the edits.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;blodget&quot; /&gt; However, ''[[Business Insider]]'' editor and journalist [[Henry Blodget]] showed in 2009 that in a random sample of articles, most content in Wikipedia (measured by the amount of contributed text that survives to the latest sampled edit) is created by &quot;outsiders&quot;, while most editing and formatting is done by &quot;insiders&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;blodget&quot; /&gt;

A 2008 study found that Wikipedians were less agreeable, open, and conscientious than others,&lt;ref name=&quot;liebertonline view on WP users 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal | last1 = Amichai-Hamburger | first1 = Yair | last2 = Lamdan | first2 = Naama | last3 = Madiel | first3 = Rinat | last4 = Hayat | first4 = Tsahi | year = 2008| title = Personality Characteristics of Wikipedia Members | journal = CyberPsychology &amp; Behavior | volume = 11 | issue = 6| pages = 679–681 | doi = 10.1089/cpb.2007.0225 | pmid = 18954273 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;newscientist view on WP users 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20126883.900-wikipedians-are-closed-and-disagreeable.html |title = Wikipedians are 'closed' and 'disagreeable' |website = New Scientist |access-date = July 13, 2010}} {{subscription required|s}}&lt;/ref&gt; although a later commentary pointed out serious flaws, including that the data showed higher openness and that the differences with the control group and the samples were small.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/unique-everybody-else/201303/the-misunderstood-personality-profile-wikipedia-members |title = The Misunderstood Personality Profile of Wikipedia Members |website = psychologytoday.com |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to a 2009 study, there is &quot;evidence of growing resistance from the Wikipedia community to new content&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;newscientist WP boom to bust 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last = Giles |first = Jim |title = After the boom, is Wikipedia heading for bust? |url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn17554-after-the-boom-is-wikipedia-heading-for-bust.html |website = New Scientist |date = August 4, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Diversity ===
Several studies have shown that most of the Wikipedia contributors are male. Notably, the results of a Wikimedia Foundation survey in 2008 showed that only 13 percent of Wikipedia editors were female.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Noam |title = Define Gender Gap? Look Up Wikipedia's Contributor List |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/01/31/business/media/31link.html?_r=0 |work = The New York Times |access-date = October 28, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of this, universities throughout the United States tried to encourage females to become Wikipedia contributors. Similarly, many of these universities, including [[Yale University|Yale]] and [[Brown University|Brown]], gave college credit to students who create or edit an article relating to women in science or technology.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/toronto/ocad-to-storm-wikipedia-this-fall-1.1412807 |title = OCAD to 'Storm Wikipedia' this fall |work = CBC News |date = August 27, 2013 |access-date = August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Andrew Lih]], a professor and scientist, wrote in ''[[The New York Times]]'' that the reason he thought the number of male contributors outnumbered the number of females so greatly was because identifying as a woman may expose oneself to &quot;ugly, intimidating behavior&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Dimitra Kessenides (December 26, 2017). [[Bloomberg News]] Weekly, &quot;Is Wikipedia 'Woke'&quot;. p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt; Data has shown that [[Africa]]ns are underrepresented among Wikipedia editors.&lt;ref name=&quot;memeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://memeburn.com/2018/06/wikipedia-wikimania-africa-numbers/|title=The startling numbers behind Africa's Wikipedia knowledge gaps|date=June 21, 2018|website=memeburn.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Language editions ==
{{main|List of Wikipedias}}
[[File:Most popular edition of Wikipedia by country.svg|thumb|right|Most popular edition of Wikipedia by country in January 2021.]]
[[File:Wikipedia page views by language over time.png|thumb|Most viewed editions of Wikipedia over time.]]
[[File:Wikipedia editors by language over time.png|thumb|Most edited editions of Wikipedia over time.]]

There are currently {{NUMBEROF|languages|Wikipedia}} language editions of Wikipedia (also called ''language versions'', or simply ''Wikipedias''). As of {{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTYEAR}}, the six largest, in order of article count, are the {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|1}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|2}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|3}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|4}}, {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|5}}, and {{Wikipedia rank by size/WP|6}} Wikipedias.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP list of WPs by article 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_Wikipedias#All_Wikipedias_ordered_by_number_of_articles|title=Wikipedia:List of Wikipedias|publisher=English Wikipedia|access-date={{CURRENTMONTHNAME}} {{CURRENTDAY}}, {{CURRENTYEAR}}}}&lt;/ref&gt; The second and third largest Wikipedias owe their position to the article-creating [[Internet bot|bot]] [[Lsjbot]], which as of 2013 had created about half the articles in the [[Swedish Wikipedia]], and most of the articles in the [[Cebuano language|Cebuano]] and [[Waray Wikipedia]]s. The latter are both languages of the Philippines.

In addition to the top six, twelve other Wikipedias have more than a million articles each ([[Russian Wikipedia|Russian]], [[Italian Wikipedia|Italian]], [[Spanish Wikipedia|Spanish]], [[Polish Wikipedia|Polish]], [[Waray Wikipedia|Waray]], [[Vietnamese Wikipedia|Vietnamese]], [[Japanese Wikipedia|Japanese]], [[Egyptian Arabic Wikipedia|Egyptian Arabic]], [[Chinese Wikipedia|Chinese]], [[Arabic Wikipedia|Arabic]], [[Ukrainian Wikipedia|Ukrainian]] and [[Portuguese Wikipedia|Portuguese]]), seven more have over 500,000 articles ([[Persian Wikipedia|Persian]], [[Catalan Wikipedia|Catalan]], [[Serbian Wikipedia|Serbian]], [[Indonesian Wikipedia|Indonesian]], [[Norwegian Wikipedia|Norwegian (Bokmål)]], [[Korean Wikipedia|Korean]] and [[Finnish Wikipedia|Finnish]]), 44 more have over 100,000, and 82 more have over 10,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;ListOfWikipedias&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP list of WPs 1&quot;&gt;[[meta:List of Wikipedias|List of Wikipedias]]&lt;/ref&gt; The largest, the English Wikipedia, has over {{#expr: 0.1*floor({{NUMBEROFARTICLES:R}}/100000)}} million articles. {{As of|2021|01}}, the English Wikipedia receives 48% of Wikipedia's cumulative traffic, with the remaining split among the other languages. The top 10 editions represent approximately 85% of the total traffic.&lt;ref&gt;[https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Wikipedia_page_views_by_language_over_time.png File:Wikipedia page views by language over time.png], on Wikimedia Commons, based on Wikimedia's official API.&lt;/ref&gt;

{{Pie chart
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{{Largest Wikipedias/graph}}

[[File:TurkishWikipedia block pageviews february-may2017.png|thumb|right|A graph for pageviews of [[Turkish Wikipedia]] shows a large drop of roughly 80% immediately after the [[block of Wikipedia in Turkey]] was imposed in 2017.]]
Since Wikipedia is based on the [[World Wide Web|Web]] and therefore worldwide, contributors to the same language edition may use different dialects or may come from different countries (as is the case for the [[English Wikipedia|English edition]]). These differences may lead to some conflicts over [[American and British English spelling differences|spelling differences]] (e.g. ''colour'' versus ''[[color]]'')&lt;ref name=&quot;WP spelling MOS 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Spelling |title = Spelling |website = Manual of Style |publisher = Wikipedia |access-date = May 19, 2007 |date = September 26, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; or points of view.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP countering bias 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias |title = Countering systemic bias |access-date = May 19, 2007 |date = July 15, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Though the various language editions are held to global policies such as &quot;neutral point of view&quot;, they diverge on some points of policy and practice, most notably on whether images that are not [[free content|licensed freely]] may be used under a claim of [[fair use]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta fair use 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Fair_use |title = Fair use |publisher = Meta-Wiki |access-date = July 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta WP images 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Images_on_Wikipedia |title = Images on Wikipedia |access-date = July 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;IBM visual WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url = http://www.research.ibm.com/visual/papers/viegas_hicss_visual_wikipedia.pdf |first = Fernanda B. |last = Viégas |title = The Visual Side of Wikipedia |journal = Visual Communication Lab, IBM Research |date = January 3, 2007 |access-date = October 30, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Jimmy Wales has described Wikipedia as &quot;an effort to create and distribute a free encyclopedia of the highest possible quality to every single person on the planet in their own language&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP Wales free multi-lingual encyclopedia&quot;&gt;[[Jimmy Wales]], [[:mailarchive:wikipedia-l/2005-March/020469.html|&quot;Wikipedia is an encyclopedia&quot;]], March 8, 2005, &amp;lt;Wikipedia-l@wikimedia.org&amp;gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Though each language edition functions more or less independently, some efforts are made to supervise them all. They are coordinated in part by Meta-Wiki, the Wikimedia Foundation's wiki devoted to maintaining all its projects (Wikipedia and others).&lt;ref name=&quot;WP metawiki maintenance 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org |title = Meta-Wiki |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = March 24, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; For instance, Meta-Wiki provides important statistics on all language editions of Wikipedia,&lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta stats 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Statistics |title = Meta-Wiki Statistics |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = March 24, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; and it maintains a list of articles every Wikipedia should have.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP meta articles on all sites 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/List_of_articles_every_Wikipedia_should_have |title = List of articles every Wikipedia should have |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = March 24, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; The list concerns basic content by subject: biography, history, geography, society, culture, science, technology, and mathematics. It is not rare for articles strongly related to a particular language not to have counterparts in another edition. For example, articles about small towns in the United States might be available only in English, even when they meet the notability criteria of other language Wikipedia projects.

[[File:User - demography.svg|thumb|left|upright=2.27|Estimation of contributions shares from different regions in the world to different Wikipedia editions&lt;ref name=&quot;PLoS One 2012&quot; /&gt;]]
Translated articles represent only a small portion of articles in most editions, in part because those editions do not allow fully automated translation of articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP auto-translations rules 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Translation |title = Wikipedia: Translation |website = English Wikipedia |access-date = February 3, 2007 |date = September 27, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Articles available in more than one language may offer &quot;[[interwiki links]]&quot;, which link to the counterpart articles in other editions.

A study published by ''[[PLOS One]]'' in 2012 also estimated the share of contributions to different editions of Wikipedia from different regions of the world. It reported that the proportion of the edits made from [[North America]] was 51% for the [[English Wikipedia]], and 25% for the [[simple English Wikipedia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;PLoS One 2012&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Yasseri |first1 = Taha |last2 = Sumi |first2 = Robert |last3 = Kertész |first3 = János |author-link3 = János Kertész |title = Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |journal = [[PLOS One]] |date = January 17, 2012 |volume = 7 |issue = 1 |pages = e30091 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |pmid = 22272279 |pmc = 3260192 |arxiv = 1109.1746 |bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730091Y}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== English Wikipedia editor decline ===
[[File:Editors English Wikipedia History.png|thumb|Number of editors on the English Wikipedia over time.]]

On March 1, 2014, ''[[The Economist]]'', in an article titled &quot;The Future of Wikipedia&quot;, cited a trend analysis concerning data published by the Wikimedia Foundation stating that &quot;[t]he number of editors for the English-language version has fallen by a third in seven years.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.economist.com/news/international/21597959-popular-online-encyclopedia-must-work-out-what-next-wikipeaks |title = The future of Wikipedia: WikiPeaks? |work = The Economist |date = March 1, 2014 |access-date = March 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The attrition rate for active editors in English Wikipedia was cited by ''The Economist'' as substantially in contrast to statistics for Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia). ''The Economist'' reported that the number of contributors with an average of five or more edits per month was relatively constant since 2008 for Wikipedia in other languages at approximately 42,000 editors within narrow seasonal variances of about 2,000 editors up or down. The number of active editors in English Wikipedia, by sharp comparison, was cited as peaking in 2007 at approximately 50,000 and dropping to 30,000 by the start of 2014.

Should this attrition have continued unabated at the quoted trend rate of approximately 20,000 editors lost within seven years, by 2021 there would be only 10,000 active editors on English Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot; /&gt; In contrast, the trend analysis published in ''The Economist'' presents Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) as successful in retaining their active editors on a renewable and sustained basis, with their numbers remaining relatively constant at approximately 42,000.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist1&quot; /&gt; No comment was made concerning which of the differentiated edit policy standards from Wikipedia in other languages (non-English Wikipedia) would provide a possible alternative to English Wikipedia for effectively ameliorating substantial editor attrition rates on the English-language Wikipedia.&lt;ref&gt;Andrew Lih. ''Wikipedia''. Alternative edit policies at Wikipedia in other languages.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Reception ==
{{see also|Academic studies about Wikipedia|Criticism of Wikipedia}}
{{update section|date=March 2018}}
Various Wikipedians have [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|criticized Wikipedia's large and growing regulation]], which includes more than fifty policies and nearly 150,000 words {{as of|2014|lc=y}}.&lt;ref name=&quot;bureaucracy&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |url = http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/future_tense/2014/06/wikipedia_s_bureaucracy_problem_and_how_to_fix_it.html |title = The Unbearable Bureaucracy of Wikipedia |last = Jemielniak |first = Dariusz |magazine = [[Slate (magazine)|Slate]] |date = June 22, 2014 |access-date = August 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;D. Jemielniak, ''Common Knowledge'', Stanford University Press, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

Critics have stated that Wikipedia exhibits [[systemic bias]]. In 2010, columnist and journalist [[Edwin Black]] described Wikipedia as being a mixture of &quot;truth, half-truth, and some falsehoods&quot;.&lt;ref name=EdwinBlack&gt;[[Edwin Black|Black, Edwin]] (April 19, 2010) [http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437 Wikipedia&amp;nbsp;– The Dumbing Down of World Knowledge] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160909210831/http://historynewsnetwork.org/article/125437 |date=September 9, 2016}}, [[History News Network]] Retrieved October 21, 2014&lt;/ref&gt; Articles in ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' and ''[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]]'' have criticized Wikipedia's [[WP:Undue|Undue Weight]] policy, concluding that the fact that Wikipedia explicitly is not designed to provide correct information about a subject, but rather focus on all the major viewpoints on the subject, give less attention to minor ones, and creates omissions that can lead to false beliefs based on incomplete information.&lt;ref&gt;Messer-Kruse, Timothy (February 12, 2012) [http://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/ The 'Undue Weight' of Truth on Wikipedia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218162359/http://chronicle.com/article/The-Undue-Weight-of-Truth-on/130704/ |date=December 18, 2016}} ''[[The Chronicle of Higher Education]]'' Retrieved March 27, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Colón-Aguirre, Monica &amp; Fleming-May, Rachel A. (October 11, 2012) [http://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf &quot;You Just Type in What You Are Looking For&quot;: Undergraduates' Use of Library Resources vs. Wikipedia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160419031904/http://faculty.washington.edu/jwj/lis521/colon%20wikipedia.pdf |date=April 19, 2016}} (p. 392) ''[[The Journal of Academic Librarianship]]'' Retrieved March 27, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Bowling Green News (February 27, 2012) [http://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html Wikipedia experience sparks national debate] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827120800/http://www.bgsu.edu/news/2012/02/wikipedia-experience-sparks-national-debate.html |date=August 27, 2016}} [[Bowling Green State University]] Retrieved March 27, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

Journalists [[Oliver Kamm]] and [[Edwin Black]] alleged (in 2010 and 2011 respectively) that articles are dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices, usually by a group with an &quot;ax to grind&quot; on the topic.&lt;ref name=EdwinBlack /&gt;&lt;ref name=okw&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20110814104256/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/columnists/guest_contributors/article2267665.ece Wisdom? &quot;More like dumbness of the crowds&quot;. Oliver Kamm. Times Online (archive version 2011-08-14)] ([http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2007/08/wisdom-more-lik.html Author's own copy] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160905131644/http://oliverkamm.typepad.com/blog/2007/08/wisdom-more-lik.html |date=September 5, 2016}})&lt;/ref&gt; A 2008 article in ''[[Education Next]]'' Journal concluded that as a resource about controversial topics, Wikipedia is subject to manipulation and [[spin (propaganda)|spin]].&lt;ref name=Petrilli&gt;J. Petrilli, Michael (Spring 2008/Vol. 8, No. 2) [http://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/ Wikipedia or Wickedpedia?] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121024654/http://educationnext.org/wikipedia-or-wickedpedia/ |date=November 21, 2016}}, [[Education Next]] Retrieved October 22, 2014&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006, the ''Wikipedia Watch'' criticism website listed dozens of examples of [[plagiarism]] in the English Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwplagiarism&quot; /&gt;

=== Accuracy of content ===
{{main|Reliability of Wikipedia}}
{{External media | width = 230px | align = right | audio1 = [https://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1-1.2497560 The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1], ''Ideas with [[Paul Kennedy (host)|Paul Kennedy]]'', [[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation|CBC]], January 15, 2014}}
Articles for traditional encyclopedias such as ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'' are carefully and deliberately written by experts, lending such encyclopedias a reputation for accuracy.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://archive.wired.com/culture/lifestyle/news/2005/12/69844 |title = Wikipedia, Britannica: A Toss-Up |work = Wired |date = December 15, 2005 |access-date = August 8, 2015 |agency = Associated Press}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, a peer review in 2005 of forty-two scientific entries on both Wikipedia and ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' by the science journal ''Nature'' found few differences in accuracy, and concluded that &quot;the average science entry in Wikipedia contained around four inaccuracies; ''Britannica'', about three.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;GilesJ2005Internet&quot; /&gt; Joseph Reagle suggested that while the study reflects &quot;a topical strength of Wikipedia contributors&quot; in science articles, &quot;Wikipedia may not have fared so well using a random sampling of articles or on humanities subjects.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Reagle, pp. 165–166&quot;&gt;Reagle, pp. 165–166.&lt;/ref&gt; Others raised similar critiques.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski2005&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Orlowski|first1=Andrew|date=December 16, 2005|title=Wikipedia science 31% more cronky than Britannica's Excellent for Klingon science, though|work=[[The Register]]|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/12/16/wikipedia_britannica_science_comparison/|access-date=February 25, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; The findings by ''Nature'' were disputed by ''Encyclopædia Britannica'',&lt;ref name=&quot;corporate.britannica.com&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.com britannica response 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.nature.com/press_releases/Britannica_response.pdf?item |format = PDF |title = Encyclopaedia Britannica and Nature: a response |access-date = July 13, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in response, ''Nature'' gave a rebuttal of the points raised by ''Britannica''.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website = Nature |url = http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html |title = Nature's responses to Encyclopaedia Britannica |date = March 30, 2006 |access-date = February 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170515025717/http://www.nature.com/nature/britannica/index.html|archive-date=May 15, 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to the point-for-point disagreement between these two parties, others have examined the sample size and selection method used in the ''Nature'' effort, and suggested a &quot;flawed study design&quot; (in ''Nature''{{'}}s manual selection of articles, in part or in whole, for comparison), absence of statistical analysis (e.g., of reported [[confidence interval]]s), and a lack of study &quot;statistical power&quot; (i.e., owing to small [[sample size determination|sample size]], 42 or 4{{nbsp}}× 10&lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; articles compared, vs &gt;10&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt; and &gt;10&lt;sup&gt;6&lt;/sup&gt; set sizes for ''Britannica'' and the English Wikipedia, respectively).&lt;ref&gt;See author acknowledged comments in response to the citation of the ''Nature'' study, at ''PLoS ONE'', 2014, &quot;Citation of fundamentally flawed ''Nature'' quality 'study' &quot;, In response to T. Yasseri et al. (2012) Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia, Published June 20, 2012, {{doi|10.1371/journal.pone.0038869}}, see {{cite web |url = http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root%3D80078 |title = Dynamics of Conflicts in Wikipedia |access-date = July 22, 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160116210930/http://www.plosone.org/annotation/listThread.action?root=80078 |archive-date = January 16, 2016 |df = mdy-all}}, accessed July 21, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt;

As a consequence of the open structure, Wikipedia &quot;makes no guarantee of validity&quot; of its content, since no one is ultimately responsible for any claims appearing in it.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP general disclaimer 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer |title = Wikipedia:General disclaimer |publisher = English Wikipedia |access-date = April 22, 2008 |date = September 18, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; Concerns have been raised by ''PC World'' in 2009 regarding the lack of [[accountability]] that results from users' anonymity,&lt;ref name=&quot;WikipediaWatch&quot; /&gt; the insertion of false information,&lt;ref name=&quot;pcworld WP blunders 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last = Raphel |first = JR |url = http://www.pcworld.com/article/170874/the_15_biggest_wikipedia_blunders.html |title = The 15 Biggest Wikipedia Blunders |website = [[PC World]] |access-date = September 2, 2009 |date = August 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[vandalism on Wikipedia|vandalism]], and similar problems.

Economist [[Tyler Cowen]] wrote: &quot;If I had to guess whether Wikipedia or the median refereed journal article on economics was more likely to be true after a not so long think I would opt for Wikipedia.&quot; He comments that some traditional sources of non-fiction suffer from systemic biases and novel results, in his opinion, are over-reported in journal articles and relevant information is omitted from news reports. However, he also cautions that errors are frequently found on Internet sites and that academics and experts must be vigilant in correcting them.&lt;ref name=&quot;tnr experts vigilant in correcting WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080318103017/http://www.tnr.com/story.html?id=82eb5d70-13bd-4086-9ec0-cb0e9e8411b3 |archive-date = March 18, 2008 |title = Cooked Books |first = Tyler |last = Cowen |website = The New Republic |date = March 14, 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Critics argue that Wikipedia's open nature and a lack of proper sources for most of the information makes it unreliable.&lt;ref name=&quot;TNY reliability issues 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Stacy |last = Schiff |date = July 31, 2006 |title = Know It All |work = [[The New Yorker]] |author-link = Stacy Schiff}}&lt;/ref&gt; Some commentators suggest that Wikipedia may be reliable, but that the reliability of any given article is not clear.&lt;ref name=&quot;AcademiaAndWikipedia&quot; /&gt; Editors of traditional [[reference work]]s such as the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' have questioned the project's [[utility]] and status as an encyclopedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;McHenry_2004&quot; /&gt; Wikipedia co-founder [[Jimmy Wales]] has claimed that Wikipedia has largely avoided the problem of &quot;fake news&quot; because the Wikipedia community regularly debates the quality of sources in articles.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|title=Wikipedia Founder Says Internet Users Are Adrift In The 'Fake News' Era|work=NPR.org|access-date=May 1, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180625213220/https://www.npr.org/2018/04/27/606393983/wikipedia-founder-says-internet-users-are-adrift-in-the-fake-news-era|archive-date=June 25, 2018|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;

{{External media | width = 210px | align = right | video1 = [http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 Inside Wikipedia&amp;nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry], [[Deutsche Welle]], 7:13 mins&lt;ref name=&quot;dw&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Inside Wikipedia&amp;nbsp;– Attack of the PR Industry |publisher = [[Deutsche Welle]] |date = June 30, 2014 |url = http://www.dw.de/inside-wikipedia-attack-of-the-pr-industry/av-17745881 |access-date = July 2, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}
Wikipedia's open structure inherently makes it an easy target for [[Internet troll]]s, [[spamming|spammer]]s, and various forms of paid advocacy seen as counterproductive to the maintenance of a neutral and verifiable online encyclopedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Torsten_Kleinz&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;citizendium WP trolling issues 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version) |url = http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html |website = Citizendium |access-date = October 10, 2006 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061011230402/http://www.citizendium.org/essay.html |archive-date = October 11, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
In response to [[conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia|paid advocacy editing]] and undisclosed editing issues, Wikipedia was reported in an article in ''The Wall Street Journal'', to have strengthened its rules and laws against undisclosed editing.&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia Strengthens Rules Against Undisclosed Editing |url = https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2014/06/16/wikipedia-strengthens-rules-against-undisclosed-editing/ |author = Elder, Jeff |newspaper = [[The Wall Street Journal]] |date = June 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The article stated that: &quot;Beginning Monday [from the date of the article, June 16, 2014], changes in Wikipedia's terms of use will require anyone paid to edit articles to disclose that arrangement. [[Katherine Maher]], the nonprofit Wikimedia Foundation's chief communications officer, said the changes address a sentiment among volunteer editors that, 'we're not an advertising service; we're an encyclopedia.{{'&quot;}}&lt;ref name=&quot;ReferenceA&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;DeathByWikipedia&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cnet politicians and WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://news.cnet.com/8301-10784_3-6032713-7.html |title = Politicians notice Wikipedia |website = CNET |author = Kane, Margaret |date = January 30, 2006 |access-date = January 28, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;msnbc MS cash for WP edits 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.nbcnews.com/id/16775981 |title = Microsoft offers cash for Wikipedia edit |publisher = NBC News |author = Bergstein, Brian |author-link = Brian Bergstein |date = January 23, 2007 |access-date = February 1, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Seeing Corporate Fingerprints&quot; /&gt; These issues, among others, had been parodied since the first decade of Wikipedia, notably by [[Stephen Colbert]] on ''[[The Colbert Report]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiality&quot; /&gt;

A Harvard law textbook, ''Legal Research in a Nutshell'' (2011), cites Wikipedia as a &quot;general source&quot; that &quot;can be a real boon&quot; in &quot;coming up to speed in the law governing a situation&quot; and, &quot;while not authoritative, can provide basic facts as well as leads to more in-depth resources&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Nutshell in-depth resources&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Legal Research in a Nutshell|last=Cohen|first=Morris|author2=Olson, Kent|publisher=Thomson Reuters|year=2010|isbn=978-0-314-26408-4|edition=10th|location=St. Paul, Minnesota|pages=[https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532/page/32 32–34]|url=https://archive.org/details/legalre_coh_2010_00_0532/page/32}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Discouragement in education ===
{{update section|date=December 2020}}
Most university [[lecturer]]s discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in [[academia|academic work]], preferring [[primary source]]s;&lt;ref name=&quot;WideWorldOfWikipedia&quot; /&gt; some specifically prohibit Wikipedia citations.&lt;ref name=&quot;insidehighered against WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Waters |first1 = N.L. |title = Why you can't cite Wikipedia in my class |doi = 10.1145/1284621.1284635 |journal = Communications of the ACM |volume = 50 |issue = 9 |page = 15 |year = 2007 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.380.4996|s2cid = 11757060 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;insidehighered wiki no cite&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first = Scott |last = Jaschik |title = A Stand Against Wikipedia |url = http://www.insidehighered.com/news/2007/01/26/wiki |website = Inside Higher Ed |date = January 26, 2007 |access-date = January 27, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wales stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate to use as citable sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.&lt;ref name=&quot;AWorkInProgress&quot; /&gt; Wales once (2006 or earlier) said he receives about ten [[email]]s weekly from students saying they got failing grades on papers because they cited Wikipedia; he told the students they got what they deserved. &quot;For God's sake, you're in college; don't cite the encyclopedia,&quot; he said.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jimmy Wales don't cite WP 1&quot;&gt;&quot;Jimmy Wales&quot;, ''Biography Resource Center Online''. (Gale, 2006.)&lt;/ref&gt;

In February 2007, an article in ''[[The Harvard Crimson]]'' newspaper reported that a few of the professors at [[Harvard University]] were including Wikipedia articles in their [[syllabus|syllabi]], although without realizing the articles might change.&lt;ref name=&quot;thecrimson wiki debate&quot;&gt;Child, Maxwell L., [https://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 &quot;Professors Split on Wiki Debate&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081220125910/http://www.thecrimson.com/article.aspx?ref=517305 |date=December 20, 2008}}, ''The Harvard Crimson'', February 26, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; In June 2007, former president of the [[American Library Association]] [[Michael Gorman (librarian)|Michael Gorman]] condemned Wikipedia, along with [[Google]],&lt;ref name=&quot;stothart&quot; /&gt; stating that academics who endorse the use of Wikipedia are &quot;the intellectual equivalent of a dietitian who recommends a steady diet of Big Macs with everything&quot;.

In contrast, academic writing{{clarify|date=December 2020}} in Wikipedia has evolved in recent years and has been found to increase student interest, personal connection to the product, creativity in material processing, and international collaboration in the learning process.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.quest-cdecjournal.it/focus.php?id=403|title=Wikishtetl: Commemorating Jewish Communities that Perished in the Holocaust through the Wikipedia Platform :: Quest CDEC journal|website=www.quest-cdecjournal.it|access-date=January 15, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Medical information ====
{{see also|Health information on Wikipedia}}
On March 5, 2014, Julie Beck writing for ''The Atlantic'' magazine in an article titled &quot;Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia&quot;, stated that &quot;Fifty percent of physicians look up conditions on the (Wikipedia) site, and some are editing articles themselves to improve the quality of available information.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Julie Beck 2014&quot;&gt;Julie Beck. &quot;Doctors' #1 Source for Healthcare Information: Wikipedia&quot;. ''The Atlantic'', March 5, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; Beck continued to detail in this article new programs of [[Amin Azzam]] at the University of San Francisco to offer medical school courses to medical students for learning to edit and improve [[health information on Wikipedia|Wikipedia articles on health-related issues]], as well as internal quality control programs within Wikipedia organized by [[James Heilman]] to improve a group of 200 health-related articles of central medical importance up to Wikipedia's highest standard of articles using its Featured Article and Good Article peer-review evaluation process.&lt;ref name=&quot;Julie Beck 2014&quot; /&gt; In a May 7, 2014, follow-up article in ''The Atlantic'' titled &quot;Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text?&quot;, Julie Beck quotes [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Medicine|WikiProject Medicine]]'s James Heilman as stating: &quot;Just because a reference is peer-reviewed doesn't mean it's a high-quality reference.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic.com&quot;&gt;{{cite magazine |last = Beck |first = Julie |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2014/05/can-wikipedia-ever-be-a-definitive-medical-text/361822/ |title = Can Wikipedia Ever Be a Definitive Medical Text? |magazine = The Atlantic |date = May 7, 2014 |access-date = June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Beck added that: &quot;Wikipedia has its own peer review process before articles can be classified as 'good' or 'featured'. Heilman, who has participated in that process before, says 'less than one percent' of Wikipedia's medical articles have passed.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;theatlantic.com&quot; /&gt;

=== Quality of writing ===
In 2008, researchers at [[Carnegie Mellon University]] found that the quality of a Wikipedia article would suffer rather than gain from adding more writers when the article lacked appropriate explicit or implicit coordination.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last1 = Kittur |first1 = Aniket |last2 = Kraut |first2 = Robert E. |chapter-url=http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.546.9900&amp;rep=rep1&amp;type=pdf |chapter = Harnessing the wisdom of crowds in Wikipedia: quality through coordination |title = Proceedings of the 2008 ACM conference on Computer supported cooperative work |pages = 37–46 |place = New York |publisher = ACM |date = 2008 |doi = 10.1145/1460563.1460572 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.546.9900 |isbn = 978-1-60558-007-4|s2cid = 1184433 |chapter-format=PDF }}&lt;/ref&gt; For instance, when contributors rewrite small portions of an entry rather than making full-length revisions, high- and low-quality content may be intermingled within an entry. [[Roy Rosenzweig]], a history professor, stated that ''American National Biography Online'' outperformed Wikipedia in terms of its &quot;clear and engaging prose&quot;, which, he said, was an important aspect of good historical writing.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenzweig&quot; /&gt; Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of [[Abraham Lincoln]] to that of [[American Civil War|Civil War]] historian [[James M. McPherson|James McPherson]] in ''American National Biography Online'', he said that both were essentially accurate and covered the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praised &quot;McPherson's richer contextualization [...] his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln's voice [...] and [...] his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words.&quot; By contrast, he gives an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds &quot;both verbose and dull&quot;. Rosenzweig also criticized the &quot;waffling—encouraged by the NPOV policy—[which] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history&quot;. While generally praising the article on [[William Clarke Quantrill]], he quoted its conclusion as an example of such &quot;waffling&quot;, which then stated: &quot;Some historians [...] remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Rosenzweig&quot; /&gt;

Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented, &quot;Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 percent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;theregister Wales WP founder on quality 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2005/10/18/wikipedia_quality_problem/page2.html |title = Wikipedia founder admits to serious quality problems |first = Andrew |last = Orlowski |website = The Register |date = October 18, 2005 |access-date = September 30, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; A study of Wikipedia articles on [[cancer]] was conducted in 2010 by Yaacov Lawrence of the Kimmel Cancer Center at [[Thomas Jefferson University]]. The study was limited to those articles that could be found in the ''Physician Data Query'' and excluded those written at the &quot;start&quot; class or &quot;stub&quot; class level. Lawrence found the articles accurate but not very readable, and thought that &quot;Wikipedia's lack of readability (to non-college readers) may reflect its varied origins and haphazard editing&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;upi accuracy 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/06/100601114641.htm |title = Cancer information on Wikipedia is accurate, but not very readable, study finds |work = Science Daily |date = June 2, 2010 |access-date = December 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ''The Economist'' argued that better-written articles tend to be more reliable: &quot;inelegant or ranting prose usually reflects muddled thoughts and incomplete information&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;economist incomplete info&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.economist.com/node/8820422?story_id=8820422 |title = Fact or fiction? Wikipedia's variety of contributors is not only a strength |work = The Economist |date = March 10, 2007 |access-date = December 31, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Coverage of topics and systemic bias ===
{{see also|Notability in the English Wikipedia|Criticism of Wikipedia#Systemic bias in coverage}}
{{update|[[:d:Wikidata:Statistics/Wikipedia]]|date=March 2017}}
Wikipedia seeks to create a summary of all human knowledge in the form of an online encyclopedia, with each topic covered encyclopedically in one article. Since it has [[byte#Multiple-byte units|terabyte]]s of disk space, it can have far more topics than can be covered by any printed encyclopedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP advantages over trad media 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:PAPER}}&lt;/ref&gt; The exact degree and manner of coverage on Wikipedia is under constant review by its editors, and disagreements are not uncommon (see [[deletionism and inclusionism in Wikipedia|deletionism and inclusionism]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Economist disagreements not uncommon&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = The battle for Wikipedia's soul |url = https://www.economist.com/printedition/displaystory.cfm?story_id=10789354 |work = The Economist |date = March 6, 2008 |access-date = March 7, 2008 |issn=0013-0613}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;telegraph WP torn apart 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia: an online encyclopedia torn apart |first = Ian |last = Douglas |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |date = November 10, 2007 |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/3354752/Wikipedia-an-online-encyclopedia-torn-apart.html |access-date = November 23, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia contains materials that some people may find objectionable, offensive, or pornographic. The '[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not#Wikipedia is not censored|Wikipedia is not censored]]' policy has sometimes proved controversial: in 2008, Wikipedia rejected an online petition against the inclusion of [[online petition on Wikipedia Muhammad article|images of Muhammad]] in the [[English Wikipedia|English edition]] of its [[Muhammad]] article, citing this policy. The presence of politically, religiously, and pornographically sensitive materials in Wikipedia has led to the [[censorship of Wikipedia]] by national authorities in China&lt;ref name=&quot;Taylor&quot; /&gt; and Pakistan,&lt;ref name=&quot;washington post state censorship 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/05/20/AR2010052005073.html |title = Pakistan blocks YouTube a day after shutdown of Facebook over Muhammad issue |first = Karin |last = Bruilliard |work = The Washington Post |date = May 21, 2010 |access-date = October 24, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; amongst other countries.

[[File:Wikipedia content by subject.png|thumb|upright=2.27|Pie chart of Wikipedia content by subject as of January 2008&lt;ref name=Kittur2009 /&gt;]]
A 2008 study conducted by researchers at Carnegie Mellon University and Palo Alto Research Center gave a distribution of topics as well as growth (from July 2006 to January 2008) in each field:&lt;ref name=&quot;Kittur2009&quot; /&gt;
*Culture and the arts: 30% (210%)
*Biographies and persons: 15% (97%)
*Geography and places: 14% (52%)
*Society and social sciences: 12% (83%)
*History and events: 11% (143%)
*Natural and physical sciences: 9% (213%)
*Technology and the applied sciences: 4% (−6%)
*Religions and belief systems: 2% (38%)
*Health: 2% (42%)
*Mathematics and logic: 1% (146%)
*Thought and philosophy: 1% (160%)

These numbers refer only to the number of articles: it is possible for one topic to contain a large number of short articles and another to contain a small number of large ones. Through its &quot;[[Wikipedia:Wikipedia Loves Libraries|Wikipedia Loves Libraries]]&quot; program, Wikipedia has partnered with major public libraries such as the [[New York Public Library for the Performing Arts]] to expand its coverage of underrepresented subjects and articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT subjects and articles&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/21/theater/editing-wikipedia-at-the-new-york-public-library-for-the-performing-arts.html |title = Wikipedia's Deep Dive Into a Library Collection |last = Petrusich |first = Amanda |work = The New York Times |date = October 20, 2011 |access-date = October 28, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A 2011 study conducted by researchers at the [[University of Minnesota]] indicated that male and female editors focus on different coverage topics. There was a greater concentration of females in the People and Arts category, while males focus more on Geography and Science.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last = Lam |first = Shyong (Tony) K.|first2 = Anuradha |last2 = Uduwage |first3 = Zhenhua |last3 = Dong |first4 = Shilad |last4 = Sen |first5 = David R. |last5 = Musicant |first6 = Loren |last6 = Terveen |first7 = John |last7 = Riedl |title = WP: Clubhouse? An Exploration of Wikipedia's Gender Imbalance |journal = WikiSym 2011 |date = October 3–5, 2011 |page = 4 |url = http://files.grouplens.org/papers/wp-gender-wikisym2011.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Coverage of topics and selection bias ====
Research conducted by Mark Graham of the [[Oxford Internet Institute]] in 2009 indicated that the geographic distribution of article topics is highly uneven. Africa is the most underrepresented.&lt;ref&gt;Mark Graham, [https://web.archive.org/web/20161002051150/http://zerogeography.net/post/144973716228/mapping-the-geographies-of-wikipedia-content Mapping the Geographies of Wikipedia Content], ''Zerogeography.net'' (November 12, 2009).&lt;/ref&gt; Across 30 language editions of Wikipedia, historical articles and sections are generally Eurocentric and focused on recent events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last = Strohmaier |first = Markus |date = March 6, 2017 |title = Multilingual historical narratives on Wikipedia |chapter = KAT50 Society, Culture |doi = 10.7802/1411 |quote = Wikipedia narratives about national histories (i) are skewed towards more recent events (recency bias) and (ii) are distributed unevenly across the continents with significant focus on the history of European countries (Eurocentric bias). |publisher = GESIS Data Archive}}&lt;/ref&gt;

An editorial in ''[[The Guardian]]'' in 2014 claimed that more effort went into providing references for [[list of pornographic performers by decade|a list of female porn actors]] than a [[list of women writers]].&lt;ref name=GuardianAugust2014&gt;''[[The Guardian]]'' 2014 (London) [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth The Guardian view on Wikipedia: evolving truth] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161112212758/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/aug/07/guardian-view-wikipedia-evolving-truth |date=November 12, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Data has also shown that Africa-related material often faces omission; a knowledge gap that a July 2018 Wikimedia conference in [[Cape Town]] sought to address.&lt;ref name=&quot;memeb&quot;/&gt;

==== Systemic bias ====
When multiple editors contribute to one topic or set of topics, [[systemic bias]] may arise, due to the demographic backgrounds of the editors. In 2011, Wales claimed that the unevenness of coverage is a reflection of the demography of the editors, citing for example &quot;biographies of famous women through history and issues surrounding early childcare&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wiki-women&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia seeks women to balance its 'geeky' editors |first = Kevin |last = Rawlinson |newspaper = The Independent |url = https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/wikipedia-seeks-women-to-balance-its-geeky-editors-2333605.html |date = August 8, 2011 |access-date = April 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; The October 22, 2013, essay by Tom Simonite in MIT's ''Technology Review'' titled &quot;The Decline of Wikipedia&quot; discussed the effect of systemic bias and [[criticism of Wikipedia#Excessive regulation|policy creep]] on the [[#English Wikipedia editor decline|downward trend in the number of editors]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot; /&gt;

Systemic bias on Wikipedia may follow that of culture generally,{{vague|date=August 2019}} for example favoring certain nationalities, ethnicities or majority religions.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quilter&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://works.bepress.com/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1035&amp;context=laura_quilter |title = Systemic Bias in Wikipedia: What It Looks Like, and How to Deal with It |author = Quilter, Laura |publisher = University of Massachusetts–Amherst |date = October 24, 2012 |access-date = November 26, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; It may more specifically follow the biases of [[Internet culture]], inclining to be young, male, English-speaking, educated, technologically aware, and wealthy enough to spare time for editing. Biases, intrinsically, may include an overemphasis on topics such as pop culture, technology, and current events.&lt;ref name=&quot;Quilter&quot; /&gt;

[[Taha Yasseri]] of the [[University of Oxford]], in 2013, studied the statistical trends of systemic bias at Wikipedia introduced by editing conflicts and their resolution.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[https://www.technologyreview.com/s/517101/edit-wars-reveal-the-10-most-controversial-topics-on-wikipedia/ Edit Wars Reveal the 10 Most Controversial Topics on Wikipedia]&quot;, MIT Technology Review, July 17, 2013.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;&gt;{{cite book |ssrn = 2269392 |editor1=Fichman, P. |editor2=Hara, N. |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2014 |arxiv = 1305.5566 |last1 = Yasseri |first1 = Taha |last2 = Spoerri |first2 = Anselm |last3 = Graham |first3 = Mark |last4 = Kertesz |first4 = Janos|title= The Most Controversial Topics in Wikipedia: A Multilingual and Geographical Analysis |doi= 10.2139/SSRN.2269392 |s2cid = 12133330 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His research examined the [[counterproductive work behavior]] of edit warring. Yasseri contended that simple reverts or &quot;undo&quot; operations were not the most significant measure of counterproductive behavior at Wikipedia and relied instead on the [[statistical measurement]] of detecting &quot;reverting/reverted pairs&quot; or &quot;mutually reverting edit pairs&quot;. Such a &quot;mutually reverting edit pair&quot; is defined where one editor reverts the edit of another editor who then, in sequence, returns to revert the first editor in the &quot;mutually reverting edit pairs&quot;. The results were tabulated for several language versions of Wikipedia. The English Wikipedia's three largest conflict rates belonged to the articles [[George W. Bush]], [[Anarchism]], and [[Muhammad]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot; /&gt; By comparison, for the German Wikipedia, the three largest conflict rates at the time of the [[Oxford]] study were for the articles covering [[Croatia]], [[Scientology]], and [[9/11 conspiracy theories]].&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated3&quot;/&gt;

Researchers from [[Washington University]] developed a statistical model to measure systematic bias in the behavior of Wikipedia's users regarding controversial topics. The authors focused on behavioral changes of the encyclopedia's administrators after assuming the post, writing that systematic bias occurred after the fact.&lt;ref&gt;
{{cite conference |url = https://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=2505566 |title = Manipulation among the arbiters of collective intelligence: How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion |last1 = Das |first1 = Sanmay |last2 = Allen |first2 = Lavoie |last3 = Malik |first3 = Magdon-Ismail |date = November 1, 2013 |publisher = ACM |book-title = CIKM '13 Proceedings of the 22nd ACM international conference on Information &amp; Knowledge Management |pages = 1097–1106 |location = San Francisco, California |doi = 10.1145/2505515.2505566 |isbn = 978-1-4503-2263-8}}
&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Das |first1 = Sanmay |last2 = Allen |first2 = Lavoie |last3 = Malik |first3 = Magdon-Ismail |title = Manipulation among the arbiters of collective intelligence: How Wikipedia administrators mold public opinion |journal = ACM Transactions on the Web |volume = 10 |issue = 4 |pages = 24 |date = December 24, 2016 |doi = 10.1145/3001937|s2cid = 12585047 }}
&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Explicit content ===
{{see also|Internet Watch Foundation and Wikipedia|Reporting of child pornography images on Wikimedia Commons}}
{{selfref|&quot;Wikipedia censorship&quot; redirects here. For the government censorship of Wikipedia, see [[Censorship of Wikipedia]]. For Wikipedia's policy concerning censorship, see [[Wikipedia:Wikipedia is not censored]]}}
Wikipedia has been criticized for allowing information about graphic content. Articles depicting what some critics have called objectionable content (such as [[feces]], [[cadaver]], [[human penis]], [[vulva]], and [[nudity]]) contain graphic pictures and detailed information easily available to anyone with access to the internet, including children.

The site also includes [[sexual content]] such as images and videos of [[masturbation]] and [[ejaculation]], illustrations of [[zoophilia]], and photos from [[hardcore pornography|hardcore pornographic]] films in its articles. It also has non-sexual [[child nudity|photographs of nude children]].

The Wikipedia article about ''[[Virgin Killer]]—''a 1976 album from the [[music of Germany|German]] [[rock music|rock]] [[rock band|band]] [[Scorpions (band)|Scorpions]]—features a picture of the album's original cover, which depicts a naked [[preadolescence#Prepubescence, puberty, and age range|prepubescent]] girl. The original release cover caused controversy and was replaced in some countries. In December 2008, access to the Wikipedia article ''Virgin Killer'' was blocked for four days by most [[Internet service provider]]s in the United Kingdom after the [[Internet Watch Foundation]] (IWF) decided the album cover was a potentially illegal indecent image and added the article's URL to a &quot;blacklist&quot; it supplies to British internet service providers.&lt;ref name=&quot;Register ISP censorship&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Brit ISPs censor Wikipedia over 'child porn' album cover |first = Cade |last = Metz |work = [[The Register]] |date = December 7, 2008 |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2008/12/07/brit_isps_censor_wikipedia |access-date = May 10, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In April 2010, Sanger wrote a letter to the Federal Bureau of Investigation, outlining his concerns that two categories of images on [[Wikimedia Commons]] contained child pornography, and were in violation of [[United States obscenity law|US federal obscenity law]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |title = Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation |date = April 29, 2010 |work = The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date = May 14, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170902180523/http://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh |archive-date = September 2, 2017 |url-status=live |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Inquirer child abuse allegations&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Farrell |first = Nick |title = Wikipedia denies child abuse allegations: Co-founder grassed the outfit to the FBI |newspaper = The Inquirer |date = April 29, 2010 |url = http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations |access-date = October 9, 2010 |archive-date = May 1, 2010 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100501174521/http://www.theinquirer.net/inquirer/news/1603521/wikipedia-denies-child-abuse-allegations |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; Sanger later clarified that the images, which were related to [[pedophilia]] and one about [[lolicon]], were not of real children, but said that they constituted &quot;obscene visual representations of the sexual abuse of children&quot;, under the [[child pornography laws in the United States#Section 1466A|PROTECT Act of 2003]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Register-April&quot; /&gt; That law bans photographic child pornography and cartoon images and drawings of children that are [[obscenity#United States obscenity law|obscene under American law]].&lt;ref name=&quot;The Register-April&quot; /&gt; Sanger also expressed concerns about access to the images on Wikipedia in schools.&lt;ref name=&quot;TET child porn accusations&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia blasts co-founder's accusations of child porn on website |date = April 29, 2010 |work = The Economic Times |location = India |url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/infotech/internet/Wikipedia-blasts-co-founders-accusations-of-child-porn-on-website/articleshow/5871943.cms |access-date = April 29, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Wikimedia Foundation]] spokesman Jay Walsh strongly rejected Sanger's accusation,&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP&quot; /&gt; saying that Wikipedia did not have &quot;material we would deem to be illegal. If we did, we would remove it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;AFP&quot; /&gt; Following the complaint by Sanger, Wales deleted sexual images without consulting the community. After some editors who volunteer to maintain the site argued that the decision to delete had been made hastily, Wales voluntarily gave up some of the powers he had held up to that time as part of his co-founder status. He wrote in a message to the Wikimedia Foundation mailing-list that this action was &quot;in the interest of encouraging this discussion to be about real philosophical/content issues, rather than be about me and how quickly I acted&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBC News Wales cedes rights&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/10104946.stm |title = Wikimedia pornography row deepens as Wales cedes rights |work = BBC News |date = May 10, 2010 |access-date = May 19, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; Critics, including [[Wikipediocracy]], noticed that many of the pornographic images deleted from Wikipedia since 2010 have reappeared.&lt;ref name=&quot;XBIZ&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://newswire.xbiz.com/view.php?id=169017 |work = XBIZ.com |date = September 17, 2013 |first = Lila |last = Gray |title = Wikipedia Gives Porn a Break |access-date = November 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Privacy ===
One [[privacy]] concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain a &quot;private citizen&quot; rather than a &quot;[[public figure]]&quot; in the eyes of the law.&lt;ref&gt;Andrew McStay, 2014, [https://www.amazon.co.uk/Privacy-Philosophy-Affective-Protocol-Formations/dp/143311898X Privacy and Philosophy: New Media and Affective Protocol] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160414204326/http://www.amazon.co.uk/Privacy-Philosophy-Affective-Protocol-Formations/dp/143311898X |date=April 14, 2016}}, New York Peter Lang.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=note&gt;See [https://web.archive.org/web/20101130081035/http://texaspress.com/index.php/publications/law-media/731-law-a-the-media-in-texas--libel-cases &quot;Libel&quot;] by David McHam for the legal distinction.&lt;/ref&gt; It is a battle between the right to be anonymous in [[cyberspace]] and the right to be anonymous in [[real life]] (&quot;[[meatspace]]&quot;). A particular problem occurs in the case of a relatively unimportant individual and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against her or his wishes.

In January 2006, a German court ordered the [[German Wikipedia]] shut down within Germany because it stated the full name of [[Tron (hacker)|Boris Floricic]], aka &quot;Tron&quot;, a deceased hacker. On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's [[right to privacy]] or that of his parents was being violated.&lt;ref name=&quot;heise Tron public issue 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html Heise] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120913054949/http://www.heise.de/newsticker/meldung/Gericht-weist-einstweilige-Verfuegung-gegen-Wikimedia-Deutschland-ab-Update-173587.html |date=September 13, 2012}}—{{lang|de|Gericht weist einstweilige Verfügung gegen Wikimedia Deutschland ab (update)}}, by Torsten Kleinz, February 9, 2006.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedia has a &quot;{{visible anchor|Volunteer Response Team}}&quot; that uses the [[OTRS]] system to handle queries without having to reveal the identities of the involved parties. This is used, for example, in confirming the permission for using individual images and other media in the project.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title = IT Service Management Software |url = http://www.otrs.com/en/ |publisher = OTRS.com |access-date = June 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20131030215341/http://www.otrs.com/en/ |archive-date = October 30, 2013 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sexism ===
{{main|Gender bias on Wikipedia}}
Wikipedia has been described as harboring a battleground culture of [[sexism]] and [[harassment]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Paling&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ |title = Wikipedia's Hostility to Women |last = Paling |first = Emma |date = October 21, 2015 |website = The Atlantic |access-date = October 24, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |last1 = Auerbach |first1 = David |title = Encyclopedia Frown |url = http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/bitwise/2014/12/wikipedia_editing_disputes_the_crowdsourced_encyclopedia_has_become_a_rancorous.html |journal = Slate |access-date = October 24, 2015 |date = December 11, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The perceived toxic attitudes and tolerance of violent and abusive language are also reasons put forth for the gender gap in Wikipedia editors.&lt;ref name=&quot;CSM-misogyny&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |url = http://www.csmonitor.com/World/Security-Watch/Backchannels/2013/0801/In-UK-rising-chorus-of-outrage-over-online-misogyny |title = In UK, rising chorus of outrage over online misogyny |journal = Christian Science Monitor |date = August 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, a female editor who requested a separate space on Wikipedia to discuss improving civility had her proposal referred to by a male editor using the words &quot;the easiest way to avoid being called a [[cunt]] is not to act like one&quot;.{{r|Paling}}

== Operation ==
=== Wikimedia Foundation and Wikimedia movement affiliates ===
{{main|Wikimedia Foundation}}
[[File:Katherine Maher.jpg|thumb|[[Katherine Maher]] became the third executive director of Wikimedia in 2016, succeeding [[Lila Tretikov]], who had taken over from [[Sue Gardner]] in 2014.|alt=Katherine Maher in 2016. She is seen with light skin, blonde hair, and blue eyes. She is seen wearing a black shirt.]]
Wikipedia is hosted and funded by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]], a non-profit organization which also operates Wikipedia-related projects such as [[Wiktionary]] and [[Wikibooks]]. The foundation relies on public contributions and grants to fund its mission.&lt;ref name=&quot;financialstatements&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/a/ac/FINAL_10_11From_KPMG.pdf |title = Wikimedia Foundation&amp;nbsp;– Financial Statements&amp;nbsp;– June 30, 2011 and 2010 |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; The foundation's 2013 IRS Form 990 shows revenue of $39.7&amp;nbsp;million and expenses of almost $29&amp;nbsp;million, with assets of $37.2&amp;nbsp;million and liabilities of about $2.3&amp;nbsp;million.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/foundation/5/5c/Form_990_-_FY_12-13_-_Public.pdf |title = Wikimedia Foundation IRS Form 990 |access-date = October 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In May 2014, Wikimedia Foundation named [[Lila Tretikov]] as its second executive director, taking over for Sue Gardner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Press_releases/WMF_announces_new_ED_Lila_Tretikov |title = Press releases/WMF announces new ED Lila Tretikov |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |date = May 31, 2018|access-date = June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The ''Wall Street Journal'' reported on May 1, 2014, that Tretikov's information technology background from her years at University of California offers Wikipedia an opportunity to develop in more concentrated directions guided by her often repeated position statement that, &quot;Information, like air, wants to be free.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Elder 2014&quot;&gt;Jeff Elder, ''The Wall Street Journal'', May 1, 2014, &quot;Wikipedia's New Chief: From Soviet Union to World's Sixth-Largest Site&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2014/05/02/business/media/open-source-software-specialist-selected-as-executive-director-of-wikipedia.html?_r=0 |title = Media: Open-Source Software Specialist Selected as Executive Director of Wikipedia |first = Noam |last = Cohen |date = May 1, 2014 |work = The New York Times}}&lt;/ref&gt; The same ''Wall Street Journal'' article reported these directions of development according to an interview with spokesman Jay Walsh of Wikimedia, who &quot;said Tretikov would address that issue ([[conflict-of-interest editing on Wikipedia|paid advocacy]]) as a priority. 'We are really pushing toward more transparency{{nbsp}}... We are reinforcing that paid advocacy is not welcome.' Initiatives to involve greater diversity of contributors, better mobile support of Wikipedia, new geo-location tools to find local content more easily, and more tools for users in the second and third world are also priorities,&quot; Walsh said.&lt;ref name=&quot;Jeff Elder 2014&quot; /&gt;

Following the departure of Tretikov from Wikipedia due to issues concerning the use of the &quot;superprotection&quot; feature which some language versions of Wikipedia have adopted, Katherine Maher became the third executive director of the Wikimedia Foundation in June 2016.&lt;ref&gt;Dimitra Kessenides. Bloomberg News Weekly. December 26, 2016. &quot;Is Wikipedia 'Woke'&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; Maher has stated that one of her priorities would be the issue of editor harassment endemic to Wikipedia as identified by the Wikipedia board in December. Maher stated regarding the harassment issue that: &quot;It establishes a sense within the community that this is a priority{{nbsp}}... (and that correction requires that) it has to be more than words.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;Dimitra Kessenides. Bloomberg News Weekly. December 26, 2016, p. 74. &quot;Is Wikipedia 'Woke'&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;

Wikipedia is also supported by many organizations and groups that are affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation but independently-run, called [[Wikimedia movement affiliates]]. These include [[list of Wikimedia chapters|Wikimedia chapters]] (which are national or sub-national organizations, such as Wikimedia Deutschland and Wikimédia France), thematic organizations (such as Amical Wikimedia for the [[Catalan language]] community), and user groups. These affiliates participate in the promotion, development, and funding of Wikipedia.

=== Software operations and support ===
{{see also|MediaWiki}}
The operation of Wikipedia depends on [[MediaWiki]], a custom-made, [[free software|free]] and [[open-source software|open source]] [[wiki software]] platform written in [[PHP]] and built upon the [[MySQL]] database system.&lt;ref name=&quot;nedworks database system&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |title = Wikimedia Architecture |first = Mark |last = Bergsma |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = June 27, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090303204708/http://www.nedworks.org/~mark/presentations/san/Wikimedia%20architecture.pdf |archive-date = March 3, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; The software incorporates programming features such as a [[macro (computer science)|macro language]], [[variable (programming)|variable]]s, a [[transclusion]] system for [[web template system|template]]s, and [[URL redirection]]. MediaWiki is licensed under the [[GNU General Public License]] (GPL) and it is used by all Wikimedia projects, as well as many other wiki projects. Originally, Wikipedia ran on [[UseModWiki]] written in [[Perl]] by Clifford Adams (Phase I), which initially required [[CamelCase]] for article hyperlinks; the present double bracket style was incorporated later. Starting in January 2002 (Phase II), Wikipedia began running on a [[PhpWiki|PHP wiki]] engine with a MySQL database; this software was custom-made for Wikipedia by [[Magnus Manske]]. The Phase II software was repeatedly modified to accommodate the [[exponential growth|exponentially increasing]] demand. In July 2002 (Phase III), Wikipedia shifted to the third-generation software, MediaWiki, originally written by [[Lee Daniel Crocker]].

Several MediaWiki extensions are installed&lt;ref name=&quot;WP extensions installed&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Version |title = Version: Installed extensions |date = September 28, 2018}}. Retrieved August 18, 2014.&lt;/ref&gt; to extend the functionality of the MediaWiki software.

In April 2005, a [[Lucene]] extension&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2005-04-18/Lucene_search |title = Lucene search: Internal search function returns to service |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |first = Michael |last = Snow |access-date = February 26, 2009 |date = December 29, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://lists.wikimedia.org/pipermail/wikitech-l/2005-April/016297.html |title = [Wikitech-l&amp;#93; Lucene search |first = Brion |last = Vibber |access-date = February 26, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; was added to MediaWiki's built-in search and Wikipedia switched from [[MySQL]] to Lucene for searching. The site currently uses Lucene Search 2.1,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Extension:Lucene-search |title = Extension:Lucene-search |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = August 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=November 2016}} which is written in [[Java (programming language)|Java]] and based on Lucene library 2.3.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/diffusion/SVN/browse/branches/lucene-search-2.1/lib/ |title = mediawiki –Revision 55688: /branches/lucene-search-2.1/lib |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = August 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2013, after extensive beta testing, a WYSIWYG (What You See Is What You Get) extension, [[VisualEditor]], was opened to public use.&lt;ref name=&quot;thenextwebve&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website = The Next Web |url = https://thenextweb.com/insider/2013/07/02/wikimedia-rolls-out-its-wysiwyg-visual-editor-for-logged-in-users-accessing-wikipedia-articles-in-english/ |title = Wikimedia rolls out WYSIWYG visual editor for logged-in users accessing Wikipedia articles in English |first = Emil |last = Protalinski |date = July 2, 2013 |access-date = July 6, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/wikipedia/10196578/Wikipedia-introduces-new-features-to-entice-editors.html |newspaper = The Daily Telegraph |title = Wikipedia introduces new features to entice editors |author = Curtis, Sophie |date = July 23, 2013 |access-date = August 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;TheEconomistVE&quot;&gt;{{cite news |work = [[The Economist]] |url = https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2011/12/changes-wikipedia |title = Changes at Wikipedia: Seeing things |author = L. M. |date = December 13, 2011 |access-date = July 28, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;softpedia-best&quot;&gt;{{cite web |website = [[Softpedia]] |url = http://news.softpedia.com/news/Wikipedia-s-New-VisualEditor-Is-the-Best-Update-in-Years-and-You-Can-Make-It-Better-365072.shtml |title = Wikipedia's New VisualEditor Is the Best Update in Years and You Can Make It Better |first = Lucian |last = Parfeni |date = July 2, 2013 |access-date = July 30, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was met with much rejection and criticism, and was described as &quot;slow and buggy&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski, Andrew&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2013/08/01/wikipedians_reject_wysiwyg_editor/ |title = Wikipedians say no to Jimmy's 'buggy' WYSIWYG editor |author = Orlowski, Andrew |date = August 1, 2013 |website = The Register |access-date = August 18, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The feature was changed from opt-out to opt-in afterward.

=== Automated editing ===
{{main|Wikipedia bots}}
Computer programs called [[Internet bot|bot]]s have often been used to perform simple and repetitive tasks, such as correcting common misspellings and stylistic issues, or to start articles such as geography entries in a standard format from statistical data.&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Bots|Wikipedia Bot Information}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;meetbots&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Meet the 'bots' that edit Wikipedia |url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-18892510 |first = Daniel |last = Nasaw |work = BBC News |date = July 24, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last = Halliday |first = Josh |author2 = Arthur, Charles |title = Boot up: The Wikipedia vandalism police, Apple analysts, and more |url = https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2012/jul/26/boot-up-wikipedia-apple |newspaper = [[The Guardian]] |date = July 26, 2012 |access-date = September 5, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; One controversial contributor, {{ill|Sverker Johansson|sv}}, creating articles with his [[Lsjbot|bot]] was reported to create up to 10,000 articles on the Swedish Wikipedia on certain days.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/for-this-author-10-000-wikipedia-articles-is-a-good-days-work-1405305001|title=For This Author, 10,000 Wikipedia Articles Is a Good Day's Work|last=Jervell|first=Ellen Emmerentze|date=July 13, 2014|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 18, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Additionally, there are bots designed to automatically notify editors when they make common editing errors (such as unmatched quotes or unmatched parentheses).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_Signpost/2009-03-23/Abuse_Filter |title = Wikipedia signpost: Abuse Filter is enabled |publisher = English Wikipedia |date = March 23, 2009 |access-date = July 13, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- And prevent the creation of links to particular websites. Bots also find and revert changes by suspicious new accounts, enforce bans against shared [[IP address]]es or the use of [[sockpuppet (Internet)|sockpuppet]]s by a banned person operating from an alternate IP address.(unsourced/unverifiable) --&gt; Edits falsely identified by bots as the work of a banned editor can be restored by other editors. [[User:ClueBot NG|An anti-vandal bot]] is programmed to detect and revert vandalism quickly.&lt;ref name=&quot;meetbots&quot; /&gt; Bots are able to indicate edits from particular accounts or [[IP address]] ranges, as occurred at the time of the shooting down of the [[Malaysia Airlines Flight 17|MH17 jet]] incident in July 2014 when it was reported edits were made via IPs controlled by the Russian government.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |title = MH17 Wikipedia entry edited from Russian government IP address |publisher = Al Jazeera |access-date = July 22, 2014 |url-status=live |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161116002928/http://stream.aljazeera.com/story/201407211855-0023944 |archive-date = November 16, 2016 |df = mdy |date = July 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Bots on Wikipedia must be approved before activation.&lt;ref&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Bot policy|Wikipedia's policy on bots}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to [[Andrew Lih]], the current expansion of Wikipedia to millions of articles would be difficult to envision without the use of such bots.&lt;ref&gt;Andrew Lih (2009). ''[[The Wikipedia Revolution]]'', chapter ''Then came the Bots'', pp. 99–106.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Hardware operations and support ===
{{see also|Wikimedia Foundation#Hardware}}
Wikipedia receives between 25,000 and 60,000-page requests per second, depending on the time of the day.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP tools requests per day&quot;&gt;[https://web.archive.org/web/20081028185204/https://toolserver.org/~leon/stats/reqstats/reqstats-monthly.png &quot;Monthly request statistics&quot;], Wikimedia. Retrieved October 31, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=July 2019}} {{As of|2019}}, page requests are first passed to a front-end layer of [[Varnish (software)|Varnish]] caching servers.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wikitech.wikimedia.org/wiki/Varnish|title=Varnish – Wikitech|website=wikitech.wikimedia.org|access-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=November 2020|reason=ATS too now}} Further statistics, based on a publicly available 3-month Wikipedia access trace, are available.&lt;ref name=&quot;globule access trace&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.globule.org/publi/WWADH_comnet2009.html |title = Wikipedia Workload Analysis for Decentralized Hosting |author = Guido Urdaneta, Guillaume Pierre and Maarten van Steen |publisher = Elsevier Computer Networks 53 (11), pp. 1830–1845, June 2009 |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; Requests that cannot be served from the Varnish cache are sent to load-balancing servers running the [[Linux Virtual Server]] software, which in turn pass them to one of the Apache web servers for page rendering from the database. The web servers deliver pages as requested, performing page rendering for all the language editions of Wikipedia. To increase speed further, rendered pages are cached in a distributed memory cache until invalidated, allowing page rendering to be skipped entirely for most common page accesses.{{citation needed|date=September 2020}}

[[File:Wikipedia webrequest flow 2020.png|alt=Diagram showing flow of data between Wikipedia's servers.|thumb|Overview of system architecture {{as of|2020|04|lc=on}}]]
Wikipedia currently runs on dedicated [[Computer cluster|clusters]] of [[Linux]] servers (mainly [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;CW WP simplifies infrastructure&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia simplifies IT infrastructure by moving to one Linux vendor |first = Todd R. |last = Weiss |newspaper = [[Computerworld]] |date = October 9, 2008 |url = http://www.computerworld.com/s/article/9116787/Wikipedia_simplifies_IT_infrastructure_by_moving_to_one_Linux_vendor?taxonomyId=154&amp;pageNumber=1&amp;taxonomyName=Servers%20and%20Data%20Center |access-date = November 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ars tech Ubuntu server infra&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Wikipedia adopts Ubuntu for its server infrastructure |first = Ryan |last = Paul |url = https://arstechnica.com/open-source/news/2008/10/wikipedia-adopts-ubuntu-for-its-server-infrastructure.ars |website = Ars Technica |date = October 9, 2008 |access-date = November 1, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{update inline|date=November 2020|reason=No ubuntu left, prod runs debian stable/oldstable}} {{As of|2009|12}}, there were 300 in Florida and 44 in [[Amsterdam]].&lt;ref name=&quot;servers&quot; /&gt; By January 22, 2013, Wikipedia had migrated its primary data center to an [[Equinix]] facility in [[Ashburn, Virginia]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://diff.wikimedia.org/2013/01/19/wikimedia-sites-move-to-primary-data-center-in-ashburn-virginia/ |title = Wikimedia sites to move to primary data center in Ashburn, Virginia |first = Guillaume |last = Palmier |publisher = WMF |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.datacenterknowledge.com/archives/2013/01/14/its-official-equinix-ashburn-is-wikimedias-home/ |title = It's Official: Ashburn is Wikipedia's New Home |first = Jason |last = Verge |publisher = Data Center Knowledge |access-date = June 5, 2016 |date = January 14, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; in 2017, Wikipedia had installed a caching cluster in an Equinix facility in [[Singapore]], the first of its kind in Asia.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://phabricator.wikimedia.org/T156028|title=⚓ T156028 Name Asia Cache DC site|website=Wikimedia Phabricator|access-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Internal research and operational development ===
Following growing amounts of incoming donations exceeding seven digits in 2013 as recently reported,&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot; /&gt; the Foundation has reached a threshold of assets which qualify its consideration under the principles of [[industrial organization]] economics to indicate the need for the re-investment of donations into the internal research and development of the Foundation.&lt;ref name=autogenerated5&gt;Frederic M. Scherer and David Ross, [1970] 1990. ''Industrial Market Structure and Economic Performance'', 3rd ed. Houghton-Mifflin. {{SSRN|1496716}} and 1st ed. review [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3003013 extract].&lt;br /&gt;&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp; • [[Google Scholar]] search of [https://archive.today/20120721074339/http://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=Frederic+M.+Scherer&amp;hl=en&amp;btnG=Search&amp;as_sdt=1,47&amp;as_sdtp=on Frederic M. Scherer]&lt;/ref&gt; Two of the recent projects of such internal research and development have been the creation of a Visual Editor and a largely under-utilized &quot;Thank&quot; tab which were developed to ameliorate issues of editor attrition, which have met with limited success.&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski, Andrew&quot; /&gt; The estimates for reinvestment by industrial organizations into internal research and development was studied by Adam Jaffe, who recorded that the range of 4% to 25% annually was to be recommended, with high-end technology requiring the higher level of support for internal reinvestment.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patents, Citations pp 89-153&quot;&gt;''Patents, Citations, and Innovations'', by Adam B. Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg, pp. 89–153.&lt;/ref&gt; At the 2013 level of contributions for Wikimedia presently documented as 45&amp;nbsp;million dollars, the computed budget level recommended by Jaffe and Caballero for reinvestment into internal research and development is between 1.8&amp;nbsp;million and 11.3&amp;nbsp;million dollars annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patents, Citations pp 89-153&quot; /&gt; In 2016, the level of contributions were reported by'' Bloomberg News'' as being at $77&amp;nbsp;million annually, updating the Jaffe estimates for the higher level of support to between $3.08&amp;nbsp;million and $19.2&amp;nbsp;million annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;Patents, Citations pp 89-153&quot; /&gt;

=== Internal news publications ===
Community-produced news publications include the [[English Wikipedia]]'s ''[[WP:Signpost|The Signpost]]'', founded in 2005 by Michael Snow, an attorney, Wikipedia administrator, and former chair of the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] board of trustees.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/03/05/technology/05wikipedia.html?pagewanted=2&amp;_r=1 |title = A Contributor to Wikipedia Has His Fictional Side |first = Noam |last = Cohen |work = The New York Times |date = March 5, 2007 |access-date = October 18, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; It covers news and events from the site, as well as major events from other [[Wikimedia project]]s, such as [[Wikimedia Commons]]. Similar publications are the German-language ''[[:de:WP:Kurier|Kurier]]'', and the Portuguese-language ''[[:pt:wp:Correio da Wikipédia|Correio da Wikipédia]]''. Other past and present community news publications on English Wikipedia include the ''Wikiworld'' webcomic, the [[WP:Wikipedia Weekly|Wikipedia Weekly]] podcast, and newsletters of specific WikiProjects like ''[[Wikipedia:BUGLE|The Bugle]]'' from [[WP:Milhist|WikiProject Military History]] and the monthly newsletter from [[WP:GOCE|The Guild of Copy Editors]]. There are also several publications from the [[Wikimedia Foundation]] and multilingual publications such as [https://diff.wikimedia.org/ Wikimedia Diff] and ''[[:outreach:This Month in Education|This Month in Education]]''.

== Access to content ==
=== Content licensing ===
When the project was started in 2001, all text in Wikipedia was covered by the [[GNU Free Documentation License]] (GFDL), a [[copyleft]] license permitting the redistribution, creation of derivative works, and commercial use of content while authors retain copyright of their work.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP copyright and commerciality 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Copyrights}}&lt;/ref&gt; The GFDL was created for software manuals that come with [[free software]] programs licensed under the GPL. This made it a poor choice for a general reference work: for example, the GFDL requires the reprints of materials from Wikipedia to come with a full copy of the GFDL text. In December 2002, the [[Creative Commons license]] was released: it was specifically designed for creative works in general, not just for software manuals. The license gained popularity among bloggers and others distributing creative works on the Web. The Wikipedia project sought the switch to the Creative Commons.&lt;ref name=&quot;WPF switch to CC&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:License_update |title = Resolution:License update |year = 2007 |first = Walter |last = Vermeir |publisher = Wikizine |access-date = December 4, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because the two licenses, GFDL and Creative Commons, were incompatible, in November 2008, following the request of the project, the [[Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) released a new version of the GFDL designed specifically to allow Wikipedia to {{srlink|Wikipedia:Licensing update|relicense its content to CC BY-SA}} by August 1, 2009. (A new version of the GFDL automatically covers Wikipedia contents.) In April 2009, Wikipedia and its sister projects held a community-wide referendum which decided the switch in June 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;voteresult&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MW licensing QA&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Questions_and_Answers |title = Licensing update/Questions and Answers |website = Wikimedia Meta |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = February 15, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MW licensing timeline 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Licensing_update/Timeline |title = Licensing_update/Timeline |website = Wikimedia Meta |publisher = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = April 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP blog license migration&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://diff.wikimedia.org/2009/05/21/wikimedia-community-approves-license-migration |title = Wikimedia community approves license migration |website = Wikimedia Foundation |access-date = May 21, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The handling of media files (e.g. image files) varies across language editions. Some language editions, such as the English Wikipedia, include non-free image files under [[fair use]] doctrine, while the others have opted not to, in part because of the lack of fair use doctrines in their home countries (e.g. in [[copyright law of Japan|Japanese copyright law]]). Media files covered by [[free content]] licenses (e.g. [[Creative Commons]]' CC BY-SA) are shared across language editions via [[Wikimedia Commons]] repository, a project operated by the Wikimedia Foundation. Wikipedia's accommodation of varying international copyright laws regarding images has led some to observe that its photographic coverage of topics lags behind the quality of the encyclopedic text.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYT photos on WP&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2009/07/20/arts/20funny.html |title = Wikipedia May Be a Font of Facts, but It's a Desert for Photos |date = July 19, 2009 |last = Cohen |first = Noam |work = New York Times |access-date = March 9, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Wikimedia Foundation is not a licensor of content, but merely a hosting service for the contributors (and licensors) of the Wikipedia. This position has been successfully defended in court.&lt;ref name=&quot;reuters French defamation case&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/internetNews/idUSL0280486220071102?feedType=RSS&amp;feedName=internetNews |title = Wikipedia cleared in French defamation case |work = Reuters |date = November 2, 2007 |access-date = November 2, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ars tech WP dumb suing case&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20080502-dumb-idea-suing-wikipedia-for-calling-you-dumb.html |title = Dumb idea: suing Wikipedia for calling you &quot;dumb&quot; |first = Nate |last = Anderson |website = Ars Technica |date = May 2, 2008 |access-date = May 4, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== {{anchor|Reusing Wikipedia's content}}Methods of access ===
Because Wikipedia content is distributed under an open license, anyone can reuse or re-distribute it at no charge. The content of Wikipedia has been published in many forms, both online and offline, outside the Wikipedia website.
*'''Websites''': Thousands of &quot;[[mirror site]]s&quot; exist that republish content from Wikipedia: two prominent ones, that also include content from other reference sources, are [[Reference.com]] and [[Answers.com]]. Another example is [[Wapedia]], which began to display Wikipedia content in a mobile-device-friendly format before Wikipedia itself did.
*'''Mobile apps''': A variety of mobile apps provide access to Wikipedia on [[mobile device|hand-held device]]s, including both [[Android (operating system)|Android]] and [[iOS]] devices (see [[Wikipedia App|Wikipedia apps]]). (see also [[#Mobile access|Mobile access]].)
*'''Search engines''': Some web [[search engine]]s make special use of Wikipedia content when displaying search results: examples include [[Microsoft Bing]] (via technology gained from [[Powerset (company)|Powerset]])&lt;ref name=&quot;bing WP research and referencing&quot; /&gt; and [[DuckDuckGo]].
*'''Compact discs, DVDs''': Collections of Wikipedia articles have been published on [[optical disc]]s. An English version, 2006 [[Wikipedia CD Selection]], contained about 2,000 articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikipediaondvd authorized 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/ &quot;Wikipedia on DVD&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130603205800/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/ |date=June 3, 2013}} Linterweb. Retrieved June 1, 2007. &quot;Linterweb is authorized to make a commercial use of the Wikipedia trademark restricted to the selling of the Encyclopedia CDs and DVDs&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wikipediaondvd commercially available 1&quot;&gt;[http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php?temp=buy &quot;Wikipedia 0.5 Available on a CD-ROM&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130503073535/http://www.wikipediaondvd.com/site.php?temp=buy |date=May 3, 2013}} ''Wikipedia on DVD''. Linterweb. &quot;The DVD or CD-ROM version 0.5 was commercially available for purchase.&quot; Retrieved June 1, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt; The Polish-language version contains nearly 240,000 articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;WM polish WP on dvd&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Polska_Wikipedia_na_DVD_%28z_Helionem%29/en |title = Polish Wikipedia on DVD |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; There are German- and Spanish-language versions as well.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP german on dvd 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:DVD |title = Wikipedia:DVD |access-date = December 26, 2008 |date = July 31, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;python.org CDPedia Argentina 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://python.org.ar/pyar/Proyectos/CDPedia |title = CDPedia (Python Argentina) |access-date = July 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Also, &quot;Wikipedia for Schools&quot;, the Wikipedia series of CDs / DVDs produced by Wikipedians and [[SOS Children's Villages UK|SOS Children]], is a free, hand-checked, non-commercial selection from Wikipedia targeted around the [[National Curriculum (UK)|UK National Curriculum]] and intended to be useful for much of the English-speaking world.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP CD selection 1&quot; /&gt; The project is available online; an equivalent print encyclopedia would require roughly 20 volumes.
*'''Printed books''': There are efforts to put a select subset of Wikipedia's articles into printed book form.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP into books 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia turned into book |url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5jeCgQjpj?url=http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/newstopics/howaboutthat/5549589/Wikipedia-turned-into-book.html |work = The Daily Telegraph |location = London |date = June 16, 2009 |access-date = September 8, 2009 |archive-date = September 9, 2009 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP schools selection 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://schools-wikipedia.org |title = Wikipedia Selection for Schools |access-date = July 14, 2012 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120804093730/http://schools-wikipedia.org/ |archive-date = August 4, 2012 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since 2009, tens of thousands of [[print on demand|print-on-demand]] books that reproduced English, German, Russian and French Wikipedia articles have been produced by the American company [[Books LLC]] and by three [[Mauritius|Mauritian]] subsidiaries of the German publisher [[VDM Publishing|VDM]].&lt;ref name=&quot;FAZ&quot; /&gt;
*'''Semantic Web''': The website [[DBpedia]], begun in 2007, extracts data from the infoboxes and category declarations of the English-language Wikipedia. Wikimedia has created the [[Wikidata]] project with a similar objective of storing the basic facts from each page of Wikipedia and the other WMF wikis and make it available in a queriable [[Semantic Web|semantic]] format, [[Resource Description Framework|RDF]]. This is still under development. As of February 2014, it has 15,000,000 items and 1,000 properties for describing them.

Obtaining the full contents of Wikipedia for reuse presents challenges, since direct cloning via a [[web crawler]] is discouraged.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP DB usage policy 1&quot; /&gt; Wikipedia publishes [[Wikipedia:Database download|&quot;dumps&quot;]] of its contents, but these are text-only; {{as of|2007|lc=y}} there was no dump available of Wikipedia's images.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP image data dumps 1&quot;&gt;[[meta:Data dumps#Downloading Images|Data dumps: Downloading Images]], [[Meta-Wiki]]&lt;/ref&gt;

Several languages of Wikipedia also maintain a [[WP:REFDESK|reference desk]], where volunteers answer questions from the general public. According to a study by Pnina Shachaf in the ''[[Journal of Documentation]]'', the quality of the Wikipedia reference desk is comparable to a standard library [[reference desk]], with an accuracy of 55 percent.&lt;ref name=&quot;slis WP reference desk 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.slis.indiana.edu/news/story.php?story_id=2064 |title = Wikipedia Reference Desk |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Mobile access{{anchor|Wikipedia mobile access|Wikipedia mobile}} ====
{{see also|Help:Mobile access}}
[[File:Wikipedia on Mobile screenshot 2019.png|thumb|The mobile version of the English Wikipedia's main page, from August 3, 2019]]
Wikipedia's original medium was for users to read and edit content using any standard [[web browser]] through a fixed [[Internet access|Internet connection]]. Although Wikipedia content has been accessible through the [[mobile web]] since July 2013, ''The New York Times'' on February 9, 2014, quoted Erik Möller, deputy director of the Wikimedia Foundation, stating that the transition of internet traffic from desktops to mobile devices was significant and a cause for concern and worry.&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot; /&gt; The article in ''The New York Times'' reported the comparison statistics for mobile edits stating that, &quot;Only 20 percent of the readership of the English-language Wikipedia comes via mobile devices, a figure substantially lower than the percentage of mobile traffic for other media sites, many of which approach 50 percent. And the shift to mobile editing has lagged even more.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot; /&gt; ''The New York Times'' reports that Möller has assigned &quot;a team of 10 software developers focused on mobile&quot;, out of a total of approximately 200 employees working at the Wikimedia Foundation. One principal concern cited by ''The New York Times'' for the &quot;worry&quot; is for Wikipedia to effectively address attrition issues with the number of editors which the online encyclopedia attracts to edit and maintain its content in a mobile access environment.&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot; /&gt;

''[[Bloomberg Businessweek]]'' reported in July 2014 that Google's Android mobile apps have dominated the largest share of global smartphone shipments for 2013 with 78.6% of market share over their next closest competitor in iOS with 15.2% of the market.&lt;ref&gt;Brad Stone, &quot;How Google's Android chief, Sundar Pichai, became the most powerful man in mobile&quot;, June 30{{snd}}July 6, 2014, ''Bloomberg BusinessWeek'', pp. 47–51.&lt;/ref&gt; At the time of the Tretikov appointment and her posted web interview with [[Sue Gardner]] in May 2014, Wikimedia representatives made a technical announcement concerning the number of mobile access systems in the market seeking access to Wikipedia. Directly after the posted web interview, the representatives stated that Wikimedia would be applying an all-inclusive approach to accommodate as many mobile access systems as possible in its efforts for expanding general mobile access, including BlackBerry and the Windows Phone system, making market share a secondary issue.&lt;ref name=&quot;nytimes.com&quot; /&gt; The latest version of the Android app for Wikipedia was released on July 23, 2014, to generally positive reviews, scoring over four of a possible five in a poll of approximately 200,000 users downloading from Google.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=org.wikipedia&amp;hl=en |title = Wikipedia – Android Apps on Google Play |website = Play.Google.com |access-date = August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The latest version for iOS was released on April 3, 2013, to similar reviews.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://itunes.apple.com/us/app/wikipedia-mobile/id324715238?mt=8 |title = Wikipedia Mobile on the App Store on iTunes |website = iTunes.Apple.com |date = August 4, 2014 |access-date = August 21, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Access to Wikipedia from mobile phones was possible as early as 2004, through the [[Wireless Application Protocol]] (WAP), via the [[Wapedia]] service. In June 2007 Wikipedia launched [https://web.archive.org/web/20090112031222/http://en.mobile.wikipedia.org/ en.mobile.wikipedia.org], an official website for wireless devices. In 2009 a newer mobile service was officially released,&lt;ref name=&quot;WM mobile added 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Wikimedia Mobile is Officially Launched |website = Wikimedia Technical Blog |url = http://techblog.wikimedia.org/2009/06/wikimedia-mobile-launch |date = June 30, 2009 |access-date = July 22, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; located at [https://en.m.wikipedia.org/ en.m.wikipedia.org], which caters to more advanced mobile devices such as the [[iPhone]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]]-based devices or [[WebOS]]-based devices. Several other methods of mobile access to Wikipedia have emerged. Many devices and applications optimize or enhance the display of Wikipedia content for mobile devices, while some also incorporate additional features such as use of Wikipedia [[metadata]] (see {{srlink|Wikipedia:Metadata}}), such as [[geographic data and information|geoinformation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;androgeoid.com LPOI WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://androgeoid.com/2011/04/local-points-of-interest-in-wikipedia |title = Local Points Of Interest In Wikipedia |date = May 15, 2011 |access-date = May 15, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ilounge iphone gems WP&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.ilounge.com/index.php/articles/comments/15802 |title = iPhone Gems: Wikipedia Apps |date = November 30, 2008 |access-date = July 22, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Wikipedia Zero]] was an initiative of the Wikimedia Foundation to expand the reach of the encyclopedia to the developing countries.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last = Ellis |first = Justin |url = http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/01/wikipedia-plans-to-expand-mobile-access-around-the-globe-with-new-funding |title = Wikipedia plans to expand mobile access around the globe with new funding |publisher = Nieman Journalism Lab |website = NiemanLab |date = January 17, 2013 |access-date = April 22, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was discontinued in February 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://diff.wikimedia.org/2018/02/16/partnerships-new-approach/|title=Building for the future of Wikimedia with a new approach to partnerships&amp;nbsp;– Wikimedia Diff|website=[[Wikimedia Foundation]]|access-date=May 12, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[Andrew Lih]] and [[Andrew Brown (writer)|Andrew Brown]] both maintain editing Wikipedia with [[smartphone]]s is difficult and this discourages new potential contributors. The number of Wikipedia editors has been declining after several years and Tom Simonite of ''[[MIT Technology Review]]'' claims the bureaucratic structure and rules are a factor in this. Simonite alleges some [[Wikipedian]]s use the labyrinthine rules and guidelines to dominate others and those editors have a vested interest in keeping the [[status quo]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Simonite-2013&quot; /&gt; Lih alleges there is a serious disagreement among existing contributors on how to resolve this. Lih fears for Wikipedia's long-term future while Brown fears problems with Wikipedia will remain and rival encyclopedias will not replace it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2015/06/21/opinion/can-wikipedia-survive.html |title = Can Wikipedia Survive? |first = Andrew |last = Lih |date = June 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/jun/25/wikipedia-editors-dying-breed-mobile-smartphone-technology-online-encyclopedia |title = Wikipedia editors are a dying breed. The reason? Mobile |first = Andrew |last = Brown |journal = The Guardian |date = June 25, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Cultural impact{{anchor|Impact}} ==
=== Trusted source to combat fake news ===
In 2017–18, after a barrage of false news reports, both Facebook and YouTube announced they would rely on Wikipedia to help their users evaluate reports and reject false news. [[Noam Cohen]], writing in ''The Washington Post'' states, &quot;YouTube's reliance on Wikipedia to set the record straight builds on the thinking of another fact-challenged platform, the Facebook social network, which announced last year that Wikipedia would help its users root out 'fake news'.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;/&gt; As of November 2020, Alexa records the daily pageviews per visitor as 3.03 and the average daily time on site as 3:46 minutes.&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa siteinfo&quot; /&gt;

=== Readership ===
In February 2014, ''The New York Times'' reported that Wikipedia was ranked fifth globally among all websites, stating &quot;With 18 billion page views and nearly 500 million unique visitors a month [...] Wikipedia trails just Yahoo, Facebook, Microsoft and Google, the largest with 1.2 billion unique visitors.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;small screen&quot; /&gt; However, its ranking dropped to 13th globally by June 2020 due mostly to a rise in popularity of Chinese websites for online shopping.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites |title=The top 500 sites on the web |website=Alexa |access-date=June 13, 2020 |archive-date=February 3, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203120227/https://www.alexa.com/topsites |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In addition to [[logistic function|logistic growth]] in the number of its articles,&lt;ref name=&quot;modelling&quot; /&gt; Wikipedia has steadily gained status as a general reference website since its inception in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;comscore&quot; /&gt; About 50 percent of search engine traffic to Wikipedia comes from Google,&lt;ref name=&quot;hitwisegoogle&quot; /&gt; a good portion of which is related to academic research.&lt;ref name=&quot;hitwiseAcademic&quot; /&gt; The number of readers of Wikipedia worldwide reached 365&amp;nbsp;million at the end of 2009.&lt;ref name=&quot;365M&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/meta/3/3a/TED2010%2C_Stuart_West_full_presentation_updated_with_January_data.pdf |title = Wikipedia's Evolving Impact: slideshow presentation at TED2010 |first = Stuart |last = West |access-date = October 23, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Pew Research Center|Pew]] Internet and American Life project found that one third of US Internet users consulted Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikipedia users&quot; /&gt; In 2011 ''Business Insider'' gave Wikipedia a valuation of $4&amp;nbsp;billion if it ran advertisements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |author = SAI |url = http://www.businessinsider.com/2011-digital-100#7-wikimedia-foundation-wikipedia-7 |title = The World's Most Valuable Startups |website = Business Insider |date = October 7, 2011 |access-date = June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to &quot;Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011&quot;, the average age of Wikipedia readers is 36, with a rough parity between genders. Almost half of Wikipedia readers visit the site more than five times a month, and a similar number of readers specifically look for Wikipedia in search engine results. About 47 percent of Wikipedia readers do not realize that Wikipedia is a non-profit organization.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Research:Wikipedia_Readership_Survey_2011/Results |title = Research: Wikipedia Readership Survey 2011/Results – Meta |publisher = Wikimedia |date = February 6, 2012 |access-date = April 16, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== COVID-19 pandemic ====
{{main|Wikipedia's response to the COVID-19 pandemic}}
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Wikipedia's coverage of the pandemic received international media attention, and brought an increase in Wikipedia readership overall.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Wikipedia breaks five-year record with high traffic in pandemic|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1551521|last=Jahangir|first=Ramsha|date=April 23, 2020|website=DAWN.COM|language=en|access-date=May 4, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Cultural significance ===
{{redirect|Wikipedia in webcomics|the list of Wikipedia's appearances in webcomics|Wikipedia:Wikipedia in webcomics}}
{{main|Wikipedia in culture}}
&lt;!-- Every single cultural, media, or Internet reference to Wikipedia does not need to be mentioned here and differentiation between what constitutes a matter of significance and what is run-of-the-mill is important when adding content here. --&gt;
[[File:Wikipedia Monument in Słubice - detail.JPG|thumb|''[[Wikipedia Monument]]'' in [[Słubice]], Poland (2014, by [[Mihran Hakobyan]])]]
Wikipedia's content has also been used in academic studies, books, conferences, and court cases.&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikipedia in media&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Bourgeois&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;ssrn.com Wikipedian Justice 1&quot;&gt;{{cite document|ssrn = 1346311 |title = Wikipedian Justice |date = February 19, 2009 |last1 = Sharma |first1 = Raghav}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Parliament of Canada]]'s website refers to Wikipedia's article on [[same-sex marriage]] in the &quot;related links&quot; section of its &quot;further reading&quot; list for the ''[[Civil Marriage Act]]''.&lt;ref name=&quot;parl.gc.ca same-sex marriage&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.parl.gc.ca/LegisInfo/BillDetails.aspx?billId=1585203&amp;View=10 |publisher = LEGISinfo|title=House Government Bill C-38 (38–1) |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The encyclopedia's assertions are increasingly used as a source by organizations such as the US federal courts and the [[World Intellectual Property Organization]]&lt;ref name=&quot;WP_court_source&quot; /&gt;—though mainly for ''supporting information'' rather than information decisive to a case.&lt;ref name=&quot;Courts turn to Wikipedia&quot; /&gt; Content appearing on Wikipedia has also been cited as a source and referenced in some [[United States Intelligence Community|US intelligence agency]] reports.&lt;ref name=&quot;US Intelligence&quot; /&gt; In December 2008, the scientific journal ''[[RNA Biology]]'' launched a new section for descriptions of families of RNA molecules and requires authors who contribute to the section to also submit a draft article on the [[Rfam|RNA family]] for publication in Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Declan&quot; /&gt;

Wikipedia has also been used as a source in journalism,&lt;ref name=&quot;ajr.org WP in the newsroom&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia in the Newsroom |url = http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461 |date = February–March 2008 |work = American Journalism Review |first = Donna |last = Shaw |access-date = February 11, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120805155909/http://www.ajr.org/Article.asp?id=4461 |archive-date = August 5, 2012 |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;twsY23&quot; /&gt; often without attribution, and several reporters have been dismissed for [[plagiarism from Wikipedia|plagiarizing from Wikipedia]].&lt;ref name=&quot;shizuoka plagiarized WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Shizuoka newspaper plagiarized Wikipedia article |work = Japan News Review |date = July 5, 2007 |url = http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id=364 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140312013353/http://www.japannewsreview.com/society/chubu/20070705page_id%3D364 |archive-date = March 12, 2014 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;WA Express-News staffer resigns&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html |title = Express-News staffer resigns after plagiarism in column is discovered |access-date = January 31, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071015045010/http://www.mysanantonio.com/news/metro/stories/MYSA010307.02A.richter.132c153.html |archive-date = October 15, 2007}}, ''[[San Antonio Express-News]]'', January 9, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;starbulletin.com Inquiry prompts dismissal&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://archives.starbulletin.com/2006/01/13/news/story03.html |title = Inquiry prompts reporter's dismissal |website = Honolulu Star-Bulletin |first = Frank |last = Bridgewater |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2006, [[Time (magazine)|''Time'' magazine]] recognized Wikipedia's participation (along with [[YouTube]], [[Reddit]], [[MySpace]], and [[Facebook]])&lt;ref name=&quot;Time2006&quot; /&gt; in the rapid growth of online collaboration and interaction by millions of people worldwide.

In July 2007, Wikipedia was the focus of a 30-minute documentary on [[BBC Radio 4]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007tc6x |title = Radio 4 documentary, BBC |access-date = April 24, 2016 |date = 2007 |archive-date = September 4, 2017 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20170904080952/http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007tc6x |url-status = dead }}&lt;/ref&gt; which argued that, with increased usage and awareness, the number of references to Wikipedia in popular culture is such that the word is one of a select group of 21st-century nouns that are so familiar ([[Google]], [[Facebook]], [[YouTube]]) that they no longer need explanation.

On September 28, 2007, [[Italy|Italian]] politician [[Franco Grillini]] raised a parliamentary question with the minister of cultural resources and activities about the necessity of [[freedom of panorama]]. He said that the lack of such freedom forced Wikipedia, &quot;the seventh most consulted website&quot;, to forbid all images of modern Italian buildings and art, and claimed this was hugely damaging to tourist revenues.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |title = Comunicato Stampa. On. Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interrogazione a Rutelli. Con &quot;diritto di panorama&quot; promuovere arte e architettura contemporanea italiana. Rivedere con urgenza legge copyright |date = October 12, 2007 |language = it |trans-title = Press release. Honorable Franco Grillini. Wikipedia. Interview with Rutelli about the &quot;right to view&quot; promoting contemporary art and architecture of Italy. Review with urgency copyright law |access-date = December 26, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090330141810/http://www.grillini.it/show.php?4885 |archive-date = March 30, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

[[File:Wikipedia, an introduction - Erasmus Prize 2015.webm|thumb|upright=1|thumbtime=00:36.00|Wikipedia, an introduction – [[Erasmus Prize]] 2015]]
[[File:Quadriga-verleihung-rr-02.jpg|thumb|upright=1|[[Jimmy Wales]] accepts the 2008 [[Quadriga (award)|Quadriga]] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award on behalf of Wikipedia]]
On September 16, 2007, ''[[The Washington Post]]'' reported that Wikipedia had become a focal point in the [[2008 United States presidential election|2008 US election campaign]], saying: &quot;Type a candidate's name into Google, and among the first results is a Wikipedia page, making those entries arguably as important as any ad in defining a candidate. Already, the presidential entries are being edited, dissected and debated countless times each day.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;WP.com WP election usage&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/16/AR2007091601699_pf.html |title = On Wikipedia, Debating 2008 Hopefuls' Every Facet |author = Jose Antonio Vargas |work = The Washington Post |date = September 17, 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt; An October 2007 [[Reuters]] article, titled &quot;Wikipedia page the latest status symbol&quot;, reported the recent phenomenon of how having a Wikipedia article vindicates one's notability.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.reuters.com/article/domesticNews/idUSN2232893820071022?sp=true |title = Wikipedia page the latest status symbol |first = Jennifer |last = Ablan |work = Reuters |date = October 22, 2007 |access-date = October 24, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Active participation also has an impact. Law students have been assigned to write Wikipedia articles as an exercise in clear and succinct writing for an uninitiated audience.&lt;ref name=&quot;LER students write for WP 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title = Engaging with the World: Students of Comparative Law Write for Wikipedia |journal = Legal Education Review |volume = 19 |issue = 1 and 2 |year = 2009 |pages = 83–98 |author = Witzleb, Normann}}&lt;/ref&gt;

A working group led by [[Peter Stone (professor)|Peter Stone]] (formed as a part of the [[Stanford]]-based project [[One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence]]) in its report called Wikipedia &quot;the best-known example of crowdsourcing{{nbsp}}... that far exceeds traditionally-compiled information sources, such as encyclopedias and dictionaries, in scale and depth.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = https://ai100.stanford.edu/2016-report/section-i-what-artificial-intelligence/ai-research-trends |title = AI Research Trends |author = &lt;!-- Staff writer(s); no by-line. --&gt; |website = One Hundred Year Study on Artificial Intelligence (AI100) |publisher = Stanford University |access-date = September 3, 2016 }}&lt;/ref&gt;

In a 2017 opinion piece for ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'', [[Hossein Derakhshan]] describes Wikipedia as &quot;one of the last remaining pillars of the [[openness|open]] and [[decentralization#Centralization and redecentralization of the Internet|decentralized web]]&quot; and contrasted its existence as a text-based source of knowledge with [[social media]] and [[social networking service]]s, the latter having &quot;since colonized the web for television's values&quot;. For Derakhshan, Wikipedia's goal as an encyclopedia represents the [[Age of Enlightenment]] tradition of [[rationality]] triumphing over emotions, a trend which he considers &quot;endangered&quot; due to the &quot;gradual shift from a [[typography|typographic]] culture to a photographic one, which in turn mean[s] a shift from rationality to emotions, exposition to entertainment&quot;. Rather than &quot;{{lang|la|[[sapere aude]]}}&quot; ({{literal translation|'dare to know'|lk=on}}), social networks have led to a culture of &quot;[d]are not to care to know&quot;. This is while Wikipedia faces &quot;a more concerning problem&quot; than funding, namely &quot;a flattening growth rate in the number of contributors to the website&quot;. Consequently, the challenge for Wikipedia and those who use it is to &quot;save Wikipedia and its promise of a free and open collection of all human knowledge amid the conquest of new and old television—how to collect and preserve knowledge when nobody cares to know.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last=Derakhshan|first=Hossein|author-link=Hossein Derakhshan|date=October 19, 2017|title=How Social Media Endangers Knowledge|url=https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|url-status=live|department=Business|work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]|publisher=[[Condé Nast]]|eissn=1078-3148|issn=1059-1028|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181022190537/https://www.wired.com/story/wikipedias-fate-shows-how-the-web-endangers-knowledge/|archive-date=October 22, 2018|access-date=October 22, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==== Awards ====
[[File:Wikipedia team visiting to Parliament of Oviedo Spain 2015.JPG|thumb|upright=1|Wikipedia team visiting the Parliament of Asturias]]
[[File:Spanish Wikipedians meetup.jpg|thumb|upright=1|Wikipedians meeting after the 2015 Asturias awards ceremony]]
Wikipedia won two major awards in May 2004.&lt;ref name=&quot;WP awards for WP 1&quot;&gt;[[m:Trophy box|&quot;Trophy box&quot;]], {{srlink|Wikipedia:Meta|Meta-Wiki}} (March 28, 2005).&lt;/ref&gt; The first was a Golden Nica for Digital Communities of the annual [[Prix Ars Electronica]] contest; this came with a €10,000 (£6,588; $12,700) grant and an invitation to present at the PAE Cyberarts Festival in [[Austria]] later that year. The second was a Judges' [[Webby Award]] for the &quot;community&quot; category.&lt;ref name=&quot;webbyawards WP awards 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php |title = Webby Awards 2004 |publisher = The International Academy of Digital Arts and Sciences |year = 2004 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722174246/http://www.webbyawards.com/webbys/winners-2004.php |archive-date = July 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Wikipedia was also nominated for a &quot;Best Practices&quot; Webby award.

In 2007, readers of brandchannel.com voted Wikipedia as the fourth-highest brand ranking, receiving 15 percent of the votes in answer to the question &quot;Which brand had the most impact on our lives in 2006?&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;brandchannel.com awards 1&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Anthony |last = Zumpano |title = Similar Search Results: Google Wins |url = http://www.brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352 |publisher = Interbrand |date = January 29, 2007 |access-date = January 28, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070220095907/http://brandchannel.com/features_effect.asp?pf_id=352 |archive-date = February 20, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In September 2008, Wikipedia received [[Quadriga (award)|Quadriga]] ''A Mission of Enlightenment'' award of Werkstatt Deutschland along with [[Boris Tadić]], [[Eckart Höfling]], and [[Peter Gabriel]]. The award was presented to Wales by [[David Weinberger]].&lt;ref name=&quot;loomarea.com WP award 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080915140714/http://loomarea.com/die_quadriga/e/index.php?title=Award_2008 |url-status=dead |archive-date = September 15, 2008 |title = Die Quadriga – Award 2008 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, Wikipedia was awarded both the annual [[Erasmus Prize]], which recognizes exceptional contributions to culture, society or social sciences,&lt;ref name=&quot;EP2015&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.erasmusprijs.org/?lang=en&amp;page=Erasmusprijs |title = Erasmus Prize – Praemium Erasmianum |publisher = Praemium Erasmianum Foundation |access-date = January 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the [[Spain|Spanish]] [[Princess of Asturias Award]] on International Cooperation.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.fpa.es/es/premios-princesa-de-asturias/premiados/2015-wikipedia.html?especifica=0&amp;idCategoria=0&amp;anio=2015&amp;especifica=0 |title = Premio Princesa de Asturias de Cooperación Internacional 2015 |publisher = Fundación Princesa de Asturias |access-date = June 17, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Speaking at the Asturian Parliament in Oviedo, the city that hosts the awards ceremony, [[Jimmy Wales]] praised the work of the [[Asturian language]] Wikipedia users.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title = Los fundadores de Wikipedia destacan la versión en asturiano |url = http://www.lne.es/sociedad-cultura/2015/10/22/fundadores-wikipedia-destacan-version-asturiano/1830529.html |newspaper = La Nueva España |language = es |trans-title = The founders of Wikipedia highlight the Asturian version |access-date = October 20, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; The night of the ceremony, members of the Wikimedia Foundation held a meeting with Wikipedians from all parts of Spain, including the local [[Asturian Wikipedia|Asturian community]].

==== Satire ====
{{category see also|Parodies of Wikipedia}}
Many parodies target Wikipedia's openness and susceptibility to inserted inaccuracies, with characters vandalizing or modifying the online encyclopedia project's articles.

Comedian [[Stephen Colbert]] has parodied or referenced Wikipedia on numerous episodes of his show ''[[The Colbert Report]]'' and coined the related term ''[[wikiality]]'', meaning &quot;together we can create a reality that we all agree on—the reality we just agreed on&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiality&quot; /&gt; Another example can be found in &quot;Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years of American Independence&quot;, a July 2006 front-page article in ''[[The Onion]]'',&lt;ref name=&quot;onion WP 750 years 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.theonion.com/articles/wikipedia-celebrates-750-years-of-american-indepen,2007/ |title = Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence |access-date = October 15, 2006 |date = July 26, 2006 |website = [[The Onion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; as well as the 2010 ''The Onion'' article &quot;'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.theonion.com/articles/la-law-wikipedia-page-viewed-874-times-today,18521/ |title = 'L.A. Law' Wikipedia Page Viewed 874 Times Today |date = November 24, 2010 |website = [[The Onion]]}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In an episode of the television comedy [[The Office (American TV series)|''The Office'' U.S.]], which aired in April 2007, an incompetent office manager ([[Michael Scott (The Office)|Michael Scott]]) is shown relying on a hypothetical Wikipedia article for information on [[negotiation]] tactics to assist him in negotiating lesser pay for an employee.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.officetally.com/the-office-the-negotiation |title = The Office: The Negotiation, 3.19 |date = April 5, 2007 |access-date = December 27, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; Viewers of the show tried to add the episode's mention of the page as a section of the actual Wikipedia article on negotiation, but this effort was prevented by other users on the article's talk page.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/webguide/internetlife/2007-04-12-office-wikipedia_N.htm |title = 'Office' fans, inspired by Michael Scott, flock to edit Wikipedia |newspaper = USA Today |date = April 12, 2007 |access-date = December 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

&quot;[[My Number One Doctor]]&quot;, a 2007 episode of the television show ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]'', played on the perception that Wikipedia is an unreliable reference tool with a scene in which [[Perry Cox]] reacts to a patient who says that a Wikipedia article indicates that the [[raw food diet]] reverses the effects of [[bone cancer]] by retorting that the same editor who wrote that article also wrote the [[list of Battlestar Galactica (2004 TV series) episodes|''Battlestar Galactica'' episode guide]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Bakken one doctor 1&quot;&gt;Bakken, Janae. &quot;[[My Number One Doctor]]&quot;; ''[[Scrubs (TV series)|Scrubs]]''; [[American Broadcasting Company|ABC]]; December 6, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2008, the comedic website ''[[CollegeHumor]]'' produced a video sketch named &quot;Professor Wikipedia&quot;, in which the fictitious Professor Wikipedia instructs a class with a medley of unverifiable and occasionally absurd statements.&lt;ref name=&quot;collegehumor.com WP funny 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.collegehumor.com/video/3581424/professor-wikipedia |title = Professor Wikipedia |publisher = CollegeHumor |date = November 17, 2009 |access-date = April 19, 2011|format=Video}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The ''[[Dilbert]]'' comic strip from May 8, 2009, features a character supporting an improbable claim by saying &quot;Give me ten minutes and then check Wikipedia.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;dilbert WP funny 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://dilbert.com/strips/comic/2009-05-08 |title = Dilbert comic strip for 05/08/2009 from the official Dilbert comic strips archive |publisher = Universal Uclick |date = May 8, 2009 |access-date = March 10, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In July 2009, [[BBC Radio 4]] broadcast a comedy series called ''[[Bigipedia]]'', which was set on a website which was a parody of Wikipedia. Some of the sketches were directly inspired by Wikipedia and its articles.&lt;ref name=&quot;comedy.org.uk WP funny 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.comedy.org.uk/guide/radio/bigipedia/interview/ |title = Interview With Nick Doody and Matt Kirshen |website = [[British Comedy Guide]] |access-date = July 31, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;

On August 23, 2013, the ''[[The New Yorker|New Yorker]]'' website published a cartoon with this caption: &quot;Dammit, [[Chelsea Manning|Manning]], have you considered the pronoun war that this is going to start on your Wikipedia page?&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |title = Manning/Wikipedia cartoon |access-date = August 26, 2013 |first = Emily |last = Flake |author-link = Emily Flake |date = August 23, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20141012052730/http://www.condenaststore.com/-sp/Dammit-Manning-have-you-considered-the-pronoun-war-that-this-is-going-t-Cartoon-Prints_i9813981_.htm |archive-date = October 12, 2014 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The cartoon referred to Chelsea Elizabeth Manning (born Bradley Edward Manning), an American activist, politician, and former United States Army soldier and a [[trans woman]].

In December 2015, [[John Julius Norwich]] stated, in a letter published in ''[[The Times]]'' newspaper, that as a historian he resorted to Wikipedia &quot;at least a dozen times a day&quot;, and had never yet caught it out. He described it as &quot;a work of reference as useful as any in existence&quot;, with so wide a range that it is almost impossible to find a person, place, or thing that it has left uncovered and that he could never have written his last two books without it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/letters/article4639755.ece |title = The obstacles to reforming our prisons |date = December 14, 2015|journal = The Times |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/public/sitesearch.do?querystring=john%20julius%20norwich&amp;p=tto&amp;pf=all&amp;bl=on |title = John Julius Norwich – Search – The Times |website = thetimes.co.uk |access-date = June 5, 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sister projects{{snd}}Wikimedia ===
{{main|Wikimedia project}}
Wikipedia has also spawned several sister projects, which are also wikis run by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. These other [[Wikimedia projects]] include [[Wiktionary]], a dictionary project launched in December 2002,&lt;ref name=&quot;WM dictionary 1&quot; /&gt; [[Wikiquote]], a collection of quotations created a week after Wikimedia launched, [[Wikibooks]], a collection of collaboratively written free textbooks and annotated texts, [[Wikimedia Commons]], a site devoted to free-knowledge multimedia, [[Wikinews]], for citizen journalism, and [[Wikiversity]], a project for the creation of free learning materials and the provision of online learning activities.&lt;ref name=&quot;OurProjects&quot; /&gt; Another sister project of Wikipedia, [[Wikispecies]], is a catalogue of species. In 2012 [[Wikivoyage]], an editable travel guide, and [[Wikidata]], an editable knowledge base, launched.

=== Publishing ===
[[File:WikiMedia DC 2013 Annual Meeting 08.JPG|right|thumb|A group of Wikimedians of the [http://wikimediadc.org/wiki/Home Wikimedia DC chapter] at the 2013 DC Wikimedia annual meeting standing in front of the ''Encyclopædia Britannica'' ''(back left)'' at the US National Archives]]
The most obvious economic effect of Wikipedia has been the death of commercial encyclopedias, especially the printed versions, e.g. ''[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]'', which were unable to compete with a product that is essentially free.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1 = Bosman |first1 = Julie |title = After 244 Years, Encyclopaedia Britannica Stops the Presses |url = http://mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com//2012/03/13/after-244-years-encyclopaedia-britannica-stops-the-presses/ |website = The New York Times |access-date = January 26, 2015 |date = March 13, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.gizmocrazed.com/2012/03/encyclopedia-britannica-dies-at-the-hands-of-wikipedia-infographic/ |title = ''Encyclopedia Britannica Dies At The Hands Of Wikipedia'', Gizmocrazed.com (with ''statista'' infographic from NYTimes.com) |publisher = Gizmocrazed.com |date = March 20, 2012 |access-date = June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FT impact on traditional media&quot;&gt;{{cite news |author = Christopher Caldwell (journalist) |author-link = Christopher Caldwell (journalist) |date = June 14, 2013 |title = A chapter in the Enlightenment closes |url = http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/ae22314a-d383-11e2-b3ff-00144feab7de.html |newspaper = [[Financial Times|ft.com]] |access-date = June 15, 2013 |quote = Bertelsmann did not resort to euphemism this week when it announced the end of the Brockhaus encyclopedia brand. Brockhaus had been publishing reference books for two centuries when the media group bought it in 2008. [...] The internet has finished off Brockhaus altogether. [...] What Germans like is Wikipedia.}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Nicholas G. Carr|Nicholas Carr]] wrote a 2005 essay, &quot;The amorality of [[Web 2.0]]&quot;, that criticized websites with [[user-generated content]], like Wikipedia, for possibly leading to professional (and, in his view, superior) content producers' going out of business, because &quot;free trumps quality all the time&quot;. Carr wrote: &quot;Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;RType WP traditional media impact 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = The amorality of Web 2.0 |url = http://www.roughtype.com/archives/2005/10/the_amorality_o.php |date = October 3, 2005 |website = Rough Type |access-date = July 15, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt; Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. For instance, [[Chris Anderson (writer)|Chris Anderson]], the editor-in-chief of ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired Magazine]]'', wrote in ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' that the &quot;[[wisdom of the crowd|wisdom of crowds]]&quot; approach of Wikipedia will not displace top [[scientific journal]]s, with their rigorous [[peer review]] process.&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.com crowds wisdom&quot; /&gt;

There is also an ongoing debate about the influence of Wikipedia on the biography publishing business. &quot;The worry is that, if you can get all that information from Wikipedia, what's left for biography?&quot; said [[Kathryn Hughes]], professor of life writing at the University of East Anglia and author of ''The Short Life and Long Times of Mrs Beeton'' and ''George Eliot: the Last Victorian''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |first = Alison |last = Flood |url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/booksblog/2013/feb/07/traditional-biography-shakespeare-breakfast |title = Alison Flood: ''Should traditional biography be buried alongside Shakespeare's breakfast?'' |journal = The Guardian |date = February 7, 2013|access-date = June 14, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Research use ===
Wikipedia has been widely used as a [[text corpus|corpus]] for linguistic research in [[computational linguistics]], [[information retrieval]] and [[natural language processing]]. In particular, it commonly serves as a target knowledge base for the [[entity linking]] problem, which is then called &quot;wikification&quot;,&lt;ref name=&quot;wikify&quot;&gt;Rada Mihalcea and Andras Csomai (2007). [http://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf Wikify! Linking Documents to Encyclopedic Knowledge] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218062051/http://www.cse.unt.edu/~tarau/teaching/NLP/papers/Mihalcea-2007-Wikify-Linking_Documents_to_Encyclopedic.pdf |date=February 18, 2016}} Proc. CIKM.&lt;/ref&gt; and to the related problem of [[word-sense disambiguation]].&lt;ref name=&quot;milne witten WP usage 1&quot;&gt;David Milne and Ian H. Witten (2008). Learning to link with Wikipedia. Proc. CIKM.&lt;/ref&gt; Methods similar to wikification can in turn be used to find &quot;missing&quot; links in Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;discovering missing WP links 1&quot;&gt;Sisay Fissaha Adafre and [Maarten de Rijke] (2005). [http://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf Discovering missing links in Wikipedia] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120717054413/http://staff.science.uva.nl/~mdr/Publications/Files/linkkdd2005.pdf |date=July 17, 2012}} Proc. LinkKDD.&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, French researchers José Lages of the [[University of Franche-Comté]] in [[Besançon]] and Dima Shepelyansky of [[Paul Sabatier University]] in [[Toulouse]] published a global university ranking based on Wikipedia scholarly citations.&lt;ref name=mitmining&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikipedia-Mining Algorithm Reveals World's Most Influential Universities: An algorithm's list of the most influential universities contains some surprising entries|url = http://www.technologyreview.com/view/544266/wikipedia-mining-algorithm-reveals-worlds-most-influential-universities/ |access-date = December 27, 2015 |work = [[MIT Technology Review]] |date = December 7, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=harvardisonlymarmow&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Marmow Shaw |first1 = Jessica |title = Harvard is only the 3rd most influential university in the world, according to this list |url = http://www.marketwatch.com/story/two-universities-beat-harvard-in-this-surprising-school-ranking-2015-12-09 |access-date = December 27, 2015 |work = [[MarketWatch]] |date = December 10, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Bothwell |first1 = Ellie |title = Wikipedia Ranking of World Universities: the top 100. List ranks institutions by search engine results and Wikipedia appearances |url = https://www.timeshighereducation.com/features/wikipedia-ranking-world-universities-top-100 |access-date = December 27, 2015 |work = [[Times Higher Education]] |date = December 15, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; They used [[PageRank]] &quot;followed by the number of appearances in the 24 different language editions of Wikipedia (descending order) and the century in which they were founded (ascending order)&quot;.&lt;ref name=wikipediarankingtimesworldunifranche /&gt;

A 2017 [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] study suggests that words used on Wikipedia articles end up in scientific publications.&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations Wikipedia has become a science reference source even though scientists don't cite it] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180210120955/https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/scicurious/wikipedia-science-reference-citations |date=February 10, 2018}} Science News, 2018&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505 Science Is Shaped by Wikipedia: Evidence from a Randomized Control Trial] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221090715/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3039505 |date=December 21, 2017}} SSRN, 2017&lt;/ref&gt;

Studies related to Wikipedia have been using [[machine learning]] and [[artificial intelligence]] to support various operations. One of the most important areas—automatic detection of vandalism&lt;ref&gt;Sarabadani, A., Halfaker, A., &amp; Taraborelli, D. (2017). [https://arxiv.org/abs/1703.03861 Building automated vandalism detection tools for Wikidata]. In Proceedings of the 26th International Conference on World Wide Web Companion (pp. 1647–1654). International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Potthast, M., Stein, B., &amp; Gerling, R. (2008). [https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/8805/b4d923bee9c9534373425de81a1ba296d461.pdf Automatic vandalism detection in Wikipedia]. In European conference on information retrieval (pp. 663–668). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.&lt;/ref&gt; and [[data quality]] assessment in Wikipedia.&lt;ref&gt;Asthana, S., &amp; Halfaker, A. (2018). [https://dl.acm.org/ft_gateway.cfm?id=3274290&amp;type=pdf With Few Eyes, All Hoaxes are Deep]. Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction, 2(CSCW), 21.&lt;/ref&gt;

== Related projects ==
Several interactive multimedia encyclopedias incorporating entries written by the public existed long before Wikipedia was founded. The first of these was the 1986 [[BBC Domesday Project]], which included text (entered on [[BBC Micro]] computers) and photographs from more than a million contributors in the UK, and covered the geography, art, and culture of the UK. This was the first interactive multimedia encyclopedia (and was also the first major multimedia document connected through internal links), with the majority of articles being accessible through an interactive map of the UK. The user interface and part of the content of the Domesday Project were emulated on a website until 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;Domesday Project&quot; /&gt;

Several free-content, collaborative encyclopedias were created around the same period as Wikipedia (e.g. [[Everything2]]),&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html |title = The next generation of online encyclopedias |last = Frauenfelder |first = Mark |website = CNN.com |date = November 21, 2000 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20040814034109/http://www.cnn.com/2000/TECH/computing/11/21/net.gen.encyclopedias.idg/index.html |archive-date = August 14, 2004 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; with many later being merged into the project (e.g. [[GNE (encyclopedia)|GNE]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;gnu.org&quot;&gt;[https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html The Free Encyclopedia Project]gnu.org ( {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105013327/http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |date=January 5, 2012 }})&lt;/ref&gt; One of the most successful early online encyclopedias incorporating entries by the public was [[h2g2]], which was created by [[Douglas Adams]] in 1999. The h2g2 encyclopedia is relatively lighthearted, focusing on articles which are both witty and informative.

Subsequent collaborative [[knowledge base|knowledge]] websites have drawn inspiration from Wikipedia. Some, such as [[Susning.nu]], [[Enciclopedia Libre Universal en Español|Enciclopedia Libre]], [[Hudong]], and [[Baidu Baike]] likewise employ no formal review process, although some like [[Conservapedia]] are not as open. Others use more traditional [[peer review]], such as ''[[Encyclopedia of Life]]'' and the online wiki encyclopedias ''[[Scholarpedia]]'' and [[Citizendium]]. The latter was started by Sanger in an attempt to create a reliable alternative to Wikipedia.&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski18&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;JayLyman&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Jay |last = Lyman |url = http://www.crmbuyer.com/story/53137.html |title = Wikipedia Co-Founder Planning New Expert-Authored Site |publisher = LinuxInsider |date = September 20, 2006 |access-date = June 27, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
{{main category|Wikipedia}}
{{portal|Internet|Wikipedia}}
{{div col|colwidth=20em}}
*[[Democratization of knowledge]]
*[[Interpedia]], an early proposal for a collaborative [[Internet]] encyclopedia
*[[List of online encyclopedias]]
*[[List of Wikipedia controversies]]
*[[Network effect]]
*[[Outline of Wikipedia]]{{snd}}guide to the subject of ''Wikipedia'' presented as a [[tree structure]]d list of its subtopics; for an outline of the contents of Wikipedia, see [[Portal:Contents/Outlines]]
*[[QRpedia]]{{snd}}multilingual, mobile interface to Wikipedia
*[[Wikipedia Review]]
*[[Recursion]]
{{div col end}}

== Notes ==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=
&lt;ref name=&quot;nature.com crowds wisdom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds |url = http://www.nature.com/nature/peerreview/debate/nature04992.html |website = Nature |access-date = October 10, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=modelling&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Modelling_Wikipedia%27s_growth |title = Wikipedia:Modelling Wikipedia's growth |access-date = December 22, 2007 |date = July 31, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Alexa siteinfo&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Wikipedia.org Traffic, Demographics and Competitors |url=https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org |website=www.alexa.com |access-date=October 1, 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=comscore&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849 |title = 694 Million People Currently Use the Internet Worldwide According To comScore Networks |date = May 4, 2006 |publisher = comScore |access-date = December 16, 2007 |quote = Wikipedia has emerged as a site that continues to increase in popularity, both globally and in the US |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080730011713/http://www.comscore.com/press/release.asp?press=849 |archive-date = July 30, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=hitwisegoogle&gt;{{cite web |url = http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2007/02/wikipedia_traffic_sources.html |title = Google Traffic To Wikipedia up 166% Year over Year |publisher = Hitwise |date = February 16, 2007 |access-date = December 22, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071214072031/http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2007/02/wikipedia_traffic_sources.html |archive-date = December 14, 2007 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=hitwiseAcademic&gt;{{cite web |url = http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2006/10/wikipedia_and_academic_researc.html |title = Wikipedia and Academic Research |publisher = Hitwise |date = October 17, 2006 |access-date = February 6, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20061029213453/http://weblogs.hitwise.com/leeann-prescott/2006/10/wikipedia_and_academic_researc.html |archive-date = October 29, 2006 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikipedia users&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first = Lee |last = Rainie |first2 = Bill |last2 = Tancer |title = Wikipedia users |publisher = Pew Research Center |website = Pew Internet &amp; American Life Project |date = December 15, 2007 |quote = 36% of online American adults consult Wikipedia. It is particularly popular with the well-educated and current college-age students. |url = http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf |access-date = December 15, 2007 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080306031354/http://www.pewinternet.org/pdfs/PIP_Wikipedia07.pdf |archive-date = March 6, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Wikipedia in media&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikipedia_in_the_media |title = Wikipedia:Wikipedia in the media |website = Wikipedia |access-date = December 26, 2008 |date = July 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Bourgeois&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf |title = Bourgeois et al. v. Peters et al. |access-date = February 6, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070203021430/http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/opinions/ops/200216886.pdf |archive-date = February 3, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Courts turn to Wikipedia&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last = Cohen |first = Noam |date = January 29, 2007 |title = Courts Turn to Wikipedia, but Selectively |work = The New York Times |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/29/technology/29wikipedia.html |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;US Intelligence&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://fas.org/blog/secrecy/2007/03/the_wikipedia_factor_in_us_int.html |title = The Wikipedia Factor in US Intelligence |first = Steven |last = Aftergood |publisher = Federation of American Scientists Project on Government Secrecy |date = March 21, 2007 |access-date = April 14, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Declan&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last = Butler |first = Declan |date = December 16, 2008 |title = Publish in Wikipedia or perish |journal = Nature News |doi = 10.1038/news.2008.1312}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Sidener&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |title = Everyone's Encyclopedia |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |work = [[U-T San Diego]] |date = December 6, 2004 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160114101809/http://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = January 14, 2016 |url-status=dead |access-date = October 15, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=MiliardWho&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.cityweekly.net/utah/article-5129-feature-wikipediots-who-are-these-devoted-even-obsessive-contributors-to-wikipedia.html |first = Mike |last = Miliard |title = Wikipediots: Who Are These Devoted, Even Obsessive Contributors to Wikipedia? |work = [[Salt Lake City Weekly]] |date = March 1, 2008 |access-date = December 18, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Time2006&gt;{{cite news |date = December 13, 2006 |url = http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1570810,00.html |title = Time's Person of the Year: You |work = Time |access-date = December 26, 2008 |first = Lev |last = Grossman}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AcademiaAndWikipedia&quot;&gt;{{cite web |first = Danah |last = Boyd |url = http://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060316184224/http://many.corante.com/archives/2005/01/04/academia_and_wikipedia.php |url-status=dead |archive-date = March 16, 2006 |title = Academia and Wikipedia |website = Many 2 Many: A Group [[Blog|Weblog]] on Social Software |publisher = Corante |date = January 4, 2005 |access-date = December 18, 2008 |quote = [The author, Danah Boyd, describes herself as] an expert on social media[,] [...] a doctoral student in the School of Information at the [[University of California, Berkeley]] [,] and a fellow at the [[Harvard University]] [[Berkman Center for Internet &amp; Society]] [at [[Harvard Law School]].]}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;MIT_IBM_study&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first = Fernanda B. |last = Viégas |first2 = Martin |last2 = Wattenberg |first3 = Kushal |last3 = Dave |url = http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20060125025047/http://alumni.media.mit.edu/~fviegas/papers/history_flow.pdf |archive-date = January 25, 2006 |title = Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with History Flow Visualizations |journal = Proceedings of the ACM Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI) |pages = 575–582 |year = 2004 |doi = 10.1145/985921.985953 |isbn = 978-1-58113-702-6 |s2cid = 10351688 |access-date = January 24, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;CreatingDestroyingAndRestoringValue&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first = Reid |last = Priedhorsky |first2 = Jilin |last2 = Chen |author3 = Shyong (Tony) K. Lam |first4 = Katherine |last4 = Panciera |first5 = Loren |last5 = Terveen |first6 = John |last6 = Riedl |title = Creating, Destroying, and Restoring Value in Wikipedia |journal = Association for Computing Machinery GROUP '07 Conference Proceedings; GroupLens Research, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, University of Minnesota |date = November 4, 2007 |url = http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf |access-date = October 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071025080718/http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~reid/papers/group282-priedhorsky.pdf |archive-date = October 25, 2007 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;stallman1999&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |title = The Free Encyclopedia Project |first = Richard M. |last = Stallman |author-link = Richard Stallman |date = June 20, 2007 |publisher = Free Software Foundation |access-date = January 4, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=autogenerated1&gt;{{cite news |url = http://www.signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |first = Jonathan |last = Sidener |title = Everyone's Encyclopedia |date = December 6, 2004 |work = [[U-T San Diego]] |access-date = October 15, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071011150228/http://signonsandiego.com/uniontrib/20041206/news_mz1b6encyclo.html |archive-date = October 11, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Meyers&gt;{{cite news |first = Peter |last = Meyers |title = Fact-Driven? Collegial? This Site Wants You |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2001/09/20/technology/fact-driven-collegial-this-site-wants-you.html?n=Top%2FReference%2FTimes+Topics%2FSubjects%2FC%2FComputer+Software|work = The New York Times |date = September 20, 2001 |quote = 'I can start an article that will consist of one paragraph, and then a real expert will come along and add three paragraphs and clean up my one paragraph,' said Larry Sanger of Las Vegas, who founded Wikipedia with Mr. Wales. |access-date = November 22, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=SangerMemoir&gt;{{cite news |first = Larry |last = Sanger |title = The Early History of Nupedia and Wikipedia: A Memoir |date = April 18, 2005 |work = Slashdot |url = http://features.slashdot.org/features/05/04/18/164213.shtml |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Sanger&gt;{{cite news |first = Larry |last = Sanger |title = Wikipedia Is Up! |date = January 17, 2001 |url = http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html |access-date = December 26, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010506042824/http://www.nupedia.com/pipermail/nupedia-l/2001-January/000684.html |archive-date = May 6, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=WikipediaHome&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.wikipedia.com/ |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20010331173908/http://www.wikipedia.com/ |archive-date = March 31, 2001 |title = Wikipedia: HomePage |access-date = March 31, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;NPOV&quot;&gt;&quot;[[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view]], Wikipedia (January 21, 2007).&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;EB_encyclopedia&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |title = Encyclopedias and Dictionaries |encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica |edition = 15th |year = 2007 |volume = 18 |pages = 257–286 |author1 = &lt;!-- Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. --&gt;}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Shirky&gt;{{cite book |first = Clay |last = Shirky |author-link = Clay Shirky |title = Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations |date = February 28, 2008 |publisher = The Penguin Press via Amazon Online Reader |url = https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir/page/273 |isbn = 978-1-59420-153-0 |page = [https://archive.org/details/herecomeseverybo0000shir/page/273 273] |access-date = December 26, 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=NOR&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:No original research|No original research}}. February 13, 2008. &quot;Wikipedia does not publish original thought.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=autogenerated2&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|Neutral point of view}}. February 13, 2008. &quot;All Wikipedia articles and other encyclopedic content must be written from a neutral point of view, representing significant views fairly, proportionately and without bias.&quot;&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;voteresult&quot;&gt;[[meta:Licensing update/Result|Wikimedia]]&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=FAZ&gt;{{cite web |last = Thiel |first = Thomas |title = Wikipedia und Amazon: Der Marketplace soll es richten |website = Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung |publisher = [[Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung]] |language = de |date = September 27, 2010 |url = https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html |access-date = December 6, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20101126184904/https://www.faz.net/s/RubCF3AEB154CE64960822FA5429A182360/Doc~E7A20980B9C0D46E99A9F60BC09506343~ATpl~Ecommon~Scontent.html |archive-date = November 26, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Seigenthaler&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.usatoday.com/news/opinion/editorials/2005-11-29-wikipedia-edit_x.htm |last = Seigenthaler |first = John |title = A False Wikipedia 'biography' |date = November 29, 2005 |work = USA Today |access-date = December 26, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Torsten_Kleinz&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Torsten |last = Kleinz |title = World of Knowledge |work = Linux Magazine |quote = The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves. |date = February 2005 |url = http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf |access-date = July 13, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070925220722/http://w3.linux-magazine.com/issue/51/Wikipedia_Encyclopedia.pdf |archive-date = September 25, 2007 |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;DeathByWikipedia&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/07/08/AR2006070800135.html |first = Frank |last = Ahrens |work = The Washington Post |date = July 9, 2006 |access-date = November 1, 2006}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wikiality&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wikiality |url = http://www.cc.com/video-clips/z1aahs/the-colbert-report-the-word---wikiality |first = Stephen |last = Colbert |date = July 30, 2006 |access-date = October 8, 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Seeing Corporate Fingerprints&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/08/19/technology/19wikipedia.html |title = Lifting Corporate Fingerprints From the Editing of Wikipedia |first = Katie |last = Hafner |work = The New York Times |date = August 19, 2007 |access-date = December 26, 2008 |page = 1}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Taylor&gt;{{cite news |url = http://in.reuters.com/article/technologyNews/idINIndia-32865420080405 |title = China allows access to English Wikipedia |work = Reuters |first = Sophie |last = Taylor |date = April 5, 2008 |access-date = July 29, 2008}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Kittur2009&gt;Kittur, A., Chi, E. H., and Suh, B. 2009. [http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf What's in Wikipedia? Mapping Topics and Conflict Using Socially Annotated Category Structure] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160413130503/http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~echi/papers/2009-CHI2009/p1509.pdf |date=April 13, 2016}} In Proceedings of the 27th International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (Boston, Massachusetts, April 4–9, 2009). CHI '09. ACM, New York, 1509–1512.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=Rosenzweig&gt;{{cite journal |first = Roy |last = Rosenzweig |title = Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past |journal = The Journal of American History |volume = 93 |issue = 1 |date = June 2006 |pages = 117–146 |url = http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20100425130754/http://chnm.gmu.edu/essays-on-history-new-media/essays/?essayid=42 |url-status=dead |archive-date = April 25, 2010 |access-date = August 11, 2006 |doi = 10.2307/4486062 |jstor = 4486062}} (Center for History and New Media.)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WikipediaWatch&quot;&gt;Public Information Research, Wikipedia Watch&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;McHenry_2004&quot;&gt;[[Robert McHenry]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20060107210301/http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html &quot;The Faith-Based Encyclopedia&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060116022451/http://www.techcentralstation.com/111504A.html |date=January 16, 2006}}, [[TCS Daily|Tech Central Station]], November 15, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WideWorldOfWikipedia&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title = Wide World of Wikipedia |newspaper = The Emory Wheel |url = http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902 |date = April 21, 2006 |access-date = October 17, 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20071107052908/http://www.emorywheel.com/detail.php?n=17902 |archive-date = November 7, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;AWorkInProgress&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Burt |last = Helm |title = Wikipedia: 'A Work in Progress' |url = http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm |work = Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date = December 14, 2005 |access-date = January 29, 2007 |archive-date = April 21, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120421000522/http://www.businessweek.com/technology/content/dec2005/tc20051214_441708.htm}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;GilesJ2005Internet&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |first = Jim |last = Giles |title = Internet encyclopedias go head to head |journal = [[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume = 438 |issue = 7070 |pages = 900–901 |date = December 2005 |pmid = 16355180 |doi = 10.1038/438900a |author-link = Jim Giles (reporter) |bibcode = 2005Natur.438..900G|doi-access = free }} {{subscription required}}
Note: The study was cited in several news articles; e.g.:
*{{cite news |title = Wikipedia survives research test |work = BBC News |url = http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/4530930.stm |date = December 15, 2005 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;corporate.britannica.com&quot;&gt;[http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf Fatally Flawed: Refuting the recent study on encyclopedic accuracy by the journal Nature] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160709053629/http://corporate.britannica.com/britannica_nature_response.pdf |date=July 9, 2016}}, Encyclopædia Britannica, March 2006&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;stothart&quot;&gt;Chloe Stothart. [http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&amp;storycode=209408 &quot;Web threatens learning ethos&quot;] {{Webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121221140310/http://www.timeshighereducation.co.uk/story.asp?sectioncode=26&amp;storycode=209408 |date=December 21, 2012}} ''The Times Higher Education Supplement'', 2007, 1799 (June 22), p. 2.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;wwplagiarism&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = Plagiarism by Wikipedia editors |url = http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/psamples.html |publisher = Wikipedia Watch |date = October 27, 2006 |archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5lXiLbptk?url=http://www.wikipedia-watch.org/psamples.html |archive-date = November 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;The Register-April&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2010/04/09/sanger_reports_wikimedia_to_the_fbi/ |work = The Register |date = April 9, 2010 |first = Cade |last = Metz |title = Wikifounder reports Wikiparent to FBI over 'child porn' |access-date = April 19, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=AFP&gt;{{cite news |last1 = Agence France-Presse |title = Wikipedia rejects child porn accusation |url = https://www.smh.com.au/technology/technology-news/wikipedia-rejects-child-porn-accusation-20100428-tsvh.html |work = The Sydney Morning Herald |date = April 29, 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;David_Mehegan&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = David |last = Mehegan |title = Many contributors, common cause |url = https://www.boston.com/business/technology/articles/2006/02/13/many_contributors_common_cause |work = Boston Globe |date = February 13, 2006 |access-date = March 25, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;user identification&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title = The Authority of Wikipedia |url = http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091122202231/http://www.public.iastate.edu/~goodwin/pubs/goodwinwikipedia.pdf |archive-date = November 22, 2009 |first = Jean |last = Goodwin |year = 2009 |quote = Wikipedia's commitment to anonymity/pseudonymity thus imposes a sort of epistemic agnosticism on its readers |access-date = January 31, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;ListOfWikipedias&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Statistics |title = Statistics |publisher = [[English Wikipedia]] |access-date = June 21, 2008 |date = October 4, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;servers&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://wikitech.wikimedia.org/view/Server_roles |title = Server roles at wikitech.wikimedia.org |access-date = December 8, 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130116155841/http://wikitech.wikimedia.org/view/Server_roles |archive-date = January 16, 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WP_court_source&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last = Arias |first = Martha L. |date = January 29, 2007 |url = http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&amp;id=1668 |title = Wikipedia: The Free Online Encyclopedia and its Use as Court Source |journal = Internet Business Law Services |access-date = December 26, 2008 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120520054827/http://www.ibls.com/internet_law_news_portal_view.aspx?s=latestnews&amp;id=1668 |archive-date = May 20, 2012 |url-status=dead |df = mdy-all}} (The name &quot;''World Intellectual Property Office''&quot; should however read &quot;''World Intellectual Property Organization''&quot; in this source.)&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=twsY23&gt;{{cite news |author = Lexington |title = Classlessness in America: The uses and abuses of an enduring myth |work = The Economist |quote = Socialist Labour Party of America [...] though it can trace its history as far back as 1876, when it was known as the Workingmen's Party, no less an authority than Wikipedia pronounces it &quot;moribund&quot;. |date = September 24, 2011 |url = https://www.economist.com/node/21530100 |access-date = September 27, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Domesday Project&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://www.domesday1986.com/ |title = Website discussing the emulator of the Domesday Project User Interface |author = Heart Internet |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;OurProjects&quot;&gt;[[:foundation:Our projects|&quot;Our projects&quot;]], [[Wikimedia Foundation]]. Retrieved January 24, 2007.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;Orlowski18&quot;&gt;{{cite news |first = Andrew |last = Orlowski |author-link = Andrew Orlowski |url = https://www.theregister.co.uk/2006/09/18/sanger_forks_wikipedia |title = Wikipedia founder forks Wikipedia, More experts, less fiddling? |work = The Register |date = September 18, 2006 |quote = Larry Sanger describes the Citizendium project as a &quot;progressive or gradual fork&quot;, with the major difference that experts have the final say over edits. |access-date = June 27, 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;bing WP research and referencing&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101023202054/https://www.bing.com/community/site_blogs/b/search/archive/2009/07/27/researching-with-bing-reference.aspx |archive-date=23 October 2010 |title = Researching With Bing Reference |access-date = September 9, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WP vandalism manipulation 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Vandalism|Vandalism}}. ''Wikipedia''. Retrieved November 6, 2012.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WP CD selection 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Wikipedia CD Selection|Wikipedia CD Selection}}. Retrieved September 8, 2009.&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WP DB usage policy 1&quot;&gt;{{srlink|Wikipedia:Database download|Wikipedia policies}} on data download&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;J Sidener&quot;&gt;{{cite news |url = http://legacy.utsandiego.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html |title = Wikipedia family feud rooted in San Diego |last = Sidener |first = Jonathan |date = October 9, 2006 |work = [[The San Diego Union-Tribune]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20161111074945/http://legacy.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/tech/personaltech/20061009-9999-mz1b9wikiped.html |archive-date = November 11, 2016 |access-date = May 5, 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;WM dictionary 1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url = http://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wikimedia_News&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=4133 |title = Announcement of Wiktionary's creation |publisher = meta.wikimedia.org |access-date = July 14, 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
&lt;ref name=&quot;emory disputes handled 1&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |title = Wikitruth through Wikiorder |ssrn = 1354424 |journal = Emory Law Journal |volume = 59 |issue = 1 |year = 2009 |page = 181 |first = David A. |last = Hoffman |first2 = Salil K.|last2 = Mehra}}&lt;/ref&gt;
}}

== Further reading ==
=== Academic studies ===
{{main|Academic studies about Wikipedia}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|isbn =978-1-4214-1535-2|last=Leitch|first= Thomas|title=Wikipedia U: Knowledge, authority, and a liberal education in the digital age|year=2014}}
*{{cite journal|last=Jensen|first= Richard|title=Military History on the Electronic Frontier: Wikipedia Fights the War of 1812|journal=The Journal of Military History|volume=76|issue=4 |date=October 2012|pages= 523–556|url=http://www.americanhistoryprojects.com/downloads/JMH1812.PDF}}
*{{cite journal |title = Circadian Patterns of Wikipedia Editorial Activity: A Demographic Analysis |first = Taha |last = Yasseri |year = 2012 |journal = PLOS ONE |volume = 7 |first2 = Robert |last2 = Sumi |first3 = János |last3 = Kertész |issue = 1 |doi = 10.1371/journal.pone.0030091 |editor1-last = Szolnoki |editor1-first = Attila |page = e30091 |pmid = 22272279 |pmc = 3260192 |arxiv = 1109.1746 |bibcode = 2012PLoSO...730091Y}}
*{{cite journal |ssrn = 1458162 |title = Wikipedia's Labor Squeeze and its Consequences |first = Eric |last = Goldman |year = 2010 |journal = Journal of Telecommunications and High Technology Law |volume = 8}} ([http://blog.ericgoldman.org/archives/2010/02/catching_up_wit.htm A blog post by the author.])
*{{cite journal |first = Finn |last = Nielsen |url = http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_8/nielsen/index.html |title = Scientific Citations in Wikipedia |journal = [[First Monday (journal)|First Monday]] |volume = 12 |issue = 8 |date = August 2007 |access-date = February 22, 2008 |doi = 10.5210/fm.v12i8.1997 |arxiv = 0805.1154 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.246.4536|s2cid = 58893 }}
*{{cite journal |last = Pfeil |first = Ulrike |first2 = Panayiotis |last2 = Zaphiris |author3 = Chee Siang Ang |title = Cultural Differences in Collaborative Authoring of Wikipedia |journal = Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication |year = 2006 |volume = 12 |issue = 1 |page = 88 |url = http://jcmc.indiana.edu./vol12/issue1/pfeil.html |doi = 10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00316.x |access-date = December 26, 2008|doi-access = free }}
*{{cite book|author1=Priedhorsky|author2=Reid|first3=Jilin|last3=Chen|author4=Shyong (Tony) K. Lam|first5=Katherine|last5=Panciera|author6-link=Loren Terveen|first6=Loren|last6=Terveen|author7-link=John Riedl|first7=John|last7=Riedl|title=Proceedings of the 2007 international ACM conference on Conference on supporting group work – Group '07 |doi=10.1145/1316624.1316663|chapter=Creating, destroying, and restoring value in wikipedia |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-59593-845-9 |citeseerx=10.1.1.123.7456|pages=259–268|s2cid=15350808}}
*{{cite conference |first = Joseph |last = Reagle |title = Do as I Do: Authorial Leadership in Wikipedia |work = WikiSym '07: Proceedings of the 2007 International Symposium on Wikis |publisher = ACM |location = Montreal, Canada |year = 2007 |url = http://reagle.org/joseph/2007/10/Wikipedia-Authorial-Leadership.pdf |hdl=2047/d20002876 |access-date = December 26, 2008}}
*{{cite book | first = Emiel | last = Rijshouwer | date = 2019 | title = Organizing Democracy. Power concentration and self-organization in the evolution of Wikipedia (PhD, Erasmus University Rotterdam) | oclc = 1081174169 | hdl = 1765/113937 | isbn = 978-9402813715}} (Open access)
*[[Roy Rosenzweig|Rosenzweig, Roy]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090430201444/http://chnm.gmu.edu/resources/essays/d/42 Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past]. (Originally published in ''[[The Journal of American History]]'' 93.1 (June 2006): 117–146.)
*{{cite journal |url = http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue12_4/wilkinson/index.html |title = Assessing the Value of Cooperation in Wikipedia |first = Dennis M. |last = Wilkinson |first2 = Bernardo A. |last2 = Huberman |journal = First Monday |volume = 12 |issue = 4 |date = April 2007 |access-date = February 22, 2008 |doi = 10.5210/fm.v12i4.1763 |arxiv = cs/0702140 |citeseerx = 10.1.1.342.6933 |bibcode = 2007cs........2140W|hdl = 2027.42/136037 |s2cid = 10484077 }}
*{{cite journal |title = The Rise and Decline of an Open Collaboration Community |journal = American Behavioral Scientist |first = Aaron |last = Halfaker |author2 = R. Stuart Geiger |first3 = Jonathan T. |last3 = Morgan |first4 = John |last4 = Riedl |doi = 10.1177/0002764212469365 |year = 2012 |volume = 57 |issue = 5 |page = 664|s2cid = 144208941 }}
*Maggio Lauren, Willinsky John, Steinberg Ryan, Mietchan Daniel, Wass Joseph, Dong Ting. &quot;Wikipedia as a gateway to biomedical research: The relative distribution and use of citations in the English Wikipedia&quot; (2017).
{{refend}}

=== Books ===
{{main|List of books about Wikipedia}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book|last=Keen|first=Andrew|title=The Cult of the Amateur|publisher=Doubleday/Currency|year=2007|isbn=978-0-385-52080-5|author-link=Andrew Keen|title-link=The Cult of the Amateur}} (Substantial criticisms of Wikipedia and other web 2.0 projects.)
**Listen to:
***{{cite web|last=Keen|first=Andrew|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=11131872|title=Does the Internet Undermine Culture?|publisher=National Public Radio, US|date=June 16, 2007}} The NPR interview with A. Keen, Weekend Edition Saturday, June 16, 2007.
*{{cite book|first1=Phoebe|last1=Ayers|first2=Charles|last2=Matthews|first3=Ben|last3=Yates|title=How Wikipedia Works: And How You Can Be a Part of It|publisher=No Starch Press|location=San Francisco|year=2008|isbn=978-1-59327-176-3|url=https://archive.org/details/howwikipediawork00ayer_0}}
*{{cite book|last=Broughton|first=John|title=Wikipedia – The Missing Manual|publisher=O'Reilly Media|year=2008|isbn=978-0-596-51516-4|title-link=Wikipedia – The Missing Manual}} (See book review by Baker, as listed hereafter.)
*{{cite book|last=Broughton|first=John|title=Wikipedia Reader's Guide|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780596521745|url-access=registration|publisher=Pogue Press|location=Sebastopol|year=2008|isbn=978-0-596-52174-5}}
*{{cite book|first1=Sheizaf|last1=Rafaeli|first2=Yaron|last2=Ariel|year=2008|chapter=Online motivational factors: Incentives for participation and contribution in Wikipedia|editor=Barak, A.|title=Psychological aspects of cyberspace: Theory, research, applications|url=https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara|url-access=limited|pages=[https://archive.org/details/psychologicalasp00bara/page/n261 243]–267|location=Cambridge, UK|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|author1-link=Sheizaf Rafaeli}}
*{{cite book|last=Dalby|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Dalby|title=The World and Wikipedia: How We are Editing Reality|publisher=Siduri|year=2009|isbn=978-0-9562052-0-9|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/worldwikipediaho0000dalb}}
*{{cite book|last=Lih|first=Andrew|author-link=Andrew Lih|title=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia|publisher=Hyperion|location=New York|year=2009|isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6|title-link=The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia}}
*{{cite book|last=O'Sullivan|first=Dan|title=Wikipedia: a new community of practice?|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htu8A-m_Y4EC|year=2009|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|isbn=978-0-7546-7433-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Reagle|first=Joseph Michael Jr.|title=Good Faith Collaboration: The Culture of Wikipedia|publisher=the [[MIT Press]] |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|year=2010|isbn=978-0-262-01447-2|url=http://reagle.org/joseph/2010/gfc|access-date=October 25, 2015}}
*{{cite book|first1=Dariusz|last1=Jemielniak|title=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia|publisher=[[Stanford University Press]]|location=Stanford, California|year=2014|isbn=978-0-8047-8944-8|title-link=Common Knowledge? An Ethnography of Wikipedia}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Reagle |editor1-first=Joseph |editor2-last=Koerner |editor2-first=Jackie |url=https://mitpress.mit.edu/books/wikipedia-20 |title=Wikipedia @ 20: Stories of an Incomplete Revolution |publisher=[[MIT Press]] |year=2020 |access-date=October 13, 2020 |isbn=9780262538176}}
{{refend}}

=== Book review-related articles ===
{{refbegin}}
*[[Nicholson Baker|Baker, Nicholson]]. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080303001807/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/21131 &quot;The Charms of Wikipedia&quot;]. ''[[The New York Review of Books]]'', March 20, 2008. Retrieved December 17, 2008. (Book rev. of ''The Missing Manual'', by John Broughton, as listed previously.)
*[[L. Gordon Crovitz|Crovitz, L. Gordon]]. [https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB123897399273491031 &quot;Wikipedia's Old-Fashioned Revolution: The online encyclopedia is fast becoming the best.&quot;] (Originally published in [[The Wall Street Journal|''Wall Street Journal'']] online{{snd}}April 6, 2009.)
*[[Virginia Postrel|Postrel, Virginia]], [https://psmag.com/social-justice/killed-wikipedia-93777 &quot;Who Killed Wikipedia? : A hardened corps of volunteer editors is the only force protecting Wikipedia. They might also be killing it&quot;], ''[[Pacific Standard]]'' magazine, November/December 2014 issue.
{{refend}}

=== Learning resources ===
{{refbegin}}
*[[v:wikipedia#Learning resources|Wikiversity list of learning resources]]. (Includes related courses, [[Web conferencing|Web-based seminars]], slides, lecture notes, textbooks, quizzes, glossaries, etc.)
*[http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/episodes/2014/01/15/the-great-book-of-knowledge-part-1/ The Great Book of Knowledge, Part 1: A Wiki is a Kind of Bus], ''[[Ideas (radio show)|Ideas, with Paul Kennedy]]'', [[CBC Radio One]], originally broadcast January 15, 2014. The webpage includes a link to the archived audio program (also [http://www.cbc.ca/ideas/popupaudio.html?clipIds=2430203709 found here]). The radio documentary discusses Wikipedia's history, development, and its place within the broader scope of the trend to democratized knowledge. It also includes interviews with several key Wikipedia staff and contributors, including [[Kat Walsh]] and [[Sue Gardner]] (audio, 53:58, Flash required).
{{refend}}

=== Other media coverage ===
==== General articles ====
{{see also|List of films about Wikipedia}}
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite news |last = Balke |first = Jeff |url = http://blogs.chron.com/brokenrecord/2008/03/for_music_fans_wikipedia_myspa.html |title = For Music Fans: Wikipedia; MySpace |work = [[Houston Chronicle]] |agency = Broken Record (blog) |date = March 2008 |access-date = December 17, 2008 }}
*{{cite news |last=Borland |first=John |date=August 14, 2007 |title=See Who's Editing Wikipedia – Diebold, the CIA, a Campaign |url=https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116134820/https://www.wired.com/2007/08/wiki-tracker/ |archive-date=November 16, 2015 |url-status=live |work=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |access-date=October 23, 2018 }}
*{{cite news |url = https://www.nytimes.com/2007/07/01/magazine/01WIKIPEDIA-t.html |title = All the News That's Fit to Print Out |first = Jonathan |last = Dee |work = The New York Times Magazine |date = July 1, 2007 |access-date = February 22, 2008 }}
*{{cite news |first = Jim |last = Giles |title = Wikipedia 2.0 – Now with Added Trust |url = https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg19526226.200 |date = September 20, 2007 |work = [[New Scientist]] |access-date = January 14, 2008 }}
*{{cite news |first = Mike |last = Miliard |title = Wikipedia Rules |url = http://thephoenix.com/Boston/Life/52864-Wikipedia-rules |work = [[The Phoenix (newspaper)|The Phoenix]] |date = December 2, 2007 |access-date = February 22, 2008 }}
*{{cite news |first = Marshall |last = Poe |author-link = Marshall Poe |url = https://www.theatlantic.com/doc/200609/wikipedia |title = The Hive |work = [[The Atlantic]] Monthly |date = September 1, 2006 |access-date = March 22, 2008 }}
*{{cite news |first = Michael S. |last = Rosenwald |url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/22/AR2009102204715.html?hpid=topnews |title = Gatekeeper of D.C.'s entry: Road to city's Wikipedia page goes through a DuPont Circle bedroom |date = October 23, 2009 |work = The Washington Post |access-date = October 22, 2009 }}
*{{cite news |first = David |last = Runciman |url = http://www.lrb.co.uk/v31/n10/runc01_.html |title = Like Boiling a Frog |date = May 28, 2009 |work = London Review of Books |access-date = June 3, 2009 }}
*{{cite news |first = Chris |last = Taylor |url = http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1066904-1,00.html |title = It's a Wiki, Wiki World |date = May 29, 2005 |work = [[Time (magazine)|Time]] |access-date = February 22, 2008 }}
*{{cite news |url = https://www.economist.com/science/tq/displaystory.cfm?story_id=11484062 |title = Technological Quarterly: Brain Scan: The Free-knowledge Fundamentalist |work = [[The Economist]] |date = June 5, 2008 |access-date = June 5, 2008 |quote = Jimmy Wales changed the world with Wikipedia, the hugely popular online encyclopedia that anyone can edit. What will he do next? }}
*[https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-24613608 &quot;Wikipedia probe into paid-for 'sockpuppet' entries&quot;], BBC News, October 21, 2013.
*[http://www.technologyreview.com/featuredstory/520446/the-decline-of-wikipedia/ &quot;The Decline of Wikipedia&quot;], ''MIT Technology Review'', October 22, 2013
*[http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza &quot;Edits to Wikipedia pages on Bell, Garner, Diallo traced to 1{{nbsp}}Police Plaza&quot;] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150313150951/http://www.capitalnewyork.com/article/city-hall/2015/03/8563947/edits-wikipedia-pages-bell-garner-diallo-traced-1-police-plaza |date=March 13, 2015 }} (March 2015), ''[[Media in New York's Capital District|Capital]]''
*[https://motherboard.vice.com/read/wikipedia-zero-facebook-free-basics-angola-pirates-zero-rating Angola's Wikipedia Pirates Are Exposing Problems] (March 2016), ''[[Vice (magazine)|Motherboard]]''
*{{cite web |url=http://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia |title=Dark Side of Wikipedia |access-date=April 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160804110601/http://fullmeasure.news/news/politics/dark-side-of-wikipedia |archive-date=August 4, 2016 |url-status=dead }} ''[[Full Measure with Sharyl Attkisson]]'', April 17, 2016. &lt;small&gt;(Includes video.)&lt;/small&gt;
*{{cite web |last1 = Wales |first1 = Jimmy |title = How Wikipedia Works |url = https://www.cato.org/multimedia/cato-daily-podcast/how-wikipedia-works |website = cato.org |publisher = [[Cato Institute]] |date = December 9, 2016 |quote = Jimmy Wales, founder of Wikipedia, discusses the site, how it's treated by governments, and how it's fueled by its users. }}
{{refend}}

==== Articles re Wikipedia usage patterns ====
*[https://gizmodo.com/wikipedias-yearend-list-shows-what-the-internet-needed-1840690794 Wikipedia's Year-End List Shows What the Internet Needed to Know in 2019]. Alyse Stanley, December 27, 2019, Gizmodo.
*[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/features/is-wikipedia-cracking-up-1543527.html &quot;Is Wikipedia Cracking Up?&quot;] ''The Independent'', February 3, 2009.

== External links ==
{{sister project links|collapsible=true|Wikipedia|voy=Wikivoyage:Cooperating with Wikipedia|d=Q52|s=Category:Wikipedia|n=Category:Wikipedia|m=Wikipedia|mw=Wikipedia|species=no}}
*{{official website|https://www.wikipedia.org|mobile=https://en.m.wikipedia.org}} – multilingual portal (contains links to all language editions) (wikipedia.com still redirects here)
*{{Curlie|Computers/Open_Source/Open_Content/Encyclopedias/Wikipedia}}
*{{Guardian topic}}
*[http://topics.nytimes.com/top/news/business/companies/wikipedia/index.html Wikipedia] topic page at ''[[The New York Times]]''
*[http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/jimmy_wales_on_the_birth_of_wikipedia.html Video of TED talk by Jimmy Wales on the birth of Wikipedia]

{{Wikipedia|state=expanded}}
{{Wikis}}
{{Wikimedia Foundation}}
{{Wikipedias}}
{{Princess of Asturias Award for International Cooperation}}
{{Authority control}}</text>
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    <title>ఆరతి (నటి)</title>
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{{Infobox person|name=Aarathi|image=https://images.app.goo.gl/u6bP8fEht1w89N2s5|image_size=|alt=|caption=|birth_name=Bharathi&lt;ref&gt;{{cite AV media |date = 20 August 2020 |title = ನಟಿ 'ಆರತಿ'ಯನ್ನು ಪರಿಚಯ ಮಾಡಿದ್ದು, ಆಮೇಲೆ ಪುಟ್ಟಣ್ಣ ಅವರನ್ನ ಮದುವೆಯಾದ ಕಥೆ / Actor S Shivaram Life Story P-4 |trans-title = The Story of Aarathi's Introduction and Marriage |language = Kannada |url = https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PjqOpO1fCeQ |access-date = 17 April 2021 |time = 6:07 |publisher = Heggadde Studio}}&lt;/ref&gt;|birth_date={{Birth year and age|1954||}}&lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;|birth_place=Aregallu, (near [[Kushalanagar]]), [[Arakalagudu, Karnataka]], India|death_date=|death_place=|other_names=Ranganayaki|occupation=[[Actress]], [[film director]]|years_active=1969–1986; 2005|spouse=Chandrasekhar Desaigoudar}}
'''ఆరతి''' (జననం 1954) &lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ashish Rajadhyaksha|last2=Paul Willemen|title=Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA14-PA1985|date=10 July 2014|publisher=Taylor &amp; Francis|isbn=978-1-135-94325-7|access-date=11 October 2015|archive-date=16 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216031550/https://books.google.com/books?id=rF8ABAAAQBAJ&amp;pg=RA14-PA1985}}&lt;/ref&gt; 1970 మరియు 1980 లలో [[కన్నడ సినిమా|కన్నడ]] భాషా చిత్రాలలో ప్రధానంగా నటించిన భారతీయ నటి. ఆమె ఫిలింఫేర్ అవార్డులు సౌత్ మరియు కర్ణాటక స్టేట్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డును నాలుగుసార్లు ఉత్తమ నటిగా గెలుచుకుంది. 1980 ల మధ్యలో చిత్రాల నుండి పదవీ విరమణ చేసిన తరువాత, ఆమె 2005 లో మితాయ్ మానేతో దర్శకుడిగా తిరిగి వచ్చింది, ఇది విమర్శనాత్మక ప్రశంసలను ఎదుర్కొంది మరియు ఉత్తమ పిల్లల చిత్రంగా కర్ణాటక స్టేట్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డును కూడా గెలుచుకుందిమరియు ఉత్తమ పిల్లల చిత్రంగా కర్ణాటక స్టేట్ ఫిల్మ్ అవార్డును కూడా గెలుచుకుంది. &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11121/sandalwood/arthi-amazing-actress-exclusives-details|title=Arthi - Amazing Actress|publisher=Supergoodmovies.com|access-date=16 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130303074623/http://www.supergoodmovies.com/11121/sandalwood/arthi-amazing-actress-exclusives-details|archive-date=3 March 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. &lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;

[[శాసన మండలి|ఆమె విధాన పరిషత్]] యొక్క శాసనమండలి సభ్యురాలిగా నామినేట్ అయ్యింది, బి. జయమ్మ తరువాత నామినేట్ అయిన రెండవ నటిగా ఆమె నిలిచింది. &lt;ref name=&quot;supergoodmovies1&quot;/&gt;

== కెరీర్ ==
ఒక చిన్న పాత్రను పోషించిన తరువాత ''Gejje పూజె'' (1969), ఆరతి సహా 120 చిత్రాలలో ప్రధాన నాయికగా నటించింది ''Naagarahaavu'', ''Edakallu Guddada Mele'', ''bili Hendthi'', ''Dharmasere'', ''Paduvaaralli Pandavaru'', ''[[మహానటి (1982 సినిమా)|Ranganayaki]]'', ''Hombisilu'', ''Upasane'' మరియు ''Shubhamangala'' . &lt;ref name=&quot;Home&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue5/news13.html|title=Home|publisher=dis Week Bangalore|date=16 December 2006|access-date=26 February 2018|archive-date=22 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180122181621/http://www.thisweekbangalore.com/issue5/news13.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; దర్శకుడు పుట్టన్న కనగల్‌తో ఆమె సహకారంతో పన్నెండు సినిమాలు ఉన్నాయి.  ''1986 లో ఆమె నమ్మా నమ్మల్లి'' అనే టీవీ సిరీస్‌కు దర్శకత్వం వహించింది. &lt;ref name=&quot;RajadhyakshaWillemen2014&quot;/&gt;

== ఫిల్మోగ్రఫీ ==

=== దర్శకుడిగా ===
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!సంవత్సరం
! సినిమా టైటిల్
! గమనికలు
|-
| 2005
| ''మిథాయి మానే''
| ఉత్తమ పిల్లల చిత్రంగా కర్ణాటక రాష్ట్ర చిత్ర పురస్కారం
|}
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
!Year
! class=&quot;unsortable&quot; |Film
!Roles
!Notes
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1970
|''Gejje Pooje''
|Lalitha
|Debut film
|-
|''Inti Gowravam''
|
|Telugu film
|-
|''Kallara Kalla''
|
|Supporting role
|-
|''Takka! Bitre Sikka!!''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;6&quot; |1971
|''Kasturi Nivasa''
|Lakshmi
|Special appearance
|-
|''Makane Ninakku Vendi''
|Sophia
|[[మలయాళ భాష|Malayalam]] film
|-
|''Anugraha''
|Gowri
|
|-
|''Prathidhawani''
|
|
|-
|''Nyayave Devaru''
|Lalitha
|
|-
|''Sri Krishna Rukmini Satyabhama''
|Jambavathi
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1972
|''Sipayi Ramu''
|Champa
|
|-
|''Ooriki Upakari''
|
|[[తెలుగు|Telugu]] film
|-
|''[[దసరా పిచ్చోడు|Bhale Huchcha]]''
|
|
|-
|''Naagarahaavu''
|Alamelu
|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1973
|''Mane Belagida Sose''
|
|
|-
|''Edakallu Guddada Mele''
|Devaki
|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Supporting actress
|-
|''Mooroovare Vajragalu''
|Rukmini
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;7&quot; |1974
|''Bangaarada Panjara''
|Mallamma
|
|-
|''Nanu Baalabeku''
|
|
|-
|''Upasane''
|Sharada
|Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|-
|''Gumasthavin Magal''
|
|[[తమిళ భాష|Tamil]] film
|-
|''Mannina Magalu''
|
|Supporting role
|-
|''Maha Thyaga''
|
|
|-
|''Bhale Bhatta''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1975
|''Daari Tappida Maga''
|
|
|-
|''Shubhamangala''
|Hema
|Filmfare Award for Best Actress
|-
|''Bili Hendthi''
|Sharada
|
|-
|''Devara Kannu''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1976
|''Katha Sangama''
|Munithayi
|Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress
|-
|''Hosilu Mettida Hennu''
|
|
|-
|''Premada Kanike''
|Seetha
|
|-
|''Punaradatta''
|
|
|-
|''[[ప్రచండ వీరుడు|Bahaddur Gandu]]''
|
|
|-
|''Raja Nanna Raja''
|Ganga / Geetha
|
|-
|''Baalu Jenu''
|
|
|-
|''[[నన్ను ప్రేమించు|Phalitamsha]]''
|
|
|-
|''Aparadhi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;3&quot; |1977
|''Maagiya Kanasu''
|
|
|-
|''Pavana Ganga''
|
|
|-
|''Anuroopa''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1978
|''Kudure Mukha''
|
|
|-
|''Hombisilu''
|Dr. Roopa
|
|-
|''Maathu Tappada Maga''
|
|
|-
|''Muyyige Muyyi''
|
|
|-
|''Paduvarahalli Pandavaru''
|
|Special appearance
|-
|''Anuraga Bandhana''
|
|
|-
|''Premayana''
|
|
|-
|''Vasanthalakshmi''
|
|
|-
|''Balu Aparoopa Nam Jodi''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1979
|''Dharmasere''
|Tunga
|Filmfare Award for Best Actress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress
|-
|''Adalu Badalu''
|
|
|-
|''Naniruvude Ninagagi''
|
|
|-
|''Manini''
|
|
|-
|''Nentaro Gantu Kallaro''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;5&quot; |1980
|''Bhaktha Siriyala''
|
|
|-
|''Hanthakana Sanchu''
|Anita
|
|-
|''Bangarada Jinke''
|Asha
|
|-
|''Nyaya Neethi Dharma''
|
|
|-
|''Anurakthe''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;9&quot; |1981
|''[[మహానటి (1982 సినిమా)|Ranganayaki]]''
|Mala
|Filmfare Award for Best Actress&lt;br /&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Karnataka State Film Award for Best Actress
|-
|''Thayiya Madilalli''
|
|
|-
|''Naari Swargakke Daari''
|
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|-
|''Ganesha Mahime''
|
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|-
|''Bhagyavantha''
|Seeta
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|-
|''Chadurida Chitragalu''
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|-
|''Bhagyada Belaku''
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|-
|''Edeyuru Siddalingeshwara''
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|-
|''Preetisi Nodu''
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|-
| rowspan=&quot;11&quot; |1982
|''Pedda Gedda''
|
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|-
|''Archana''
|
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|-
|''Mullina Gulabi''
|
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|-
|''Karmika Kallanalla''
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|-
|''Mava Sose Saval''
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|-
|''Parajitha''
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|-
|''Nyaya Yellide''
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|-
|''Kannu Terasida Hennu''
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|-
|''Suvarna Sethuve''
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|-
|''Hasyaratna Ramakrishna''
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|-
|''Raja Maharaja''
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|-
| rowspan=&quot;13&quot; |1983
|''Tirugu Baana''
|Sarojamma
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|-
|''Gedda Maga''
|
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|-
|''Jaggu''
|
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|-
|''Nyaya Gedditu''
|
|Special Appearance
|-
|''Kalluveene Nudiyithu''
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|-
|''Thayiya Nudi''
|
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|-
|''Sididedda Sahodara''
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|-
|''Kranthiyogi Basavanna''
|
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|-
|''Ananda Sagara''
|
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|-
|''Mutthaide Bhagya''
|
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|-
|''Aakrosha''
|
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|-
|''Chalisada Sagara''
|
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|-
|''Samarpane''
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|-
| rowspan=&quot;12&quot; |1984
|''Kaliyuga''
|
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|-
|''Khaidi''
|
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|-
|''Pooja Phala''
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|-
|''Premave Balina Belaku''
|
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|-
|''Hennina Saubhagya''
|
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|-
|''Bekkina Kannu''
|
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|-
|''Ramapurada Ravana''
|
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|-
|''[[పవిత్ర ప్రేమ (1998 సినిమా)|Pavitra Prema]]''
|
|
|-
|''Ajnathavasa''
|
|
|-
|''Avala Antaranga''
|
|Special Appearance
|-
|''Preethi Vathsalya''
|
|
|-
|''Bilee Gulabi''
|
|Special Appearance
|-
| rowspan=&quot;10&quot; |1985
|''Kurudoddi Kurukshetra''
|
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|-
|''Nee Nakkaga''
|
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|-
|''Sati Sakkubai''
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|-
|''Lakshmi Kataksha''
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|-
|''Haavu Eni Aata''
|
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|-
|''Kumkuma Thanda Saubhagya''
|
|
|-
|''Swabhimana''
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|Special Appearance
|-
|''Vajra Mushti''
|
|Special Appearance
|-
|''Shiva Kotta Sowbhagya''
|
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|-
|''Thulasi Dala''
|
|
|-
| rowspan=&quot;4&quot; |1986
|''Bettada Thayi''
|
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|-
|''Madhuve Madu Tamashe Nodu''
|Uma
|
|-
|''Seelu Nakshatra''
|
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|-
|''Tiger''
|
|
|}
[[Category:1954 జననాలు]]
[[Category:జీవిస్తున్న ప్రజలు]]
[[Category:తెలుగు సినిమా నటీమణులు]]
[[Category:తమిళ సినిమా నటీమణులు]]
[[Category:కన్నడ సినిమా నటీమణులు]]
[[Category:భారతీయ సినిమా నటీమణులు]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Rick Martin</title>
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      <text bytes="14542" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Canadian ice hockey player}}{{other people}}
{{Infobox ice hockey player
| image = 
| image_size = 230px
| caption = Rick Martin, Buffalo Sabres
| birth_place = [[Verdun, Quebec]], Canada
| birth_date = {{birth date|1951|7|26}}
| death_date = {{death date and age|2011|3|13|1951|7|26}}
| death_place = [[Clarence, New York]], U.S.
| weight_lb = 179
| height_ft = 5
| height_in = 11
| position = [[Winger (ice hockey)|Left Wing]]
| shoots = Left
| played_for = [[Buffalo Sabres]]&lt;br&gt;[[Los Angeles Kings]]
| draft = 5th overall
| draft_year = 1971
| draft_team = [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| career_start = 1971
| career_end = 1982
}}
'''Richard Lionel Martin''' ({{IPAc-en|m|ɑːr|ˈ|t|æ|n}}; {{IPA-fr|maʁtɛ̃|lang}}; July 26, 1951{{spaced ndash}}March 13, 2011) was a [[Canadians|Canadian]] professional [[ice hockey]] [[winger (ice hockey)|winger]] who played in the [[National Hockey League|NHL]] with the [[Buffalo Sabres]] and [[Los Angeles Kings]] for 11 seasons between 1971 and 1982. He was most famous for playing on the Sabres' [[The French Connection (ice hockey)|French Connection line]] with [[Gilbert Perreault]] and [[René Robert|Rene Robert]].

==Playing career==
Martin was drafted fifth overall by the [[Buffalo Sabres]] in the [[1971 NHL Amateur Draft]] after a [[junior hockey|junior]] career with the [[Montreal Junior Canadiens]] of the [[Ontario Hockey League|Ontario Hockey Association]] (OHA). He played 685 career NHL games, scoring 384 goals and 317 assists for 701 points. His best season was the [[1974–75 NHL season]] when he scored 52 goals and 95 points in only 68 games. Martin scored at least 44 goals five times in his NHL career. Martin was selected to play in seven consecutive [[National Hockey League All-Star Game]]s ([[25th National Hockey League All-Star Game|1971–72]], through [[1978 NHL All-Star Game|1977–78]]) and was selected as the official [[NHL All-Star Team|NHL All-Star First Team]] left wing in [[1973–74 NHL season|1973–74]] and [[1974–75 NHL season|1974–75]] and the official NHL All-Star Second Team left wing in 1975–76 and 1976–77.&lt;ref name=His&gt;{{cite web|url=http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/history.pdf|title=History|access-date=2007-07-24|year=2006|publisher=Buffalo Sabres and the National Hockey League}}&lt;/ref&gt; Martin holds the Buffalo Sabres franchise career records for [[hat trick]]s, four-goal games, 40-goal seasons, consecutive 40-goal seasons, 50-goal seasons (tied with [[Danny Gare]]), consecutive 50-goal seasons.&lt;ref name=TRB&gt;{{cite web|url=http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/record_book.pdf|title=The Record Book|access-date=2007-07-24|year=2006|publisher=Buffalo Sabres and the National Hockey League|archive-date=2016-03-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304001459/http://downloads.sabres.nhl.com/other/record_book.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rick Martin, Part of Famed N.H.L. Line, Dies at 59 After Car Accident|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/03/16/sports/hockey/16martin.html|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=March 15, 2011|access-date=March 22, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Rick Martin is #11 All Time in Career &quot;Goals per Game&quot; Average (.56) in NHL regular season history.

Martin was involved in probably one of the three most frightening injuries on Buffalo home ice (the others being when [[Clint Malarchuk|Clint Malarchuk's]] and [[Richard Zednik|Richard Zednik's]] in separate incidents each had their [[jugular vein]] lacerated). During a 1977 game [[Dave Farrish]] of the [[New York Rangers]] hooked Martin around the neck from behind and kicked Martin's feet out from under him, causing Martin to hit his head on the ice.  He was knocked unconscious, and went into convulsions. After that play, helmets became a much more common sight on the heads of his Sabre team-mates.

On November 8, 1980, his career was dealt a devastating blow. In a game against the [[Washington Capitals]] in the [[Buffalo Memorial Auditorium|Aud]], Martin was racing in on a breakaway. Capitals forward [[Ryan Walter]] managed to trip Martin and no penalty was called. Capitals goalie [[Mike Palmateer]], already way out of his crease, knocked Martin back down by kicking his knee, causing severe [[cartilage]] damage that all but ended Martin's career.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hockeydraftcentral.com/1971/71005.html|title=Rick Martin|access-date=2011-03-11|publisher=Hockey Draft Central}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Martin underwent surgery in Toronto and on March 10, 1981, [[Scotty Bowman]] traded Martin and [[Don Luce]] to the Kings for a pair of draft picks, one of which the Sabres used to get goalie [[Tom Barrasso]] in [[1983 NHL Entry Draft|1983]]. Martin played four games for the [[Los Angeles Kings]] before hanging up the skates. In 1989 he, along with the other two members of the French Connection, were inducted into the Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sabresalumni.com/history/halloffame.php |title=Buffalo Sabres Hall of Fame |url-status=dead |access-date=20 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618013818/http://www.sabresalumni.com/history/halloffame.php |archive-date=June 18, 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His number 7 was retired along with [[René Robert|Rene Robert]]'s #14 on November 15, 1995, flanking the #11 of [[Gilbert Perreault]] under a French Connection banner. On Oct. 25, 2005, Martin was inducted into the Greater Buffalo Sports Hall of Fame.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Rick Martin Through the Years|url=http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1300045777.txt&amp;item=8|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=March 13, 2011|access-date=March 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317102843/http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1300045777.txt&amp;item=8|archive-date=March 17, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2010, in commemoration of the Sabres' 40th season, ''[[The Buffalo News]]'' ranked Martin number 4 out of the top 40 Sabres of all time, while he was voted #5 by fans.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Sabres Top 40 for 40 Seasons|url=http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1285003304.txt&amp;item=4|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=October 6, 2010|access-date=March 19, 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720091737/http://galleries.buffalonews.com/photo.php?gname=gallery_1285003304.txt&amp;item=4|archive-date=July 20, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;  After his death in 2011, the Sabres honored his memory by painting the number 7, the number Martin wore for most of his career with Buffalo, behind each goal at the [[HSBC Arena (Buffalo)|HSBC Arena]] for the remainder of the [[2010–11 Buffalo Sabres season|2010-11 season]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sabres.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id=2010021071|title=Sabres 8, Thrashers 2|access-date=2011-03-22|year=2011|publisher=Buffalo Sabres|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110321084925/http://sabres.nhl.com/club/recap.htm?id=2010021071|archive-date=2011-03-21}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Achievements==
*1st Team All Star (1973–74)
*1st Team All Star (1974–75)
*2nd Team All Star (1975–76)
*2nd Team All Star (1976–77)
*7 Straight NHL All Star Game Appearances (1972 - 1978)
*3rd All Time in Hat Tricks (21) among Left Wingers (Modern Era)
*11th All Time in Career Goals Per Game Average in NHL History
*Gold Championship Canada Cup 1976 (Team Canada)
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Goals
*2 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Points
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Even Strength Goals
*3 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Game Winning Goals
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Power Play Goals
*5 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Goals Per Game Average
*2 &quot;Top 10&quot; finishes in Points Per Game Average
*6 Team Scoring Records (Buffalo Sabres)
* #7 Team Jersey Retired (Buffalo Sabres)
*Buffalo Sabres Hall Of Famer

==Personal life==
Rick and his wife were owners of Globalquest Solutions and Globalquest Staffing Solutions in Williamsville, New York.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Globalquest adding up to 10 to staff|url=http://www.bizjournals.com/albany/stories/2001/08/06/daily21.html|newspaper=The Business Review|date=August 7, 2001|access-date=March 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Martin owned a bar/restaurant called Slapshot on Niagara Falls Boulevard in Niagara Falls, N.Y.

Rick Martin died on March 13, 2011, in [[Clarence, New York]], from a [[myocardial infarction|heart attack]] while driving, a complication of [[Hypertensive heart disease|hypertensive arteriosclerotic cardiovascular disease]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Buffalo News story with obit&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last=Watson|first=Stephen T.|title=Memorial plans for Martin announced by Sabres|url=http://www.buffalonews.com/sports/sabres-nhl/article366694.ece|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=March 14, 2011|access-date=March 14, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He was 59 years old. He was survived by his wife Mikey, who has since passed on December 16, 2017, and his sons Cory, Josh, and Erick.&lt;ref name=sabres.com&gt;{{cite web|title=RICK MARTIN: 1951-2011|url=http://sabres.nhl.com/club/news.htm?id=555923 |access-date=13 March 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Buffalo News Obituaries&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Rick MARTIN Obituary: View Rick Martin's Obituary By Buffalo News|url=http://www.legacy.com/obituaries/buffalonews/obituary.aspx?n=rick-martin&amp;pid=149347695|access-date=March 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Video: Rick Martin memorial service|url=http://blogs.buffalonews.com/sabres/2011/03/video-rick-martin-memorial-service.html|newspaper=[[The Buffalo News]]|date=March 24, 2011|access-date=March 24, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Later analysis revealed that Martin had stage 2 [[chronic traumatic encephalopathy]], a disease normally associated with [[enforcer (ice hockey)|enforcers]]; the damage was believed to stem from a severe concussion Martin sustained in 1977, and it had no effect on his cognitive abilities. Martin is the first non-enforcer to have been diagnosed with the disease, which can only be diagnosed posthumously.&lt;ref&gt;Golen, Jimmy (October 5, 2011). [http://www.wivb.com/dpp/sports/sabres_and_nhl/Brain-study-finds-damage-in-Rick-Martin Brain study finds damage in Rick Martin]. ''Associated Press''. Retrieved October 5, 2011.&lt;/ref&gt;

==Career statistics==
===Regular season and playoffs===
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:60em&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! rowspan=&quot;99&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[regular season|Regular&amp;nbsp;season]]
! rowspan=&quot;99&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | [[Playoffs]]
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! [[Season (sports)|Season]]
! Team
! League
! GP
! [[Goal (ice hockey)|G]]
! [[Assist (ice hockey)|A]]
! [[Point (ice hockey)|Pts]]
! [[Penalty (ice hockey)|PIM]]
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|- 
| 1967–68
| Thetford Mines Canadiens
| QJHL
| 40
| 38
| 35
| 73
| —
| 7
| 2
| 0
| 2
| 4
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1968–69 OHA season|1968–69]]
| [[Montreal Junior Canadiens]]
| [[Ontario Hockey League|OHA-Jr.]]
| 52
| 22
| 21
| 43
| 27
| 14
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 2
|- 
| [[1969 Memorial Cup|1968–69]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| [[Memorial Cup|M-Cup]]
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 6
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 12
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1969–70 OHA season|1969–70]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| OHA-Jr.
| 34
| 23
| 32
| 55
| 10
| 16
| 14
| 20
| 34
| 12
|- 
| [[1970 Memorial Cup|1969–70]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| M-Cup
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 12
| 14
| 13
| 27
| 8
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1970–71 OHA season|1970–71]]
| Montreal Junior Canadiens
| OHA-Jr.
| 60
| 71
| 50
| 121
| 106
| 11
| 17
| 7
| 24
| 10
|-  
| [[1971–72 NHL season|1971–72]]
| [[Buffalo Sabres]]
| [[National Hockey League|NHL]]
| 73
| 44
| 30
| 74
| 39
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1972–73 NHL season|1972–73]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 75
| 37
| 36
| 73
| 79
| 6
| 3
| 2
| 5
| 12 
|-  
| [[1973–74 NHL season|1973–74]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 78
| 52
| 34
| 86
| 38
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1974–75 NHL season|1974–75]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 68
| 52
| 43
| 95
| 72
| 17
| 7
| 8
| 15
| 20
|-  
| [[1975–76 NHL season|1975–76]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 80
| 49
| 37
| 86
| 67
| 9
| 4
| 7
| 11
| 12
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1976–77 NHL season|1976–77]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 66
| 36
| 29
| 65
| 58
| 6
| 2
| 1
| 3
| 9
|-  
| [[1977–78 NHL season|1977–78]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 65
| 28
| 35
| 63
| 16
| 7
| 2
| 4
| 6
| 13
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1978–79 NHL season|1978–79]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 73
| 32
| 21
| 53
| 35
| 3
| 0
| 3
| 3
| 0
|-  
| [[1979–80 NHL season|1979–80]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 80
| 45
| 34
| 79
| 54
| 14
| 6
| 4
| 10
| 8
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1980–81 NHL season|1980–81]]
| Buffalo Sabres
| NHL
| 23
| 7
| 14
| 21
| 20
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|-  
| 1980–81
| [[Los Angeles Kings]]
| NHL
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 0
| 1
| 0
| 0
| 0
| 0
|- bgcolor=&quot;#f0f0f0&quot;
| [[1981–82 NHL season|1981–82]]
| Los Angeles Kings
| NHL
| 3
| 1
| 3
| 4
| 2
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|- bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! colspan=&quot;3&quot; | NHL totals
! 685
! 384
! 317
! 701
! 477
! 63
! 24
! 29
! 53
! 74
|}

===International===
{| border=&quot;0&quot; cellpadding=&quot;1&quot; cellspacing=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center; width:50em&quot;
|- ALIGN=&quot;center&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#e0e0e0&quot;
! Year
! Team
! Event
! rowspan=&quot;99&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#ffffff&quot; | &amp;nbsp;
! GP
! G
! A
! Pts
! PIM
|-
| [[1976 Canada Cup|1976]]
| [[Canada men's national ice hockey team|Canada]]
| [[Canada Cup|CC]]
| 4
| 3
| 2
| 5
| 0
|}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
*{{icehockeystats|legends=13552}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110715184617/http://sports.rightpundits.com/?p=5976%2F Mikey Martin, Rick Martin's Wife]
{{s-start}}
{{succession box | before = [[Gilbert Perreault]] | title = [[List of Buffalo Sabres draft picks|Buffalo Sabres first round draft pick]] | years = [[1971 NHL Amateur Draft|1971]] | after = [[Jim Schoenfeld]]}}
{{s-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Martin, Rick}}
[[Category:1951 births]]
[[Category:2011 deaths]]
[[Category:Buffalo Sabres draft picks]]
[[Category:Buffalo Sabres players]]
[[Category:Canadian ice hockey left wingers]]
[[Category:Ice hockey people from Quebec]]
[[Category:Ice hockey players players with chronic traumatic encephalopathy]]
[[Category:Los Angeles Kings players]]
[[Category:Moncton Golden Flames players]]
[[Category:Montreal Junior Canadiens players]]
[[Category:National Hockey League first round draft picks]]
[[Category:National Hockey League players with retired numbers]]
[[Category:People from Verdun, Quebec]]
[[Category:Sportspeople from Montreal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Sic</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>121884</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-24T13:03:23Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>34092</id>
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      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
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      <text bytes="15481" xml:space="preserve">{{Italic title}}
{{short description|Mark indicating that &quot;errors&quot; in a quotation stem from the source}}
{{other uses|SIC (disambiguation)}}

The [[Latin]] [[adverb]] '''''sic''''' (&quot;thus&quot;, &quot;just as&quot;; in full: {{Lang-la|label=none|sic erat scriptum}}, &quot;thus was it written&quot;)&lt;ref&gt;Footnotes, 1, in opinion of November 15, 2012 in ''U.S. v. Bryant'', Case No. 11-CR-20034. (Federal judge noted using variant spelling of Bryant's given name, &quot;'sic erat scriptum'&quot; in court document.)&lt;/ref&gt; inserted after a quoted word or passage indicates that the quoted matter has been transcribed or translated exactly as found in the source text, complete with any erroneous, archaic, or otherwise nonstandard spelling, [[punctuation]] or [[grammar]]. It also applies to any surprising assertion, faulty reasoning, or other matter that might be interpreted as an [[Transcription error|error of transcription]].

The typical usage is to inform the reader that any errors or apparent errors in quoted material do not arise from errors in the course of the transcription, but are intentionally reproduced, exactly as they appear in the source text. It is generally placed inside square brackets to indicate that it is not part of the quoted matter.

''Sic'' may also be inserted derisively or sarcastically, to call attention to the original writer's spelling mistakes or erroneous logic, or to show general disapproval or dislike of the material.&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt;

==Etymology and historical usage==
Though occasionally misidentified as an abbreviated word, ''sic'' is a Latin adverb used in English as an adverb, and, derivatively, as a noun and a verb.&lt;ref name=oed1989&gt;&quot;sic, adv. (and n.)&quot; ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Second Edition 1989. [[Oxford University Press]]&lt;/ref&gt; The [[adverb]] ''sic'', meaning &quot;intentionally so written&quot;, first appeared in English circa 1856.&lt;ref name=&quot;webster2003&quot;&gt;{{sup|3}}sic. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=OwCyCvI8mokC&amp;lpg=PP1&amp;pg=RA1-PA1156#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false Merriam-Webster's collegiate dictionary]''. Merriam-Webster, 2003. {{ISBN|0-87779-809-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-87779-809-5}}. (p.1156)&lt;/ref&gt; It is derived from the [[Latin]] adverb ''sīc'', which means &quot;so, thus, in this manner&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Cassell's Latin Dictionary&lt;/ref&gt; According to the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'', the verbal form of ''sic'', meaning &quot;to mark with a ''sic''&quot;, emerged in 1889, [[E. Belfort Bax]]{{'s}} work in ''The Ethics of Socialism'' being an early example.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;sic, adv. (and n.)&quot; ''Oxford English Dictionary'', Second Edition 1989. Oxford University Press; see also E. Belfort Bax. [http://www.marxists.org/archive/bax/1887/05/modcant.htm &quot;On Some Forms of Modern Cant&quot;]. Commonweal: 7 May 1887. Marxists' Internet Archive: 14 Jan. 2006&lt;/ref&gt;

===False etymologies===
On occasion, ''sic'' has been misidentified as an [[acronym]] (and therefore sometimes misspelled with periods): &quot;s.i.c.&quot; is said to stand for &quot;spelled in context&quot;, &quot;said in context&quot;, &quot;said in copy&quot;, &quot;spelling is correct&quot;, &quot;spelled incorrectly&quot;, and other such [[folk etymology]] phrases.&lt;ref&gt;e.g. {{Cite web|url=http://acronyms.thefreedictionary.com/sic |title=Thefreedictionary.com |access-date=2014-04-10 }}&lt;/ref&gt; These are all incorrect and are simply [[backronym]]s from ''sic''.

==Modern usage==
Use of ''sic'' greatly increased in the mid-twentieth century.&lt;ref name=garner2000&gt;[[Bryan A. Garner]]. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=z_VmtjAU01YC&amp;lpg=PA313&amp;ots=6FhO4h1UH2&amp;pg=PA305#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false The Oxford dictionary of American usage and style]''. Oxford University Press US, 2000. {{ISBN|0-19-513508-3}}, {{ISBN|978-0-19-513508-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; For example, in [[United States]] state-court opinions before 1944, ''sic'' appeared 1,239 times in the [[Westlaw]] database; in those from 1945 to 1990, it appeared 69,168 times.&lt;ref name=garner2001&gt;{{cite book |first=Bryan A. |last=Garner |chapter=sic |url=https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn_0 |url-access=registration |title=A Dictionary of Modern Legal Usage |edition=2nd |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=USA |year=2001 |isbn=978-0-19-514236-5 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofmode00garn_0/page/806 806]–807}}&lt;/ref&gt; Its use as a form of ridicule, deserved or otherwise, has been cited as a major factor in this increase.&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt; The immoderate use of ''sic'' has created some controversy, leading some editors, including bibliographical scholar Simon Nowell-Smith and literary critic [[Leon Edel]], to speak out against it.&lt;ref&gt;[[Leon Edel]]{{'s}} &quot;Introduction&quot; to ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=ULO6DKBMY-4C&amp;lpg=PR35&amp;ots=bmYAvni7eU&amp;pg=PR35#v=onepage&amp;q=%22among%20scholars%20the%20discussion%22%20OR%20%22bracketed%20sic%22&amp;f=false Henry James Letters]'' (Volume 1, 1843{{spaced ndash}}1875). Harvard University Press, 1974. {{ISBN|0-674-38780-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-674-38780-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Conventional use===
''Sic'', in its bracketed form, is most often inserted into quoted or reprinted material to indicate meticulous accuracy in reproducing the preceding text, despite appearances to the reader of an incorrect or unusual [[orthography]] ([[spelling]], [[punctuation]], grammar, syntax, fact, logic, etc.).&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=usd2009&gt;&quot;[https://web.archive.org/web/20100712020347/http://sunburst.usd.edu/~rring/History-Writing-Guide.pdf Grammar and Style].&quot; ''USD History Guide for Writing Research Papers''. Department of History, University of South Dakota. 6/12/2009&lt;/ref&gt; Several usage guides recommend that a bracketed ''sic'' be used primarily as an aid to the reader, not as an indicator of disagreement with the source.&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt;&lt;ref name=coyle2009&gt;{{cite book |author=William Coyle and Joe Law |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKliWm106S8C&amp;pg=PA72 |title=Research Papers |publisher=Cengage Learning |year=2009 |isbn=978-0-547-19081-5 |page=72}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===Use to denote archaisms and dialect===
''Sic'' may show that an uncommon or [[Archaism|archaic]] expression is reported faithfully,&lt;ref name=carillo2010&gt;{{cite news |first=Jose A. |last=Carillo |url=http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/archives/12773-the-role-of-the-bracketed-sic-in-english-prose |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120527163020/http://www.manilatimes.net/index.php/archives/12773-the-role-of-the-bracketed-sic-in-english-prose |url-status=dead |archive-date=May 27, 2012 |title=The role of the bracketed 'sic' in English prose |newspaper=[[The Manila Times]] |date=March 6, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt;{{failed verification|date=August 2019}} such as when quoting the [[U.S. Constitution]]: &quot;The House of Representatives shall {{sic|nolink=y|chuse|expected=choose}} their Speaker ...&quot;&lt;!-- Note that the spelling &quot;chuse&quot; is the point of this quotation—do not correct it to &quot;choose&quot; --&gt; However, several writing guidebooks discourage its use with regard to dialect, such as in cases of [[American and British English spelling differences]].&lt;ref name=garner2000/&gt;&lt;ref name=coyle2009/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |first=Donald |last=Remero |url=http://www.irosetta.com/questions/307/quoting-british-american-english |title=Quoting British / American English |publisher=ieosetta.com |date=May 9, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101013230140/http://www.irosetta.com/questions/307/quoting-british-american-english |archive-date=October 13, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The appearance of a bracketed ''sic'' after the word ''[[wikt:analyse|analyse]]'' in a book review led [[Bryan A. Garner]] to comment, &quot;all the quoter (or overzealous editor) demonstrated was ignorance of British usage&quot;.&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt;

===Use as a form of ridicule===
The use of ''sic'' can be seen as an [[appeal to ridicule]], whether intentional or not, because it highlights perceived irregularities. The application of ''sic'' with intent to disparage has been called the &quot;benighted use&quot; because it reflects a &quot;false sense of superiority&quot; in its users.&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt; The following example from ''[[The Times]]'' of London demonstrates how the [[Interpolation (manuscripts)|interpolation]] of ''sic'' can discredit a quoted statement.{{synthesis inline|date=May 2017}}
{{quote|Warehouse has been around for 30 years and has 263 stores, suggesting a large fan base. The chain sums up its appeal thus: &quot;styley [sic]&lt;!-- the original is not italicised--&gt;, confident, sexy, glamorous, edgy, clean and individual, with &lt;!-- Don't correct this either. --&gt; it's [sic]&lt;!-- the original is not italicised--&gt; finger on the fashion pulse.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|first=Anne |last=Ashworth |title=Chain reaction: Warehouse |url=http://women.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,26930-2234374,00.html |work=[[The Times]] |date=2006-06-21 |access-date=2016-05-20 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060929222429/http://women.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,26930-2234374,00.html |archive-date=September 29, 2006 }}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

===Ironic use===
{{See|Scare quotes}}
Occasionally a writer places [''sic''] after their own words, to indicate that the language has been chosen deliberately for special effect, especially where the writer's ironic meaning may otherwise be unclear.&lt;ref name=&quot;fowler1929&quot;&gt;H. W. Fowler (2001) ''A Dictionary of Modern English Usage''. Oxford : Oxford University Press, p. [[iarchive:dictionaryofmode00garn_0/page/807|807.]] {{ISBN|978-0-19-953534-7}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Bryan A. Garner]] dubbed this use of ''sic'' &quot;ironic&quot;, providing the following example from [[Fred Rodell]]{{'s}} 1955 book ''Nine Men'':&lt;ref name=garner2001/&gt;
{{quote|[I]n 1951, it was the blessing bestowed on Judge [[Harold Medina]]'s ''prosecution'' &lt;!--sic is from source, not added for Wikipedia; italics of prosecution also from source--&gt;[''sic''] of the eleven so-called 'top native Communists,' which blessing meant giving the Smith Act the judicial nod of constitutionality.}}

==Formatting==
Where ''sic'' follows the quotation, it takes [[bracket]]s: [''sic''].&lt;ref name=&quot;Jessen&quot;&gt;{{cite book | first=Edward W. | last=Jessen | url=http://www.sdap.org/downloads/Style-Manual.pdf | title=California Manual of Style: A Handbook of Legal Style for California Courts and Lawyers | year=2000 | pages=132–133 |access-date=2015-08-10| edition=4th }}&lt;/ref&gt; The word ''sic'' is usually treated as a [[loanword]] that does not require italics, and the style manuals of New Zealand, Australian and British media outlets generally do not require italicisation.&lt;ref name=coyle2009/&gt; However, italicization is common in the United States, where authorities including ''[[APA Style]]'' insist upon it.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=''Parentheses, Ellipses, and Brackets''|url=http://www.jccc.edu/files/pdf/writing-center/parentheses-ellipses-etc.pdf|website=Writing Center|publisher=Johnson County Community College|access-date=19 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120831214851/http://www.jccc.edu/files/pdf/writing-center/parentheses-ellipses-etc.pdf|archive-date=2012-08-31|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Because ''sic'' is not an abbreviation, placing a [[full stop]]/period inside the brackets after the word ''sic'' is erroneous,&lt;ref&gt;''[http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/quotations.html Quotations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902224424/http://www.unc.edu/depts/wcweb/handouts/quotations.html |date=2011-09-02 }}''. The Writing Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Accessed: October 2, 2010&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;cgsau&quot;&gt;{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0 |url-access=registration |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiaguidetos00wils_0/page/395 395] |chapter=sic (adv.) |title=The Columbia Guide to Standard American English|first=Kenneth G. |last=Wilson |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |year=1993 |access-date=2009-11-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; although one style guide suggests styling it as a parenthetical sentence only when used after a complete sentence, like so: ''(Sic.)''&lt;ref name=&quot;Jessen&quot;/&gt;

==Alternatives==

===Replacement===
Some guides, including ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style]]'', recommend &quot;quiet [[copy-editing]]&quot; (unless where inappropriate or uncertain) instead of inserting a bracketed ''sic'', such as by substituting in brackets the correct word in place of the incorrect word or by simply replacing an incorrect spelling with the correct one.&lt;ref name=&quot;garner2001&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Style Q&amp;A: Quotations and Dialogue |url=https://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/qanda/data/faq/topics/Quotations.html |website=The Chicago Manual of Style Online |access-date=28 September 2018 |quote=In paragraph 13.7, in the section on permissible changes to quotations, ''CMOS'' says, ‘Obvious typographic errors may be corrected silently (without comment or ''sic'') unless the passage quoted is from an older work or a manuscript source where idiosyncrasies of spelling are generally preserved.’}}&lt;/ref&gt;

===''Recte''===

Alternatively, to show both the original and the suggested correction (as they often are in [[palaeography]]), one may give the actual form, followed by ''recte'', then the corrected form, in brackets. The Latin adverb ''recte'' means ''rightly''.&lt;ref&gt;Janet Fairweather. ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=fh5OozghywIC&amp;lpg=PR29&amp;ots=w0g_Wnd7c5&amp;pg=PR29#v=onepage&amp;q=%22to%20correct%20factual%20inaccuracies%22&amp;f=false Liber Eliensis]''. Boydell Press, 2005. {{ISBN|1-84383-015-9}}, {{ISBN|978-1-84383-015-3}}. (p. xxix)&lt;/ref&gt; &lt;!--There appear to be no widely used style guides of sufficient detail avoid mild [[Wikipedia:SYNTHESIS]] regarding the use of ''recte'' on the Internet. Nonetheless, there are so many [http://www.google.com/search?source=ig&amp;hl=en&amp;rlz=&amp;q=%22sic+recte%22&amp;aq=f&amp;aqi=&amp;aql=&amp;oq=&amp;gs_rfai=Cze1sDfCnTIa6EIzmNL-RiTYAAACqBAVP0AaJ0g online examples of its use] that I feel we can [[WP:IAR|ignore the rule in order to improve the article]].--&gt;
{{quote|An Iraqi battalion has consumed &lt;!--recte not in source--&gt;[''recte'' assumed] control of the former American military base, and our forces are now about 40 minutes outside the city.}}
According to the ''Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music Style Sheet'', there should be no punctuation, for example no colon, before the corrected word when using ''recte''.&lt;ref&gt;Bruce Gustafson. ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20090929104108/http://sscm-jscm.press.illinois.edu/jscm_sty.pdf JSCM Style Sheet]''. Journal of Seventeenth-Century Music, 2 January 2010.&lt;/ref&gt;

===Read===

A third alternative is to follow an error with ''sic'', a comma or colon, &quot;read&quot;, and the correct reading, all within square brackets, as in the following example:
{{quote|Item 26 - 'Plan of space alongside Evinghews [sic: read Evening News] Printing Works and overlooked by St. Giles House University Hall', [Edinburgh]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Item 26 – 'Plan of space alongside Evinghews [sic: read Evening News] Printing Works and overlooked by St. Giles House University Hall', [Edinburgh]|url=http://strathclyde.ica-atom.org/plan-of-space-alongside-evinghews-sic-read-evening-news-printing-works-and-overlooked-by-st-giles-house-university-hall|website=University of Strathclyde Archives|access-date=19 November 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;}}

==See also==

{{Div col|colwidth=20em}}
* [[Dictated but not read]]
* [[Evidentiality]]
* [[Irony punctuation]]
* [[List of Latin phrases]]
* [[Qere and Ketiv]]
* [[Scare quotes]]
* [[viz.]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist|30em}}
{{Wiktionary pipe|sic#Etymology_1|sic}}

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  <page>
    <title>Supertramp discography</title>
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      <text bytes="35376" xml:space="preserve">{{Short description|Cataloging of published recordings by English rock band Supertramp}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Use British English|date=December 2012}}
{{Infobox artist discography
| Artist       = [[Supertramp]]
| Image        = 
| Caption      = 
| Studio       = 11
| Live         = 6
| Compilation  = 4
| Video        = 
| Music videos = 19
| EP           = 
| Singles      = 28
| B-sides      = 
| Soundtrack   = 
}}
The following is intended to be the complete discography of the [[progressive rock]] British band [[Supertramp]]. Over the years they have released eleven studio albums, four live albums, five compilation albums and 28 singles.

==Albums==
===Studio albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;33&quot;| Year
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;| Album details
!colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Peak chart positions 
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot;| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.officialcharts.com/artists/ |title=Official Charts Company |accessdate=2008-12-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Kent Music Report|AUS]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Australian Chart Book 1970-1992|last=Kent|first=David|author-link=David Kent (historian)|publisher=Australian Chart Book|location=[[St Ives, New South Wales|St Ives]], N.S.W.|year=1993|isbn=0-646-11917-6|title-link=Kent Music Report}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[RPM (magazine)|CAN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak positions for Supertramp's albums on Canadian Albums Chart: 
*For &quot;Crime of the Century&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.3956a&amp;volume=23&amp;issue=12&amp;issue_dt=May%2017%201975&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 23, No. 12, May 17 1975| work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]| accessdate=2008-12-15}}
*For &quot;Crisis? What Crisis?&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4078a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 24, No. 21, February 21 1976| work=RPM| accessdate=2008-12-15}}
*For &quot;Even in the Quietest Moments...&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.5289a&amp;volume=27&amp;issue=3&amp;issue_dt=April%2016%201977&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 27, No. 3, April 16 1977| work=RPM| accessdate=2008-12-15}}
*For &quot;Breakfast in America&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4743a&amp;volume=31&amp;issue=9&amp;issue_dt=May%2026%201979&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 31, No. 9, May 26 1979| work=RPM| access-date=2008-12-15| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140230/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4743a&amp;volume=31&amp;issue=9&amp;issue_dt=May%2026%201979&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2| archive-date=2 April 2015}}
*For &quot;...Famous Last Words...&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.6165a&amp;volume=37&amp;issue=17&amp;issue_dt=December%2011%201982&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2|title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 37, No. 17, December 11 1982|work=RPM|accessdate=2008-12-15}}
*For &quot;Brother Where You Bound&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.0547&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 42, No. 18, July 13 1985| work=RPM| accessdate=2008-12-15}}
*For &quot;Free as a Bird&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.0907&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 47, No. 9, December 05 1987| work=RPM| accessdate=2008-12-15}}
*For &quot;Some Things Never Change&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.3257&amp;volume=65&amp;issue=18&amp;issue_dt=July%2007%201997&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 65, No. 18, July 07 1997| work=RPM| accessdate=2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[SNEP|FRA]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FRA&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://infodisc.fr/Album_S.php |title=InfoDisc : Tous les Albums classés par Artiste &gt; Choisir Un Artiste Dans la Liste |publisher=infodisc.fr |language=French |access-date=2011-06-01 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506001015/http://www.infodisc.fr/Album_S.php |archive-date=6 May 2013}}  Note: user must select 'Supertramp' from drop-down.&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot;&gt;{{cite web |  language = German | url = http://www.musicline.de/de/artist/Supertramp | work = German charts | title = Supertramp discography | accessdate = 2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NLD&quot;&gt;{{cite web |  language = German | url = http://dutchcharts.nl//showinterpret.asp?interpret=Supertramp | work = Irish charts | title = Supertramp discography | accessdate = 2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[VG-lista|NOR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOR&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://norwegiancharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&amp;search= Supertramp | work = Norwegian charts | title = Supertramp discography | accessdate = 2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Swedish Albums Chart|SWE]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://swedishcharts.com/search.asp?cat=a&amp;search= Supertramp | work = Swedish charts | title = Supertramp discography | accessdate = 2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;|[[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url=http://swisscharts.com/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Supertramp| title= Supertramp discography | publisher=swisscharts.com| accessdate=2008-12-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Billboard 200|US]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url ={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5562|pure_url=yes}} | title = Chart history - Supertramp | publisher = [[AllMusic]]| accessdate = 2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1970
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Supertramp (album)|Supertramp]]'''''
*Released: 14 July 1970
*Label: [[A&amp;M Records|A&amp;M]]
*Formats: [[Compact disc|CD]], [[LP album|LP]]
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*[[Music Canada|MC]]: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url=http://www.musiccanada.com/GPSearchResult.aspx?st=&amp;ica=False&amp;sa=Supertramp&amp;sl=&amp;smt=0&amp;sat=-1&amp;ssb=Artist| title=Gold Platinum Database: Supertramp| publisher=[[Canadian Recording Industry Association]]| accessdate=2 July 2012 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1971
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Indelibly Stamped]]'''''
*Released: 25 June 1971
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| —
| 53
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|158
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*MC: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*[[SNEP]]: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=2650 |title=Les Albums Or |publisher=[[SNEP]] |work=infodisc.fr |access-date=3 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150128132918/http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_O.php?debut=2650 |archive-date=28 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1974
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Crime of the Century (album)|Crime of the Century]]'''''
*Released: 13 September 1974
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 4
| 15
| 4
| 19
| 5
| 25
| —
| —
| 17
| 38
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp |title=Certified Awards |work=[[British Phonographic Industry]] |access-date=2008-12-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081204050257/http://www.bpi.co.uk/index.asp |archive-date=4 December 2008 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
*MC: Diamond&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Platinum&lt;ref name=FRPD&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P.php?debut=800 |title=Les Albums Platine |publisher=[[SNEP]] |work=infodisc.fr |access-date=3 October 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131225104214/http://infodisc.fr/CDCertif_P.php?debut=800 |archive-date=25 December 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*[[Bundesverband Musikindustrie|BVMI]]: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.musikindustrie.de/gold_platin_datenbank/?action=suche&amp;strInterpret=Supertramp&amp;strTtArt=alben&amp;strAwards=checked| title=Gold-/Platin-Datenbank|publisher=. Bundesverband Musikindustrie|language=German|accessdate=10 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*IFPI SWI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;IFPIS&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.swisscharts.com/search_certifications.asp?search=Supertramp| title=The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community|accessdate=10 July 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
*RIAA: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;&gt;[https://www.riaa.com/goldandplatinumdata.php?resultpage=3&amp;table=SEARCH_RESULTS&amp;action=&amp;title=&amp;artist=Supertramp&amp;format=&amp;debutLP=&amp;category=&amp;sex=&amp;releaseDate=&amp;requestNo=&amp;type=&amp;level=&amp;label=&amp;company=&amp;certificationDate=&amp;awardDescription=&amp;catalogNo=&amp;aSex=&amp;rec_id=&amp;charField=&amp;gold=&amp;platinum=&amp;multiPlat=&amp;level2=&amp;certDate=&amp;album=&amp;id=&amp;after=&amp;before=&amp;startMonth=1&amp;endMonth=1&amp;startYear=1958&amp;endYear=2008&amp;sort=Artist&amp;perPage=25 RIAA Gold and Platinum Search for albums by Prince]. Retrieved on 2008-12-15.&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
| 1975
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Crisis? What Crisis?]]'''''
*Released: 14 September 1975
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 20
| 20
| 12
| —
| —
| 11
| 10
| 16
| 13
| 44
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*MC: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;/&gt;
*BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1977
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Even in the Quietest Moments...]]'''''
*Released: 10 April 1977
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 12
| 5
| 1
| 4
| 14
| 1
| 3
| 5
| 4
| 16
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Silver&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*MC: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Platinum&lt;ref name=FRPD/&gt;
*BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
*IFPI SWI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;IFPIS&quot;/&gt;
*RIAA: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1979
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Breakfast in America]]'''''
*Released: 29 March 1979
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 3
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 1
| 1
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*MC: Diamond&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Platinum&lt;ref name=FRPD/&gt;
*BVMI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
*[[NVPI]]: Platinum{{certification Cite Ref|type=album|region=Netherlands|artist=Supertramp}}
*IFPI SWI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;IFPIS&quot;/&gt;
*RIAA: 4× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1982
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[...Famous Last Words...]]'''''
*Released: 7 October 1982
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 6
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 1
| 2
| 5
| 1
| 5
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*MC: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Platinum&lt;ref name=FRPD/&gt;
*BVMI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
*NVPI: Gold{{certification Cite Ref|type=album|region=Netherlands|artist=Supertramp}}
*RIAA: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1985
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Brother Where You Bound]]'''''
*Released: 14 May 1985
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 20
| 22
| 11
| 3
| 4
| 4
| 6
| 7
| 2
| 21
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*MC: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;/&gt;
*BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1987
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Free as a Bird (album)|Free as a Bird]]'''''
*Released: 13 October 1987
*Label: A&amp;M
*Formats: CD, LP
| 93
| 30
| 34
| 24
| 23
| 32
| —
| 28
| 14
| 101
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*MC: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;/&gt;
*IFPI SWI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;IFPIS&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1997
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Some Things Never Change]]'''''
*Released: 24 March 1997
*Label: EMI, Oxygen (US)
*Formats: CD, LP
| 74
| -
| 44
| 2
| 3
| 12
| 19
| -
| 2
| -
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*SNEP: 2x Gold
*IFPI SWI: Platinum
|-
| 2002
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Slow Motion (Supertramp album)|Slow Motion]]'''''
*Released: 23 April 2002
*Label: EMI, Silver Cab (U.S./Canada)
*Formats: CD, LP
| -
| -
| -
| 8
| 17
| 83
| -
| -
| 6
| -
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*SNEP: Gold
*IFPI SWI: Gold
|}

===Live albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;33&quot;| Year
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;| Album details
!colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Peak chart positions 
!rowspan=2| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| UK&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| AUS&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUS&quot;/&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=supertramp&amp;cat=a |title=austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich |publisher=austriancharts.at |accessdate=2009-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4703a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 34, No. 4, November 22 1980| publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]| accessdate=2012-02-17 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| FRA&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;FRA&quot;/&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| GER&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| NLD&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NLD&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| NOR&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOR&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| SWI&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| US&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1980
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Paris (Supertramp album)|Paris]]'''''
*Released: 1.September 1980
*Label: A&amp;M
| 7
| 3
| 7
| 3
| 9
| 5
| 2
| 6
| 1
| 8
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*MC: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;/&gt;
*BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
*RIAA: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1988
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Live '88 (Supertramp album)|Live '88]]'''''
*Released: 6.October 1988
*Label: A&amp;M
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 50
| —
| —
| —
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
|-
| 1999
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[It Was the Best of Times]]'''''
*Released: 12 April 1999
*Label: EMI France
| 91
| —
| 42
| —
| 3
| 29
| 21
| 19
| 12
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*SNEP: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2001
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Is Everybody Listening?]]'''''
*Released: 6 November 2001
*Label: A&amp;M
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
|-
| 2006
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''Live, 1997'''''
*Released: 2006
*Label: EMI
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
|-
| 2010
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[70-10 Tour]]'''''
*Released: 2010 (each concert)
*Label: Simfy Live
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
|}

* ''Live, 1997'' was previously released as ''[[It Was the Best of Times]]'' in April 1999. It offers 13 highlights from a rejuvenated group captured as part of their hundred-date It's About Time world tour. The group's first foray into live work in almost a decade was organized to promote a comeback LP ''[[Some Things Never Change]]'', which had been released in March 1997. The tracks that make up this live collection were extracted from the Royal Albert Hall shows from September 1997.

===Compilation albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
|-
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;33&quot;| Year
!rowspan=&quot;2&quot; width=&quot;250&quot;| Album details
!colspan=&quot;10&quot;| Peak chart positions 
!rowspan=2| [[Music recording sales certification|Certifications]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;small&gt;([[List of music recording sales certifications|sales thresholds]])&lt;/small&gt;
|-
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[UK Albums Chart|UK]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;UK&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;AUT&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Ultratop|BEL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BEL&quot;&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.ultratop.be/fr/showinterpret.asp?interpret=Supertramp | work = Belgian Album charts | title = Supertramp discography | accessdate = 2008-12-15}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Canadian Albums Chart|CAN]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak positions for Supertramp's compilation albums on Canadian Albums Chart: 
*For &quot;The Autobiography&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.1703&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 55, No. 3, December 21 1991| publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]| accessdate=2012-02-17 }}
*For &quot;The Very Best of Supertramp&quot; {{cite web| url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.2041&amp;volume=55&amp;issue=6&amp;issue_dt=February%2001%201992&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=1eslr84up6jai4j6cngk0p4cu2| title=Top Albums/CDs - Volume 55, No. 6, February 01 1992| publisher=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]| accessdate=2008-12-15 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[GfK Entertainment charts|GER]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Dutch Album Top 100|NL]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NLD&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[VG-lista|NOR]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NOR&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Sverigetopplistan|SWE]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWE&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Swiss Hitparade|SWI]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;SWI&quot; /&gt;
!style=&quot;width:3em;font-size:85%&quot;| [[Billboard 200|US]]&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;allmusic&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1986
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[The Autobiography of Supertramp]]'''''
*Released: 6 July 1986
*Label: A&amp;M
| 9
| —
| 15
| 12
| 45
| 61
| —
| —
| —
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*IFPI SWI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;IFPIS&quot;/&gt;
*RIAA: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;RIAA&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1990
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[The Very Best of Supertramp]]'''''
*Released: 3 June 1990
*Label: A&amp;M
| 8
| 27
| 34
| 17
| 6
| 1&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;BestOf1989&quot;&gt;{{cite web
| url=http://dutchcharts.nl/showitem.asp?interpret=Supertramp&amp;titel=The+Very+Best+Of+%5B1989%5D&amp;cat=a| title=Dutch Charts The Very Best of Supertramp 1989| publisher=Dutch Charts
| accessdate=2011-09-07 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
| 5
| 5
| 7
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
*MC: 2× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
*SNEP: Platinum&lt;ref name=FRPD/&gt;
*BVMI: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;BVMI&quot;/&gt;
*IFPI SWI: Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;IFPIS&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 1992
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[The Very Best of Supertramp 2]]'''''
*Released: 28 November 1992
*Label: A&amp;M
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 63
| 67
| 48
| 14
| 27
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*SNEP: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;FRGD&quot;/&gt;
*MC: Gold&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;
|-
| 2005
|align=&quot;left&quot;|'''''[[Retrospectacle – The Supertramp Anthology]]'''''
*Released: 18 October 2005
*Label: A&amp;M
| 9
| 33
| 29
| 80
| 47
| 22
| 6
| 3
| 11
| —
|align=&quot;left&quot;|
*BPI: 2× Platinum&lt;ref name=&quot;BPI&quot;/&gt;
|}

===Video albums===
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Year
!Video
|-
|1990
|'''''[[The Story So Far... (Supertramp album)|The Story So Far...]]'''''
* Released: 1990 (VHS), 2002 (DVD)
* Label: A&amp;M Records
* Format: VHS, DVD
|-
|2012
|'''''[[Paris (Supertramp album)#Remastering and DVD release|Live in Paris '79]]'''''
* Released: 2012
* Label: [[Eagle Rock Entertainment]]
* Format: DVD, Blu-ray
|}

==Singles==
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot;
|-
! Year
! Title
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[UK Singles Chart|UK]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=OfficialChartsuk&gt;[https://www.officialcharts.com/artists/ Official Charts: Supertramp]&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Kent Music Report|AUS]]&lt;/small&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Ö3 Austria Top 40|AUT]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://austriancharts.at/search.asp?search=supertramp&amp;cat=s |title=austriancharts.at - Austria Top 40 - Hitparade Österreich |publisher=austriancharts.at |accessdate=2009-10-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Canadian Singles Chart|CAN]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Peak positions for Supertramp's singles on Canadian Singles Chart: 
*For &quot;Rudy&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.3975a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 23, No. 15, June 07 1975|work=[[RPM (magazine)|RPM]]|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;Another Man's Woman&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4147b&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 25, No. 12, June 19 1976|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;Give a Little Bit&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.5425a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 27, No. 23, September 03 1977|work=RPM|access-date=2012-02-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402184946/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.5425a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|archive-date=2 April 2015}}
*For &quot;Dreamer&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.5554b&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 28, No. 24, March 11 1978|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;Bloody Well Right&quot; {{cite web|url=https://www.bac-lac.gc.ca/eng/discover/films-videos-sound-recordings/rpm/Pages/image.aspx?Image=nlc008388.3975a&amp;URLjpg=http%3a%2f%2fwww.collectionscanada.gc.ca%2fobj%2f028020%2ff4%2fnlc008388.3975a.gif&amp;Ecopy=nlc008388.3975a|title=Top Singles - Volume 23, No. 15, June 7 1975|work=RPM|access-date=12 February 2021}}
*For &quot;The Logical Song&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4502a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 31, No. 14, June 30 1979|work=RPM|access-date=2012-02-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160124141934/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.4502a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|archive-date=24 January 2016}}
*For &quot;Goodbye Stranger&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.6849a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 32, No. 1, September 29 1979|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;Take the Long Way Home&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.6861a&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 32, No. 13, December 22 1979|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;Dreamer&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.0268&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 34, No. 5, December 06 1980|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;It's Raining Again&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.6180&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 37, No. 18, December 18 1982|work=RPM|access-date=2012-02-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402154922/http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.6180&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|archive-date=2 April 2015}}
*For &quot;Cannonball&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?brws_s=1&amp;file_num=nlc008388.0548&amp;type=1&amp;interval=24&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 42, No. 18, July 13 1985|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;I'm Beggin' You&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.8678&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 47, No. 11, December 19 1987|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}
*For &quot;You Win, I Lose&quot; {{cite web|url=http://www.collectionscanada.gc.ca/rpm/028020-119.01-e.php?&amp;file_num=nlc008388.3245&amp;type=1&amp;interval=50&amp;PHPSESSID=c6btf3r8hs459qqt5ln3o3dcv5|title=Top Singles - Volume 65, No. 16, June 23 1997|work=RPM|accessdate=2012-02-17}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[France|FRA]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.infodisc.fr/Tubes_Artiste_Choisi.php&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[GfK Entertainment Charts|GER]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;GER&quot; /&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Irish Singles Chart|IRE]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement |title=Irish Singles Chart Top 30 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721125210/http://irishcharts.ie/search/placement |archive-date=21 July 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana|ITA]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;http://www.hitparadeitalia.it/indici/per_interprete/as.htm&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Dutch Single Top 100|NLD]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;https://dutchcharts.nl/search.asp?cat=s&amp;artist=supertramp&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Billboard Hot 100|US]]&lt;/small&gt;&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated4&gt;{{cite web|url={{AllMusic|class=artist|id=p5562|pure_url=yes}}|title=Supertramp - Awards|publisher=[[AllMusic]]|accessdate=2013-05-01}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!width=&quot;30&quot;|&lt;small&gt;[[Mainstream Rock (chart)|US Main]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=autogenerated4 /&gt;&lt;/small&gt;
! Certifications&lt;br /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MC&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Single_Certif.php |title=Les Certifications depuis 1973 |publisher=Infodisc.fr |work=Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique |language=French |id=To search, user must select &quot;Supertramp&quot; in the search bar and click OK. |access-date=2012-04-15 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/697lSTfwO?url=http://www.infodisc.fr/Single_Certif.php |archive-date=13 July 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;
! Album
|-
|1971
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Your Poppa Don't Mind&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|—
|
|''[[Indelibly Stamped]]''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1974
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Land Ho&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|rowspan=&quot;1&quot;|Non-album single
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dreamer (Supertramp song)|Dreamer]]&quot;
| 13
| 47
| —
| 75
| —
| —
| —
| 6
| —
| —
| —
|
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Crime of the Century (album)|Crime of the Century]]''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1975
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Bloody Well Right]]&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| 49
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 35
| —
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Lady&quot;
| 53
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 15
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Crisis? What Crisis?]]''
|-
|1976 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Ain't Nobody But Me&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| 64
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1977 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Give a Little Bit]]&quot;
| 29
| 43
| —
| 8
| 59
| 29
| —
| —
| 2
| 15
| —
|
*UK: Silver
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Even in the Quietest Moments...]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Babaji (song)|Babaji]]&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|1979 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[The Logical Song]]&quot;
| 7
| 16
| 14
| 1
| 2
| 12
| 6
| 45
| 13
| 6
| —
|align=left|
*CAN: Platinum
*FRA: Gold
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|''[[Breakfast in America]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Breakfast in America (song)|Breakfast in America]]&quot;
| 9
| —
| 16
| —
| —
| 23
| 6
| —
| 14
| —
| —
|
*UK: Silver
|- 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Goodbye Stranger]]&quot;
| 57
| —
| —
| 6
| 3
| —
| —
| 41
| 41
| 15
| —
|align=left|
*CAN: Gold
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Take the Long Way Home (Supertramp song)|Take the Long Way Home]]&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| 4
| 14
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 10
| —
|align=left|
*US: Gold
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1980
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Dreamer (Supertramp song)|Dreamer (live)]]&quot;
| —
| 39
| —
| 1
| 44
| —
| —
| —
| 31
| 15
| —
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Paris (Supertramp album)|Paris]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Take the Long Way Home (Supertramp song)|Take the Long Way Home (live)]]&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 53
| —
| —
| 32
| —
| —
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Breakfast in America (song)|Breakfast in America (live)]]&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 62
| —
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1982 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[It's Raining Again]]&quot;
| 26
| 11
| 7
| 4
| 1
| 3
| 16
| 33
| 6
| 11
| 7
|align=left|
*CAN: Gold
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|''[[...Famous Last Words...]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Crazy&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 10
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1983
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[My Kind of Lady]]&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 27
| 74
| —
| —
| —
| 31
| —
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Don't Leave Me Now&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 32
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;School&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|{{refn|group=n|re-released in 1989, hit '''# 27'''}}
| —
| —
|
|''[[Crime of the Century (album)|Crime of the Century]]''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1985
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Cannonball (Supertramp song)|Cannonball]]&quot;{{refn|group=n|Also reached #9 on the [[Dance Club Songs|US dance chart]].&lt;ref name=autogenerated4/&gt;}}
| —
| 63
| —
| 24
| 19
| 60
| —
| 30
| 39
| 28
| 4
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Brother Where You Bound]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Still in Love&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Better Days&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 52
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1987
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[I'm Beggin' You]]&quot;{{refn|group=n|Also reached #1 on the US dance chart.&lt;ref name=autogenerated4/&gt;}}
| —
| 70
| —
| 73
| 68
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Free as a Bird (album)|Free as a Bird]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[Free as a Bird (Supertramp song)|Free as a Bird]]&quot;
| 95
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 95
| —
| —
|
|-
|1988 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;It's Alright&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1997
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;[[You Win, I Lose]]&quot;
| —
| —
| 40
| 38
| 58
| 63
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Some Things Never Change]]''
|-
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Listen to Me, Please&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| 73
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|-
|2002 
|align=&quot;left&quot;|&quot;Slow Motion&quot;
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
| —
|
|''[[Slow Motion (Supertramp album)|Slow Motion]]''
|}

{{Reflist|group=n}}

==Music videos==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
!Year
!Title
!Director(s)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Supertramp – artist videography|website=mvdbase.com|publisher=Alex S. Garcia|url=http://www.mvdbase.com/artist.php?last=Supertramp|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051122073712/http://www.mvdbase.com/artist.php?last=Supertramp|archive-date=22 November 2005|access-date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
!Album
|-
|1970
|&quot;[[All Along The Watchtower]]&quot;
|[[Haro Senft]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=Supertramp Portrait 1970|website=bfi.org.uk|url=https://www2.bfi.org.uk/films-tv-people/4ce2b7751bf1c|access-date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|Not on album
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1974
|&quot;[[Dreamer (Supertramp song)|Dreamer]]&quot;
|''Unknown''
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Crime of the Century (album)|Crime of the Century]]''
|-
|&quot;Rudy&quot;
|''Unknown''
|-
|1975
|&quot;Lady&quot;
|''Unknown''
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Crisis? What Crisis?]]''
|-
|1976
|&quot;Another Man's Woman&quot;
|''Unknown''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1977
|&quot;[[Give a Little Bit]]&quot;
|''Unknown''
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[Even in the Quietest Moments...]]''
|-
|&quot;[[Babaji (song)|Babaji]]&quot;
|''Unknown''
|-
|&quot;From Now On&quot;
|''Unknown''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|1979
|&quot;[[The Logical Song]]&quot;
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|[[Bruce Gowers]]
|rowspan=&quot;4&quot;|''[[Breakfast in America]]''
|-
|&quot;[[Breakfast in America (song)|Breakfast in America]]&quot;
|-
|&quot;[[Goodbye Stranger]]&quot;
|-
|1980
|&quot;[[Take the Long Way Home (Supertramp song)|Take the Long Way Home]]&quot;
|''Unknown''
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1982
|&quot;[[It's Raining Again]]&quot;
|[[Russell Mulcahy]]
|rowspan=&quot;3&quot;|''[[...Famous Last Words...]]''
|-
|&quot;Crazy&quot;
|''Unknown''
|-
|1983
|&quot;[[My Kind of Lady]]&quot;
|[[Kenny Ortega]]
|-
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|1985
|&quot;[[Cannonball (Supertramp song)|Cannonball]]&quot;
|''Unknown''
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Brother Where You Bound]]''
|-
|&quot;Better Days&quot;
|[[Steve Barron]]
|-
|1987
|&quot;[[I'm Beggin' You]]&quot;
|[[Zbigniew Rybczyński]]
|rowspan=&quot;2&quot;|''[[Free as a Bird (album)|Free as a Bird]]''
|-
|1988
|&quot;[[Free as a Bird (Supertramp song)|Free as a Bird]]&quot;
|Michael Patterson, Candace Reckenger&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite magazine|date=3 March 1988|title=Video Track|url=https://worldradiohistory.com/Archive-All-Music/Billboard/80s/1988/BB-1988-03-26.pdf#page=48|magazine=Billboard|location=United States|volume=100 #13|page=52|via=worldradiohistory.com|access-date=2 May 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; 
|-
|1997
|&quot;[[You Win, I Lose]]&quot;
|David Hogan
|''[[Some Things Never Change]]''
|}

==Non-official albums (bootlegs)==
* 1976: '''''Live in Boston'''''
** School / Bloody Well Right / Sister Moonshine / Ain't Nobody But Me / Hide in Your Shell / Poor Boy / The Meaning / Just a Normal Day / Asylum / Dreamer / Rudy / If Everyone Was Listening / Another Man's Woman / Lady / Encores: Home Again / Crime of the Century
* 1979: '''''Milwaukee Arena '79'''''
** School / Ain't Nobody But Me / The Logical Song / Goodbye Stranger / Sister Moonshine / Oh Darling / Hide in Your Shell / From Now On / Child of Vision / Even in the Quietest Moments / A Soapbox Opera / Asylum / Give a Little Bit / Bloody Well Right / Breakfast in America / Dreamer / Rudy / If Everyone Was Listening / Another Man's Woman / Fool's Overture / Encores: Two of Us / Crime of the Century
* 1983: '''''Munich 1983'''''
** Crazy / Ain't Nobody But Me / Breakfast in America / Bloody Well Right / It's Raining Again / Put on Your Old Brown Shoes / Hide in Your Shell / Waiting So Long / Give a Little Bit / From Now On / The Logical Song / Goodbye Stranger / Dreamer / Rudy / Fool's Overture / Encores: School / Crime of the Century
* 1985: '''''Aliens in Texas – Dallas '85'''''
** Still in Love / Bloody Well Right / From Now On / Rudy / Cannonball / Asylum / Ain't Nobody But Me / Goodbye Stranger / I Just Wanna Make Love to You / Better Days / Crime of the Century
* 1988: '''''Madrid 1988'''''
** You Started Laughing / It's Alright / Not The Moment / Ain't Nobody But Me / Better Days / Bloody Well Right / Cannonball / Breakfast in America / From Now On / Free as a Bird / An Awful Thing to Waste / Asylum / Rudy / Where I Stand / Oh Darling / Just Another Nervous Wreck / The Logical Song / Goodbye Stranger / Encores: School / Crime of the Century
* 2002: '''''One More for the Road Tour – Mannheim'''''
** School / Slow Motion / Over You / Bloody Well Right / Tenth Avenue Breakdown / Cannonball / Sooner or Later / Free as a Bird / Downstream / Asylum / Give a Little Bit / From Now On / Take the Long Way Home / Another Man's Woman / The Logical Song / Goodbye Stranger / Encores: Broken Hearted / Rudy / Crime of the Century
* 2010: '''''70-10 Tour'''''
** You Started Laughing / Gone Hollywood / Put on Your Old Brown Shoes / Ain't Nobody But Me / Breakfast in America / Cannonball / Poor Boy / From Now On / Give A Little Bit / Downstream / Asylum ''(occasionally)'' / Rudy / It's Raining Again / Another Man's Woman / Take the Long Way Home / Bloody Well Right / The Logical Song / Goodbye Stranger / Encores: Don't You Lie to Me ''(occasionally)'' / School / Dreamer / Crime of the Century

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.connollyco.com/discography/supertramp/index.html Unofficial discography of Supertramp]
*[http://uktop40.republika.pl/art%20na%20top%2040/art-s-supertramp.html/ Supertramp on charts] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212143553/http://uktop40.republika.pl/art%20na%20top%2040/art-s-supertramp.html |date=12 December 2007 }}
{{Supertramp}}

[[Category:Rock music group discographies]]
[[Category:Discographies of British artists]]</text>
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    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>World Championships of Ski Mountaineering</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
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      <timestamp>2022-08-24T15:29:42Z</timestamp>
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      <text bytes="8364" xml:space="preserve">{{update|date=August 2018}}
The '''World Championships of Ski Mountaineering''' are biannually held [[ski mountaineering]] competitions.

== History ==
The events were originally sanctioned by the [[International Council for Ski Mountaineering Competitions]] (ISMC). The first official world mastership of the ISMC was carried out in the &quot;[[International observance#2000s|International Year of Mountains]]&quot; (2002), declared by the [[United Nations]]. The championship was held in [[Serre Chevalier]], [[France]], from January 24 to January 27, 2002. Prior the Italian [[Trofeo Mezzalama]] was held as &quot;World Championship of Ski Mountaineering&quot; with the classes &quot;Civilians&quot;, &quot;[[Soldier]]s&quot; and &quot;[[Mountain guide]]s&quot; in 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rolf Majcen&quot;&gt;[[Rolf Majcen]]: [http://www.mountains2b.com/76-Weltmeisterschaften_im_Skibergsteigen-,e_14310,r_1100.htm ''Weltmeisterschaften im Skibergsteigen''] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.is/20121209103029/http://www.mountains2b.com/76-Weltmeisterschaften_im_Skibergsteigen-,e_14310,r_1100.htm |date=2012-12-09 }} (German), February, 2004.&lt;/ref&gt; Because the ISMC merged into the [[International Ski Mountaineering Federation]] (ISMF) in 2008, the next championships were sanctioned by the ISMF.&lt;ref&gt;[[Karl Posch]]: [http://www.teamformultimedia.at/_iu_write/cms/editor/page.php?user=askimo&amp;vorlage=vorlage.php&amp;file=index.htm&amp;newsid=718&amp; Weltmeisterschaft Schweiz Tag 5 - Neuer Verband der Schibergsteiger: ISMF] (German), February 27, 2008.&lt;/ref&gt; In 2011, the originally planned 9th edition of the [[European Championships of Ski Mountaineering]] at last was held as 6th edition of the World Championships.

{{Expand section|missing medalists|date=April 2009}}
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! colspan=&quot;5&quot; | Medalist teams of the 1975 Trofeo Mezzalama
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;civilian teams&quot;
| [[File:Med 1.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Renzo Meynet]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Osvaldo Ronc]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Mirko Stangalino]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Albo d'oro&quot;&gt;[http://www.old.inalto.org/magazine/trofeo_mezzalama_2005_04.shtml ''Albo d'oro'']&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;bronze&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;military teams&quot;
| [[File:Med 1.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Angelo Genuin]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Bruno Bonaldi]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Luigi Weiss|Luigi &quot;Gigi&quot; Weiss]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Albo d'oro&quot; /&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Gianfranco Stella]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Aldo Stella (skier)|Aldo Stella]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Leo Vidi]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Genuin Angelo&quot;&gt;[http://www.fondoitalia.it/personaggi/Genuin_Angelo.html ''Genuin Angelo'']&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;bronze&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Willy Bertin]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Felice Darioli]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Fabrizio Pedranzini]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Genuin Angelo&quot; /&gt;
|-
! rowspan=&quot;3&quot; | &quot;mountain guides&quot;
| [[File:Med 1.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Oreste Squinobal]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Arturo Squinobal]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|Italy}}&amp;nbsp;[[Lorenzo Squinobal]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Albo d'oro&quot; /&gt;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | [[File:Med 2.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|-
! bgcolor=&quot;bronze&quot; | [[File:Med 3.png]]
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
| bgcolor=&quot;#F7F6A8&quot; |{{flagicon|}}&amp;nbsp;
|}

Further venues of the ISMC World Championships were the [[Aran Valley]] (Spain) in 2004, the Italian [[Province of Cuneo]] in 2006, and [[Portes du Soleil]] (Switzerland) in 2008.&lt;ref name=&quot;History&quot;&gt;[http://theuiaa.org/interna.php?page=Ski_history&amp;change_language=ENG ''History of ski mountaineering''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213195504/http://theuiaa.org/interna.php?page=Ski_history&amp;change_language=ENG |date=2013-12-13 }}, UIAA.&lt;/ref&gt; The World Championships are supported by the national organizations of the carrying out countries.

== Ratings ==
The disciplines are rated by gender and age groups. In 2002, only individual and team (2 racers) races were held and rated, added with a combined ranking. At the 2004 championship a relay event and a [[vertical race]] competition were added. The men's relay teams were of four racers and the women's teams of three. In the following years all relay teams were of four ski mountaineers. In 2006 the relay race was canceled because of bad snow conditions, and consequently there was no combined ranking. At the 2008 World Masterships a long distance race was added.

The national squads are often mixed with up an coming athletes of the &quot;Espoirs&quot;-level. Some nations  do not have squads with enough racers for all disciplines.

== Medalist nations and disciplines ==
(by point-awarding system)&lt;ref name=&quot;sports123&quot;&gt;[http://sports123.com/mou/index.html ''Mountaineering-World Ski Mountaineering Championships''], ''sports123.com''.&lt;/ref&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | year
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; | venue
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot;  | 1.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot;  | 2.
! rowspan=&quot;2&quot; bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot;  | 3.
! colspan=&quot;6&quot; | disciplines
|-
| individual
| team
| combination
| relay
| vertical race
| long distance
|-
| [[2002 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|1st 2002]]
| Serre Chevalier, [[France|FRA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! -
! -
! -
|-
| [[2004 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|2nd 2004]]
| Aran Valley, [[Spain|ESP]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|ITA|2003}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2006 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|3rd 2006]]
| Province of Cuneo, [[Italy|ITA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
! -
! X
! -
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2008 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|4th 2008]]
| Champery, Portes du Soleil, [[Switzerland|SUI]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
|-
| [[2010 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|5th 2010]]
| Gran Valira, [[Andorra|AND]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2011 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|6th 2011]]
| Claut, [[Italia|ITA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
! X 
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2013 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|7th 2013]]
| [[Puy-Saint-Vincent]], [[Pelvoux]], [[France|FRA]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
| [[2015 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|8th 2015]]
| [[Verbier]], [[Switzerland|SUI]]
| bgcolor=&quot;gold&quot; | {{flag|ITA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;silver&quot; | {{flag|FRA}}
| bgcolor=&quot;#cc9966&quot; | {{flag|SUI}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
|-
| [[2017 World Championship of Ski Mountaineering|9th 2017]]
| [[Tambre]] - [[Piancavallo]], [[Italy|ITA]]
|{{flag|ITA}}
|{{flag|SUI}}
|{{flag|FRA}}
! X
! X
! X
! X
! X
! -
|-
|10th 2019
|Villars-sur-Ollon, SUI
|{{flag|SUI}}
|{{flag|ITA}}
|{{flag|FRA}}
!X
!X
!X
!X
!X
!-
|-
|}

==See also==
*[[ISMF World Cup Ski Mountaineering]]

== References ==
{{reflist|2}}

== External links ==
* [http://www.skieverest.com/skimount2002.htm Ski Mountaineering World Championship 2002], president of the UIAA [[Ian McNaught-Davis]]

{{World Championships of Ski Mountaineering}}
{{Main world championships}}

[[Category:World Championships of Ski Mountaineering| ]]
[[Category:Ski mountaineering competitions]]
[[Category:World championships in skiing|Mountaineering]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Twig (template engine)</title>
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      <text bytes="7679" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox software
| name                   = Twig
| author                 = [[Armin Ronacher]],&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/mitsuhiko/twig|title=mitsuhiko/twig|date=August 13, 2019|via=GitHub}}&lt;/ref&gt; Fabien Potencier
| developer              = [https://symfony.com Symfony SAS]
| released               = {{release date|2009|10|12}}
| latest release version = {{wikidata|property|reference|P348}}
| latest release date    = {{start date and age|{{wikidata|qualifier|P348|P577}}}}
| programming language   = [[PHP]]
| operating system       = [[Cross-platform]]
| genre                  = [[Web template system|Template engine]]
| license                = [[BSD License]]
| website                = {{URL|https://twig.symfony.com}}
}}

'''Twig''' is a [[Web template system|template engine]] for the [[PHP|PHP programming language]]. Its syntax originates from [[Jinja (template engine)|Jinja]] and [[Django (web framework)|Django]] templates.&lt;ref name=&quot;twigfortemplatedesigners&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twig.symfony.com/doc/3.x/templates.html|title=Twig for Template Designers - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine|website=twig.symfony.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; It's an open source product&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://github.com/twigphp/Twig|title=twigphp/Twig|date=July 1, 2020|via=GitHub}}&lt;/ref&gt; licensed under a [[BSD licenses|BSD License]] and maintained by Fabien Potencier.  The initial version was created by [[Armin Ronacher]]. [[Symfony]] PHP framework comes with a bundled support for Twig as its default template engine since version 2.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://docs.symfony-reloaded.org/?page=learn|title=Symfony2 Documentation — Documentation|date=August 5, 2010|website=web.archive.org|access-date=June 4, 2021|archive-date=August 5, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805001936/http://docs.symfony-reloaded.org/?page=learn|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Features ==
* complex control flow
* automatic escaping
* template inheritance
* variable filters&lt;ref name=&quot;sensiolabs&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twig.symfony.com/doc/3.x/filters/index.html|title=Filters - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine|website=twig.symfony.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* i18n support (gettext)
* macros
* fully extendable&lt;ref name=&quot;twigfortemplatedesigners&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twig.symfony.com/doc/3.x/advanced.html|title=Extending Twig - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine|website=twig.symfony.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Twig is supported by the following [[integrated development environment]]s:&lt;ref name=&quot;twigfortemplatedesigners&quot;/&gt;
* [[Eclipse (software)|Eclipse]] via the Twig plugin
* [[Komodo IDE|Komodo]] and [[Komodo Edit]] via the Twig highlight/syntax check mode
* [[NetBeans]] via the Twig syntax plugin (until 7.1, native as of 7.2)
* [[PhpStorm]] (native as of 2.1)

And the text editors:
* [[Atom (text editor)|Atom]] via the PHP-twig for atom
* [[emacs]] via web-mode.el
* [[Notepad++]] via the Notepad++ Twig Highlighter
* [[Sublime Text]] via the Twig bundle
* [[TextMate]] via the Twig bundle
* [[vim (text editor)|vim]] via the Jinja syntax plugin or the vim-twig plugin
* [[Brackets]] via Brackets Twig
* [[Visual Studio Code]] via the Twig extension
* [[GTK+|GTKSourceView]] via the Twig language definition
* [[Coda (web development software)|Coda]] via the Twig syntax mode
* [[Coda (web development software)|Coda 2]] via the other Twig syntax mode
* [[SubEthaEdit]] via the Twig syntax mode

== Syntax ==
Twig defines three kinds of delimiters:
* &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ ... }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;, to print the content of variables or the result of evaluating an expression (e.g.: an inherited Twig template with &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ parent() }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;).
* &lt;code&gt;{# ... #}&lt;/code&gt;, to add comments in the templates. These comments aren't included in the rendered page.
* &lt;code&gt;{% ... %}&lt;/code&gt;, to execute statements, such as for-loops.
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;twig&quot; inline&gt;{% set foo = 'bar' %}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;, to assign.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://twig.symfony.com/doc/2.x/tags/set.html|title=set - Documentation - Twig - The flexible, fast, and secure PHP template engine|website=twig.symfony.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;twig&quot; inline&gt;{% if i is defined and i == 1%} ... {% endif %}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: condition.
** &lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;twig&quot; inline&gt;{% for i in 0..10 %} ... {% endfor %}&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;: counter in a loop.

The apostrophe (') is the escape character.

To create an iterative array:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=twig&gt;
{% set myArray = [1, 2] %}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

An associative array:
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=twig&gt;
{% set myArray = {'key': 'value'} %}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== Operators precedence ==
The operators precedence is,&lt;ref name=&quot;twigfortemplatedesigners&quot;/&gt; from the less to more priority:
{|class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
! Operator !! Role
|-
| b-and || [[Bitwise operation|Bitwise]] AND
|-
| b-xor || [[Bitwise operation|Bitwise]] XOR
|-
| b-or || [[Bitwise operation|Bitwise]] OR
|-
| or || Or
|-
| and || And
|-
| == || Is equal?
|-
| != || Is different?
|-
| &lt; || Inferior
|-
| &gt; || Superior
|-
| &gt;= || Superior or equal
|-
| &lt;= || Inferior or equal
|-
| in || Into
|-
| matches || Corresponds
|-
| starts with || Begins by
|-
| ends with || Finishes by
|-
| .. || Sequence (ex: &lt;code&gt;1..5&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| + || Plus
|-
| - || Less
|-
| ~ || Concatenation
|-
| * || Multiplication
|-
| / || Division
|-
| // || Division rounded to lower
|-
| % || Modulo
|-
| is || Test (ex: &lt;code&gt;is defined&lt;/code&gt; or &lt;code&gt;is not empty&lt;/code&gt;)
|-
| ** || Power
|-
| &lt;nowiki&gt;|&lt;/nowiki&gt; || Filter&lt;ref name=&quot;sensiolabs&quot; /&gt;
|-
| [] || Array entry
|-
| . || Attribute or method from an object (ex: &lt;code&gt;country.name&lt;/code&gt;)
|}

=== Filters ===
The filters provide some treatments on an expression, when place after it, separated by pipes. For example:&lt;ref name=&quot;sensiolabs&quot; /&gt;
* &lt;code&gt;capitalize&lt;/code&gt;: changes a string's first letter to capital.
* &lt;code&gt;upper&lt;/code&gt;: changes a whole string to capital.
* &lt;code&gt;first&lt;/code&gt;: displays the first line of an array.
* &lt;code&gt;length&lt;/code&gt;: returns a variable size.

=== Special variables ===
* &lt;code&gt;loop&lt;/code&gt; contains the current loop information. For example &lt;code&gt;loop.index&lt;/code&gt; corresponds to the number of iterations which have already occurred.
* The global variables begin with underscores. For example:
** _route (URL part located after the domain)
** _self (current file name)
*:So, to the a page route: &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ path(app.request.attributes.get('_route'), app.request.attributes.get('_route_params')) }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;
* The CGI [[environment variable]]s, such as &lt;code&gt;&lt;nowiki&gt;{{ app.request.server.get('SERVER_NAME') }}&lt;/nowiki&gt;&lt;/code&gt;.

== Example ==
The example below demonstrates some basic features of Twig.
&lt;syntaxhighlight lang=&quot;html+twig&quot;&gt;
{% extends &quot;base.html&quot; %}
{% block navigation %}
    &lt;ul id=&quot;navigation&quot;&gt;
    {% for item in navigation %}
        &lt;li&gt;
            &lt;a href=&quot;{{ item.href }}&quot;&gt;
                {% if item.level == 2 %}&amp;nbsp;&amp;nbsp;{% endif %}
                {{ item.caption|upper }}
            &lt;/a&gt;
        &lt;/li&gt;
    {% endfor %}
    &lt;/ul&gt;
{% endblock navigation %}
&lt;/syntaxhighlight&gt;

== See also ==
{{Portal|Free and open-source software}}
* [[Smarty (template engine)|Smarty]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{Official website|https://twig.symfony.com|Twig official website}}
*[http://fabien.potencier.org/article/34/templating-engines-in-php|accessdate Templating Engines in PHP], Fabien Potencier, 2009

{{DEFAULTSORT:Twig (Template Engine)}}
[[Category:Template engines]]
[[Category:PHP software]]
[[Category:Drupal]]</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles</title>
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      <text bytes="16390" xml:space="preserve">{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2021}}
{{short description|Tennis at the Olympics}}
{{Infobox tennis tournament event|2012|Summer Olympics|s
| champ = {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Victoria Azarenka]]
* {{flagicon|BLR}} [[Max Mirnyi]]
}}
| runner = {{Plainlist|
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Laura Robson]]
* {{flagicon|GBR}} [[Andy Murray]]
}}
| score = 2–6, 6–3, [10–8]
| quadrennial = yes
| type = mixed
}}
{{Infobox Olympic event
|event = Mixed doubles tennis
|games = 2012 Summer 
|image = RobsonMurray2012Olympics-Wimbledon.jpg
|caption = Silver medalists Laura Robson and Andy Murray during a match
|venue = [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]]
|dates = 1 August to 5 August
|competitors = 32
|teams = 16
|nations = 13
|gold = {{flagIOC|BLR|2012 Summer}} &lt;br&gt; {{hlist|[[Victoria Azarenka]]|[[Max Mirnyi]]}}
|silver = {{flagIOC|GBR|2012 Summer}} &lt;br&gt; {{hlist|[[Laura Robson]]|[[Andy Murray]]}}
|bronze = {{flagIOC|USA|2012 Summer}} &lt;br&gt; {{hlist|[[Lisa Raymond]]|[[Mike Bryan]]}}
|prev = [[Tennis at the 1924 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|1924]]
|next = [[Tennis at the 2016 Summer Olympics – Mixed doubles|2016]]
}}
{{main|Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics}}

[[Belarus at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Belarus]]' [[Victoria Azarenka]] and [[Max Mirnyi]] defeated [[Great Britain at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Great Britain]]'s [[Laura Robson]] and [[Andy Murray]] in the final, 2–6, 6–3, [10–8] to win the gold medal in Mixed Doubles [[tennis]] at the [[2012 Summer Olympics]]. In the bronze medal match, the [[United States at the 2012 Summer Olympics|United States]]' [[Lisa Raymond]] and [[Mike Bryan]] defeated [[Germany at the 2012 Summer Olympics|Germany]]'s [[Sabine Lisicki]] and [[Christopher Kas]], 6–3, 4–6, [10–4].

The tournament was held from 1 to 5 August on the [[grass court]]s of the [[All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club]] in [[Wimbledon, London]]. This was the first time mixed doubles was included in the Olympic tennis programme since [[Tennis at the 1924 Summer Olympics|Paris in 1924]], where [[Hazel Wightman]] and [[Richard Williams (tennis player)|Richard Williams]] won gold. 32 players (16 pairs) from 13 nations competed.&lt;ref name=Olympedia&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.olympedia.org/results/324218 |title=Doubles, Mixed |work=Olympedia |accessdate=17 August 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Background==

This was the fifth appearance of mixed doubles tennis. The event was first held in 1900 and would not be held again until 1912 (when both outdoor and indoor versions were held); it would then be held the next two Games in 1920 and 1924. Tennis was not a medal sport from 1928 to 1984, though there were demonstration events in 1968 (which included mixed doubles) and 1984 (which did not). Mixed doubles did not return with the rest of the tennis programme in 1988; instead, it was not until 2012 that mixed doubles returned to the programme, where it has been since.&lt;ref name=Olympedia/&gt;

Belarus's [[Max Mirnyi]] was a top doubles specialist with six Grand Slam titles but no Olympic medals, as the country had no other top level male doubles player and the mixed doubles had not been played at the Olympics since 1924.&lt;ref name=Olympedia/&gt; [[Victoria Azarenka]] was the world #1 women's singles player with strong experience in doubles.&lt;ref name=Olympedia/&gt; The pair had won the [[2007 US Open – Mixed Doubles]] together and were the top seeds coming into the return of the event at the 2012 Olympics. The other seeded teams were the two American pairs (with the [[Bryan brothers]] playing with [[Liezel Huber]] and [[Lisa Raymond]]) and Polish duo [[Agnieszka Radwańska]] and [[Marcin Matkowski]].

Argentina, Australia, Belarus, the Czech Republic, Poland, Russia, and Serbia each made their mixed doubles debut. Great Britain and Sweden each competed for the fourth time, matching the absent France for most appearances among nations.

==Qualification==
{{main|Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification}}

The main qualifying criteria were the [[ATP Entry Ranking|ATP]] and [[Women's Tennis Association|WTA]] ranking lists as of 11 June 2012. The players entering were formally submitted by the [[International Tennis Federation]]. The ATP and WTA rankings were based on performances from the previous 52 weeks, and there were several tournaments in the two-month period between the time of the rankings being frozen for entry and the beginning of the tennis events at the Olympics. Players must have also made themselves available for two Fed/Davis Cup events from 2009–2012, one of which must have taken place in 2011–2012, and had a good standing with their [[National Olympic Committee]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://2012.itftennis.com/olympics/news/articles/olympic-qualification-details-announced.aspx|title=Olympic qualification details announced|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|work=itftennis.com|date=20 June 2011|accessdate=14 June 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120125181716/http://2012.itftennis.com/olympics/news/articles/olympic-qualification-details-announced.aspx|archivedate=25 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Each [[National Olympic Committee]] (NOC) could enter up to six men and six women athletes, with a maximum of four entries in the individual events, and two pairs in the doubles events. Any player in the world's top 56 was eligible, and NOCs had the option to enter players of a lower rank. Athletes were able to compete in both singles and doubles events.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_57746_original.PDF|format=PDF|title=ITF and ATP announce Olympic ranking point agreement|publisher=[[International Tennis Federation]]|work=ATP and ITF|date=1 June 2011|accessdate=14 June 2011|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121018143350/http://www.itftennis.com/shared/medialibrary/pdf/original/IO_57746_original.PDF|archivedate=18 October 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; Doubles players within the top 10 doubles rankings on 11 June were eligible to bring any player provided that player had any doubles or singles ranking, and as long as the number of players from the same country did not surpass the total of six.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url= http://www.tennisnow.com/News/Olympic-Tennis-Rules-Announced-For-Singles-and-Dou.aspx |author=Erik Gudris |title= Olympic Tennis Rules Announced For Singles and Doubles |publisher= Tennis Now |work= tennisnow.com |accessdate= 15 May 2012 |date= 6 March 2012 |location= New York, U.S.}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Competition format==

The competition was a single-elimination tournament with a bronze medal match. All matches were best-of-three sets. [[Tennis score#Scoring a tiebreak game|Tie-breaks]] were used for the first two sets of each match. If the score was tied at one set all, a 'super tie-break' (the first pairing to win at least 10 points by a margin of two points) would be used.&lt;ref name=&quot;about&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Tennis – About|url=http://www.london2012.com/tennis/about/|publisher=Official site of the London 2012 Olympic and Paralympic Games|access-date=7 July 2012|archive-date=4 December 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121204164833/http://www.london2012.com/tennis/about/|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

==Schedule==

Matches took place between 1 and 5 August.
&lt;center&gt;
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align:center&quot;
!colspan=5|August
|-
!width=100|1
!width=100|2
!width=200|3
!width=200|4
!width=250|5
|-
!11:30
!11:30
!12:00
!12:00
!12:00
|-
|colspan=2|Round of 16
|Quarterfinals
|Quarterfinals&lt;br&gt;Semifinals
| style=&quot;background:#ffdf80;&quot;|Bronze medal match&lt;br&gt;Gold medal match
|-
|}
&lt;/center&gt;

== Seeds ==
# '''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Victoria Azarenka]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}''' / '''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Max Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}} (Winners, gold medalists)'''
# {{flagIOCathlete|[[Liezel Huber]]|USA|2012 Summer}} / {{flagIOCathlete|[[Bob Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}} ''(First round)''
# {{flagIOCathlete|[[Lisa Raymond]]|USA|2012 Summer}} / {{flagIOCathlete|[[Mike Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}} ''(Semifinals, bronze medalists)''
# {{flagIOCathlete|[[Agnieszka Radwańska]]|POL|2012 Summer}} / {{flagIOCathlete|[[Marcin Matkowski]]|POL|2012 Summer}} ''(First round)''

==Draw==

===Key===
{{col-begin}}
{{col-2}}
* INV = [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification#Qualifying criteria|Tripartite Invitation]]
* IP = [[Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics – Qualification#Qualifying criteria|ITF place]]
* Alt = [[Glossary of tennis terms#Alternate|Alternate]]
{{col-2}}
* w/o = [[Glossary of tennis terms#Walkover|Walkover]]
* r = [[Glossary of tennis terms#Retirement|Retired]]
* d = [[Glossary of tennis terms#Default|Defaulted]]
{{col-end}}

===Bracket===
{{16TeamBracket-Compact-Tennis3-with 3rd
|RD1=First round
|RD2=Quarterfinals
|RD3=Semifinals
|RD4=Final
|Consol=Bronze medal match
|team-width=175

|RD1-seed01=1
|RD1-team01='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Victoria Azarenka|V Azarenka]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Max Mirnyi|M Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score01-1='''6'''
|RD1-score01-2='''6'''
|RD1-score01-3=
|RD1-seed02=
|RD1-team02={{flagIOCathlete|[[Angelique Kerber|A Kerber]]|GER|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Philipp Petzschner|P Petzschner]]|GER|2012 Summer}}  
|RD1-score02-1=2
|RD1-score02-2=2
|RD1-score02-3=

|RD1-seed03=
|RD1-team03='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]|IND|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Leander Paes|L Paes]]|IND|2012 Summer}} '''
|RD1-score03-1='''6'''
|RD1-score03-2='''6'''
|RD1-score03-3=
|RD1-seed04=
|RD1-team04={{flagIOCathlete|[[Ana Ivanovic|A Ivanovic]]|SRB|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Nenad Zimonjić|N Zimonjić]]|SRB|2012 Summer}}
|RD1-score04-1=2
|RD1-score04-2=4
|RD1-score04-3=
 
|RD1-seed05=3
|RD1-team05='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lisa Raymond|L Raymond]]|USA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mike Bryan|M Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score05-1='''7'''
|RD1-score05-2='''6'''
|RD1-score05-3=
|RD1-seed06=
|RD1-team06={{flagIOCathlete|[[Sara Errani|S Errani]]|ITA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andreas Seppi|A Seppi]]|ITA|2012 Summer}}
|RD1-score06-1=5
|RD1-score06-2=3
|RD1-score06-3=
 
|RD1-seed07=
|RD1-team07='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gisela Dulko|G Dulko]]|ARG|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Juan Martín del Potro|JM del Potro]]|ARG|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score07-1='''6'''
|RD1-score07-2='''7'''
|RD1-score07-3=
|RD1-seed08=IP
|RD1-team08={{flagIOCathlete|[[Elena Vesnina|E Vesnina]]|RUS|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mikhail Youzhny|M Youzhny]]|RUS|2012 Summer}}
|RD1-score08-1=3
|RD1-score08-2=5
|RD1-score08-3=

|RD1-seed09=IP
|RD1-team09='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Laura Robson|L Robson]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andy Murray|A Murray]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score09-1='''7'''
|RD1-score09-2=6&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;
|RD1-score09-3='''[10]'''
|RD1-seed10=
|RD1-team10={{flagIOCathlete|[[Lucie Hradecká|L Hradecká]]|CZE|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Radek Štěpánek|R Štěpánek]]|CZE|2012 Summer}}
|RD1-score10-1=5
|RD1-score10-2='''7&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;'''
|RD1-score10-3=[7]

|RD1-seed11=IP
|RD1-team11='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Samantha Stosur|S Stosur]]|AUS|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lleyton Hewitt|L Hewitt]]|AUS|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score11-1='''6'''
|RD1-score11-2='''6'''
|RD1-score11-3=
|RD1-seed12=4
|RD1-team12={{nowrap|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Agnieszka Radwańska|A Radwańska]]|POL|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Marcin Matkowski|M Matkowski]]|POL|2012 Summer}}}}
|RD1-score12-1=3
|RD1-score12-2=3
|RD1-score12-3=
 
|RD1-seed13=IP
|RD1-team13={{flagIOCathlete|[[Sofia Arvidsson|S Arvidsson]]|SWE|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Robert Lindstedt|R Lindstedt]]|SWE|2012 Summer}}
|RD1-score13-1=3
|RD1-score13-2='''6'''
|RD1-score13-3=[8]
|RD1-seed14=
|RD1-team14='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Roberta Vinci|R Vinci]]|ITA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Daniele Bracciali|D Bracciali]]|ITA|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score14-1='''6'''
|RD1-score14-2=4
|RD1-score14-3='''[10]'''
 
|RD1-seed15=
|RD1-team15='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sabine Lisicki|S Lisicki]]|GER|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christopher Kas|C Kas]]|GER|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD1-score15-1='''7&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;'''
|RD1-score15-2=6&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
|RD1-score15-3='''[10]'''
|RD1-seed16=2
|RD1-team16={{flagIOCathlete|[[Liezel Huber|L Huber]]|USA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Bob Bryan|B Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}}
|RD1-score16-1=6&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
|RD1-score16-2='''7&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;'''
|RD1-score16-3=[5]
 
|RD2-seed01=1
|RD2-team01='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Victoria Azarenka|V Azarenka]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Max Mirnyi|M Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD2-score01-1='''7'''
|RD2-score01-2='''7&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;'''
|RD2-score01-3=
|RD2-seed02=
|RD2-team02={{flagIOCathlete|[[Sania Mirza|S Mirza]]|IND|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Leander Paes|L Paes]]|IND|2012 Summer}} 
|RD2-score02-1=5
|RD2-score02-2=6&lt;sup&gt;5&lt;/sup&gt;
|RD2-score02-3=

|RD2-seed03=3
|RD2-team03='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lisa Raymond|L Raymond]]|USA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mike Bryan|M Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD2-score03-1='''6'''
|RD2-score03-2='''7'''
|RD2-score03-3=
|RD2-seed04=
|RD2-team04={{nowrap|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Gisela Dulko|G Dulko]]|ARG|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Juan Martín del Potro|JM del Potro]]|ARG|2012 Summer}}}}
|RD2-score04-1=2
|RD2-score04-2=5
|RD2-score04-3=

|RD2-seed05=IP
|RD2-team05='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Laura Robson|L Robson]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andy Murray|A Murray]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD2-score05-1='''6'''
|RD2-score05-2=3
|RD2-score05-3='''[10]'''
|RD2-seed06=IP
|RD2-team06={{flagIOCathlete|[[Samantha Stosur|S Stosur]]|AUS|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lleyton Hewitt|L Hewitt]]|AUS|2012 Summer}}
|RD2-score06-1=3
|RD2-score06-2='''6'''
|RD2-score06-3=[8]

|RD2-seed07=
|RD2-team07={{flagIOCathlete|[[Roberta Vinci|R Vinci]]|ITA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Daniele Bracciali|D Bracciali]]|ITA|2012 Summer}}
|RD2-score07-1='''6'''
|RD2-score07-2=6&lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt;
|RD2-score07-3=[7]
|RD2-seed08=
|RD2-team08='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Sabine Lisicki|S Lisicki]]|GER|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christopher Kas|C Kas]]|GER|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD2-score08-1=4
|RD2-score08-2='''7&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;'''
|RD2-score08-3='''[10]'''

|RD3-seed01=1
|RD3-team01='''{{nowrap|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Victoria Azarenka|V Azarenka]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Max Mirnyi|M Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}}}'''
|RD3-score01-1=3
|RD3-score01-2='''6'''
|RD3-score01-3='''[10]'''
|RD3-seed02=3
|RD3-team02={{nowrap|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lisa Raymond|L Raymond]]|USA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mike Bryan|M Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}}}}
|RD3-score02-1='''6'''
|RD3-score02-2=4
|RD3-score02-3=[7]

|RD3-seed03=IP
|RD3-team03='''{{flagIOCathlete|[[Laura Robson|L Robson]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andy Murray|A Murray]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}'''
|RD3-score03-1='''6'''
|RD3-score03-2=6&lt;sup&gt;7&lt;/sup&gt;
|RD3-score03-3='''[10]'''
|RD3-seed04=
|RD3-team04={{flagIOCathlete|[[Sabine Lisicki|S Lisicki]]|GER|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christopher Kas|C Kas]]|GER|2012 Summer}}
|RD3-score04-1=1
|RD3-score04-2='''7&lt;sup&gt;9&lt;/sup&gt;'''
|RD3-score04-3=[7]

|RD4-seed01=1
|RD4-team01='''{{nowrap|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Victoria Azarenka|V Azarenka]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Max Mirnyi|M Mirnyi]]|BLR|2012 Summer}}}}'''
|RD4-score01-1=2
|RD4-score01-2='''6'''
|RD4-score01-3='''[10]'''
|RD4-seed02=IP
|RD4-team02={{flagIOCathlete|[[Laura Robson|L Robson]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Andy Murray|A Murray]]|GBR|2012 Summer}}
|RD4-score02-1='''6'''
|RD4-score02-2=3
|RD4-score02-3=[8]

|RD4-seed03=3
|RD4-team03='''{{nowrap|{{flagIOCathlete|[[Lisa Raymond|L Raymond]]|USA|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Mike Bryan|M Bryan]]|USA|2012 Summer}}}}'''
|RD4-score03-1='''6'''
|RD4-score03-2=4
|RD4-score03-3='''[10]'''
|RD4-seed04=&amp;nbsp;
|RD4-team04={{flagIOCathlete|[[Sabine Lisicki|S Lisicki]]|GER|2012 Summer}}&lt;br&gt;{{flagIOCathlete|[[Christopher Kas|C Kas]]|GER|2012 Summer}}
|RD4-score04-1=3
|RD4-score04-2='''6'''
|RD4-score04-3=[4]
}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Footer Olympic Champions Tennis Mixed Doubles}}
{{2012 ATP World Tour}}
{{2012 WTA Tour}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics - Mixed doubles}}
[[Category:Tennis at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]
[[Category:Mixed doubles tennis at the Summer Olympics|2012]]
[[Category:Mixed events at the 2012 Summer Olympics]]</text>
      <sha1>3ro8muoxtndqpupezcom5xypfm4uo1a</sha1>
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  <page>
    <title>Social security in Azerbaijan</title>
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      <text bytes="11461" xml:space="preserve">{{Orphan|date=May 2021}}

'''The social protection system''' in [[Azerbaijan]] consists of programs aimed at reducing the poverty and economic problems of the population through promoting effective labor markets as well as reducing the risks faced by citizens. Social insurance consists of pensions, unemployment benefit, health insurance, and other social benefits.

Social allowances are consist of monthly (Age Pension, Pension for Disabled Persons, for children under 18 years with a disability) or one-off payments (to eligible working parents of newborn, for funeral, support for treatment to victims as a result of radiation accident (every year)) for the purpose of social assistance to persons with different categories.

The state social protection system in Azerbaijan consists of two main parts: 1) social insurance; and 2) social security.

The [[State Social Protection Fund (Azerbaijan)|State Social Protection Fund]] implements social security programs, and the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population]] carries out social protection programs.

== Legal framework ==
The changes in the social protection system started with the realization of the &quot;Concept of Pension Reform in the Republic of Azerbaijan&quot; approved by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan dated July 17, 2001.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=76|title=State Social Protection Fund of Azerbaijan Republic|website=sspf.gov.az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2018-07-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726134900/http://sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=76|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Law of Azerbaijan “On individual accounts in the system of the state social insurance” was approved by president on 27 November 2001. And this law gave authority to [[State Social Protection Fund (Azerbaijan)|State Social Protection Fund]] for carrying out individual accounting in the state social insurance system.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=14|title=State Social Protection Fund of Azerbaijan Republic|website=www.sspf.gov.az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2016-08-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821034312/http://sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=en&amp;menu=14|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Security expenditures ==
In 2016, the expenditures of State Social Protection Fund amounted AZN 3 078.6 million, of which AZN 1,100 million was transferred from the state budget,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/sites/default/files/presentation-2016.pdf|title=Presentation on the draft state and consolidated budgets for 2016 of the Republic of Azerbaijan|language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; and in 2014, these indicators were AZN 2 928.5 million and AZN 1,142 accordingly.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/sites/default/files/2014-1.pdf|title=Presentation on the draft state and consolidated budgets for 2014 of the Republic of Azerbaijan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

According to the 2017 budget draft, totally 2117.7 million manat was allocated to social security, targeted social assistance and social insurance.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.maliyye.gov.az/sites/default/files/Budce-16-11-2016.pdf|title=Presentation on the draft state and consolidated budgets for 2017 of the Republic of Azerbaijan}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Expenditures and revenues of the State Social Protection Fund under the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population]] for 2017 were AZN 3,400,000, of which AZN1,270,000 or 37.4% was transformed from the state budget.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

As well as, 597.9 million manat was allocated for social benefits, scholarships and other social payments by the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the Population and its relevant bodies, and 242.2 million manat was allocated to provide social protection of refugees and internally displaced persons by The State Committee for Refugees and IDPs.&lt;ref name=&quot;:0&quot; /&gt;

== Social insurance ==
The following works have been carried out within the framework of “State Program on Development of Insurance and Pension System in the Republic of Azerbaijan” in order to improve the insurance-pension system in the country for 2009-2015:

* The State Social Protection Fund has started the appointment of age pension from an unified center in an automated manner since July 11, 2013.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=358&amp;id=1289|title=State Social Protection Fund|website=www.sspf.gov.az|language=az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2018-06-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180612185047/http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=358&amp;id=1289|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;Pension +&quot; service has been put into operation since January 2014.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.ibar.az/az/news/iba-service-pension-stimulates-growth-in-non-cash-payments/|title=&quot;Pension+&quot; service|access-date=2018-05-31|language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* The process of payment of pensions by plastic cards has been completed by the end of 2015. All pensioners, including pensioners living in rural areas, have been provided with plastic cards.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=400&amp;id=2210|title=Meeting of State Social Protection Fund, 2015|website=www.sspf.gov.az|access-date=2018-05-31|archive-date=2016-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326030636/http://www.sspf.gov.az/view.php?lang=az&amp;menu=400&amp;id=2210|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Social Security ==

=== Targeted Social Assistance ===
The president of country signed a decree on the improvement targeted social assistance on February 25, 2015. Single Electronic Application and Nomination Sub-System (Vahid Elektron Müraciət və Təyinat Alt Sistemi - VEMTAS) on targeted state social assistance was created by Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/17/39/information/795|title=Postal employees have been involved in trainings on the organization the public service in the field of electronic appeal for targeted social assistance}}&lt;/ref&gt;

In 2015, the volume of targeted social assistance per each me=Azərbaycanda Sosial Müdafiə Sistemi: Qiymətləndirmə və Təkmilləşdirilməsi İstiqamətləri|last=Social Protection System in Azerbaijan: Evaluation and Improvement Directions|language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Cabinet of Ministers made a number of amendments to the &quot; Rules for applying for targeted state social assistance, its appointment, issuance and refusal of issuance&quot; with the decision of 11.02.2016.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/17/40/information/977|title=Presentation of new electronic application and appointment system on targeted state social assistance was held at the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of Population|website=www.mlspp.gov.az|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Presidential scholarships ===
In 2016, the number of citizens granted by Presidential scholarships increased by 58.6%, and average monthly benefits for the families of the martyrs increased by 11.5%, for National Heroes by 67.7%, for war invalids by 66.4% compared to 2012.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://cesd.az/new/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/CESD_UNDP_EU_Social_Protection_Paper.pdf|title=Azərbaycanda Sosial Müdafiə Sistemi: Qiymətləndirmə və Təkmilləşdirilməsi İstiqamətləri|last=Social Protection System in Azerbaijan: Evaluation and Improvement Directions|language=az}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Disabled person in the first degree have been provided with a monthly pension of 60 manat by the order of the [[Ilham Aliyev|President of Azerbaijan]], since 2015.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Presidential scholarships ===
According to the official website of State Statistical Committee, unemployed persons was 5% in 2015. The number of people receiving unemployment benefits among unemployed persons has been around 0.5% in recent years.&lt;ref name=&quot;:1&quot; /&gt;

=== Social benefits to disabled, elderly and internally displaced persons ===
On January 9, 2013, the President of Azerbaijan signed the Order &quot; On additional measures to provide social services for children with disabilities and those in a dangerous social situation that have not reached adolescence&quot;. In 2013, the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population approved 17 priority projects. During the implementation of the projects, in 2013, 800 children under 18, were provided socio-psychological, legal and reintegration services.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://president.az/articles/7055|title=The Order of President &quot;On additional measures to provide social services for children with disabilities and those in a dangerous social situation that have not reached adolescence&quot;|website=president.az|language=az|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Regulations on the criteria for determination of disability and health condition was approved by the Decree of the [[Cabinet of Azerbaijan]] dated December 30, 2015.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.mlspp.gov.az/en/pages/17/40/information/944|title=Important reform measures in order to minimize contact between officials and citizens and increase transparency in the appointment of disability were held|website=www.mlspp.gov.az|language=en|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Twinning project &quot;Development of social services&quot; organized by the [[Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population (Azerbaijan)|Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population]] with the financial support of [[European Union]] was carried out during June 1, 2015 - May 31, 2017.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.azernews.az/nation/113164.html|title=EU to back development of employment system in Azerbaijan [PHOTO]|date=2017-05-16|work=AzerNews.az|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=http://eng.redcrescent.az/news/post-3237.html|title=Within the framework of &quot;Development of social services&quot; twinning project a training-seminar was held|access-date=2018-05-31|language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The &quot;Action Plan for the Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of Population of the Republic of Azerbaijan for 2014&quot; has been prepared and implemented in order to ensure the implementation of &quot;State Program on Deinstitutionalization and Alternative Care in the Republic”.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/Mid_Term_review_of_the_State_Programme_On_Deinstitutionalization_and_Alternative_Care_in_Azerbaijan_2011.pdf|title=THE STATE PROGRAM ON DEINSTITUTIONALIZATION AND ALTERNATIVE CARE IN AZERBAIJAN}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The Medical Social Expertise and Rehabilitation Sub-System (TSERAS) was established in the centralized information system of the Ministry of Labour and Social Protection of the Population by the Decree of the [[Ilham Aliyev|President]] dated 14 September 2015 &quot;On the improvement of assessment system of restriction of disability and health care opportunities &quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://solutions.southsouthworld.org/solution/view?id=282|title=E-subsystem of medical and social expertise and rehabilitation (TSERAS)|website=solutions.southsouthworld.org|language=en-US|access-date=2018-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== See also ==
[[Human rights in Azerbaijan|Human Rights in Azerbaijan]]

[[Children’s rights in Azerbaijan]]

== References ==
&lt;references /&gt;

[[Category:Public services of Azerbaijan]]</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>540029</id>
      <parentid>539728</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T18:13:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mwbot-rs test</username>
        <id>52001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Test suite edit</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" xml:space="preserve">It has been 1661364819 seconds since the epoch.</text>
      <sha1>talbfj6wwgy0xjuk9nmoejwlelfgfx2</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540030</id>
      <parentid>540029</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T18:13:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mwbot-rs test</username>
        <id>52001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Test suite edit</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" xml:space="preserve">It has been 1661364828 seconds since the epoch.</text>
      <sha1>49gpzr7y2pb4sxwx562voqrxdyvym2v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540031</id>
      <parentid>540030</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T18:14:29Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mwbot-rs test</username>
        <id>52001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Test suite edit</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" xml:space="preserve">It has been 1661364869 seconds since the epoch.</text>
      <sha1>jukktc39g15ywl6wdwz6owrxmvlvozo</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540033</id>
      <parentid>540031</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T18:21:28Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Mwbot-rs test</username>
        <id>52001</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Test suite edit</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="47" xml:space="preserve">It has been 1661365288 seconds since the epoch.</text>
      <sha1>5g91udxxlbz8rrt6ysiou0rtmnpi5ql</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Nardog/sandbox5.js</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>122986</id>
    <revision>
      <id>540034</id>
      <parentid>539786</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T19:23:27Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nardog</username>
        <id>40946</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13955" xml:space="preserve">// jshint maxerr:999,strict:implied,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true
/* globals $,mw,OO */

(function moveHistoryCore() {
	// if (window.moveHistoryDialog) {
	// 	window.moveHistoryDialog.open();
	// 	return;
	// }
	// mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{display:inline-table} .movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{margin-right:8px} .movehistory .mw-widget-dateInputWidget{width:8em} .movehistory &gt; table{margin-top:0}');
	mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-window-body{padding:0 1em 1em} .movehistory .wikitable{margin-bottom:0;width:100%} .movehistory-status{text-align:center}');
	mw.loader.using([
		'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'oojs-ui-windows',
		'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets.DateInputWidget',
		'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles',
		'jquery.tablesorter'
	], () =&gt; {
		let dialog;
		let setBusy = busy =&gt; {
			dialog.actions.get()[3].setDisabled(busy);
		};
		let api = new mw.Api(/*{
			ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'MoveHistory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nardog/MoveHistory)' } }
		}*/);
		let arrow = document.dir === 'rtl' ? ' ← ' : ' → ';
		class MoveHistorySearch {
			constructor(page, dir, since, until) {
				dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
				this.$status = $('&lt;p&gt;').addClass('movehistory-status');
				this.$trail = $('&lt;p&gt;');
				this.$tbody = $('&lt;tbody&gt;');
				this.$table = $('&lt;table&gt;').addClass('wikitable').append(
					$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Date'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('From'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('To'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Performer'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Comment')
					).wrap('&lt;thead&gt;').parent(),
					this.$tbody
				);
				dialog.$results.empty().append(
					this.$status, '&lt;hr&gt;', this.$trail, this.$table
				);
				this.page = page;
				this.ascending = dir === 'newer';
				let sinceTs = (since || '2005-06-25') + 'T00:00:00Z';
				let untilTs;
				if (until) untilTs = until + 'T23:59:59Z';
				this.params = {
					action: 'query',
					titles: page,
					prop: 'revisions',
					rvstart: this.ascending ? sinceTs : untilTs,
					rvend: this.ascending ? untilTs : sinceTs,
					rvdir: dir,
					rvprop: 'sha1|timestamp|user|comment',
					rvlimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				};
				this.revCount = 0;
				this.candidates = [];
				this.titles = {};
				this.count = 0;
				this.i = 0;
				this.loadRevs();
			}
			setStatus(text) {
				this.$status.text(text);
				dialog.updateSize();
			}
			loadRevs() {
				if (this.complete) {
					this.loadMoves();
					return;
				}
				this.newCount = 0;
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Loading history${this.lastDate ? (this.ascending ? ' after ' : ' before ') + this.lastDate : ''}...`);
				api.get(this.params).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving revisions' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					let revs = ((((response || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).revisions;
					if (revs) this.processRevs(revs);
					this.params.rvcontinue = ((response || {}).continue || {}).rvcontinue;
					if (!this.params.rvcontinue) {
						this.complete = response.batchcomplete;
					}
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			processRevs(revs) {
				this.revCount += revs.length;
				if (!this.ascending) revs.reverse();
				revs.forEach(rev =&gt; {
					let comp = this.lastRev;
					this.lastRev = rev;
					if (!rev.comment || !rev.user || !rev.sha1 ||
						!comp || comp.sha1 !== rev.sha1
					) {
						return;
					}
					let matches = rev.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\].+?\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/);
					if (matches) rev.matches = matches.slice(1);
					this.candidates.push(rev);
				});
				if (!this.count) this.firstDate = revs[0].timestamp;
				this.lastDate = this.lastRev.timestamp;
			}
			loadMoves() {
				let rev = this.candidates[this.ascending ? 'shift' : 'pop']();
				if (!rev) {
					this.finish();
					return;
				}
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Seeing if there was a move at ${rev.timestamp}...`);
				let date = Date.parse(rev.timestamp) / 1000;
				api.get({
					action: 'query',
					list: 'logevents',
					letype: 'move',
					lestart: date + 60,
					leend: date,
					leprop: 'details|title|user|parsedcomment',
					lelimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				}).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving moves' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					(((response || {}).query || {}).logevents || []).reverse().some(le =&gt; {
						if (le.user !== rev.user || !rev.comment.includes(le.title)) return;
						let target = ((le || {}).params || {}).target_title;
						if (!target || !rev.comment.includes(target) ||
							rev.matches &amp;&amp;
							[le.title, target].some(s =&gt; !rev.matches.includes(s))
						) {
							return;
						}
						this.addRow(rev.timestamp, le.title, target, le.user, le.parsedcomment);
						return true;
					});
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			addRow(date, from, to, user, comment) {
				if (!this.count) {
					this.lastName = this.ascending ? from : to;
					this.$trail.append(this.makeLink(this.lastName));
				}
				if (this.ascending) {
					if (this.lastName !== from) {
						this.$trail.append(' ... ', this.makeLink(from));
					}
					this.$trail.append(arrow, this.makeLink(to));
					this.lastName = to;
				} else {
					if (this.lastName !== to) {
						this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(to), ' ... ');
					}
					this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(from), arrow);
					this.lastName = from;
				}
				let offset = new Date(Date.parse(date) + 1000).toISOString()
					.slice(0, -5).replace(/\D/g, '');
				$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
							href: mw.util.getUrl(this.page, {
								action: 'history',
								offset: offset
							}),
							title: 'See history up to this move',
							target: '_blank'
						}).text(date)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(from)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(to)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						this.makeLink('User:' + user, user),
						' ',
						$('&lt;span&gt;').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append(
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('User talk:' + user, 'talk')),
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('Special:Contributions/' + user, 'contribs'))
						)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append($.parseHTML(comment))
				).appendTo(this.$tbody);
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.count++;
				this.newCount++;
			}
			makeLink(title, text) {
				let obj;
				if (this.titles.hasOwnProperty(title)) {
					obj = this.titles[title];
				} else {
					obj = { links: [] };
					this.titles[title] = obj;
					if (title === this.page) {
						obj.classes = ['mw-selflink', 'selflink'];
						obj.processed = true;
					}
				}
				let $link =  $('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
					href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical || title, obj.params),
					title: obj.canonical || title,
					target: '_blank'
				}).addClass(obj.classes).text(text || title);
				if (!obj.processed) {
					obj.links.push($link[0]);
				}
				return $link;
			}
			finish() {
				setBusy();
				this.setStatus(`Found ${this.count} move${this.count === 1 ? '' : 's'} in ${this.revCount.toLocaleString()} revisions${this.count ? ` between ${this.firstDate} and ${this.lastDate}` : '' }.`);
				if (this.complete) {
					dialog.actions.get()[3]
						.setLabel(this.count ? 'No more results' : 'No results')
						.setDisabled(true);
					if (this.count) this.$table.addClass('sortable').tablesorter();
				} else {
					if (++this.i &gt;= 4 || this.newCount) {
						dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
						this.i = 0;
					} else {
						this.loadRevs();
						return;
					}
				}
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.queryTitles(
					Object.entries(this.titles)
						.filter(([k, v]) =&gt; !v.processed).map(([k]) =&gt; k)
				);
			}
			queryTitles(titles) {
				if (!titles.length) return;
				let curTitles = titles.slice(0, 50);
				curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
					this.titles[title].processed = true;
				});
				api.post({
					action: 'query',
					titles: curTitles,
					prop: 'info',
					inprop: 'linkclasses',
					formatversion: 2
				}).done(response =&gt; {
					let query = response &amp;&amp; response.query;
					if (!query) return;
					(query.normalized || []).forEach(entry =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(entry.from)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[entry.from];
						obj.canonical = entry.to;
						this.titles[entry.to] = obj;
					});
					(query.pages || []).forEach(page =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(page.title)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[page.title];
						let classes = page.linkclasses || [];
						if (page.missing &amp;&amp; !page.known) {
							classes.push('new');
							obj.params = { action: 'edit', redlink: 1 };
						} else if (classes.includes('mw-redirect')) {
							obj.params = { redirect: 'no' };
						}
						if (classes.length) obj.classes = classes;
					});
					curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
						let obj = this.titles[title];
						let $links = $(obj.links).addClass(obj.classes);
						if (obj.canonical) {
							$links.attr({
								href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical, obj.params),
								title: obj.canonical
							});
						} else if (obj.params) {
							$links.attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(title, obj.params));
						}
						delete this.titles[title].links;
					});
					dialog.updateSize();
					this.queryTitles(titles.slice(50));
				});
			}
		}
		function MoveHistoryDialog(config) {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.call(this, config);
			this.$element.addClass('movehistory');
		}
		OO.inheritClass(MoveHistoryDialog, OO.ui.ProcessDialog);
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.name = 'moveHistoryDialog';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.title = 'Move history';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.size = 'small';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.actions = [
			{
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['safe', 'close']
			},
			{
				action: 'search',
				label: 'Search',
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive']
			},
			{
				action: 'goBack',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['safe', 'back']
			},
			{
				action: 'continue',
				label: 'Continue',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive'],
				disabled: true
			}
		];
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.initialize = function () {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
			let updateButton = () =&gt; {
				let invalid = ['pageInput', 'sinceInput', 'untilInput']
					.some(n =&gt; this[n].hasFlag('invalid'));
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(invalid);
			};
			this.pageInput = new mw.widgets.TitleInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				api: api,
				excludeDynamicNamespaces: true,
				required: true,
				showMissing: false
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			let rt = mw.Title.newFromText(mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'));
			if (rt &amp;&amp; rt.namespace &gt;= 0) {
				this.pageInput.setValue(rt.toText());
			} else {
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(true);
			}
			this.directionInput = new OO.ui.RadioSelectInputWidget({
				options: [
					{ data: 'newer', label: 'Oldest first' },
					{ data: 'older', label: 'Newest first' }
				]
			});
			this.sinceInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.untilInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD',
				mustBeAfter: '2005-06-24'
			}).on('change', () =&gt; {
				let m = this.untilInput.getMoment();
				this.sinceInput.mustBeBefore = m.isValid()
					? m.add(1, 'days')
					: null;
				this.sinceInput.emit('change');
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.form = new OO.ui.FormLayout({
				items: [
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.pageInput, {
						label: 'Page:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.directionInput, {
						label: 'Direction:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.sinceInput, {
						label: 'Since:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.untilInput, {
						label: 'Until:',
						align: 'top'
					})
				],
				content: [
					$('&lt;input&gt;').attr({
						type: 'submit',
						hidden: ''
					})
				]
			}).on('submit', () =&gt; {
				if (!this.actions.get()[1].isDisabled()) {
					this.executeAction('search');
				}
			});
			this.$results = $('&lt;div&gt;');
			this.$body.append(this.form.$element);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getSetupProcess = function (data) {
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getSetupProcess.call(this, data)
				.next(function () {
					this.actions.setMode('config');
				}, this);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getActionProcess = function (action) {
			if (action === 'search') {
				this.actions.setMode('results');
				this.form.toggle(false).$element.after(this.$results);
				this.setSize('large');
				let config = [
					this.pageInput.getValue(),
					this.directionInput.getValue(),
					this.sinceInput.getValue(),
					this.untilInput.getValue()
				];
				if (!this.config || config.some((v, i) =&gt; v !== this.config[i])) {
					this.config = config;
					this.search = new MoveHistorySearch(...config);
				}
			} else if (action === 'continue') {
				this.search.loadRevs();
			} else {
				this.actions.setMode('config');
				this.$results.detach();
				this.form.toggle(true);
				this.setSize('small');
			}
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getActionProcess.call(this, action);
		};
		dialog = new MoveHistoryDialog();
		window.moveHistoryDialog = dialog;
		let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager();
		winMan.addWindows([dialog]);
		winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body);
		dialog.open();
	});
})();</text>
      <sha1>6l2jb5fgjmx5eokztwx8x9vj6wpg70k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540035</id>
      <parentid>540034</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T19:25:31Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nardog</username>
        <id>40946</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13955" xml:space="preserve">// jshint maxerr:999,strict:implied,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true
/* globals $,mw,OO */

(function moveHistoryCore() {
	// if (window.moveHistoryDialog) {
	// 	window.moveHistoryDialog.open();
	// 	return;
	// }
	// mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{display:inline-table} .movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{margin-right:8px} .movehistory .mw-widget-dateInputWidget{width:8em} .movehistory &gt; table{margin-top:0}');
	mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-window-body{padding:0 1em 1em} .movehistory .wikitable{margin-bottom:0;width:100%} .movehistory-status{text-align:center}');
	mw.loader.using([
		'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'oojs-ui-windows',
		'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets.DateInputWidget',
		'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles',
		'jquery.tablesorter'
	], () =&gt; {
		let dialog;
		let setBusy = busy =&gt; {
			dialog.actions.get()[3].setDisabled(busy);
		};
		let api = new mw.Api(/*{
			ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'MoveHistory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nardog/MoveHistory)' } }
		}*/);
		let arrow = document.dir === 'rtl' ? ' ← ' : ' → ';
		class MoveHistorySearch {
			constructor(page, dir, since, until) {
				dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
				this.$status = $('&lt;p&gt;').addClass('movehistory-status');
				this.$trail = $('&lt;p&gt;');
				this.$tbody = $('&lt;tbody&gt;');
				this.$table = $('&lt;table&gt;').addClass('wikitable').append(
					$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Date'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('From'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('To'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Performer'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Comment')
					).wrap('&lt;thead&gt;').parent(),
					this.$tbody
				);
				dialog.$results.empty().append(
					this.$status, '&lt;hr&gt;', this.$trail, this.$table
				);
				this.page = page;
				this.ascending = dir === 'newer';
				let sinceTs = (since || '2005-06-25') + 'T00:00:00Z';
				let untilTs;
				if (until) untilTs = until + 'T23:59:59Z';
				this.params = {
					action: 'query',
					titles: page,
					prop: 'revisions',
					rvstart: this.ascending ? sinceTs : untilTs,
					rvend: this.ascending ? untilTs : sinceTs,
					rvdir: dir,
					rvprop: 'sha1|timestamp|user|comment',
					rvlimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				};
				this.revCount = 0;
				this.candidates = [];
				this.titles = {};
				this.count = 0;
				this.i = 0;
				this.loadRevs();
			}
			setStatus(text) {
				this.$status.text(text);
				dialog.updateSize();
			}
			loadRevs() {
				if (this.complete) {
					this.loadMoves();
					return;
				}
				this.newCount = 0;
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Loading history${this.lastDate ? (this.ascending ? ' after ' : ' before ') + this.lastDate : ''}...`);
				api.get(this.params).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving revisions' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					let revs = ((((response || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).revisions;
					if (revs) this.processRevs(revs);
					this.params.rvcontinue = ((response || {}).continue || {}).rvcontinue;
					if (!this.params.rvcontinue) {
						this.complete = response.batchcomplete;
					}
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			processRevs(revs) {
				this.revCount += revs.length;
				if (!this.ascending) revs.reverse();
				revs.forEach(rev =&gt; {
					let comp = this.lastRev;
					this.lastRev = rev;
					if (!rev.comment || !rev.user || !rev.sha1 ||
						!comp || comp.sha1 !== rev.sha1
					) {
						return;
					}
					let matches = rev.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\].+?\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/);
					if (matches) rev.matches = matches.slice(1);
					this.candidates.push(rev);
				});
				if (!this.count) this.firstDate = revs[0].timestamp;
				this.lastDate = this.lastRev.timestamp;
			}
			loadMoves() {
				let rev = this.candidates[this.ascending ? 'shift' : 'pop']();
				if (!rev) {
					this.finish();
					return;
				}
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Seeing if there was a move at ${rev.timestamp}...`);
				let date = Date.parse(rev.timestamp) / 1000;
				api.get({
					action: 'query',
					list: 'logevents',
					letype: 'move',
					lestart: date + 60,
					leend: date,
					leprop: 'details|title|user|parsedcomment',
					lelimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				}).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving moves' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					(((response || {}).query || {}).logevents || []).reverse().some(le =&gt; {
						if (le.user !== rev.user || !rev.comment.includes(le.title)) return;
						let target = ((le || {}).params || {}).target_title;
						if (!target || !rev.comment.includes(target) ||
							rev.matches &amp;&amp;
							[le.title, target].some(s =&gt; !rev.matches.includes(s))
						) {
							return;
						}
						this.addRow(rev.timestamp, le.title, target, le.user, le.parsedcomment);
						return true;
					});
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			addRow(date, from, to, user, comment) {
				if (!this.count) {
					this.lastName = this.ascending ? from : to;
					this.$trail.append(this.makeLink(this.lastName));
				}
				if (this.ascending) {
					if (this.lastName !== from) {
						this.$trail.append(' ... ', this.makeLink(from));
					}
					this.$trail.append(arrow, this.makeLink(to));
					this.lastName = to;
				} else {
					if (this.lastName !== to) {
						this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(to), ' ... ');
					}
					this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(from), arrow);
					this.lastName = from;
				}
				let offset = new Date(Date.parse(date) + 1000).toISOString()
					.slice(0, -5).replace(/\D/g, '');
				$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
							href: mw.util.getUrl(this.page, {
								action: 'history',
								offset: offset
							}),
							title: 'See history up to this move',
							target: '_blank'
						}).text(date)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(from)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(to)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						this.makeLink('User:' + user, user),
						' ',
						$('&lt;span&gt;').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append(
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('User talk:' + user, 'talk')),
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('Special:Contributions/' + user, 'contribs'))
						)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append($.parseHTML(comment))
				).appendTo(this.$tbody);
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.count++;
				this.newCount++;
			}
			makeLink(title, text) {
				let obj;
				if (this.titles.hasOwnProperty(title)) {
					obj = this.titles[title];
				} else {
					obj = { links: [] };
					this.titles[title] = obj;
					if (title === this.page) {
						obj.classes = ['mw-selflink', 'selflink'];
						obj.processed = true;
					}
				}
				let $link =  $('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
					href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical || title, obj.params),
					title: obj.canonical || title,
					target: '_blank'
				}).addClass(obj.classes).text(text || title);
				if (!obj.processed) {
					obj.links.push($link[0]);
				}
				return $link;
			}
			finish() {
				setBusy();
				this.setStatus(`Found ${this.count} move${this.count === 1 ? '' : 's'} in ${this.revCount.toLocaleString()} revisions${this.count ? ` between ${this.firstDate} and ${this.lastDate}` : '' }.`);
				if (this.complete) {
					dialog.actions.get()[3]
						.setLabel(this.count ? 'No more results' : 'No results')
						.setDisabled(true);
					if (this.count) this.$table.addClass('sortable').tablesorter();
				} else {
					if (++this.i &gt;= 4 || this.newCount) {
						dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
						this.i = 0;
					} else {
						this.loadRevs();
						return;
					}
				}
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.queryTitles(
					Object.entries(this.titles)
						.filter(([k, v]) =&gt; !v.processed).map(([k]) =&gt; k)
				);
			}
			queryTitles(titles) {
				if (!titles.length) return;
				let curTitles = titles.slice(0, 50);
				curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
					this.titles[title].processed = true;
				});
				api.post({
					action: 'query',
					titles: curTitles,
					prop: 'info',
					inprop: 'linkclasses',
					formatversion: 2
				}).done(response =&gt; {
					let query = response &amp;&amp; response.query;
					if (!query) return;
					(query.normalized || []).forEach(entry =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(entry.from)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[entry.from];
						obj.canonical = entry.to;
						this.titles[entry.to] = obj;
					});
					(query.pages || []).forEach(page =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(page.title)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[page.title];
						let classes = page.linkclasses || [];
						if (page.missing &amp;&amp; !page.known) {
							classes.push('new');
							obj.params = { action: 'edit', redlink: 1 };
						} else if (classes.includes('mw-redirect')) {
							obj.params = { redirect: 'no' };
						}
						if (classes.length) obj.classes = classes;
					});
					curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
						let obj = this.titles[title];
						let $links = $(obj.links).addClass(obj.classes);
						if (obj.canonical) {
							$links.attr({
								href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical, obj.params),
								title: obj.canonical
							});
						} else if (obj.params) {
							$links.attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(title, obj.params));
						}
						delete this.titles[title].links;
					});
					dialog.updateSize();
					this.queryTitles(titles.slice(50));
				});
			}
		}
		function MoveHistoryDialog(config) {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.call(this, config);
			this.$element.addClass('movehistory');
		}
		OO.inheritClass(MoveHistoryDialog, OO.ui.ProcessDialog);
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.name = 'moveHistoryDialog';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.title = 'Move history';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.size = 'small';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.actions = [
			{
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['safe', 'close']
			},
			{
				action: 'search',
				label: 'Search',
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive']
			},
			{
				action: 'goBack',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['safe', 'back']
			},
			{
				action: 'continue',
				label: 'Continue',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive'],
				disabled: true
			}
		];
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.initialize = function () {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
			let updateButton = () =&gt; {
				let invalid = ['pageInput', 'sinceInput', 'untilInput']
					.some(n =&gt; this[n].hasFlag('invalid'));
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(invalid);
			};
			this.pageInput = new mw.widgets.TitleInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				api: api,
				excludeDynamicNamespaces: true,
				required: true,
				showMissing: false
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			let rt = mw.Title.newFromText(mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'));
			if (rt &amp;&amp; rt.namespace &gt;= 0) {
				this.pageInput.setValue(rt.toText());
			} else {
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(true);
			}
			this.directionInput = new OO.ui.RadioSelectInputWidget({
				options: [
					{ data: 'newer', label: 'Oldest first' },
					{ data: 'older', label: 'Newest first' }
				]
			});
			this.sinceInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.untilInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD',
				mustBeAfter: '2005-06-24'
			}).on('change', () =&gt; {
				let m = this.untilInput.getMoment();
				this.sinceInput.mustBeBefore = m.isValid()
					? m.add(1, 'days')
					: null;
				this.sinceInput.emit('change');
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.form = new OO.ui.FormLayout({
				items: [
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.pageInput, {
						label: 'Page:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.directionInput, {
						label: 'Direction:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.sinceInput, {
						label: 'Since:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.untilInput, {
						label: 'Until:',
						align: 'top'
					})
				],
				content: [
					$('&lt;input&gt;').attr({
						type: 'submit',
						hidden: ''
					})
				]
			}).on('submit', () =&gt; {
				if (!this.actions.get()[1].isDisabled()) {
					this.executeAction('search');
				}
			});
			this.$results = $('&lt;div&gt;');
			this.$body.append(this.form.$element);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getSetupProcess = function (data) {
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getSetupProcess.call(this, data)
				.next(function () {
					this.actions.setMode('config');
				}, this);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getActionProcess = function (action) {
			if (action === 'search') {
				this.actions.setMode('results');
				this.form.toggle(false).$element.after(this.$results);
				let config = [
					this.pageInput.getValue(),
					this.directionInput.getValue(),
					this.sinceInput.getValue(),
					this.untilInput.getValue()
				];
				if (!this.config || config.some((v, i) =&gt; v !== this.config[i])) {
					this.config = config;
					this.search = new MoveHistorySearch(...config);
				}
				this.setSize('large');
			} else if (action === 'continue') {
				this.search.loadRevs();
			} else {
				this.actions.setMode('config');
				this.$results.detach();
				this.form.toggle(true);
				this.setSize('small');
			}
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getActionProcess.call(this, action);
		};
		dialog = new MoveHistoryDialog();
		window.moveHistoryDialog = dialog;
		let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager();
		winMan.addWindows([dialog]);
		winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body);
		dialog.open();
	});
})();</text>
      <sha1>faksp25x3h8kgqimf7ygdl1rmsnzyeu</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540036</id>
      <parentid>540035</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T19:25:53Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nardog</username>
        <id>40946</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13955" xml:space="preserve">// jshint maxerr:999,strict:implied,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true
/* globals $,mw,OO */

(function moveHistoryCore() {
	// if (window.moveHistoryDialog) {
	// 	window.moveHistoryDialog.open();
	// 	return;
	// }
	// mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{display:inline-table} .movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{margin-right:8px} .movehistory .mw-widget-dateInputWidget{width:8em} .movehistory &gt; table{margin-top:0}');
	mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-window-body{padding:0 1em 1em} .movehistory .wikitable{margin-bottom:0;width:100%} .movehistory-status{text-align:center}');
	mw.loader.using([
		'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'oojs-ui-windows',
		'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets.DateInputWidget',
		'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles',
		'jquery.tablesorter'
	], () =&gt; {
		let dialog;
		let setBusy = busy =&gt; {
			dialog.actions.get()[3].setDisabled(busy);
		};
		let api = new mw.Api(/*{
			ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'MoveHistory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nardog/MoveHistory)' } }
		}*/);
		let arrow = document.dir === 'rtl' ? ' ← ' : ' → ';
		class MoveHistorySearch {
			constructor(page, dir, since, until) {
				dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
				this.$status = $('&lt;p&gt;').addClass('movehistory-status');
				this.$trail = $('&lt;p&gt;');
				this.$tbody = $('&lt;tbody&gt;');
				this.$table = $('&lt;table&gt;').addClass('wikitable').append(
					$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Date'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('From'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('To'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Performer'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Comment')
					).wrap('&lt;thead&gt;').parent(),
					this.$tbody
				);
				dialog.$results.empty().append(
					this.$status, '&lt;hr&gt;', this.$trail, this.$table
				);
				this.page = page;
				this.ascending = dir === 'newer';
				let sinceTs = (since || '2005-06-25') + 'T00:00:00Z';
				let untilTs;
				if (until) untilTs = until + 'T23:59:59Z';
				this.params = {
					action: 'query',
					titles: page,
					prop: 'revisions',
					rvstart: this.ascending ? sinceTs : untilTs,
					rvend: this.ascending ? untilTs : sinceTs,
					rvdir: dir,
					rvprop: 'sha1|timestamp|user|comment',
					rvlimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				};
				this.revCount = 0;
				this.candidates = [];
				this.titles = {};
				this.count = 0;
				this.i = 0;
				this.loadRevs();
			}
			setStatus(text) {
				this.$status.text(text);
				dialog.updateSize();
			}
			loadRevs() {
				if (this.complete) {
					this.loadMoves();
					return;
				}
				this.newCount = 0;
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Loading history${this.lastDate ? (this.ascending ? ' after ' : ' before ') + this.lastDate : ''}...`);
				api.get(this.params).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving revisions' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					let revs = ((((response || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).revisions;
					if (revs) this.processRevs(revs);
					this.params.rvcontinue = ((response || {}).continue || {}).rvcontinue;
					if (!this.params.rvcontinue) {
						this.complete = response.batchcomplete;
					}
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			processRevs(revs) {
				this.revCount += revs.length;
				if (!this.ascending) revs.reverse();
				revs.forEach(rev =&gt; {
					let comp = this.lastRev;
					this.lastRev = rev;
					if (!rev.comment || !rev.user || !rev.sha1 ||
						!comp || comp.sha1 !== rev.sha1
					) {
						return;
					}
					let matches = rev.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\].+?\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/);
					if (matches) rev.matches = matches.slice(1);
					this.candidates.push(rev);
				});
				if (!this.count) this.firstDate = revs[0].timestamp;
				this.lastDate = this.lastRev.timestamp;
			}
			loadMoves() {
				let rev = this.candidates[this.ascending ? 'shift' : 'pop']();
				if (!rev) {
					this.finish();
					return;
				}
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Seeing if there was a move at ${rev.timestamp}...`);
				let date = Date.parse(rev.timestamp) / 1000;
				api.get({
					action: 'query',
					list: 'logevents',
					letype: 'move',
					lestart: date + 60,
					leend: date,
					leprop: 'details|title|user|parsedcomment',
					lelimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				}).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving moves' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					(((response || {}).query || {}).logevents || []).reverse().some(le =&gt; {
						if (le.user !== rev.user || !rev.comment.includes(le.title)) return;
						let target = ((le || {}).params || {}).target_title;
						if (!target || !rev.comment.includes(target) ||
							rev.matches &amp;&amp;
							[le.title, target].some(s =&gt; !rev.matches.includes(s))
						) {
							return;
						}
						this.addRow(rev.timestamp, le.title, target, le.user, le.parsedcomment);
						return true;
					});
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			addRow(date, from, to, user, comment) {
				if (!this.count) {
					this.lastName = this.ascending ? from : to;
					this.$trail.append(this.makeLink(this.lastName));
				}
				if (this.ascending) {
					if (this.lastName !== from) {
						this.$trail.append(' ... ', this.makeLink(from));
					}
					this.$trail.append(arrow, this.makeLink(to));
					this.lastName = to;
				} else {
					if (this.lastName !== to) {
						this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(to), ' ... ');
					}
					this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(from), arrow);
					this.lastName = from;
				}
				let offset = new Date(Date.parse(date) + 1000).toISOString()
					.slice(0, -5).replace(/\D/g, '');
				$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
							href: mw.util.getUrl(this.page, {
								action: 'history',
								offset: offset
							}),
							title: 'See history up to this move',
							target: '_blank'
						}).text(date)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(from)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(to)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						this.makeLink('User:' + user, user),
						' ',
						$('&lt;span&gt;').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append(
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('User talk:' + user, 'talk')),
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('Special:Contributions/' + user, 'contribs'))
						)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append($.parseHTML(comment))
				).appendTo(this.$tbody);
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.count++;
				this.newCount++;
			}
			makeLink(title, text) {
				let obj;
				if (this.titles.hasOwnProperty(title)) {
					obj = this.titles[title];
				} else {
					obj = { links: [] };
					this.titles[title] = obj;
					if (title === this.page) {
						obj.classes = ['mw-selflink', 'selflink'];
						obj.processed = true;
					}
				}
				let $link =  $('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
					href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical || title, obj.params),
					title: obj.canonical || title,
					target: '_blank'
				}).addClass(obj.classes).text(text || title);
				if (!obj.processed) {
					obj.links.push($link[0]);
				}
				return $link;
			}
			finish() {
				setBusy();
				this.setStatus(`Found ${this.count} move${this.count === 1 ? '' : 's'} in ${this.revCount.toLocaleString()} revisions${this.count ? ` between ${this.firstDate} and ${this.lastDate}` : '' }.`);
				if (this.complete) {
					dialog.actions.get()[3]
						.setLabel(this.count ? 'No more results' : 'No results')
						.setDisabled(true);
					if (this.count) this.$table.addClass('sortable').tablesorter();
				} else {
					if (++this.i &gt;= 4 || this.newCount) {
						dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
						this.i = 0;
					} else {
						this.loadRevs();
						return;
					}
				}
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.queryTitles(
					Object.entries(this.titles)
						.filter(([k, v]) =&gt; !v.processed).map(([k]) =&gt; k)
				);
			}
			queryTitles(titles) {
				if (!titles.length) return;
				let curTitles = titles.slice(0, 50);
				curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
					this.titles[title].processed = true;
				});
				api.post({
					action: 'query',
					titles: curTitles,
					prop: 'info',
					inprop: 'linkclasses',
					formatversion: 2
				}).done(response =&gt; {
					let query = response &amp;&amp; response.query;
					if (!query) return;
					(query.normalized || []).forEach(entry =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(entry.from)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[entry.from];
						obj.canonical = entry.to;
						this.titles[entry.to] = obj;
					});
					(query.pages || []).forEach(page =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(page.title)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[page.title];
						let classes = page.linkclasses || [];
						if (page.missing &amp;&amp; !page.known) {
							classes.push('new');
							obj.params = { action: 'edit', redlink: 1 };
						} else if (classes.includes('mw-redirect')) {
							obj.params = { redirect: 'no' };
						}
						if (classes.length) obj.classes = classes;
					});
					curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
						let obj = this.titles[title];
						let $links = $(obj.links).addClass(obj.classes);
						if (obj.canonical) {
							$links.attr({
								href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical, obj.params),
								title: obj.canonical
							});
						} else if (obj.params) {
							$links.attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(title, obj.params));
						}
						delete this.titles[title].links;
					});
					dialog.updateSize();
					this.queryTitles(titles.slice(50));
				});
			}
		}
		function MoveHistoryDialog(config) {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.call(this, config);
			this.$element.addClass('movehistory');
		}
		OO.inheritClass(MoveHistoryDialog, OO.ui.ProcessDialog);
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.name = 'moveHistoryDialog';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.title = 'Move history';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.size = 'small';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.actions = [
			{
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['safe', 'close']
			},
			{
				action: 'search',
				label: 'Search',
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive']
			},
			{
				action: 'goBack',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['safe', 'back']
			},
			{
				action: 'continue',
				label: 'Continue',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive'],
				disabled: true
			}
		];
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.initialize = function () {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
			let updateButton = () =&gt; {
				let invalid = ['pageInput', 'sinceInput', 'untilInput']
					.some(n =&gt; this[n].hasFlag('invalid'));
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(invalid);
			};
			this.pageInput = new mw.widgets.TitleInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				api: api,
				excludeDynamicNamespaces: true,
				required: true,
				showMissing: false
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			let rt = mw.Title.newFromText(mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'));
			if (rt &amp;&amp; rt.namespace &gt;= 0) {
				this.pageInput.setValue(rt.toText());
			} else {
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(true);
			}
			this.directionInput = new OO.ui.RadioSelectInputWidget({
				options: [
					{ data: 'newer', label: 'Oldest first' },
					{ data: 'older', label: 'Newest first' }
				]
			});
			this.sinceInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.untilInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD',
				mustBeAfter: '2005-06-24'
			}).on('change', () =&gt; {
				let m = this.untilInput.getMoment();
				this.sinceInput.mustBeBefore = m.isValid()
					? m.add(1, 'days')
					: null;
				this.sinceInput.emit('change');
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.form = new OO.ui.FormLayout({
				items: [
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.pageInput, {
						label: 'Page:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.directionInput, {
						label: 'Direction:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.sinceInput, {
						label: 'Since:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.untilInput, {
						label: 'Until:',
						align: 'top'
					})
				],
				content: [
					$('&lt;input&gt;').attr({
						type: 'submit',
						hidden: ''
					})
				]
			}).on('submit', () =&gt; {
				if (!this.actions.get()[1].isDisabled()) {
					this.executeAction('search');
				}
			});
			this.$results = $('&lt;div&gt;');
			this.$body.append(this.form.$element);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getSetupProcess = function (data) {
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getSetupProcess.call(this, data)
				.next(function () {
					this.actions.setMode('config');
				}, this);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getActionProcess = function (action) {
			if (action === 'search') {
				this.actions.setMode('results');
				this.form.toggle(false).$element.after(this.$results);
				this.setSize('large');
				let config = [
					this.pageInput.getValue(),
					this.directionInput.getValue(),
					this.sinceInput.getValue(),
					this.untilInput.getValue()
				];
				if (!this.config || config.some((v, i) =&gt; v !== this.config[i])) {
					this.config = config;
					this.search = new MoveHistorySearch(...config);
				}
			} else if (action === 'continue') {
				this.search.loadRevs();
			} else {
				this.actions.setMode('config');
				this.$results.detach();
				this.form.toggle(true);
				this.setSize('small');
			}
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getActionProcess.call(this, action);
		};
		dialog = new MoveHistoryDialog();
		window.moveHistoryDialog = dialog;
		let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager();
		winMan.addWindows([dialog]);
		winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body);
		dialog.open();
	});
})();</text>
      <sha1>6l2jb5fgjmx5eokztwx8x9vj6wpg70k</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540037</id>
      <parentid>540036</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T19:29:48Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nardog</username>
        <id>40946</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13958" xml:space="preserve">// jshint maxerr:999,strict:implied,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true
/* globals $,mw,OO */

(function moveHistoryCore() {
	// if (window.moveHistoryDialog) {
	// 	window.moveHistoryDialog.open();
	// 	return;
	// }
	// mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{display:inline-table} .movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{margin-right:8px} .movehistory .mw-widget-dateInputWidget{width:8em} .movehistory &gt; table{margin-top:0}');
	mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-window-body{padding:0 1em 1em} .movehistory .wikitable{margin-bottom:0;width:100%} .movehistory-status{text-align:center}');
	mw.loader.using([
		'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'oojs-ui-windows',
		'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets.DateInputWidget',
		'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles',
		'jquery.tablesorter'
	], () =&gt; {
		let dialog;
		let setBusy = busy =&gt; {
			dialog.actions.get()[3].setDisabled(busy);
		};
		let api = new mw.Api(/*{
			ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'MoveHistory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nardog/MoveHistory)' } }
		}*/);
		let arrow = document.dir === 'rtl' ? ' ← ' : ' → ';
		class MoveHistorySearch {
			constructor(page, dir, since, until) {
				dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
				this.$status = $('&lt;p&gt;').addClass('movehistory-status');
				this.$trail = $('&lt;p&gt;');
				this.$tbody = $('&lt;tbody&gt;');
				this.$table = $('&lt;table&gt;').addClass('wikitable').append(
					$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Date'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('From'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('To'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Performer'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Comment')
					).wrap('&lt;thead&gt;').parent(),
					this.$tbody
				);
				dialog.$results.empty().append(
					this.$status, '&lt;hr&gt;', this.$trail, this.$table
				);
				this.page = page;
				this.ascending = dir === 'newer';
				let sinceTs = (since || '2005-06-25') + 'T00:00:00Z';
				let untilTs;
				if (until) untilTs = until + 'T23:59:59Z';
				this.params = {
					action: 'query',
					titles: page,
					prop: 'revisions',
					rvstart: this.ascending ? sinceTs : untilTs,
					rvend: this.ascending ? untilTs : sinceTs,
					rvdir: dir,
					rvprop: 'sha1|timestamp|user|comment',
					rvlimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				};
				this.revCount = 0;
				this.candidates = [];
				this.titles = {};
				this.count = 0;
				this.i = 0;
				this.loadRevs();
			}
			setStatus(text) {
				this.$status.text(text);
				dialog.updateSize();
			}
			loadRevs() {
				if (this.complete) {
					this.loadMoves();
					return;
				}
				this.newCount = 0;
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Loading history${this.lastDate ? (this.ascending ? ' after ' : ' before ') + this.lastDate : ''}...`);
				api.get(this.params).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving revisions' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					let revs = ((((response || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).revisions;
					if (revs) this.processRevs(revs);
					this.params.rvcontinue = ((response || {}).continue || {}).rvcontinue;
					if (!this.params.rvcontinue) {
						this.complete = response.batchcomplete;
					}
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			processRevs(revs) {
				this.revCount += revs.length;
				if (!this.ascending) revs.reverse();
				revs.forEach(rev =&gt; {
					let comp = this.lastRev;
					this.lastRev = rev;
					if (!rev.comment || !rev.user || !rev.sha1 ||
						!comp || comp.sha1 !== rev.sha1
					) {
						return;
					}
					let matches = rev.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\].+?\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/);
					if (matches) rev.matches = matches.slice(1);
					this.candidates.push(rev);
				});
				if (!this.count) this.firstDate = revs[0].timestamp;
				this.lastDate = this.lastRev.timestamp;
			}
			loadMoves() {
				let rev = this.candidates[this.ascending ? 'shift' : 'pop']();
				if (!rev) {
					this.finish();
					return;
				}
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Seeing if there was a move at ${rev.timestamp}...`);
				let date = Date.parse(rev.timestamp) / 1000;
				api.get({
					action: 'query',
					list: 'logevents',
					letype: 'move',
					lestart: date + 60,
					leend: date,
					leprop: 'details|title|user|parsedcomment',
					lelimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				}).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving moves' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					(((response || {}).query || {}).logevents || []).reverse().some(le =&gt; {
						if (le.user !== rev.user || !rev.comment.includes(le.title)) return;
						let target = ((le || {}).params || {}).target_title;
						if (!target || !rev.comment.includes(target) ||
							rev.matches &amp;&amp;
							[le.title, target].some(s =&gt; !rev.matches.includes(s))
						) {
							return;
						}
						this.addRow(rev.timestamp, le.title, target, le.user, le.parsedcomment);
						return true;
					});
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			addRow(date, from, to, user, comment) {
				if (!this.count) {
					this.lastName = this.ascending ? from : to;
					this.$trail.append(this.makeLink(this.lastName));
				}
				if (this.ascending) {
					if (this.lastName !== from) {
						this.$trail.append(' ... ', this.makeLink(from));
					}
					this.$trail.append(arrow, this.makeLink(to));
					this.lastName = to;
				} else {
					if (this.lastName !== to) {
						this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(to), ' ... ');
					}
					this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(from), arrow);
					this.lastName = from;
				}
				let offset = new Date(Date.parse(date) + 1000).toISOString()
					.slice(0, -5).replace(/\D/g, '');
				$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
							href: mw.util.getUrl(this.page, {
								action: 'history',
								offset: offset
							}),
							title: 'See history up to this move',
							target: '_blank'
						}).text(date)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(from)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(to)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						this.makeLink('User:' + user, user),
						' ',
						$('&lt;span&gt;').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append(
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('User talk:' + user, 'talk')),
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('Special:Contributions/' + user, 'contribs'))
						)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append($.parseHTML(comment))
				).appendTo(this.$tbody);
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.count++;
				this.newCount++;
			}
			makeLink(title, text) {
				let obj;
				if (this.titles.hasOwnProperty(title)) {
					obj = this.titles[title];
				} else {
					obj = { links: [] };
					this.titles[title] = obj;
					if (title === this.page) {
						obj.classes = ['mw-selflink', 'selflink'];
						obj.processed = true;
					}
				}
				let $link =  $('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
					href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical || title, obj.params),
					title: obj.canonical || title,
					target: '_blank'
				}).addClass(obj.classes).text(text || title);
				if (!obj.processed) {
					obj.links.push($link[0]);
				}
				return $link;
			}
			finish() {
				setBusy();
				this.setStatus(`Found ${this.count} move${this.count === 1 ? '' : 's'} in ${this.revCount.toLocaleString()} revisions${this.revCount ? ` between ${this.firstDate} and ${this.lastDate}` : '' }.`);
				if (this.complete) {
					dialog.actions.get()[3]
						.setLabel(this.count ? 'No more results' : 'No results')
						.setDisabled(true);
					if (this.count) this.$table.addClass('sortable').tablesorter();
				} else {
					if (++this.i &gt;= 4 || this.newCount) {
						dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
						this.i = 0;
					} else {
						this.loadRevs();
						return;
					}
				}
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.queryTitles(
					Object.entries(this.titles)
						.filter(([k, v]) =&gt; !v.processed).map(([k]) =&gt; k)
				);
			}
			queryTitles(titles) {
				if (!titles.length) return;
				let curTitles = titles.slice(0, 50);
				curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
					this.titles[title].processed = true;
				});
				api.post({
					action: 'query',
					titles: curTitles,
					prop: 'info',
					inprop: 'linkclasses',
					formatversion: 2
				}).done(response =&gt; {
					let query = response &amp;&amp; response.query;
					if (!query) return;
					(query.normalized || []).forEach(entry =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(entry.from)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[entry.from];
						obj.canonical = entry.to;
						this.titles[entry.to] = obj;
					});
					(query.pages || []).forEach(page =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(page.title)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[page.title];
						let classes = page.linkclasses || [];
						if (page.missing &amp;&amp; !page.known) {
							classes.push('new');
							obj.params = { action: 'edit', redlink: 1 };
						} else if (classes.includes('mw-redirect')) {
							obj.params = { redirect: 'no' };
						}
						if (classes.length) obj.classes = classes;
					});
					curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
						let obj = this.titles[title];
						let $links = $(obj.links).addClass(obj.classes);
						if (obj.canonical) {
							$links.attr({
								href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical, obj.params),
								title: obj.canonical
							});
						} else if (obj.params) {
							$links.attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(title, obj.params));
						}
						delete this.titles[title].links;
					});
					dialog.updateSize();
					this.queryTitles(titles.slice(50));
				});
			}
		}
		function MoveHistoryDialog(config) {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.call(this, config);
			this.$element.addClass('movehistory');
		}
		OO.inheritClass(MoveHistoryDialog, OO.ui.ProcessDialog);
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.name = 'moveHistoryDialog';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.title = 'Move history';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.size = 'small';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.actions = [
			{
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['safe', 'close']
			},
			{
				action: 'search',
				label: 'Search',
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive']
			},
			{
				action: 'goBack',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['safe', 'back']
			},
			{
				action: 'continue',
				label: 'Continue',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive'],
				disabled: true
			}
		];
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.initialize = function () {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
			let updateButton = () =&gt; {
				let invalid = ['pageInput', 'sinceInput', 'untilInput']
					.some(n =&gt; this[n].hasFlag('invalid'));
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(invalid);
			};
			this.pageInput = new mw.widgets.TitleInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				api: api,
				excludeDynamicNamespaces: true,
				required: true,
				showMissing: false
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			let rt = mw.Title.newFromText(mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'));
			if (rt &amp;&amp; rt.namespace &gt;= 0) {
				this.pageInput.setValue(rt.toText());
			} else {
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(true);
			}
			this.directionInput = new OO.ui.RadioSelectInputWidget({
				options: [
					{ data: 'newer', label: 'Oldest first' },
					{ data: 'older', label: 'Newest first' }
				]
			});
			this.sinceInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.untilInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD',
				mustBeAfter: '2005-06-24'
			}).on('change', () =&gt; {
				let m = this.untilInput.getMoment();
				this.sinceInput.mustBeBefore = m.isValid()
					? m.add(1, 'days')
					: null;
				this.sinceInput.emit('change');
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.form = new OO.ui.FormLayout({
				items: [
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.pageInput, {
						label: 'Page:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.directionInput, {
						label: 'Direction:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.sinceInput, {
						label: 'Since:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.untilInput, {
						label: 'Until:',
						align: 'top'
					})
				],
				content: [
					$('&lt;input&gt;').attr({
						type: 'submit',
						hidden: ''
					})
				]
			}).on('submit', () =&gt; {
				if (!this.actions.get()[1].isDisabled()) {
					this.executeAction('search');
				}
			});
			this.$results = $('&lt;div&gt;');
			this.$body.append(this.form.$element);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getSetupProcess = function (data) {
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getSetupProcess.call(this, data)
				.next(function () {
					this.actions.setMode('config');
				}, this);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getActionProcess = function (action) {
			if (action === 'search') {
				this.actions.setMode('results');
				this.form.toggle(false).$element.after(this.$results);
				this.setSize('large');
				let config = [
					this.pageInput.getValue(),
					this.directionInput.getValue(),
					this.sinceInput.getValue(),
					this.untilInput.getValue()
				];
				if (!this.config || config.some((v, i) =&gt; v !== this.config[i])) {
					this.config = config;
					this.search = new MoveHistorySearch(...config);
				}
			} else if (action === 'continue') {
				this.search.loadRevs();
			} else {
				this.actions.setMode('config');
				this.$results.detach();
				this.form.toggle(true);
				this.setSize('small');
			}
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getActionProcess.call(this, action);
		};
		dialog = new MoveHistoryDialog();
		window.moveHistoryDialog = dialog;
		let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager();
		winMan.addWindows([dialog]);
		winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body);
		dialog.open();
	});
})();</text>
      <sha1>j93onfgb8vo1bhjnj8eqqtdd3lsywcr</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>540038</id>
      <parentid>540037</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T19:36:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Nardog</username>
        <id>40946</id>
      </contributor>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="13972" xml:space="preserve">// jshint maxerr:999,strict:implied,shadow:outer,undef:true,unused:true
/* globals $,mw,OO */

(function moveHistoryCore() {
	// if (window.moveHistoryDialog) {
	// 	window.moveHistoryDialog.open();
	// 	return;
	// }
	// mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{display:inline-table} .movehistory .oo-ui-radioOptionWidget{margin-right:8px} .movehistory .mw-widget-dateInputWidget{width:8em} .movehistory &gt; table{margin-top:0}');
	mw.loader.addStyleTag('.movehistory .oo-ui-window-body{padding:0 1em 1em} .movehistory .wikitable{margin-bottom:0;width:100%} .movehistory-status{text-align:center}');
	mw.loader.using([
		'mediawiki.api', 'mediawiki.util', 'mediawiki.Title', 'oojs-ui-windows',
		'oojs-ui-widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets', 'mediawiki.widgets.DateInputWidget',
		'oojs-ui.styles.icons-interactions', 'mediawiki.interface.helpers.styles',
		'jquery.tablesorter'
	], () =&gt; {
		let dialog;
		let setBusy = busy =&gt; {
			dialog.actions.get()[3].setDisabled(busy);
		};
		let api = new mw.Api(/*{
			ajax: { headers: { 'Api-User-Agent': 'MoveHistory (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User:Nardog/MoveHistory)' } }
		}*/);
		let arrow = document.dir === 'rtl' ? ' ← ' : ' → ';
		class MoveHistorySearch {
			constructor(page, dir, since, until) {
				dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
				this.$status = $('&lt;p&gt;').addClass('movehistory-status');
				this.$trail = $('&lt;p&gt;');
				this.$tbody = $('&lt;tbody&gt;');
				this.$table = $('&lt;table&gt;').addClass('wikitable').append(
					$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Date'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('From'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('To'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Performer'),
						$('&lt;th&gt;').text('Comment')
					).wrap('&lt;thead&gt;').parent(),
					this.$tbody
				);
				dialog.$results.empty().append(
					this.$status, '&lt;hr&gt;', this.$trail, this.$table
				);
				this.page = page;
				this.ascending = dir === 'newer';
				let sinceTs = (since || '2005-06-25') + 'T00:00:00Z';
				let untilTs;
				if (until) untilTs = until + 'T23:59:59Z';
				this.params = {
					action: 'query',
					titles: page,
					prop: 'revisions',
					rvstart: this.ascending ? sinceTs : untilTs,
					rvend: this.ascending ? untilTs : sinceTs,
					rvdir: dir,
					rvprop: 'sha1|timestamp|user|comment',
					rvlimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				};
				this.revCount = 0;
				this.candidates = [];
				this.titles = {};
				this.count = 0;
				this.i = 0;
				this.loadRevs();
			}
			setStatus(text) {
				this.$status.text(text);
				dialog.updateSize();
			}
			loadRevs() {
				if (this.complete) {
					this.loadMoves();
					return;
				}
				this.newCount = 0;
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Loading history${this.revCount ? this.ascending ? ' after ' + this.lastDate : ' before ' + this.lastDate : ''}...`);
				api.get(this.params).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving revisions' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					let revs = ((((response || {}).query || {}).pages || [])[0] || {}).revisions;
					if (revs) this.processRevs(revs);
					this.params.rvcontinue = ((response || {}).continue || {}).rvcontinue;
					if (!this.params.rvcontinue) {
						this.complete = response.batchcomplete;
					}
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			processRevs(revs) {
				this.revCount += revs.length;
				if (!this.ascending) revs.reverse();
				revs.forEach(rev =&gt; {
					let comp = this.lastRev;
					this.lastRev = rev;
					if (!rev.comment || !rev.user || !rev.sha1 ||
						!comp || comp.sha1 !== rev.sha1
					) {
						return;
					}
					let matches = rev.comment.match(/\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\].+?\[\[:?([^\]]+)\]\]/);
					if (matches) rev.matches = matches.slice(1);
					this.candidates.push(rev);
				});
				if (!this.count) this.firstDate = revs[0].timestamp;
				this.lastDate = this.lastRev.timestamp;
			}
			loadMoves() {
				let rev = this.candidates[this.ascending ? 'shift' : 'pop']();
				if (!rev) {
					this.finish();
					return;
				}
				setBusy(true);
				this.setStatus(`Seeing if there was a move at ${rev.timestamp}...`);
				let date = Date.parse(rev.timestamp) / 1000;
				api.get({
					action: 'query',
					list: 'logevents',
					letype: 'move',
					lestart: date + 60,
					leend: date,
					leprop: 'details|title|user|parsedcomment',
					lelimit: 'max',
					formatversion: 2
				}).always((response, errorObj) =&gt; {
					let errorMsg = ((errorObj || {}).error || {}).info;
					if (!response || typeof response === 'string' || errorMsg) {
						setBusy();
						this.setStatus('Error retrieving moves' + (errorMsg ? ': ' + errorMsg : ''));
						return;
					}
					(((response || {}).query || {}).logevents || []).reverse().some(le =&gt; {
						if (le.user !== rev.user || !rev.comment.includes(le.title)) return;
						let target = ((le || {}).params || {}).target_title;
						if (!target || !rev.comment.includes(target) ||
							rev.matches &amp;&amp;
							[le.title, target].some(s =&gt; !rev.matches.includes(s))
						) {
							return;
						}
						this.addRow(rev.timestamp, le.title, target, le.user, le.parsedcomment);
						return true;
					});
					this.loadMoves();
				});
			}
			addRow(date, from, to, user, comment) {
				if (!this.count) {
					this.lastName = this.ascending ? from : to;
					this.$trail.append(this.makeLink(this.lastName));
				}
				if (this.ascending) {
					if (this.lastName !== from) {
						this.$trail.append(' ... ', this.makeLink(from));
					}
					this.$trail.append(arrow, this.makeLink(to));
					this.lastName = to;
				} else {
					if (this.lastName !== to) {
						this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(to), ' ... ');
					}
					this.$trail.prepend(this.makeLink(from), arrow);
					this.lastName = from;
				}
				let offset = new Date(Date.parse(date) + 1000).toISOString()
					.slice(0, -5).replace(/\D/g, '');
				$('&lt;tr&gt;').append(
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						$('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
							href: mw.util.getUrl(this.page, {
								action: 'history',
								offset: offset
							}),
							title: 'See history up to this move',
							target: '_blank'
						}).text(date)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(from)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(this.makeLink(to)),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append(
						this.makeLink('User:' + user, user),
						' ',
						$('&lt;span&gt;').addClass('mw-changeslist-links').append(
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('User talk:' + user, 'talk')),
							$('&lt;span&gt;').append(this.makeLink('Special:Contributions/' + user, 'contribs'))
						)
					),
					$('&lt;td&gt;').append($.parseHTML(comment))
				).appendTo(this.$tbody);
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.count++;
				this.newCount++;
			}
			makeLink(title, text) {
				let obj;
				if (this.titles.hasOwnProperty(title)) {
					obj = this.titles[title];
				} else {
					obj = { links: [] };
					this.titles[title] = obj;
					if (title === this.page) {
						obj.classes = ['mw-selflink', 'selflink'];
						obj.processed = true;
					}
				}
				let $link =  $('&lt;a&gt;').attr({
					href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical || title, obj.params),
					title: obj.canonical || title,
					target: '_blank'
				}).addClass(obj.classes).text(text || title);
				if (!obj.processed) {
					obj.links.push($link[0]);
				}
				return $link;
			}
			finish() {
				setBusy();
				this.setStatus(`Found ${this.count} move${this.count === 1 ? '' : 's'} in ${this.revCount.toLocaleString()} revisions${this.revCount ? ` between ${this.firstDate} and ${this.lastDate}` : '' }.`);
				if (this.complete) {
					dialog.actions.get()[3]
						.setLabel(this.count ? 'No more results' : 'No results')
						.setDisabled(true);
					if (this.count) this.$table.addClass('sortable').tablesorter();
				} else {
					if (++this.i &gt;= 4 || this.newCount) {
						dialog.actions.get()[3].setLabel('Continue');
						this.i = 0;
					} else {
						this.loadRevs();
						return;
					}
				}
				dialog.updateSize();
				this.queryTitles(
					Object.entries(this.titles)
						.filter(([k, v]) =&gt; !v.processed).map(([k]) =&gt; k)
				);
			}
			queryTitles(titles) {
				if (!titles.length) return;
				let curTitles = titles.slice(0, 50);
				curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
					this.titles[title].processed = true;
				});
				api.post({
					action: 'query',
					titles: curTitles,
					prop: 'info',
					inprop: 'linkclasses',
					formatversion: 2
				}).done(response =&gt; {
					let query = response &amp;&amp; response.query;
					if (!query) return;
					(query.normalized || []).forEach(entry =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(entry.from)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[entry.from];
						obj.canonical = entry.to;
						this.titles[entry.to] = obj;
					});
					(query.pages || []).forEach(page =&gt; {
						if (!this.titles.hasOwnProperty(page.title)) return;
						let obj = this.titles[page.title];
						let classes = page.linkclasses || [];
						if (page.missing &amp;&amp; !page.known) {
							classes.push('new');
							obj.params = { action: 'edit', redlink: 1 };
						} else if (classes.includes('mw-redirect')) {
							obj.params = { redirect: 'no' };
						}
						if (classes.length) obj.classes = classes;
					});
					curTitles.forEach(title =&gt; {
						let obj = this.titles[title];
						let $links = $(obj.links).addClass(obj.classes);
						if (obj.canonical) {
							$links.attr({
								href: mw.util.getUrl(obj.canonical, obj.params),
								title: obj.canonical
							});
						} else if (obj.params) {
							$links.attr('href', mw.util.getUrl(title, obj.params));
						}
						delete this.titles[title].links;
					});
					dialog.updateSize();
					this.queryTitles(titles.slice(50));
				});
			}
		}
		function MoveHistoryDialog(config) {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.call(this, config);
			this.$element.addClass('movehistory');
		}
		OO.inheritClass(MoveHistoryDialog, OO.ui.ProcessDialog);
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.name = 'moveHistoryDialog';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.title = 'Move history';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.size = 'small';
		MoveHistoryDialog.static.actions = [
			{
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['safe', 'close']
			},
			{
				action: 'search',
				label: 'Search',
				modes: 'config',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive']
			},
			{
				action: 'goBack',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['safe', 'back']
			},
			{
				action: 'continue',
				label: 'Continue',
				modes: 'results',
				flags: ['primary', 'progressive'],
				disabled: true
			}
		];
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.initialize = function () {
			MoveHistoryDialog.parent.prototype.initialize.apply(this, arguments);
			let updateButton = () =&gt; {
				let invalid = ['pageInput', 'sinceInput', 'untilInput']
					.some(n =&gt; this[n].hasFlag('invalid'));
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(invalid);
			};
			this.pageInput = new mw.widgets.TitleInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				api: api,
				excludeDynamicNamespaces: true,
				required: true,
				showMissing: false
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			let rt = mw.Title.newFromText(mw.config.get('wgRelevantPageName'));
			if (rt &amp;&amp; rt.namespace &gt;= 0) {
				this.pageInput.setValue(rt.toText());
			} else {
				this.actions.get()[1].setDisabled(true);
			}
			this.directionInput = new OO.ui.RadioSelectInputWidget({
				options: [
					{ data: 'newer', label: 'Oldest first' },
					{ data: 'older', label: 'Newest first' }
				]
			});
			this.sinceInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD'
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.untilInput = new mw.widgets.DateInputWidget({
				$overlay: this.$overlay,
				displayFormat: 'YYYY-MM-DD',
				mustBeAfter: '2005-06-24'
			}).on('change', () =&gt; {
				let m = this.untilInput.getMoment();
				this.sinceInput.mustBeBefore = m.isValid()
					? m.add(1, 'days')
					: null;
				this.sinceInput.emit('change');
			}).on('flag', updateButton);
			this.form = new OO.ui.FormLayout({
				items: [
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.pageInput, {
						label: 'Page:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.directionInput, {
						label: 'Direction:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.sinceInput, {
						label: 'Since:',
						align: 'top'
					}),
					new OO.ui.FieldLayout(this.untilInput, {
						label: 'Until:',
						align: 'top'
					})
				],
				content: [
					$('&lt;input&gt;').attr({
						type: 'submit',
						hidden: ''
					})
				]
			}).on('submit', () =&gt; {
				if (!this.actions.get()[1].isDisabled()) {
					this.executeAction('search');
				}
			});
			this.$results = $('&lt;div&gt;');
			this.$body.append(this.form.$element);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getSetupProcess = function (data) {
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getSetupProcess.call(this, data)
				.next(function () {
					this.actions.setMode('config');
				}, this);
		};
		MoveHistoryDialog.prototype.getActionProcess = function (action) {
			if (action === 'search') {
				this.actions.setMode('results');
				this.form.toggle(false).$element.after(this.$results);
				this.setSize('large');
				let config = [
					this.pageInput.getValue(),
					this.directionInput.getValue(),
					this.sinceInput.getValue(),
					this.untilInput.getValue()
				];
				if (!this.config || config.some((v, i) =&gt; v !== this.config[i])) {
					this.config = config;
					this.search = new MoveHistorySearch(...config);
				}
			} else if (action === 'continue') {
				this.search.loadRevs();
			} else {
				this.actions.setMode('config');
				this.$results.detach();
				this.form.toggle(true);
				this.setSize('small');
			}
			return MoveHistoryDialog.super.prototype.getActionProcess.call(this, action);
		};
		dialog = new MoveHistoryDialog();
		window.moveHistoryDialog = dialog;
		let winMan = new OO.ui.WindowManager();
		winMan.addWindows([dialog]);
		winMan.$element.appendTo(document.body);
		dialog.open();
	});
})();</text>
      <sha1>4ea40up7nqnrn3l8v3xbhuuy1cfasqq</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>Мәсет милли Абуджа</title>
    <ns>0</ns>
    <id>123088</id>
    <revision>
      <id>539996</id>
      <parentid>491361</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-24T15:56:18Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>InternetArchiveBot</username>
        <id>34092</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="5926" xml:space="preserve">
{{Infobox religious building|name=Abuja National Mosque|length=|dome_height_outer=|dome_quantity=2|height_max=|interior_area=|width_nave=|width=|capacity=|dome_dia_outer=|facade_direction=|date_demolished=&lt;!-- or | date_destroyed = --&gt;|construction_cost=|year_completed=1984|groundbreaking=|established=|general_contractor=|dome_height_inner=|dome_dia_inner=|creator=|materials=|footnotes=|refnum=|added=|designated=|nrhp=|elevation_footnotes=|elevation_m=&lt;!-- or | elevation_ft = --&gt;|inscriptions=|minaret_quantity=4|shrine_quantity=|monument_quantity=|temple_quantity=|site_area=|spire_height=|spire_quantity=|minaret_height=|funded_by=|founded_by=|native_name=مسجد أبوجا الوطني|map_relief=yes|deity=|location=[[Abuja]], [[Nigeria]]|locale=|religious_affiliation=[[Islam]]|coordinates_footnotes=|coordinates={{coord|9|03|39|N|7|29|23|E|region:NG-FC_type:landmark_source:dewiki}}|map_caption=|map_alt=|sect=|map_size=225px|map_type=Nigeria|caption=|alt=|image_upright=|image=Abuja National Mosque.jpg|native_name_lang=Arabic|rite=|tradition=|architecture_style=|governing_body=|architecture_type=[[mosque]]|architect=|religious_features=|religious_features_label=|patron=|bhattaraka=|leadership=|ownership=|festival=&lt;!-- or | festivals = --&gt;|heritage_designation=|functional_status=|organisational_status=&lt;!-- or | organizational_status = --&gt;|consecration_year=|administration=|sector=|cercle=|website={{URL|www.abujanationalmosque.org|abujanationalmosque.org}}}}
{| class=&quot;infobox vcard&quot; style=&quot;border-spacing:2px;&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-above&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:
#9BE89B&quot; |Мәсет милли Абуджа
|-
| class=&quot;infobox-subheader&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;div class=&quot;nickname&quot; lang=&quot;Arabic&quot;&gt;مسجد الوطني أبوجا&lt;/div&gt;
|-
| class=&quot;infobox-image&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |[[File:Abuja_National_Mosque.jpg|frameless]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:
#9BE89B&quot; |Дин
|- class=&quot;note&quot;
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[List of religions and spiritual traditions|Ҡушылдығы]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Islam|Ислам]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:
#9BE89B&quot; |Ҡайҙалығын
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Ҡайҙалығын
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Абуджа]], [[Нигерия]]
|-
| class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Location map/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;center&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;locmap&quot; style=&quot;width:225px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;width:225px;padding:0&quot;&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;position:relative;width:225px&quot;&gt;[[File:Nigeria_relief_location_map.jpg|225x225px|Abuja National Mosque is located in Nigeria]]&lt;div class=&quot;od&quot; style=&quot;top:49.392%;left:42.229%&quot;&gt;&lt;div class=&quot;id&quot; style=&quot;left:-4px;top:-4px&quot;&gt;[[File:Red_pog.svg|link=|8x8px|Abuja National Mosque]]&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;padding-top:0.2em&quot;&gt;Нигерияла күрһәтеү&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;&lt;/div&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Geographic coordinate system|Географик координаталар]]
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |&lt;templatestyles src=&quot;Module:Coordinates/styles.css&quot;&gt;&lt;/templatestyles&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks nourlexpansion&quot;&gt;[//geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Abuja_National_Mosque&amp;params=9_03_39_N_7_29_23_E_region:NG-FC_type:landmark_source:dewiki &lt;span class=&quot;geo-default&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dms&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;latitude&quot;&gt;9°03'39&quot;N&lt;/span&gt; &lt;span class=&quot;longitude&quot;&gt;7°29'23&quot;Е&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-multi-punct&quot;&gt;/&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-nondefault&quot;&gt;&lt;span class=&quot;geo-dec&quot; title=&quot;Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location&quot;&gt;9,06083°7,48972 N°E&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;display:none&quot;&gt;/&lt;span class=&quot;geo&quot;&gt;9,06083; 7,48972&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;]&lt;/span&gt;
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:
#9BE89B&quot; |Архитектура
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Тибындағы
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |[[Mosque|мәсет]]
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |Тамамлаған
| class=&quot;infobox-data note&quot; |Бер мең туғыҙ йөҙ һикһән дүрте
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:
#9BE89B&quot; |Техник характеристикаһы
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Көмбәҙ|Көмбәҙендә]](көмбәҙ)
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Ике
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-label&quot; scope=&quot;row&quot; |[[Манара|Манараһы]](ы)
| class=&quot;infobox-data&quot; |Дүрт
|-
! class=&quot;infobox-header&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; style=&quot;background-color:
#9BE89B&quot; |Вебсайт
|-
| class=&quot;infobox-full-data&quot; colspan=&quot;2&quot; |&lt;span class=&quot;url&quot;&gt;[http://www.abujanationalmosque.org abujanationalmosque.org]&lt;/span&gt;
|}

'''Мәсет милли Абуджа''' ({{Lang-ar|'''مسجد أبوجا الوطني'''}}), шулай уҡ '''Нигерия милли мәсете''', милли тора. [[мәсет]] [[Нигерия]]. 1984 йылда мәсет төҙөлә.&lt;ref name=&quot;an&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=936|title=Abuja National Mosque|accessdate=2007-08-08|format=|work=ArchNet|publisher=[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20050326043114/http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=936|archivedate=2005-03-26|url-status=bot: unknown}}&lt;cite class=&quot;citation web cs1&quot; data-ve-ignore=&quot;true&quot;&gt;. ''ArchNet''. [[Массачусетс технология институты|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]. Archived from [http://archnet.org/library/sites/one-site.tcl?site_id=936 the original] on 2005-03-26&lt;span class=&quot;reference-accessdate&quot;&gt;. Retrieved &lt;span class=&quot;nowrap&quot;&gt;2007-08-08&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;.&lt;/cite&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; мосолман булмаған һәм тамашасылар өсөн асып, бергәләшеп ваҡыт доғаһы башҡа.</text>
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This is a '''timeline of [[space exploration]]''' including notable achievements and first accomplishments or major events in humanity's exploration of [[outer space]].

==Pre-20th century==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-
! Date
! Event leading to space exploration
! Country
! Researcher(s)
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|1610
|First telescopic observation of the night sky: discovery of Jupiter's moons, lunar craters and the phases of Venus.
|[[File:Flag of Most Serene Republic of Venice.svg|20x20px]] [[Republic of Venice]]
|[[Galileo Galilei]]
|
|-
| 1813
| First exposition of the [[rocket equation]] based on Newton's third law of motion: ''Treatise on the Motion of Rockets''.
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|UK]]
| [[William Moore (British mathematician)|William Moore]]
|
|-
| 1840
| First clear telescopic photograph of another world: the [[Moon]]. 
| [[File:US flag 26 stars.svg|20px]] [[United States]]
| [[John William Draper]]
|
|-
| 1845
| First proper observation of other galaxies which are termed &quot;whirlpool nebulae&quot;.
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|UK]]
| [[William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse|William Parsons]]
|
|-
| 1861
| ''A Journey Through Space'' makes first proposal of using rockets for space flight.
| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|UK]]
| [[William Leitch (scientist)|William Leitch]]
|
|-
| 1895
| First proposal of [[space elevator]].
| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] [[Russian Empire|Russia]]
| [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]
|
|}

==1900–1956==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#fel
! Date
! Mission success
! width=130em|Country
! Mission name
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
|| 1903
|| Inspired by the writings of [[Jules Verne]], first serious work published that showed physical [[space exploration]] was theoretically possible: {{lang|ru|Исследование мировых пространств реактивными приборами}} (''Issledovanie mirovykh prostranst' reaktivnymi priborami'';''The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices'').
|| [[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] Russia
|| [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]]
|
|-
|| 1914
|| Goddard files for and is subsequently awarded U.S. patents on multistage and liquid-fueled rockets.
|| [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
|| [[Robert H. Goddard]]
|
|-
|| 1917
|| First observation of an extrasolar planet ([[exoplanet]]) round [[Van Maanen 2]] although it is not recognised as such at the time.
|| [[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Netherlands]]
|| [[Adriaan van Maanen]]
|
|-
|| 1919
|| Goddard's widely influential paper &quot;A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes&quot; discussed solid- and liquid-fueled rocketry.
|| [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
|| [[Robert H. Goddard]]
|
|-
|| {{dts|15 December 1923}}
|| {{lang|de|Die Rakete zu den Planetenräumen}} (&quot;By Rocket into Planetary Space&quot;) self-published after its rejection as a doctoral thesis. 
|| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[Weimar Republic|Germany]]
|| [[Hermann Oberth]]
|
|-
|| 1924
|| [[Society for Studies of Interplanetary Travel]] founded.
|| [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svg|20px]] [[Soviet Union|USSR]]
|| Members include [[Konstantin Tsiolkovsky]], [[Friedrich Zander]], [[Yuri Kondratyuk]]
|
|-
|| {{dts|16 March 1926}}
|| Goddard launches the first liquid-fueled rocket.
|| [[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
|| [[Robert H. Goddard]]
|
|-
|| 1927
|| [[Verein für Raumschiffahrt]] (Society for Space Travel) formed; it includes many top European rocket scientists.
|| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] Germany
|| &amp;nbsp;
|
|-
|| 1927
|| ''Завоевание межпланетных пространств'' (''The Conquest of Interplanetary Space'') discusses rocket mechanics and orbital effects including the [[gravitational slingshot]].
|| [[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1924-1936).svg|20px]] USSR
|| [[Yuri Kondratyuk]]
|
|-
|| 1928
|| {{lang|de|Das Problem der Befahrung des Weltraums – der Raketen-Motor}} (The Problem of Space Travel – The Rocket Motor) discusses space travel and its potential uses for scientific experiments. 
|| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] Germany
|| [[Herman Potočnik]]
|
|-
|| {{dts|11 June 1928}}
|| [[Lippisch Ente]], first successful rocket-powered full-size aircraft, as part of [[Opel-RAK]] program.&lt;ref&gt;&quot;Das RAK-Protokoll&quot;, a 25 minutes documentary on the Opel RAK program https://opel-tv-footage.com/v/The%20RAK%20Protocoll?p=4&amp;c=86&amp;l=1 &lt;/ref&gt;
|| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] Germany
|| [[Alexander Lippisch]] (designer), [[Fritz Stamer]] (pilot), [[Fritz von Opel]] and [[Max Valier]] (program heads)
|
|-
|| {{dts|30 September 1929}}
|| [[Opel RAK.1]], first successful public flight of a rocket-powered aircraft, as part of Opel-RAK program.
|| [[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] Germany
|[[Julius Hatry]] (designer), [[Fritz von Opel]] (pilot and program head), [[Max Valier]] (program head)
|
|-
|{{dts|January 1933}}
|[[British Interplanetary Society]] founded.
|[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] UK
|Philip E. Cleator
|
|-
|| {{dts|20 June 1944}}
|| [[V-2 rocket]] ([[MW 18014]]): First artificial object to cross what would later be defined as the [[Kármán line]] and hence first [[spaceflight]] in history.
|| [[File:Flag of the German Reich (1935–1945).svg|20px]] Germany
|| [[Wehrmacht]]
|
|-
|| {{dts|October 1945}}
|| Article in ''[[Electronics World|Wireless World]]'', &quot;Extra-Terrestrial Relays — Can Rocket Stations Give Worldwide Radio Coverage?&quot; makes first discussion of [[Geostationary orbit|geostationary satellites]] as a means of communication.
|| [[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] UK
|| [[Arthur C. Clarke]]
|
|-
||{{dts|10 May 1946}}
||First space research flight (cosmic radiation experiments).
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
|| captured and improved [[V-2]] rocket
|
|-
||{{dts|24 October 1946}}
||First pictures of Earth from 105&amp;nbsp;km (65&amp;nbsp;mi).
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
||[[V-2]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wsmr.army.mil/PAO/WSHist/Pages/ChronologyCowboystoV2stotheSpaceShuttletolasers.aspx|title=Chronology: Cowboys to V-2s to the Space Shuttle to lasers|website=Wsmr.army.mil|access-date=4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://media.airspacemag.com/images/1stPhotoFromSpace.jpg|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140221145846/http://media.airspacemag.com/images/1stPhotoFromSpace.jpg|archive-date=2014-02-21|url-status=dead|access-date=2013-01-17}} &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||20 February 1947
||First [[animals in space]] (fruit flies).
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
||[[V-2]]
|&lt;ref name=&quot;auto&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/afspbio/part1.htm|title=Part 1|website=History.nasa.gov|access-date=4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|24 February 1949}}
||[[WAC Corporal]] missile mounted onto a V-2 rocket, producing the first two-stage liquid-fueled rocket, that sets a record altitude of 244 miles (393 km).
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
||[[RTV-G-4 Bumper|Bumper-5]]
|
|-
||{{dts|14 June 1949}}
||[[Albert II (monkey)|Albert II]], a rhesus monkey, became the first primate in space, flying on a V-2 rocket.
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
||[[V-2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|20 September 1956}}
||The first rocket to pass the [[thermopause]] and enter the [[exosphere]]. At 682 miles (1,098 km) altitude and 3,335 miles range, the 3-stage Jupiter-C breaks both records and achieves MACH 18 velocity.
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] United States
||[https://history.redstone.army.mil/space-firsts.html Jupiter-C] ([https://www.thespacereview.com/article/1836/1 first launch])
|
|}

==1957–1959==
{| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot;
! Date
! Mission achievements
! Country/organization
! Mission name
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
||{{dts|21 August 1957}}
||First [[intercontinental ballistic missile]] (ICBM).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] [[Soviet space program|USSR]]
||[[R-7 Semyorka|R-7 Semyorka/SS-6 Sapwood]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|4 October 1957}}
||First artificial [[satellite]]. &lt;br&gt;First man-made signals from space.
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Sputnik 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|3 November 1957}}
||First mammal in [[orbit]], the dog [[Laika]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Sputnik 2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|31 January 1958}}
||Confirmed existence of the [[Van Allen radiation belt]].
||[[File:US flag 48 stars.svg|20px]] USA ([[Army Ballistic Missile Agency|ABMA]])
||[[Explorer 1]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|4 January 1959}}
||First rocket to reach Earth [[escape velocity]]; attempt to impact the Moon's surface; missed by {{convert|5995|km|nmi|sp=us}}. &lt;br&gt;First artificial object in [[heliocentric orbit]]. &lt;br&gt;First detection of [[solar wind]].
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Luna 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|7 August 1959}}
||First photograph of Earth from orbit.
||[[File:US flag 49 stars.svg|20px]] USA ([[NASA]])
||[[Explorer 6]]
|
|-
||{{dts|13 September 1959}}
||First impact into the [[Moon]].&lt;br&gt; First delivery of national pennants to a celestial body.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Luna 2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|4 October 1959}}
||First photos of another world from space: the [[far side of the Moon]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Luna 3]]
|
|-
|}

==1960–1969==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#fel
! Date
! Mission success
! Country/organization
! Mission name
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
||{{dts|March 1960}}
||First solar probe.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Pioneer 5]]
|
|-attack
|valign=top|{{dts|19 August 1960}}
|First plants and animals to return alive from Earth orbit.
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Sputnik 5]]
|
|-
||{{dts|10 October 1960}}
||First probe launched to Mars (failed to reach target).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Mars 1M]]
|
|-
||{{dts|31 January 1961}}
||First [[Hominidae]] or great ape in space, first tasks performed in space; [[Ham (chimpanzee)]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mercury-Redstone 2|M-R 2]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|12 February 1961}} &lt;!-- different firsts on different dates--&gt;
||First launch from Earth orbit of [[upper stage]] into a [[heliocentric orbit]].&lt;br&gt;First mid-course corrections. &lt;br&gt;First [[spin-stabilisation]].
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Venera 1]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|12 April 1961}}
||First [[human spaceflight]] ([[Yuri Gagarin]]).&lt;br&gt;First human-crewed orbital flight.
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Vostok 1]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|5 May 1961}}
||First human-piloted space flight ([[Alan Shepard]]).&lt;br&gt;First human-crewed suborbital flight.&lt;br&gt;First human space mission that landed with pilot still in spacecraft, thus the first complete human spaceflight by then [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale|FAI]] definitions.
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA
|valign=top|''[[Freedom 7]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.techrepublic.com/article/geek-trivia-a-leap-of-fakes|title=Geek Trivia: A leap of fakes|website=Techrepublic.com|date=14 September 2004 |access-date=18 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Gagarin's Falsified Flight Record |url=https://www.seeker.com/gagarins-falsified-flight-record-1765739082.html |website=Seeker |access-date=7 July 2022 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|19 May 1961}}
||First planetary flyby (within 100,000&amp;nbsp;km of [[Venus]] – no data returned).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Venera 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|6 August 1961}}
||First crewed space flight lasting over twenty four hours by [[Gherman Titov]], who is also the first to suffer from [[space sickness]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Vostok 2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|7 March 1962}}
||First orbital [[space observatory|solar observatory]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Orbiting Solar Observatory|OSO-1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|26 April 1962}}
||First spacecraft to impact the [[far side of the Moon]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|valign=top|[[Ranger 4]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|date=1998-02-01|title=Discussion|journal=Space Policy|volume=14|issue=1|page=6|doi=10.1016/S0265-9646(97)00038-6}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|11 August 1962}}
||First dual crewed spaceflight.&lt;br&gt;First communication between two crewed space vehicles in orbit.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Vostok 3]] &amp; [[Vostok 4]]
|
|-
|18 August 1962
|First auroral research rocket launched into the ionosphere.
|[[File:Flag of Norway.svg|left|frameless|20x20px]] [[Norway]]
||[[Andøya Space#Ferdinand 1|Ferdinand 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|November 1962}}
||First Mars flyby (11,000&amp;nbsp;km) but contact was lost.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Mars 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|14 December 1962}}
||First successful planetary flyby ([[Venus]] closest approach 34,773 kilometers).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|16 June 1963}}
||First woman in space ([[Valentina Tereshkova]]).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Vostok 6]]
|
|-
||{{dts|19 July 1963}}
||First [[X-15|reusable crewed spacecraft]] (''suborbital'').
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[X-15 Flight 90]]
|
|-
||{{dts|12 October 1964}}
||First multi-person crew (3) in orbit.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Voskhod 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|18 March 1965}}
||First space walk/[[extra-vehicular activity]] ([[Alexei Leonov]]).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Voskhod 2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|March 1965}}
||First crewed spacecraft to change orbit.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Gemini 3]]
|
|-
||{{dts|14 July 1965}}
||First [[Mars]] flyby (closest approach 9,846 kilometers; returned pictures).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 4]]
|
|-
||{{dts|14 July 1965}}
||First close-up photographs of another planet: [[Mars]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 4]]
|
|-
||{{dts|15 December 1965}}
||First orbital [[Space rendezvous|rendezvous]] (parallel flight, no docking).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Gemini 6A]]/[[Gemini 7]]
|
|-
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |{{dts|3 February 1966}}
||First [[soft landing (rocketry)|soft landing]] on another world (the Moon). &lt;br&gt;First photos from another world.
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |[[Luna 9]]
|
|-
||{{dts|1 March 1966}}
||First impact into another planet (Venus).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Venera 3]]
|
|-
||{{dts|16 March 1966}}
||First orbital docking between two spacecraft.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Gemini 8]]/[[Agena target vehicle]]
|
|-
||{{dts|3 April 1966}}
||First artificial satellite around another world (the Moon).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Luna 10]]
|
|-
||{{dts|August 1966}}
||First probe to map the Moon.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA
||[[Lunar Orbiter 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|30 October 1967}}
||First automated (crewless) [[Docking and berthing of spacecraft|docking]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188|Cosmos 186]]/[[Kosmos 186 and Kosmos 188|Cosmos 188]]
|
|-
||{{dts|September 1968}}
||First animals and plants to leave Earth orbit, to travel to and circle the Moon, and the first Moon mission with passengers to return safely to Earth.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
| valign=&quot;top&quot; |[[Zond 5]]
|
|-
||{{dts|7 December 1968}}
||First orbital ultraviolet observatory.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Orbiting Astronomical Observatory|OAO-2]]
|
|-
||{{dts|21 December 1968}}
||First piloted orbital mission of another celestial body (Moon). &lt;br&gt; First [[Trans-Earth injection]].&lt;br&gt; First human space mission to enter the gravitational influence of another celestial body (25 December).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Apollo 8]]
|
|-
||{{dts|January 1969}}
||First docking between two crewed spacecraft in Earth orbit, also the first crew exchange in space.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Soyuz 4]] and [[Soyuz 5]]
|
|-
||{{dts|January 1969}}
||First to parachute in Venus's atmosphere, lost contact before landing.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Venera 5]]
|
|-
||{{dts|23 May 1969}}
||First docking of two crewed spacecraft around another celestial body.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Apollo 10]]
|
|-
||{{dts|20 July 1969}}
||First human on the Moon, and first space launch from a celestial body other than the Earth.&lt;br&gt;First [[sample return mission|sample return]] from the Moon.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Apollo 11]]
|
|-
|{{dts|August 4, 1969}}
||First photograph of [[Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] from Space.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 7]]
|
|-
||{{dts|19 November 1969}}
||First [[Space rendezvous|rendezvous]] on the surface of a celestial body.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Apollo 12]]/[[Surveyor 3]]
|
|}

==1970–1980==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|-rg-color
! Date
! Mission success
! Country/organization
! Mission name
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
||{{dts|24 September 1970}}
||First [[sample return mission|automatic sample return]] from the Moon.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Luna 16]]
|
|-
||{{dts|17 November 1970}}
||First [[lunar rover]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Lunokhod 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|12 December 1970}}
||First X-ray [[Space observatory|orbital observatory]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Uhuru (satellite)]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|15 December 1970}}
||First soft landing on another planet (Venus). &lt;br&gt;First signals from another planet.
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Venera 7]]
|
|-
||{{dts|19 April 1971}}
||First [[space station]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Salyut 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|June, 1971}}
||First [[Space observatory|crewed orbital observatory]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Orion 1 and Orion 2 Space Observatories|Orion 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|14 November 1971}}
||First to maintain orbit around another planet ([[Mars]]).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 9]]
|
|-
||{{dts|27 November 1971}}
||First impact into Mars.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Mars 2]]
|
|-
|valign=top|{{dts|2 December 1971}}
||First soft Mars landing. &lt;br&gt;First signals from Mars surface.&lt;br&gt;First photograph from Martian surface.
|valign=top|[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
|valign=top|[[Mars 3]]
|
|-
||{{dts|3 March 1972}}
||First human made object sent on escape trajectory away from the Sun.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Pioneer 10]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|15 July 1972}}
||First mission to enter the asteroid belt and leave inner Solar System.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Pioneer 10]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|15 November 1972}}
||First orbital gamma ray observatory.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Second Small Astronomy Satellite|SAS 2]]
|
|-
|14 May 1973
|Launch of Skylab -  first American space station.
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|[[Skylab]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Whiting|first=Melanie|date=2018-05-14|title=Skylab: America's First Space Station|url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/skylab-america-s-first-space-station|access-date=2021-02-03|website=NASA}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|3 December 1973}}
||First Jupiter flyby (at 130,000&amp;nbsp;km).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Pioneer 10]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|5 February 1974}}
||[[Venus]] flyby at 5768 kilometers, first gravitational assist manoeuvre.&lt;br&gt;First photograph of [[Venus (planet)|Venus]] from Space.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 10]]
|
|-
||{{dts|29 March 1974}}
||First [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]] flyby at 703 kilometers.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Mariner 10]]
|
|-
||{{dts|30 May 1975}}
||Formation of [[European Space Agency]], which pools the resources of several European countries.
||[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
||
|
|-
||{{dts|15 July 1975}}
||First multinational crewed mission.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Apollo-Soyuz Test Project]]
|
|-
||{{dts|20 October 1975}}
||First orbit around Venus.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Venera 9]]
|
|-
||{{dts|22 October 1975}}
||First successful photos from the surface of another planet (Venus).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union (1955-1980).svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Venera 9]]
|
|-
||{{dts|17 April 1976}}
||Very close flyby of the [[Sun]] (43.432 million kilometers).&lt;br&gt;Maximum speed record among spacecraft (252,792&amp;nbsp;km/h).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Germany.svg|20px]] [[West Germany]] ([[German Aerospace Centre|DFVLR]])
||''[[Helios (spacecraft)|Helios 2]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|20 July 1976}}
||First successful photos and soil samples from the surface of Mars.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Viking program|Viking Lander]]
|
|-
||{{dts|26 January 1978}}
||First real time remotely operated ultraviolet orbital observatory.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] [[ESA]]&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] [[UK]] ([[Science and Engineering Research Council|SERC]])
||[[International Ultraviolet Explorer]]
|
|-
||{{dts|4 December 1978}}
||First extended (multi-year) orbital exploration of [[Venus]] (from 1978 to 1992).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Pioneer Venus project|Pioneer Venus Orbiter]]
|
|-
||{{dts|5 March 1979}}
||[[Jupiter]] flyby (closest approach 349,000&amp;nbsp;km)&lt;br&gt;Encounters with five Jovian moons&lt;br&gt;Discovery of volcanism on [[Io (moon)|Io]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Voyager 1]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|1 September 1979}}
||First [[Saturn]] flyby at 21,000&amp;nbsp;km, first photographs of [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] from space.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Pioneer 11]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|12 November 1980}}
||Saturn flyby (closest approach 124,000 km), close encounter of [[Titan (moon)|Titan]] and encounters with a dozen others.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Voyager 1]]''
|
|}

==1981–1999==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot;
! Date
! Mission success
! Country/organization
! Mission name 
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
||{{dts|12 April 1981}}
||First [[Space Shuttle|Reusable crewed orbital spacecraft]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[STS-1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|1 March 1982}}
||First Venus soil samples and sound recording of another world.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Venera 13]]
|
|-
||{{dts|19 August 1982}}
||First mixed gender crew aboard space station, and first woman, [[Svetlana Savitskaya]], on space station.
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Salyut 7]]
|
|-
||{{dts|25 January 1983}}
||First Infrared [[space observatory|orbital observatory]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of the United Kingdom.svg|20px]] UK (SERC)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of the Netherlands.svg|20px]] [[Netherlands]] ([[Netherlands Agency for Aerospace Programmes|NIVR]])
||[[IRAS]]
|
|-
||{{dts|13 June 1983}}
||First spacecraft beyond the orbit of Neptune (first spacecraft to pass beyond all Solar System planets).||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Pioneer 10]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|7 February 1984}}
||First untethered spacewalk, [[Bruce McCandless II]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[STS-41-B]]
|
|-
||{{dts|25 July 1984}}
||First spacewalk by woman, [[Svetlana Savitskaya]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Salyut 7]]
|
|-
||{{dts|11 June 1985}}
||First balloon deployed on another planet (Venus).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Vega 1]]
|
|-
||{{dts|24 January 1986}}
||First [[Uranus]] flyby (closest approach {{convert|81500|km|nmi|sp=us}}).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Voyager 2]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|28 January 1986}}
||First major American space loss, the [[Space Shuttle Challenger disaster|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'' disaster]], an explosion soon after liftoff which killed, among others, [[Christa McAuliffe]], a high school teacher.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[STS-51-L]]
|
|-
||{{dts|19 February 1986}}
||First consistently inhabited long-term research [[space station]].
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Mir]]
|
|-
||{{dts|4 March 1986}}
||First flyby of a comet ([[Halley's Comet]], 8,889 kilometers).
||[[File:Flag of the Soviet Union.svg|20px]] USSR
||[[Vega 1]] &amp; [[Vega 2]]
|
|-
||{{dts| 13 March 1986}}
||First close up observations of a comet ([[Halley's Comet]], 596 kilometers).
||[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
||[[Giotto (spacecraft)|Giotto]]
|
|-
|{{dts|July 1988}}
|First suspected detection of an [[exoplanet]] [[Gamma Cephei Ab]], although the discovery was retracted in 1994, and not confirmed until 2002.&lt;p&gt;Team of astronomers, led by Bruce Campbell, Gordon Walker, and Stephenson Yang; existence announced by Anthony Lawton &amp; P. Wright in 1989
|[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] [[Canada]]
|
|
|-
|{{dts|8 August 1989}}
|First astrometric satellite
|[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
|[[Hipparcos]]
|
|-
|{{dts|25 August 1989}}
|First [[Neptune]] flyby (closest approach at 29,240&amp;nbsp;km).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|''[[Voyager 2]]''
|
|-
|{{dts|18 November 1989}}
|First orbital cosmic microwave observatory
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|[[Cosmic Background Explorer|COBE]]
|
|-
| {{dts|14 February 1990}}
| [[Family Portrait (Voyager)|First photograph of the whole Solar System]]
| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
| ''[[Voyager 1]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/advanced/20th_far_voyagers.html|title=Archived copy|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090331174421/http://filer.case.edu/sjr16/advanced/20th_far_voyagers.html|archive-date=2009-03-31|url-status=dead|access-date=2009-07-21}} &lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{dts|24 April 1990}}
|Optical orbital observatory
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
|''[[Hubble Space Telescope]]''
|
|-
|{{dts| 2 July 1990}}
|First time a spacecraft coming from deep space uses the Earth for a gravity-assist manoeuvre
|[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
|[[Giotto (spacecraft)|Giotto]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Space_Science/Giotto_overview|title=Giotto overview|website=European Space Agency|language=en-GB|access-date=2019-07-11}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|{{dts|15 September 1990}}
|Extended (multi-year) orbital exploration of [[Venus]].
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|[[Magellan (spacecraft)|Magellan]]
|
|-
|{{dts|21 October 1991}}
|First [[asteroid]] flyby ([[951 Gaspra]] closest approach 1,600 km).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]
|
|-
|1992
|First confirmed observation of an [[exoplanet]]
|[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Canada&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Poland.svg|20px]] [[Poland]]
|[[Aleksander Wolszczan]] &amp; [[Dale Frail]]
|
|-
|{{dts|8 February 1992}}
|First polar orbit around the Sun
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
|[[Ulysses (spacecraft)|Ulysses]]
|
|-
|{{dts|22 March 1995}}
|Record longest duration spaceflight (437.7 days) set by [[Valeri Polyakov]].
|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] [[Russia]] ([[Russian Federal Space Agency|FKA]])
|[[Mir]]
|
|-
|{{dts|7 December 1995}}
|First orbit of [[Jupiter]]
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo]]
|
|-
||{{dts|7 December 1995}}
||First mission into the atmosphere of a gas giant ([[Jupiter]]).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[Galileo (spacecraft)|Galileo{{'}}s atmospheric entry probe]]
|
|-
||{{dts|12 February 1997}}
||First orbital radio observatory.
||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] [[Japan]] ([[Institute of Space and Astronautical Science|ISAS]])
||[[HALCA]]
|
|-
|{{dts|4 July 1997}}
|First operational rover on another planet (Mars).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|[[Mars Pathfinder]]
|
|-
|{{dts|20 November 1998}}
|First multinational space station.&lt;br&gt;Largest artificial object built in space to date.
|[[File:Flag of Russia.svg|20px]] Russia (FKA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] Europe (ESA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japan (JAXA)&lt;br&gt;[[File:Flag of Canada.svg|20px]] Canada ([[Canadian Space Agency|CSA]])
|[[International Space Station]]
|
|}

==2000–2021==
{| class=&quot;wikitable&quot;
|- bgcolor=&quot;#efefef&quot;
! Date
! Mission success
! Country/organization
! Mission name 
!{{Abbr|Ref(s)|Reference(s)}}
|-
||{{dts|14 February 2000}}
||First orbiting of an asteroid ([[433 Eros]]).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA) [[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
||[[NEAR Shoemaker]]
|
|-
||{{dts|12 February 2001}}
||First landing on an asteroid ([[433 Eros]]).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||[[NEAR Shoemaker]]
|
|-
|21 June 2004
|First human spaceflight launched by a private company (suborbital).&lt;br&gt;First private astronaut ([[Mike Melvill]]).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA ([[Mojave Aerospace Ventures]])
|''[[SpaceShipOne]]'' [[SpaceShipOne flight 15P|Flight 15P]]
|
|-
||{{dts|1 July 2004}}
||First orbit of [[Saturn]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA) [[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] [[Italy]] ([[Italian Space Agency|ASI]])
||''[[Cassini–Huygens]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|8 September 2004}}
||First sample return beyond lunar orbit (solar wind).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Genesis (spacecraft)|Genesis]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|14 January 2005}}
||First soft landing on [[Titan (moon)|Titan]].&lt;br&gt;First soft landing in the [[outer Solar System]].
||[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA) [[File:Flag of Italy.svg|20px]] Italy (ASI)
||''[[Cassini–Huygens]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|19 November 2005}}
||First asteroid ascent ([[25143 Itokawa]]).&lt;br /&gt;First interplanetary escape without undercarriage cutoff.{{clarify|date=October 2020}}
||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japan ([[JAXA]])
||''[[Hayabusa]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|15 January 2006}}
||First sample return from comet ([[81P/Wild]]).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|8 November 2008}}
||Discovery of [[lunar water]] in the form of ice.
||[[File:Flag of India.svg|20px]] INDIA (ISRO)
||''[[Chandrayaan-1]]''
|
|-
|| {{dts|6 March 2009}}
|| Kepler Mission is launched, first space telescope designated to search for Earth-like exoplanets.
|| [[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|| [[Kepler Mission]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://spacechronology.com/2000s.html#2009|title=NASA launches Kepler Mission: Search for Earth-like worlds|website=Spacechornology.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110122064714/http://www.spacechronology.com/2000s.html#2009|archive-date=22 January 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=4 August 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|13 June 2010}}
||First sample return from asteroid ([[25143 Itokawa]]).
||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japan (JAXA)
||''[[Hayabusa]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|18 March 2011}}
||First orbit of [[Mercury (planet)|Mercury]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[MESSENGER]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|16 July 2011}}
||First orbit of giant asteroid [[4 Vesta|Vesta]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|25 August 2012}}
||First manmade probe in [[interstellar space]].
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Voyager 1]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|12 November 2014}}
||First artificial probe to make a planned and soft landing on a comet ([[67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko]]).
||[[File:Flag of Europe.svg|20px]] ESA
||''[[Rosetta (spacecraft)|Rosetta]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/13/science/space/european-space-agencys-spacecraft-lands-on-comets-surface.html?hp&amp;action=click&amp;pgtype=Homepage&amp;module=photo-spot-region&amp;region=top-news&amp;WT.nav=top-news&amp;_r=0|title=European Space Agency's Spacecraft Lands on Comet's Surface|last=Chang|first=Kenneth|date=November 12, 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|access-date=November 12, 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|6 March 2015}}
||First orbit of [[dwarf planet]] ([[Ceres (dwarf planet)|Ceres]]).&lt;br&gt;First spacecraft to orbit two separate celestial bodies.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[Dawn (spacecraft)|Dawn]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|July 2015}}
||First flyby of [[dwarf planet]] ([[Pluto (dwarf planet)|Pluto]]).&lt;br&gt;Last original encounter with one of the nine major planets recognized in 1981.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
||''[[New Horizons (spacecraft)|New Horizons]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|10 August 2015}}
||First food grown in space eaten (lettuce).
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japan (JAXA)
||''[[International Space Station]]'' 
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/station/research/news/meals_ready_to_eat|title=Meals Ready to Eat: Expedition 44 Crew Members Sample Leafy Greens Grown on Space Station|date=7 July 2015|work=Nasa}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|23 November 2015
|First [[VTVL|propulsive landing]] of a rocket after sending something into space (suborbital).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA ([[Blue Origin]])
|[[New Shepard#First vertical soft landing|New Shepard 2]]
|&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|last1=Foust|first1=Jeff|date=24 November 2015|title=Blue Origin Flies — and Lands — New Shepard Suborbital Spacecraft|work=[[SpaceNews (publication)|Space News]]|url=http://spacenews.com/blue-origin-successfully-flies-new-shepard-suborbital-vehicle/|access-date=1 December 2015|quote=We’re going to take that same exact architecture that was demonstrated and use it on our the booster stage of our orbital vehicle}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|21 December 2015}}
|| First [[VTVL|propulsive landing]] of an orbital rocket.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA ([[SpaceX]])
||[[Falcon 9 first-stage landing tests]]
|
|-
||{{dts|19 October 2017}}
|| First known interstellar object detected passing through the Solar System.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA [[Haleakalā Observatory]]
||''[[Oumuamua]]''
|
|-
||{{dts|21 September 2018}}
|| First operational rover on asteroid ([[162173 Ryugu]]).
||[[File:Flag of Japan.svg|20px]] Japan (JAXA)
||''[[Hayabusa2]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/hayabusa-2/in-depth/|title=Hayabusa 2|website=NASA Science Solar System Exploration|language=en|access-date=2020-07-29}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|1 January 2019
|First [[contact binary]] explored by spacecraft ([[486958 Arrokoth]]).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|''[[New Horizons (spacecraft)|New Horizons]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://news.sky.com/story/ultima-thule-clearest-image-yet-of-snowman-space-rock-released-by-nasa-11597230|title=Ultima Thule: Clearest image yet of 'snowman' space rock released by NASA|website=Sky News|language=en|access-date=2019-01-02}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|3 January 2019}}
||First [[Soft landing (aeronautics)|soft landing]] on the [[far side of the Moon]]; also first germination of seeds on another celestial body.
||{{Flagicon|China}} China ([[China National Space Administration|CNSA]])
||''[[Chang'e 4]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jan/03/china-probe-change-4-land-far-side-moon-basin-crater|title=Far side of the moon: China's Chang'e 4 probe makes historic touchdown|last=Lyons|first=Kate|date=2019-01-03|work=The Guardian|access-date=2019-01-03|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|10 April 2019
|First direct photograph of a [[black hole]] and its vicinity.
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|''[[Event Horizon Telescope]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Drake|first=Nadia|date=10 April 2019|title=First-ever picture of a black hole unveiled|url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2019/04/first-picture-black-hole-revealed-m87-event-horizon-telescope-astrophysics/|access-date=27 Jan 2021|website=National Geographic}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
||{{dts|30 May 2020}}
|| First orbital human spaceflight launched by a private company.
||[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA ([[SpaceX]])
||''[[Crew Dragon Demo-2|SpaceX Demo-2]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=SpaceX Speeding Astronauts to Space Station in Landmark Trip|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-05-30/spacex-set-to-retry-historic-rocket-launch-after-weather-delay|date=2020-05-30|website=www.bloomberg.com|access-date=2020-05-31}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|-
|19 April 2021
|First aerodynamically-powered flight on another celestial body (Mars).
|[[File:Flag of the United States.svg|20px]] USA (NASA)
|''[[Ingenuity (helicopter)|Ingenuity]]''
|&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|title=NASA's Ingenuity Mars Helicopter Succeeds in Historic First Flight|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-ingenuity-mars-helicopter-succeeds-in-historic-first-flight|date=2021-04-19|website=www.nasa.gov|access-date=2021-04-19}}&lt;/ref&gt;
|}

==See also==
* [[Discovery and exploration of the Solar System]] 
* [[Timeline of Solar System exploration]]
* [[Timeline of artificial satellites and space probes]]
* [[Timeline of space travel by nationality]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.spacechronology.com Chronology of Space Exploration] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525172729/http://spacechronology.com/ |date=2017-05-25 }} archive of important space exploration missions and events, including future planned and proposed endeavors
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060915005252/http://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/CosmosNotes/manchr1.htm Crewed spaceflight 1961-1980]
* [https://archive.today/20070219132314/http://pages.prodigy.net/pxkb94ars/Timeline/index.html Crewed spaceflight chronology]
* [http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/space_missions/manned_table.html History of crewed space missions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207041857/http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/space_missions/manned_table.html |date=2009-02-07 }}
* [http://www.historyshots.com/space/timeline.cfm Timeline of the Space Race/Moon Race]
* [http://www.russianspaceweb.com/chronology_moon_race.html Chronology: Moon Race at russianspaceweb.com]
* [https://www.tiki-toki.com/timeline/entry/769131/space-timeline#vars!date=1957-10-04_01:59:57! Space Timeline in 3d]

{{Planetary exploration}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}
{{Exploration}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Timeline Of Space Exploration}}
[[Category:Spaceflight timelines]]
[[Category:Space exploration|*]]</text>
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'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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| website              = https://delangepiano.com
}}
'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>540067</id>
      <parentid>540066</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T11:02:21Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Daniuu</username>
        <id>48803</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Vamos</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1015" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox artiest
| afbeelding           = 
| naam                 = DeLange
| geboren              = [[1972]]
| geboorteplaats       = [[Rotterdam]]
| land                 = {{NL}}
| volledige naam       = Frank de Lange
| genre                = [[neoklassiek]] [[impressionisme]]
| instrument           = [[piano (instrument)|piano]]
| website              = https://delangepiano.com
}}
'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>tmb15ps0te2snoqyyi4jcl2bxsghoqg</sha1>
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    <revision>
      <id>540068</id>
      <parentid>540067</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-08-25T11:02:26Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>WikiportraitBot</username>
        <id>49237</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>+Upload via #Wikiportret</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1061" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox artiest
| afbeelding           = Sculptuur de literatuurbespeler-1644764277.jpg
| naam                 = DeLange
| geboren              = [[1972]]
| geboorteplaats       = [[Rotterdam]]
| land                 = {{NL}}
| volledige naam       = Frank de Lange
| genre                = [[neoklassiek]] [[impressionisme]]
| instrument           = [[piano (instrument)|piano]]
| website              = https://delangepiano.com
}}
'''DeLange''', artiestennaam van '''Frank de Lange''' ([[Rotterdam]], 1972), is een Nederlandse pianist en componist van overwegend piano-solostukken in neoklassieke of impressionistische stijl. DeLange heeft de waarnemingsvorm [[chromesthesie]], een vorm van [[Synesthesie (zintuig)|synesthesie]]. Hierdoor ervaart hij geluid, en dus ook muziek, in kleuren en vormen; een aandoening die een belangrijke rol speelt tijdens het componeren van zijn muziek.&lt;ref&gt;Blog en interview Glassfactory [https://glassefactory.com/through-the-cascade-with-delange/?fbclid=IwAR10KqJ6ZCwn0y0Rcaj8hVG1St6wml87W3ZSsH-HUSj7laH7PshmfIb7VvM]&lt;/ref&gt;</text>
      <sha1>7uity58wy28d51ovo0y42oacn45dmrc</sha1>
    </revision>
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