User:Xaosflux

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      <text bytes="137" xml:space="preserve">&lt;indicator name=&quot;UserXaosflux&quot;&gt;[[File:Water drop 001.jpg|20px]]&lt;/indicator&gt;
{{softredirect|w:en:User:Xaosflux}}
[[Category:Test Cat 111]]</text>
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      <comment>Undo revision 430687 by [[Special:Contributions/Aghahas|Aghahas]] ([[User talk:Aghahas|talk]]) Test revert</comment>
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      <text bytes="8272" xml:space="preserve">Test edit 4. Test edit 5. Bird bird bird, bird is the word. 
[[File:Coracias caudatus, Kenya 2-2.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]

[[File:Pfanne (Edelstahl).jpg|thumb|A [[stainless steel]] [[frying pan]]]]

=This is some text.=
== Goats are not birds ==
=== Birds are not goats ===
blahblah


[[bird2#Goat|goat]]

hi

=This is some more text.=
bla bla bla
2

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=Goat=
[[Goats]], goats, [[goat|goats]]!!!

=%20=

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=Section%20Title%21=

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=Test Section=

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=Teoria della relatività=

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= Goat2 =</text>
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    <title>User:Unicodesnowman/DeleteMark</title>
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      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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      <comment>pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="61" xml:space="preserve">{{delete|1=pywikibot unit test. Do NOT actually delete.}}
foo</text>
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  <page>
    <title>User talk:Shirayuki</title>
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      <text bytes="186" xml:space="preserve">Hello. [[User:Shirayuki|Shirayuki]] ([[User talk:Shirayuki|talk]]) 02:37, 23 July 2022 (UTC)
Hello. [[User:Shirayuki|Shirayuki]] ([[User talk:Shirayuki|talk]]) 01:00, 10 March 2019 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Yellow</title>
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      <text bytes="80819" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-pc1|expiry=June 6, 2020}}{{About|the color}}{{technical reasons|Yellow #5|that title|Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Infobox colour|title=Yellow|image={{photomontage
|photo1a=Aspen-PopulusTremuloides-2001-09-27.jpg
|photo1b=Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg
|photo1c=20130304FeteDuCitronMenton 010.jpg
|photo2a=Bradley Wiggins, 2012 Tour de France finish.jpg
|photo2b=清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg
|photo2c=Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg
|photo3a=Cornwall Daffodils.jpg
| size = 243
| color_border = #009001
| color =  #000000
| caption=
| foot_montage = }}|wavelength=575–585&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.info/color/|title=Color|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=521–512|hex=FFFF00|textcolour=purple|spelling=Color|r=255|g=255|b=0|c=0|m=0|y=100|k=0|h=60|s=100|v=100|source=[[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]&lt;ref name=&quot;css3-color&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;!-- 1st para – definition, place in science and nature--&gt; '''Yellow''' is the color of Judas, the man whom betrays JESUS AND JACOB. The living son of GOD, Emanuel is Hispanic A.K.A yellow. Who betrays me? Time has repeated!! [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and [[green]] on the [[Visible spectrum|spectrum of visible light]]. It is evoked by light with a [[dominant wavelength]] of roughly 570{{ndash}}590 [[Nanometre|nm]]. It is a [[primary color]] in [[subtractive color]] systems, used in painting or color printing. In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a [[secondary color]] made by combining red and green at equal intensity.   [[Carotenoids]] give the characteristic yellow color to [[Autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]], [[Maize|corn]], [[Domestic Canary|canaries]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], and [[lemons]], as well as [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]],  [[Buttercup|buttercups]], and [[Banana|bananas]]. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=G.A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J.E.|title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis|journal=FASEB J.|volume=10|issue=2|pages=228–37|year=1996|pmid=8641556|doi=|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8641556}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sunlight]] has a slight yellowish hue when sun is near a horizon, due to atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet).&lt;!-- 2nd para – In history and culture--&gt;Because it was widely available, [[yellow ochre]] pigment was one of the first colors used in art;  the [[Lascaux]] cave in '''France''' has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old.  Ochre and [[orpiment]] pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in the murals in Roman villas.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html%7cWebexhibits|title=Pigments through the Ages – Antiquity|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the [[Pope]] and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but was also associated with [[Judas Iscariot]] and was used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow star]]. In China, bri&lt;br&gt;

Edit to revert, just testing.[[File:Yellow Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa Twisted Pair DoF 2000px.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]&lt;br&gt;ght yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the Emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on a yellow carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot;&gt;Cited in Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 3rd para – symbolism and common associations--&gt;According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chaharshanbe Suri|In Iran]] it has connotations of pallor/sickness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php|title=Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire|website=www.iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also wisdom and connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html|title=Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture|website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86&lt;/ref&gt;


Rurjdj

== Etymology ==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', ''geolwe'' ([[oblique case]]), meaning &quot;yellow, yellowish&quot;, derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz'' &quot;yellow&quot;. It has the same Indo-European base, ''gʰel-'', as the words ''gold'' and ''yell''; ''gʰel-'' means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out.&lt;ref&gt;''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988)&lt;/ref&gt;

The English term 

is related to other Germanic words for ''yellow'', namely Scots ''yella'', East Frisian ''jeel'', West Frisian ''giel'', Dutch ''geel'', German ''gelb'', and Swedish and Norwegian ''gul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&amp;searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the oldest known use of this word in English is from ''The Epinal Glossary'' in 700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/231534|title=yellow, adj. and n|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Science and nature ==

=== Optics, color printing, and computer screens ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
CMYK color swatches.svg| Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). When CMY &quot;primaries&quot; are combined at full strength, the resulting &quot;secondary&quot; mixtures are red, green, and blue
SubtractiveColor.svg |Mixing all three theoretically results in black, but imperfect ink formulations do not give true black, which is why an additional ''K'' component is needed.
File:NIEdot367.jpg|An example of color printing from 1902. Combining images in yellow, magenta and cyan creates a full-color picture.  This is called the CMYK color model.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer display, yellow is created by combining green and red light at the right intensity on a black screen. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a [[dominant wavelength]] between 570 and 590 nanometers.

In color printing, yellow is one of the three colors of ink, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]], which, along with black,  can be overlaid in the right combination, along with black, to print any full color image. (See the [[CMYK color model]]).  A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as &quot;pigment yellow&quot;, &quot;printer's yellow&quot;, and &quot;canary yellow&quot;) subtractive [[Primary color|primary colors]], along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]].   Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See [[RGB color model]]).

==== Complementary colors ====
[[File:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480&amp;nbsp;nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the &quot;[[Planckian locus]]&quot;.]]
Traditionally, the [[complementary color]] of yellow is [[purple]]; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Roelofs|first1=Isabelle|last2=Petillion|first2=Fabien|title=La couleur expliquée aux artistes|year=2012|publisher=Eyrolles|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-212-13486-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Vincent Van Gogh]], an avid student of color theory,  used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Gage|year=2006|title=La Couleur dans l'art|pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunt defines that &quot;two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hunt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Measuring Color|first=J. W. G.|last=Hunt|year=1980|publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd|isbn=978-0-7458-0125-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are [[Complementary color|complementary]]. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call '''violet or purple'''. Helmholtz says &quot;Yellow and indigo blue&quot; are complements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Physiological Optics|first=Hermann|last=von Helmholtz|publisher=Dover|year=1924|isbn=978-0-486-44260-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says &quot;This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Theory of Compound Colors|first=Hermann Günter|last=Grassmann|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=4|year=1854|pages=254–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450&amp;nbsp;nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580&amp;nbsp;nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[Kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[Color wheel|color wheels]], painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

==== Lasers ====
[[Laser|Lasers]] emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=27 March 2009|quote=described as an &quot;extremely rare yellow&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In commercial products diode pumped solid state ([[Diode-pumped solid-state laser|DPSS]]) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808&amp;nbsp;nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76&amp;nbsp;THz and 223.39&amp;nbsp;THz: 1064&amp;nbsp;nm and 1342&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15&amp;nbsp;THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5&amp;nbsp;nm (&quot;yellow&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ledmuseum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm|title=Yellow (593.5&amp;nbsp;nm) DPSS Laser Module|last=Johnson|first=Craig|date=22 March 2009|publisher=The LED Museum|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a [[helium–neon laser]]. However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590&amp;nbsp;nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589&amp;nbsp;nm, which is considered a true yellow color.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of yellow lasers at 589&amp;nbsp;nm and 594&amp;nbsp;nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of [[optogenetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koala can operate yellow lasers using their claw. They are responsible for multiple yellow laser attacks on kangaroos that were teasing them.

=== Astronomy ===
[[Star|Stars]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] F have [[Color temperature|color temperatures]] that make them look &quot;yellowish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stars and Galaxies|first=Ron|last=Miller|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7613-3466-8|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=spectral-class+yellow}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|F. G. W. Struve]] in 1827. One of his classifications was ''flavae'', or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Murdin|year=1984|page=18|title=Colours of the stars|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25714-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Strömgren photometric system]] for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550&amp;nbsp;nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strömgren|first=Bengt|title=Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|pages=8–37|bibcode=1963QJRAS...4....8S|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Andrew|last2=Cooper|first2=W. Alan|title=Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science|journal=Observing the Universe : A Guide to Observational Astronomy and Planetary Science|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60393-5|page=63|bibcode=2004ougo.book.....N}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biology ===
Autumn [[leaves]], yellow flowers, [[Banana|bananas]], [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and other yellow [[Fruit|fruits]] all contain [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]], yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] and [[Chromoplast|chromoplasts]] of plants and some other [[photosynthetic]] organisms like [[algae]], some [[bacteria]] and some [[fungi]]. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in [[photosynthesis]], and they protect the green [[chlorophyll]] from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot; /&gt;

In late summer, as [[daylight]] hours shorten and temperatures cool, the [[Vein|veins]] that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and [[mineral]] intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic [[autumn leaf color]].

Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to [[Carrot|carrots]], [[maize]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], [[Rutabaga|rutabagas]], [[Buttercup|buttercups]] and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked [[Lobster|lobsters]], the pink of [[flamingoes]] and [[salmon]] and the yellow of [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]].

[[Xanthophylls]] are the most common yellow [[Pigment|pigments]] that form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. The name is from Greek ''xanthos'' ('''ξανθος''', &quot;yellow&quot;) + ''phyllon'' ('''φύλλον''', &quot;leaf&quot;). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], usually [[lutein]], to make the egg yolks more yellow.

Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; [[hormones]] in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several [[enzymes]]. These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of the carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;
File:Fall colors near the Eagle Lake trailhead.jpg|Autumn colors along the [[Eagle River (Cook Inlet)|Eagle River]] near [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
File:Cornwall Daffodils.jpg|[[Daffodils]] in [[Cornwall]]
File:Bananas.jpg|[[Banana]]s, like autumn [[leaves]], [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[egg yolks]], get their yellow color from natural pigments called [[carotenoids]].
File:Raw egg.jpg|The yolk of a raw egg. The color comes from the [[xanthophyll]] carotenoids [[lutein]] and [[zeaxanthin]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fish ====

* [[Yellowtail (fish)|Yellowtail]] is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''Thunnus albacares'') is a species of tuna, having bright yellow [[Anal fin|anal]] and second [[Dorsal fin|dorsal fins]]. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, it is caught as a replacement for depleted stocks of [[bluefin tuna]].

==== Insects ====
[[File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg|thumb|A [[yellow jacket]] [[wasp]]]]

* The [[yellow-fever mosquito]] (''Aedes aegypti'') is a mosquito so named because it transmits [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-borne viruses.
* [[Yellowjacket|Yellowjackets]] are black-and-yellow [[Wasp|wasps]] of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].

==== Trees ====
[[File:Snowbowlaspens.jpg|left|thumb|American aspens, ''[[Populus tremuloides]]'']]

* [[Populus tremuloides]] is a [[deciduous]] tree native to cooler areas of [[North America]], one of several species referred to by the common name [[aspen]].  ''Populus tremuloides'' is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico.
* The [[yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reach about {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tall, trunks up to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/cs/fallfoliagetrees/a/fall_foliage4.htm|title=Fall Foliage of 4 Types of Birch Trees|author=David Beaulieu|website=About.com Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
* The [[Thorny Yellowwood|thorny yellowwood]] is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
* [[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]] is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The ''[[Handroanthus albus]]'' is a tree with yellow flowers native to the [[Cerrado]] of Brazil.

== History, art, and fashion ==

=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of [[gold]]. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot; /&gt;

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent [[gold]] and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]]. from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the [[Bible]] never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In 16th century Spain, those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Karen|year=2010|title=Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. (Circa 1200).
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], c. 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (c. 1658)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Modern history ===

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

Circa 1776, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is &quot;considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=John|year=1975|title=National Gallery of Art, Washington|location=New York|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 19th-century British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.&lt;ref&gt;John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt;

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, &quot;Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!&quot; In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as &quot;buttery yellow.&quot; Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809, and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as &quot;[[yellow journalism]]&quot;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32&quot; x 25 1/2&quot; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the &quot;Eye Saver Yellow&quot; [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt;

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of [[sugar]] and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker.com&quot;&gt;Cynthia Zarin (November 13, 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] ''New Yorker''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|[[Jew]]s in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s like this.
File:Horse&amp;rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Fruits, vegetables, and eggs ===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk|Egg yolks]] gain their color from [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Aconitum lycoctonum DSCF1355.JPG|''[[Aconitum lycoctonum]]'' (northern wolfsbane)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:Mother and daughter edit.jpg| ''[[Anthemis tinctoria]]'' &lt;br /&gt;(golden marguerite)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Arnica montana.JPG|''[[Arnica montana]]'' (leopard's bane)
File:Balsamorhiza sagittata.jpg| ''[[Balsamorhiza sagittata]]'' (arrowleaf balsamroot)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Other plants ====

* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan_yellow.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]

* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]] and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),&lt;ref name=&quot;nile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm|title=Titan Yellow|date=26 July 2008|publisher=Nile Chemicals|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaton1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Heaton|first=F.W.|title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–60|date=July 1960|pmid=14400446|pmc=480095|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14400446|doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Methyl yellow]] (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;iarc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=1975|title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene|journal=IARC – Summaries &amp; Evaluations|volume=8|page=125|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain|year=2003|publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|archivedate=12 November 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&amp;nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[Allotrope|allotropes]] which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre_quarry,_Roussillon,_France_(465185258).jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]

* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),&lt;ref name=&quot;hsarts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|title=Health &amp; Safety in the Arts|publisher=City of Tucson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|archivedate=10 May 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|.H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-ochre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;harley&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Harley|first=Rosamond Drusilla|title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835|edition=2|year=2001|page=117|publisher=Archetype Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-873132-91-3|oclc=47823825|url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-naples&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cds&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow|Chrome Yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointilist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow|Titanium Yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO.Sb|2|O|5|.20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code &quot;Y10&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbnl2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html|title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)|date=14 February 2005|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOEgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge|title=gamboge (gum resin)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name &quot;gamboge&quot; is derived from &quot;[[Cambodia]]&quot; – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEWgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&amp;Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|title=Gamboge|date=16 July 2002|publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|archivedate=10 April 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=7 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field-orp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Field|first=George|title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists|editor=Salter, Thomas|publisher=Winsor and Newton|location=London|year=1869|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====

* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a [[spice]] and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.

* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)&lt;/ref&gt; In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&amp;pg=PA1352&amp;lpg=PA1352&amp;dq|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|accessdate=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments|first1=Nicholas|last1=Eastaugh|first2=Valentine|last2=Walsh|first3=Tracey|last3=Chaplin|first4=Ruth|last4=Siddall|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5749-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;dq=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kambuj&quot; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic [[Lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[azo dye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fanl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|title=Food Additives- Numerical List|author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|authorlink=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|archivedate=25 June 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]&quot;, Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&amp;C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|title=Acid Yellow 23|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as &quot;color&quot;, &quot;tartrazine&quot;, or &quot;E102&quot;. In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.&lt;ref&gt;[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20&lt;/ref&gt;

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as '''orange yellow S'', ''FD&amp;C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbons]] from [[petroleum]]. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-85573-722-1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Roger M.|title=Analytical methods for food additives|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2004|pages=|isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism and associations ==
In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color; in a 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it was their least favorite color.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; the color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot; /&gt; But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is a color of virtue and nobility.

=== In China ===
Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions of the compass; north, south, east, west, and the middle, each with a symbolic color. Yellow signifies the middle. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The legendary first emperor of China was called the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The last emperor of China, [[Puyi]] (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. &quot;It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|script-title=zh:我的前半生|trans-title=The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|orig-year=First published 1964&lt;!-- , 1987, 2002 --&gt;|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=978-7-119-00772-4|language=zh|title=From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1989}}&amp;nbsp;– original&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot; /&gt;

The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both a political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the [[Song Dynasty]], bright yellow color can only be worn by the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet.

In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of the two opposites which complement each other, the [[yin and yang]], the masculine yang is traditionally represented by yellow. Just as there are five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese world-view, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, fall, spring, and the end of summer, symbolized by yellow leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot; /&gt;

In current [[Chinese culture|Chinese pop culture]], the term &quot;yellow movie&quot; (黃色電影) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature and is analogous to the English term &quot;[[wiktionary:blue movie|blue movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm|title=Chinese porn trader jailed for life|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 March 2009|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|date=28 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, this became the basis of the '[[very erotic very violent]]' (literally, 'very yellow very violent') controversy in mainland China.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Zhengde.jpg|Portrait of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] from the [[Ming dynasty]].
File:Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in court dress (18th century).
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase Closeup.jpg|[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. The color is named &quot;Imperial Yellow&quot; after the banner of the Qing Dynasty.
File:Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, with tourists 2.jpg|Yellow roofs in the [[Forbidden City]], which are limited to imperial buildings.
File:Shanghainanjingroadpic1.jpg|Neon lights in modern [[Shanghai]] show a predominance of red and yellow.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Light and reason ===
{{Anchor|Light and Reason}}&lt;!--Old section name--&gt; Yellow, as the color of sunlight when sun is near the horizon, is commonly associated with warmth. Yellow combined with red symbolized heat and energy. A room painted yellow feels warmer than a room painted white, and a lamp with yellow light seems more natural than a lamp with white light.

As the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, &quot;brilliant&quot; and &quot;bright&quot; mean intelligent. In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, red symbolized passion, blue symbolized the spiritual, and yellow symbolized reason. In many European universities, yellow gowns and caps are worn by members of the faculty of physical and natural sciences, as yellow is the color of reason and research.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gold and blond ===
In ancient Greece and Rome,  the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair;  which was described in literature as 'golden'.  The color yellow was associated with the sun gods [[Helios]] and [[Apollo]].  It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ancient Rome,  prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain,  and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html|title=Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often  &quot;golden&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000),  ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Visibility and caution ===
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxicabs. It is also often used for warning signs, since yellow traditionally signals caution, rather than danger. [[Shades of yellow#Safety yellow|Safety yellow]] is often used for safety and accident prevention information. A yellow light on a traffic signal means slow down, but not stop. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses Pantone 116 (a yellow hue) as their standard color implying &quot;general warning,&quot; while the Federal Highway Administration similarly uses yellow to communicate warning or caution on highway signage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; A yellow [[penalty card]] in a soccer match means warning, but not expulsion.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:First Student 132.jpg|School bus
File:Gelber Briefkasten der Deutschen Post.JPG|A mailbox in Germany. Yellow was the color of the early postal service in the Habsburg Empire.
File:Crashtender BC.jpg|A crash tender of the [[Royal Danish Air Force]].
File:Sea King HAR3 XZ585 at RIAT 2010 arp.jpg|An RAF Sea King rescue helicopter.
File:Massimo Busacca, Referee, Switzerland (10).jpg|Yellow [[penalty card]] used during an [[association football]] match
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Optimism and pleasure ===
Yellow is the color most associated with [[optimism]] and [[pleasure]]; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for amusement. Yellow dresses in [[fashion]] are rare, but always associated with gaiety and celebration.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:L'impératrice Eugénie à la Marie-Antoinette, 1854, Franz Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|The [[Empress Eugenie]] dressed as [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1854)
File:Kuznetsova by Repin.jpg|''Portrait of Madame Kuznetsova'', by [[Ilya Repin]]. (1901)
File:James Tissot - The Ball.jpg|''The Ball'' by [[James Tissot]] (1880)
File:Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg|Yellow Dress – Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer
File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]] dansers
File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|Singer [[Kylie Minogue]] performs at a [[Nobel Prize]] Concert
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== In other cultures ===

* The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] associated the color yellow with the direction South. The Maya glyph for &quot;yellow&quot; (k'an) also means &quot;precious&quot; or &quot;ripe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kettunen2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kettunen|first1=Harri|last2=Helmke|first2=Christophe|title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference)|publisher=Wayeb &amp; Leiden University|location=Leiden|date=5 December 2005|page=75|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow&quot; (&quot;[[giallo]]&quot;), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers.

=== Music ===

* [[The Beatles]] 1966 album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' features the No. 1 hit, &quot;[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]&quot;. Subsequently, [[United Artists]] released an animated film in 1968 called ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', based on the music of the Beatles.
* The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' reached number 2 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' charts in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The featured song on the album, &quot;[[Mellow Yellow]]&quot;, popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[Banana peel|banana peels]], although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by [[Country Joe McDonald]].
* [[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single &quot;[[Yellow (Coldplay song)|Yellow]]&quot;.
* &quot;[[Yellow River (song)|Yellow River]]&quot; is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
* The ''[[Yellow River Piano Concerto]]'' is a [[piano concerto]] arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. Its premiere was in 1969 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

=== Politics ===
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul_17nov2018_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Yellow vests&quot; protest in France, November 2018]]

* In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a &quot;yellow dog&quot; before voting for a Republican.
* In China the [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
* Yellow is an important color of [[anarcho-capitalist symbolism]].
* The 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] was also known as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations. Liberal and pro-democracy political parties and organizations such as [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization|UNIDO]], [[PDP–Laban|PDP-Laban]], and the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] have used the color yellow. More recently, it has become a pejorative term used by some pro-Ferdinand Marcos and pro-Rodrigo Duterte against the opposition.
* Contemporary political parties using yellow include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and [[UKIP]] in the [[UK]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] in [[Scotland]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] in the US.
* In France in November and December 2018, an opposition movement called the [[Yellow vests movement|Yellow Vests]] went into the streets to protest against the fiscal policies of President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. They wore yellow safety vests, which French motorists are required by law to have in their cars.&lt;ref&gt;Essay on Yellow by Michel Pastoureau, ''Liberation'', 5 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historic flags ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433.svg|The banner of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century). The black, yellow and red colors reappeared first in 1848 and then in the 20th century in the German flag.
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg| (1819) The flag of [[Gran Colombia]], which won independence from Spain, then broke into three countries ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]) in 1830.
File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Imperial flag of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China (1890–1912), the last dynasty of China, overthrown by the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.
File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|Flag of [[South Vietnam]] (1955–75). This was the flag of the anti-communist southern part of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. It was replaced by the flag of North Vietnam after communist forces took [[Saigon]] on April 30, 1975.
File:Flag of East Germany.svg|The flag of [[East Germany]] (1959–90). It differs from the West German flag by the presence of a communist symbol in the center, and it fell out of use when Germany was reunified after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Selected national and international flags ===
Three of the five most populous countries in the world (China, India, and Brazil) have yellow or gold in their flag, representing about half of the world's population. While many flags use yellow, their symbolism varies widely, from civic virtue to golden treasure, golden fields, the desert, royalty, the keys to Heaven and the leadership of the Communist Party. In classic European [[heraldry]], yellow, along with white, is one of the two [[Tincture (heraldry)|metals]] (called gold and silver) and therefore flags following heraldic design rules must use either yellow or white to separate any of their other colors (see [[rule of tincture]]).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Flag of India.svg|[[Flag of India]] (1947). The yellow color is officially called India saffron, and represents courage and sacrifice.
File:Flag of Germany.svg|[[Flag of Germany]]. Black, red and yellow were the colors of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and, in 1919, of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. The modern German flag was adopted in 1949.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]] (1992 (originally in 1918)).
File:Flag of Belgium.svg|[[Flag of Belgium]] (1831). The yellow comes from the yellow lion in the coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Brabant]], founded in 1183–84.
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|[[Flag of Bhutan]] (1956). The Bhutan flag features [[Druk]], the thunder dragon of [[Bhutanese mythology]]. The yellow represents civic tradition, the red the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] (1949). The four small gold stars represent the workers, peasants, urban middle class, and rural middle class. The large star represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|[[Flag of Vietnam]] (1955). The big gold star represents five main classes (laborers, soldiers, peasants, intellectuals and bourgeois).
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|[[Flag of Brazil]] (1889). The yellow color was inherited from the flag of the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889), where it represented the color of the [[House of Habsburg]].
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|[[Flag of Brunei]] (1956). In Southeast Asia yellow is the color of royalty. it is the color of the [[Sultan of Brunei]], and also appears on the flag of Thailand and of Malaysia.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|[[Flag of Colombia]]. The asymmetric design of the flag is based on the old [[Flag of Gran Colombia]]. The yellow color represents the golden treasure taken from Colombia over the centuries.
File:Flag of Spain.svg|[[Flag of Spain]] (1978). The yellow in the Spanish flag comes from the traditional [[Crown of Castille]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. The general design was adopted in 1785 for the Spanish Navy, to be visible from a great distance at sea.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|[[Flag of Lithuania]] (1918 to 1940, restored in 1989, modified in 2004). Yellow represents the golden fields of Lithuania, green the countryside, and red the blood of Lithuanian martyrs.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]] (original version, 1950, current version 1963.) The yellow crescent represents Islam, the yellow star the unity of the fourteen states of Malaysia. The red and white stripes (like the stripes on the U.S. flag) are adopted from the flag of the [[British East India Company]].
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|[[Flag of Mozambique]] (1983). The colors are those of the Marxist Liberation Front of Mozambique, or [[FRELIMO]], which rules the country. Yellow represents the country's mineral wealth.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|[[Flag of the Philippines]] (1898). The yellow sun is in the left middle of the triangle shape.
File:Flag of Romania.svg|[[Flag of Romania]] (1848, and again in 1989, after the fall of the Communist regime.) Blue, yellow and red were the colors of the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolution which won independence for Romania. Yellow represents justice.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg|[[Flag of Sweden]] (adopted 1906, but colors in use since at least the mid-16th century). The legend says that in 1157, during the [[First Swedish Crusade]], the Swedish king [[Eric the Holy]] saw a golden cross appear in the blue sky.
File:Flag of Chad.svg|[[Flag of Chad]] (1959). The color yellow here represents the sun and the desert in the north of the country. This flag is identical to that of Romania, except that it uses a slightly darker indigo blue rather than cobalt blue.
File:Flag of Europe.svg|[[Flag of the European Union]]. The flag of the European Union was first created for the [[Council of Europe]] in 1953, then adopted by the [[European Union]] in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – The symbols of the European Union – The European Flag |url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The yellow color represents the golden key of the Kingdom of heaven, described in the [[Book of Matthew]] of the [[New Testament]], and part of the Papal seal on the flag. &lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Religion ===

* In [[Buddhism]], the saffron colors of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the [[Buddha]] himself and his followers in the 5th century BCE. The robe and its color is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm, and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot;&gt;Henri Arvon (1951). ''Le bouddhisme'', pp. 61–64.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober color. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the [[curcuma longa]] plant or the heartwood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, are the most common colors. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm|title=The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe|accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The color of robes also varies somewhat among the different &quot;vehicles&quot;, or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict [[Vajrayana]], or [[Tantric Buddhism]], practiced in [[Tibet]], wear the most colorful robes of saffron and red. The monks of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], practiced mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of [[Hinayana Buddhism]], practiced in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron color. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot;&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[Hinduism]], the divinity [[Krishna]] is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow. Yellow and saffron are also the colors worn by [[sadhu]], or wandering holy men in India. The Hindu almighty and divine god Lord Ganesha or Ganpati is mostly dressed with a dhotar in yellow, which is popularly known as pivla pitambar and is considered to be the most auspicious one.
* In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom.
* In the religions of the islands of [[Polynesia]], yellow is a sacred color, the color of the divine essence; the word &quot;yellow&quot; in the local languages is the same as the name of the [[curcuma longa]] plant, which is considered the food of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot; /&gt;
* In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], yellow symbolizes gold, and in [[Christian mythology]] the golden key to the Kingdom of Heaven, which divine Christ gave to Saint Peter. The flag of the [[Vatican City]] and the colors of the pope are yellow and white, symbolizing the gold key and the silver key. White and yellow together can also symbolize [[easter]], rebirth and Resurrection. Yellow also has a negative meaning, symbolizing betrayal; [[Judas Iscariot]] is usually portrayed wearing a pale yellow toga. Yellow and golden [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] mark the saints in religious paintings.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Rank celebration of Thai Buddhist monk 1.jpg|Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand
File:Buddhist monks of Tibet7.jpg|Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ueno monk.jpg|A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo
File:Sadou Kathmandu 04 04.jpg|A Hindu [[sadhu]], or ascetic wandering monk or holy man, in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].
File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|Christ giving the golden key of the kingdom heaven to [[Saint Peter]] (1481–82), by [[Pietro Perugino]]. The golden key is the symbol of the Pope.
File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 4.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Pope traditionally wears gold and white outside St. Peter's Basilica.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Metaphysics ===

* In the [[metaphysics]] of the [[New Age]] author, [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical [[psychological types]], the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Alice A.|authorlink=Alice Bailey|title=The Seven Rays of Life|location=New York|year=1995|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-85330-142-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus [[chakra]] ([[Manipura]]).&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-894663-49-7}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Psychic|Psychics]] who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wiktionary:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a scientist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Swami Panchadasi]] (1912). ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois: Yogi Publications Society, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
[[File:Bradley_Wiggins_Tour_2012_EZF.jpg|thumb|[[Bradley Wiggins]] wears the yellow jersey in the 2012 [[Tour de France]].]]

* In Association football (soccer), the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] shows a [[Yellow card (sports)|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially warned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
* Originally in [[Rugby league]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[Penalty card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
* In [[Road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] – or ''maillot jaune'' – is awarded to the leader in some stage races. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' newspaper (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].

[[File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter EC135]]P1 of [[Western Power Distribution]], used for electricity line inspection]]

=== Transportation ===

* In some countries, [[Taxicab|taxicabs]] are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur [[John D. Hertz]] painted his taxis yellow based on a [[University of Chicago]] study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php|title=History of the Main Taxi Groups|publisher=Taxi Register|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Canada and the United States, [[School bus|school buses]] are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as &quot;[[school bus yellow]]&quot;) for purposes of visibility and safety,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=8 September 1995|title=Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'|journal=Columbia University Record|volume=21|issue=1|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup]] are attempting to introduce the concept there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm|title=Review backs yellow school buses|date=12 September 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow&quot; and &quot;high-visibility yellow&quot; are used for highway construction equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maximizing Mining Safety|journal=Caterpillar Global Mining|page=4|url=http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]], yellow (called &quot;amber&quot; in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal meaning &quot;slow down&quot;, &quot;caution&quot;, or &quot;slow speed ahead&quot;. It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|title=Learning the [&quot;typical&quot; US&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Aspects|last=Bej|first=Mark|date=16 April 1994|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Selective yellow]] is used in some automotive headlamps and fog lights to reduce the dazzling effects of rain, snow, and fog.

=== Vexillology ===

* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter &quot;Q&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html|title=Pratique|last=Flag and Etiquette Committee|date=12 June 2006|website=Flag Etiquette|publisher=United States Power Squadrons|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be quarantined.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot; /&gt;

== Idioms and expressions ==

* Yellow-belly is an American expression which means a [[coward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term comes from the 19th century and the exact origin is unknown, but it may refer to the color of sickness, which means a person lacks strength and stamina.&lt;ref&gt;''Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary'', 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yellow pages]] refers in various countries to directories of telephone numbers, arranged alphabetically by the type of business or service offered.
* The [[Yellow Peril]] was a term used in politics and popular fiction in the late 19th and early 20th century to describe the alleged economic and cultural danger posed to Europe and America by Chinese immigration. The term was first used by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] in Germany in 1895, and was the subject of numerous books and later films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Keevak|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[High yellow]] was a term sometimes used in the early 20th century, to describe light-skinned African-Americans.

== See also ==&lt;!-- Please respect alphabetical order --&gt;

* [[Chromophobia]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons category}}

* {{cite book|last=Doran|first=Sabine|title=The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip|title=Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour|year=2001|publisher=Hazan (French translation)|isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Eva|title=Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques|year=2009|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)|isbn=978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pastoureau|first=Michel|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|year=2005|publisher=Editions du Panama|isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gage|first=John|title=Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|year=1993|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)|isbn=978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Varichon|first=Anne|title=Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples|year=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuffi|first=Stefano|title=Color in Art|year=2012|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&amp;q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&amp;f=false|editor1=Ethan Russo|editor2=Melanie Creagan Dreher|editor3=Mary Lynn Mathre|publication-date=March 2003|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Pat|last=Willard|publication-date=11 April 2002|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvon|first=Henri|title=Le bouddhisme|year=1951|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-055064-8}}

{{Electromagnetic spectrum}} {{Shades of yellow}} {{Web colors}} {{Color topics}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <comment>Undo revision 518397 by [[Special:Contributions/2600:1700:DAD0:4130:D8CC:1BE3:1BFC:B7AB|2600:1700:DAD0:4130:D8CC:1BE3:1BFC:B7AB]] ([[User talk:2600:1700:DAD0:4130:D8CC:1BE3:1BFC:B7AB|talk]]) Revert</comment>
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      <text bytes="80788" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-pc1|expiry=June 6, 2020}}{{About|the color}}{{technical reasons|Yellow #5|that title|Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Infobox colour|title=Yellow|image={{photomontage
|photo1a=Aspen-PopulusTremuloides-2001-09-27.jpg
|photo1b=Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg
|photo1c=20130304FeteDuCitronMenton 010.jpg
|photo2a=Bradley Wiggins, 2012 Tour de France finish.jpg
|photo2b=清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg
|photo2c=Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg
|photo3a=Cornwall Daffodils.jpg
| size = 243
| color_border = #009001
| color =  #000000
| caption=
| foot_montage = }}|wavelength=575–585&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.info/color/|title=Color|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=521–512|hex=FFFF00|textcolour=purple|spelling=Color|r=255|g=255|b=0|c=0|m=0|y=100|k=0|h=60|s=100|v=100|source=[[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]&lt;ref name=&quot;css3-color&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;!-- 1st para – definition, place in science and nature--&gt; '''Yellow''' is the color of Judas, the man whom betrays JESUS AND JACOB. The living son of GOD, Emanuel is Hispanic A.K.A yellow. Who betrays me? Time has repeated!! [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and [[green]] on the [[Visible spectrum|spectrum of visible light]]. It is evoked by light with a [[dominant wavelength]] of roughly 570{{ndash}}590 [[Nanometre|nm]]. It is a [[primary color]] in [[subtractive color]] systems, used in painting or color printing. In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a [[secondary color]] made by combining red and green at equal intensity.   [[Carotenoids]] give the characteristic yellow color to [[Autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]], [[Maize|corn]], [[Domestic Canary|canaries]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], and [[lemons]], as well as [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]],  [[Buttercup|buttercups]], and [[Banana|bananas]]. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=G.A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J.E.|title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis|journal=FASEB J.|volume=10|issue=2|pages=228–37|year=1996|pmid=8641556|doi=|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8641556}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sunlight]] has a slight yellowish hue when sun is near a horizon, due to atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet).&lt;!-- 2nd para – In history and culture--&gt;Because it was widely available, [[yellow ochre]] pigment was one of the first colors used in art;  the [[Lascaux]] cave in '''France''' has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old.  Ochre and [[orpiment]] pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in the murals in Roman villas.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html%7cWebexhibits|title=Pigments through the Ages – Antiquity|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the [[Pope]] and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but was also associated with [[Judas Iscariot]] and was used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow star]]. In China, bri&lt;br&gt;[[File:Yellow Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa Twisted Pair DoF 2000px.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]&lt;br&gt;ght yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the Emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on a yellow carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot;&gt;Cited in Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 3rd para – symbolism and common associations--&gt;According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chaharshanbe Suri|In Iran]] it has connotations of pallor/sickness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php|title=Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire|website=www.iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also wisdom and connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html|title=Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture|website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86&lt;/ref&gt;


Rurjdj

== Etymology ==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', ''geolwe'' ([[oblique case]]), meaning &quot;yellow, yellowish&quot;, derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz'' &quot;yellow&quot;. It has the same Indo-European base, ''gʰel-'', as the words ''gold'' and ''yell''; ''gʰel-'' means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out.&lt;ref&gt;''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988)&lt;/ref&gt;

The English term 

is related to other Germanic words for ''yellow'', namely Scots ''yella'', East Frisian ''jeel'', West Frisian ''giel'', Dutch ''geel'', German ''gelb'', and Swedish and Norwegian ''gul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&amp;searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the oldest known use of this word in English is from ''The Epinal Glossary'' in 700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/231534|title=yellow, adj. and n|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Science and nature ==

=== Optics, color printing, and computer screens ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
CMYK color swatches.svg| Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). When CMY &quot;primaries&quot; are combined at full strength, the resulting &quot;secondary&quot; mixtures are red, green, and blue
SubtractiveColor.svg |Mixing all three theoretically results in black, but imperfect ink formulations do not give true black, which is why an additional ''K'' component is needed.
File:NIEdot367.jpg|An example of color printing from 1902. Combining images in yellow, magenta and cyan creates a full-color picture.  This is called the CMYK color model.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer display, yellow is created by combining green and red light at the right intensity on a black screen. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a [[dominant wavelength]] between 570 and 590 nanometers.

In color printing, yellow is one of the three colors of ink, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]], which, along with black,  can be overlaid in the right combination, along with black, to print any full color image. (See the [[CMYK color model]]).  A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as &quot;pigment yellow&quot;, &quot;printer's yellow&quot;, and &quot;canary yellow&quot;) subtractive [[Primary color|primary colors]], along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]].   Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See [[RGB color model]]).

==== Complementary colors ====
[[File:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480&amp;nbsp;nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the &quot;[[Planckian locus]]&quot;.]]
Traditionally, the [[complementary color]] of yellow is [[purple]]; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Roelofs|first1=Isabelle|last2=Petillion|first2=Fabien|title=La couleur expliquée aux artistes|year=2012|publisher=Eyrolles|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-212-13486-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Vincent Van Gogh]], an avid student of color theory,  used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Gage|year=2006|title=La Couleur dans l'art|pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunt defines that &quot;two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hunt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Measuring Color|first=J. W. G.|last=Hunt|year=1980|publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd|isbn=978-0-7458-0125-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are [[Complementary color|complementary]]. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call '''violet or purple'''. Helmholtz says &quot;Yellow and indigo blue&quot; are complements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Physiological Optics|first=Hermann|last=von Helmholtz|publisher=Dover|year=1924|isbn=978-0-486-44260-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says &quot;This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Theory of Compound Colors|first=Hermann Günter|last=Grassmann|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=4|year=1854|pages=254–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450&amp;nbsp;nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580&amp;nbsp;nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[Kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[Color wheel|color wheels]], painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

==== Lasers ====
[[Laser|Lasers]] emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=27 March 2009|quote=described as an &quot;extremely rare yellow&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In commercial products diode pumped solid state ([[Diode-pumped solid-state laser|DPSS]]) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808&amp;nbsp;nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76&amp;nbsp;THz and 223.39&amp;nbsp;THz: 1064&amp;nbsp;nm and 1342&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15&amp;nbsp;THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5&amp;nbsp;nm (&quot;yellow&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ledmuseum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm|title=Yellow (593.5&amp;nbsp;nm) DPSS Laser Module|last=Johnson|first=Craig|date=22 March 2009|publisher=The LED Museum|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a [[helium–neon laser]]. However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590&amp;nbsp;nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589&amp;nbsp;nm, which is considered a true yellow color.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of yellow lasers at 589&amp;nbsp;nm and 594&amp;nbsp;nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of [[optogenetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koala can operate yellow lasers using their claw. They are responsible for multiple yellow laser attacks on kangaroos that were teasing them.

=== Astronomy ===
[[Star|Stars]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] F have [[Color temperature|color temperatures]] that make them look &quot;yellowish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stars and Galaxies|first=Ron|last=Miller|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7613-3466-8|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=spectral-class+yellow}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|F. G. W. Struve]] in 1827. One of his classifications was ''flavae'', or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Murdin|year=1984|page=18|title=Colours of the stars|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25714-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Strömgren photometric system]] for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550&amp;nbsp;nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strömgren|first=Bengt|title=Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|pages=8–37|bibcode=1963QJRAS...4....8S|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Andrew|last2=Cooper|first2=W. Alan|title=Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science|journal=Observing the Universe : A Guide to Observational Astronomy and Planetary Science|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60393-5|page=63|bibcode=2004ougo.book.....N}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biology ===
Autumn [[leaves]], yellow flowers, [[Banana|bananas]], [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and other yellow [[Fruit|fruits]] all contain [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]], yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] and [[Chromoplast|chromoplasts]] of plants and some other [[photosynthetic]] organisms like [[algae]], some [[bacteria]] and some [[fungi]]. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in [[photosynthesis]], and they protect the green [[chlorophyll]] from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot; /&gt;

In late summer, as [[daylight]] hours shorten and temperatures cool, the [[Vein|veins]] that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and [[mineral]] intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic [[autumn leaf color]].

Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to [[Carrot|carrots]], [[maize]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], [[Rutabaga|rutabagas]], [[Buttercup|buttercups]] and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked [[Lobster|lobsters]], the pink of [[flamingoes]] and [[salmon]] and the yellow of [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]].

[[Xanthophylls]] are the most common yellow [[Pigment|pigments]] that form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. The name is from Greek ''xanthos'' ('''ξανθος''', &quot;yellow&quot;) + ''phyllon'' ('''φύλλον''', &quot;leaf&quot;). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], usually [[lutein]], to make the egg yolks more yellow.

Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; [[hormones]] in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several [[enzymes]]. These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of the carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;
File:Fall colors near the Eagle Lake trailhead.jpg|Autumn colors along the [[Eagle River (Cook Inlet)|Eagle River]] near [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
File:Cornwall Daffodils.jpg|[[Daffodils]] in [[Cornwall]]
File:Bananas.jpg|[[Banana]]s, like autumn [[leaves]], [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[egg yolks]], get their yellow color from natural pigments called [[carotenoids]].
File:Raw egg.jpg|The yolk of a raw egg. The color comes from the [[xanthophyll]] carotenoids [[lutein]] and [[zeaxanthin]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fish ====

* [[Yellowtail (fish)|Yellowtail]] is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''Thunnus albacares'') is a species of tuna, having bright yellow [[Anal fin|anal]] and second [[Dorsal fin|dorsal fins]]. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, it is caught as a replacement for depleted stocks of [[bluefin tuna]].

==== Insects ====
[[File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg|thumb|A [[yellow jacket]] [[wasp]]]]

* The [[yellow-fever mosquito]] (''Aedes aegypti'') is a mosquito so named because it transmits [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-borne viruses.
* [[Yellowjacket|Yellowjackets]] are black-and-yellow [[Wasp|wasps]] of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].

==== Trees ====
[[File:Snowbowlaspens.jpg|left|thumb|American aspens, ''[[Populus tremuloides]]'']]

* [[Populus tremuloides]] is a [[deciduous]] tree native to cooler areas of [[North America]], one of several species referred to by the common name [[aspen]].  ''Populus tremuloides'' is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico.
* The [[yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reach about {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tall, trunks up to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/cs/fallfoliagetrees/a/fall_foliage4.htm|title=Fall Foliage of 4 Types of Birch Trees|author=David Beaulieu|website=About.com Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
* The [[Thorny Yellowwood|thorny yellowwood]] is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
* [[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]] is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The ''[[Handroanthus albus]]'' is a tree with yellow flowers native to the [[Cerrado]] of Brazil.

== History, art, and fashion ==

=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of [[gold]]. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot; /&gt;

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent [[gold]] and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]]. from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the [[Bible]] never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In 16th century Spain, those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Karen|year=2010|title=Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. (Circa 1200).
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], c. 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (c. 1658)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Modern history ===

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

Circa 1776, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is &quot;considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=John|year=1975|title=National Gallery of Art, Washington|location=New York|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 19th-century British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.&lt;ref&gt;John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt;

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, &quot;Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!&quot; In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as &quot;buttery yellow.&quot; Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809, and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as &quot;[[yellow journalism]]&quot;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32&quot; x 25 1/2&quot; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the &quot;Eye Saver Yellow&quot; [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt;

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of [[sugar]] and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker.com&quot;&gt;Cynthia Zarin (November 13, 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] ''New Yorker''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|[[Jew]]s in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s like this.
File:Horse&amp;rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Fruits, vegetables, and eggs ===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk|Egg yolks]] gain their color from [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Aconitum lycoctonum DSCF1355.JPG|''[[Aconitum lycoctonum]]'' (northern wolfsbane)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:Mother and daughter edit.jpg| ''[[Anthemis tinctoria]]'' &lt;br /&gt;(golden marguerite)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Arnica montana.JPG|''[[Arnica montana]]'' (leopard's bane)
File:Balsamorhiza sagittata.jpg| ''[[Balsamorhiza sagittata]]'' (arrowleaf balsamroot)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Other plants ====

* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan_yellow.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]

* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]] and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),&lt;ref name=&quot;nile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm|title=Titan Yellow|date=26 July 2008|publisher=Nile Chemicals|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaton1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Heaton|first=F.W.|title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–60|date=July 1960|pmid=14400446|pmc=480095|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14400446|doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Methyl yellow]] (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;iarc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=1975|title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene|journal=IARC – Summaries &amp; Evaluations|volume=8|page=125|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain|year=2003|publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|archivedate=12 November 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&amp;nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[Allotrope|allotropes]] which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre_quarry,_Roussillon,_France_(465185258).jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]

* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),&lt;ref name=&quot;hsarts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|title=Health &amp; Safety in the Arts|publisher=City of Tucson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|archivedate=10 May 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|.H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-ochre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;harley&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Harley|first=Rosamond Drusilla|title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835|edition=2|year=2001|page=117|publisher=Archetype Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-873132-91-3|oclc=47823825|url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-naples&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cds&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow|Chrome Yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointilist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow|Titanium Yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO.Sb|2|O|5|.20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code &quot;Y10&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbnl2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html|title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)|date=14 February 2005|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOEgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge|title=gamboge (gum resin)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name &quot;gamboge&quot; is derived from &quot;[[Cambodia]]&quot; – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEWgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&amp;Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|title=Gamboge|date=16 July 2002|publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|archivedate=10 April 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=7 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field-orp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Field|first=George|title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists|editor=Salter, Thomas|publisher=Winsor and Newton|location=London|year=1869|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====

* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a [[spice]] and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.

* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)&lt;/ref&gt; In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&amp;pg=PA1352&amp;lpg=PA1352&amp;dq|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|accessdate=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments|first1=Nicholas|last1=Eastaugh|first2=Valentine|last2=Walsh|first3=Tracey|last3=Chaplin|first4=Ruth|last4=Siddall|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5749-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;dq=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kambuj&quot; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic [[Lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[azo dye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fanl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|title=Food Additives- Numerical List|author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|authorlink=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|archivedate=25 June 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]&quot;, Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&amp;C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|title=Acid Yellow 23|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as &quot;color&quot;, &quot;tartrazine&quot;, or &quot;E102&quot;. In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.&lt;ref&gt;[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20&lt;/ref&gt;

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as '''orange yellow S'', ''FD&amp;C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbons]] from [[petroleum]]. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-85573-722-1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Roger M.|title=Analytical methods for food additives|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2004|pages=|isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism and associations ==
In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color; in a 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it was their least favorite color.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; the color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot; /&gt; But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is a color of virtue and nobility.

=== In China ===
Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions of the compass; north, south, east, west, and the middle, each with a symbolic color. Yellow signifies the middle. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The legendary first emperor of China was called the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The last emperor of China, [[Puyi]] (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. &quot;It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|script-title=zh:我的前半生|trans-title=The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|orig-year=First published 1964&lt;!-- , 1987, 2002 --&gt;|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=978-7-119-00772-4|language=zh|title=From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1989}}&amp;nbsp;– original&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot; /&gt;

The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both a political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the [[Song Dynasty]], bright yellow color can only be worn by the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet.

In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of the two opposites which complement each other, the [[yin and yang]], the masculine yang is traditionally represented by yellow. Just as there are five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese world-view, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, fall, spring, and the end of summer, symbolized by yellow leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot; /&gt;

In current [[Chinese culture|Chinese pop culture]], the term &quot;yellow movie&quot; (黃色電影) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature and is analogous to the English term &quot;[[wiktionary:blue movie|blue movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm|title=Chinese porn trader jailed for life|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 March 2009|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|date=28 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, this became the basis of the '[[very erotic very violent]]' (literally, 'very yellow very violent') controversy in mainland China.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Zhengde.jpg|Portrait of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] from the [[Ming dynasty]].
File:Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in court dress (18th century).
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase Closeup.jpg|[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. The color is named &quot;Imperial Yellow&quot; after the banner of the Qing Dynasty.
File:Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, with tourists 2.jpg|Yellow roofs in the [[Forbidden City]], which are limited to imperial buildings.
File:Shanghainanjingroadpic1.jpg|Neon lights in modern [[Shanghai]] show a predominance of red and yellow.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Light and reason ===
{{Anchor|Light and Reason}}&lt;!--Old section name--&gt; Yellow, as the color of sunlight when sun is near the horizon, is commonly associated with warmth. Yellow combined with red symbolized heat and energy. A room painted yellow feels warmer than a room painted white, and a lamp with yellow light seems more natural than a lamp with white light.

As the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, &quot;brilliant&quot; and &quot;bright&quot; mean intelligent. In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, red symbolized passion, blue symbolized the spiritual, and yellow symbolized reason. In many European universities, yellow gowns and caps are worn by members of the faculty of physical and natural sciences, as yellow is the color of reason and research.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gold and blond ===
In ancient Greece and Rome,  the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair;  which was described in literature as 'golden'.  The color yellow was associated with the sun gods [[Helios]] and [[Apollo]].  It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ancient Rome,  prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain,  and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html|title=Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often  &quot;golden&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000),  ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Visibility and caution ===
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxicabs. It is also often used for warning signs, since yellow traditionally signals caution, rather than danger. [[Shades of yellow#Safety yellow|Safety yellow]] is often used for safety and accident prevention information. A yellow light on a traffic signal means slow down, but not stop. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses Pantone 116 (a yellow hue) as their standard color implying &quot;general warning,&quot; while the Federal Highway Administration similarly uses yellow to communicate warning or caution on highway signage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; A yellow [[penalty card]] in a soccer match means warning, but not expulsion.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:First Student 132.jpg|School bus
File:Gelber Briefkasten der Deutschen Post.JPG|A mailbox in Germany. Yellow was the color of the early postal service in the Habsburg Empire.
File:Crashtender BC.jpg|A crash tender of the [[Royal Danish Air Force]].
File:Sea King HAR3 XZ585 at RIAT 2010 arp.jpg|An RAF Sea King rescue helicopter.
File:Massimo Busacca, Referee, Switzerland (10).jpg|Yellow [[penalty card]] used during an [[association football]] match
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Optimism and pleasure ===
Yellow is the color most associated with [[optimism]] and [[pleasure]]; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for amusement. Yellow dresses in [[fashion]] are rare, but always associated with gaiety and celebration.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:L'impératrice Eugénie à la Marie-Antoinette, 1854, Franz Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|The [[Empress Eugenie]] dressed as [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1854)
File:Kuznetsova by Repin.jpg|''Portrait of Madame Kuznetsova'', by [[Ilya Repin]]. (1901)
File:James Tissot - The Ball.jpg|''The Ball'' by [[James Tissot]] (1880)
File:Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg|Yellow Dress – Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer
File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]] dansers
File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|Singer [[Kylie Minogue]] performs at a [[Nobel Prize]] Concert
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== In other cultures ===

* The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] associated the color yellow with the direction South. The Maya glyph for &quot;yellow&quot; (k'an) also means &quot;precious&quot; or &quot;ripe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kettunen2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kettunen|first1=Harri|last2=Helmke|first2=Christophe|title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference)|publisher=Wayeb &amp; Leiden University|location=Leiden|date=5 December 2005|page=75|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow&quot; (&quot;[[giallo]]&quot;), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers.

=== Music ===

* [[The Beatles]] 1966 album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' features the No. 1 hit, &quot;[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]&quot;. Subsequently, [[United Artists]] released an animated film in 1968 called ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', based on the music of the Beatles.
* The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' reached number 2 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' charts in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The featured song on the album, &quot;[[Mellow Yellow]]&quot;, popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[Banana peel|banana peels]], although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by [[Country Joe McDonald]].
* [[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single &quot;[[Yellow (Coldplay song)|Yellow]]&quot;.
* &quot;[[Yellow River (song)|Yellow River]]&quot; is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
* The ''[[Yellow River Piano Concerto]]'' is a [[piano concerto]] arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. Its premiere was in 1969 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

=== Politics ===
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul_17nov2018_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Yellow vests&quot; protest in France, November 2018]]

* In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a &quot;yellow dog&quot; before voting for a Republican.
* In China the [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
* Yellow is an important color of [[anarcho-capitalist symbolism]].
* The 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] was also known as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations. Liberal and pro-democracy political parties and organizations such as [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization|UNIDO]], [[PDP–Laban|PDP-Laban]], and the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] have used the color yellow. More recently, it has become a pejorative term used by some pro-Ferdinand Marcos and pro-Rodrigo Duterte against the opposition.
* Contemporary political parties using yellow include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and [[UKIP]] in the [[UK]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] in [[Scotland]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] in the US.
* In France in November and December 2018, an opposition movement called the [[Yellow vests movement|Yellow Vests]] went into the streets to protest against the fiscal policies of President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. They wore yellow safety vests, which French motorists are required by law to have in their cars.&lt;ref&gt;Essay on Yellow by Michel Pastoureau, ''Liberation'', 5 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historic flags ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433.svg|The banner of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century). The black, yellow and red colors reappeared first in 1848 and then in the 20th century in the German flag.
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg| (1819) The flag of [[Gran Colombia]], which won independence from Spain, then broke into three countries ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]) in 1830.
File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Imperial flag of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China (1890–1912), the last dynasty of China, overthrown by the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.
File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|Flag of [[South Vietnam]] (1955–75). This was the flag of the anti-communist southern part of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. It was replaced by the flag of North Vietnam after communist forces took [[Saigon]] on April 30, 1975.
File:Flag of East Germany.svg|The flag of [[East Germany]] (1959–90). It differs from the West German flag by the presence of a communist symbol in the center, and it fell out of use when Germany was reunified after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Selected national and international flags ===
Three of the five most populous countries in the world (China, India, and Brazil) have yellow or gold in their flag, representing about half of the world's population. While many flags use yellow, their symbolism varies widely, from civic virtue to golden treasure, golden fields, the desert, royalty, the keys to Heaven and the leadership of the Communist Party. In classic European [[heraldry]], yellow, along with white, is one of the two [[Tincture (heraldry)|metals]] (called gold and silver) and therefore flags following heraldic design rules must use either yellow or white to separate any of their other colors (see [[rule of tincture]]).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Flag of India.svg|[[Flag of India]] (1947). The yellow color is officially called India saffron, and represents courage and sacrifice.
File:Flag of Germany.svg|[[Flag of Germany]]. Black, red and yellow were the colors of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and, in 1919, of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. The modern German flag was adopted in 1949.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]] (1992 (originally in 1918)).
File:Flag of Belgium.svg|[[Flag of Belgium]] (1831). The yellow comes from the yellow lion in the coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Brabant]], founded in 1183–84.
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|[[Flag of Bhutan]] (1956). The Bhutan flag features [[Druk]], the thunder dragon of [[Bhutanese mythology]]. The yellow represents civic tradition, the red the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] (1949). The four small gold stars represent the workers, peasants, urban middle class, and rural middle class. The large star represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|[[Flag of Vietnam]] (1955). The big gold star represents five main classes (laborers, soldiers, peasants, intellectuals and bourgeois).
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|[[Flag of Brazil]] (1889). The yellow color was inherited from the flag of the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889), where it represented the color of the [[House of Habsburg]].
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|[[Flag of Brunei]] (1956). In Southeast Asia yellow is the color of royalty. it is the color of the [[Sultan of Brunei]], and also appears on the flag of Thailand and of Malaysia.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|[[Flag of Colombia]]. The asymmetric design of the flag is based on the old [[Flag of Gran Colombia]]. The yellow color represents the golden treasure taken from Colombia over the centuries.
File:Flag of Spain.svg|[[Flag of Spain]] (1978). The yellow in the Spanish flag comes from the traditional [[Crown of Castille]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. The general design was adopted in 1785 for the Spanish Navy, to be visible from a great distance at sea.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|[[Flag of Lithuania]] (1918 to 1940, restored in 1989, modified in 2004). Yellow represents the golden fields of Lithuania, green the countryside, and red the blood of Lithuanian martyrs.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]] (original version, 1950, current version 1963.) The yellow crescent represents Islam, the yellow star the unity of the fourteen states of Malaysia. The red and white stripes (like the stripes on the U.S. flag) are adopted from the flag of the [[British East India Company]].
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|[[Flag of Mozambique]] (1983). The colors are those of the Marxist Liberation Front of Mozambique, or [[FRELIMO]], which rules the country. Yellow represents the country's mineral wealth.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|[[Flag of the Philippines]] (1898). The yellow sun is in the left middle of the triangle shape.
File:Flag of Romania.svg|[[Flag of Romania]] (1848, and again in 1989, after the fall of the Communist regime.) Blue, yellow and red were the colors of the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolution which won independence for Romania. Yellow represents justice.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg|[[Flag of Sweden]] (adopted 1906, but colors in use since at least the mid-16th century). The legend says that in 1157, during the [[First Swedish Crusade]], the Swedish king [[Eric the Holy]] saw a golden cross appear in the blue sky.
File:Flag of Chad.svg|[[Flag of Chad]] (1959). The color yellow here represents the sun and the desert in the north of the country. This flag is identical to that of Romania, except that it uses a slightly darker indigo blue rather than cobalt blue.
File:Flag of Europe.svg|[[Flag of the European Union]]. The flag of the European Union was first created for the [[Council of Europe]] in 1953, then adopted by the [[European Union]] in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – The symbols of the European Union – The European Flag |url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The yellow color represents the golden key of the Kingdom of heaven, described in the [[Book of Matthew]] of the [[New Testament]], and part of the Papal seal on the flag. &lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Religion ===

* In [[Buddhism]], the saffron colors of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the [[Buddha]] himself and his followers in the 5th century BCE. The robe and its color is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm, and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot;&gt;Henri Arvon (1951). ''Le bouddhisme'', pp. 61–64.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober color. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the [[curcuma longa]] plant or the heartwood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, are the most common colors. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm|title=The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe|accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The color of robes also varies somewhat among the different &quot;vehicles&quot;, or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict [[Vajrayana]], or [[Tantric Buddhism]], practiced in [[Tibet]], wear the most colorful robes of saffron and red. The monks of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], practiced mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of [[Hinayana Buddhism]], practiced in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron color. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot;&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[Hinduism]], the divinity [[Krishna]] is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow. Yellow and saffron are also the colors worn by [[sadhu]], or wandering holy men in India. The Hindu almighty and divine god Lord Ganesha or Ganpati is mostly dressed with a dhotar in yellow, which is popularly known as pivla pitambar and is considered to be the most auspicious one.
* In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom.
* In the religions of the islands of [[Polynesia]], yellow is a sacred color, the color of the divine essence; the word &quot;yellow&quot; in the local languages is the same as the name of the [[curcuma longa]] plant, which is considered the food of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot; /&gt;
* In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], yellow symbolizes gold, and in [[Christian mythology]] the golden key to the Kingdom of Heaven, which divine Christ gave to Saint Peter. The flag of the [[Vatican City]] and the colors of the pope are yellow and white, symbolizing the gold key and the silver key. White and yellow together can also symbolize [[easter]], rebirth and Resurrection. Yellow also has a negative meaning, symbolizing betrayal; [[Judas Iscariot]] is usually portrayed wearing a pale yellow toga. Yellow and golden [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] mark the saints in religious paintings.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Rank celebration of Thai Buddhist monk 1.jpg|Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand
File:Buddhist monks of Tibet7.jpg|Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ueno monk.jpg|A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo
File:Sadou Kathmandu 04 04.jpg|A Hindu [[sadhu]], or ascetic wandering monk or holy man, in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].
File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|Christ giving the golden key of the kingdom heaven to [[Saint Peter]] (1481–82), by [[Pietro Perugino]]. The golden key is the symbol of the Pope.
File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 4.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Pope traditionally wears gold and white outside St. Peter's Basilica.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Metaphysics ===

* In the [[metaphysics]] of the [[New Age]] author, [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical [[psychological types]], the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Alice A.|authorlink=Alice Bailey|title=The Seven Rays of Life|location=New York|year=1995|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-85330-142-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus [[chakra]] ([[Manipura]]).&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-894663-49-7}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Psychic|Psychics]] who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wiktionary:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a scientist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Swami Panchadasi]] (1912). ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois: Yogi Publications Society, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
[[File:Bradley_Wiggins_Tour_2012_EZF.jpg|thumb|[[Bradley Wiggins]] wears the yellow jersey in the 2012 [[Tour de France]].]]

* In Association football (soccer), the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] shows a [[Yellow card (sports)|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially warned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
* Originally in [[Rugby league]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[Penalty card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
* In [[Road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] – or ''maillot jaune'' – is awarded to the leader in some stage races. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' newspaper (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].

[[File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter EC135]]P1 of [[Western Power Distribution]], used for electricity line inspection]]

=== Transportation ===

* In some countries, [[Taxicab|taxicabs]] are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur [[John D. Hertz]] painted his taxis yellow based on a [[University of Chicago]] study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php|title=History of the Main Taxi Groups|publisher=Taxi Register|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Canada and the United States, [[School bus|school buses]] are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as &quot;[[school bus yellow]]&quot;) for purposes of visibility and safety,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=8 September 1995|title=Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'|journal=Columbia University Record|volume=21|issue=1|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup]] are attempting to introduce the concept there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm|title=Review backs yellow school buses|date=12 September 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow&quot; and &quot;high-visibility yellow&quot; are used for highway construction equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maximizing Mining Safety|journal=Caterpillar Global Mining|page=4|url=http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]], yellow (called &quot;amber&quot; in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal meaning &quot;slow down&quot;, &quot;caution&quot;, or &quot;slow speed ahead&quot;. It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|title=Learning the [&quot;typical&quot; US&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Aspects|last=Bej|first=Mark|date=16 April 1994|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Selective yellow]] is used in some automotive headlamps and fog lights to reduce the dazzling effects of rain, snow, and fog.

=== Vexillology ===

* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter &quot;Q&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html|title=Pratique|last=Flag and Etiquette Committee|date=12 June 2006|website=Flag Etiquette|publisher=United States Power Squadrons|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be quarantined.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot; /&gt;

== Idioms and expressions ==

* Yellow-belly is an American expression which means a [[coward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term comes from the 19th century and the exact origin is unknown, but it may refer to the color of sickness, which means a person lacks strength and stamina.&lt;ref&gt;''Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary'', 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yellow pages]] refers in various countries to directories of telephone numbers, arranged alphabetically by the type of business or service offered.
* The [[Yellow Peril]] was a term used in politics and popular fiction in the late 19th and early 20th century to describe the alleged economic and cultural danger posed to Europe and America by Chinese immigration. The term was first used by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] in Germany in 1895, and was the subject of numerous books and later films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Keevak|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[High yellow]] was a term sometimes used in the early 20th century, to describe light-skinned African-Americans.

== See also ==&lt;!-- Please respect alphabetical order --&gt;

* [[Chromophobia]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons category}}

* {{cite book|last=Doran|first=Sabine|title=The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip|title=Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour|year=2001|publisher=Hazan (French translation)|isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Eva|title=Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques|year=2009|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)|isbn=978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pastoureau|first=Michel|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|year=2005|publisher=Editions du Panama|isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gage|first=John|title=Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|year=1993|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)|isbn=978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Varichon|first=Anne|title=Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples|year=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuffi|first=Stefano|title=Color in Art|year=2012|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&amp;q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&amp;f=false|editor1=Ethan Russo|editor2=Melanie Creagan Dreher|editor3=Mary Lynn Mathre|publication-date=March 2003|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Pat|last=Willard|publication-date=11 April 2002|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvon|first=Henri|title=Le bouddhisme|year=1951|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-055064-8}}

{{Electromagnetic spectrum}} {{Shades of yellow}} {{Web colors}} {{Color topics}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="80803" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-pc1|expiry=June 6, 2020}}{{About|the color}}{{technical reasons|Yellow #5|that title|Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Infobox colour|title=Yellow|image={{photomontage
|photo1a=Aspen-PopulusTremuloides-2001-09-27.jpg
|photo1b=Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg
|photo1c=20130304FeteDuCitronMenton 010.jpg
|photo2a=Bradley Wiggins, 2012 Tour de France finish.jpg
|photo2b=清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg
|photo2c=Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg
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| size = 243
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| foot_montage = }}|wavelength=575–585&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.info/color/|title=Color|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=521–512|hex=FFFF00|textcolour=purple|spelling=Color|r=255|g=255|b=0|c=0|m=0|y=100|k=0|h=60|s=100|v=100|source=[[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]&lt;ref name=&quot;css3-color&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;!-- 1st para – definition, place in science and nature--&gt; '''Yellow''' is the color of Judas, the man whom betrays JESUS AND JACOB. The living son of GOD, Emanuel is Hispanic A.K.A yellow. Who betrays me? Time has repeated!! [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and [[green]] on the [[Visible spectrum|spectrum of visible light]]. It is evoked by light with a [[dominant wavelength]] of roughly 570{{ndash}}590 [[Nanometre|nm]]. It is a [[primary color]] in [[subtractive color]] systems, used in painting or color printing. In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a [[secondary color]] made by combining red and green at equal intensity.   [[Carotenoids]] give the characteristic yellow color to [[Autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]], [[Maize|corn]], [[Domestic Canary|canaries]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], and [[lemons]], as well as [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]],  [[Buttercup|buttercups]], and [[Banana|bananas]]. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=G.A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J.E.|title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis|journal=FASEB J.|volume=10|issue=2|pages=228–37|year=1996|pmid=8641556|doi=|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8641556}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sunlight]] has a slight yellowish hue when sun is near a horizon, due to atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet).&lt;!-- 2nd para – In history and culture--&gt;Because it was widely available, [[yellow ochre]] pigment was one of the first colors used in art;  the [[Lascaux]] cave in '''France''' has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old.  Ochre and [[orpiment]] pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in the murals in Roman villas.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html%7cWebexhibits|title=Pigments through the Ages – Antiquity|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the [[Pope]] and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but was also associated with [[Judas Iscariot]] and was used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow star]]. In China, bri&lt;br&gt;

Test edit one[[File:Yellow Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa Twisted Pair DoF 2000px.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]&lt;br&gt;ght yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the Emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on a yellow carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot;&gt;Cited in Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 3rd para – symbolism and common associations--&gt;According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chaharshanbe Suri|In Iran]] it has connotations of pallor/sickness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php|title=Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire|website=www.iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also wisdom and connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html|title=Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture|website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86&lt;/ref&gt;


Rurjdj

== Etymology ==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', ''geolwe'' ([[oblique case]]), meaning &quot;yellow, yellowish&quot;, derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz'' &quot;yellow&quot;. It has the same Indo-European base, ''gʰel-'', as the words ''gold'' and ''yell''; ''gʰel-'' means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out.&lt;ref&gt;''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988)&lt;/ref&gt;

The English term 

is related to other Germanic words for ''yellow'', namely Scots ''yella'', East Frisian ''jeel'', West Frisian ''giel'', Dutch ''geel'', German ''gelb'', and Swedish and Norwegian ''gul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&amp;searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the oldest known use of this word in English is from ''The Epinal Glossary'' in 700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/231534|title=yellow, adj. and n|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Science and nature ==

=== Optics, color printing, and computer screens ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
CMYK color swatches.svg| Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). When CMY &quot;primaries&quot; are combined at full strength, the resulting &quot;secondary&quot; mixtures are red, green, and blue
SubtractiveColor.svg |Mixing all three theoretically results in black, but imperfect ink formulations do not give true black, which is why an additional ''K'' component is needed.
File:NIEdot367.jpg|An example of color printing from 1902. Combining images in yellow, magenta and cyan creates a full-color picture.  This is called the CMYK color model.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer display, yellow is created by combining green and red light at the right intensity on a black screen. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a [[dominant wavelength]] between 570 and 590 nanometers.

In color printing, yellow is one of the three colors of ink, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]], which, along with black,  can be overlaid in the right combination, along with black, to print any full color image. (See the [[CMYK color model]]).  A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as &quot;pigment yellow&quot;, &quot;printer's yellow&quot;, and &quot;canary yellow&quot;) subtractive [[Primary color|primary colors]], along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]].   Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See [[RGB color model]]).

==== Complementary colors ====
[[File:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480&amp;nbsp;nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the &quot;[[Planckian locus]]&quot;.]]
Traditionally, the [[complementary color]] of yellow is [[purple]]; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Roelofs|first1=Isabelle|last2=Petillion|first2=Fabien|title=La couleur expliquée aux artistes|year=2012|publisher=Eyrolles|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-212-13486-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Vincent Van Gogh]], an avid student of color theory,  used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Gage|year=2006|title=La Couleur dans l'art|pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunt defines that &quot;two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hunt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Measuring Color|first=J. W. G.|last=Hunt|year=1980|publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd|isbn=978-0-7458-0125-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are [[Complementary color|complementary]]. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call '''violet or purple'''. Helmholtz says &quot;Yellow and indigo blue&quot; are complements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Physiological Optics|first=Hermann|last=von Helmholtz|publisher=Dover|year=1924|isbn=978-0-486-44260-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says &quot;This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Theory of Compound Colors|first=Hermann Günter|last=Grassmann|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=4|year=1854|pages=254–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450&amp;nbsp;nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580&amp;nbsp;nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[Kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[Color wheel|color wheels]], painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

==== Lasers ====
[[Laser|Lasers]] emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=27 March 2009|quote=described as an &quot;extremely rare yellow&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In commercial products diode pumped solid state ([[Diode-pumped solid-state laser|DPSS]]) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808&amp;nbsp;nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76&amp;nbsp;THz and 223.39&amp;nbsp;THz: 1064&amp;nbsp;nm and 1342&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15&amp;nbsp;THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5&amp;nbsp;nm (&quot;yellow&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ledmuseum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm|title=Yellow (593.5&amp;nbsp;nm) DPSS Laser Module|last=Johnson|first=Craig|date=22 March 2009|publisher=The LED Museum|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a [[helium–neon laser]]. However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590&amp;nbsp;nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589&amp;nbsp;nm, which is considered a true yellow color.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of yellow lasers at 589&amp;nbsp;nm and 594&amp;nbsp;nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of [[optogenetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koala can operate yellow lasers using their claw. They are responsible for multiple yellow laser attacks on kangaroos that were teasing them.

=== Astronomy ===
[[Star|Stars]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] F have [[Color temperature|color temperatures]] that make them look &quot;yellowish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stars and Galaxies|first=Ron|last=Miller|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7613-3466-8|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=spectral-class+yellow}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|F. G. W. Struve]] in 1827. One of his classifications was ''flavae'', or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Murdin|year=1984|page=18|title=Colours of the stars|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25714-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Strömgren photometric system]] for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550&amp;nbsp;nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strömgren|first=Bengt|title=Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|pages=8–37|bibcode=1963QJRAS...4....8S|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Andrew|last2=Cooper|first2=W. Alan|title=Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science|journal=Observing the Universe : A Guide to Observational Astronomy and Planetary Science|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60393-5|page=63|bibcode=2004ougo.book.....N}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biology ===
Autumn [[leaves]], yellow flowers, [[Banana|bananas]], [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and other yellow [[Fruit|fruits]] all contain [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]], yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] and [[Chromoplast|chromoplasts]] of plants and some other [[photosynthetic]] organisms like [[algae]], some [[bacteria]] and some [[fungi]]. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in [[photosynthesis]], and they protect the green [[chlorophyll]] from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot; /&gt;

In late summer, as [[daylight]] hours shorten and temperatures cool, the [[Vein|veins]] that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and [[mineral]] intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic [[autumn leaf color]].

Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to [[Carrot|carrots]], [[maize]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], [[Rutabaga|rutabagas]], [[Buttercup|buttercups]] and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked [[Lobster|lobsters]], the pink of [[flamingoes]] and [[salmon]] and the yellow of [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]].

[[Xanthophylls]] are the most common yellow [[Pigment|pigments]] that form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. The name is from Greek ''xanthos'' ('''ξανθος''', &quot;yellow&quot;) + ''phyllon'' ('''φύλλον''', &quot;leaf&quot;). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], usually [[lutein]], to make the egg yolks more yellow.

Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; [[hormones]] in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several [[enzymes]]. These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of the carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;
File:Fall colors near the Eagle Lake trailhead.jpg|Autumn colors along the [[Eagle River (Cook Inlet)|Eagle River]] near [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
File:Cornwall Daffodils.jpg|[[Daffodils]] in [[Cornwall]]
File:Bananas.jpg|[[Banana]]s, like autumn [[leaves]], [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[egg yolks]], get their yellow color from natural pigments called [[carotenoids]].
File:Raw egg.jpg|The yolk of a raw egg. The color comes from the [[xanthophyll]] carotenoids [[lutein]] and [[zeaxanthin]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fish ====

* [[Yellowtail (fish)|Yellowtail]] is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''Thunnus albacares'') is a species of tuna, having bright yellow [[Anal fin|anal]] and second [[Dorsal fin|dorsal fins]]. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, it is caught as a replacement for depleted stocks of [[bluefin tuna]].

==== Insects ====
[[File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg|thumb|A [[yellow jacket]] [[wasp]]]]

* The [[yellow-fever mosquito]] (''Aedes aegypti'') is a mosquito so named because it transmits [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-borne viruses.
* [[Yellowjacket|Yellowjackets]] are black-and-yellow [[Wasp|wasps]] of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].

==== Trees ====
[[File:Snowbowlaspens.jpg|left|thumb|American aspens, ''[[Populus tremuloides]]'']]

* [[Populus tremuloides]] is a [[deciduous]] tree native to cooler areas of [[North America]], one of several species referred to by the common name [[aspen]].  ''Populus tremuloides'' is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico.
* The [[yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reach about {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tall, trunks up to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/cs/fallfoliagetrees/a/fall_foliage4.htm|title=Fall Foliage of 4 Types of Birch Trees|author=David Beaulieu|website=About.com Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
* The [[Thorny Yellowwood|thorny yellowwood]] is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
* [[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]] is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The ''[[Handroanthus albus]]'' is a tree with yellow flowers native to the [[Cerrado]] of Brazil.

== History, art, and fashion ==

=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of [[gold]]. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot; /&gt;

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent [[gold]] and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]]. from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the [[Bible]] never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In 16th century Spain, those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Karen|year=2010|title=Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. (Circa 1200).
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], c. 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (c. 1658)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Modern history ===

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

Circa 1776, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is &quot;considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=John|year=1975|title=National Gallery of Art, Washington|location=New York|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 19th-century British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.&lt;ref&gt;John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt;

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, &quot;Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!&quot; In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as &quot;buttery yellow.&quot; Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809, and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as &quot;[[yellow journalism]]&quot;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32&quot; x 25 1/2&quot; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the &quot;Eye Saver Yellow&quot; [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt;

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of [[sugar]] and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker.com&quot;&gt;Cynthia Zarin (November 13, 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] ''New Yorker''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|[[Jew]]s in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s like this.
File:Horse&amp;rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Fruits, vegetables, and eggs ===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk|Egg yolks]] gain their color from [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Aconitum lycoctonum DSCF1355.JPG|''[[Aconitum lycoctonum]]'' (northern wolfsbane)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:Mother and daughter edit.jpg| ''[[Anthemis tinctoria]]'' &lt;br /&gt;(golden marguerite)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Arnica montana.JPG|''[[Arnica montana]]'' (leopard's bane)
File:Balsamorhiza sagittata.jpg| ''[[Balsamorhiza sagittata]]'' (arrowleaf balsamroot)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Other plants ====

* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan_yellow.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]

* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]] and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),&lt;ref name=&quot;nile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm|title=Titan Yellow|date=26 July 2008|publisher=Nile Chemicals|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaton1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Heaton|first=F.W.|title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–60|date=July 1960|pmid=14400446|pmc=480095|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14400446|doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Methyl yellow]] (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;iarc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=1975|title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene|journal=IARC – Summaries &amp; Evaluations|volume=8|page=125|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain|year=2003|publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|archivedate=12 November 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&amp;nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[Allotrope|allotropes]] which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre_quarry,_Roussillon,_France_(465185258).jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]

* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),&lt;ref name=&quot;hsarts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|title=Health &amp; Safety in the Arts|publisher=City of Tucson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|archivedate=10 May 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|.H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-ochre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;harley&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Harley|first=Rosamond Drusilla|title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835|edition=2|year=2001|page=117|publisher=Archetype Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-873132-91-3|oclc=47823825|url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-naples&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cds&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow|Chrome Yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointilist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow|Titanium Yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO.Sb|2|O|5|.20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code &quot;Y10&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbnl2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html|title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)|date=14 February 2005|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOEgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge|title=gamboge (gum resin)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name &quot;gamboge&quot; is derived from &quot;[[Cambodia]]&quot; – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEWgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&amp;Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|title=Gamboge|date=16 July 2002|publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|archivedate=10 April 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=7 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field-orp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Field|first=George|title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists|editor=Salter, Thomas|publisher=Winsor and Newton|location=London|year=1869|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====

* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a [[spice]] and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.

* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)&lt;/ref&gt; In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&amp;pg=PA1352&amp;lpg=PA1352&amp;dq|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|accessdate=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments|first1=Nicholas|last1=Eastaugh|first2=Valentine|last2=Walsh|first3=Tracey|last3=Chaplin|first4=Ruth|last4=Siddall|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5749-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;dq=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kambuj&quot; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic [[Lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[azo dye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fanl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|title=Food Additives- Numerical List|author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|authorlink=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|archivedate=25 June 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]&quot;, Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&amp;C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|title=Acid Yellow 23|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as &quot;color&quot;, &quot;tartrazine&quot;, or &quot;E102&quot;. In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.&lt;ref&gt;[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20&lt;/ref&gt;

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as '''orange yellow S'', ''FD&amp;C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbons]] from [[petroleum]]. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-85573-722-1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Roger M.|title=Analytical methods for food additives|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2004|pages=|isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism and associations ==
In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color; in a 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it was their least favorite color.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; the color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot; /&gt; But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is a color of virtue and nobility.

=== In China ===
Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions of the compass; north, south, east, west, and the middle, each with a symbolic color. Yellow signifies the middle. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The legendary first emperor of China was called the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The last emperor of China, [[Puyi]] (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. &quot;It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|script-title=zh:我的前半生|trans-title=The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|orig-year=First published 1964&lt;!-- , 1987, 2002 --&gt;|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=978-7-119-00772-4|language=zh|title=From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1989}}&amp;nbsp;– original&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot; /&gt;

The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both a political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the [[Song Dynasty]], bright yellow color can only be worn by the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet.

In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of the two opposites which complement each other, the [[yin and yang]], the masculine yang is traditionally represented by yellow. Just as there are five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese world-view, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, fall, spring, and the end of summer, symbolized by yellow leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot; /&gt;

In current [[Chinese culture|Chinese pop culture]], the term &quot;yellow movie&quot; (黃色電影) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature and is analogous to the English term &quot;[[wiktionary:blue movie|blue movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm|title=Chinese porn trader jailed for life|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 March 2009|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|date=28 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, this became the basis of the '[[very erotic very violent]]' (literally, 'very yellow very violent') controversy in mainland China.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Zhengde.jpg|Portrait of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] from the [[Ming dynasty]].
File:Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in court dress (18th century).
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase Closeup.jpg|[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. The color is named &quot;Imperial Yellow&quot; after the banner of the Qing Dynasty.
File:Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, with tourists 2.jpg|Yellow roofs in the [[Forbidden City]], which are limited to imperial buildings.
File:Shanghainanjingroadpic1.jpg|Neon lights in modern [[Shanghai]] show a predominance of red and yellow.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Light and reason ===
{{Anchor|Light and Reason}}&lt;!--Old section name--&gt; Yellow, as the color of sunlight when sun is near the horizon, is commonly associated with warmth. Yellow combined with red symbolized heat and energy. A room painted yellow feels warmer than a room painted white, and a lamp with yellow light seems more natural than a lamp with white light.

As the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, &quot;brilliant&quot; and &quot;bright&quot; mean intelligent. In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, red symbolized passion, blue symbolized the spiritual, and yellow symbolized reason. In many European universities, yellow gowns and caps are worn by members of the faculty of physical and natural sciences, as yellow is the color of reason and research.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gold and blond ===
In ancient Greece and Rome,  the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair;  which was described in literature as 'golden'.  The color yellow was associated with the sun gods [[Helios]] and [[Apollo]].  It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ancient Rome,  prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain,  and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html|title=Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often  &quot;golden&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000),  ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Visibility and caution ===
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxicabs. It is also often used for warning signs, since yellow traditionally signals caution, rather than danger. [[Shades of yellow#Safety yellow|Safety yellow]] is often used for safety and accident prevention information. A yellow light on a traffic signal means slow down, but not stop. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses Pantone 116 (a yellow hue) as their standard color implying &quot;general warning,&quot; while the Federal Highway Administration similarly uses yellow to communicate warning or caution on highway signage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; A yellow [[penalty card]] in a soccer match means warning, but not expulsion.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:First Student 132.jpg|School bus
File:Gelber Briefkasten der Deutschen Post.JPG|A mailbox in Germany. Yellow was the color of the early postal service in the Habsburg Empire.
File:Crashtender BC.jpg|A crash tender of the [[Royal Danish Air Force]].
File:Sea King HAR3 XZ585 at RIAT 2010 arp.jpg|An RAF Sea King rescue helicopter.
File:Massimo Busacca, Referee, Switzerland (10).jpg|Yellow [[penalty card]] used during an [[association football]] match
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Optimism and pleasure ===
Yellow is the color most associated with [[optimism]] and [[pleasure]]; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for amusement. Yellow dresses in [[fashion]] are rare, but always associated with gaiety and celebration.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:L'impératrice Eugénie à la Marie-Antoinette, 1854, Franz Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|The [[Empress Eugenie]] dressed as [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1854)
File:Kuznetsova by Repin.jpg|''Portrait of Madame Kuznetsova'', by [[Ilya Repin]]. (1901)
File:James Tissot - The Ball.jpg|''The Ball'' by [[James Tissot]] (1880)
File:Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg|Yellow Dress – Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer
File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]] dansers
File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|Singer [[Kylie Minogue]] performs at a [[Nobel Prize]] Concert
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== In other cultures ===

* The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] associated the color yellow with the direction South. The Maya glyph for &quot;yellow&quot; (k'an) also means &quot;precious&quot; or &quot;ripe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kettunen2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kettunen|first1=Harri|last2=Helmke|first2=Christophe|title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference)|publisher=Wayeb &amp; Leiden University|location=Leiden|date=5 December 2005|page=75|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow&quot; (&quot;[[giallo]]&quot;), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers.

=== Music ===

* [[The Beatles]] 1966 album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' features the No. 1 hit, &quot;[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]&quot;. Subsequently, [[United Artists]] released an animated film in 1968 called ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', based on the music of the Beatles.
* The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' reached number 2 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' charts in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The featured song on the album, &quot;[[Mellow Yellow]]&quot;, popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[Banana peel|banana peels]], although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by [[Country Joe McDonald]].
* [[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single &quot;[[Yellow (Coldplay song)|Yellow]]&quot;.
* &quot;[[Yellow River (song)|Yellow River]]&quot; is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
* The ''[[Yellow River Piano Concerto]]'' is a [[piano concerto]] arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. Its premiere was in 1969 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

=== Politics ===
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul_17nov2018_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Yellow vests&quot; protest in France, November 2018]]

* In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a &quot;yellow dog&quot; before voting for a Republican.
* In China the [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
* Yellow is an important color of [[anarcho-capitalist symbolism]].
* The 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] was also known as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations. Liberal and pro-democracy political parties and organizations such as [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization|UNIDO]], [[PDP–Laban|PDP-Laban]], and the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] have used the color yellow. More recently, it has become a pejorative term used by some pro-Ferdinand Marcos and pro-Rodrigo Duterte against the opposition.
* Contemporary political parties using yellow include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and [[UKIP]] in the [[UK]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] in [[Scotland]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] in the US.
* In France in November and December 2018, an opposition movement called the [[Yellow vests movement|Yellow Vests]] went into the streets to protest against the fiscal policies of President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. They wore yellow safety vests, which French motorists are required by law to have in their cars.&lt;ref&gt;Essay on Yellow by Michel Pastoureau, ''Liberation'', 5 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historic flags ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433.svg|The banner of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century). The black, yellow and red colors reappeared first in 1848 and then in the 20th century in the German flag.
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg| (1819) The flag of [[Gran Colombia]], which won independence from Spain, then broke into three countries ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]) in 1830.
File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Imperial flag of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China (1890–1912), the last dynasty of China, overthrown by the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.
File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|Flag of [[South Vietnam]] (1955–75). This was the flag of the anti-communist southern part of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. It was replaced by the flag of North Vietnam after communist forces took [[Saigon]] on April 30, 1975.
File:Flag of East Germany.svg|The flag of [[East Germany]] (1959–90). It differs from the West German flag by the presence of a communist symbol in the center, and it fell out of use when Germany was reunified after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Selected national and international flags ===
Three of the five most populous countries in the world (China, India, and Brazil) have yellow or gold in their flag, representing about half of the world's population. While many flags use yellow, their symbolism varies widely, from civic virtue to golden treasure, golden fields, the desert, royalty, the keys to Heaven and the leadership of the Communist Party. In classic European [[heraldry]], yellow, along with white, is one of the two [[Tincture (heraldry)|metals]] (called gold and silver) and therefore flags following heraldic design rules must use either yellow or white to separate any of their other colors (see [[rule of tincture]]).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Flag of India.svg|[[Flag of India]] (1947). The yellow color is officially called India saffron, and represents courage and sacrifice.
File:Flag of Germany.svg|[[Flag of Germany]]. Black, red and yellow were the colors of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and, in 1919, of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. The modern German flag was adopted in 1949.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]] (1992 (originally in 1918)).
File:Flag of Belgium.svg|[[Flag of Belgium]] (1831). The yellow comes from the yellow lion in the coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Brabant]], founded in 1183–84.
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|[[Flag of Bhutan]] (1956). The Bhutan flag features [[Druk]], the thunder dragon of [[Bhutanese mythology]]. The yellow represents civic tradition, the red the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] (1949). The four small gold stars represent the workers, peasants, urban middle class, and rural middle class. The large star represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|[[Flag of Vietnam]] (1955). The big gold star represents five main classes (laborers, soldiers, peasants, intellectuals and bourgeois).
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|[[Flag of Brazil]] (1889). The yellow color was inherited from the flag of the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889), where it represented the color of the [[House of Habsburg]].
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|[[Flag of Brunei]] (1956). In Southeast Asia yellow is the color of royalty. it is the color of the [[Sultan of Brunei]], and also appears on the flag of Thailand and of Malaysia.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|[[Flag of Colombia]]. The asymmetric design of the flag is based on the old [[Flag of Gran Colombia]]. The yellow color represents the golden treasure taken from Colombia over the centuries.
File:Flag of Spain.svg|[[Flag of Spain]] (1978). The yellow in the Spanish flag comes from the traditional [[Crown of Castille]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. The general design was adopted in 1785 for the Spanish Navy, to be visible from a great distance at sea.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|[[Flag of Lithuania]] (1918 to 1940, restored in 1989, modified in 2004). Yellow represents the golden fields of Lithuania, green the countryside, and red the blood of Lithuanian martyrs.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]] (original version, 1950, current version 1963.) The yellow crescent represents Islam, the yellow star the unity of the fourteen states of Malaysia. The red and white stripes (like the stripes on the U.S. flag) are adopted from the flag of the [[British East India Company]].
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|[[Flag of Mozambique]] (1983). The colors are those of the Marxist Liberation Front of Mozambique, or [[FRELIMO]], which rules the country. Yellow represents the country's mineral wealth.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|[[Flag of the Philippines]] (1898). The yellow sun is in the left middle of the triangle shape.
File:Flag of Romania.svg|[[Flag of Romania]] (1848, and again in 1989, after the fall of the Communist regime.) Blue, yellow and red were the colors of the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolution which won independence for Romania. Yellow represents justice.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg|[[Flag of Sweden]] (adopted 1906, but colors in use since at least the mid-16th century). The legend says that in 1157, during the [[First Swedish Crusade]], the Swedish king [[Eric the Holy]] saw a golden cross appear in the blue sky.
File:Flag of Chad.svg|[[Flag of Chad]] (1959). The color yellow here represents the sun and the desert in the north of the country. This flag is identical to that of Romania, except that it uses a slightly darker indigo blue rather than cobalt blue.
File:Flag of Europe.svg|[[Flag of the European Union]]. The flag of the European Union was first created for the [[Council of Europe]] in 1953, then adopted by the [[European Union]] in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – The symbols of the European Union – The European Flag |url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The yellow color represents the golden key of the Kingdom of heaven, described in the [[Book of Matthew]] of the [[New Testament]], and part of the Papal seal on the flag. &lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Religion ===

* In [[Buddhism]], the saffron colors of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the [[Buddha]] himself and his followers in the 5th century BCE. The robe and its color is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm, and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot;&gt;Henri Arvon (1951). ''Le bouddhisme'', pp. 61–64.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober color. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the [[curcuma longa]] plant or the heartwood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, are the most common colors. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm|title=The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe|accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The color of robes also varies somewhat among the different &quot;vehicles&quot;, or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict [[Vajrayana]], or [[Tantric Buddhism]], practiced in [[Tibet]], wear the most colorful robes of saffron and red. The monks of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], practiced mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of [[Hinayana Buddhism]], practiced in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron color. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot;&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[Hinduism]], the divinity [[Krishna]] is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow. Yellow and saffron are also the colors worn by [[sadhu]], or wandering holy men in India. The Hindu almighty and divine god Lord Ganesha or Ganpati is mostly dressed with a dhotar in yellow, which is popularly known as pivla pitambar and is considered to be the most auspicious one.
* In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom.
* In the religions of the islands of [[Polynesia]], yellow is a sacred color, the color of the divine essence; the word &quot;yellow&quot; in the local languages is the same as the name of the [[curcuma longa]] plant, which is considered the food of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot; /&gt;
* In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], yellow symbolizes gold, and in [[Christian mythology]] the golden key to the Kingdom of Heaven, which divine Christ gave to Saint Peter. The flag of the [[Vatican City]] and the colors of the pope are yellow and white, symbolizing the gold key and the silver key. White and yellow together can also symbolize [[easter]], rebirth and Resurrection. Yellow also has a negative meaning, symbolizing betrayal; [[Judas Iscariot]] is usually portrayed wearing a pale yellow toga. Yellow and golden [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] mark the saints in religious paintings.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Rank celebration of Thai Buddhist monk 1.jpg|Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand
File:Buddhist monks of Tibet7.jpg|Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ueno monk.jpg|A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo
File:Sadou Kathmandu 04 04.jpg|A Hindu [[sadhu]], or ascetic wandering monk or holy man, in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].
File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|Christ giving the golden key of the kingdom heaven to [[Saint Peter]] (1481–82), by [[Pietro Perugino]]. The golden key is the symbol of the Pope.
File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 4.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Pope traditionally wears gold and white outside St. Peter's Basilica.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Metaphysics ===

* In the [[metaphysics]] of the [[New Age]] author, [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical [[psychological types]], the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Alice A.|authorlink=Alice Bailey|title=The Seven Rays of Life|location=New York|year=1995|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-85330-142-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus [[chakra]] ([[Manipura]]).&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-894663-49-7}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Psychic|Psychics]] who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wiktionary:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a scientist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Swami Panchadasi]] (1912). ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois: Yogi Publications Society, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
[[File:Bradley_Wiggins_Tour_2012_EZF.jpg|thumb|[[Bradley Wiggins]] wears the yellow jersey in the 2012 [[Tour de France]].]]

* In Association football (soccer), the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] shows a [[Yellow card (sports)|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially warned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
* Originally in [[Rugby league]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[Penalty card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
* In [[Road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] – or ''maillot jaune'' – is awarded to the leader in some stage races. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' newspaper (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].

[[File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter EC135]]P1 of [[Western Power Distribution]], used for electricity line inspection]]

=== Transportation ===

* In some countries, [[Taxicab|taxicabs]] are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur [[John D. Hertz]] painted his taxis yellow based on a [[University of Chicago]] study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php|title=History of the Main Taxi Groups|publisher=Taxi Register|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Canada and the United States, [[School bus|school buses]] are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as &quot;[[school bus yellow]]&quot;) for purposes of visibility and safety,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=8 September 1995|title=Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'|journal=Columbia University Record|volume=21|issue=1|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup]] are attempting to introduce the concept there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm|title=Review backs yellow school buses|date=12 September 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow&quot; and &quot;high-visibility yellow&quot; are used for highway construction equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maximizing Mining Safety|journal=Caterpillar Global Mining|page=4|url=http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]], yellow (called &quot;amber&quot; in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal meaning &quot;slow down&quot;, &quot;caution&quot;, or &quot;slow speed ahead&quot;. It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|title=Learning the [&quot;typical&quot; US&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Aspects|last=Bej|first=Mark|date=16 April 1994|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Selective yellow]] is used in some automotive headlamps and fog lights to reduce the dazzling effects of rain, snow, and fog.

=== Vexillology ===

* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter &quot;Q&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html|title=Pratique|last=Flag and Etiquette Committee|date=12 June 2006|website=Flag Etiquette|publisher=United States Power Squadrons|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be quarantined.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot; /&gt;

== Idioms and expressions ==

* Yellow-belly is an American expression which means a [[coward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term comes from the 19th century and the exact origin is unknown, but it may refer to the color of sickness, which means a person lacks strength and stamina.&lt;ref&gt;''Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary'', 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yellow pages]] refers in various countries to directories of telephone numbers, arranged alphabetically by the type of business or service offered.
* The [[Yellow Peril]] was a term used in politics and popular fiction in the late 19th and early 20th century to describe the alleged economic and cultural danger posed to Europe and America by Chinese immigration. The term was first used by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] in Germany in 1895, and was the subject of numerous books and later films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Keevak|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[High yellow]] was a term sometimes used in the early 20th century, to describe light-skinned African-Americans.

== See also ==&lt;!-- Please respect alphabetical order --&gt;

* [[Chromophobia]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons category}}

* {{cite book|last=Doran|first=Sabine|title=The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip|title=Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour|year=2001|publisher=Hazan (French translation)|isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Eva|title=Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques|year=2009|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)|isbn=978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pastoureau|first=Michel|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|year=2005|publisher=Editions du Panama|isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gage|first=John|title=Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|year=1993|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)|isbn=978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Varichon|first=Anne|title=Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples|year=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuffi|first=Stefano|title=Color in Art|year=2012|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&amp;q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&amp;f=false|editor1=Ethan Russo|editor2=Melanie Creagan Dreher|editor3=Mary Lynn Mathre|publication-date=March 2003|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Pat|last=Willard|publication-date=11 April 2002|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvon|first=Henri|title=Le bouddhisme|year=1951|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-055064-8}}

{{Electromagnetic spectrum}} {{Shades of yellow}} {{Web colors}} {{Color topics}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="80818" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-pc1|expiry=June 6, 2020}}{{About|the color}}{{technical reasons|Yellow #5|that title|Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Infobox colour|title=Yellow|image={{photomontage
|photo1a=Aspen-PopulusTremuloides-2001-09-27.jpg
|photo1b=Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg
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|photo2b=清 佚名 《清仁宗嘉庆皇帝朝服像》.jpg
|photo2c=Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg
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| size = 243
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| foot_montage = }}|wavelength=575–585&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.info/color/|title=Color|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=521–512|hex=FFFF00|textcolour=purple|spelling=Color|r=255|g=255|b=0|c=0|m=0|y=100|k=0|h=60|s=100|v=100|source=[[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]&lt;ref name=&quot;css3-color&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;!-- 1st para – definition, place in science and nature--&gt; '''Yellow''' is the color of Judas, the man whom betrays JESUS AND JACOB. The living son of GOD, Emanuel is Hispanic A.K.A yellow. Who betrays me? Time has repeated!! [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and [[green]] on the [[Visible spectrum|spectrum of visible light]]. It is evoked by light with a [[dominant wavelength]] of roughly 570{{ndash}}590 [[Nanometre|nm]]. It is a [[primary color]] in [[subtractive color]] systems, used in painting or color printing. In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a [[secondary color]] made by combining red and green at equal intensity.   [[Carotenoids]] give the characteristic yellow color to [[Autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]], [[Maize|corn]], [[Domestic Canary|canaries]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], and [[lemons]], as well as [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]],  [[Buttercup|buttercups]], and [[Banana|bananas]]. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=G.A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J.E.|title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis|journal=FASEB J.|volume=10|issue=2|pages=228–37|year=1996|pmid=8641556|doi=|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8641556}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sunlight]] has a slight yellowish hue when sun is near a horizon, due to atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet).&lt;!-- 2nd para – In history and culture--&gt;Because it was widely available, [[yellow ochre]] pigment was one of the first colors used in art;  the [[Lascaux]] cave in '''France''' has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old.  Ochre and [[orpiment]] pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in the murals in Roman villas.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html%7cWebexhibits|title=Pigments through the Ages – Antiquity|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the [[Pope]] and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but was also associated with [[Judas Iscariot]] and was used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow star]]. In China, bri&lt;br&gt;

Test edit one

Test edit two[[File:Yellow Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa Twisted Pair DoF 2000px.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]&lt;br&gt;ght yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the Emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on a yellow carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot;&gt;Cited in Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 3rd para – symbolism and common associations--&gt;According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chaharshanbe Suri|In Iran]] it has connotations of pallor/sickness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php|title=Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire|website=www.iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also wisdom and connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html|title=Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture|website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86&lt;/ref&gt;


Rurjdj

== Etymology ==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', ''geolwe'' ([[oblique case]]), meaning &quot;yellow, yellowish&quot;, derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz'' &quot;yellow&quot;. It has the same Indo-European base, ''gʰel-'', as the words ''gold'' and ''yell''; ''gʰel-'' means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out.&lt;ref&gt;''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988)&lt;/ref&gt;

The English term 

is related to other Germanic words for ''yellow'', namely Scots ''yella'', East Frisian ''jeel'', West Frisian ''giel'', Dutch ''geel'', German ''gelb'', and Swedish and Norwegian ''gul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&amp;searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the oldest known use of this word in English is from ''The Epinal Glossary'' in 700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/231534|title=yellow, adj. and n|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Science and nature ==

=== Optics, color printing, and computer screens ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
CMYK color swatches.svg| Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). When CMY &quot;primaries&quot; are combined at full strength, the resulting &quot;secondary&quot; mixtures are red, green, and blue
SubtractiveColor.svg |Mixing all three theoretically results in black, but imperfect ink formulations do not give true black, which is why an additional ''K'' component is needed.
File:NIEdot367.jpg|An example of color printing from 1902. Combining images in yellow, magenta and cyan creates a full-color picture.  This is called the CMYK color model.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer display, yellow is created by combining green and red light at the right intensity on a black screen. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a [[dominant wavelength]] between 570 and 590 nanometers.

In color printing, yellow is one of the three colors of ink, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]], which, along with black,  can be overlaid in the right combination, along with black, to print any full color image. (See the [[CMYK color model]]).  A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as &quot;pigment yellow&quot;, &quot;printer's yellow&quot;, and &quot;canary yellow&quot;) subtractive [[Primary color|primary colors]], along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]].   Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See [[RGB color model]]).

==== Complementary colors ====
[[File:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480&amp;nbsp;nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the &quot;[[Planckian locus]]&quot;.]]
Traditionally, the [[complementary color]] of yellow is [[purple]]; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Roelofs|first1=Isabelle|last2=Petillion|first2=Fabien|title=La couleur expliquée aux artistes|year=2012|publisher=Eyrolles|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-212-13486-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Vincent Van Gogh]], an avid student of color theory,  used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Gage|year=2006|title=La Couleur dans l'art|pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunt defines that &quot;two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hunt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Measuring Color|first=J. W. G.|last=Hunt|year=1980|publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd|isbn=978-0-7458-0125-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are [[Complementary color|complementary]]. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call '''violet or purple'''. Helmholtz says &quot;Yellow and indigo blue&quot; are complements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Physiological Optics|first=Hermann|last=von Helmholtz|publisher=Dover|year=1924|isbn=978-0-486-44260-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says &quot;This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Theory of Compound Colors|first=Hermann Günter|last=Grassmann|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=4|year=1854|pages=254–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450&amp;nbsp;nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580&amp;nbsp;nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[Kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[Color wheel|color wheels]], painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

==== Lasers ====
[[Laser|Lasers]] emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=27 March 2009|quote=described as an &quot;extremely rare yellow&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In commercial products diode pumped solid state ([[Diode-pumped solid-state laser|DPSS]]) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808&amp;nbsp;nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76&amp;nbsp;THz and 223.39&amp;nbsp;THz: 1064&amp;nbsp;nm and 1342&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15&amp;nbsp;THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5&amp;nbsp;nm (&quot;yellow&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ledmuseum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm|title=Yellow (593.5&amp;nbsp;nm) DPSS Laser Module|last=Johnson|first=Craig|date=22 March 2009|publisher=The LED Museum|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a [[helium–neon laser]]. However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590&amp;nbsp;nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589&amp;nbsp;nm, which is considered a true yellow color.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of yellow lasers at 589&amp;nbsp;nm and 594&amp;nbsp;nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of [[optogenetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koala can operate yellow lasers using their claw. They are responsible for multiple yellow laser attacks on kangaroos that were teasing them.

=== Astronomy ===
[[Star|Stars]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] F have [[Color temperature|color temperatures]] that make them look &quot;yellowish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stars and Galaxies|first=Ron|last=Miller|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7613-3466-8|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=spectral-class+yellow}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|F. G. W. Struve]] in 1827. One of his classifications was ''flavae'', or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Murdin|year=1984|page=18|title=Colours of the stars|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25714-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Strömgren photometric system]] for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550&amp;nbsp;nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strömgren|first=Bengt|title=Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|pages=8–37|bibcode=1963QJRAS...4....8S|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Andrew|last2=Cooper|first2=W. Alan|title=Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science|journal=Observing the Universe : A Guide to Observational Astronomy and Planetary Science|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60393-5|page=63|bibcode=2004ougo.book.....N}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biology ===
Autumn [[leaves]], yellow flowers, [[Banana|bananas]], [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and other yellow [[Fruit|fruits]] all contain [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]], yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] and [[Chromoplast|chromoplasts]] of plants and some other [[photosynthetic]] organisms like [[algae]], some [[bacteria]] and some [[fungi]]. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in [[photosynthesis]], and they protect the green [[chlorophyll]] from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot; /&gt;

In late summer, as [[daylight]] hours shorten and temperatures cool, the [[Vein|veins]] that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and [[mineral]] intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic [[autumn leaf color]].

Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to [[Carrot|carrots]], [[maize]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], [[Rutabaga|rutabagas]], [[Buttercup|buttercups]] and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked [[Lobster|lobsters]], the pink of [[flamingoes]] and [[salmon]] and the yellow of [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]].

[[Xanthophylls]] are the most common yellow [[Pigment|pigments]] that form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. The name is from Greek ''xanthos'' ('''ξανθος''', &quot;yellow&quot;) + ''phyllon'' ('''φύλλον''', &quot;leaf&quot;). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], usually [[lutein]], to make the egg yolks more yellow.

Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; [[hormones]] in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several [[enzymes]]. These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of the carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;
File:Fall colors near the Eagle Lake trailhead.jpg|Autumn colors along the [[Eagle River (Cook Inlet)|Eagle River]] near [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
File:Cornwall Daffodils.jpg|[[Daffodils]] in [[Cornwall]]
File:Bananas.jpg|[[Banana]]s, like autumn [[leaves]], [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[egg yolks]], get their yellow color from natural pigments called [[carotenoids]].
File:Raw egg.jpg|The yolk of a raw egg. The color comes from the [[xanthophyll]] carotenoids [[lutein]] and [[zeaxanthin]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fish ====

* [[Yellowtail (fish)|Yellowtail]] is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''Thunnus albacares'') is a species of tuna, having bright yellow [[Anal fin|anal]] and second [[Dorsal fin|dorsal fins]]. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, it is caught as a replacement for depleted stocks of [[bluefin tuna]].

==== Insects ====
[[File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg|thumb|A [[yellow jacket]] [[wasp]]]]

* The [[yellow-fever mosquito]] (''Aedes aegypti'') is a mosquito so named because it transmits [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-borne viruses.
* [[Yellowjacket|Yellowjackets]] are black-and-yellow [[Wasp|wasps]] of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].

==== Trees ====
[[File:Snowbowlaspens.jpg|left|thumb|American aspens, ''[[Populus tremuloides]]'']]

* [[Populus tremuloides]] is a [[deciduous]] tree native to cooler areas of [[North America]], one of several species referred to by the common name [[aspen]].  ''Populus tremuloides'' is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico.
* The [[yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reach about {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tall, trunks up to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/cs/fallfoliagetrees/a/fall_foliage4.htm|title=Fall Foliage of 4 Types of Birch Trees|author=David Beaulieu|website=About.com Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
* The [[Thorny Yellowwood|thorny yellowwood]] is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
* [[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]] is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The ''[[Handroanthus albus]]'' is a tree with yellow flowers native to the [[Cerrado]] of Brazil.

== History, art, and fashion ==

=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of [[gold]]. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot; /&gt;

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent [[gold]] and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]]. from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the [[Bible]] never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In 16th century Spain, those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Karen|year=2010|title=Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. (Circa 1200).
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], c. 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (c. 1658)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Modern history ===

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

Circa 1776, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is &quot;considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=John|year=1975|title=National Gallery of Art, Washington|location=New York|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 19th-century British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.&lt;ref&gt;John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt;

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, &quot;Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!&quot; In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as &quot;buttery yellow.&quot; Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809, and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as &quot;[[yellow journalism]]&quot;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32&quot; x 25 1/2&quot; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the &quot;Eye Saver Yellow&quot; [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt;

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of [[sugar]] and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker.com&quot;&gt;Cynthia Zarin (November 13, 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] ''New Yorker''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|[[Jew]]s in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s like this.
File:Horse&amp;rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Fruits, vegetables, and eggs ===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk|Egg yolks]] gain their color from [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Aconitum lycoctonum DSCF1355.JPG|''[[Aconitum lycoctonum]]'' (northern wolfsbane)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:Mother and daughter edit.jpg| ''[[Anthemis tinctoria]]'' &lt;br /&gt;(golden marguerite)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Arnica montana.JPG|''[[Arnica montana]]'' (leopard's bane)
File:Balsamorhiza sagittata.jpg| ''[[Balsamorhiza sagittata]]'' (arrowleaf balsamroot)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Other plants ====

* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan_yellow.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]

* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]] and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),&lt;ref name=&quot;nile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm|title=Titan Yellow|date=26 July 2008|publisher=Nile Chemicals|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaton1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Heaton|first=F.W.|title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–60|date=July 1960|pmid=14400446|pmc=480095|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14400446|doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Methyl yellow]] (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;iarc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=1975|title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene|journal=IARC – Summaries &amp; Evaluations|volume=8|page=125|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain|year=2003|publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|archivedate=12 November 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&amp;nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[Allotrope|allotropes]] which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre_quarry,_Roussillon,_France_(465185258).jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]

* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),&lt;ref name=&quot;hsarts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|title=Health &amp; Safety in the Arts|publisher=City of Tucson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|archivedate=10 May 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|.H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-ochre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;harley&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Harley|first=Rosamond Drusilla|title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835|edition=2|year=2001|page=117|publisher=Archetype Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-873132-91-3|oclc=47823825|url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-naples&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cds&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow|Chrome Yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointilist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow|Titanium Yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO.Sb|2|O|5|.20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code &quot;Y10&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbnl2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html|title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)|date=14 February 2005|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOEgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge|title=gamboge (gum resin)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name &quot;gamboge&quot; is derived from &quot;[[Cambodia]]&quot; – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEWgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&amp;Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|title=Gamboge|date=16 July 2002|publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|archivedate=10 April 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=7 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field-orp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Field|first=George|title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists|editor=Salter, Thomas|publisher=Winsor and Newton|location=London|year=1869|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====

* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a [[spice]] and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.

* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)&lt;/ref&gt; In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&amp;pg=PA1352&amp;lpg=PA1352&amp;dq|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|accessdate=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments|first1=Nicholas|last1=Eastaugh|first2=Valentine|last2=Walsh|first3=Tracey|last3=Chaplin|first4=Ruth|last4=Siddall|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5749-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;dq=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kambuj&quot; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic [[Lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[azo dye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fanl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|title=Food Additives- Numerical List|author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|authorlink=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|archivedate=25 June 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]&quot;, Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&amp;C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|title=Acid Yellow 23|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as &quot;color&quot;, &quot;tartrazine&quot;, or &quot;E102&quot;. In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.&lt;ref&gt;[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20&lt;/ref&gt;

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as '''orange yellow S'', ''FD&amp;C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbons]] from [[petroleum]]. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-85573-722-1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Roger M.|title=Analytical methods for food additives|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2004|pages=|isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism and associations ==
In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color; in a 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it was their least favorite color.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; the color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot; /&gt; But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is a color of virtue and nobility.

=== In China ===
Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions of the compass; north, south, east, west, and the middle, each with a symbolic color. Yellow signifies the middle. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The legendary first emperor of China was called the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The last emperor of China, [[Puyi]] (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. &quot;It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|script-title=zh:我的前半生|trans-title=The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|orig-year=First published 1964&lt;!-- , 1987, 2002 --&gt;|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=978-7-119-00772-4|language=zh|title=From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1989}}&amp;nbsp;– original&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot; /&gt;

The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both a political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the [[Song Dynasty]], bright yellow color can only be worn by the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet.

In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of the two opposites which complement each other, the [[yin and yang]], the masculine yang is traditionally represented by yellow. Just as there are five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese world-view, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, fall, spring, and the end of summer, symbolized by yellow leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot; /&gt;

In current [[Chinese culture|Chinese pop culture]], the term &quot;yellow movie&quot; (黃色電影) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature and is analogous to the English term &quot;[[wiktionary:blue movie|blue movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm|title=Chinese porn trader jailed for life|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 March 2009|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|date=28 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, this became the basis of the '[[very erotic very violent]]' (literally, 'very yellow very violent') controversy in mainland China.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Zhengde.jpg|Portrait of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] from the [[Ming dynasty]].
File:Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in court dress (18th century).
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase Closeup.jpg|[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. The color is named &quot;Imperial Yellow&quot; after the banner of the Qing Dynasty.
File:Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, with tourists 2.jpg|Yellow roofs in the [[Forbidden City]], which are limited to imperial buildings.
File:Shanghainanjingroadpic1.jpg|Neon lights in modern [[Shanghai]] show a predominance of red and yellow.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Light and reason ===
{{Anchor|Light and Reason}}&lt;!--Old section name--&gt; Yellow, as the color of sunlight when sun is near the horizon, is commonly associated with warmth. Yellow combined with red symbolized heat and energy. A room painted yellow feels warmer than a room painted white, and a lamp with yellow light seems more natural than a lamp with white light.

As the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, &quot;brilliant&quot; and &quot;bright&quot; mean intelligent. In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, red symbolized passion, blue symbolized the spiritual, and yellow symbolized reason. In many European universities, yellow gowns and caps are worn by members of the faculty of physical and natural sciences, as yellow is the color of reason and research.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gold and blond ===
In ancient Greece and Rome,  the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair;  which was described in literature as 'golden'.  The color yellow was associated with the sun gods [[Helios]] and [[Apollo]].  It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ancient Rome,  prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain,  and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html|title=Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often  &quot;golden&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000),  ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Visibility and caution ===
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxicabs. It is also often used for warning signs, since yellow traditionally signals caution, rather than danger. [[Shades of yellow#Safety yellow|Safety yellow]] is often used for safety and accident prevention information. A yellow light on a traffic signal means slow down, but not stop. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses Pantone 116 (a yellow hue) as their standard color implying &quot;general warning,&quot; while the Federal Highway Administration similarly uses yellow to communicate warning or caution on highway signage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; A yellow [[penalty card]] in a soccer match means warning, but not expulsion.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:First Student 132.jpg|School bus
File:Gelber Briefkasten der Deutschen Post.JPG|A mailbox in Germany. Yellow was the color of the early postal service in the Habsburg Empire.
File:Crashtender BC.jpg|A crash tender of the [[Royal Danish Air Force]].
File:Sea King HAR3 XZ585 at RIAT 2010 arp.jpg|An RAF Sea King rescue helicopter.
File:Massimo Busacca, Referee, Switzerland (10).jpg|Yellow [[penalty card]] used during an [[association football]] match
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Optimism and pleasure ===
Yellow is the color most associated with [[optimism]] and [[pleasure]]; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for amusement. Yellow dresses in [[fashion]] are rare, but always associated with gaiety and celebration.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:L'impératrice Eugénie à la Marie-Antoinette, 1854, Franz Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|The [[Empress Eugenie]] dressed as [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1854)
File:Kuznetsova by Repin.jpg|''Portrait of Madame Kuznetsova'', by [[Ilya Repin]]. (1901)
File:James Tissot - The Ball.jpg|''The Ball'' by [[James Tissot]] (1880)
File:Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg|Yellow Dress – Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer
File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]] dansers
File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|Singer [[Kylie Minogue]] performs at a [[Nobel Prize]] Concert
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== In other cultures ===

* The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] associated the color yellow with the direction South. The Maya glyph for &quot;yellow&quot; (k'an) also means &quot;precious&quot; or &quot;ripe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kettunen2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kettunen|first1=Harri|last2=Helmke|first2=Christophe|title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference)|publisher=Wayeb &amp; Leiden University|location=Leiden|date=5 December 2005|page=75|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow&quot; (&quot;[[giallo]]&quot;), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers.

=== Music ===

* [[The Beatles]] 1966 album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' features the No. 1 hit, &quot;[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]&quot;. Subsequently, [[United Artists]] released an animated film in 1968 called ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', based on the music of the Beatles.
* The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' reached number 2 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' charts in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The featured song on the album, &quot;[[Mellow Yellow]]&quot;, popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[Banana peel|banana peels]], although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by [[Country Joe McDonald]].
* [[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single &quot;[[Yellow (Coldplay song)|Yellow]]&quot;.
* &quot;[[Yellow River (song)|Yellow River]]&quot; is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
* The ''[[Yellow River Piano Concerto]]'' is a [[piano concerto]] arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. Its premiere was in 1969 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

=== Politics ===
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul_17nov2018_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Yellow vests&quot; protest in France, November 2018]]

* In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a &quot;yellow dog&quot; before voting for a Republican.
* In China the [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
* Yellow is an important color of [[anarcho-capitalist symbolism]].
* The 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] was also known as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations. Liberal and pro-democracy political parties and organizations such as [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization|UNIDO]], [[PDP–Laban|PDP-Laban]], and the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] have used the color yellow. More recently, it has become a pejorative term used by some pro-Ferdinand Marcos and pro-Rodrigo Duterte against the opposition.
* Contemporary political parties using yellow include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and [[UKIP]] in the [[UK]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] in [[Scotland]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] in the US.
* In France in November and December 2018, an opposition movement called the [[Yellow vests movement|Yellow Vests]] went into the streets to protest against the fiscal policies of President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. They wore yellow safety vests, which French motorists are required by law to have in their cars.&lt;ref&gt;Essay on Yellow by Michel Pastoureau, ''Liberation'', 5 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historic flags ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433.svg|The banner of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century). The black, yellow and red colors reappeared first in 1848 and then in the 20th century in the German flag.
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg| (1819) The flag of [[Gran Colombia]], which won independence from Spain, then broke into three countries ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]) in 1830.
File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Imperial flag of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China (1890–1912), the last dynasty of China, overthrown by the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.
File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|Flag of [[South Vietnam]] (1955–75). This was the flag of the anti-communist southern part of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. It was replaced by the flag of North Vietnam after communist forces took [[Saigon]] on April 30, 1975.
File:Flag of East Germany.svg|The flag of [[East Germany]] (1959–90). It differs from the West German flag by the presence of a communist symbol in the center, and it fell out of use when Germany was reunified after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Selected national and international flags ===
Three of the five most populous countries in the world (China, India, and Brazil) have yellow or gold in their flag, representing about half of the world's population. While many flags use yellow, their symbolism varies widely, from civic virtue to golden treasure, golden fields, the desert, royalty, the keys to Heaven and the leadership of the Communist Party. In classic European [[heraldry]], yellow, along with white, is one of the two [[Tincture (heraldry)|metals]] (called gold and silver) and therefore flags following heraldic design rules must use either yellow or white to separate any of their other colors (see [[rule of tincture]]).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Flag of India.svg|[[Flag of India]] (1947). The yellow color is officially called India saffron, and represents courage and sacrifice.
File:Flag of Germany.svg|[[Flag of Germany]]. Black, red and yellow were the colors of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and, in 1919, of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. The modern German flag was adopted in 1949.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]] (1992 (originally in 1918)).
File:Flag of Belgium.svg|[[Flag of Belgium]] (1831). The yellow comes from the yellow lion in the coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Brabant]], founded in 1183–84.
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|[[Flag of Bhutan]] (1956). The Bhutan flag features [[Druk]], the thunder dragon of [[Bhutanese mythology]]. The yellow represents civic tradition, the red the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] (1949). The four small gold stars represent the workers, peasants, urban middle class, and rural middle class. The large star represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|[[Flag of Vietnam]] (1955). The big gold star represents five main classes (laborers, soldiers, peasants, intellectuals and bourgeois).
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|[[Flag of Brazil]] (1889). The yellow color was inherited from the flag of the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889), where it represented the color of the [[House of Habsburg]].
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|[[Flag of Brunei]] (1956). In Southeast Asia yellow is the color of royalty. it is the color of the [[Sultan of Brunei]], and also appears on the flag of Thailand and of Malaysia.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|[[Flag of Colombia]]. The asymmetric design of the flag is based on the old [[Flag of Gran Colombia]]. The yellow color represents the golden treasure taken from Colombia over the centuries.
File:Flag of Spain.svg|[[Flag of Spain]] (1978). The yellow in the Spanish flag comes from the traditional [[Crown of Castille]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. The general design was adopted in 1785 for the Spanish Navy, to be visible from a great distance at sea.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|[[Flag of Lithuania]] (1918 to 1940, restored in 1989, modified in 2004). Yellow represents the golden fields of Lithuania, green the countryside, and red the blood of Lithuanian martyrs.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]] (original version, 1950, current version 1963.) The yellow crescent represents Islam, the yellow star the unity of the fourteen states of Malaysia. The red and white stripes (like the stripes on the U.S. flag) are adopted from the flag of the [[British East India Company]].
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|[[Flag of Mozambique]] (1983). The colors are those of the Marxist Liberation Front of Mozambique, or [[FRELIMO]], which rules the country. Yellow represents the country's mineral wealth.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|[[Flag of the Philippines]] (1898). The yellow sun is in the left middle of the triangle shape.
File:Flag of Romania.svg|[[Flag of Romania]] (1848, and again in 1989, after the fall of the Communist regime.) Blue, yellow and red were the colors of the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolution which won independence for Romania. Yellow represents justice.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg|[[Flag of Sweden]] (adopted 1906, but colors in use since at least the mid-16th century). The legend says that in 1157, during the [[First Swedish Crusade]], the Swedish king [[Eric the Holy]] saw a golden cross appear in the blue sky.
File:Flag of Chad.svg|[[Flag of Chad]] (1959). The color yellow here represents the sun and the desert in the north of the country. This flag is identical to that of Romania, except that it uses a slightly darker indigo blue rather than cobalt blue.
File:Flag of Europe.svg|[[Flag of the European Union]]. The flag of the European Union was first created for the [[Council of Europe]] in 1953, then adopted by the [[European Union]] in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – The symbols of the European Union – The European Flag |url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The yellow color represents the golden key of the Kingdom of heaven, described in the [[Book of Matthew]] of the [[New Testament]], and part of the Papal seal on the flag. &lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Religion ===

* In [[Buddhism]], the saffron colors of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the [[Buddha]] himself and his followers in the 5th century BCE. The robe and its color is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm, and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot;&gt;Henri Arvon (1951). ''Le bouddhisme'', pp. 61–64.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober color. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the [[curcuma longa]] plant or the heartwood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, are the most common colors. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm|title=The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe|accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The color of robes also varies somewhat among the different &quot;vehicles&quot;, or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict [[Vajrayana]], or [[Tantric Buddhism]], practiced in [[Tibet]], wear the most colorful robes of saffron and red. The monks of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], practiced mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of [[Hinayana Buddhism]], practiced in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron color. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot;&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[Hinduism]], the divinity [[Krishna]] is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow. Yellow and saffron are also the colors worn by [[sadhu]], or wandering holy men in India. The Hindu almighty and divine god Lord Ganesha or Ganpati is mostly dressed with a dhotar in yellow, which is popularly known as pivla pitambar and is considered to be the most auspicious one.
* In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom.
* In the religions of the islands of [[Polynesia]], yellow is a sacred color, the color of the divine essence; the word &quot;yellow&quot; in the local languages is the same as the name of the [[curcuma longa]] plant, which is considered the food of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot; /&gt;
* In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], yellow symbolizes gold, and in [[Christian mythology]] the golden key to the Kingdom of Heaven, which divine Christ gave to Saint Peter. The flag of the [[Vatican City]] and the colors of the pope are yellow and white, symbolizing the gold key and the silver key. White and yellow together can also symbolize [[easter]], rebirth and Resurrection. Yellow also has a negative meaning, symbolizing betrayal; [[Judas Iscariot]] is usually portrayed wearing a pale yellow toga. Yellow and golden [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] mark the saints in religious paintings.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Rank celebration of Thai Buddhist monk 1.jpg|Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand
File:Buddhist monks of Tibet7.jpg|Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ueno monk.jpg|A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo
File:Sadou Kathmandu 04 04.jpg|A Hindu [[sadhu]], or ascetic wandering monk or holy man, in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].
File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|Christ giving the golden key of the kingdom heaven to [[Saint Peter]] (1481–82), by [[Pietro Perugino]]. The golden key is the symbol of the Pope.
File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 4.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Pope traditionally wears gold and white outside St. Peter's Basilica.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Metaphysics ===

* In the [[metaphysics]] of the [[New Age]] author, [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical [[psychological types]], the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Alice A.|authorlink=Alice Bailey|title=The Seven Rays of Life|location=New York|year=1995|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-85330-142-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus [[chakra]] ([[Manipura]]).&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-894663-49-7}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Psychic|Psychics]] who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wiktionary:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a scientist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Swami Panchadasi]] (1912). ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois: Yogi Publications Society, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
[[File:Bradley_Wiggins_Tour_2012_EZF.jpg|thumb|[[Bradley Wiggins]] wears the yellow jersey in the 2012 [[Tour de France]].]]

* In Association football (soccer), the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] shows a [[Yellow card (sports)|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially warned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
* Originally in [[Rugby league]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[Penalty card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
* In [[Road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] – or ''maillot jaune'' – is awarded to the leader in some stage races. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' newspaper (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].

[[File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter EC135]]P1 of [[Western Power Distribution]], used for electricity line inspection]]

=== Transportation ===

* In some countries, [[Taxicab|taxicabs]] are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur [[John D. Hertz]] painted his taxis yellow based on a [[University of Chicago]] study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php|title=History of the Main Taxi Groups|publisher=Taxi Register|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Canada and the United States, [[School bus|school buses]] are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as &quot;[[school bus yellow]]&quot;) for purposes of visibility and safety,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=8 September 1995|title=Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'|journal=Columbia University Record|volume=21|issue=1|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup]] are attempting to introduce the concept there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm|title=Review backs yellow school buses|date=12 September 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow&quot; and &quot;high-visibility yellow&quot; are used for highway construction equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maximizing Mining Safety|journal=Caterpillar Global Mining|page=4|url=http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]], yellow (called &quot;amber&quot; in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal meaning &quot;slow down&quot;, &quot;caution&quot;, or &quot;slow speed ahead&quot;. It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|title=Learning the [&quot;typical&quot; US&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Aspects|last=Bej|first=Mark|date=16 April 1994|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Selective yellow]] is used in some automotive headlamps and fog lights to reduce the dazzling effects of rain, snow, and fog.

=== Vexillology ===

* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter &quot;Q&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html|title=Pratique|last=Flag and Etiquette Committee|date=12 June 2006|website=Flag Etiquette|publisher=United States Power Squadrons|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be quarantined.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot; /&gt;

== Idioms and expressions ==

* Yellow-belly is an American expression which means a [[coward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term comes from the 19th century and the exact origin is unknown, but it may refer to the color of sickness, which means a person lacks strength and stamina.&lt;ref&gt;''Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary'', 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yellow pages]] refers in various countries to directories of telephone numbers, arranged alphabetically by the type of business or service offered.
* The [[Yellow Peril]] was a term used in politics and popular fiction in the late 19th and early 20th century to describe the alleged economic and cultural danger posed to Europe and America by Chinese immigration. The term was first used by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] in Germany in 1895, and was the subject of numerous books and later films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Keevak|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[High yellow]] was a term sometimes used in the early 20th century, to describe light-skinned African-Americans.

== See also ==&lt;!-- Please respect alphabetical order --&gt;

* [[Chromophobia]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons category}}

* {{cite book|last=Doran|first=Sabine|title=The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip|title=Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour|year=2001|publisher=Hazan (French translation)|isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Eva|title=Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques|year=2009|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)|isbn=978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pastoureau|first=Michel|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|year=2005|publisher=Editions du Panama|isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gage|first=John|title=Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|year=1993|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)|isbn=978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Varichon|first=Anne|title=Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples|year=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuffi|first=Stefano|title=Color in Art|year=2012|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&amp;q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&amp;f=false|editor1=Ethan Russo|editor2=Melanie Creagan Dreher|editor3=Mary Lynn Mathre|publication-date=March 2003|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Pat|last=Willard|publication-date=11 April 2002|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvon|first=Henri|title=Le bouddhisme|year=1951|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-055064-8}}

{{Electromagnetic spectrum}} {{Shades of yellow}} {{Web colors}} {{Color topics}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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      <text bytes="80803" xml:space="preserve">{{pp-pc1|expiry=June 6, 2020}}{{About|the color}}{{technical reasons|Yellow #5|that title|Yellow No. 5 (disambiguation)}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2012}} {{Infobox colour|title=Yellow|image={{photomontage
|photo1a=Aspen-PopulusTremuloides-2001-09-27.jpg
|photo1b=Ochre quarry, Roussillon, France (465185258).jpg
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| size = 243
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| foot_montage = }}|wavelength=575–585&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://physics.info/color/|title=Color|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;|frequency=521–512|hex=FFFF00|textcolour=purple|spelling=Color|r=255|g=255|b=0|c=0|m=0|y=100|k=0|h=60|s=100|v=100|source=[[HTML color names|HTML/CSS]]&lt;ref name=&quot;css3-color&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.w3.org/TR/css3-color/#html4|title=CSS Color Module Level 3|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt;}} &lt;!-- 1st para – definition, place in science and nature--&gt; '''Yellow''' is the color of Judas, the man whom betrays JESUS AND JACOB. The living son of GOD, Emanuel is Hispanic A.K.A yellow. Who betrays me? Time has repeated!! [[Orange (colour)|orange]] and [[green]] on the [[Visible spectrum|spectrum of visible light]]. It is evoked by light with a [[dominant wavelength]] of roughly 570{{ndash}}590 [[Nanometre|nm]]. It is a [[primary color]] in [[subtractive color]] systems, used in painting or color printing. In the [[RGB color model]], used to create colors on television and computer screens, yellow is a [[secondary color]] made by combining red and green at equal intensity.   [[Carotenoids]] give the characteristic yellow color to [[Autumn leaf color|autumn leaves]], [[Maize|corn]], [[Domestic Canary|canaries]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], and [[lemons]], as well as [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]],  [[Buttercup|buttercups]], and [[Banana|bananas]]. They absorb light energy and protect plants from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last1=Armstrong|first1=G.A.|last2=Hearst|first2=J.E.|title=Carotenoids 2: Genetics and molecular biology of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis|journal=FASEB J.|volume=10|issue=2|pages=228–37|year=1996|pmid=8641556|doi=|url=http://www.fasebj.org/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=8641556}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Sunlight]] has a slight yellowish hue when sun is near a horizon, due to atmosphere scattering shorter wavelengths (green, blue, and violet).&lt;!-- 2nd para – In history and culture--&gt;Because it was widely available, [[yellow ochre]] pigment was one of the first colors used in art;  the [[Lascaux]] cave in '''France''' has a painting of a yellow horse 17,000 years old.  Ochre and [[orpiment]] pigments were used to represent gold and skin color in Egyptian tombs, then in the murals in Roman villas.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/intro/antiquity.html%7cWebexhibits|title=Pigments through the Ages – Antiquity|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the early Christian church, yellow was the color associated with the [[Pope]] and the golden keys of the Kingdom, but was also associated with [[Judas Iscariot]] and was used to mark heretics. In the 20th century, Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe were forced to wear a [[Yellow badge|yellow star]]. In China, bri&lt;br&gt;

Test edit one[[File:Yellow Coneflower Echinacea paradoxa Twisted Pair DoF 2000px.jpg | thumb | 220x124px | right]]&lt;br&gt;ght yellow was the color of the Middle Kingdom, and could be worn only by the Emperor and his household; special guests were welcomed on a yellow carpet.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot;&gt;Cited in Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;!-- 3rd para – symbolism and common associations--&gt;According to surveys in Europe, Canada, and the United States, yellow is the color people most often associate with amusement, gentleness, humor, and spontaneity, but also with duplicity, envy, jealousy, avarice, and, in the U.S., with cowardice.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86.&lt;/ref&gt; [[Chaharshanbe Suri|In Iran]] it has connotations of pallor/sickness,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.iranchamber.com/culture/articles/festival_of_fire.php|title=Culture of Iran: Festival of Fire|website=www.iranchamber.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; but also wisdom and connection.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.payvand.com/news/12/mar/1051.html|title=Shades of doubt and shapes of hope: Colors in Iranian culture|website=www.payvand.com}}&lt;/ref&gt;  In China and many Asian countries, it is seen as the color of happiness, glory, harmony and wisdom.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 69–86&lt;/ref&gt;


Rurjdj

== Etymology ==
The word ''yellow'' comes from the [[Old English]] ''geolu'', ''geolwe'' ([[oblique case]]), meaning &quot;yellow, yellowish&quot;, derived from the [[Proto-Germanic]] word ''gelwaz'' &quot;yellow&quot;. It has the same Indo-European base, ''gʰel-'', as the words ''gold'' and ''yell''; ''gʰel-'' means both bright and gleaming, and to cry out.&lt;ref&gt;''Webster's New World Dictionary of American English'', Third College Edition, (1988)&lt;/ref&gt;

The English term 

is related to other Germanic words for ''yellow'', namely Scots ''yella'', East Frisian ''jeel'', West Frisian ''giel'', Dutch ''geel'', German ''gelb'', and Swedish and Norwegian ''gul''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=yellow&amp;searchmode=none|title=Online Etymology Dictionary|publisher=}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the [[Oxford English Dictionary]], the oldest known use of this word in English is from ''The Epinal Glossary'' in 700.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.oed.com.libezproxy.open.ac.uk/Entry/231534|title=yellow, adj. and n|website=Oxford English Dictionary|publisher=OUP|accessdate=21 April 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Science and nature ==

=== Optics, color printing, and computer screens ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
CMYK color swatches.svg| Color printing typically uses ink of four colors: cyan, magenta, yellow, and key (black). When CMY &quot;primaries&quot; are combined at full strength, the resulting &quot;secondary&quot; mixtures are red, green, and blue
SubtractiveColor.svg |Mixing all three theoretically results in black, but imperfect ink formulations do not give true black, which is why an additional ''K'' component is needed.
File:NIEdot367.jpg|An example of color printing from 1902. Combining images in yellow, magenta and cyan creates a full-color picture.  This is called the CMYK color model.
File:RGB illumination.jpg|On a computer display, yellow is created by combining green and red light at the right intensity on a black screen. 
&lt;/gallery&gt;Yellow is found between green and orange on the spectrum of visible light. It is the color the human eye sees when it looks at light with a [[dominant wavelength]] between 570 and 590 nanometers.

In color printing, yellow is one of the three colors of ink, along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]], which, along with black,  can be overlaid in the right combination, along with black, to print any full color image. (See the [[CMYK color model]]).  A particular yellow is used, called Process yellow (also known as &quot;pigment yellow&quot;, &quot;printer's yellow&quot;, and &quot;canary yellow&quot;) subtractive [[Primary color|primary colors]], along with [[magenta]] and [[cyan]].   Process yellow is not an RGB color, and there is no fixed conversion from CMYK primaries to RGB. Different formulations are used for printer's ink, so there can be variations in the printed color that is pure yellow ink.

The yellow on a color television or computer screen is created in a completely different way; by combining green and red light at the right level of intensity. (See [[RGB color model]]).

==== Complementary colors ====
[[File:PlanckianLocusWithYellowComplements.png|thumb|Complements of yellow have a dominant wavelength in the range 380 to 480&amp;nbsp;nm. The green lines show several possible pairs of complementary colors with respect to different blackbody color temperature neutrals, illustrated by the &quot;[[Planckian locus]]&quot;.]]
Traditionally, the [[complementary color]] of yellow is [[purple]]; the two colors are opposite each other on the color wheel long used by painters.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last1=Roelofs|first1=Isabelle|last2=Petillion|first2=Fabien|title=La couleur expliquée aux artistes|year=2012|publisher=Eyrolles|location=Paris|isbn=978-2-212-13486-5}}&lt;/ref&gt;  [[Vincent Van Gogh]], an avid student of color theory,  used combinations of yellow and purple in several of his paintings for the maximum contrast and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=John|last=Gage|year=2006|title=La Couleur dans l'art|pages=50–51}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Hunt defines that &quot;two colors are complementary when it is possible to reproduce the tristimulus values of a specified achromatic stimulus by an additive mixture of these two stimuli.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;hunt&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Measuring Color|first=J. W. G.|last=Hunt|year=1980|publisher=Ellis Horwood Ltd|isbn=978-0-7458-0125-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; That is, when two colored lights can be mixed to match a specified white (achromatic, non-colored) light, the colors of those two lights are [[Complementary color|complementary]]. This definition, however, does not constrain what version of white will be specified. In the nineteenth century, the scientists [[Grassmann]] and [[Helmholtz]] did experiments in which they concluded that finding a good complement for spectral yellow was difficult, but that the result was indigo, that is, a wavelength that today's color scientists would call '''violet or purple'''. Helmholtz says &quot;Yellow and indigo blue&quot; are complements.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Physiological Optics|first=Hermann|last=von Helmholtz|publisher=Dover|year=1924|isbn=978-0-486-44260-0}}&lt;/ref&gt; Grassmann reconstructs Newton's category boundaries in terms of wavelengths and says &quot;This indigo therefore falls within the limits of color between which, according to Helmholtz, the complementary colors of yellow lie.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Theory of Compound Colors|first=Hermann Günter|last=Grassmann|journal=Philosophical Magazine|volume=4|year=1854|pages=254–64}}&lt;/ref&gt;

Newton's own color circle has yellow directly opposite the boundary between indigo and violet. These results, that the complement of yellow is a wavelength shorter than 450&amp;nbsp;nm, are derivable from the modern [[CIE 1931]] system of colorimetry if it is assumed that the yellow is about 580&amp;nbsp;nm or shorter wavelength, and the specified white is the color of a blackbody radiator of temperature 2800 [[Kelvin|K]] or lower (that is, the white of an ordinary incandescent light bulb). More typically, with a daylight-colored or around 5000 to 6000 K white, the complement of yellow will be in the blue wavelength range, which is the standard modern answer for the complement of yellow.

Because of the characteristics of paint pigments and use of different [[Color wheel|color wheels]], painters traditionally regard the complement of yellow as the color indigo or blue-violet.

==== Lasers ====
[[Laser|Lasers]] emitting in the yellow part of the spectrum are less common and more expensive than most other colors.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/index.php?portable|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=27 March 2009|quote=described as an &quot;extremely rare yellow&quot;.}}&lt;/ref&gt; In commercial products diode pumped solid state ([[Diode-pumped solid-state laser|DPSS]]) technology is employed to create the yellow light. An infrared laser diode at 808&amp;nbsp;nm is used to pump a crystal of neodymium-doped yttrium vanadium oxide (Nd:YVO4) or neodymium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet (Nd:YAG) and induces it to emit at two frequencies (281.76&amp;nbsp;THz and 223.39&amp;nbsp;THz: 1064&amp;nbsp;nm and 1342&amp;nbsp;nm wavelengths) simultaneously. This deeper infrared light is then passed through another crystal containing potassium, titanium and phosphorus (KTP), whose non-linear properties generate light at a frequency that is the sum of the two incident beams (505.15&amp;nbsp;THz); in this case corresponding to the wavelength of 593.5&amp;nbsp;nm (&quot;yellow&quot;).&lt;ref name=&quot;ledmuseum&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://ledmuseum.candlepower.us/yelldpss.htm|title=Yellow (593.5&amp;nbsp;nm) DPSS Laser Module|last=Johnson|first=Craig|date=22 March 2009|publisher=The LED Museum|accessdate=27 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; This wavelength is also available, though even more rarely, from a [[helium–neon laser]]. However, this not a true yellow, as it exceeds 590&amp;nbsp;nm. A variant of this same DPSS technology using slightly different starting frequencies was made available in 2010, producing a wavelength of 589&amp;nbsp;nm, which is considered a true yellow color.&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/GRH|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=12 August 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; The use of yellow lasers at 589&amp;nbsp;nm and 594&amp;nbsp;nm have recently become more widespread thanks to the field of [[optogenetics]].&lt;ref name=&quot;laserglow3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.laserglow.com/page/optogenetics|title=Laserglow – Blue, Red, Yellow, Green Lasers|publisher=Laserglow.com|accessdate=20 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt;
Koala can operate yellow lasers using their claw. They are responsible for multiple yellow laser attacks on kangaroos that were teasing them.

=== Astronomy ===
[[Star|Stars]] of [[Stellar classification|spectral classes]] F have [[Color temperature|color temperatures]] that make them look &quot;yellowish&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Stars and Galaxies|first=Ron|last=Miller|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|year=2005|isbn=978-0-7613-3466-8|page=22|url=https://books.google.com/?id=QL9uAfad1ggC&amp;pg=PA22&amp;dq=spectral-class+yellow}}&lt;/ref&gt; The first astronomer to classify stars according to their color was [[Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve|F. G. W. Struve]] in 1827. One of his classifications was ''flavae'', or yellow, and this roughly corresponded to stars in the modern spectral range F5 to K0.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|first=Paul|last=Murdin|year=1984|page=18|title=Colours of the stars|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-25714-5}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[Strömgren photometric system]] for stellar classification includes a 'y' or yellow filter that is centered at a wavelength of 550&amp;nbsp;nm and has a bandwidth of 20–30&amp;nbsp;nm.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|last=Strömgren|first=Bengt|title=Main Sequence Stars, Problems of Internal Constitution and Kinematics (George Darwin Lecture)|journal=Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=8|pages=8–37|bibcode=1963QJRAS...4....8S|year=1963}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal|last1=Norton|first1=Andrew|last2=Cooper|first2=W. Alan|title=Observing the universe: a guide to observational astronomy and planetary science|journal=Observing the Universe : A Guide to Observational Astronomy and Planetary Science|year=2004|isbn=978-0-521-60393-5|page=63|bibcode=2004ougo.book.....N}}&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Biology ===
Autumn [[leaves]], yellow flowers, [[Banana|bananas]], [[Orange (fruit)|oranges]] and other yellow [[Fruit|fruits]] all contain [[Carotenoid|carotenoids]], yellow and red organic pigments that are found in the [[Chloroplast|chloroplasts]] and [[Chromoplast|chromoplasts]] of plants and some other [[photosynthetic]] organisms like [[algae]], some [[bacteria]] and some [[fungi]]. They serve two key roles in plants and algae: they absorb light energy for use in [[photosynthesis]], and they protect the green [[chlorophyll]] from photodamage.&lt;ref name=&quot;fasebj.org&quot; /&gt;

In late summer, as [[daylight]] hours shorten and temperatures cool, the [[Vein|veins]] that carry fluids into and out of the leaf are gradually closed off. The water and [[mineral]] intake into the leaf is reduced, slowly at first, and then more rapidly. It is during this time that the chlorophyll begins to decrease. As the chlorophyll diminishes, the yellow and red carotenoids become more and more visible, creating the classic [[autumn leaf color]].

Carotenoids are common in many living things; they give the characteristic color to [[Carrot|carrots]], [[maize]], [[Daffodil|daffodils]], [[Rutabaga|rutabagas]], [[Buttercup|buttercups]] and bananas. They are responsible for the red of cooked [[Lobster|lobsters]], the pink of [[flamingoes]] and [[salmon]] and the yellow of [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[Egg yolk|egg yolks]].

[[Xanthophylls]] are the most common yellow [[Pigment|pigments]] that form one of two major divisions of the carotenoid group. The name is from Greek ''xanthos'' ('''ξανθος''', &quot;yellow&quot;) + ''phyllon'' ('''φύλλον''', &quot;leaf&quot;). Xanthophylls are most commonly found in the leaves of green plants, but they also find their way into animals through the food they eat. For example, the yellow color of chicken egg yolks, fat, and skin comes from the feed the chickens consume. Chicken farmers understand this, and often add [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], usually [[lutein]], to make the egg yolks more yellow.

Bananas are green when they are picked because of the chlorophyll their skin contains. Once picked, they begin to ripen; [[hormones]] in the bananas convert amino acids into ethylene gas, which stimulates the production of several [[enzymes]]. These enzymes start to change the color, texture and flavor of the banana. The green chlorophyll supply is stopped and the yellow color of the carotenoids replaces it; eventually, as the enzymes continue their work, the cell walls break down and the bananas turn brown.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;140px&quot;&gt;
File:Fall colors near the Eagle Lake trailhead.jpg|Autumn colors along the [[Eagle River (Cook Inlet)|Eagle River]] near [[Anchorage]], [[Alaska]]
File:Cornwall Daffodils.jpg|[[Daffodils]] in [[Cornwall]]
File:Bananas.jpg|[[Banana]]s, like autumn [[leaves]], [[Domestic canary|canaries]] and [[egg yolks]], get their yellow color from natural pigments called [[carotenoids]].
File:Raw egg.jpg|The yolk of a raw egg. The color comes from the [[xanthophyll]] carotenoids [[lutein]] and [[zeaxanthin]]
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Fish ====

* [[Yellowtail (fish)|Yellowtail]] is the common name for dozens of different fish species that have yellow tails or a yellow body.
* [[Yellowfin tuna]] (''Thunnus albacares'') is a species of tuna, having bright yellow [[Anal fin|anal]] and second [[Dorsal fin|dorsal fins]]. Found in tropical and subtropical seas and weighing up to {{convert|200|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, it is caught as a replacement for depleted stocks of [[bluefin tuna]].

==== Insects ====
[[File:European_wasp_white_bg.jpg|thumb|A [[yellow jacket]] [[wasp]]]]

* The [[yellow-fever mosquito]] (''Aedes aegypti'') is a mosquito so named because it transmits [[dengue fever]] and [[yellow fever]], the mosquito-borne viruses.
* [[Yellowjacket|Yellowjackets]] are black-and-yellow [[Wasp|wasps]] of the genus ''Vespula'' or ''Dolichovespula'' (though some can be black-and-white, the most notable of these being the [[bald-faced hornet]], ''Dolichovespula maculata''). They can be identified by their distinctive black-and-yellow color, small size (slightly larger than a [[bee]]), and entirely black [[Antenna (biology)|antennae]].

==== Trees ====
[[File:Snowbowlaspens.jpg|left|thumb|American aspens, ''[[Populus tremuloides]]'']]

* [[Populus tremuloides]] is a [[deciduous]] tree native to cooler areas of [[North America]], one of several species referred to by the common name [[aspen]].  ''Populus tremuloides'' is the most widely distributed tree in North America, being found from Canada to central Mexico.
* The [[yellow birch]] (''Betula alleghaniensis'') is a [[birch]] species native to eastern North America, from Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and southern Quebec west to Minnesota, and south in the Appalachian Mountains to northern Georgia. They are medium-sized [[deciduous]] trees and can reach about {{convert|20|m|abbr=on}} tall, trunks up to {{convert|80|cm|abbr=on}} in diameter. The bark is smooth and yellow-bronze,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://landscaping.about.com/cs/fallfoliagetrees/a/fall_foliage4.htm|title=Fall Foliage of 4 Types of Birch Trees|author=David Beaulieu|website=About.com Home}}&lt;/ref&gt; and the wood is extensively used for flooring, cabinetry, and toothpicks.
* The [[Thorny Yellowwood|thorny yellowwood]] is an Australian rainforest tree which has deep yellow wood.
* [[Liriodendron|Yellow poplar]] is a common name for ''[[Liriodendron]]'', the [[tuliptree]]. The common name is inaccurate as this genus is not related to poplars.
* The ''[[Handroanthus albus]]'' is a tree with yellow flowers native to the [[Cerrado]] of Brazil.

== History, art, and fashion ==

=== Prehistory ===
Yellow, in the form of [[yellow ochre]] pigment made from clay, was one of the first colors used in prehistoric cave art. The cave of [[Lascaux]] has an image of a horse colored with yellow estimated to be 17,300 years old.

=== Ancient history ===
In Ancient [[Egypt]], yellow was associated with gold, which was considered to be imperishable, eternal and indestructible. The skin and bones of the gods were believed to be made of [[gold]]. The Egyptians used yellow extensively in tomb paintings; they usually used either yellow ochre or the brilliant [[orpiment]], though it was made of [[arsenic]] and was highly toxic. A small paintbox with orpiment pigment was found in the tomb of King [[Tutankhamun]]. Men were always shown with brown faces, women with yellow ochre or gold faces.&lt;ref name=&quot;webexhibits.org&quot; /&gt;

The ancient Romans used yellow in their paintings to represent [[gold]] and also in skin tones. It is found frequently in the murals of [[Pompeii]].&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Lascaux2.jpg|Image of a horse colored with [[yellow ochre]]. from [[Lascaux]] cave.
File:Tomb of Nakht.jpg|Paintings in the Tomb of Nakht in [[ancient Egypt]] (15th century BC).
File:Harfenspielerin Römisches Fresko.jpg|Yellow ochre was often used in wall paintings in Ancient Roman villas and towns.
File:Mosaic of Justinianus I - Basilica San Vitale (Ravenna).jpg|[[Byzantine art]] made lavish use of gold, seen in this detail of the [[mosaic]] of the Emperor [[Justinian]] from the [[Basilica of San Vitale]] in [[Ravenna]], Italy (before 547 AD).
File:Flag of Palaeologus Dynasty.svg|The flag of the [[Paleologus dynasty]] of Byzantine emperors was red and gold.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Post-classical history ===
During the Post-Classical period, yellow became firmly established as the color of [[Judas Iscariot]], the disciple who betrayed [[Jesus Christ]], even though the [[Bible]] never describes his clothing. From this connection, yellow also took on associations with [[envy]], [[jealousy]] and duplicity.

The tradition started in the Renaissance of marking non-Christian outsiders, such as Jews, with the color yellow. In 16th century Spain, those accused of [[heresy]] and who refused to renounce their views were compelled to come before the [[Spanish Inquisition]] dressed in a yellow cape.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000). ''Psychologie de la couleur -effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The color yellow has been historically associated with moneylenders and finance. The [[National Pawnbrokers Association]]'s logo depicts three golden spheres hanging from a bar, referencing the three bags of gold that the patron saint of pawnbroking, [[Nicholas of Myra|St. Nicholas]], holds in his hands. Additionally, the symbol of three golden orbs is found in the coat of arms of the [[House of Medici]], a famous fifteenth century Italian dynasty of bankers and lenders.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot;&gt;{{Cite journal|last=Lewis|first=Karen|year=2010|title=Yellowtown: Urban Signage, Class, and Race|journal=Design and Culture|volume=2|issue=2}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Thomas Becket Murder.JPG|[[Saffron]] was sometimes used as a pigment in Medieval manuscripts, such as this page showing the murder of [[Thomas Becket]] at [[Canterbury Cathedral]]. (Circa 1200).
File:Giotto - Scrovegni - -31- - Kiss of Judas.jpg|The ''Kiss of Judas'' (1304–06) by [[Giotto di Bondone]], followed the Medieval tradition of clothing [[Judas Iscariot]] in a yellow toga.
File:Young Man in a Yellow Robe c1630-1631 Jan Lievens.jpg|''Young Man in a Yellow Robe'' [[Jan Lievens]], c. 1630–1631
File:Johannes Vermeer - Het melkmeisje - Google Art Project.jpg|[[The Milkmaid (Vermeer)|''The Milkmaid'']] by [[Johannes Vermeer]] (c. 1658)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Modern history ===

==== 18th and 19th centuries ====
The 18th and 19th century saw the discovery and manufacture of synthetic pigments and dyes, which quickly replaced the traditional yellows made from arsenic, cow urine, and other substances.

Circa 1776, [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]] painted ''[[A Young Girl Reading]]''. She is dressed in a bright saffron yellow dress. This painting is &quot;considered by many critics to be among Fragonard's most appealing and masterly&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Walker|first=John|year=1975|title=National Gallery of Art, Washington|location=New York|publisher=Harry N. Abrams, Inc.|isbn=978-0-8109-0336-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;

The 19th-century British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] was one of the first in that century to use yellow to create moods and emotions, the way romantic composers were using music. His painting ''Rain, Steam, and Speed – the Great Central Railway'' was dominated by glowing yellow clouds.

[[Georges Seurat]] used the new synthetic colors in his experimental paintings composed of tiny points of primary colors, particularly in his famous ''Sunday Afternoon on the Isle de la Grand jatte'' (1884–86). He did not know that the new synthetic yellow pigment, zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]], which he used in the light green lawns, was highly unstable and would quickly turn brown.&lt;ref&gt;John Gage, (1993), ''Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction'', p. 220.&lt;/ref&gt;

The painter [[Vincent van Gogh]] was a particular admirer of the color yellow, the color of sunshine. Writing to his sister from the south of France in 1888, he wrote, &quot;Now we are having beautiful warm, windless weather that is very beneficial to me. The sun, a light that for lack of a better word I can only call yellow, bright sulfur yellow, pale lemon gold. How beautiful yellow is!&quot; In Arles, Van Gogh painted sunflowers inside a small house he rented at 2 Place Lamartine, a house painted with a color that Van Gogh described as &quot;buttery yellow.&quot; Van Gogh was one of the first artists to use commercially manufactured paints, rather than paints he made himself. He used the traditional yellow ochre, but also [[chrome yellow]], first made in 1809, and [[cadmium yellow]], first made in 1820.&lt;ref&gt;Stefano Zuffi (2012), ''Color in Art'', pp. 96–97.&lt;/ref&gt;

At the end of the 19th century, in 1895, a new popular art form began to appear in New York newspapers; the color [[comic strip]]. It took advantage of a new [[color printing]] process, which used [[color separation]] and three different colors of ink; magenta, cyan, and yellow, plus black, to create all the colors on the page. One of the first characters in the new comic strips was a humorous boy of the New York streets named Mickey Dugen, more commonly known as the [[Yellow Kid]], from the yellow nightshirt he wore. He gave his name (and color) to the whole genre of popular, sensational journalism, which became known as &quot;[[yellow journalism]]&quot;.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Fragonard, The Reader.jpg|''[[A Young Girl Reading]]'', or ''The Reader''. [[Jean-Honoré Fragonard]], c. 1776, 32&quot; x 25 1/2&quot; National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.
File:Rain Steam and Speed the Great Western Railway.jpg|''[[Rain, Steam and Speed – The Great Western Railway]]''. (1844). British painter [[J.M.W. Turner]] used yellow clouds to create a mood, the way romantic composers of the time used music.
File:A Sunday on La Grande Jatte, Georges Seurat, 1884.png|[[Georges Seurat]] used a new pigment, zinc yellow, in the green lawns of ''[[A Sunday Afternoon on the Island of La Grande Jatte]]'' (1884–86). He did not know that the paint would quickly deteriorate and turn brown.
File:Vincent Van Gogh 0010.jpg|''[[Sunflowers (Van Gogh series)|Sunflowers]]'' (1888) by [[Vincent van Gogh]] is a fountain of yellows.
File:YellowKid.jpeg|[[The Yellow Kid]] (1895) was one of the first [[comic strip]] characters. He gave his name to type of sensational reporting called [[Yellow Journalism]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== 20th and 21st centuries ====
In the 20th century, yellow was revived as a symbol of exclusion, as it had been in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Jews in [[Nazi Germany]] and German-occupied countries were required to sew yellow triangles with the star of David onto their clothing.

In the 20th century, modernist painters reduced painting to its simplest colors and geometric shapes. The Dutch modernist painter [[Piet Mondrian]] made a series of paintings which consisted of a pure white canvas with a grid of vertical and horizontal black lines and rectangles of yellow, red, and blue.

Yellow was particularly valued in the 20th century because of its high visibility. Because of its ability to be seen well from greater distances and at high speeds, yellow makes for the ideal color to be viewed from moving automobiles.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; It often replaced red as the color of fire trucks and other emergency vehicles, and was popular in neon signs, especially in [[Las Vegas]] and in China, where yellow was the most esteemed color.

In the 1960s, Pickett Brand developed the &quot;Eye Saver Yellow&quot; [[slide rule]], which was produced with a specific yellow color (Angstrom 5600) that reflects long-wavelength rays and promotes optimum eye-ease to help prevent eyestrain and improve visual accuracy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt;

The 21st century saw the use of unusual materials and technologies to create new ways of experiencing the color yellow. One example was ''The weather project'', by Danish-Icelandic artist [[Olafur Eliasson]], which was installed in the open space of the Turbine Hall of London's [[Tate Modern]] in 2003.

Eliasson used [[humidifiers]] to create a fine mist in the air via a mixture of [[sugar]] and water, as well as a semi-circular disc made up of hundreds of [[monochromatic]] lamps which radiated yellow light. The ceiling of the hall was covered with a huge [[mirror]], in which visitors could see themselves as tiny black shadows against a mass of light.&lt;ref name=&quot;newyorker.com&quot;&gt;Cynthia Zarin (November 13, 2006), [http://www.newyorker.com/archive/2006/11/13/061113fa_fact_zarin#ixzz1FQvk1dMc Seeing Things. The art of Olafur Eliasson] ''New Yorker''.&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Yellow Room, Frieseke.jpg|Yellow Room, [[Frederick Carl Frieseke]], 1910
File:Yellowstar.jpg|[[Jew]]s in [[Nazi-occupied Europe]] were required to wear [[yellow badge]]s like this.
File:Horse&amp;rider.jpg|Yellow was valued for its high visibility. [[Las Vegas]] became a showcase of [[neon art]] and advertising.
File:Palácio do Planalto Campanha Internacional Maio Amarelo.jpg|The [[Palácio do Planalto]], official workplace of the [[President of Brazil]], illuminated in yellow light.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Fruits, vegetables, and eggs ===
Many fruits are yellow when ripe, such as lemons and bananas, their color derived from [[carotenoid]] pigments. [[Egg yolk|Egg yolks]] gain their color from [[Xanthophyll|xanthophylls]], also a type of carotenoid pigment.

==== Flowers ====
Yellow is a common color of flowers.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Mimosa Colombe d'Or Saint Paul de Vence.JPG|''[[Acacia dealbata]]'' (silver wattle)
File:Aconitum lycoctonum DSCF1355.JPG|''[[Aconitum lycoctonum]]'' (northern wolfsbane)
File:Narcissus pseudonarcissus flower 300303.jpg|[[Narcissus pseudonarcissus]], or [[Daffodil]]
File:Mother and daughter edit.jpg| ''[[Anthemis tinctoria]]'' &lt;br /&gt;(golden marguerite)
File:Anthyllis vulneraria, AlpenWundklee 1.JPG|''[[Anthyllis vulneraria]]'' (common kidneyvetch)
File:Arnica montana.JPG|''[[Arnica montana]]'' (leopard's bane)
File:Balsamorhiza sagittata.jpg| ''[[Balsamorhiza sagittata]]'' (arrowleaf balsamroot)
File:Brugmansia aurea 12.jpg|''[[Brugmansia aurea]]'' (angel's trumpet)
&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Other plants ====

* [[Rapeseed]] (Brassica napus), also known as rape or oilseed rape, is a bright yellow flowering member of the family ''Brassicaceae'' (mustard or cabbage family).
* [[Goldenrod]] is a yellow flowering plant in the family ''[[Asteraceae]]''.

=== Minerals and chemistry ===
[[File:Titan_yellow.svg|left|thumb|200x200px|Structure of Titan yellow]]

* [[Yellowcake]] (also known as urania and uranic oxide) is concentrated [[uranium oxide]], obtained through the milling of uranium ore. Yellowcake is used in the preparation of fuel for [[Nuclear reactor|nuclear reactors]] and in [[uranium enrichment]], one of the essential steps for creating [[Nuclear weapon|nuclear weapons]].
* [[Titan yellow]] (also known as clayton yellow),&lt;ref name=&quot;nile&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.nilechemicals.com/TitanYellow.htm|title=Titan Yellow|date=26 July 2008|publisher=Nile Chemicals|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; chemical formula {{chem|C|28|H|19|Na|2|O|6|S|4}} has been used to determine [[magnesium]] in [[Serous fluid|serum]] and [[urine]], but the method is prone to interference, making the [[ammonium phosphate]] method superior when analysing blood cells, food or fecal material.&lt;ref name=&quot;heaton1960&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Heaton|first=F.W.|title=Determination of magnesium by the Titan yellow and ammonium phosphate methods|journal=Journal of Clinical Pathology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=358–60|date=July 1960|pmid=14400446|pmc=480095|url=http://jcp.bmj.com/cgi/pmidlookup?view=long&amp;pmid=14400446|doi=10.1136/jcp.13.4.358}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Methyl yellow]] (p-Dimethylaminoazobenzene) is a [[pH indicator]] used to determine acidity. It changes from yellow at pH=4.0 to red at pH=2.9.&lt;ref name=&quot;iarc&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|year=1975|title=para-Dimethylaminobenzene|journal=IARC – Summaries &amp; Evaluations|volume=8|page=125|url=http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/vol08/p-dimethylaminobenzene.html|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;gmpct&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|title=Ph paper, Litmus paper, ph indicator, laboratory stain|year=2003|publisher=GMP ChemTech Private Limited|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20081112082803/http://www.gmpct.com/products/stains_indicators_indicator_paper.php|archivedate=12 November 2008|deadurl=yes|accessdate=8 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow [[fireworks]] are produced by adding [[sodium]] compounds to the firework mixture. Sodium has a strong emission at 589.3&amp;nbsp;nm ([[D2 line|D-line]]), a very slightly orange-tinted yellow.
* Amongst the [[Chemical element|elements]], [[sulfur]] and gold are most obviously yellow. [[Phosphorus]], [[arsenic]] and [[antimony]] have [[Allotrope|allotropes]] which are yellow or whitish-yellow; [[fluorine]] and [[chlorine]] are pale yellowish gases.

==== Pigments ====
[[File:Ochre_quarry,_Roussillon,_France_(465185258).jpg|right|thumb|267x267px|Yellow ochre quarry in Roussillon, France]]

* [[Yellow ochre]] (also known as Mars yellow, Pigment yellow 42, 43),&lt;ref name=&quot;hsarts&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|title=Health &amp; Safety in the Arts|publisher=City of Tucson|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090510235604/http://www.ci.tucson.az.us/arthazards/paint1.html|archivedate=10 May 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; hydrated ferric oxide ({{chem|Fe|2|O|3|.H|2|O}}), is a naturally occurring [[pigment]] found in clays in many parts of the world. It is non-toxic and has been used in painting since prehistoric times.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-ochre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/yellowochre.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Yellow ochre|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Indian yellow]] is a transparent, fluorescent pigment used in oil paintings and watercolors. Originally magnesium euxanthate, it was claimed to have been produced from the urine of Indian cows fed only on mango leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;harley&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Harley|first=Rosamond Drusilla|title=Artists' Pigments c1600-1835|edition=2|year=2001|page=117|publisher=Archetype Publications|location=London|isbn=978-1-873132-91-3|oclc=47823825|url=http://painting.about.com/od/productreviews/gr/RDHarley_pigmt.htm|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It has now been replaced by synthetic Indian yellow hue.
* [[Naples Yellow]] (lead antimonate yellow) is one of the oldest synthetic pigments, derived from the mineral [[bindheimite]] and used extensively up to the 20th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-naples&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/overview/naplesyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Naples yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=30 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is toxic and nowadays is replaced in paint by a mixture of modern pigments.
* [[Cadmium pigments|Cadmium Yellow]] ([[cadmium sulfide]], CdS) has been used in artists' paints since the mid-19th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cds&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cdyellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Cadmium yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; Because of its toxicity, it may nowadays be replaced by [[azo pigments]].
* [[Chrome yellow|Chrome Yellow]] (lead chromate, {{chem|PbCrO|4}}), derived from the mineral [[crocoite]], was used by artists in the earlier part of the 19th century, but has been largely replaced by other yellow pigments because of the toxicity of lead.&lt;ref name=&quot;webex-cr&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.webexhibits.org/pigments/indiv/history/cryellow.html|title=Pigments through the ages: Chrome yellow|publisher=WebExhibits|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Zinc yellow or [[zinc chromate]] is a synthetic pigment made in the 19th century, and used by the painter [[Georges Seurat]] in his [[pointilist]] paintings. He did not know that it was highly unstable, and would quickly turn brown.
* [[Titanium yellow|Titanium Yellow]] (nickel antimony titanium yellow rutile, {{chem|NiO.Sb|2|O|5|.20TiO|2}}) is created by adding small amounts of the oxides of nickel and antimony to titanium dioxide and heating. It is used to produce yellow paints with good white coverage and has the [[LBNL]] paint code &quot;Y10&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;lbnl2005&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://coolcolors.lbl.gov/LBNL-Pigment-Database/paints/Y10.html|title=LBNL Pigment Database: (Y10) Nickel Antimony Titanium Yellow Rutile (iii)|date=14 February 2005|publisher=Lawrence Berkeley National Lab|accessdate=5 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is an orange-brown [[resin]], derived from trees of the genus [[Garcinia]], which becomes yellow when powdered.&lt;ref name=&quot;BOEgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/224855/gamboge|title=gamboge (gum resin)|publisher=Britannica Online Encyclopedia|accessdate=7 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It was used as a watercolor pigment in the far east from the 8th century – the name &quot;gamboge&quot; is derived from &quot;[[Cambodia]]&quot; – and has been used in Europe since the 17th century.&lt;ref name=&quot;SEWgamboge&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/Chem&amp;Art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|title=Gamboge|date=16 July 2002|publisher=Sewanee: The University of the South|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410075328/http://www.sewanee.edu/chem/chem%26art/Detail_Pages/Pigments/Gamboge|archivedate=10 April 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=7 April 2009|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Orpiment]], also called King's Yellow or Chinese Yellow is [[arsenic trisulfide]] ({{chem|As|2|S|3}}) and was used as a paint pigment until the 19th century when, because of its high toxicity and reaction with lead-based pigments, it was generally replaced by Cadmium Yellow.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field-orp&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Field|first=George|title=Field's Chromatography or Treatise on Colours and Pigments as Used by Artists|editor=Salter, Thomas|publisher=Winsor and Newton|location=London|year=1869|url=http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/20915}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[azo dye]]-based pigment (a brightly colored transparent or semitransparent dye with a white pigment) is used as the colorant in most modern paints requiring either a highly saturated yellow or simplicity of color mixing. The most common is the monoazo [[arylide yellow]] family, first marketed as [[Hansa Yellow]].

==== Dyes ====

* [[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[turmeric]], is a plant grown in India and Southeast Asia which serves as a dye for clothing, especially monks' robes; as a spice for curry and other dishes; and as a popular medicine. It is also used as a food coloring for mustard and other products.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 80–81.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Saffron]], like turmeric, is one of the rare dyes that is also a [[spice]] and food colorant. It is made from the dried red [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] of the [[crocus sativus]] flower. It must be picked by hand and it takes 150 flowers to obtain a single gram of stigma, so it is extremely expensive. It probably originated in the Mediterranean or Southwest Asia, and its use was detailed in a 7th-century BC Assyrian botanical reference compiled under [[Ashurbanipal]].{{Sfn|Russo|Dreher|Mathre|2003|p=6}} It was known in India at the time of the [[Buddha]], and after his death his followers decreed that monks should wear robes the color of saffron. Saffron was used to dye the robes of the senior Buddhist monks, while ordinary monks wore robes dyed with [[Gamboge]] or [[Curcuma longa]], also known as Turmeric.

The color of saffron comes from [[crocin]], a red variety of [[carotenoid]] natural pigment. The color of the dyed fabric varies from deep red to orange to yellow, depending upon the type of saffron and the process. Most saffron today comes from Iran, but it is also grown commercially in Spain, Italy and Kashmir in India, and as a boutique crop in New Zealand, the United Kingdom, France, Switzerland and other countries. In the United States, it has been cultivated by the [[Pennsylvania Dutch]] community since the early 18th century. Because of the high price of saffron, other similar dyes and spices are often sold under the name saffron; for instance, what is called ''Indian saffron'' is often really turmeric.

* [[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, has been used as a yellow dye from neolithic times. It grew wild along the roads and walls of Europe, and was introduced into North America, where it grows as a weed. It was used as both as a yellow dye, whose color was deep and lasting, and to dye fabric green, first by dyeing it blue with indigo, then dyeing it with reseda luteola to turn it a rich, solid and lasting green. It was the most common yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages until the 18th century, when it was replaced first by the bark of the quercitron tree from North America, then by synthetic dyes. It was also widely used in North Africa and in the Ottoman Empire.&lt;ref&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', pp. 78–79.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Gamboge]] is a deep saffron to mustard yellow pigment and dye.&lt;ref&gt;''Oxford English Dictionary'', 2nd Ed. (1989)&lt;/ref&gt; In Asia, it is frequently used to dye [[Kasaya (clothing)|Buddhist monks' robes]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=10IMFSavIMsC&amp;pg=PA1352&amp;lpg=PA1352&amp;dq|title=Mansfeld's Encyclopedia of Agricultural and Horticultural Crops: (Except Ornamentals)|last=Hanelt|first=Peter|date=11 May 2001|publisher=Springer|accessdate=8 August 2011|isbn=9783540410171}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Lewington|first=Anna|title=Plants for people|year=1990|publisher=Natural History Museum Publications|location=London|isbn=978-0-565-01094-2|page=206|chapter=Recreation-Plants that entertain us}}&lt;/ref&gt; Gamboge is most often extracted by tapping [[resin]] from various species of evergreen trees of the family ''[[Guttiferae]]'', which grow in Cambodia, Thailand, and elsewhere in Southeast Asia.&lt;ref name=&quot;compendium&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=The Pigment Compendium: A Dictionary of Historical Pigments|first1=Nicholas|last1=Eastaugh|first2=Valentine|last2=Walsh|first3=Tracey|last3=Chaplin|first4=Ruth|last4=Siddall|publisher=Butterworth-Heinemann|year=2004|isbn=978-0-7506-5749-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=TKFiYsc_xOAC&amp;pg=PA164&amp;dq=%22Garcinia+hanburyi%22+gambogia}}&lt;/ref&gt; &quot;Kambuj&quot; ([[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]: कंबुज) is the ancient [[Sanskrit]] name for [[Cambodia]].
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Orpiment mineral.jpg|[[Orpiment]] was a source of yellow pigment from ancient Egypt through the 19th century, though it is highly toxic.
File:Indisch-Gelb.jpg|[[Indian yellow]] pigment
File:Lead chromate.JPG|[[Chrome yellow]] was discovered in 1809.
File:Saffran crocus sativus moist.jpg|The dye and spice [[saffron]] comes from the dried red [[stigma (botany)|stigma]] of this plant, the [[crocus sativus]].
File:Curcuma longa roots.jpg|[[Curcuma longa]], also known as [[Turmeric]], has been used for centuries in India as a dye, particularly for monk's robes. it is also commonly used as a medicine and as a spice in Indian cooking.
File:Reseda luteola (Flowers).jpg|[[Reseda luteola]], also known as dyers weed, yellow weed or weld, was the most popular source of yellow dye in Europe from the Middle Ages through the 18th century.
File:Garcinia subelliptica (200703).jpg|The [[Garcinia]] tree of Southeast Asia, whose resin is used to make the yellow dye called [[gamboge]].

&lt;/gallery&gt;

==== Food coloring ====
The most common yellow [[food coloring]] in use today is called [[Tartrazine]]. It is a synthetic [[Lemon (color)|lemon yellow]] [[azo dye]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fanl&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|title=Food Additives- Numerical List|author=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|authorlink=Food Standards Australia New Zealand|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090625024756/http://www.foodstandards.gov.au/newsroom/publications/choosingtherightstuff/foodadditivesnumeric1680.cfm|archivedate=25 June 2009|deadurl=yes|accessdate=2 December 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;&quot;[http://www.food.gov.uk/safereating/chemsafe/additivesbranch/enumberlist Current EU approved additives and their E Numbers]&quot;, Food Standards Agency website. Retrieved 15 December 2011.&lt;/ref&gt; It is also known as [[E number]] E102, [[Colour Index International|C.I.]] 19140, [[Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act|FD&amp;C]] yellow 5, acid yellow 23, food yellow 4, and trisodium 1-(4-sulfonatophenyl)-4-(4-sulfonatophenylazo)-5-pyrazolone-3-carboxylate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chemblink.com/products/1934-21-0.htm|title=Acid Yellow 23|publisher=ChemBlink, an online database of chemicals from around the world}}&lt;/ref&gt; It is the yellow most frequently used such processed food products as corn and potato chips, breakfast cereals such as corn flakes, candies, popcorn, mustard, jams and jellies, gelatin, soft drinks (notably [[Mountain Dew]]), energy and sports drinks, and pastries. It is also widely used in liquid and bar soap, shampoo, cosmetics and medicines. Sometimes it is mixed with blue dyes to color processed products green.

It is typically labelled on food packages as &quot;color&quot;, &quot;tartrazine&quot;, or &quot;E102&quot;. In the United States, because of concerns about possible health problems related to intolerance to tartrazine, its presence must be declared on food and drug product labels.&lt;ref&gt;[[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 74.1705, 21 [[Code of Federal Regulations|CFR]] 201.20&lt;/ref&gt;

Another popular synthetic yellow coloring is [[Sunset Yellow FCF]] (also known as '''orange yellow S'', ''FD&amp;C yellow 6'' and ''C.I. 15985'') It is manufactured from [[Aromatic hydrocarbon|aromatic hydrocarbons]] from [[petroleum]]. When added to foods sold in Europe, it is denoted by E number E110.&lt;ref name=&quot;isbn1-85573-722-1&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Roger M.|title=Analytical methods for food additives|publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton|year=2004|pages=|isbn=978-1-85573-722-8}}&lt;/ref&gt;

== Symbolism and associations ==
In the west, yellow is not a well-loved color; in a 2000 survey, only six percent of respondents in Europe and America named it as their favorite color. compared with 45 percent for blue, 15 percent for green, 12 percent for red, and 10 percent for black. For seven percent of respondents, it was their least favorite color.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt; Yellow is the color of ambivalence and contradiction; the color associated with optimism and amusement; but also with betrayal, duplicity, and jealousy.&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 pg. 33&quot; /&gt; But in China and other parts of Asia, yellow is a color of virtue and nobility.

=== In China ===
Yellow has strong historical and cultural associations in China, where it is the color of happiness, glory, and wisdom. In China, there are five directions of the compass; north, south, east, west, and the middle, each with a symbolic color. Yellow signifies the middle. China is called the Middle Kingdom; the palace of the Emperor was considered to be in the exact center of the world.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot;&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 82.&lt;/ref&gt;

The legendary first emperor of China was called the [[Yellow Emperor]]. The last emperor of China, [[Puyi]] (1906–67), described in his memoirs how every object which surrounded him as a child was yellow. &quot;It made me understand from my most tender age that I was of a unique essence, and it instilled in me the consciousness of my 'celestial nature' which made me different from every other human.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|script-title=zh:我的前半生|trans-title=The First Half of My Life; From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Puyi|last=Aisin-Gioro|first=Puyi|orig-year=First published 1964&lt;!-- , 1987, 2002 --&gt;|publisher=Foreign Languages Press|isbn=978-7-119-00772-4|language=zh|title=From Emperor to Citizen: The Autobiography of Aisin-Gioro Pu Yi|year=1989}}&amp;nbsp;– original&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Eva Heller 2000 p. 82&quot; /&gt;

The Chinese Emperor was literally considered the child of heaven, with both a political and religious role, both symbolized by yellow. After the [[Song Dynasty]], bright yellow color can only be worn by the emperor. Distinguished visitors were honored with a yellow, not a red, carpet.

In Chinese symbolism, yellow, red and green are masculine colors, while black and white are considered feminine. In the traditional symbolism of the two opposites which complement each other, the [[yin and yang]], the masculine yang is traditionally represented by yellow. Just as there are five elements, five directions and five colors in the Chinese world-view, there are also five seasons; summer, winter, fall, spring, and the end of summer, symbolized by yellow leaves.&lt;ref name=&quot;autogenerated82&quot; /&gt;

In current [[Chinese culture|Chinese pop culture]], the term &quot;yellow movie&quot; (黃色電影) refers to films and other cultural items of a pornographic nature and is analogous to the English term &quot;[[wiktionary:blue movie|blue movie]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/1045153.stm|title=Chinese porn trader jailed for life|work=BBC News|accessdate=23 March 2009|first=Duncan|last=Hewitt|date=28 November 2000}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2007, this became the basis of the '[[very erotic very violent]]' (literally, 'very yellow very violent') controversy in mainland China.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;180px&quot;&gt;
File:Zhengde.jpg|Portrait of the [[Zhengde Emperor]] from the [[Ming dynasty]].
File:Portrait of the Qianlong Emperor in Court Dress.jpg|The [[Qianlong Emperor]] in court dress (18th century).
File:Imperial Yellow Peking Glass Vase Closeup.jpg|[[Daoguang Emperor|Daoguang]] period [[Peking glass]] vase. The color is named &quot;Imperial Yellow&quot; after the banner of the Qing Dynasty.
File:Hall of Supreme Harmony, Forbidden City, Beijing, with tourists 2.jpg|Yellow roofs in the [[Forbidden City]], which are limited to imperial buildings.
File:Shanghainanjingroadpic1.jpg|Neon lights in modern [[Shanghai]] show a predominance of red and yellow.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Light and reason ===
{{Anchor|Light and Reason}}&lt;!--Old section name--&gt; Yellow, as the color of sunlight when sun is near the horizon, is commonly associated with warmth. Yellow combined with red symbolized heat and energy. A room painted yellow feels warmer than a room painted white, and a lamp with yellow light seems more natural than a lamp with white light.

As the color of light, yellow is also associated with knowledge and wisdom. In English and many other languages, &quot;brilliant&quot; and &quot;bright&quot; mean intelligent. In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom. In medieval European symbolism, red symbolized passion, blue symbolized the spiritual, and yellow symbolized reason. In many European universities, yellow gowns and caps are worn by members of the faculty of physical and natural sciences, as yellow is the color of reason and research.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', pp. 72–73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Gold and blond ===
In ancient Greece and Rome,  the gods were often depicted with yellow, or blonde hair;  which was described in literature as 'golden'.  The color yellow was associated with the sun gods [[Helios]] and [[Apollo]].  It was fashionable in ancient Greece for men and women to dye their hair yellow, or to spend time in the sun to bleach it.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000), ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;  In ancient Rome,  prostitutes were required to bleach their hair, to be easily identified, but it also became a fashionable hair color for aristocratic women, influenced by the exotic blonde hair of many of the newly conquered slaves from Gaul, Britain,  and Germany.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://italianthro.blogspot.fr/2011/11/hair-dye-and-wigs-in-ancient-rome.html|title=Hair dye and wigs in Ancient Rome}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, in medieval Europe and later, the word yellow often had negative connotations; associated with betrayal, so yellow hair was more poetically called 'blond,' 'light', 'fair,' or most often  &quot;golden&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;Eva Heller (2000),  ''Psychologie de la couleur – effets et symboliques'', p. 73.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Visibility and caution ===
Yellow is the most visible color from a distance, so it is often used for objects that need to be seen, such as fire engines, road maintenance equipment, school buses and taxicabs. It is also often used for warning signs, since yellow traditionally signals caution, rather than danger. [[Shades of yellow#Safety yellow|Safety yellow]] is often used for safety and accident prevention information. A yellow light on a traffic signal means slow down, but not stop. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) uses Pantone 116 (a yellow hue) as their standard color implying &quot;general warning,&quot; while the Federal Highway Administration similarly uses yellow to communicate warning or caution on highway signage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Yellowtown&quot; /&gt; A yellow [[penalty card]] in a soccer match means warning, but not expulsion.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:First Student 132.jpg|School bus
File:Gelber Briefkasten der Deutschen Post.JPG|A mailbox in Germany. Yellow was the color of the early postal service in the Habsburg Empire.
File:Crashtender BC.jpg|A crash tender of the [[Royal Danish Air Force]].
File:Sea King HAR3 XZ585 at RIAT 2010 arp.jpg|An RAF Sea King rescue helicopter.
File:Massimo Busacca, Referee, Switzerland (10).jpg|Yellow [[penalty card]] used during an [[association football]] match
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Optimism and pleasure ===
Yellow is the color most associated with [[optimism]] and [[pleasure]]; it is a color designed to attract attention, and is used for amusement. Yellow dresses in [[fashion]] are rare, but always associated with gaiety and celebration.&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;200px&quot;&gt;
File:L'impératrice Eugénie à la Marie-Antoinette, 1854, Franz Xaver Winterhalter.jpg|The [[Empress Eugenie]] dressed as [[Marie Antoinette]], painted by [[Franz Winterhalter]] (1854)
File:Kuznetsova by Repin.jpg|''Portrait of Madame Kuznetsova'', by [[Ilya Repin]]. (1901)
File:James Tissot - The Ball.jpg|''The Ball'' by [[James Tissot]] (1880)
File:Basil Soda Yellow Dress - Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer 2012.jpg|Yellow Dress – Paris Haute Couture Spring-Summer
File:Flickr - dalbera - Danseuses de Kuchipudi (musée Guimet).jpg|[[Kuchipudi]] dansers
File:Kylie Minogue IMG 4379.JPG|Singer [[Kylie Minogue]] performs at a [[Nobel Prize]] Concert
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== In other cultures ===

* The ancient [[Maya civilization|Maya]] associated the color yellow with the direction South. The Maya glyph for &quot;yellow&quot; (k'an) also means &quot;precious&quot; or &quot;ripe&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;kettunen2005&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last1=Kettunen|first1=Harri|last2=Helmke|first2=Christophe|title=Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs (Workshop Handbook 10th European Maya Conference)|publisher=Wayeb &amp; Leiden University|location=Leiden|date=5 December 2005|page=75|url=http://www.docstoc.com/docs/2688831/Introduction-to-Maya-Hieroglyphs|accessdate=28 March 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow&quot; (&quot;[[giallo]]&quot;), in Italy, refers to crime stories, both fictional and real. This association began in about 1930, when the first series of crime novels published in Italy had yellow covers.

=== Music ===

* [[The Beatles]] 1966 album ''[[Revolver (The Beatles album)|Revolver]]'' features the No. 1 hit, &quot;[[Yellow Submarine (song)|Yellow Submarine]]&quot;. Subsequently, [[United Artists]] released an animated film in 1968 called ''[[Yellow Submarine (1968 film)|Yellow Submarine]]'', based on the music of the Beatles.
* The March 1967 album by [[Donovan]] called ''[[Mellow Yellow (album)|Mellow Yellow]]'' reached number 2 on the U.S. ''Billboard'' charts in 1966 and number 8 in the UK in early 1967. The featured song on the album, &quot;[[Mellow Yellow]]&quot;, popularized during the Spring of 1967 a widely believed [[hoax]] that it was possible to get high by smoking scrapings from the inside of [[Banana peel|banana peels]], although this rumor was actually started in 1966 by [[Country Joe McDonald]].
* [[Coldplay]] achieved worldwide fame with their 2000 single &quot;[[Yellow (Coldplay song)|Yellow]]&quot;.
* &quot;[[Yellow River (song)|Yellow River]]&quot; is a song recorded by the British band Christie in 1970.
* The ''[[Yellow River Piano Concerto]]'' is a [[piano concerto]] arranged by a collaboration between musicians including Yin Chengzong and Chu Wanghua. Its premiere was in 1969 during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

=== Politics ===
[[File:ManifGiletsJaunesVesoul_17nov2018_(cropped).jpg|right|thumb|250x250px|&quot;Yellow vests&quot; protest in France, November 2018]]

* In the United States, a [[yellow dog Democrat]] was a [[U.S. Southern states|Southern]] voter who consistently voted for [[United States Democratic Party|Democratic]] candidates in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because of lingering resentment against the [[United States Republican Party|Republicans]] dating back to the [[American Civil War|Civil War]] and [[Reconstruction era of the United States|Reconstruction]] period. Today the term refers to a hard-core Democrat, supposedly referring to a person who would vote for a &quot;yellow dog&quot; before voting for a Republican.
* In China the [[Yellow Turbans]] were a [[Daoist]] sect that staged an extensive [[rebellion]] during the [[Han Dynasty]].
* Yellow is an important color of [[anarcho-capitalist symbolism]].
* The 1986 [[People Power Revolution]] in the [[Philippines]] was also known as the Yellow Revolution due to the presence of yellow ribbons during the demonstrations. Liberal and pro-democracy political parties and organizations such as [[United Nationalist Democratic Organization|UNIDO]], [[PDP–Laban|PDP-Laban]], and the [[Liberal Party (Philippines)|Liberal Party]] have used the color yellow. More recently, it has become a pejorative term used by some pro-Ferdinand Marcos and pro-Rodrigo Duterte against the opposition.
* Contemporary political parties using yellow include the [[Liberal Democrats (UK)|Liberal Democrats]] and [[UKIP]] in the [[UK]], [[Scottish National Party|SNP]] in [[Scotland]] and [[Libertarian Party (United States)|Libertarian Party]] in the US.
* In France in November and December 2018, an opposition movement called the [[Yellow vests movement|Yellow Vests]] went into the streets to protest against the fiscal policies of President [[Emmanuel Macron]]. They wore yellow safety vests, which French motorists are required by law to have in their cars.&lt;ref&gt;Essay on Yellow by Michel Pastoureau, ''Liberation'', 5 December 2008&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Historic flags ===
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Heiliges Römisches Reich - Reichssturmfahne vor 1433.svg|The banner of the Holy Roman Empire (15th century). The black, yellow and red colors reappeared first in 1848 and then in the 20th century in the German flag.
File:Flag of the Gran Colombia (1819-1820).svg| (1819) The flag of [[Gran Colombia]], which won independence from Spain, then broke into three countries ([[Colombia]], [[Venezuela]] and [[Ecuador]]) in 1830.
File:Flag of the Qing Dynasty (1889-1912).svg|Imperial flag of the [[Qing Dynasty]], China (1890–1912), the last dynasty of China, overthrown by the [[Xinhai Revolution]] of 1911.
File:Flag of South Vietnam.svg|Flag of [[South Vietnam]] (1955–75). This was the flag of the anti-communist southern part of Vietnam during the [[Vietnam War]]. It was replaced by the flag of North Vietnam after communist forces took [[Saigon]] on April 30, 1975.
File:Flag of East Germany.svg|The flag of [[East Germany]] (1959–90). It differs from the West German flag by the presence of a communist symbol in the center, and it fell out of use when Germany was reunified after the fall of the [[Berlin Wall]].
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Selected national and international flags ===
Three of the five most populous countries in the world (China, India, and Brazil) have yellow or gold in their flag, representing about half of the world's population. While many flags use yellow, their symbolism varies widely, from civic virtue to golden treasure, golden fields, the desert, royalty, the keys to Heaven and the leadership of the Communist Party. In classic European [[heraldry]], yellow, along with white, is one of the two [[Tincture (heraldry)|metals]] (called gold and silver) and therefore flags following heraldic design rules must use either yellow or white to separate any of their other colors (see [[rule of tincture]]).&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;100px&quot;&gt;
File:Flag of India.svg|[[Flag of India]] (1947). The yellow color is officially called India saffron, and represents courage and sacrifice.
File:Flag of Germany.svg|[[Flag of Germany]]. Black, red and yellow were the colors of the [[Holy Roman Emperor]], and, in 1919, of the German [[Weimar Republic]]. The modern German flag was adopted in 1949.
File:Flag of Ukraine.svg|[[Flag of Ukraine]] (1992 (originally in 1918)).
File:Flag of Belgium.svg|[[Flag of Belgium]] (1831). The yellow comes from the yellow lion in the coat of arms of the [[Duchy of Brabant]], founded in 1183–84.
File:Flag of Bhutan.svg|[[Flag of Bhutan]] (1956). The Bhutan flag features [[Druk]], the thunder dragon of [[Bhutanese mythology]]. The yellow represents civic tradition, the red the Buddhist spiritual tradition.
File:Flag of the People's Republic of China.svg|[[Flag of the People's Republic of China]] (1949). The four small gold stars represent the workers, peasants, urban middle class, and rural middle class. The large star represents the [[Chinese Communist Party]].
File:Flag of Vietnam.svg|[[Flag of Vietnam]] (1955). The big gold star represents five main classes (laborers, soldiers, peasants, intellectuals and bourgeois).
File:Flag of Brazil.svg|[[Flag of Brazil]] (1889). The yellow color was inherited from the flag of the [[Empire of Brazil]] (1822–1889), where it represented the color of the [[House of Habsburg]].
File:Flag of Brunei.svg|[[Flag of Brunei]] (1956). In Southeast Asia yellow is the color of royalty. it is the color of the [[Sultan of Brunei]], and also appears on the flag of Thailand and of Malaysia.
File:Flag of Colombia.svg|[[Flag of Colombia]]. The asymmetric design of the flag is based on the old [[Flag of Gran Colombia]]. The yellow color represents the golden treasure taken from Colombia over the centuries.
File:Flag of Spain.svg|[[Flag of Spain]] (1978). The yellow in the Spanish flag comes from the traditional [[Crown of Castille]] and the [[Crown of Aragon]]. The general design was adopted in 1785 for the Spanish Navy, to be visible from a great distance at sea.
File:Flag of Lithuania.svg|[[Flag of Lithuania]] (1918 to 1940, restored in 1989, modified in 2004). Yellow represents the golden fields of Lithuania, green the countryside, and red the blood of Lithuanian martyrs.
File:Flag of Malaysia.svg|[[Flag of Malaysia]] (original version, 1950, current version 1963.) The yellow crescent represents Islam, the yellow star the unity of the fourteen states of Malaysia. The red and white stripes (like the stripes on the U.S. flag) are adopted from the flag of the [[British East India Company]].
File:Flag of Mozambique.svg|[[Flag of Mozambique]] (1983). The colors are those of the Marxist Liberation Front of Mozambique, or [[FRELIMO]], which rules the country. Yellow represents the country's mineral wealth.
File:Flag of the Philippines.svg|[[Flag of the Philippines]] (1898). The yellow sun is in the left middle of the triangle shape.
File:Flag of Romania.svg|[[Flag of Romania]] (1848, and again in 1989, after the fall of the Communist regime.) Blue, yellow and red were the colors of the [[Wallachian uprising of 1821]], and the 1848 revolution which won independence for Romania. Yellow represents justice.
File:Flag of Sweden.svg|[[Flag of Sweden]] (adopted 1906, but colors in use since at least the mid-16th century). The legend says that in 1157, during the [[First Swedish Crusade]], the Swedish king [[Eric the Holy]] saw a golden cross appear in the blue sky.
File:Flag of Chad.svg|[[Flag of Chad]] (1959). The color yellow here represents the sun and the desert in the north of the country. This flag is identical to that of Romania, except that it uses a slightly darker indigo blue rather than cobalt blue.
File:Flag of Europe.svg|[[Flag of the European Union]]. The flag of the European Union was first created for the [[Council of Europe]] in 1953, then adopted by the [[European Union]] in 1985. The twelve yellow or gold stars do not represent any particular countries; twelve was chosen as a number which represented unity and harmony.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=EUROPA – The EU at a glance – The symbols of the European Union – The European Flag |url=http://europa.eu/about-eu/basic-information/symbols/flag/index_en.htm |accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt;
File:Flag of the Vatican City.svg|[[Flag of Vatican City]] (1929). The yellow color represents the golden key of the Kingdom of heaven, described in the [[Book of Matthew]] of the [[New Testament]], and part of the Papal seal on the flag. &lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Religion ===

* In [[Buddhism]], the saffron colors of robes to be worn by monks were defined by the [[Buddha]] himself and his followers in the 5th century BCE. The robe and its color is a sign of renunciation of the outside world and commitment to the order. The candidate monk, with his master, first appears before the monks of the monastery in his own clothes, with his new robe under his arm, and asks to enter the order. He then takes his vows, puts on the robes, and with his begging bowl, goes out to the world. Thereafter, he spends his mornings begging and his afternoons in contemplation and study, either in a forest, garden, or in the monastery.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot;&gt;Henri Arvon (1951). ''Le bouddhisme'', pp. 61–64.&lt;/ref&gt; According to Buddhist scriptures and commentaries, the robe dye is allowed to be obtained from six kinds of substances: roots and tubers, plants, bark, leaves, flowers and fruits. The robes should also be boiled in water a long time to get the correctly sober color. Saffron and ochre, usually made with dye from the [[curcuma longa]] plant or the heartwood of the [[jackfruit]] tree, are the most common colors. The so-called forest monks usually wear ochre robes and city monks saffron, though this is not an official rule.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.buddhanet.net/e-learning/buddhistworld/robe_txt.htm|title=The Buddhanet- buddhist studies- the monastic robe|accessdate=9 October 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; The color of robes also varies somewhat among the different &quot;vehicles&quot;, or schools of Buddhism, and by country, depending on their doctrines and the dyes available. The monks of the strict [[Vajrayana]], or [[Tantric Buddhism]], practiced in [[Tibet]], wear the most colorful robes of saffron and red. The monks of [[Mahayana Buddhism]], practiced mainly in Japan, China and Korea, wear lighter yellow or saffron, often with white or black. Monks of [[Hinayana Buddhism]], practiced in Southeast Asia, usually wear ochre or saffron color. Monks of the forest tradition in Thailand and other parts of Southeast Asia wear robes of a brownish ochre, dyed from the wood of the [[jackfruit]] tree.&lt;ref name=&quot;Henri Arvon 1951 pg. 61–64&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot;&gt;Anne Varichon (2000), ''Couleurs- pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples'', p. 62.&lt;/ref&gt;
* In [[Hinduism]], the divinity [[Krishna]] is commonly portrayed dressed in yellow. Yellow and saffron are also the colors worn by [[sadhu]], or wandering holy men in India. The Hindu almighty and divine god Lord Ganesha or Ganpati is mostly dressed with a dhotar in yellow, which is popularly known as pivla pitambar and is considered to be the most auspicious one.
* In [[Islam]], the yellow color of gold symbolizes wisdom.
* In the religions of the islands of [[Polynesia]], yellow is a sacred color, the color of the divine essence; the word &quot;yellow&quot; in the local languages is the same as the name of the [[curcuma longa]] plant, which is considered the food of the gods.&lt;ref name=&quot;Anne Varichon 2000 pg. 62&quot; /&gt;
* In the [[Roman Catholic Church]], yellow symbolizes gold, and in [[Christian mythology]] the golden key to the Kingdom of Heaven, which divine Christ gave to Saint Peter. The flag of the [[Vatican City]] and the colors of the pope are yellow and white, symbolizing the gold key and the silver key. White and yellow together can also symbolize [[easter]], rebirth and Resurrection. Yellow also has a negative meaning, symbolizing betrayal; [[Judas Iscariot]] is usually portrayed wearing a pale yellow toga. Yellow and golden [[Halo (religious iconography)|halos]] mark the saints in religious paintings.
&lt;gallery mode=&quot;packed&quot; heights=&quot;150px&quot;&gt;
File:Rank celebration of Thai Buddhist monk 1.jpg|Buddhist monks at the promotion ceremony of a monk in Thailand
File:Buddhist monks of Tibet7.jpg|Buddhist monks in [[Tibet]]
File:Ueno monk.jpg|A Japanese Buddhist monk in downtown Tokyo
File:Sadou Kathmandu 04 04.jpg|A Hindu [[sadhu]], or ascetic wandering monk or holy man, in [[Kathmandu]], [[Nepal]].
File:Gesupietrochiave.jpg|Christ giving the golden key of the kingdom heaven to [[Saint Peter]] (1481–82), by [[Pietro Perugino]]. The golden key is the symbol of the Pope.
File:Benedykt XVI (2010-10-17) 4.jpg|[[Pope Benedict XVI]]. The Pope traditionally wears gold and white outside St. Peter's Basilica.
&lt;/gallery&gt;

=== Metaphysics ===

* In the [[metaphysics]] of the [[New Age]] author, [[Alice A. Bailey]], in her system called the [[Seven Rays]] which classifies humans into seven different metaphysical [[psychological types]], the ''fourth ray'' of ''harmony through conflict'' is represented by the color ''yellow''. People who have this metaphysical psychological type are said to be ''on the Yellow Ray''.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bailey|first=Alice A.|authorlink=Alice Bailey|title=The Seven Rays of Life|location=New York|year=1995|publisher=Lucis Publishing Company|isbn=978-0-85330-142-4}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* Yellow is used to symbolically represent the third, solar plexus [[chakra]] ([[Manipura]]).&lt;ref&gt;Stevens, Samantha. The Seven Rays: a Universal Guide to the Archangels. City: Insomniac Press, 2004. {{ISBN|1-894663-49-7}}, p. 24.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Psychic|Psychics]] who claim to be able to observe the [[Aura (paranormal)|aura]] with their [[third eye]] report that someone with a yellow aura is typically someone who is in an [[wiktionary:occupation|occupation]] requiring [[intellectual]] acumen, such as a scientist.&lt;ref&gt;[[Swami Panchadasi]] (1912). ''The Human Aura: Astral Colors and Thought Forms'' Des Plaines, Illinois: Yogi Publications Society, p. 33.&lt;/ref&gt;

=== Sports ===
[[File:Bradley_Wiggins_Tour_2012_EZF.jpg|thumb|[[Bradley Wiggins]] wears the yellow jersey in the 2012 [[Tour de France]].]]

* In Association football (soccer), the [[Referee (association football)|referee]] shows a [[Yellow card (sports)|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been officially warned because they have committed a foul or have wasted time.
* Originally in [[Rugby league]] and then later, also in [[Rugby Union]], the referee shows a [[Penalty card|yellow card]] to indicate that a player has been sent to the [[sin bin]].
* In [[Road bicycle racing|cycle racing]], the [[yellow jersey]] – or ''maillot jaune'' – is awarded to the leader in some stage races. The tradition was begun in the [[Tour de France]] where the sponsoring ''L'Auto'' newspaper (later ''[[L'Équipe]]'') was printed on distinctive yellow [[newsprint]].

[[File:Eurocopter_EC135P1_of_Western_Power_Distribution_(G-WPDD)_leaves_Bristol_Airport,_England_15Aug2016_arp.jpg|thumb|[[Eurocopter EC135]]P1 of [[Western Power Distribution]], used for electricity line inspection]]

=== Transportation ===

* In some countries, [[Taxicab|taxicabs]] are commonly yellow. This practice began in Chicago, where taxi entrepreneur [[John D. Hertz]] painted his taxis yellow based on a [[University of Chicago]] study alleging that yellow is the color most easily seen at a distance.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.taxiregister.com/history.php|title=History of the Main Taxi Groups|publisher=Taxi Register|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In Canada and the United States, [[School bus|school buses]] are almost uniformly painted a yellow color (often referred to as &quot;[[school bus yellow]]&quot;) for purposes of visibility and safety,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|date=8 September 1995|title=Frank W. Cyr, 95, 'Father of the Yellow School Bus'|journal=Columbia University Record|volume=21|issue=1|url=http://www.columbia.edu/cu/record/archives/vol21/vol21_iss1/record2101.36.html|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; and British [[bus]] operators such as [[FirstGroup]] are attempting to introduce the concept there.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/7610933.stm|title=Review backs yellow school buses|date=12 September 2008|publisher=BBC|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* &quot;[[Caterpillar Inc.|Caterpillar]] yellow&quot; and &quot;high-visibility yellow&quot; are used for highway construction equipment.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal|title=Maximizing Mining Safety|journal=Caterpillar Global Mining|page=4|url=http://www.cat.com/cda/files/1042221/7/final.pdf}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* In the [[Traffic#Rules of the road|rules of the road]], yellow (called &quot;amber&quot; in Britain) is a [[traffic light]] signal meaning &quot;slow down&quot;, &quot;caution&quot;, or &quot;slow speed ahead&quot;. It is intermediate between green (go) and red (stop). In [[railway signaling]], yellow is often the color for warning, slow down, such as with distant [[Railway signal|signals]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://broadway.pennsyrr.com/Rail/Signal/learning_the_aspects.html|title=Learning the [&quot;typical&quot; US&lt;nowiki&gt;]&lt;/nowiki&gt; Aspects|last=Bej|first=Mark|date=16 April 1994|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Selective yellow]] is used in some automotive headlamps and fog lights to reduce the dazzling effects of rain, snow, and fog.

=== Vexillology ===

* In [[International maritime signal flags]] a yellow flag denotes the letter &quot;Q&quot;.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.usps.org/f_stuff/pratique.html|title=Pratique|last=Flag and Etiquette Committee|date=12 June 2006|website=Flag Etiquette|publisher=United States Power Squadrons|accessdate=4 April 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt; It also means a ship asserts that it does not need to be quarantined.&lt;ref name=&quot;USPS&quot; /&gt;

== Idioms and expressions ==

* Yellow-belly is an American expression which means a [[coward]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=Shorter Oxford English dictionary, 6th ed|year=2007|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-0-19-920687-2|page=3804}}&lt;/ref&gt; The term comes from the 19th century and the exact origin is unknown, but it may refer to the color of sickness, which means a person lacks strength and stamina.&lt;ref&gt;''Picturesque Expressions: A Thematic Dictionary'', 1st Edition. © 1980 The Gale Group, Inc.&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[Yellow pages]] refers in various countries to directories of telephone numbers, arranged alphabetically by the type of business or service offered.
* The [[Yellow Peril]] was a term used in politics and popular fiction in the late 19th and early 20th century to describe the alleged economic and cultural danger posed to Europe and America by Chinese immigration. The term was first used by [[Kaiser Wilhelm II]] in Germany in 1895, and was the subject of numerous books and later films.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|authorlink=Michael Keevak|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=United States|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5|page=248}}&lt;/ref&gt;
* [[High yellow]] was a term sometimes used in the early 20th century, to describe light-skinned African-Americans.

== See also ==&lt;!-- Please respect alphabetical order --&gt;

* [[Chromophobia]]
* [[Lists of colors]]
* [[Sodium-vapor lamp]]

== Notes ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== References ==
{{Wiktionary}}{{Commons category}}

* {{cite book|last=Doran|first=Sabine|title=The Culture of Yellow, or, The Visual Politics of Late Modernity|year=2013|publisher=Bloomsbury|isbn=978-1-4411-8587-7}}
* {{cite book|last=Ball|first=Philip|title=Bright Earth, Art and the Invention of Colour|year=2001|publisher=Hazan (French translation)|isbn=978-2-7541-0503-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Heller|first=Eva|title=Psychologie de la couleur – Effets et symboliques|year=2009|publisher=Pyramyd (French translation)|isbn=978-2-35017-156-2}}
* {{cite book|last=Keevak|first=Michael|title=Becoming Yellow: A Short History of Racial Thinking|year=2011|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-14031-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Pastoureau|first=Michel|title=Le petit livre des couleurs|year=2005|publisher=Editions du Panama|isbn=978-2-7578-0310-3}}
* {{cite book|last=Gage|first=John|title=Colour and Culture – Practice and Meaning from Antiquity to Abstraction|year=1993|publisher=Thames and Hudson (Page numbers cited from French translation)|isbn=978-2-87811-295-5}}
* {{cite book|last=Varichon|first=Anne|title=Couleurs – pigments et teintures dans les mains des peuples|year=2000|publisher=Seuil|isbn=978-2-02084697-4}}
* {{cite book|last=Zuffi|first=Stefano|title=Color in Art|year=2012|publisher=Abrams|isbn=978-1-4197-0111-5}}
* {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/?id=gZJ7m3Uf6FQC&amp;printsec=frontcover&amp;dq=Women+and+Cannabis:+Medicine,+Science,+and+Sociology#v=onepage&amp;q=Women%20and%20Cannabis%3A%20Medicine%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Sociology&amp;f=false|editor1=Ethan Russo|editor2=Melanie Creagan Dreher|editor3=Mary Lynn Mathre|publication-date=March 2003|year=2003|title=Women and Cannabis: Medicine, Science, and Sociology|edition=1st|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-7890-2101-4|accessdate=9 October 2013}}
* {{cite book|first=Pat|last=Willard|publication-date=11 April 2002|year=2002|title=Secrets of Saffron: The Vagabond Life of the World's Most Seductive Spice|publisher=Beacon Press|isbn=978-0-8070-5009-5|url=https://books.google.com/?id=WsUaFT7l3QsC}}
* {{cite book|last=Arvon|first=Henri|title=Le bouddhisme|year=1951|publisher=Presses Universitaires de France|isbn=978-2-13-055064-8}}

{{Electromagnetic spectrum}} {{Shades of yellow}} {{Web colors}} {{Color topics}}{{Authority control}}</text>
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==Welcome!==
[[Category:Really big category]]
[[Image:Wiki.png|right|120px]]
'''Hello {{BASEPAGENAME}}''', and welcome to [[Wikipedia:Test Wikipedia|Test Wikipedia]], a [[:en:wiki|wiki]] designed for testing of software, among other things.

''Some good links include:''
*[[Sandbox]]
*[[Wikipedia:What test wiki is|What test wiki is]]
*[[Wikipedia:What test wiki is not|What test wiki is '''not''']]
*[[Wikipedia:Requests|Requests for permissions, renames and others]]
*[[Wikipedia:Village pump]]
*[[Wikipedia:Administrators]]
*[[Wikipedia:Bureaucrats]]
If you have any questions, please don't hesitate to ask me on my talk page. Thanks.  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 14:10, 19 December 2021 (UTC)

== How we will see unregistered users ==

&lt;section begin=content/&gt;
Hi!

You get this message because you are an admin on a Wikimedia wiki.

When someone edits a Wikimedia wiki without being logged in today, we show their IP address. As you may already know, we will not be able to do this in the future. This is a decision by the Wikimedia Foundation Legal department, because norms and regulations for privacy online have changed.

Instead of the IP we will show a masked identity. You as an admin '''will still be able to access the IP'''. There will also be a new user right for those who need to see the full IPs of unregistered users to fight vandalism, harassment and spam without being admins. Patrollers will also see part of the IP even without this user right. We are also working on [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation/Improving tools|better tools]] to help.

If you have not seen it before, you can [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|read more on Meta]]. If you want to make sure you don’t miss technical changes on the Wikimedia wikis, you can [[m:Global message delivery/Targets/Tech ambassadors|subscribe]] to [[m:Tech/News|the weekly technical newsletter]].

We have [[m:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation#IP Masking Implementation Approaches (FAQ)|two suggested ways]] this identity could work. '''We would appreciate your feedback''' on which way you think would work best for you and your wiki, now and in the future. You can [[m:Talk:IP Editing: Privacy Enhancement and Abuse Mitigation|let us know on the talk page]]. You can write in your language. The suggestions were posted in October and we will decide after 17 January.

Thank you. 
/[[m:User:Johan (WMF)|Johan (WMF)]]&lt;section end=content/&gt;

18:20, 4 January 2022 (UTC)
&lt;!-- Message sent by User:Johan (WMF)@metawiki using the list at https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Johan_(WMF)/Target_lists/Admins2022(7)&amp;oldid=22532681 --&gt;

== I have unreviewed a page you curated ==

{{subst:Unreviewednonote-NPF|1=Enterprisey|2=Test09720}}

[[User:Enterprisey|Enterprisey]]&amp;nbsp;([[User talk:Enterprisey|talk!]]) 05:13, 23 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
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Đã 207 ngày...</text>
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      <text bytes="23796" xml:space="preserve">== May 2022 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. Thanks.&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:43, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Dradt:Cirrhilabrus humanni]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Dradt:Cirrhilabrus humanni]], requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
*It is a redirect to an article talk page, image description page, image talk page, mediawiki page, mediawiki talk page, category talk page, portal talk page, template talk page, help talk, user page, or user talk page from the article space. (See [[WP:CSD#R|section R2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Dradt:Cirrhilabrus humanni|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled &quot;Contest this speedy deletion&quot;. This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 18:14, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Draft:Test097097]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Test097097]], a page that you created, has been tagged for deletion. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
*It appears to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information. 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Draft:Test097097|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled &quot;Contest this speedy deletion&quot;. This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3ATest097097|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:03, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Draft:Test097097]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Test097097]], a page that you created, has been tagged for deletion. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
*It appears to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information. 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Draft:Test097097|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled &quot;Contest this speedy deletion&quot;. This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3ATest097097|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:06, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] of [[:Draft:Test097097]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this was the first article that you created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Test097097]], a page that you created, has been deleted. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. As the page met any of these strictly-defined criteria, it was deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been deleted are:
*It appeared to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seemed to be unambiguous advertising which only promoted a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to have been fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information.
*It contained a gallery in the [[Wikipedia:User page|userspace]] which consisted chiefly of [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|fair use or non-free images]]. (See [[WP:CSD#U3|section U3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) For legal reasons, we cannot allow non-free and copyrighted images to be used on user pages, and user pages containing galleries of such images may be eligible for speedy deletion. 

Please do not recreate the material without addressing these concerns, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If you think this page should not have been deleted for this reason, or you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3ATest097097|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:15, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] of [[:Draft:Maqbool ahmed sensei]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this was the first article that you created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Maqbool ahmed sensei]], a page that you created, has been deleted. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. As the page met any of these strictly-defined criteria, it was deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been deleted are:
*It appeared to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seemed to be unambiguous advertising which only promoted a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to have been fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information.
*It contained a gallery in the [[Wikipedia:User page|userspace]] which consisted chiefly of [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|fair use or non-free images]]. (See [[WP:CSD#U3|section U3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) For legal reasons, we cannot allow non-free and copyrighted images to be used on user pages, and user pages containing galleries of such images may be eligible for speedy deletion. 

Please do not recreate the material without addressing these concerns, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If you think this page should not have been deleted for this reason, or you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3AMaqbool+ahmed+sensei|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:17, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

== June 2022 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively, please note that people of many different faiths read Wikipedia articles. For this reason, there is a [[MOS:ISLAMHON|guideline about Islamic honorifics]] in the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] that should be followed to maintain a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Deviating from this style by adding honorifics, as you did in [[:test1]], disturbs uniformity among articles and should only be done with a special reason. Please take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. ''test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-islamhon1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 11:10, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Copyright-problem.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Your addition to [[:Test1]] has been removed or altered, as it appears to '''[[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|closely paraphrase]]'''  a copyrighted source. Limited close paraphrasing or [[Wikipedia:Quotations|quotation]] is appropriate within reason, so long as the material is clearly [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|attributed in the text]]. However, longer paraphrases which are not attributed to their source may constitute [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|copyright violation]] or [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarism]], and are not acceptable on Wikipedia. Such content cannot be hosted here for [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|legal reasons]]; please do not upload it. You may use external websites or printed material as a source of ''information'', but not as a source of ''sentences''. This part is crucial: ''say it in your own words''.

If you own the copyright to the text, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use it — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you ''must'' verify that externally by one of the processes explained at [[Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials]]. If you are not the owner of the copyright but have permission from that owner, see [[Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission]]. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators '''will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]'''. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-paraphrase --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 15:02, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you remove a [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|Templates for discussion]] notice or a comment from a TfD discussion, as you did  at [[:Test1]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-tfd4 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 22:41, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 20:34, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 20:48, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:NovemBot|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the &quot;prompt me when entering a blank edit summary&quot; box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks! &lt;!-- Template:Summary2 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 21:20, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:54, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:NovemBot|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the &quot;prompt me when entering a blank edit summary&quot; box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks! &lt;!-- Template:Summary2 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:03, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:03, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:NovemBot|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the &quot;prompt me when entering a blank edit summary&quot; box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks! &lt;!-- Template:Summary2 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 10:19, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 10:19, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:03, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:05, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:11, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:29, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:32, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:38, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:29, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:30, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Speedy deletion nomination of Test2927 ==

{{subst:Empty-warn-NPF|Test2927}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 22:55, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Test2927]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Test2927|Test2927}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 23:12, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test2927]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test2927|Test}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 23:14, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== I have sent you a note about a page you started ==

{{subst:Sentnote-NPF|1=Test09720|2=Novem Linguae|3=Test}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 04:38, 23 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>1m8r0bm8z0egoxpnrmi90r9m4bkzp5v</sha1>
    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>518421</id>
      <parentid>518413</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-23T05:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>/* Deletion discussion about Test09720 */ new section</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="23978" xml:space="preserve">== May 2022 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. Thanks.&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:43, 10 May 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Dradt:Cirrhilabrus humanni]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]

A tag has been placed on [[:Dradt:Cirrhilabrus humanni]], requesting that it be deleted from Wikipedia. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
*It is a redirect to an article talk page, image description page, image talk page, mediawiki page, mediawiki talk page, category talk page, portal talk page, template talk page, help talk, user page, or user talk page from the article space. (See [[WP:CSD#R|section R2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Dradt:Cirrhilabrus humanni|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled &quot;Contest this speedy deletion&quot;. This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 18:14, 20 May 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Draft:Test097097]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Test097097]], a page that you created, has been tagged for deletion. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
*It appears to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information. 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Draft:Test097097|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled &quot;Contest this speedy deletion&quot;. This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3ATest097097|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:03, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] nomination of [[:Draft:Test097097]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this is the first article that you have created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Test097097]], a page that you created, has been tagged for deletion. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. If the page meets any of these strictly-defined criteria, then it may soon be deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been tagged are:
*It appears to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seems to be unambiguous advertising which only promotes a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to be fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information. 

If you think this page should not be deleted for this reason, you may '''contest the nomination''' by [[:Draft:Test097097|visiting the page]] and clicking the button labelled &quot;Contest this speedy deletion&quot;. This will give you the opportunity to explain why you believe the page should not be deleted. However, be aware that once a page is tagged for speedy deletion, it may be deleted without delay. Please do not remove the speedy deletion tag from the page yourself, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If the page is deleted, and you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3ATest097097|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:06, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] of [[:Draft:Test097097]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this was the first article that you created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Test097097]], a page that you created, has been deleted. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. As the page met any of these strictly-defined criteria, it was deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been deleted are:
*It appeared to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seemed to be unambiguous advertising which only promoted a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to have been fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information.
*It contained a gallery in the [[Wikipedia:User page|userspace]] which consisted chiefly of [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|fair use or non-free images]]. (See [[WP:CSD#U3|section U3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) For legal reasons, we cannot allow non-free and copyrighted images to be used on user pages, and user pages containing galleries of such images may be eligible for speedy deletion. 

Please do not recreate the material without addressing these concerns, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If you think this page should not have been deleted for this reason, or you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3ATest097097|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:15, 2 June 2022 (UTC)
==[[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|Speedy deletion]] of [[:Draft:Maqbool ahmed sensei]]==
[[File:Ambox warning pn.svg|48px|left|alt=|link=]]
{{Quote box|quote=&lt;p&gt;If this was the first article that you created, you may want to read [[WP:Your first article|the guide to writing your first article]].&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;You may want to consider using the [[Wikipedia:Article wizard|Article Wizard]] to help you create articles.&lt;/p&gt;|width=20%|align=right}}
Hello, and welcome to Wikipedia. This is a notice that [[:Draft:Maqbool ahmed sensei]], a page that you created, has been deleted. This has been done under two or more of the [[Wikipedia:Criteria for speedy deletion|criteria for speedy deletion]], by which pages can be deleted at any time, without discussion. As the page met any of these strictly-defined criteria, it was deleted by an administrator. The reasons it has been deleted are:
*It appeared to be a test page. (See [[WP:CSD#G2|section G2 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please use the [[Wikipedia:Sandbox|sandbox]] for any other tests you want to do. Take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcome, newcomers|welcome page]] if you would like to learn more about contributing to our encyclopedia.
* It seemed to be unambiguous advertising which only promoted a company, product, group, service, person, or point of view and would need to have been fundamentally rewritten in order to become encyclopedic. (See [[WP:CSD#G11|section G11 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) Please read [[Wikipedia:Spam|the guidelines on spam]] and [[Wikipedia:FAQ/Organizations]] for more information.
*It contained a gallery in the [[Wikipedia:User page|userspace]] which consisted chiefly of [[Wikipedia:Non-free content|fair use or non-free images]]. (See [[WP:CSD#U3|section U3 of the criteria for speedy deletion]].) For legal reasons, we cannot allow non-free and copyrighted images to be used on user pages, and user pages containing galleries of such images may be eligible for speedy deletion. 

Please do not recreate the material without addressing these concerns, but do not hesitate to add information in line with [[Wikipedia:List of policies|Wikipedia's policies and guidelines]]. If you think this page should not have been deleted for this reason, or you wish to retrieve the deleted material for future reference or improvement, then please contact the {{Querylink|Special:Log|qs=type=delete&amp;page=Draft%3AMaqbool+ahmed+sensei|deleting administrator}}, or if you have already done so, you can place a request [[WP:RFUD|here]].  [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:17, 2 June 2022 (UTC)

== June 2022 ==

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Welcome to Wikipedia. Although everyone is welcome to contribute constructively, please note that people of many different faiths read Wikipedia articles. For this reason, there is a [[MOS:ISLAMHON|guideline about Islamic honorifics]] in the [[Wikipedia:Manual of Style|Manual of Style]] that should be followed to maintain a [[Wikipedia:Neutral point of view|neutral point of view]] and consistent, encyclopedic appearance. Deviating from this style by adding honorifics, as you did in [[:test1]], disturbs uniformity among articles and should only be done with a special reason. Please take a look at the [[Wikipedia:Welcoming committee/Welcome to Wikipedia|welcome page]] to learn more about contributing to this encyclopedia. ''test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-islamhon1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 11:10, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Copyright-problem.svg|25px|alt=|link=]] Your addition to [[:Test1]] has been removed or altered, as it appears to '''[[Wikipedia:Close paraphrasing|closely paraphrase]]'''  a copyrighted source. Limited close paraphrasing or [[Wikipedia:Quotations|quotation]] is appropriate within reason, so long as the material is clearly [[Wikipedia:Citing sources#In-text attribution|attributed in the text]]. However, longer paraphrases which are not attributed to their source may constitute [[Wikipedia:Copyright violations|copyright violation]] or [[Wikipedia:Plagiarism|plagiarism]], and are not acceptable on Wikipedia. Such content cannot be hosted here for [[Wikipedia:Copyrights|legal reasons]]; please do not upload it. You may use external websites or printed material as a source of ''information'', but not as a source of ''sentences''. This part is crucial: ''say it in your own words''.

If you own the copyright to the text, and you want to allow Wikipedia to use it — which means allowing other people to modify it — then you ''must'' verify that externally by one of the processes explained at [[Wikipedia:Donating copyrighted materials]]. If you are not the owner of the copyright but have permission from that owner, see [[Wikipedia:Requesting copyright permission]]. Wikipedia takes copyright violations very seriously and persistent violators '''will be [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]]'''. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-paraphrase --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 15:02, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Stop hand nuvola.svg|30px|alt=Stop icon]] You may be '''[[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked from editing]] without further warning''' the next time you remove a [[Wikipedia:Templates for discussion|Templates for discussion]] notice or a comment from a TfD discussion, as you did  at [[:Test1]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-tfd4 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 22:41, 14 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 20:34, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 20:48, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:NovemBot|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the &quot;prompt me when entering a blank edit summary&quot; box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks! &lt;!-- Template:Summary2 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 21:20, 15 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 06:54, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:NovemBot|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the &quot;prompt me when entering a blank edit summary&quot; box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks! &lt;!-- Template:Summary2 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:03, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:03, 16 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon|link=]] Hello. I have noticed that you {{usertalk other|[https://xtools.wmflabs.org/editsummary/en.wikipedia.org/{{urlencode:NovemBot|PATH}} often]|often}} edit without using an [[Help:Edit summary|edit summary]]. Please do your best to '''always fill in the summary field'''. This helps your fellow editors use their time more productively, rather than spending it unnecessarily scrutinizing and verifying your work. Even a short summary is better than no summary, and summaries are particularly important for large, complex, or potentially controversial edits. To help yourself remember, you may wish to check the &quot;prompt me when entering a blank edit summary&quot; box in [[Special:Preferences#mw-prefsection-editing|your preferences]]. Thanks! &lt;!-- Template:Summary2 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 10:19, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

[[File:Information.svg|25px|alt=Information icon]] Hello, I'm [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]]. I wanted to let you know that one or more of [[Special:Contributions/NovemBot|your recent contributions]]&amp;nbsp;to [[:Test1]] have been undone because they did not appear constructive. If you would like to experiment, please use the [[WP:sandbox|sandbox]]. If you have any questions, you can ask for assistance at the [[Wikipedia:Help desk|help desk]]. ''Test2''&lt;!-- Template:uw-vandalism1 --&gt; [[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 10:19, 21 June 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:03, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:05, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 07:11, 7 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:29, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:32, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test80286]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test80286}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:38, 15 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:29, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Adrienne Wojciechowski]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Adrienne Wojciechowski|Adrienne Wojciechowski}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 01:30, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Speedy deletion nomination of Test2927 ==

{{subst:Empty-warn-NPF|Test2927}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 22:55, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Test2927]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Test2927|Test2927}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 23:12, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== [[Wikipedia:Proposed deletion|Proposed deletion]] of [[Test2927]] ==

{{subst:Proposed_deletion_notify-NPF|Test2927|Test}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 23:14, 17 July 2022 (UTC)

== I have sent you a note about a page you started ==

{{subst:Sentnote-NPF|1=Test09720|2=Novem Linguae|3=Test}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 04:38, 23 July 2022 (UTC)

== Deletion discussion about [[Test09720]] ==

{{subst:AfD-notice-NPF|Test09720}}

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:57, 23 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
      <sha1>o7clzyrlpj29jkse98ohvelergmpjz7</sha1>
    </revision>
  </page>
  <page>
    <title>User:Aishik Rehman/JWB.js/i18n.js</title>
    <ns>2</ns>
    <id>127354</id>
    <revision>
      <id>518405</id>
      <parentid>518005</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-22T17:38:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Aishik Rehman</username>
        <id>47637</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Restored revision 517977 by [[Special:Contributions/Aishik Rehman|Aishik Rehman]] ([[en:w:User:BrandonXLF/Restorer|Restorer]])</comment>
      <model>javascript</model>
      <format>text/javascript</format>
      <text bytes="96941" xml:space="preserve">/** &lt;nowiki&gt;
 * Install this script by pasting the following in your personal JavaScript file:

mw.loader.load('//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/JWB.js/load.js&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript');

 * Or for users on en.wikipedia.org:

{{subst:lusc|User:Joeytje50/JWB.js/load.js}}

 * Note that this script will only run on the 'Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Script' page.
 * This script is based on the downloadable AutoWikiBrowser.
 * 
 * @licence
 * This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify
 * it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by
 * the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or
 * (at your option) any later version.
 *
 * This program is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
 * but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
 * MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. See the
 * GNU General Public License for more details.
 *
 * You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License along
 * with this program; if not, write to the Free Software Foundation, Inc.,
 * 51 Franklin Street, Fifth Floor, Boston, MA 02110-1301, USA.
 * http://www.gnu.org/copyleft/gpl.html
 * @version 4.3.1
 * @author Joeytje50
 * &lt;/nowiki&gt;
 */

window.JWBdeadman = false; // ADMINS: in case of fire, set this variable to true to disable this entire tool for all users

//TODO: more advanced pagelist-generating options
//TODO: generate page list based on images on a page
//TODO: Add feature to perform general cleanup (&lt;table&gt; to {|, fullurl-links to wikilinks, removing underscores from wikilinks)
//TODO: Add report button to AJAX error alert box
//TODO: Re-add errored pages to the page list

//Cleanup / modernize:
// .indexOf('') != -1 -&gt; .includes()
// mw for requests, instead of ajax
// Optional?.chaining?.properties

/***** Global object/variables *****/
window.JWB = {}; //The main global object for the script.

(function () {
    // Easier way to change import location for local debugging etc.
    JWB.imports = {
        'JWB.css': '//test.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Aishik_Rehman/JWB.css&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/css',
        'i18n.js': '//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/JWB.js/i18n.js&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript',
        'i18n': {},
        'RETF.js': '//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/RETF.js&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript',
        'worker.js': '//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=User:Joeytje50/JWB.js/worker.js&amp;action=raw&amp;ctype=text/javascript',
    };

    let objs = ['page', 'api', 'worker', 'fn', 'pl', 'messages', 'setup', 'settings', 'ns'];
    for (let i = 0; i &lt; objs.length; i++) {
        JWB[objs[i]] = {};
    }
    JWB.lang = mw.config.get('wgUserLanguage').replace('-', '_');
    JWB.contentLang = mw.config.get('wgContentLanguage').replace('-', '_');
    JWB.index_php = mw.config.get('wgScript');
    JWB.isStopped = true;
    JWB.tooltip = window.tooltipAccessKeyPrefix || '';
    let configext = 'js';
    if (document.location.hostname.split('.').slice(-2).join('.') == 'wikia.com' || document.location.hostname.split('.').slice(-2).join('.') == 'fandom.com') {
        //LEGACY: fallback to settings on css for Wikia; uses JSON now.
        configext = 'css';
    }
    JWB.settingspage = 'JWB-settings.' + configext;
    if (window.hasOwnProperty('JWBSETTINGS')) {
        JWB.settingspage = JWBSETTINGS + '-settings.' + configext;
        delete window.JWBSETTINGS; //clean up the global variable
    }
    JWB.hasJSON = false; // whether or not the wiki supports JSON userpages (mw 1.31+).
    JWB.hasSMW = false; // whether or not the wiki has SMW installed.
})();

/***** User verification *****/

(function () {
    if (mw.config.get('wgCanonicalNamespace') + ':' + mw.config.get('wgTitle') !== 'Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Script' || JWB.allowed === false || mw.config.get('wgUserName') === null) {
        JWB.allowed = false;
        return;
    }
    mw.loader.load(JWB.imports['JWB.css'], 'text/css');
    mw.loader.load('mediawiki.diff.styles');

    $.getScript(JWB.imports['i18n.js'], function () {
        if (JWB.allowed === false) {
            alert(JWB.msg('not-on-list'));
            return;
        }
        let langs = [];
        if (JWB.lang !== 'en' &amp;&amp; JWB.imports.i18n.hasOwnProperty(JWB.lang)) {
            langs.push(JWB.imports.i18n[JWB.lang]);
            JWB.messages[JWB.lang] = JWB.messages[JWB.lang] || null;
        } else if (JWB.lang !== 'en' &amp;&amp; JWB.lang !== 'qqx') {
            // this only happens if the language file does not exist.
            JWB.lang = 'en';
        }
        if (JWB.contentLang !== 'en' &amp;&amp; JWB.contentLang !== JWB.lang &amp;&amp; JWB.imports.i18n.hasOwnProperty(JWB.contentLang)) {
            langs.push(JWB.imports.i18n[JWB.contentLang]);
            JWB.messages[JWB.contentLang] = JWB.messages[JWB.contentLang] || null;
        }
        if (langs.length) {
            $.when.apply($, langs.map(url =&gt; $.getScript(url))).done(function (r) {
                if (JWB.allowed === true &amp;&amp; JWB.messages.length == langs + 1) { // if there are two languages to load, wait for them both.
                    console.log('langs loaded');
                    JWB.init(); //init if verification has already returned true
                } else if (JWB.allowed === false) {
                    alert(JWB.msg('not-on-list'));
                }
            });
        } else if (JWB.allowed === true) { // no more languages to load.
            console.log('no langs loaded');
            JWB.init();
        }
    });

    //RegEx Typo Fixing
    $.getScript(JWB.imports['RETF.js'], function () {
        $('#refreshRETF').click(RETF.load);
    });

    if (window.JWBdeadman === true) {
        window.JWB = false; // disable all access
        alert(&quot;This tool has been temporarily been disabled by Wikipedia admins due to issues it would otherwise cause. Please check back soon to see if it is working again.&quot;);
        return false;
    } else if (!window.Worker) {
        // https://caniuse.com/webworkers - this should not happen for any sensible human being. Either you're on IE&lt;10, or you're just testing my patience.
        alert(&quot;Web Workers are not supported in this browser. Please use a more modern browser to use JWB. Most matching and replacing features are not supported in this browser.&quot;);
    }

    (new mw.Api()).get({
        action: 'query',
        titles: 'User:Aishik Rehman/JWB/CheckPageJSON',
        prop: 'info|revisions',
        meta: 'userinfo|siteinfo',
        rvprop: 'content',
        rvlimit: 1,
        uiprop: 'groups',
        siprop: 'namespaces|usergroups|extensions',
        indexpageids: true,
        format: 'json',
    }).done(function (response) {
        if (response.error) {
            alert('API error: ' + response.error.info);
            JWB = false; //preventing further access. No verification =&gt; no access.
            return;
        }
        JWB.ns = response.query.namespaces; //saving for later

        // This will execute before JWB.init() and therefore before JWB.setup.load() loading the user's settings.
        let wikigroups = response.query.usergroups;
        for (var u of wikigroups) {
            if (u.rights.indexOf('edituserjson') !== -1) {
                JWB.hasJSON = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        // Check if we've got SMW on this wiki
        let extensions = response.query.extensions;
        for (var e of extensions) {
            if (e.name == &quot;SemanticMediaWiki&quot;) {
                JWB.hasSMW = true;
                break;
            }
        }

        JWB.username = response.query.userinfo.name; //preventing any &quot;hacks&quot; that change wgUserName or mw.config.wgUserName
        var groups = response.query.userinfo.groups;
        var page = response.query.pages[response.query.pageids[0]];
        var users = [];
        var bots = [];
        JWB.sysop = groups.indexOf('sysop') !== -1;
        if (response.query.pageids[0] !== '-1') {
            var checkPageData = JSON.parse(page.revisions[0]['*']);
            users = checkPageData.enabledusers;
            if (&quot;enabledbots&quot; in checkPageData) {
                bots = checkPageData.enabledbots;
            }
        } else {
            users = false; //fallback when page doesn't exist
            if (JWB.sysop) { // Check and inform admins if their checkpage is the unsupported format.
                (new mw.Api()).get({
                    action: 'query',
                    titles: 'User:Aishik Rehman/JWB/CheckPage',
                    prop: 'info',
                    indexpageids: true,
                }).done(function (oldpage) {
                    var q = oldpage.query;
                    if (q.pageids[0] != '-1' &amp;&amp; !q.pages[q.pageids[0]].hasOwnProperty('redirect')) {
                        // CheckPageJSON does not exist, and CheckPage does exist, and is not a redirect.
                        // This indicates the checkpage needs to be ported to JSON. Notify admins.
                        prompt('Warning: The AWB checkpage found at User:Aishik Rehman/JWB/CheckPage is no longer supported.\n' +
                            'Please convert this checkpage to a JSON checkpage. See the URL below for more information.\n' +
                            'After creating the JSON checkpage, you can use &quot;Special:ChangeContentModel&quot; to change the content model to JSON.',
                            'https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:AutoWikiBrowser/CheckPage_format');
                    }
                });
            }
        }
        JWB.bot = groups.indexOf('user') !== -1 &amp;&amp; (users === false || bots.includes(JWB.username));
        // Temporary global debugging variables
        JWB.debug = [groups.indexOf('user'), users === false, bots &amp;&amp; bots.indexOf(JWB.username)];
        if (JWB.username === &quot;Aishik_Rehman&quot; &amp;&amp; response.query.userinfo.id === 13299994) { //TEMP: Dev full access to entire interface.
            JWB.bot = true;
            users.push(&quot;Aishik_Rehman&quot;);
        }
        var allLoaded = true;
        for (var m in JWB.messages)
            if (JWB.messages[m] === null) allLoaded = false;
        if (JWB.sysop || response.query.pageids[0] === '-1' || users === false || users.includes(JWB.username) || bots.includes(JWB.username)) {
            JWB.allowed = true;
            if (allLoaded) JWB.init(); //init if messages have already loaded
        } else {
            if (allLoaded) {
                //run this after messages have loaded, so the message that shows is in the user's language
                alert(JWB.msg('not-on-list'));
            }
            JWB = false; //prevent further access
        }
    }).fail(function (xhr, error) {
        alert(JWB.msg('verify-error') + '\n' + error);
        JWB = false; //preventing further access. No verification =&gt; no access.
    });
})();

/***** API functions *****/

//Main template for API calls
JWB.api.call = function (data, callback, onerror) {
    data.format = 'json';
    if (data.action !== 'query' &amp;&amp; data.action !== 'compare' &amp;&amp; data.action !== 'ask') {
        data.bot = true; // mark edits as bot
    }
    $.ajax({
        data: data,
        dataType: 'json',
        url: mw.config.get('wgScriptPath') + '/api.php',
        type: 'POST',
        success: function (response) {
            if (response.error) {
                if (onerror &amp;&amp; onerror(response, 'API') === false) return;
                alert('API error: ' + response.error.info);
                JWB.stop();
            } else {
                callback(response);
            }
        },
        // onerror: if it exists and returns false, do not show error alert. Otherwise, do show alert.
        error: function (xhr, error) {
            if (onerror &amp;&amp; onerror(error, 'AJAX') === false) return;
            alert('AJAX error: ' + error);
            JWB.stop();
        }
    });
};

//Get page diff, and process it for more interactivity
JWB.api.diff = function (callback) {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.status('diff');
    var editBoxInput = $('#editBoxArea').val();
    var redirect = $('input.redirects:checked').val();
    var data = {
        action: 'compare',
        indexpageids: true,
        fromtitle: JWB.page.name,
        //toslots: 'main', // TODO: Once this gets supported more widely, convert to the non-deprecated toslots system.
        //'totext-main': editBoxInput,
        totext: editBoxInput,
        topst: true,
    };
    if (redirect == 'follow') data.redirects = true;
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        var diff;
        diff = response.compare['*'];
        if (diff === '') {
            diff = '&lt;h2&gt;' + JWB.msg('no-changes-made') + '&lt;/h2&gt;';
        } else {
            diff = '&lt;table class=&quot;diff&quot;&gt;' +
                '&lt;colgroup&gt;' +
                '&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;' +
                '&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot;&gt;' +
                '&lt;col class=&quot;diff-marker&quot;&gt;' +
                '&lt;col class=&quot;diff-content&quot;&gt;' +
                '&lt;/colgroup&gt;' +
                '&lt;tbody&gt;' + diff + '&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;';
        }
        $('#resultWindow').html(diff);
        $('.diff-lineno').each(function () {
            var lineNumMatch = $(this).html().match(/\d+/);
            if (lineNumMatch) {
                $(this).parent().attr('data-line', parseInt(lineNumMatch[0]) - 1).addClass('lineheader');
            }
        });
        $('table.diff tr').each(function () { //add data-line attribute to every line, relative to the previous one. Used for click event.
            if (!$(this).next().is('[data-line]') &amp;&amp; !$(this).next().has('td.diff-deletedline + td.diff-empty')) {
                $(this).next().attr('data-line', parseInt($(this).data('line')) + 1);
            } else if ($(this).next().has('td.diff-deletedline + td.diff-empty')) {
                $(this).next().attr('data-line', $(this).data('line')); //copy over current data-line for deleted lines to prevent them from messing up counting.
            }
        });
        JWB.status('done', true);
        if (typeof (callback) === 'function') {
            callback();
        }
    }, function (err, type) {
        if (type == 'API' &amp;&amp; err.error.code == 'missingtitle') {
            // missingtitle is to be expected when editing a page that doesn't exist; just show a message and move on.
            $('#resultWindow').html('&lt;span style=&quot;font-weight:bold;color:red;&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('page-not-exists') + '&lt;/span&gt;');
            JWB.status('done', true);
            if (typeof (callback) === 'function') {
                callback();
            }
            return false; // stop propagation of error; do not show alerts.
        }
    });
};

//Retrieve page contents/info, process them, and store information in JWB.page object.
JWB.api.get = function (pagename) {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.pageCount();
    if (!JWB.list[0] || JWB.isStopped) {
        return JWB.stop();
    }
    if (pagename === '#PRE-PARSE-STOP') {
        var curval = $('#articleList').val();
        $('#articleList').val(curval.substr(curval.indexOf('\n') + 1));
        $('#preparse').prop('checked', false);
        JWB.stop();
        return;
    }
    let cgns = JWB.ns[14]['*'];
    let skipcg = $('#skipCategories').val();
    // prepend Category: before all categories and turn CSV(,) into CSV(|).
    skipcg = skipcg.replace(new RegExp('(^|,|\\|)(' + cgns + ':)?', 'gi'), '|' + cgns + ':').substr(1);
    var redirect = $('input.redirects:checked').val();
    var data = {
        action: 'query',
        prop: 'info|revisions|categories',
        inprop: 'watched|protection',
        type: 'csrf|watch',
        titles: pagename,
        rvprop: 'content|timestamp|ids',
        rvlimit: '1',
        cllimit: 'max',
        clcategories: skipcg,
        indexpageids: true,
        meta: 'userinfo|tokens',
        uiprop: 'hasmsg'
    };
    if (redirect == 'follow' || redirect == 'skip') data.redirects = true;
    if (JWB.sysop) {
        data.list = 'deletedrevs';
    }
    JWB.status('load-page');
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        if (response.query.userinfo.hasOwnProperty('messages')) {
            var view = mw.config.get('wgScriptPath') + '?title=Special:MyTalk';
            var viewNew = view + '&amp;diff=cur';
            JWB.status(
                '&lt;span style=&quot;color:red;font-weight:bold;&quot;&gt;' +
                JWB.msg('status-newmsg',
                    '&lt;a href=&quot;' + view + '&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('status-talklink') + '&lt;/a&gt;',
                    '&lt;a href=&quot;' + viewNew + '&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('status-difflink') + '&lt;/a&gt;') +
                '&lt;/span&gt;', true);
            alert(JWB.msg('new-message'));
            JWB.stop();
            return;
        }
        JWB.page = response.query.pages[response.query.pageids[0]];
        JWB.page.token = response.query.tokens.csrftoken;
        JWB.page.watchtoken = response.query.tokens.watchtoken;
        JWB.page.name = JWB.list[0].split('|')[0];
        var varOffset = JWB.list[0].indexOf('|') !== -1 ? JWB.list[0].indexOf('|') + 1 : 0;
        JWB.page.pagevar = JWB.list[0].substr(varOffset);
        JWB.page.content = JWB.page.revisions ? JWB.page.revisions[0]['*'] : '';
        JWB.page.exists = !response.query.pages[&quot;-1&quot;];
        JWB.page.deletedrevs = response.query.deletedrevs;
        JWB.page.watched = JWB.page.hasOwnProperty('watched');
        JWB.page.protections = JWB.page.restrictiontypes;

        if (response.query.redirects) {
            JWB.page.name = response.query.redirects[0].to;
        }
        // check for skips that can be determined before replacing
        if (!JWB.fn.allowBots(JWB.page.content, JWB.username) || !JWB.fn.allowBots(JWB.page.content)) {
            // skip if {{bots}} template forbids editing on this page by user OR by JWB in general
            JWB.log('nobots', JWB.page.name);
            return JWB.next();
        } else if (JWB.page.categories !== undefined || // skip because of a matching category as passed via clcategories.
            ($('#exists-no').prop('checked') &amp;&amp; !JWB.page.exists) ||
            ($('#exists-yes').prop('checked') &amp;&amp; JWB.page.exists) ||
            (redirect === 'skip' &amp;&amp; response.query.redirects) // variable  redirect  is defined outside this callback function.
        ) {
            // simple skip rules
            JWB.log('skip', JWB.page.name);
            return JWB.next();
        }
        // Check skip contains rules.
        var containRegex = $('#containRegex').prop('checked'),
            containFlags = $('#containFlags').val();
        var skipContains, skipNotContains;
        if (containRegex) {
            JWB.status('check-skips');
            var skipping = false; // for tracking if match is found in synchronous calls.
            if ($('#skipContains').val().length) {
                JWB.worker.match(JWB.page.content, $('#skipContains').val(), containFlags, function (result, err) {
                    console.log('Contains', result, err);
                    if (result !== null &amp;&amp; err === undefined) {
                        JWB.log('skip', JWB.page.name);
                        JWB.next(); // next() also cancels the skipNotContains.
                        skipping = true;
                        return;
                    } // else continue with the queued worker job that checks skipNotContains
                });
            }
            if (skipping) {
                console.log('skipped page before replaces')
                return;
            }
            if ($('#skipNotContains').val().length) {
                JWB.worker.match(JWB.page.content, $('#skipNotContains').val(), containFlags, function (result, err) {
                    console.log('Not contains', result, err);
                    if (result === null &amp;&amp; err === undefined) {
                        JWB.log('skip', JWB.page.name);
                        JWB.next(); // also cancels the replace
                        skipping = true;
                        return;
                    } // else move on to replacing
                });
            }
            if (skipping) {
                console.log('skipped page before replaces')
                return;
            }
        } else {
            skipContains = $('#skipContains').val();
            skipNotContains = $('#skipNotContains').val();
            if ((skipContains &amp;&amp; JWB.page.content.includes(skipContains)) ||
                (skipNotContains &amp;&amp; !JWB.page.content.includes(skipNotContains))) {
                console.log('skipped page before replaces')
                return JWB.next();
            }
            JWB.status('done', true);
        }
        JWB.replace(JWB.page.content, function (newContent) {
            if (JWB.isStopped === true) return;
            if ($('#skipNoChange').prop('checked') &amp;&amp; JWB.page.content === newContent) { //skip if no changes are made
                JWB.log('skip', JWB.page.name);
                return JWB.next();
            } else {
                JWB.editPage(newContent);
            }
            JWB.updateButtons();
        });
    });
};

//Some functions with self-explanatory names:
JWB.api.submit = function (page) {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.status('submit');
    var summary = $('#summary').val();
    if ((typeof page === 'text' &amp;&amp; page !== JWB.page.name) || $('#currentpage a').html().replace(/&amp;amp;/g, '&amp;') !== JWB.page.name) {
        console.log(page, JWB.page.name, $('#currentpage a').html())
        JWB.stop();
        alert(JWB.msg('autosave-error', JWB.msg('tab-log')));
        $('#currentpage').html(JWB.msg('editbox-currentpage', ' ', ' '));
        return;
    }
    var newval = $('#editBoxArea').val();
    var diffsize = newval.length - JWB.page.content.length;
    if ($('#sizelimit').val() != 0 &amp;&amp; Math.abs(diffsize) &gt; parseInt($('#sizelimit').val())) {
        alert(JWB.msg('size-limit-exceeded', diffsize &gt; 0 ? '+' + diffsize : diffsize));
        JWB.status('done', true);
        return;
    }
    var data = {
        title: JWB.page.name,
        summary: summary,
        action: 'edit',
        //tags: 'JWB',
        basetimestamp: JWB.page.revisions ? JWB.page.revisions[0].timestamp : '',
        token: JWB.page.token,
        text: newval,
        watchlist: $('#watchPage').val()
    };
    if ($('#minorEdit').prop('checked')) data.minor = true;
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        JWB.log('edit', response.edit.title, response.edit.newrevid);
    }, function (error, errtype) {
        var cont = false;
        if (errtype == 'API') {
            cont = confirm(&quot;API error: &quot; + error.error.info + &quot;\n&quot; + JWB.msg('confirm-continue'));
        } else {
            cont = confirm(&quot;AJAX error: &quot; + error + &quot;\n&quot; + JWB.msg('confirm-continue'));
        }
        if (!cont) {
            JWB.stop();
        }
        return false; // do not fall back on default error handling
    });
    // While the edit is submitting, continue to the next page to edit.
    JWB.status('done', true);
    JWB.next();
};
JWB.api.preview = function () {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.status('preview');
    JWB.api.call({
        title: JWB.page.name,
        action: 'parse',
        pst: true,
        text: $('#editBoxArea').val()
    }, function (response) {
        $('#resultWindow').html(response.parse.text['*']);
        $('#resultWindow div.previewnote').remove();
        JWB.status('done', true);
    });
};
JWB.api.move = function () {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.status('move');
    var topage = $('#moveTo').val().replace(/\$x/gi, JWB.page.pagevar);
    var summary = $('#summary').val();
    var data = {
        action: 'move',
        from: JWB.page.name,
        to: topage,
        token: JWB.page.token,
        reason: summary,
        ignorewarnings: 'yes'
    };
    if ($('#moveTalk').prop('checked')) data.movetalk = true;
    if ($('#moveSubpage').prop('checked')) data.movesubpages = true;
    if ($('#suppressRedir').prop('checked')) data.noredirect = true;
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        JWB.log('move', response.move.from, response.move.to);
        JWB.status('done', true);
        if (!$('#moveTo').val().match(/\$x/i)) $('#moveTo').val('')[0].focus(); //clear entered move-to pagename if it's not based on the pagevar
        JWB.next(topage);
    });
};
JWB.api.del = function () {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.status(($('#deletePage').is('.undelete') ? 'un' : '') + 'delete');
    var summary = $('#summary').val();
    JWB.api.call({
        action: (!JWB.page.exists ? 'un' : '') + 'delete',
        title: JWB.page.name,
        token: JWB.page.token,
        reason: summary
    }, function (response) {
        JWB.log((!JWB.page.exists ? 'un' : '') + 'delete', (response['delete'] || response.undelete).title);
        JWB.status('done', true);
        JWB.next(response.undelete &amp;&amp; response.undelete.title);
    });
};
JWB.api.protect = function () {
    if (JWB.isStopped) return; // prevent new API calls when stopped
    JWB.status('protect');
    var summary = $('#summary').val();
    var editprot = $('#editProt').val();
    var moveprot = $('#moveProt').val() || editprot;
    var uploadprot = $('#uploadProt').val() || editprot;
    var protstring = 'edit=' + editprot + '|move=' + moveprot;
    if (!JWB.page.exists)
        protstring = 'create=' + editprot;
    if (JWB.page.protections.includes('upload'))
        protstring += '|upload=' + uploadprot;
    JWB.api.call({
        action: 'protect',
        title: JWB.page.name,
        token: JWB.page.token,
        reason: summary,
        expiry: $('#protectExpiry').val() !== '' ? $('#protectExpiry').val() : 'infinite',
        protections: protstring,
    }, function (response) {
        var protactions = '';
        var prots = response.protect.protections;
        for (var i = 0; i &lt; prots.length; i++) {
            if (typeof prots[i].edit == 'string') {
                protactions += ' edit: ' + (prots[i].edit || 'all');
            } else if (typeof prots[i].move == 'string') {
                protactions += ' move: ' + (prots[i].move || 'all');
            } else if (typeof prots[i].create == 'string') {
                protactions += ' create: ' + (prots[i].create || 'all');
            } else if (typeof prots[i].upload == 'string') {
                protactions += ' upload: ' + (prots[i].upload || 'all');
            }
        }
        protactions += ' expires: ' + prots[0].expiry;
        JWB.log('protect', response.protect.title, protactions);
        JWB.status('done', false);
        JWB.next(response.protect.title);
    });
};

JWB.api.watch = function () {
    JWB.status('watch');
    var data = {
        action: 'watch',
        title: JWB.page.name,
        token: JWB.page.watchtoken
    };
    if (JWB.page.watched) data.unwatch = true;
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        JWB.status('&lt;span style=&quot;color:green;&quot;&gt;' +
            JWB.msg('status-watch-' + (JWB.page.watched ? 'removed' : 'added'), &quot;'&quot; + JWB.page.name + &quot;'&quot;) +
            '&lt;/span&gt;', true);
        JWB.page.watched = !JWB.page.watched;
        $('#watchNow').html(JWB.msg('watch-' + (JWB.page.watched ? 'remove' : 'add')));
    });
};

/***** Pagelist functions *****/

JWB.pl.iterations = 0;
JWB.pl.done = true;

JWB.pl.stop = function () {
    if (JWB.pl.done) {
        JWB.pl.iterations = 0;
        $('#pagelistPopup [disabled]:not(fieldset [disabled]), #pagelistPopup legend input, #pagelistPopup button').prop('disabled', false);
        $('#pagelistPopup legend input').trigger('change');
        $('#pagelistPopup button img').remove();
    }
}

JWB.pl.getNSpaces = function () {
    var list = $('#pagelistPopup [name=&quot;namespace&quot;]')[0];
    return $('#pagelistPopup [name=&quot;namespace&quot;]').val().join('|'); //.val() returns an array of selected options.
};

JWB.pl.getList = function (abbrs, lists, data) {
    $('#pagelistPopup button, #pagelistPopup input, #pagelistPopup select, #pagelistPopup button').prop('disabled', true);
    JWB.pl.iterations++;
    if (data.ask !== undefined) {
        JWB.pl.SMW(data.ask); // execute SMW call in parallel
        JWB.pl.done = false;
        data.ask = undefined;
    }
    if (!abbrs.length) {
        JWB.pl.done = true;
        return; // don't execute the rest; only a SMW query was entered.
    }
    data.action = 'query';
    var nspaces = JWB.pl.getNSpaces();
    for (var i = 0; i &lt; abbrs.length; i++) {
        if (nspaces) data[abbrs[i] + 'namespace'] = data[abbrs[i] + 'namespace'] || nspaces; // if namespaces are already set, use that instead (for apnamespace)
        data[abbrs[i] + 'limit'] = 'max';
    }
    let linksList = lists.indexOf('links')
    if (linksList !== -1) {
        data.prop = 'links';
        lists.splice(linksList, 1)
    }
    data.list = lists.join('|');
    console.log('generating:', data);
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        var maxiterate = 100; //allow up to 100 consecutive requests at a time to avoid overloading the server.
        if (!response.query) response.query = {};
        if (response.watchlistraw) response.query.watchlistraw = response.watchlistraw; //adding some consistency
        var plist = [];
        if (response.query.pages) {
            var links;
            for (var id in response.query.pages) {
                links = response.query.pages[id].links;
                for (var i = 0; i &lt; links.length; i++) {
                    plist.push(links[i].title);
                }
            }
        }
        for (var l in response.query) {
            if (l === 'pages') continue;
            for (var i = 0; i &lt; response.query[l].length; i++) {
                plist.push(response.query[l][i].title);
            }
        }
        //add the result to the pagelist immediately, as opposed to saving it all up and adding in 1 go like AWB does
        $('#articleList').val($.trim($('#articleList').val()) + '\n' + plist.join('\n'));
        JWB.pageCount();
        var cont = response.continue;
        console.log(&quot;Continue&quot;, JWB.pl.iterations, cont);
        if (cont &amp;&amp; JWB.pl.iterations &lt;= maxiterate) {
            var lists = [];
            if (response.query) { //compatibility with the code I wrote for the old query-continue. TODO: make this unnecessary?
                for (var list in response.query) {
                    lists.push(list); //add to the new array of &amp;list= values
                }
            }
            var abbrs = [];
            for (var abbr in cont) {
                data[abbr] = cont[abbr]; //add the &amp;xxcontinue= value to the data
                if (abbr != 'continue') {
                    abbrs.push(abbr.replace('continue', '')); //find out what xx is and add it to the list of abbrs
                }
            }
            JWB.pl.getList(abbrs, lists, data); //recursive function to get every page of a list
        } else {
            if (JWB.pl.iterations &gt; maxiterate) {
                JWB.status('pl-over-lim', true);
            } else {
                JWB.status('done', true);
            }
            JWB.pl.stop(); // if JWB.pl.done == true show stopped interface. Otherwise mark as done.
            JWB.pl.done = true;
        }
    }, function () { //on error, simply reset and let the user work with what he has
        JWB.status('done', true);
        JWB.pl.stop();
        JWB.pl.done = true;
    });
};

JWB.pl.SMW = function (query) {
    var data = {
        action: 'ask',
        query: query
    };
    JWB.api.call(data, function (response) {
        console.log(response);
        let list = response.query.results;
        let pagevar = response.query.printrequests[1];
        let pagevar_type = pagevar &amp;&amp; pagevar.typeid;
        if (pagevar) {
            // either pagevar === undefined, or it's the first printrequest.
            pagevar = pagevar.label;
        }
        let plist = [];
        for (let l in list) {
            let page = list[l];
            let name = page.fulltext;
            let suff;
            if (pagevar) try {
                let val = page.printouts[pagevar][0];
                if (!val) continue; // this page does not contain this property.
                switch (pagevar_type) {
                    case '_boo':
                        suff = val == 't'; // true if 't' else false;
                        break;
                    case '_wpg':
                        suff = val.fulltext;
                        break;
                    case '_dat':
                        // val.raw is also available but the unconventional format makes it a lot less convenient.
                        suff = val.timestamp;
                        break;
                    case '_qty':
                        suff = val.value + ' ' + val.unit;
                        break;
                    case '_mlt_rec':
                        // I doubt this is used anywhere, but it's not too hard to support.
                        suff = val.Text.item[0];
                        break;
                    case '_ref_rec':
                        // not supported; references contain too many properties.
                        break;
                    default:
                        suff = val;
                }
            } catch (e) {
                console.error(e); // show error but ignore. Something is wrong in SMW query/api.
            }
            if (suff) {
                plist.push(name + '|' + suff);
            } else {
                plist.push(name);
            }
        }
        $('#articleList').val($.trim($('#articleList').val()) + '\n' + plist.join('\n'));
        JWB.pageCount();
        JWB.pl.stop(); // if JWB.pl.done == true show stopped interface. Otherwise mark as done.
        JWB.pl.done = true;
    });
}

//JWB.pl.getList(['wr'], ['watchlistraw'], {}) for watchlists
JWB.pl.generate = function () {
    var $fields = $('#pagelistPopup fieldset').not('[disabled]');
    $('#pagelistPopup').find('button[type=&quot;submit&quot;]').append('&lt;img src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Ajax-loader.gif&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; alt=&quot;' + JWB.msg('status-alt') + '&quot;/&gt;');
    var abbrs = [],
        lists = [],
        data = {
            'continue': ''
        };
    $fields.each(function () {
        var list = $(this).find('legend input').attr('name');
        var abbr;
        if (list === 'linksto') { //Special case since this fieldset features 3 merged lists in 1 fieldset
            if (!$('[name=&quot;title&quot;]').val()) return;
            $('[name=&quot;backlinks&quot;], [name=&quot;embeddedin&quot;], [name=&quot;imageusage&quot;]').filter(':checked').each(function () {
                var val = this.value;
                abbrs.push(val);
                lists.push(this.name);
                data[val + 'title'] = $('[name=&quot;title&quot;]').val();
                data[val + 'filterredir'] = $('[name=&quot;filterredir&quot;]:checked').val();
                if ($('[name=&quot;redirect&quot;]').prop('checked')) data[val + 'redirect'] = true;
            });
        } else if (list === 'smwask') {
            data.ask = $(this).find('#smwquery').val();
        } else { //default input system
            if ($(this).find('#psstrict').prop('checked')) {
                // different list if prefixsearch is strict
                let $input = $(this).find('#psstrict')
                list = $input.attr('name');
                abbr = $input.val();
            } else {
                abbr = $(this).find('legend input').val();
            }
            lists.push(list);
            abbrs.push(abbr);
            $(this).find('input').not('legend input').each(function () {
                if ((this.type === 'checkbox' || this.type === 'radio') &amp;&amp; this.checked === false) return;
                if (this.id == 'psstrict') return; // ignore psstrict; it only affects how pssearch is handled
                var name, val;
                if (this.id == 'cmtitle') {
                    // making sure the page has a Category: prefix, in case the user left it out
                    let cgns = JWB.ns[14]['*']; // name for Category: namespace
                    if (!this.value.startsWith(cgns + ':')) {
                        this.value = cgns + ':' + this.value;
                    }
                }
                if (this.id == 'pssearch' &amp;&amp; this.name == 'apprefix') {
                    // apprefix needs namespace separate from pagename
                    name = this.name;
                    let split = this.value.split(':')
                    val = split[1] || split[0];
                    let nsid = 0;
                    if (split[1]) { // if a namespace is given
                        for (let ns in JWB.ns) {
                            if (JWB.ns[ns]['*'] == split[0]) {
                                nsid = JWB.ns[ns].id;
                                break;
                            }
                        }
                    }
                    data.apnamespace = nsid;
                } else {
                    name = this.name;
                    val = this.value;
                }
                if (data.hasOwnProperty(name)) {
                    data[name] += '|' + val;
                } else {
                    data[name] = val;
                }
            });
            console.log(abbrs, lists, data);
        }
    });
    if (abbrs.length || data.ask) JWB.pl.getList(abbrs, lists, data);
    else JWB.pl.stop();
};

/***** Setup functions *****/

JWB.setup.save = function (name) {
    name = name || prompt(JWB.msg('setup-prompt', JWB.msg('setup-prompt-store')), $('#loadSettings').val());
    if (name === null) return;
    var self = JWB.settings[name] = {
        string: {},
        bool: {},
        replaces: []
    };
    //inputs with a text value
    $('textarea, input[type=&quot;text&quot;], input[type=&quot;number&quot;], select').not('.replaces input, #editBoxArea, #settings *').each(function () {
        if (typeof $(this).val() == 'string') {
            self.string[this.id] = this.value.replace(/\n{2,}/g, '\n');
        } else {
            self.string[this.id] = $(this).val();
        }
    });
    self.replaces = [];
    $('.replaces').each(function () {
        if ($(this).find('.replaceText').val() || $(this).find('.replaceWith').val()) {
            self.replaces.push({
                replaceText: $(this).find('.replaceText').val(),
                replaceWith: $(this).find('.replaceWith').val(),
                useRegex: $(this).find('.useRegex').prop('checked'),
                regexFlags: $(this).find('.regexFlags').val(),
                ignoreNowiki: $(this).find('.ignoreNowiki').prop('checked')
            });
        }
    });
    $('input[type=&quot;radio&quot;], input[type=&quot;checkbox&quot;]').not('.replaces input').each(function () {
        self.bool[this.id] = this.checked;
    });
    if (!$('#loadSettings option[value=&quot;' + name + '&quot;]').length) {
        $('#loadSettings').append('&lt;option value=&quot;' + name + '&quot;&gt;' + name + '&lt;/option&gt;');
    }
    $('#loadSettings').val(name);
    console.log(self);
};

JWB.setup.apply = function (name) {
    name = name &amp;&amp; JWB.settings[name] ? name : 'default';
    var self = JWB.settings[name];
    $('#loadSettings').val(name);
    $('.replaces + .replaces').remove(); //reset find&amp;replace inputs
    $('.replaces input[type=&quot;text&quot;]').val('');
    $('.useRegex').each(function () {
        this.checked = false;
    });
    $('#pagelistPopup legend input').trigger('change'); //fix checked state of pagelist generating inputs
    for (var a in self.string) {
        $('#' + a).val(self.string[a]);
    }
    for (var b in self.bool) {
        $('#' + b).prop('checked', self.bool[b]);
    }
    var cur;
    for (var c = 0; c &lt; self.replaces.length; c++) {
        if ($('.replaces').length &lt;= c) $('#moreReplaces')[0].click();
        cur = self.replaces[c];
        for (var d in cur) {
            if (cur[d] === true || cur[d] === false) {
                $('.replaces').eq(c).find('.' + d).prop('checked', cur[d]);
            } else {
                $('.replaces').eq(c).find('.' + d).val(cur[d]);
            }
        }
    }
    $('.useRegex, #containRegex,' +
        '#pagelistPopup legend input,' +
        '#enableRETF').trigger('change'); //reset disabled inputs
};

JWB.setup.getObj = function () {
    var settings = [];
    for (var i in JWB.settings) {
        if (i != '_blank') {
            settings.push('&quot;' + i + '&quot;: ' + JSON.stringify(JWB.settings[i]));
        }
    }
    return '{\n\t' + settings.join(',\n\t').split('{{subst:').join('{{#JWB-SAFESUBST:#') + '\n}';
};

JWB.setup.submit = function () {
    var name = prompt(JWB.msg('setup-prompt', JWB.msg('setup-prompt-save')), $('#loadSettings').val());
    if (name === null) return;
    if ($.trim(name) === '') name = 'default';
    JWB.setup.save(name);
    JWB.status('setup-submit');
    JWB.api.call({
        action: 'query',
        meta: 'tokens',
    }, function (response) {
        let edittoken = response.query.tokens.csrftoken;
        JWB.api.call({
            title: 'User:' + JWB.username + '/' + JWB.settingspage,
            summary: JWB.msg(['setup-summary', JWB.contentLang]),
            action: 'edit',
            token: edittoken,
            text: JWB.setup.getObj(),
            minor: true
        }, function (response) {
            JWB.status('done', true);
            JWB.log('edit', response.edit.title, response.edit.newrevid);
        });
    });
};

//TODO: use blob uri
JWB.setup.download = function () {
    var name = prompt(JWB.msg('setup-prompt', JWB.msg('setup-prompt-save')), $('#loadSettings').val());
    if (name === null) return;
    if ($.trim(name) === '') name = 'default';
    JWB.setup.save(name);
    JWB.status('setup-dload');
    var url = 'data:application/json;base64,' + btoa(unescape(encodeURIComponent(JWB.setup.getObj())));
    var elem = $('#download-anchor')[0];
    if (HTMLAnchorElement.prototype.hasOwnProperty('download')) { //use download attribute when possible, for its ability to specify a filename
        elem.href = url;
        elem.click();
        setTimeout(function () {
            elem.removeAttribute('href');
        }, 2000);
    } else { //fallback to iframes for browsers with no support for download=&quot;&quot; attributes
        elem = $('#download-iframe')[0];
        elem.src = url.replace('application/json', 'application/octet-stream');
        setTimeout(function () {
            elem.removeAttribute('src');
        }, 2000);
    }
    JWB.status('done', true);
};

JWB.setup.import = function (e) {
    e.preventDefault();
    file = (e.dataTransfer || this).files[0];
    if ($(this).is('#import')) { //reset input
        this.outerHTML = this.outerHTML;
        $('#import').change(JWB.setup.import);
    }
    if (!window.hasOwnProperty('FileReader')) {
        alert(JWB.msg('old-browser'));
        JWB.status('old-browser', '&lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;' + JWB.index_php + '?title=Special:MyPage/' + JWB.settingspage + '&quot;&gt;/' + JWB.settingspage + '&lt;/a&gt;');
        return;
    }
    if (file.name.split('.').pop().toLowerCase() !== 'json') {
        alert(JWB.msg('not-json'));
        return;
    }
    JWB.status('Processing file');
    var reader = new FileReader();
    reader.readAsText(file);
    reader.onload = function (e) {
        JWB.status('done', true);
        try {
            //Exclusion regex based on http://stackoverflow.com/a/23589204/1256925
            //Removes all JS comments from the file, except when they're between quotes.
            var c = reader.result;
            var data = JSON.parse(c.replace(/(&quot;[^&quot;]*&quot;)|(\/\*[\w\W]*\*\/|\/\/[^\n]*)/g, function (match, g1, g2) {
                if (g1) return g1;
            }));
        } catch (e) {
            alert(JWB.msg('json-err', e.message, JWB.msg('json-err-upload')));
            console.log(e); //also log the error for further info
            return;
        }
        JWB.setup.extend(data);
    };

    JWB.status('Processing file');
};

JWB.setup.load = function () {
    JWB.status('setup-load');
    var user = JWB.username || mw.config.get('wgUserName');
    var oldtitle = &quot;User:&quot; + user + '/' + JWB.settingspage; // page title for what was used before version 4.0
    var newtitle = &quot;User:&quot; + user + '/JWB-settings.json'; // new page title for all settings pages.
    var titles = oldtitle;
    // if the old title isn't JWB-settings.json, also query the new title.
    if (oldtitle !== newtitle &amp;&amp; JWB.hasJSON) {
        titles += '|' + newtitle;
    }
    JWB.api.call({
        action: 'query',
        titles: titles,
        prop: 'info|revisions',
        meta: 'tokens',
        rvprop: 'content',
        indexpageids: true
    }, function (response) {
        if (JWB === false) return; //user is not allowed to use JWB
        var firstrun = !JWB.setup.initialised;
        JWB.setup.initialised = true;
        var edittoken = response.query.tokens.csrftoken;

        // determine correct page to get settings from
        var pages = response.query.pages,
            ids = response.query.pageids;
        var page, exists = true;
        if (ids.length == 2) {
            var page0 = pages[ids[0]],
                page1 = pages[ids[1]];
            var oldpage, newpage;
            if (page0.title == oldtitle) {
                oldpage = page0;
                newpage = page1;
            } else {
                oldpage = page1;
                newpage = page0;
            }
            if (oldpage.missing === undefined &amp;&amp; oldpage.redirect === undefined) {
                // old page exists and is not a redirect
                if (newpage.missing === undefined) {
                    // both old AND new page exist; throw error and load neither page.
                    let jsredir = &quot;https://www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Help:Redirects#JavaScript_page_redirect&quot;;
                    prompt(JWB.msg('duplicate-settings', oldtitle, newtitle, jsredir), jsredir);
                    exists = false;
                } else {
                    // old page exists but new page doesn't; move the page to the new location.
                    JWB.setup.moveNew(oldtitle, newtitle, edittoken);
                    JWB.settingspage = 'JWB-settings.json';
                    return;
                }
            } else {
                // Old page either doesn't exist or is a redirect. Don't bother with it.
                page = newpage;
                exists = (page.missing === undefined);
                JWB.settingspage = 'JWB-settings.json';
            }
        } else {
            page = pages[ids[0]];
            exists = (page.missing === undefined);
        }
        if (!exists) {
            // settings page does not exist; don't load anything
            if (JWB.allowed &amp;&amp; firstrun) JWB.setup.save('default'); //this runs when this callback returns after the init has loaded.
            return;
        }
        var data = page.revisions[0]['*'].split('{{#JWB-SAFESUBST:#').join('{{subst:');
        if (!data) {
            // settings page is empty; don't load anything.
            if (JWB.allowed &amp;&amp; firstrun) JWB.setup.save('default'); //this runs when this callback returns after the init has loaded.
            return;
        }
        try {
            data = JSON.parse(data);
        } catch (e) {
            alert(JWB.msg('json-err', e.message, JWB.msg('json-err-page', JWB.settingspage)) || 'JSON error:\n' + e.message);
            JWB.setup.save('default');
            return;
        }
        JWB.setup.extend(data);
        JWB.status('done', true);
    });
};

JWB.setup.moveNew = function (from, to, token) {
    (new mw.Api()).post({
        action: 'move',
        from: from,
        to: to,
        token: token,
        reason: JWB.msg(['setup-move-summary', JWB.contentLang]),
        noredirect: true, // if possible, suppress redirects; the old page will no longer be needed if the new page exists.
        movesubpages: true, // if any
        movetalk: true, // if any
        ignorewarnings: true,
    }).done(function (response) {
        if (response.error === undefined) {
            JWB.log('move', from, to);
            JWB.settingspage = to.split('/')[1];
            alert(JWB.msg('moved-settings', from, to, JWB.msg('tab-log')));
            JWB.setup.load(); // load settings from newly moved page.
        }
    });
}

JWB.setup.extend = function (obj) {
    $.extend(JWB.settings, obj);
    if (!JWB.settings.hasOwnProperty('default')) {
        JWB.setup.save('default');
    }
    for (var i in JWB.settings) {
        if ($('#loadSettings').find('option[value=&quot;' + i + '&quot;]').length) continue;
        $('#loadSettings').append('&lt;option value=&quot;' + i + '&quot;&gt;' + i + '&lt;/option&gt;');
    }
    JWB.setup.apply($('#loadSettings').val());
};

JWB.setup.del = function () {
    var name = $('#loadSettings').val();
    if (name === '_blank') return alert(JWB.msg('setup-delete-blank'));
    var temp = {};
    temp[name] = JWB.settings[name];
    JWB.setup.temp = $.extend({}, temp);
    delete JWB.settings[name];
    $('#loadSettings').val('default');
    if (name === 'default') {
        JWB.setup.apply('_blank');
        JWB.setup.save('default');
        JWB.status(['del-default', '&lt;a href=&quot;javascript:JWB.setup.undelete();&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('status-del-undo') + '&lt;/a&gt;'], true);
    } else {
        $('#loadSettings').find('[value=&quot;' + name + '&quot;]').remove();
        JWB.setup.apply();
        JWB.status(['del-setup', name, '&lt;a href=&quot;javascript:JWB.setup.undelete();&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('status-del-undo') + '&lt;/a&gt;'], true);
    }
};
JWB.setup.undelete = function () {
    JWB.setup.extend(JWB.setup.temp);
    JWB.status('done', true);
};

/***** Main other functions *****/

//Show status message status-`action`, or status-`action[0]` with arguments `action[1:]`
JWB.status = function (action, done) {
    if (JWB.bot &amp;&amp; $('#autosave').prop('checked') &amp;&amp; !JWB.isStopped) {
        $('#summary, .editbutton, #movePage, #deletePage, #protectPage, #skipPage').prop('disabled', true); //Disable summary when auto-saving
    } else {
        $('#summary, .editbutton, #movePage, #deletePage, #protectPage, #skipPage').prop('disabled', !done); //Disable box when not done (so busy loading). re-enable when done loading.
    }
    var status;
    if (action instanceof Array) {
        action[0] = 'status-' + action[0];
        status = JWB.msg.apply(this, action)
    } else {
        status = JWB.msg('status-' + action);
    }
    if (status === false) return;
    if (status) {
        if (!done) { //spinner if not done
            status += ' &lt;img src=&quot;//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/de/Ajax-loader.gif&quot; width=&quot;15&quot; height=&quot;15&quot; alt=&quot;' + JWB.msg('status-alt') + '&quot;/&gt;';
        }
    } else {
        status = action;
    }
    $('#status').html(status);
    JWB.pageCount();
    return action == 'done';
};

JWB.pageCount = function () {
    if (JWB.allowed === false || !$('#articleList').length) return;
    $('#articleList').val(($('#articleList').val() || '').replace(/(^[ \t]*$\n)*/gm, ''));
    JWB.list = $('#articleList').val().split('\n');
    var count = JWB.list.length;
    if (count === 1 &amp;&amp; JWB.list[0] === '') count = 0;
    $('#totPages').html(count);
};

//Perform all specified find&amp;replace actions
JWB.replace = function (input, callback) {
    JWB.status('replacing');
    if (!JWB.worker.isWorking() &amp;&amp; JWB.worker.supported) {
        // if the worker is not already working, then re-init to make sure we've not got any broken leftovers from the previous page
        JWB.worker.init();
    }
    JWB.newContent = input;
    JWB.pageCount();
    var varOffset = JWB.list[0].indexOf('|') !== -1 ? JWB.list[0].indexOf('|') + 1 : 0;
    JWB.page.pagevar = JWB.list[0].substr(varOffset);
    $('.replaces').each(function () {
        var $this = $(this);
        var replaceText = $this.find('.replaceText').val(),
            replaceWith = $this.find('.replaceWith').val();
        if (replaceText.length == 0 &amp;&amp; replaceWith.length == 0) return; // don't bother replacing 2 empty strings.
        var regexFlags = $this.find('.regexFlags').val();
        var replace = replaceText.replace(/\$x/gi, JWB.page.pagevar).replace(/\\{2}/g, '\\').replace(/\\n/g, '\n') || '$';
        var useRegex = replaceText.length == 0 || $this.find('.useRegex').prop('checked');
        if (useRegex &amp;&amp; regexFlags.indexOf('_') !== -1) {
            replace = replace.replace(/[ _]/g, '[ _]'); //replaces any of [Space OR underscore] with a match for spaces or underscores.
            replace = replace.replace(/(\[[^\]]*)\[ _\]/g, '$1 _'); //in case a [ _] was placed inside another [] match, remove the [].
            regexFlags = regexFlags.replace('_', '');
        }
        //apply replaces where \n and \\ work in both regular text and regex mode.
        var rWith = replaceWith.replace(/\$x/gi, JWB.page.pagevar).replace(/\\{2}/g, '\\').replace(/\\n/g, '\n');
        if (rWith.length === 0 &amp;&amp; replace === '$') return;
        try {
            let replaceDone = function (result, err) {
                console.log('done replacing', result, err);
                if (err === undefined) {
                    JWB.newContent = result;
                    if (JWB.worker.queue.length == 0 &amp;&amp; JWB.worker.supported) {
                        // all workers are done
                        JWB.status('done', true);
                        callback(JWB.newContent);
                    }
                } else if (err == 'Timeout exceeded') {
                    if (JWB.worker.queue.length == 0 &amp;&amp; JWB.worker.supported) {
                        // all workers have exceeded their time and/or have finished
                        JWB.status('done', true);
                        callback(JWB.newContent); // newContent remains unmodified due to timeout.
                    }
                }
            }
            if ($this.find('.ignoreNowiki').prop('checked')) {
                if (!useRegex) {
                    replace = replace.replace(/[-\/\\^$*+?.()|[\]{}]/g, '\\$&amp;');
                    regexFlags = 'g';
                }
                JWB.worker.unparsedReplace(&quot;~&quot; + &quot;~~JWB.newContent&quot;, replace, regexFlags, rWith, replaceDone);
            } else if (useRegex) {
                JWB.worker.replace(&quot;~&quot; + &quot;~~JWB.newContent&quot;, replace, regexFlags, rWith, replaceDone);
            } else {
                JWB.newContent = JWB.newContent.split(replace).join(rWith); //global replacement without having to escape all special chars.
            }
        } catch (e) {
            console.log('Regex error:', e)
            JWB.stop();
            return JWB.status('regex-err', false);
        }
    });
    if ($('#enableRETF').prop('checked')) {
        JWB.newContent = RETF.replace(JWB.newContent);
    }
    if (!JWB.worker.isWorking()) {
        // no workers were called
        JWB.status('done', true);
        callback(JWB.newContent);
    }
};

JWB.skipRETF = function () {
    if (!$('#enableRETF').prop('checked')) return; // RETF is not enabled to begin with
    if (JWB.isStopped === true) return; // don't mess with the edit box when stopped
    $('#enableRETF').prop('checked', false);
    JWB.replace(JWB.page.content, function (newContent) {
        JWB.editPage(newContent);
        JWB.updateButtons();
        $('#enableRETF').prop('checked', true);
    });
}

// Edit the current page and pre-fill the newContent.
JWB.editPage = function (newContent) {
    $('#editBoxArea').val(newContent);
    $('#currentpage').html(JWB.msg('editbox-currentpage', JWB.page.name, encodeURIComponent(JWB.page.name)));
    if ($('#preparse').prop('checked')) {
        $('#articleList').val($.trim($('#articleList').val()) + '\n' + JWB.list[0]); //move current page to the bottom
        JWB.next();
        return;
    } else if (JWB.bot &amp;&amp; $('#autosave').prop('checked')) {
        JWB.api.diff(function () {
            //timeout will take #throttle's value * 1000, if it's a number above 0. Currently defaults to 0.
            setTimeout(JWB.api.submit, Math.max(+$('#throttle').val() || 0, 0) * 1000, JWB.page.name);
        });
    } else {
        JWB.api.diff();
    }
}

//Adds a line to the logs tab.
JWB.log = function (action, page, info) {
    var d = new Date();
    var pagee = encodeURIComponent(page);
    var extraInfo = '',
        actionStat = '';
    switch (action) {
        case 'edit':
            if (typeof info === 'undefined') {
                action = 'null-edit';
                actionStat = 'nullEdits';
            } else {
                extraInfo = ' (&lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;' + JWB.index_php + '?title=' + pagee + '&amp;diff=' + info + '&quot;&gt;diff&lt;/a&gt;)';
                actionStat = 'pagesSaved';
            }
            break;
        case 'nobots':
            action = 'bot-skip';
            extraInfo = ' (&lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Bots&quot;&gt;{{bots}}&lt;/a&gt;)';
            // no break;
        case 'skip':
            actionStat = 'pagesSkipped';
            break;
        case 'move':
            extraInfo = ' to &lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/' + encodeURIComponent(info) + '&quot; title=&quot;' + info + '&quot;&gt;' + info + '&lt;/a&gt;';
            break;
        case 'protect':
            extraInfo = info;
            break;
    }
    actionStat = '#' + (actionStat || 'otherActions');
    $(actionStat).html(+$(actionStat).html() + 1);
    $('#actionlog tbody')
        .append('&lt;tr&gt;' +
            '&lt;td&gt;' + (JWB.fn.pad0(d.getHours()) + ':' + JWB.fn.pad0(d.getMinutes()) + ':' + JWB.fn.pad0(d.getSeconds())) + '&lt;/td&gt;' +
            '&lt;th&gt;' + action + '&lt;/th&gt;' +
            '&lt;td&gt;&lt;a target=&quot;_blank&quot; href=&quot;/wiki/' + pagee + '&quot; title=&quot;' + page + '&quot;&gt;' + page + '&lt;/a&gt;' + extraInfo + '&lt;/td&gt;' +
            '&lt;/tr&gt;')
        .parents('.JWBtabc').scrollTop($('#actionlog tbody').parents('.JWBtabc')[0].scrollHeight);
};

//Move to the next page in the list
JWB.next = function (nextPage) {
    // cancel any still ongoing regex match/replace functions, since we're moving on to another page.
    JWB.worker.cancelAll();
    if ($.trim(nextPage) &amp;&amp; !$('#skipAfterAction').prop('checked')) {
        nextPage = $.trim(nextPage) + '\n';
    } else {
        nextPage = '';
    }
    $('#articleList').val($('#articleList').val().replace(/^.*\n?/, nextPage));
    JWB.list.splice(0, 1);
    JWB.pageCount();
    JWB.api.get(JWB.list[0].split('|')[0]);
};

//Stop everything, reset inputs and editor
JWB.stop = function () {
    console.trace('stopped');
    $('#stopbutton,' +
        '.editbutton,' +
        '#watchNow,' +
        '.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;2&quot;] .editbutton,' +
        '#watchNow' +
        '.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;4&quot;] button,' +
        '#skipRETF').prop('disabled', true);
    $('#startbutton, #articleList,' +
        '.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;1&quot;] button,' +
        '#replacesPopup button,' +
        '#replacesPopup input,' +
        '.JWBtabc input, select').prop('disabled', false);
    $('#resultWindow').html('');
    $('#editBoxArea').val('');
    $('#currentpage').html(JWB.msg('editbox-currentpage', ' ', ' '));
    JWB.pl.done = true;
    JWB.pl.stop();
    JWB.status('done', true);
    JWB.isStopped = true;
};

//Start AutoWikiBrowsing
JWB.start = function () {
    JWB.pageCount();
    if (JWB.list.length === 0 || (JWB.list.length === 1 &amp;&amp; !JWB.list[0])) {
        alert(JWB.msg('no-pages-listed'));
    } else if ($('#skipNoChange').prop('checked') &amp;&amp; !$('.replaceText').val() &amp;&amp; !$('.replaceWith').val() &amp;&amp; !$('#enableRETF').prop('checked')) {
        alert(JWB.msg('infinite-skip-notice'));
    } else {
        JWB.isStopped = false;
        if ($('#preparse').prop('checked')) {
            if (!$('#articleList').val().match('#PRE-PARSE-STOP')) {
                $('#articleList').val($.trim($('#articleList').val()) + '\n#PRE-PARSE-STOP'); //mark where to stop pre-parsing
            }
        } else {
            $('#preparse-reset').click();
        }
        $('#stopbutton, .editbutton, #watchNow, .JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;2&quot;] button, .JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;4&quot;] button, #skipRETF').prop('disabled', false);
        $('#startbutton, #articleList, .JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;1&quot;] button, #replacesPopup button, #replacesPopup input, .JWBtabc input, select').prop('disabled', true);
        if (!JWB.bot || !$('#autosave').prop('checked')) {
            // keep summary / watchlist options enabled when not in autosave mode
            $('#minorEdit, #summary, #watchPage').prop('disabled', false);
        }
        JWB.api.get(JWB.list[0].split('|')[0]);
    }
};

JWB.updateButtons = function () {
    if (!JWB.page.exists &amp;&amp; $('#deletePage').is('.delete')) {
        $('#deletePage').removeClass('delete').addClass('undelete').html('Undelete');
        JWB.fn.blink('#deletePage'); //Indicate the button has changed
    } else if (JWB.page.exists &amp;&amp; $('#deletePage').is('.undelete')) {
        $('#deletePage').removeClass('undelete').addClass('delete').html('Delete');
        JWB.fn.blink('#deletePage'); //Indicate the button has changed
    }
    if (!JWB.page.exists) {
        $('#movePage').prop('disabled', true);
    } else {
        $('#movePage').prop('disabled', false);
    }
    $('#watchNow').html(JWB.msg('watch-' + (JWB.page.watched ? 'remove' : 'add')));
};

/***** Web Worker functions *****/
JWB.worker.supported = !!window.Worker; // if window.Worker exists, we can use workers. Unless CSP blocks us.
JWB.worker.queue = [];

// Load function required to properly load the worker, since directly using `new Worker(url)` for cross-origin URLs does not work even with CORS/CSP rules all allowing it.
// See https://stackoverflow.com/q/66188950/1256925 for this exact question
JWB.worker.load = function (callback) {
    if (JWB.worker.blob) return callback(); // already successfully built
    $.getScript(JWB.imports['worker.js'], function () {
        // Firefox does not understand try..catch for content security policy violations, so define the worker functions regardless of the blob support.
        JWB.worker.functions = JWB.worker.function();
        // the loaded script just defined JWB.worker.function; convert it to a blob url
        // Based on https://stackoverflow.com/a/33432215/1256925
        if (JWB.worker.supported) try {
            let blob = new Blob(['(' + JWB.worker.function.toString() + ')()'], {
                type: 'text/javascript'
            });
            JWB.worker.blob = URL.createObjectURL(blob);
            callback();
        } catch (e) {
            if (e.code == 18) {
                JWB.worker.supported = false;
            }
        }
    });
}

// Create a worker to be able to preform regex operations without hanging the current process.
// Based on https://stackoverflow.com/q/66153487/1256925
JWB.worker.init = function () {
    JWB.worker.load(function () {
        JWB.worker.worker = new Worker(JWB.worker.blob);
        JWB.worker.callback = undefined; // explicitly set to the implicit value of undefined.
        JWB.worker.timeout = 0;
        JWB.worker.queue = [];
        JWB.worker.worker.onmessage = function (e) {
            clearTimeout(JWB.worker.timeout);
            JWB.worker.timeout = 0;
            if (JWB.isStopped) {
                // we're stopped; clear the queue and stop.
                JWB.worker.queue = [];
            } else if (JWB.worker.callback !== undefined) {
                JWB.worker.callback(e.data.result, e.data.err);
            } else {
                console.error(&quot;Worker finished without callback set:&quot;, e.data, e);
            }
            JWB.worker.next(true);
        }
    });
};

// Boolean; check if the worker is currently occupied. 
JWB.worker.isWorking = function () {
    return JWB.worker.callback !== undefined;
};

// Cancel current worker's task (e.g. due to timeout)
JWB.worker.terminate = function () {
    console.log('terminating');
    let w = JWB.worker;
    w.worker.terminate();
    w.callback(undefined, 'Timeout exceeded');
    let queue = w.queue; // save old queue
    w.init(); // re-init this worker, since the previous one is presumed dead (and terminated).
    w.queue = queue; // restore queue
};

// Cancel all workers (e.g. due to no longer needing the worker's queued services)
JWB.worker.cancelAll = function () {
    JWB.worker.queue = [];
    if (JWB.worker.worker) JWB.worker.worker.terminate(); // do not call the callback.
}

// Set worker to work, or queue the worker task.
JWB.worker.do = function (msg, callback) {
    if (JWB.worker.isWorking()) {
        JWB.worker.queue.push({
            msg: msg,
            callback: callback
        });
    } else {
        var timelimit = parseInt($('#timelimit').val()) || 3000;
        JWB.worker.callback = callback;
        // Expand &quot;JWB.string&quot; into JWB['string']; to allow the string to be loaded at execution time instead of queue time.
        // Start with 3x ~ because that cannot exist as the start of an actual page
        if (msg.str &amp;&amp; msg.str.indexOf('~' + '~~JWB.') === 0) msg.str = JWB[msg.str.substr(7)]; // For now, 1-deep expansion is sufficient.
        JWB.worker.worker.postMessage(msg);
        JWB.worker.timeout = setTimeout(function () {
            if (!JWB.worker.isWorking()) {
                console.error('Worker error');
                JWB.worker.next(true);
                return;
            }
            JWB.worker.terminate();
            JWB.worker.next(true);
        }, timelimit);
    }
};

// Execute the next task in the queue
JWB.worker.next = function (force = false) {
    if (force) {
        // force means the function that's calling next() has handled the previous worker task. Clean up after it.
        JWB.worker.callback = undefined;
    } else if (JWB.worker.isWorking()) {
        // still working and the calling function did not specify proper exit of the previous task yet.
        return false;
    }
    if (JWB.worker.queue.length === 0) return true;
    var q = JWB.worker.queue.shift();
    JWB.worker.do(q.msg, q.callback);
};

/***** Functions using workers *****/
JWB.worker.match = function (str, pattern, flags, callback) {
    if (JWB.worker.supported) {
        JWB.worker.do({
            cmd: 'match',
            str,
            pattern,
            flags
        }, callback);
    } else {
        if (str &amp;&amp; str.indexOf('~' + '~~JWB.') === 0) str = JWB[str.substr(7)]; // For now, 1-deep expansion is sufficient.
        JWB.worker.functions.match(str, pattern, flags, callback);
    }
};

JWB.worker.replace = function (str, pattern, flags, rWith, callback) {
    if (JWB.worker.supported) {
        JWB.worker.do({
            cmd: 'replace',
            str,
            pattern,
            flags,
            rWith
        }, callback);
    } else {
        if (str &amp;&amp; str.indexOf('~' + '~~JWB.') === 0) str = JWB[str.substr(7)]; // For now, 1-deep expansion is sufficient.
        JWB.worker.functions.replace(str, pattern, flags, rWith, callback);
    }
};

JWB.worker.unparsedReplace = function (str, pattern, flags, rWith, callback) {
    if (JWB.worker.supported) {
        JWB.worker.do({
            cmd: 'unparsedreplace',
            str,
            pattern,
            flags,
            rWith
        }, callback);
    } else {
        if (str &amp;&amp; str.indexOf('~' + '~~JWB.') === 0) str = JWB[str.substr(7)]; // For now, 1-deep expansion is sufficient.
        JWB.worker.functions.unparsedreplace(str, pattern, flags, rWith, callback);
    }
};

/***** General functions *****/
//Clear all existing timers to prevent them from getting errors
JWB.fn.clearAllTimeouts = function () {
    var i = setTimeout(function () {
        return void(0);
    }, 1000);
    for (var n = 0; n &lt;= i; n++) {
        clearTimeout(n);
        clearInterval(n);
    }
    console.log('Cleared all running intervals up to index', i);
};

//Filter an array to only contain unique values.
JWB.fn.uniques = function (arr) {
    var a = [];
    for (var i = 0, l = arr.length; i &lt; l; i++) {
        if (a.indexOf(arr[i]) === -1 &amp;&amp; arr[i] !== '') {
            a.push(arr[i]);
        }
    }
    return a;
};

// code taken directly from [[Template:Bots]] and changed structurally (not functionally) for readability. The user in this case is &quot;JWB&quot; to deny this script.
// the user parameter is still kept as an optional parameter to maintain functionality as given on that template page.
JWB.fn.allowBots = function (text, user = &quot;JWB&quot;) {
    var usr = user.replace(/([\(\)\*\+\?\.\-\:\!\=\/\^\$])/g, &quot;\\$1&quot;);
    if (!new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{\\s*(nobots|bots[^}]*)\\s*\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;i&quot;).test(text))
        return true;
    if (new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{\\s*bots\\s*\\|\\s*deny\\s*=\\s*([^}]*,\\s*)*&quot; + usr + &quot;\\s*(?=[,\\}])[^}]*\\s*\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;i&quot;).test(text))
        return false
    else
        return new RegExp(&quot;\\{\\{\\s*((?!nobots)|bots(\\s*\\|\\s*allow\\s*=\\s*((?!none)|([^}]*,\\s*)*&quot; + usr +
            &quot;\\s*(?=[,\\}])[^}]*|all))?|bots\\s*\\|\\s*deny\\s*=\\s*(?!all)[^}]*|bots\\s*\\|\\s*optout=(?!all)[^}]*)\\s*\\}\\}&quot;, &quot;i&quot;).test(text);
}


//Prepends zeroes until the number has the desired length of len (default 2)
JWB.fn.pad0 = function (n, len = 2) {
    n = n.toString();
    return n.length &lt; len ? Array(len - n.length + 1).join('0') + n : n;
};

JWB.fn.blink = function (el, t) {
    t = t ? t : 500;
    $(el).prop('disabled', true)
        .children().animate({
            opacity: '0.1'
        }, t - 100)
        .animate({
            opacity: '1'
        }, t)
        .animate({
            opacity: '0.1'
        }, t - 100)
        .animate({
            opacity: '1'
        }, t);
    setTimeout(&quot;$('&quot; + el + &quot;').prop('disabled', false)&quot;, t * 4 - 400);
};

JWB.fn.setSelection = function (el, start, end, dir) {
    dir = dir || 'none'; //Default value
    end = end || start; //If no end is specified, assume the caret is placed without creating text selection.
    if (el.setSelectionRange) {
        el.focus();
        el.setSelectionRange(start, end, dir);
    } else if (el.createTextRange) {
        var rng = el.createTextRange();
        rng.collapse(true);
        rng.moveStart('character', start);
        rng.moveEnd('character', end);
        rng.select();
    }
};

JWB.fn.scrollSelection = function (el, index) { //function to fix scrolling to selection - doesn't do that automatically.
    var newEl = document.createElement('textarea'); //create a new textarea to simulate the same conditions
    var elStyle = getComputedStyle(el);
    newEl.style.height = elStyle.height; //copy over size-influencing styles
    newEl.style.width = elStyle.width;
    newEl.style.lineHeight = elStyle.lineHeight;
    newEl.style.fontSize = elStyle.fontSize;
    newEl.value = el.value.substr(0, index);
    document.body.appendChild(newEl); //needs to be added to the HTML for the scrollHeight and clientHeight to work.
    if (newEl.scrollHeight != newEl.clientHeight) {
        el.scrollTop = newEl.scrollHeight - 2;
    } else {
        el.scrollTop = 0;
    }
    newEl.remove(); //clean up the mess I've made
};

//i18n function
JWB.msg = function (message) {
    var args = arguments;
    var lang = JWB.lang;
    if (typeof message === 'object') {
        lang = message[1];
        message = message[0];
    }
    if (lang == 'qqx') return message;
    if (!JWB.messages || !JWB.messages.en) return '\u29FC' + message + '\u29FD'; // same surrounding &lt;&gt; as used in mw.msg();
    var msg;
    if (JWB.messages.hasOwnProperty(lang) &amp;&amp; JWB.messages[lang].hasOwnProperty(message)) {
        msg = JWB.messages[lang][message];
    } else {
        msg = (JWB.messages.en.hasOwnProperty(message)) ? JWB.messages.en[message] : '\u29FC' + message + '\u29FD';
    }
    msg = msg.replace(/\$(\d+)/g, function (match, num) {
        return args[+num] || match;
    });
    return msg;
};

/***** Init *****/

JWB.init = function () {
    console.log(JWB.messages.en, !!JWB.messages.en);
    JWB.setup.load();
    JWB.worker.init();
    JWB.fn.clearAllTimeouts();

    var findreplace = '&lt;div class=&quot;replaces&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;label style=&quot;display:block;&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-replace') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;replaceText&quot;/&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label style=&quot;display:block;&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-rwith') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;replaceWith&quot;/&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;div class=&quot;regexswitch&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; class=&quot;useRegex&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('label-useregex') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;a class=&quot;re101&quot; href=&quot;http://regex101.com/#javascript&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;?&lt;/a&gt;' +
        '&lt;label class=&quot;divisor&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-regex-flags') + '&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('label-regex-flags') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; class=&quot;regexFlags&quot; value=&quot;g&quot;/&gt;' + //default: global replacement
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;br/&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-ignore-comment') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; class=&quot;ignoreNowiki&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('label-ignore-comment') +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;';

    var NSList = '&lt;select multiple name=&quot;namespace&quot; id=&quot;namespacelist&quot;&gt;';
    for (var i in JWB.ns) {
        if (parseInt(i) &lt; 0) continue; //No Special: or Media: in the list
        NSList += '&lt;option value=&quot;' + JWB.ns[i].id + '&quot; selected&gt;' + (JWB.ns[i]['*'] || '(' + JWB.msg('namespace-main') + ')') + '&lt;/option&gt;';
    }
    NSList += '&lt;/select&gt;';

    /***** Interface *****/

    document.title = 'AutoWikiBrowser Script' + (document.title.split('-')[1] ? ' -' + document.title.split('-')[1] : '');
    $('body').html(
        '&lt;article id=&quot;resultWindow&quot;&gt;&lt;/article&gt;' +
        '&lt;main id=&quot;inputsWindow&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;div id=&quot;inputsBox&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;aside id=&quot;articleBox&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;b&gt;' + JWB.msg('pagelist-caption') + '&lt;/b&gt;' +
        '&lt;textarea id=&quot;articleList&quot;&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;' +
        '&lt;/aside&gt;' +
        '&lt;section id=&quot;tabs&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;nav class=&quot;tabholder&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;JWBtab&quot; data-tab=&quot;1&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('tab-setup') + '&lt;/span&gt; ' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;JWBtab active&quot; data-tab=&quot;2&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('tab-editing') + '&lt;/span&gt; ' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;JWBtab&quot; data-tab=&quot;3&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('tab-skip') + '&lt;/span&gt; ' +
        (JWB.sysop ? '&lt;span class=&quot;JWBtab&quot; data-tab=&quot;4&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('tab-other') + '&lt;/span&gt; ' : '') +
        ' &lt;span class=&quot;JWBtab log&quot; data-tab=&quot;5&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('tab-log') + '&lt;/span&gt; ' +
        '&lt;/nav&gt;' +
        '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBtabc&quot; data-tab=&quot;1&quot;&gt;&lt;/section&gt;' +
        '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBtabc active&quot; data-tab=&quot;2&quot;&gt;&lt;/section&gt;' +
        '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBtabc&quot; data-tab=&quot;3&quot;&gt;&lt;/section&gt;' +
        (JWB.sysop ? '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBtabc&quot; data-tab=&quot;4&quot;&gt;&lt;/section&gt;' : '') +
        '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBtabc log&quot; data-tab=&quot;5&quot;&gt;&lt;/section&gt;' +
        '&lt;footer id=&quot;status&quot;&gt;done&lt;/footer&gt;' +
        '&lt;/section&gt;' +
        '&lt;aside id=&quot;editBox&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;b&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbox-caption') + ' - &lt;span id=&quot;currentpage&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbox-currentpage', ' ', ' ') + '&lt;/span&gt;&lt;/b&gt;' +
        '&lt;textarea id=&quot;editBoxArea&quot;&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;' +
        '&lt;/aside&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;/main&gt;' +
        '&lt;footer id=&quot;stats&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('stat-pages') + ' &lt;span id=&quot;totPages&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;;&amp;emsp;' +
        JWB.msg('stat-save') + ' &lt;span id=&quot;pagesSaved&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;;&amp;emsp;' +
        JWB.msg('stat-null') + ' &lt;span id=&quot;nullEdits&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;;&amp;emsp;' +
        JWB.msg('stat-skip') + ' &lt;span id=&quot;pagesSkipped&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;;&amp;emsp;' +
        JWB.msg('stat-other') + ' &lt;span id=&quot;otherActions&quot;&gt;0&lt;/span&gt;;&amp;emsp;' +
        '&lt;/footer&gt;' +
        '&lt;div id=&quot;overlay&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBpopup&quot; id=&quot;replacesPopup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;moreReplaces&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('button-more-fields') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' + findreplace +
        '&lt;/section&gt;' +
        '&lt;section class=&quot;JWBpopup&quot; id=&quot;pagelistPopup&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;form action=&quot;#&quot; id=&quot;pl-form&quot;&gt;&lt;/form&gt;' +
        '&lt;/section&gt;'
    );

    $('.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;1&quot;]').html(
        '&lt;fieldset id=&quot;pagelist&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-pagelist') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;removeDupes&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('button-remove-dupes') + '&lt;/button&gt; ' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;sortArticles&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('button-sort') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-preparse') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;preparse&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('preparse') +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;divisor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;preparse-reset&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-preparse-reset') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('preparse-reset') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;pagelistButton&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('pagelist-generate') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset id=&quot;settings&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-settings') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;saveAs&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-store-setup') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('store-setup') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('load-settings') + ' ' +
        '&lt;select id=&quot;loadSettings&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;default&quot; selected&gt;default&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('blank-setup') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;/select&gt;' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;divisor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;deleteSetup&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-delete-setup') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('delete-setup') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;hr&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;saveToWiki&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('save-setup') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;divisor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;download&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('download-setup') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;hr&gt;' +
        '&lt;label class=&quot;button&quot; id=&quot;importLabel&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-import-setup') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;file&quot; id=&quot;import&quot; accept=&quot;.json&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('import-setup') +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;divisor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;updateSetups&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-update-setup', JWB.settingspage) + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('update-setup') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;div id=&quot;downloads&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;a download=&quot;JWB-settings.json&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; id=&quot;download-anchor&quot;&gt;&lt;/a&gt;' +
        '&lt;iframe id=&quot;download-iframe&quot;&gt;&lt;/iframe&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset id=&quot;limits&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-limits') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label class=&quot;timelimit-label&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-time-limit') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('time-limit') +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;timelimit&quot; value=&quot;3000&quot; min=&quot;0&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-diff-size-limit') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('diff-size-limit') +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; id=&quot;sizelimit&quot; value=&quot;0&quot; min=&quot;0&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;'
    );
    $('.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;2&quot;]').html(
        '&lt;label class=&quot;minorEdit&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;minorEdit&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('minor-edit') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label class=&quot;editSummary&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('edit-summary') + '&lt;br/&gt; &lt;input class=&quot;fullwidth&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;summary&quot; maxlength=&quot;500&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;select id=&quot;watchPage&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;watch&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('watch-watch') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;unwatch&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('watch-unwatch') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;nochange&quot; selected&gt;' + JWB.msg('watch-nochange') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;preferences&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('watch-preferences') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;/select&gt;' +
        '&lt;span class=&quot;divisor&quot;&gt;&lt;/span&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;watchNow&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;w&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('watch-add') +
        '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        (JWB.bot ?
            '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;autosave&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('auto-save') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
            '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-save-interval') + '&quot; class=&quot;divisor&quot;&gt;' +
            JWB.msg('save-interval', '&lt;input type=&quot;number&quot; min=&quot;0&quot; value=&quot;0&quot; style=&quot;width:50px&quot; id=&quot;throttle&quot; disabled&gt;') +
            '&lt;/label&gt;' +
            '&lt;br&gt;' :
            '') +
        '&lt;span id=&quot;startstop&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;startbutton&quot; accesskey=&quot;a&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-start') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;stopbutton&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;q&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-stop') + '&lt;/button&gt; ' +
        '&lt;/span&gt;' +
        '&lt;button class=&quot;editbutton&quot; id=&quot;skipButton&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;n&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-skip') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;button class=&quot;editbutton&quot; id=&quot;submitButton&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;s&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-save') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;button class=&quot;editbutton&quot; id=&quot;previewButton&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;p&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-preview') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;button class=&quot;editbutton&quot; id=&quot;diffButton&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;d&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-diff') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;replacesButton&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('button-open-popup') + '&lt;/button&gt;' +
        findreplace +
        '&lt;hr&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;enableRETF&quot;&gt; ' +
        JWB.msg('label-enable-RETF',
            '&lt;a href=&quot;/wiki/Project:AutoWikiBrowser/Typos&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;' +
            JWB.msg('label-RETF') +
            '&lt;/a&gt;') +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        ' &lt;img src=&quot;https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Gnome-view-refresh.svg/20px-Gnome-view-refresh.svg.png&quot;' +
        'id=&quot;refreshRETF&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-refresh-RETF') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;br/&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;skipRETF&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-skip-RETF') + '&quot; disabled&gt;' + JWB.msg('skip-RETF') + '&lt;/button&gt;'
    );
    $('.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;3&quot;]').html(
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-redirects') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-redirects-follow') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; class=&quot;redirects&quot; value=&quot;follow&quot; name=&quot;redir&quot; id=&quot;redir-follow&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('redirects-follow') + ' ' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-redirects-skip') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; class=&quot;redirects&quot; value=&quot;skip&quot; name=&quot;redir&quot; id=&quot;redir-skip&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('redirects-skip') + ' ' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-redirects-edit') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; class=&quot;redirects&quot; value=&quot;edit&quot; name=&quot;redir&quot; id=&quot;redir-edit&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('redirects-edit') + '' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-skip-when') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;skipNoChange&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('skip-no-change') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;exists-yes&quot; name=&quot;exists&quot; value=&quot;yes&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('skip-exists-yes') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;exists-no&quot; name=&quot;exists&quot; value=&quot;no&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('skip-exists-no') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;exists-neither&quot; name=&quot;exists&quot; value=&quot;neither&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('skip-exists-neither') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        (JWB.sysop ? '&lt;br&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;skipAfterAction&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('skip-after-action') + '&lt;/label&gt;' : '') +
        '&lt;hr/&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' + JWB.msg('skip-contains') + ' &lt;input class=&quot;fullwidth&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;skipContains&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' + JWB.msg('skip-not-contains') + ' &lt;input class=&quot;fullwidth&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;skipNotContains&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;div class=&quot;regexswitch&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;containRegex&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('label-useregex') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;a class=&quot;re101&quot; href=&quot;http://regex101.com/#javascript&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot;&gt;?&lt;/a&gt;' +
        '&lt;label class=&quot;divisor&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-regex-flags') + '&quot; style=&quot;display:none;&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('label-regex-flags') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;containFlags&quot;/&gt;' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;hr/&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('skip-cg-prefix') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('skip-category') + ' &lt;input class=&quot;fullwidth&quot; type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;skipCategories&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;'
    );
    if (JWB.sysop) $('.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;4&quot;]').html(
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('move-header') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;suppressRedir&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('move-redir-suppress') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('move-also') + ' ' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;movetalk&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('move-talk-page') + '&lt;/label&gt; ' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;movesubpage&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('move-subpage') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' + JWB.msg('move-new-name') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;moveTo&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-header') + '&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('protect-edit') +
        ' &lt;select id=&quot;editProt&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;all&quot; selected&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-none') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;autoconfirmed&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-autoconf') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;sysop&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-sysop') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;/select&gt; ' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('protect-move') +
        ' &lt;select id=&quot;moveProt&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;&quot; selected&gt;(' + JWB.msg('protect-like-edit') + ')&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;all&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-none') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;autoconfirmed&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-autoconf') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;sysop&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-sysop') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;/select&gt; ' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('protect-upload') +
        ' &lt;select id=&quot;uploadProt&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;&quot; selected&gt;(' + JWB.msg('protect-like-edit') + ')&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;all&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-none') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;autoconfirmed&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-autoconf') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;option value=&quot;sysop&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-sysop') + '&lt;/option&gt;' +
        '&lt;/select&gt; ' +
        '&lt;br&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' + JWB.msg('protect-expiry') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;protectExpiry&quot;/&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;movePage&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;m&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-move') + '&lt;/button&gt; ' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;deletePage&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;x&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-delete') + '&lt;/button&gt; ' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;protectPage&quot; disabled accesskey=&quot;z&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-protect') + '&lt;/button&gt; ' +
        '&lt;button id=&quot;skipPage&quot; disabled title=&quot;[' + JWB.tooltip + 'n]&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('editbutton-skip') + '&lt;/button&gt;'
    );
    $('.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;5&quot;]').html('&lt;table id=&quot;actionlog&quot;&gt;&lt;tbody&gt;&lt;/tbody&gt;&lt;/table&gt;');
    $('#pagelistPopup form').html(
        '&lt;div id=&quot;ns-filter&quot; title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-ns-select') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-ns-select') + NSList + '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;categorymembers&quot; name=&quot;categorymembers&quot; value=&quot;cm&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-cm') + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-cm') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-cm') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;cmtitle&quot; id=&quot;cmtitle&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;div&gt;' + JWB.msg('cm-include') + ' ' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;cmtype-page&quot; name=&quot;cmtype&quot; value=&quot;page&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('cm-include-pages') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;cmtype-subcg&quot; name=&quot;cmtype&quot; value=&quot;subcat&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('cm-include-subcgs') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;cmtype-file&quot; name=&quot;cmtype&quot; value=&quot;file&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('cm-include-files') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;linksto&quot; id=&quot;linksto&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-linksto') + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-linksto') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;title&quot; id=&quot;linksto-title&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;div&gt;' + JWB.msg('links-include') + ' ' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;backlinks&quot; name=&quot;backlinks&quot; value=&quot;bl&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('links-include-links') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;embeddedin&quot; name=&quot;embeddedin&quot; value=&quot;ei&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('links-include-templ') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;imageusage&quot; name=&quot;imageusage&quot; value=&quot;iu&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('links-include-files') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;div&gt;' + JWB.msg('links-redir') + ' ' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;rfilter-redir&quot; name=&quot;filterredir&quot; value=&quot;redirects&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('links-redir-redirs') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;rfilter-nonredir&quot; name=&quot;filterredir&quot; value=&quot;nonredirects&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('links-redir-noredirs') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;radio&quot; id=&quot;rfilter-all&quot; name=&quot;filterredir&quot; value=&quot;all&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('links-redir-all') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/div&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-link-redir') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;redirect&quot; value=&quot;true&quot; checked id=&quot;linksto-redir&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('label-link-redir') +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;prefixsearch&quot; name=&quot;prefixsearch&quot; value=&quot;ps&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-ps') + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-ps') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; name=&quot;pssearch&quot; id=&quot;pssearch&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-ps-strict') + '&quot;&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; name=&quot;allpages&quot; value=&quot;ap&quot; id=&quot;psstrict&quot; checked&gt; ' + JWB.msg('label-ps-strict') + '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;watchlistraw&quot; name=&quot;watchlistraw&quot; value=&quot;wr&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-wr') + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('label-wr') +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;proplinks&quot; name=&quot;links&quot; value=&quot;pl&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-pl') + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-pl') + '&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('label-pl') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;titles&quot; name=&quot;titles&quot;&gt;&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;proplinks&quot; name=&quot;search&quot; value=&quot;sr&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-sr') + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;label title=&quot;' + JWB.msg('tip-sr') + '\n' + JWB.msg('placeholder-sr', 'insource:', 'intitle:') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        JWB.msg('label-sr') + ' &lt;input type=&quot;text&quot; id=&quot;srsearch&quot; name=&quot;srsearch&quot; placeholder=&quot;' + JWB.msg('placeholder-sr', 'insource:', 'intitle:') + '&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;/label&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;fieldset class=&quot;listSMW&quot;&gt;' +
        '&lt;legend&gt;&lt;label&gt;&lt;input type=&quot;checkbox&quot; id=&quot;smwask&quot; name=&quot;smwask&quot; value=&quot;smw&quot;&gt; ' + JWB.msg('legend-smw', JWB.msg('smw-slow')) + '&lt;/label&gt;&lt;/legend&gt;' +
        '&lt;textarea id=&quot;smwquery&quot; name=&quot;smwquery&quot; placeholder=&quot;' + JWB.msg('label-smw', '\n|limit=500') + '&quot;&gt;&lt;/textarea&gt;' +
        '&lt;/fieldset&gt;' +
        '&lt;button type=&quot;submit&quot;&gt;' + JWB.msg('pagelist-generate') + '&lt;/button&gt;'
    );
    if (JWB.hasSMW) {
        $('#pagelistPopup').addClass('hasSMW')
    }
    $('body').addClass('AutoWikiBrowser'); //allow easier custom styling of JWB.
    $('[accesskey]').each(function () {
        let lbl = this.accessKeyLabel || this.accessKey; // few browsers support accessKeyLabel, so fallback to accessKey.
        $(this).attr('title', '[' + lbl + ']');
    });

    /***** Setup *****/
    JWB.setup.save('_blank'); //default setup
    if (JWB.settings.hasOwnProperty('default')) {
        JWB.setup.apply();
    } else if (JWB.setup.initialised) {
        // If we already initialised, create the default settings profile.
        JWB.setup.save('default');
    }
    JWB.setup.extend({});

    /***** Event handlers *****/

    //Alert user when leaving the tab, to prevent accidental closing.
    onbeforeunload = function () {
        return &quot;Closing this tab will cause you to lose all progress.&quot;;
    };
    ondragover = function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
    };
    document.addEventListener(&quot;securitypolicyviolation&quot;, function (e) {
        console.log('violated CSP:', e);
        if (e.blockedURI == 'blob') {
            JWB.worker.supported = false; // tell the next JWB.worker.init() that it shouldn't even try.
        } else if (JWB &amp;&amp; JWB.msg) {
            alert(JWB.msg('csp-error', e.violatedDirective))
        }
    })

    $('.JWBtab').click(function () {
        $('.active').removeClass('active');
        $(this).addClass('active');
        $('.JWBtabc[data-tab=&quot;' + $(this).attr('data-tab') + '&quot;]').addClass('active');
    });

    function showRegexFlags() {
        // &gt;&gt;this&lt;&lt; is the element that's triggered
        $(this).parent().nextAll('label').toggle(this.checked);
    }
    $('body').on('change', '#useRegex, #containRegex, .useRegex', showRegexFlags);

    $('#preparse-reset').click(function () {
        $('#articleList').val($('#articleList').val().replace(/#PRE-PARSE-STOP/g, '').replace(/\n\n/g, '\n'));
    });
    $('#saveAs').click(function () {
        JWB.setup.save();
    });
    $('#loadSettings').change(function () {
        JWB.setup.apply(this.value);
    });
    $('#download').click(JWB.setup.download);
    $('#saveToWiki').click(JWB.setup.submit);
    $('#import').change(JWB.setup.import);
    ondrop = JWB.setup.import;
    $('#updateSetups').click(JWB.setup.load);
    $('#deleteSetup').click(JWB.setup.del);

    if (window.RETF) {
        $('#refreshRETF').click(RETF.load);
        $('#skipRETF').click(JWB.skipRETF)
        $('#enableRETF').change(function () {
            $('#skipRETF').css('visibility', this.checked ? 'visible' : 'hidden');
        });
    }

    $('#replacesButton, #pagelistButton').click(function () {
        var popup = this.id.slice(0, -6); //omits the 'Button' in the id by cutting off the last 6 characters
        $('#' + popup + 'Popup, #overlay').show();
    });
    $('#overlay').click(function () {
        $('#replacesPopup, #pagelistPopup, #overlay').hide();
        JWB.pl.done = true;
        JWB.pl.stop();
    });
    $('#moreReplaces').click(function () {
        $('#replacesPopup').append(findreplace);
    });
    $('#replacesPopup').on('keydown', '.replaces:last', function (e) {
        if (e.which === 9) $('#moreReplaces')[0].click();
    });

    $('#pl-form').submit(function (e) {
        e.preventDefault();
        JWB.pl.generate();
        return false;
    });
    $('#pagelistPopup legend input').change(function () {
        //remove disabled attr when checked, add when not.
        $(this).parents('fieldset').find('input').not('legend input').prop('disabled', !this.checked);
        $(this).parents('fieldset').prop('disabled', !this.checked);
    }).trigger('change');
    $('#psstrict').change(function () {
        if (this.checked) {
            $('#pssearch').attr('name', 'apprefix');
        } else {
            $('#pssearch').attr('name', 'pssearch');
        }
    }).trigger('change');

    $('#resultWindow').on('click', 'tr[data-line]:not(.lineheader) *', function (e) {
        var line = +$(e.target).closest('tr[data-line]').data('line');
        var index = $('#editBoxArea').val().split('\n').slice(0, line - 1).join('\n').length;
        $('#editBoxArea')[0].focus();
        JWB.fn.setSelection($('#editBoxArea')[0], index + 1);
        JWB.fn.scrollSelection($('#editBoxArea')[0], index);
    });

    $('#removeDupes').click(function () {
        $('#articleList').val(JWB.fn.uniques($('#articleList').val().split('\n')).join('\n'));
        JWB.pageCount();
    });
    $('#sortArticles').click(function () {
        $('#articleList').val($('#articleList').val().split('\n').sort().join('\n'));
        JWB.pageCount();
    });

    $('#watchNow').click(JWB.api.watch);
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      <comment>Pywikibot 7.6.0.dev0</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>User:John Vandenberg/createonly/1658494103.8007164</title>
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  <page>
    <title>Topic:Wzsckvc4kvoaj8gi</title>
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    <title>User talk:MalikxanBot/sandbox</title>
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      <text bytes="97" xml:space="preserve">Test. [[User:MalikxanBot|MalikxanBot]] ([[User talk:MalikxanBot|talk]]) 14:04, 22 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Test09720</title>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-23T04:38:07Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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        <id>52214</id>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;Test&quot;</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="4" xml:space="preserve">Test</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>518419</id>
      <parentid>518411</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-23T05:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nominated page for deletion using [[Wikipedia:Page Curation|Page Curation]] (afd)</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="408" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055739|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

Test</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>518422</id>
      <parentid>518419</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-23T05:57:41Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Nominated page for deletion using [[Wikipedia:Page Curation|Page Curation]] (afd)</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1118" xml:space="preserve">&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
&lt;!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added.  If this was because the article had been nominated for deletion before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace &quot;page=Test09720&quot; with &quot;page=Test09720 (2nd nomination)&quot; below before proceeding with the nomination.
--&gt;{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055741|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055739|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

Test</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>518423</id>
      <parentid>518422</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-23T07:59:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added tags to the page using [[Wikipedia:Page Curation|Page Curation]] (under review)</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1151" xml:space="preserve">{{Under review|date=July 2022}}

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
&lt;!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added.  If this was because the article had been nominated for deletion before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace &quot;page=Test09720&quot; with &quot;page=Test09720 (2nd nomination)&quot; below before proceeding with the nomination.
--&gt;{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055741|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055739|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

Test</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>518424</id>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-23T08:00:09Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <comment>Added tags to the page using [[Wikipedia:Page Curation|Page Curation]] (linkrot)</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1179" xml:space="preserve">{{linkrot|date=July 2022}}

{{Under review|date=July 2022}}

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
&lt;!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added.  If this was because the article had been nominated for deletion before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace &quot;page=Test09720&quot; with &quot;page=Test09720 (2nd nomination)&quot; below before proceeding with the nomination.
--&gt;{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055741|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055739|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

Test</text>
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    </revision>
    <revision>
      <id>518426</id>
      <parentid>518424</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-23T09:31:49Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Novem Linguae moved page [[Test09720]] to [[Template:Test09720]] without leaving a redirect: test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1179" xml:space="preserve">{{linkrot|date=July 2022}}

{{Under review|date=July 2022}}

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
&lt;!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added.  If this was because the article had been nominated for deletion before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace &quot;page=Test09720&quot; with &quot;page=Test09720 (2nd nomination)&quot; below before proceeding with the nomination.
--&gt;{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055741|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055739|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

Test</text>
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    <revision>
      <id>518428</id>
      <parentid>518426</parentid>
      <timestamp>2022-07-23T09:32:16Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
      </contributor>
      <minor />
      <comment>Novem Linguae moved page [[Template:Test09720]] to [[Test09720]] without leaving a redirect: test</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="1179" xml:space="preserve">{{linkrot|date=July 2022}}

{{Under review|date=July 2022}}

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
&lt;!-- The nomination page for this article already existed when this tag was added.  If this was because the article had been nominated for deletion before, and you wish to renominate it, please replace &quot;page=Test09720&quot; with &quot;page=Test09720 (2nd nomination)&quot; below before proceeding with the nomination.
--&gt;{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055741|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

&lt;!-- Please do not remove or change this AfD message until the discussion has been closed. --&gt;
{{Article for deletion/dated|page=Test09720|timestamp=20220723055739|year=2022|month=July|day=23|substed=yes}}
&lt;!-- Once discussion is closed, please place on talk page: {{Old AfD multi|page=Test09720|date=23 July 2022|result='''keep'''}} --&gt;
&lt;!-- End of AfD message, feel free to edit beyond this point --&gt;

Test</text>
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  <page>
    <title>Talk:Test09720</title>
    <ns>1</ns>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-23T04:38:37Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
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      <comment>/* Feedback from New Page Review process */ new section</comment>
      <model>wikitext</model>
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      <text bytes="242" xml:space="preserve">== Feedback from New Page Review process ==

I left the following feedback for the creator/future reviewers while reviewing this article: Test.

[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 04:38, 23 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
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      <contributor>
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        <id>49714</id>
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      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Novem Linguae moved page [[Talk:Test09720]] to [[Template talk:Test09720]] without leaving a redirect: test</comment>
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        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
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      <minor />
      <comment>Novem Linguae moved page [[Template talk:Test09720]] to [[Talk:Test09720]] without leaving a redirect: test</comment>
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      <contributor>
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      <comment>Created page with &quot;test&quot;</comment>
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  <page>
    <title>Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 23</title>
    <ns>4</ns>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-23T05:56:13Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
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      <comment>Copied content from [[w:Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 23]]; see that page's history for attribution ([[w:User:Novem Linguae/Scripts/CWWEditSummary.js|CWWEditSummary]])</comment>
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      <text bytes="3143" xml:space="preserve">{{Recent AfDs}}
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 22|July 22]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; |  [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 24|July 24]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
&lt;/div&gt;
&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion|Guide to deletion]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
{{Cent}}
&lt;small&gt;{{purge|Purge server cache}}&lt;/small&gt;
__TOC__
&lt;!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bangladesh Cement Manufacturers Association}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thio Shen Yi}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/QTCinderella}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Halbi bin Mohammad Yussof}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mustappa bin Sirat}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brad Lee}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Onama}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carl Halle}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sherry Chris}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barbara of Württemberg}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leave Freeze or Die (2nd nomination)}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/White Ninja (2nd nomination)}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Russian classical dance}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orgamites}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vivek Wadhwa}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parul Chaudhary (athlete)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frano Selak}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abrar Mir}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vageshwari Deswal (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marta Grigorieva (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/R. K. Mittal (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wendela Bicker}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/S. P. Singh (jurist)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mac Hall}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sam and Fuzzy (2nd nomination)}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Buta Singh Sidhu}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tarun Arora (academic)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nishiyamato Academy of California}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nishtha Jaswal}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jai Rup Singh}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Busy work (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kent W. Colton (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Seduction of Misty Mundae}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Female (gender)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hiveworks Comics}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Filipino representatives at international male beauty pageants}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2022 Asia Rugby Championship division tournaments}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2022 FIBA U18 Women's Asian Championship}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-23T05:57:39Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
        <username>Novem Linguae</username>
        <id>49714</id>
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      <model>wikitext</model>
      <format>text/x-wiki</format>
      <text bytes="3189" xml:space="preserve">{{Recent AfDs}}
&lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate metadata vfd&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #F3F9FF; margin: 0 auto; padding: 0 1px 0 0; border: 1px solid #AAAAAA; font-size:10px&quot;&gt;
{| width = &quot;100%&quot;
|-
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;left&quot;  | &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;lt;&lt;/span&gt; [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 22|July 22]]
! width=&quot;50%&quot; align=&quot;right&quot; |  [[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 24|July 24]] &lt;span style=&quot;color:gray&quot;&gt;&amp;gt;&lt;/span&gt;
|}
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&lt;div align = &quot;center&quot;&gt;'''[[Wikipedia:Guide to deletion|Guide to deletion]]'''&lt;/div&gt;
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&lt;small&gt;{{purge|Purge server cache}}&lt;/small&gt;
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&lt;!-- Add new entries to the TOP of the following list --&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Test09720}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Bangladesh Cement Manufacturers Association}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Thio Shen Yi}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/QTCinderella}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Halbi bin Mohammad Yussof}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mustappa bin Sirat}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Brad Lee}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/David Onama}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Carl Halle}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sherry Chris}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Barbara of Württemberg}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Leave Freeze or Die (2nd nomination)}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/White Ninja (2nd nomination)}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Russian classical dance}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Orgamites}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vivek Wadhwa}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Parul Chaudhary (athlete)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Frano Selak}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Abrar Mir}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Vageshwari Deswal (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Marta Grigorieva (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/R. K. Mittal (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Wendela Bicker}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/S. P. Singh (jurist)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Mac Hall}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Sam and Fuzzy (2nd nomination)}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Buta Singh Sidhu}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Tarun Arora (academic)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nishiyamato Academy of California}}&lt;!--Relisted--&gt;
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Nishtha Jaswal}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Jai Rup Singh}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Busy work (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Kent W. Colton (2nd nomination)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/The Seduction of Misty Mundae}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Female (gender)}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Hiveworks Comics}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/List of Filipino representatives at international male beauty pageants}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2022 Asia Rugby Championship division tournaments}}
{{Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/2022 FIBA U18 Women's Asian Championship}}</text>
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      <timestamp>2022-07-23T05:57:40Z</timestamp>
      <contributor>
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      <text bytes="632" xml:space="preserve">===[[:Test09720]]===
{{REMOVE THIS TEMPLATE WHEN CLOSING THIS AfD|U}}

&lt;noinclude&gt;{{AFD help}}&lt;/noinclude&gt;
:{{la|Test09720}} – (&lt;includeonly&gt;[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Test09720|View AfD]]&lt;/includeonly&gt;&lt;noinclude&gt;[[Wikipedia:Articles for deletion/Log/2022 July 23#{{anchorencode:Test09720}}|View log]]&lt;/noinclude&gt;{{int:dot-separator}} &lt;span class=&quot;plainlinks&quot;&gt;[https://tools.wmflabs.org/jackbot/snottywong/cgi-bin/votecounter.cgi?page=Wikipedia:Articles_for_deletion/Test09720 Stats]&lt;/span&gt;)
:({{Find sources AFD|Test09720}})
[[User:Novem Linguae|Novem Linguae]] ([[User talk:Novem Linguae|talk]]) 05:57, 23 July 2022 (UTC)</text>
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