Wikipedia nywiki https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsamba_Lalikulu MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.26 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Wikipedia Wikipedia talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk Mdulidwe wa amayi 0 3982 48774 40811 2022-08-27T14:10:58Z InternetArchiveBot 7777 Rescuing 1 sources and tagging 0 as dead.) #IABot (v2.0.9 wikitext text/x-wiki {{infobox |image1 = [[File:Campaign road sign against female genital mutilation (cropped).jpg|270px|alt=photograph]] |caption1 = Road sign near [[Kapchorwa]], [[Uganda]], where FGM is outlawed but still practised by the [[Pokot people|Pokot]], [[Sebei people|Sabiny]] and Tepeth people.<ref>Masinde, Andrew. [http://www.newvision.co.ug/news/639566-fgm-despite-the-ban-the-monster-still-rears-its-ugly-head-in-uganda.html "FGM: Despite the ban, the monster still rears its ugly head in Uganda"], ''New Vision'', Uganda, 5 February 2013.</ref> |headerstyle = background-color: |title = Mdulidwe wa amayi |titlestyle = background-color:#99BADD;<!--color:white;--> |labelstyle = width: |datastyle = |label2 = Description |data2 = Partial or total removal of the external female genitalia or other injury to the female genital organs for non-medical reasons<ref name=WHO1/> |label3 = Areas practised |data3 = Most common in 27 countries in [[Sub-Saharan Africa|sub-Saharan]] and [[Northeast Africa|north-east Africa]], as well as in [[Yemen]] and [[Iraqi Kurdistan]]<ref name=UNICEF2013p2>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf "Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: A Statistical Overview and Exploration of the Dynamics of Change"], United Nations Children's Fund, July 2013 (hereafter UNICEF 2013), p. 2.</ref> |label4 = Numbers |data4 = 133 million in those countries<ref name=133million/> |label5 = Age performed |data5 = Weeks after birth to puberty and beyond<ref name=UNICEF2013p50>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 50.</ref> }} '''Mdulidwe wa amayi''','''''''''''''''''' malinga ndi [[Bungwe Loona Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse]], ndi "ndondomeko yodula kapena kuchotsa mbali ina kapena gawo lonse la kachiwalo komwe kamakhala kunja kwa maliseche a munthu wamkazi, kapena kuvulaza ngakhalenso kudula kumalo obisika a munthu wamkazi pa zifukwa zosagwirizana ndi zachipatala."<ref name=WHO1>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131025011817/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/overview/en/index.html "Classification of female genital mutilation"], World Health Organization, 2013 (hereafter WHO 2013).</ref> Mdulidwe wa amayi umachitika ngati mbali ya chikhalidwe pakati pa anthu a[[Mitundu ya Anthu Osiyanasiyana ku Afrika|mitundu yosiyanasiyana]] mu mayiko 27 a [[kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara ku Africa|kumunsi kwa chipululu cha Sahara]] ndiponso [[Kumpoto Chakummawa kwa Africa]], ndipo mwa apo ndi apo, mdulidwewu umachitikanso ku Asia, ku Middle East ndiponso m'mayiko ena pakati pa anthu amene angosamulira m'mayikowo.<ref name=where>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p. 2</ref> Msinkhu umene munthu wamkazi amachitidwa mdulidwewu umasiyanasiyana, kuyambira pakangopita masiku ochepa mwanayo atabadwa kufika pa nthawi imene watha msinkhu; ndi pa hafu ya miyiko amene chiwerengero cha anthu ake chikudziwika bwino, atsikana ambiri amadulidwa asanakwanitse zaka 5.<ref name=UNICEF2013p47,50>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], pp.&nbsp;47, 50, 183.</ref> Mdulidwewu umachitika m'njira zosiyanasiyananso potengera mtundu ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Ena amachotsa gawo chabe kapena kachiwalo konse [[kooneka ngati nyemba]] ndiponso[[khungu la pamwamba pa kachiwaloka]]; gawo chabe kapena kachiwalo konse kooneka ngati nyemba ndi [[milomo yamkati yakumaliseche]]; ndipo ena amafika pochotsa ([[milomo yonse yakumaliseche]]) kapena gawo lake la mkati ndi [[milomo yakunja|milomo yakunja]] ndi khungu lomwe limatseka pa khomo la njira yolowera chida cha abambo. Njira yomaliza ya mdulidweyi, yomwe Bungwe Loona Zaumoyo Padziko Lonse limaitcha [[#WHO Mtundu III|Mtundu Wachitatu]] wa Mdulidwe wa Amayi, amasiya kabowo koti pazitulukira mkodzo ndi magazi pa nthawi yosamba, ndipo njira yolowera chida cha abambo imatsegulidwa kuti chidacho chizilowapo pa nthawi yogonana komanso kuti kuzitulukira mwana pa nthawi yobereka.<ref name=TypeIIIdef>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131025011817/http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/fgm/overview/en/index.html WHO 2013]; [http://whqlibdoc.who.int/publications/2008/9789241596442_eng.pdf WHO 2008], p. 4</ref> Mavuto okhudzana ndi umoyo amene amatsatirapo amatengera kwambiri njira imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito pochita mdulidwewo, ndipo ena mwa mavutowo ndi matenda osatherapo omwe amayamba chifukwa cha tizilombo tomwe talowa pachilondacho, ululu waukulu, matuza, kusathanso kutenga pakati, kukumana ndi mavuto ambiri pobereka, ndiponso kumwalira chifukwa chotaya magazi ambiri.<ref name=Abdulcadira>Abdulcadira, Jasmine; Margairaz, C.; Boulvain, M; Irion, O. [http://www.smw.ch/content/smw-2011-13137/ "Care of women with female genital mutilation/cutting"], ''Swiss Medical Weekly'', 6(14), January 2011 (review).</ref> Mdulidwewu umachitika pa zifukwa zosiyanasiyana, monga kuona amayi ngati anthu otsika, kufuna kupondereza amayi pa nkhani zogonana, miyamba yokhudza kuyeretsedwa, kudzisunga, ndiponso maonekedwe. Amayi akuluakulu ndi amene nthawi zambiri amalimbikitsa mdulidwewu komanso kudula atsikana ndipo amaona kuti munthu akadulidwe amalemekezedwa, komanso amachita izi poopa kuti ngati ana awo aakazi ndiponso adzukulu awo aakazi sadulidwa, ndiye kuti [[azisalidwa]].<ref>[http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p.&nbsp;15: "There is a social obligation to conform to the practice and a widespread belief that if they [families] do not, they are likely to pay a price that could include social exclusion, criticism, ridicule, stigma or the inability to find their daughters suitable marriage partners."<p> [[Nahid Toubia|Nahid F. Toubia]], Eiman Hussein Sharief, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170101060238/http://www.ijgo.org/article/S0020-7292%2803%2900229-7/fulltext "Female genital mutilation: have we made progress?"], ''International Journal of Gynecology & Obstetrics'', 82(3), September 2003, pp.&nbsp;251–261: "One of the great achievements of the past decade in the field of FGM is the shift in emphasis from the concern over the harmful physical effects it causes to understanding this act as a social phenomenon resulting from a gender definition of women's roles, in particular their sexual and reproductive roles. This shift in emphasis has helped redefine the issues from a clinical disease model (hence the terminology of eradication prevalent in the literature) to a problem resulting from the use of culture to protect social dominance over women's bodies by the patriarchal hierarchy. Understanding the operative mechanisms of patriarchal dominance must also include understanding how women, particularly older married women, are important keepers of that social hegemony." {{PMID|14499972}} {{doi|10.1016/S0020-7292(03)00229-7}}</ref> Amayi ndi atsikana opsa 130 miliyoni anachitidwa mdulidwe m'mayiko 29 amene mdulidwe wa amayi ndi wofala kwambiri.<ref name=133million>[http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_pdfs/corecode/FGM-C-Brochure-7_15-Final-LR_167.pdf ''Female Genital Mutilation/Cutting: What Might the Future Hold?''], New York: UNICEF, 22 July 2014 (hereafter UNICEF 2014), p. 3/6: "If nothing is done, the number of girls and women affected will grow from 133 million today to 325 million in 2050." Also see p. 6/6:<p> "'''Data sources''': UNICEF global databases, 2014, based on Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) and other nationally representative surveys, 1997–2013. Population data are from: United Nations, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, ''World Population Prospects: The 2012 revision'', CD-ROM edition, United Nations, New York, 2013.<p>"'''Notes''': Data presented in this brochure cover the 29 countries in Africa and the Middle East where FGM/C is concentrated and for which nationally representative data are available."</ref> Ndipo amayi ndi atsikana opitirira pa 8 miliyoni anachitidwa mdulidwe wochotseratu gawo la kunja kwa maliseche awo, ndipo ambiri amayi ndi atsikanawa ndi a m'mayiko a Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia, ndi Sudan.<ref name=Yoder2008p13>P.&nbsp;Stanley Yoder, Shane Khan, [http://dhsprogram.com/pubs/pdf/WP39/WP39.pdf "Numbers of women circumcised in Africa: The Production of a Total"], USAID, DHS Working Papers, No. 39, March 2008, pp.&nbsp;13–14: "Infibulation is practiced largely in countries located in northeastern Africa: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia, and Sudan. Survey data are available for Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia and Djibouti. Sudan alone accounts for about 3.5 million of the women.&nbsp;... [T]he estimate of the total number of women infibulated in [Djibouti, Somalia, Eritrea, northern Sudan, Ethiopia, Guinea, Mali, Burkina Faso, Senegal, Chad, Nigeria, Cameroon and Tanzania, for women 15–49 years old] comes to 8,245,449, or just over eight million women." Also see Appendix B, Table 2 ("Types of FGC"), p.&nbsp;19.<p> [http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p.&nbsp;182, identifies "sewn closed" as most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Somalia for the 15–49 age group (a survey in 2000 in Sudan was not included in the figures), and for the daughters of that age group it is most common in Djibouti, Eritrea, Niger and Somalia. See UNICEF statistical profiles: [http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_country_profiles/corecode/30/Countries/FGMC_DJI.pdf Djibouti] (December 2013), [http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_country_profiles/corecode/30/Countries/FGMC_ERI.pdf Eritrea] (July 2014), [http://data.unicef.org/corecode/uploads/document6/uploaded_country_profiles/corecode/30/Countries/FGMC_SOM.pdf Somalia] (December 2013).<p> Also see [[Gerry Mackie]], [https://web.archive.org/web/20190720061010/http://pages.ucsd.edu/~gmackie/documents/MackieASR.pdf "Ending Footbinding and Infibulation: A Convention Account"], ''American Sociological Review'', 61(6), December 1996 (pp.&nbsp;999–1017), p.&nbsp;1002: "Infibulation, the harshest practice, occurs contiguously in Egyptian Nubia, the Sudan, Eritrea, Djibouti and Somalia, also known as Islamic Northeast Africa."</ref> Mdulidwe wa amayi ndi woletsedwa mwalamulo m'mayiko ambiri amene mdulidwewu umachitika, koma malamulowo satsatiridwa.<ref>For countries in which it is outlawed or restricted, [http://www.unicef.org/media/files/FGCM_Lo_res.pdf UNICEF 2013], p.&nbsp;8; for enforcement, [https://www.unfpa.org/webdav/site/global/shared/documents/publications/2013/UNICEF-UNFPA%20Joint%20Programme%20AR_final_v14.pdf UNFPA–UNICEF 2012], p.&nbsp;48.</ref> Kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 1970, mayiko ndi mabungwe padziko lonse lapansi akhala akulimbikitsa anthu kuti asiye kuchita mdulidwe wa amayi, ndipo mu 2012, pa [[Msonkhano Waukulu wa Bungwe la United Nations]], anagwirizana zoti kuchita mdulidwe wa amayi ndi kuphwana ufulu.<ref name=UN>[http://www.un.org/en/ga/search/view_doc.asp?symbol=A/RES/67/146 "67/146. Intensifying global efforts for the elimination of female genital mutilation"], United Nations General Assembly, adopted 20 December 2012.<p> Emma Bonino, [http://www.nytimes.com/2012/12/20/opinion/global/banning-female-genital-mutilation.html "Banning Female Genital Mutilation"], ''The New York Times'', 19 December 2012.</ref> Komabe pali anthu ena amene akutsutsa zoti mdulidwewu uthetsedwe, makamaka [[akatswiri oona za chikhalidwe ndi mbiri ya anhu]]. [[Eric Silverman]] analemba kuti nkhani zokhudza mdulidwe wa amayi ndi zimene akatswiriwa akumazikonda kwambiri ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti anthu ena aziona kuti kuthetsa mchitidwewu ndi kuphwanya [[ufulu ndi chikhalidwe cha mitundu ina ya anthu]], ena ayamba kuona kuti mchitidwewu ndi wovomerezeka ndipo munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wachibadwidwe wochita mdulidwewu.<ref>[[Eric Silverman|Eric K. Silverman]], [http://www.jstor.org/stable/25064860 "Anthropology and Circumcision"], ''Annual Review of Anthropology'', 33, 2004 (pp.&nbsp;419–445), pp.&nbsp;420, 427.</ref> ==Malifalensi== <references /> 85jf9pr8rwapvxsz40d6pm0m2zmyq35 William Kamkwamba 0 5165 48775 48773 2022-08-28T03:34:33Z Praxidicae 5068 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/113.197.12.196|113.197.12.196]] ([[User talk:113.197.12.196|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Holder|Holder]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:William Kamkwamba at TED in 2007.jpg|thumb|William Kamkwamba ku TED mu 2007]] [[File:William_Kamkwambas_old_windmill.jpg|thumb| Mphepo yoyamba mphepo]] '''William Kamkwamba''' (wobadwa pa August 5, 1987) ndi [[Malaŵi|mlengi]] wa [[Malaŵi|Malawi]] , injiniya ndi wolemba. Anapeza mbiri mu dziko lake mu 2006 pamene anamanga [[Wind turbine|mphepo ya mphepo]] kuti azigwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zing'onozing'ono zamagetsi mumzinda wa Wimbe (makilomita 32 (20) &nbsp; mi) kum'maŵa kwa [[Kasungu]] ) pogwiritsa ntchito [[Eucalyptus globulus|mitengo ya buluu]] , ziwalo za njinga, ndi zipangizo zomwe zimasonkhanitsidwa ku scrapyard. Kuyambira pamenepo, iye wamanga dzuwa zoyendetsedwa ndi [[Water pump|madzi mpope]] kuti amapereka woyamba [[Drinking water|madzi akumwa]] kumudzi ndi awiri turbines zina mphepo (ataima yaitali pa mamita 12 (39 &nbsp; ft)) ndipo akukonzekera zina ziwiri, kuphatikizapo ku [[Lilongwe]] , likulu la ndale la Malawi. == Moyo ndi ntchito == William anabadwira m'banja laumphawi wamba ndipo amadalira kwambiri ulimi kuti apulumuke. Anasangalala kusewera ndi anzake, Gilbert ndi Geoffrey, pogwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zatsopano. Malingana ndi mbiri yake, ''The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind'' , abambo ake anali munthu wovuta kumenyana amene anasintha atakhala Mkhristu. Njala yowononga inachititsa kuti Kamkwamba asiye kusukulu, ndipo sanathe kubwerera kusukulu chifukwa banja lake silinathe kulipira malipiro. Poyesera kuti apitirize maphunziro ake, Kamkwamba anayamba kuyendera laibulale yam'mudzi. Kumeneku kunali Kamkwamba atapeza chikondi chenicheni pa zamagetsi. Asanayambe, adakhazikitsa bizinesi yochepetsera ma radiyo, koma ntchito yake ndi ma radio sizinamupatse ndalama zambiri. Kamkwamba, atawerenga buku lotchedwa ''Using Energy'' , anaganiza zopanga mphepo yamkuntho. Anayesa njira yaying'ono yogwiritsa ntchito dynamo yotsika mtengo ndipo potsiriza anapanga mphepo yomwe imagwira ntchito yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamagetsi m'nyumba mwawo. Alimi amodzi ndi atolankhani anafufuzira zipangizo zojambula ndi dzina la Kamkwamba m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. A blog za zomwe adazichita zinalembedwa pa Hacktivate ndi Kamkwamba anachita nawo mwambo wokumbukira mtundu wake wanzeru wotchedwa [[Maker Faire Africa]] , ku [[Ghana]] mu August 2009. == Kutchuka == [[File:Kamkwamba_and_Mealer.jpg|thumb| Kamkwamba pa kulemba buku]] Pamene ''[[The Daily Times (Malawi)|Daily Times]]'' ku [[Blantyre]] , likulu la zamalonda, adalemba nkhani pa mphepo ya mphepo ya Kamkwamba mu November 2006, nkhaniyi inafotokozedwa kudzera mu [[blogosphere]] , ndi mtsogoleri wa msonkhano wa [[TED (conference)|TED]] [[Maker Faire Africa|Emeka Okafor]] adaitana Kamkwamba kuti akambirane ku TEDGlobal 2007 ku [[Arusha]] , [[Tanzania]] ngati mlendo. Nkhani yake inalimbikitsa omvera, ndipo anthu ambiri omwe [[Venture capitalists|amalimbitsa ndalama]] pamsonkhanowo analonjeza kuti adzathandiza kumaliza maphunziro ake apamwamba. Nkhani yake inakumbidwa ndi Sarah Childress kwa ''[[The Wall Street Journal|Wall Street Journal]].'' Anakhala wophunzira ku [[African Bible College]] Christian Academy ku Lilongwe. Kenako adalandira maphunziro ku [[African Leadership Academy]] ndipo mu 2014 anamaliza maphunziro awo ku [[Dartmouth College]] ku [[Hanover, New Hampshire]]. M'chaka cha 2013 ''TIME'' dzina lake Kamkwamba ndi "Anthu 30 Osapitilira 30 Kusintha Dziko." " Mu 2010, ''The Boy Who Harnessed The Wind'' anasankhidwa monga [[University of Florida]] Common Book, kuti ophunzira onse olowawo awerenge. Mu 2014, anasankhidwa ngati mabuku wamba ku [[Auburn University]] ndi [[University of Michigan College of Engineering]] , komanso. William adawonekera pa yunivesite iliyonse kukambirana buku lake ndi moyo wake. Mchaka cha 2014, Kamkwamba adalandira digiri yake ya [[Dartmouth College]] ku [[Hanover, New Hampshire]] kumene adali wophunzira ndipo anasankhidwa ku Sphinx Senior Honor Society. Mu 2019 ''Mnyamata Amene Anagwedeza Mphepo'' adasinthidwa kukhala [[The Boy Who Harnessed the Wind|filimu]] , akuyang'ana [[Chiwetel Ejiofor]] , yemwe adalembanso ndi kutsogolera. == Zolemba == [[Category:Anthu amoyo]] [[Category:1987 kubadwa]] [[Category:Pages with unreviewed translations]] 8fwu0iqdeavl7ygzk0wbon0f0x6e1on