Arrif

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    <title>Arrif</title>
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      <text bytes="2756" xml:space="preserve">{{Databox|Territoire du Rif (protectorat espagnol de 1912 à 1956) au nord du Maroc.png|item=Territoire du Rif (protectorat espagnol de 1912 à 1956) au nord du Maroc.png}}
[[Tugna:La région du Rif au nord du Maroc (ancien protectorat espagnol de 1912 à 1956).png|vignette|250x250px|Tamurt n Arif tella di ugafa n Lmerruk]]
'''Arrif''' neɣ '''Arif''' d tamnaḍt [[Azrar n idurar|tamsedrart]] tezga-d di ugafa n [[Lmerruk]], tessajja ɣef [[Ilel Agrakal|Yilel agrakal]], zeddɣen deg-s 4 imelyan n yimezdaɣ yessawalen Tamaziɣt.

Seg yiɣerman imeqqṛanen i yellan di temnaḍt n Arrif Ameqqran ɣer-neɣ: [[Nnaḍur]], [[Lḥusima]], [[Miḍar]], [[Targist]], [[Azɣenɣan]], [[Seřwan]], [[Zayyu]],  [[Aɛarwi]], [[Driwec]], [[At Buɛeyyac]], [[Kassita|Qasita]], [[Imzuren]] d [[Ajdir]]. 
[[Tugna:IRIFIYEN.png|vignette]]
[[Tugna:Flag of the Republic of the Rif.svg|vignette]]
Idurar n Arif udsen ar idurar n ''Ordillera Bética'' n wenẓul n [[Spenya]]. Akken daɣen i yudsen ɣer Yidurar n Waṭlas maca wer qqinen ɣur-sen wer llin d-amur deg-sen. Gar-asen tella [[Taza (Merruk)|Taza]].

Iwdan yessawalen [[Tamaziɣt Tarifant]] di Arif qqaren i yiman-nsen “[[Imaziɣen]]” neɣ “Irifiyen”, maca tutlayt nsen qqaṛen as “Tamaziɣt” mačči &quot;Tarifit&quot;. Iwdan n berra i Arif d nitni i d-as-yeqqaren Tarifit.

==Tiwsatin (tiqbilin) n Arif==

[[Tugna:Chauen.jpg|thumb|250px|Tugna n yidurar n Arif]]

*[[At Weryaɣel]] zdat n [[Ajdir]] d [[Lḥusima|Elḥusima]], di tama en [[Iɣzer Uɣis]]. 

* [[Igzennayen]]: di tama en [[Aknul]], seg utaram n [[Ibḍalsen]].

* [[Iqelɛiyen]] ('''Iqeřɛiyen'''), di temnaḍt n [[Nnaḍur]], [[At Nṣar]] d [[Mlilt]].

* [[Imaẓuẓen]] 

* [[At Ciker]] ('''At Cicer''')

* [[At Sidal]] ('''Ayt Sidař''')

* [[At Buyefrur]] 

* [[At Buyafar]] 

* [[Ikebdanen]] ('''Icebdanen''').

* [[Ibḍalsen]] ('''Ibḍařsen / Imḍalsen'''), deg wegmuḍ n [[At Buyeḥyi]].

* [[At Sɛid]], deg utaram seg [[Iɣzer n Kert]] .

* [[At Uliccek]] ('''Ayt Uřiccek'''), southwest of [[Temsaman]].

* [[Tafersit]], seg ugafa n [[At Tuzin]]. 

* [[At Tuzin]], deg wenẓul n [[Temsaman]].

* [[Temsaman]], di tama n temdint nni. 

* [[At Weryaɣel]] (Ayt Weryaɣeř) deg wegmuḍ n [[Ibeqquyen]]. 

* [[At Ɛemmart]], deg wenẓul n [[At Weryaɣel]].

* [[Targist]], anẓul n [[At Weryaɣel]].

* [[At Gmil]], ataram n [[At Bufraḥ]].

* [[At Bufraḥ]], deg wegmuḍ n [[At Yeṭṭeft]].

* [[Rouadi|Ibeqquyen]], deg utaram n [[At Weryaɣel]].

* [[At Yeṭṭeft]], deg wegmuḍ n [[Bades]].

* [[Imestasen]], deg wegmuḍ n [[At Bufraḥ]].

* [[Imtiwen]], gar [[Imestasen]] d wasif n [[Uringa]].

* [[At Buyeḥyi]], ataram n yiɣẓer n Melwit. 
[[Category:Arrif]][[Category:Merruk]][[Category:Imaziɣen]]</text>
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      <comment>Asebtar amaynut: {{Infobox Groupe ethnique|group=iḍarren iberkanen|native_name=Pieds-noirs|native_name_lang=[[tafrensist]]|image=File:Cérémonie de communion solennelle de pieds-noirs à Sidi-Bel-Abbès, début du XXe siècle.tiff|image_caption=snat n tulawin timasiḥiyin tifransisin xeddment taẓallit-nsent deg temnadt n Sidi Belɛebbas ass-a|population=3,200,000 imelyan ( seg warraw-nsen) / 1,000,000 ass n timunnent|regions=[[Turuft]]|languages=[[Tafrensist]]&lt;nowiki&gt;, [[Talsasit], &lt;/...</comment>
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      <text bytes="756" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Groupe ethnique|group=iḍarren iberkanen|native_name=Pieds-noirs|native_name_lang=[[tafrensist]]|image=File:Cérémonie de communion solennelle de pieds-noirs à Sidi-Bel-Abbès, début du XXe siècle.tiff|image_caption=snat n tulawin timasiḥiyin tifransisin xeddment taẓallit-nsent deg temnadt n Sidi Belɛebbas ass-a|population=3,200,000 imelyan ( seg warraw-nsen) / 1,000,000 ass n timunnent|regions=[[Turuft]]|languages=[[Tafrensist]]&lt;nowiki&gt;, [[Talsasit], &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Taɛrabt tazzayrit]], [[Tutlayt taspenyult]], [[takatalant]], [[tutlayt talmant]], [[taglizit]], tantala n yiḍarren iberkanen, talurinit, takursit, taṭelyanit, tamalṭit, taflamanit|religions=[[tudayt]], [[Tamasiḥit]] s yixefan-is : akatuliki, d ubrutistanti .}}</text>
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      <text bytes="1122" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Groupe ethnique|group=iḍarren iberkanen|native_name=Pieds-noirs|native_name_lang=[[tafrensist]]|image=File:Cérémonie de communion solennelle de pieds-noirs à Sidi-Bel-Abbès, début du XXe siècle.tiff|image_caption=snat n tulawin timasiḥiyin tifransisin xeddment taẓallit-nsent deg temnadt n Sidi Belɛebbas ass-a|population=3,200,000 imelyan ( seg warraw-nsen) / 1,000,000 ass n timunnent|regions=[[Turuft]]|languages=[[Tafrensist]]&lt;nowiki&gt;, [[Talsasit], &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Taɛrabt tazzayrit]], [[Tutlayt taspenyult]], [[takatalant]], [[tutlayt talmant]], [[taglizit]], tantala n yiḍarren iberkanen, talurinit, takursit, taṭelyanit, tamalṭit, taflamanit|religions=[[tudayt]], [[Tamasiḥit]] s yixefan-is : akatuliki, d ubrutistanti .}}Isem n &quot;'''yiḍarren iberkanen'''&quot; yemmal-d, irumyen id-wwi [[Fransa]] ɣer tmura n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n ugafa]] si [[Turuft]] Kamel mi tent-tekcem ur ffiɣen seg-sent armi d-wwint timunnent-nsent deg meɣres 1956 seg [[Tunes]] d [[Lmerruk]], neɣ di yulyu 1962 seg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], ciṭ deg-sen ugin ad fɣen maca amur ameqqran uɣalen ɣer [[Fransa]] .</text>
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      <text bytes="7577" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Groupe ethnique|group=iḍarren iberkanen|native_name=Pieds-noirs|native_name_lang=[[tafrensist]]|image=File:Cérémonie de communion solennelle de pieds-noirs à Sidi-Bel-Abbès, début du XXe siècle.tiff|image_caption=snat n tulawin timasiḥiyin tifransisin xeddment taẓallit-nsent deg temnadt n Sidi Belɛebbas ass-a|population=3,200,000 imelyan ( seg warraw-nsen) / 1,000,000 ass n timunnent|regions=[[Turuft]]|languages=[[Tafrensist]]&lt;nowiki&gt;, [[Talsasit], &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Taɛrabt tazzayrit]], [[Tutlayt taspenyult]], [[takatalant]], [[tutlayt talmant]], [[taglizit]], tantala n yiḍarren iberkanen, talurinit, takursit, taṭelyanit, tamalṭit, taflamanit|religions=[[tudayt]], [[Tamasiḥit]] s yixefan-is : akatuliki, d ubrutistanti .}}Isem n &quot;'''yiḍarren iberkanen'''&quot; yemmal-d, irumyen id-wwi [[Fransa]] ɣer tmura n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n ugafa]] si [[Turuft]] Kamel mi tent-tekcem ur ffiɣen seg-sent armi d-wwint timunnent-nsent deg meɣres 1956 seg [[Tunes]] d [[Lmerruk]], neɣ di yulyu 1962 seg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], ciṭ deg-sen ugin ad fɣen maca amur ameqqran uɣalen ɣer [[Fransa]] .

== Timetti ==

=== Irumyen n Lezzayer d uneẓruf ===

==== Ifransisen iberraniyen d warraw n Turuft. ====
[[Tugna:AlgiersSights.ogv|gauche|vignette|Asaru mebla imesli ixedmen yinaẓuen imarikaniyen ɣer temdint n Lezzayer tamanaɣt deg useggas n 1936.]]
Lezzayer tella tesɛa deg wass n timunnent-is azal n umelyun n yiḍarren iberkanen i yellan ttidiren deg-s Irumyen yellan dinna imiren llan kkan-d seg waṭas n tmura seg Turuft, iban llan yifransisen gar-asen, yernu amur ameqqran seg-sen unagen-d seg temnaḍin yettḍillinɣef [[Ilel Agrakal|yilel agrakal]], maca usan-d ula s yigezdan n daxel n [[Fransa]] akka am win n Alzas d win n Luran (gara-asen wid i tessufeɣ Lalman seg yixxamen-nsen imi xessren nnfaq n 1870 dɣa unagen-d ɣer Lezzayer), usan-d daɣen seg tmurt n Kursika, mačči d arraw n Fransa id-yusan ɣer Lezzayer, usan-d daɣen [[Spenyul|yisbenyuliyen]], [[Malṭa|imalṭiyen]] yellan s ddaw n tmurt n [[Legliz]] imi tella tenbeḍ-iten imiren), arraw n [[Ṭṭelyan]], n Swis, [[Lalman]], d [[Legliz]] (wugi usan-d seg tegzirt n Legliz srid mačči akka am yimalṭiyen ur nelli ara d inegliziyen iḥeqqaniyen, d acengu kan i ten-yeṭṭfen kan) .

Yiwen seg yinembaḍen irumyen iwumi qqaren Jules Ferry yenna-d belli :&quot;''Iherraseen id-ikecmen ur llin ara kan d ifransisen kan, maca llan gar-asen yibeṛṛaniyen, ladɣa walmaniyen, wid yesɛan tafekka i yǧehden d tezmert n lɛali, Imalṭiyen d Yimahuniyen (arraw n lmersa n Mahun deg Sbenyul ), ur nettwaḍleb ara aṭas, maca ttaɣen tanummi s lemɣawla ɣef tmurt. Ma deg talɣenin id-yeggran d anqas n lemùḥadra a yilin ma yella iban-d uxtiri n tɣara di tallit ideg neḥwaǧ amḍan''&quot;.

Timetti tamezzwarut akk i ysersen iḍarren-is ɣef tmurt n [[Lezzayer]] mi teɣli kan llan d isbenyuliyen n tegzirin n lbelyar (gar-asent tella Palma). Aɛrur n terbaɛt n unadi n Fransa llzan deg temnaḍt n Mahun deg Sbenyul. Ihi d imezdaɣ n Mahun i yellan d imezzwura i yrekben tiflukin tifransiyin ɣer Lezzayer mi akken kan teɣli deg 1830. Imahuniyen-agi mi wwḍ)en kan tneṣlen deg temnaḍt n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, uɣalen kecmen amḍiq n tiẓẓin n yigumma.

Unag agi d netta akk i ymeqqren deg wakud gart 1830 d 1845, tneṣlen akter s unekcum ɣer uxeddim n yiserdasen (lɛersker) d uselmed                

Ma yella umuir ameqqran seg yiherrasenn si Fransa id-usan, iberraniyen llan sɛan amḍan d ameqqran wwḍen armi d 49 % di 1886,          maca mi ssɛeddan lqanun n tifkin n talɣent(anamek-is belli yall agrud i ylulen deg Lezzayer tafransist i sin n yimawlan ibeṛṛaniyen, ad yesɛu talɣent srid kan mebla tarelkint) yuɣal isubb umḍan-nsen s temɣawla meqqren, mi teɣli tmurt kan aṭas n yirgazen n tsertit ugin tikti-agi n uneṣṣel n yiḍarren iberkanen kra llan ttmeslayen ɣef &quot;umhi aberrani&quot; imi assaɣ gar Fransa d tmura nniḍen, n Turuft yezmer ad xesrent di yal akud imi ur rrisent ara; wagi seg yiwen wadis, serg wayeḍ assaɣen gar yirumyen d [[udayen]] ur llin ara dɣa d wid n lɛali ula d nutni tezmer ad texṣer di yal akud ayen i tt-yesɛeddan d snat n tɣawsiwin-agi :
[[Tugna:Arrival of a steamer, Algiers, Algeria, ca. 1899.jpg|vignette|Taflukt yesɛan iminigen deg lmersa n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, 1899.]]

* Adabu afransi, yella yugad ad fsin yifgransisen sdat n yiminigen iberraniyen, gemnen ad fken talɣen i yal aqcic imawlan-is d iberraniyen maca neztta ilul yɣef wakal azzayri (lqanun n 1886 d 1893) daɣen ad asen-fken talɣen i wudayen izzayriyen i yesteɛrfen yis-sen am yinembaḍen seg useggas n 1830, ḥesben-ten am wid i asen-d-iwin tilelli; yernu uɣalen ṭṭafaren idles n [[Fransa]] (akken id-yenna lqanun n Krimyu 1870) .
* Karuh d tuggdi seg tmetti taɣelnawt d tnaṣlit n [[Tineslemt|yinselmen]] izzayriyen i yellan dinna .

Anemgal n liḥalat agi i yɛeddan, leɛmer i yeɛreḍ udabu afransis ad yessemlil irumyen d yizzayriyen i yeṭṭafaren ajjed d yidles ineslem, iwumi qqaren &quot;inselmen ifransisen&quot;, imi adabu n Fransa yella yebɣa tamurt, ssufɣen-d lqanun i asen-yekksen aṭas n uzref-nsen aḥeqqi, mačči akka am udayen; akken ad yesɛu uzzayri ineslem talɣent ilaq di tazzwara ad isemmeḥ deg wajjed-ines d ayen i ugin yizzayriyen, ula ma qeblen ad semmḥen deg wajjed d yidles-nsen ciṭ kan i wumi taqbel Fransa ad asen-tefk talɣent, d ayen id-yemmalen belli inselmen izzayriyen llan nḥafen aṭas .
[[Tugna:Algérie, trois enfants et un cocher, charrette, mulets.jpg|vignette|Kraḍ n yiherrasen seg yiḍarren iberkanen s daxel n tcariḍt i ynehher uɣyul.]]

==== Imasiḥiyen ibrutistantiyen n Lezzayer ====
Deg useggas n 1960 llan 8000 n yimasiḥiyedn ibrutistantiyen i yettabaɛen ugar n 21 n yixfan d tmezdayin, amur ameqqran deg-sen d arraw n yiminigen id-yuisan si tmura ideg llant waṭas n tmezdayin tibrutistantiyin akka am Hullunda d Lalman (aḥric abrutistanti), llan daɣen yimitudiyen i ytebɛen tamezdayt tamitudit s unekcum mačči s uwrat imi tḥuza-ten tmezdayt-agi n [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]] deg wulawen-nsen teǧǧa-d deg-sen later. 

==== Udayen isafaradiyen ====
Fransa tefka talɣen i udayen n Lezzayer anda ma llan s lqanun n Krimyu, Lezzayer llan deg-s sin n yiḥricen n udayen d Tucabim (itucabiyen) i yellan seg wussan n umenkud abizenṭi d isafaradiyen: udayen id-irewllen seg Sbenyul deg taggara n tasut tis xv, wigi beddlen idles-nsen uɣalen ttmeslayen, ttlussun, ttwasemman, ttidiren akka am yirumyen di kullec, ttekkan ula deg [[Imenɣi n Yugurten|nnfaq]] n 1914-1918 d win n [[Amsenɣi amadalan wis sin|1939-1945]] .

=== Irumyen n Tunes ===
[[Tugna:Tunis c. 1945-50.jpg|gauche|vignette|Tamdint n [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)]] di tallit n Fransa]]
[[Tugna:Tunisian Jews 1900.jpg|vignette|argaz atunsi udayt d tmeṭṭut-is deg yiseggasen n 1900]]
Deg 1&lt;sup&gt;ru&lt;/sup&gt; n Furar 1956, tella Tunes tessaweḍ azal n 3 783 169 n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen 255 324 d iherrasen irumyen (180 440 si tmurt n Fransa ma  d 66 910 si Ṭṭelyan). 10 ɣer 12 % seg yimezdaɣ n yifransisen i yellan di Tunes llan d ifellaḥen, ma d 80 % nni id-yeggren ṭṭfen yal ccɣel yezmer ad yettwaṭṭef : lebni, aselmed, lɛesker, asenzi, tanmehla . ...atg .

=== Irumyen di lmerruk ===


== Iḍarren iberkanen d warraw-nsen assa ==
QQaren-d belli iḍarren iberkanen d wid-id yusan seg-sen anamek-is win yesɛan xerṣum baba-s d aḍar aberkan neɣ jeddi-s d aḍar aberkan, yuweḍ umḍan-nsen ɣer 3,2 n yimelyan deg useggas n 2012 .</text>
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      <text bytes="8962" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Groupe ethnique|group=iḍarren iberkanen|native_name=Pieds-noirs|native_name_lang=[[tafrensist]]|image=File:Cérémonie de communion solennelle de pieds-noirs à Sidi-Bel-Abbès, début du XXe siècle.tiff|image_caption=snat n tulawin timasiḥiyin tifransisin xeddment taẓallit-nsent deg temnadt n Sidi Belɛebbas ass-a|population=3,200,000 imelyan ( seg warraw-nsen) / 1,000,000 ass n timunnent|regions=[[Turuft]]|languages=[[Tafrensist]]&lt;nowiki&gt;, [[Talsasit], &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Taɛrabt tazzayrit]], [[Tutlayt taspenyult]], [[takatalant]], [[tutlayt talmant]], [[taglizit]], tantala n yiḍarren iberkanen, talurinit, takursit, taṭelyanit, tamalṭit, taflamanit|religions=[[tudayt]], [[Tamasiḥit]] s yixefan-is : akatuliki, d ubrutistanti .}}Isem n &quot;'''yiḍarren iberkanen'''&quot; yemmal-d, irumyen id-wwi [[Fransa]] ɣer tmura n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n ugafa]] si [[Turuft]] Kamel mi tent-tekcem ur ffiɣen seg-sent armi d-wwint timunnent-nsent deg meɣres 1956 seg [[Tunes]] d [[Lmerruk]], neɣ di yulyu 1962 seg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], ciṭ deg-sen ugin ad fɣen maca amur ameqqran uɣalen ɣer [[Fransa]] .

== Timetti ==

=== Irumyen n Lezzayer d uneẓruf ===

==== Ifransisen iberraniyen d warraw n Turuft. ====
[[Tugna:AlgiersSights.ogv|gauche|vignette|Asaru mebla imesli ixedmen yinaẓuen imarikaniyen ɣer temdint n Lezzayer tamanaɣt deg useggas n 1936.]]
Lezzayer tella tesɛa deg wass n timunnent-is azal n umelyun n yiḍarren iberkanen i yellan ttidiren deg-s Irumyen yellan dinna imiren llan kkan-d seg waṭas n tmura seg Turuft, iban llan yifransisen gar-asen, yernu amur ameqqran seg-sen unagen-d seg temnaḍin yettḍillinɣef [[Ilel Agrakal|yilel agrakal]], maca usan-d ula s yigezdan n daxel n [[Fransa]] akka am win n Alzas d win n Luran (gara-asen wid i tessufeɣ Lalman seg yixxamen-nsen imi xessren nnfaq n 1870 dɣa unagen-d ɣer Lezzayer), usan-d daɣen seg tmurt n Kursika, mačči d arraw n Fransa id-yusan ɣer Lezzayer, usan-d daɣen [[Spenyul|yisbenyuliyen]], [[Malṭa|imalṭiyen]] yellan s ddaw n tmurt n [[Legliz]] imi tella tenbeḍ-iten imiren), arraw n [[Ṭṭelyan]], n Swis, [[Lalman]], d [[Legliz]] (wugi usan-d seg tegzirt n Legliz srid mačči akka am yimalṭiyen ur nelli ara d inegliziyen iḥeqqaniyen, d acengu kan i ten-yeṭṭfen kan) .

Yiwen seg yinembaḍen irumyen iwumi qqaren Jules Ferry yenna-d belli :&quot;''Iherraseen id-ikecmen ur llin ara kan d ifransisen kan, maca llan gar-asen yibeṛṛaniyen, ladɣa walmaniyen, wid yesɛan tafekka i yǧehden d tezmert n lɛali, Imalṭiyen d Yimahuniyen (arraw n lmersa n Mahun deg Sbenyul ), ur nettwaḍleb ara aṭas, maca ttaɣen tanummi s lemɣawla ɣef tmurt. Ma deg talɣenin id-yeggran d anqas n lemùḥadra a yilin ma yella iban-d uxtiri n tɣara di tallit ideg neḥwaǧ amḍan''&quot;.

Timetti tamezzwarut akk i ysersen iḍarren-is ɣef tmurt n [[Lezzayer]] mi teɣli kan llan d isbenyuliyen n tegzirin n lbelyar (gar-asent tella Palma). Aɛrur n terbaɛt n unadi n Fransa llzan deg temnaḍt n Mahun deg Sbenyul. Ihi d imezdaɣ n Mahun i yellan d imezzwura i yrekben tiflukin tifransiyin ɣer Lezzayer mi akken kan teɣli deg 1830. Imahuniyen-agi mi wwḍ)en kan tneṣlen deg temnaḍt n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, uɣalen kecmen amḍiq n tiẓẓin n yigumma.

Unag agi d netta akk i ymeqqren deg wakud gart 1830 d 1845, tneṣlen akter s unekcum ɣer uxeddim n yiserdasen (lɛersker) d uselmed                

Ma yella umuir ameqqran seg yiherrasenn si Fransa id-usan, iberraniyen llan sɛan amḍan d ameqqran wwḍen armi d 49 % di 1886,          maca mi ssɛeddan lqanun n tifkin n talɣent(anamek-is belli yall agrud i ylulen deg Lezzayer tafransist i sin n yimawlan ibeṛṛaniyen, ad yesɛu talɣent srid kan mebla tarelkint) yuɣal isubb umḍan-nsen s temɣawla meqqren, mi teɣli tmurt kan aṭas n yirgazen n tsertit ugin tikti-agi n uneṣṣel n yiḍarren iberkanen kra llan ttmeslayen ɣef &quot;umhi aberrani&quot; imi assaɣ gar Fransa d tmura nniḍen, n Turuft yezmer ad xesrent di yal akud imi ur rrisent ara; wagi seg yiwen wadis, serg wayeḍ assaɣen gar yirumyen d [[udayen]] ur llin ara dɣa d wid n lɛali ula d nutni tezmer ad texṣer di yal akud ayen i tt-yesɛeddan d snat n tɣawsiwin-agi :
[[Tugna:Arrival of a steamer, Algiers, Algeria, ca. 1899.jpg|vignette|Taflukt yesɛan iminigen deg lmersa n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, 1899.]]

* Adabu afransi, yella yugad ad fsin yifgransisen sdat n yiminigen iberraniyen, gemnen ad fken talɣen i yal aqcic imawlan-is d iberraniyen maca neztta ilul yɣef wakal azzayri (lqanun n 1886 d 1893) daɣen ad asen-fken talɣen i wudayen izzayriyen i yesteɛrfen yis-sen am yinembaḍen seg useggas n 1830, ḥesben-ten am wid i asen-d-iwin tilelli; yernu uɣalen ṭṭafaren idles n [[Fransa]] (akken id-yenna lqanun n Krimyu 1870) .
* Karuh d tuggdi seg tmetti taɣelnawt d tnaṣlit n [[Tineslemt|yinselmen]] izzayriyen i yellan dinna .

Anemgal n liḥalat agi i yɛeddan, leɛmer i yeɛreḍ udabu afransis ad yessemlil irumyen d yizzayriyen i yeṭṭafaren ajjed d yidles ineslem, iwumi qqaren &quot;inselmen ifransisen&quot;, imi adabu n Fransa yella yebɣa tamurt, ssufɣen-d lqanun i asen-yekksen aṭas n uzref-nsen aḥeqqi, mačči akka am udayen; akken ad yesɛu uzzayri ineslem talɣent ilaq di tazzwara ad isemmeḥ deg wajjed-ines d ayen i ugin yizzayriyen, ula ma qeblen ad semmḥen deg wajjed d yidles-nsen ciṭ kan i wumi taqbel Fransa ad asen-tefk talɣent, d ayen id-yemmalen belli inselmen izzayriyen llan nḥafen aṭas .
[[Tugna:Algérie, trois enfants et un cocher, charrette, mulets.jpg|vignette|Kraḍ n yiherrasen seg yiḍarren iberkanen s daxel n tcariḍt i ynehher uɣyul.]]

==== Imasiḥiyen ibrutistantiyen n Lezzayer ====
Deg useggas n 1960 llan 8000 n yimasiḥiyedn ibrutistantiyen i yettabaɛen ugar n 21 n yixfan d tmezdayin, amur ameqqran deg-sen d arraw n yiminigen id-yuisan si tmura ideg llant waṭas n tmezdayin tibrutistantiyin akka am Hullunda d Lalman (aḥric abrutistanti), llan daɣen yimitudiyen i ytebɛen tamezdayt tamitudit s unekcum mačči s uwrat imi tḥuza-ten tmezdayt-agi n [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]] deg wulawen-nsen teǧǧa-d deg-sen later. 

==== Udayen isafaradiyen ====
Fransa tefka talɣen i udayen n Lezzayer anda ma llan s lqanun n Krimyu, Lezzayer llan deg-s sin n yiḥricen n udayen d Tucabim (itucabiyen) i yellan seg wussan n umenkud abizenṭi d isafaradiyen: udayen id-irewllen seg Sbenyul deg taggara n tasut tis xv, wigi beddlen idles-nsen uɣalen ttmeslayen, ttlussun, ttwasemman, ttidiren akka am yirumyen di kullec, ttekkan ula deg [[Imenɣi n Yugurten|nnfaq]] n 1914-1918 d win n [[Amsenɣi amadalan wis sin|1939-1945]] .

=== Irumyen n Tunes ===
[[Tugna:Tunis c. 1945-50.jpg|gauche|vignette|Tamdint n [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)]] di tallit n Fransa]]
[[Tugna:Tunisian Jews 1900.jpg|vignette|argaz atunsi udayt d tmeṭṭut-is deg yiseggasen n 1900]]
Deg 1&lt;sup&gt;ru&lt;/sup&gt; n Furar 1956, tella Tunes tessaweḍ azal n 3 783 169 n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen 255 324 d iherrasen irumyen (180 440 si tmurt n Fransa ma  d 66 910 si Ṭṭelyan). 10 ɣer 12 % seg yimezdaɣ n yifransisen i yellan di Tunes llan d ifellaḥen, ma d 80 % nni id-yeggren ṭṭfen yal ccɣel yezmer ad yettwaṭṭef : lebni, aselmed, lɛesker, asenzi, tanmehla . ...atg .

=== Irumyen di lmerruk ===


== Iḍarren iberkanen d warraw-nsen assa ==
QQaren-d belli iḍarren iberkanen d wid-id yusan seg-sen anamek-is win yesɛan xerṣum baba-s d aḍar aberkan neɣ jeddi-s d aḍar aberkan, yuweḍ umḍan-nsen ɣer 3,2 n yimelyan deg useggas n 2012 .

== Amezruy ==

=== Ɣelluy n Lezzayer deg ufus n Fransa ===

=== Seg Lezzayer tafransist ɣer tegrawla n timunnent ===
Seg yiseggasezn n 1830, tella [[Fransa]] tḥetteb iherrasen am ugdufd n temdint ma d izzayriyen inselmen d imesdudrar yettidiren deg tuddar, ad qqimen deg Lezzayer armi d 1962, deg wakud agi amur ameqqran deg-sen ad yidir deg temdinin yettḍillin ɣef yilel agrakal ( [[Lezzayer tamanaɣt]], [[Wehran]], [[Ɛennaba]], [[Mettijet|Mtiǧa]]..) , dɣa Wehran d Lezzayer, d irumyen i yeṭṭuqten derg-s ddren ɣer tama n yizzayriyen iɣelnawen mebla ma mxalaḍen . Adabu n Fransa yella yebɣa ad yeččar Lezzayer s yiherrasen n Turuft n ugafa ladɣa si Lalman, maca imi Lezzayer teqreb ɣer tmura n yiulel agrakal rewlen-d ɣer yimalṭiyen d yimahuniyen seg laẓ yellan ɣur-sen, tebɛen-ten-id yisbenyuliyedn d yiṭelyaniyen d yikursikiyen d wid i yxeddmen ccrab . Deg 1881, imezdaɣ irumyen, deg Lezzayer llan akka : 195 418 d arraw n Fransa (wid id-yunagen s yinna d udayen n lezzayer i yewwin talɣent), 114 320 si Sbenyul, 33 693 d iṭelyaniyen, 15 402 d imalṭiyen d  26 529 si tmura nniḍen akka am Lalman, Swis, .... Ma yella umalu d temnaḍt n Wehran tecčur d isbenyuliyen , ataram n Ɛennaba d Qsenṭina teččur d iṭelyaniyen d imalṭiyen, ma d talemmast n Lezzayer tamanaɣt  tella amur ameqqran d irumyen maca llant talɣenin nniḍen .</text>
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      <text bytes="11651" xml:space="preserve">{{Infobox Groupe ethnique|group=iḍarren iberkanen|native_name=Pieds-noirs|native_name_lang=[[tafrensist]]|image=File:Cérémonie de communion solennelle de pieds-noirs à Sidi-Bel-Abbès, début du XXe siècle.tiff|image_caption=snat n tulawin timasiḥiyin tifransisin xeddment taẓallit-nsent deg temnadt n Sidi Belɛebbas ass-a|population=3,200,000 imelyan ( seg warraw-nsen) / 1,000,000 ass n timunnent|regions=[[Turuft]]|languages=[[Tafrensist]]&lt;nowiki&gt;, [[Talsasit], &lt;/nowiki&gt;[[Taɛrabt tazzayrit]], [[Tutlayt taspenyult]], [[takatalant]], [[tutlayt talmant]], [[taglizit]], tantala n yiḍarren iberkanen, talurinit, takursit, taṭelyanit, tamalṭit, taflamanit|religions=[[tudayt]], [[Tamasiḥit]] s yixefan-is : akatuliki, d ubrutistanti .}}Isem n &quot;'''yiḍarren iberkanen'''&quot; yemmal-d, irumyen id-wwi [[Fransa]] ɣer tmura n [[Tafriqt Ugafa|Tefriqt n ugafa]] si [[Turuft]] Kamel mi tent-tekcem ur ffiɣen seg-sent armi d-wwint timunnent-nsent deg meɣres 1956 seg [[Tunes]] d [[Lmerruk]], neɣ di yulyu 1962 seg tmurt n [[Lezzayer]], ciṭ deg-sen ugin ad fɣen maca amur ameqqran uɣalen ɣer [[Fransa]] .

== Timetti ==

=== Irumyen n Lezzayer d uneẓruf ===

==== Ifransisen iberraniyen d warraw n Turuft. ====
[[Tugna:AlgiersSights.ogv|gauche|vignette|Asaru mebla imesli ixedmen yinaẓuen imarikaniyen ɣer temdint n Lezzayer tamanaɣt deg useggas n 1936.]]
Lezzayer tella tesɛa deg wass n timunnent-is azal n umelyun n yiḍarren iberkanen i yellan ttidiren deg-s Irumyen yellan dinna imiren llan kkan-d seg waṭas n tmura seg Turuft, iban llan yifransisen gar-asen, yernu amur ameqqran seg-sen unagen-d seg temnaḍin yettḍillinɣef [[Ilel Agrakal|yilel agrakal]], maca usan-d ula s yigezdan n daxel n [[Fransa]] akka am win n Alzas d win n Luran (gara-asen wid i tessufeɣ Lalman seg yixxamen-nsen imi xessren nnfaq n 1870 dɣa unagen-d ɣer Lezzayer), usan-d daɣen seg tmurt n Kursika, mačči d arraw n Fransa id-yusan ɣer Lezzayer, usan-d daɣen [[Spenyul|yisbenyuliyen]], [[Malṭa|imalṭiyen]] yellan s ddaw n tmurt n [[Legliz]] imi tella tenbeḍ-iten imiren), arraw n [[Ṭṭelyan]], n Swis, [[Lalman]], d [[Legliz]] (wugi usan-d seg tegzirt n Legliz srid mačči akka am yimalṭiyen ur nelli ara d inegliziyen iḥeqqaniyen, d acengu kan i ten-yeṭṭfen kan) .

Yiwen seg yinembaḍen irumyen iwumi qqaren Jules Ferry yenna-d belli :&quot;''Iherraseen id-ikecmen ur llin ara kan d ifransisen kan, maca llan gar-asen yibeṛṛaniyen, ladɣa walmaniyen, wid yesɛan tafekka i yǧehden d tezmert n lɛali, Imalṭiyen d Yimahuniyen (arraw n lmersa n Mahun deg Sbenyul ), ur nettwaḍleb ara aṭas, maca ttaɣen tanummi s lemɣawla ɣef tmurt. Ma deg talɣenin id-yeggran d anqas n lemùḥadra a yilin ma yella iban-d uxtiri n tɣara di tallit ideg neḥwaǧ amḍan''&quot;.

Timetti tamezzwarut akk i ysersen iḍarren-is ɣef tmurt n [[Lezzayer]] mi teɣli kan llan d isbenyuliyen n tegzirin n lbelyar (gar-asent tella Palma). Aɛrur n terbaɛt n unadi n Fransa llzan deg temnaḍt n Mahun deg Sbenyul. Ihi d imezdaɣ n Mahun i yellan d imezzwura i yrekben tiflukin tifransiyin ɣer Lezzayer mi akken kan teɣli deg 1830. Imahuniyen-agi mi wwḍ)en kan tneṣlen deg temnaḍt n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, uɣalen kecmen amḍiq n tiẓẓin n yigumma.

Unag agi d netta akk i ymeqqren deg wakud gart 1830 d 1845, tneṣlen akter s unekcum ɣer uxeddim n yiserdasen (lɛersker) d uselmed                

Ma yella umuir ameqqran seg yiherrasenn si Fransa id-usan, iberraniyen llan sɛan amḍan d ameqqran wwḍen armi d 49 % di 1886,          maca mi ssɛeddan lqanun n tifkin n talɣent(anamek-is belli yall agrud i ylulen deg Lezzayer tafransist i sin n yimawlan ibeṛṛaniyen, ad yesɛu talɣent srid kan mebla tarelkint) yuɣal isubb umḍan-nsen s temɣawla meqqren, mi teɣli tmurt kan aṭas n yirgazen n tsertit ugin tikti-agi n uneṣṣel n yiḍarren iberkanen kra llan ttmeslayen ɣef &quot;umhi aberrani&quot; imi assaɣ gar Fransa d tmura nniḍen, n Turuft yezmer ad xesrent di yal akud imi ur rrisent ara; wagi seg yiwen wadis, serg wayeḍ assaɣen gar yirumyen d [[udayen]] ur llin ara dɣa d wid n lɛali ula d nutni tezmer ad texṣer di yal akud ayen i tt-yesɛeddan d snat n tɣawsiwin-agi :
[[Tugna:Arrival of a steamer, Algiers, Algeria, ca. 1899.jpg|vignette|Taflukt yesɛan iminigen deg lmersa n Lezzayer tamanaɣt, 1899.]]

* Adabu afransi, yella yugad ad fsin yifgransisen sdat n yiminigen iberraniyen, gemnen ad fken talɣen i yal aqcic imawlan-is d iberraniyen maca neztta ilul yɣef wakal azzayri (lqanun n 1886 d 1893) daɣen ad asen-fken talɣen i wudayen izzayriyen i yesteɛrfen yis-sen am yinembaḍen seg useggas n 1830, ḥesben-ten am wid i asen-d-iwin tilelli; yernu uɣalen ṭṭafaren idles n [[Fransa]] (akken id-yenna lqanun n Krimyu 1870) .
* Karuh d tuggdi seg tmetti taɣelnawt d tnaṣlit n [[Tineslemt|yinselmen]] izzayriyen i yellan dinna .

Anemgal n liḥalat agi i yɛeddan, leɛmer i yeɛreḍ udabu afransis ad yessemlil irumyen d yizzayriyen i yeṭṭafaren ajjed d yidles ineslem, iwumi qqaren &quot;inselmen ifransisen&quot;, imi adabu n Fransa yella yebɣa tamurt, ssufɣen-d lqanun i asen-yekksen aṭas n uzref-nsen aḥeqqi, mačči akka am udayen; akken ad yesɛu uzzayri ineslem talɣent ilaq di tazzwara ad isemmeḥ deg wajjed-ines d ayen i ugin yizzayriyen, ula ma qeblen ad semmḥen deg wajjed d yidles-nsen ciṭ kan i wumi taqbel Fransa ad asen-tefk talɣent, d ayen id-yemmalen belli inselmen izzayriyen llan nḥafen aṭas .
[[Tugna:Algérie, trois enfants et un cocher, charrette, mulets.jpg|vignette|Kraḍ n yiherrasen seg yiḍarren iberkanen s daxel n tcariḍt i ynehher uɣyul.]]

==== Imasiḥiyen ibrutistantiyen n Lezzayer ====
Deg useggas n 1960 llan 8000 n yimasiḥiyedn ibrutistantiyen i yettabaɛen ugar n 21 n yixfan d tmezdayin, amur ameqqran deg-sen d arraw n yiminigen id-yuisan si tmura ideg llant waṭas n tmezdayin tibrutistantiyin akka am Hullunda d Lalman (aḥric abrutistanti), llan daɣen yimitudiyen i ytebɛen tamezdayt tamitudit s unekcum mačči s uwrat imi tḥuza-ten tmezdayt-agi n [[Iwunak Yeddukklen n Temrikt|Marikan]] deg wulawen-nsen teǧǧa-d deg-sen later. 

==== Udayen isafaradiyen ====
Fransa tefka talɣen i udayen n Lezzayer anda ma llan s lqanun n Krimyu, Lezzayer llan deg-s sin n yiḥricen n udayen d Tucabim (itucabiyen) i yellan seg wussan n umenkud abizenṭi d isafaradiyen: udayen id-irewllen seg Sbenyul deg taggara n tasut tis xv, wigi beddlen idles-nsen uɣalen ttmeslayen, ttlussun, ttwasemman, ttidiren akka am yirumyen di kullec, ttekkan ula deg [[Imenɣi n Yugurten|nnfaq]] n 1914-1918 d win n [[Amsenɣi amadalan wis sin|1939-1945]] .

=== Irumyen n Tunes ===
[[Tugna:Tunis c. 1945-50.jpg|gauche|vignette|Tamdint n [[Tunes (tamaneɣt)]] di tallit n Fransa]]
[[Tugna:Tunisian Jews 1900.jpg|vignette|argaz atunsi udayt d tmeṭṭut-is deg yiseggasen n 1900]]
Deg 1&lt;sup&gt;ru&lt;/sup&gt; n Furar 1956, tella Tunes tessaweḍ azal n 3 783 169 n yimezdaɣ, gar-asen 255 324 d iherrasen irumyen (180 440 si tmurt n Fransa ma  d 66 910 si Ṭṭelyan). 10 ɣer 12 % seg yimezdaɣ n yifransisen i yellan di Tunes llan d ifellaḥen, ma d 80 % nni id-yeggren ṭṭfen yal ccɣel yezmer ad yettwaṭṭef : lebni, aselmed, lɛesker, asenzi, tanmehla . ...atg .

=== Irumyen di lmerruk ===


== Iḍarren iberkanen d warraw-nsen assa ==
QQaren-d belli iḍarren iberkanen d wid-id yusan seg-sen anamek-is win yesɛan xerṣum baba-s d aḍar aberkan neɣ jeddi-s d aḍar aberkan, yuweḍ umḍan-nsen ɣer 3,2 n yimelyan deg useggas n 2012 .

== Amezruy ==

=== Ɣelluy n Lezzayer deg ufus n Fransa ===

=== Seg Lezzayer tafransist ɣer tegrawla n timunnent ===
Seg yiseggasezn n 1830, tella [[Fransa]] tḥetteb iherrasen am ugdufd n temdint ma d izzayriyen inselmen d imesdudrar yettidiren deg tuddar, ad qqimen deg Lezzayer armi d 1962, deg wakud agi amur ameqqran deg-sen ad yidir deg temdinin yettḍillin ɣef yilel agrakal ( [[Lezzayer tamanaɣt]], [[Wehran]], [[Ɛennaba]], [[Mettijet|Mtiǧa]]..) , dɣa Wehran d Lezzayer, d irumyen i yeṭṭuqten derg-s ddren ɣer tama n yizzayriyen iɣelnawen mebla ma mxalaḍen . Adabu n Fransa yella yebɣa ad yeččar Lezzayer s yiherrasen n Turuft n ugafa ladɣa si Lalman, maca imi Lezzayer teqreb ɣer tmura n yiulel agrakal rewlen-d ɣer yimalṭiyen d yimahuniyen seg laẓ yellan ɣur-sen, tebɛen-ten-id yisbenyuliyedn d yiṭelyaniyen d yikursikiyen d wid i yxeddmen ccrab . Deg 1881, imezdaɣ irumyen, deg Lezzayer llan akka : 195 418 d arraw n Fransa (wid id-yunagen s yinna d udayen n lezzayer i yewwin talɣent), 114 320 si Sbenyul, 33 693 d iṭelyaniyen, 15 402 d imalṭiyen d  26 529 si tmura nniḍen akka am Lalman, Swis, .... Ma yella umalu d temnaḍt n Wehran tecčur d isbenyuliyen , ataram n Ɛennaba d Qsenṭina teččur d iṭelyaniyen d imalṭiyen, ma d talemmast n Lezzayer tamanaɣt  tella amur ameqqran d irumyen maca llant talɣenin nniḍen .

Maca wigi akk ad uɣalen akk d ifransisen kan, imi mi iteddu wakud ttezwaǧen gar-asen bdan seɛɛun-d arrac, tlul-d tsuta tamaynut d tinn n yifransisen n Lezzayer, ara yettwassnen umbeɛd s yisem n yiḍarren iberkanen. Yebda-d ysexleḍ gar-akk nagduden agi n yiherrasen n Lezzayer s tlalait n Lqanun n Krimyu deg 24 tuber 1870, i yerran udayen izzayriyen i yellan d imezdaɣ iɣelnawen imi ddren di tmurt uqbel ad tesseɣli Fransa, tefka-asen talɣent imi ddan yid-s yernu beddlen idles-nsen. Maca ayen ara ibeddlen amezruy n yiherrasen irumyen di Lezzayer d lqanun n tmurt ara d-yeffɣen deg wass n 26 yunyu 1889, i yefkan talɣent i akk iberraniyen i ylulen deg Lezzayer, d ayen id-yefkan 150,000 n yifransisen deg Lezzayer di ddaw n 30 n yiseggasen kan, amḍan n talɣenin nniḍen isubb aṭas akka am tin n Sbenyul tsubb-d seg 54 % ar 36 % gar yiseggasen n 1876 d 1901.

Armi d taggara n tasut tis xix i faqen belli uɣalen yirumyen mxalaḍen akk akka, ladɣa imi amḍan n wid i ylulen deg Lezzayer yugar i ubrid amezzwaru win n id-yunagen ɣur-s. Di tallit-a ggan yimdanen agi id-yekkan si Turuft isem n &quot;yizzayriyen&quot;. ARmi d tagrawla n timunnent i bdan sexdamen aṭas isem-agi n yiḍarren iberkanen, imi izzayriyen n sseḥ rran-d isem-nsen .Ma d ikulunen i yessawḍen azal n 10 % seg yiherrasen llan d ifellazḥen yenḥafen, amur ameqqran deg-sen d ccrab i d-ssufuɣen .

=== Tagrawla n Lezzayer ===

==== Tallit n ugdud d tikti n beṭṭu n Lezzayer ====
Deg 1959, yuweḍ umḍan n yiherrasen azal n 1 025 000, ayen id-yefkan 10,4 % seg yimezdaɣ yellan deg akk tamurt, nnesba-nsen tettimẓi seg 1926 ideg ssawḍen 15,2 %, yeḍra-d wannecta imi izzayriyen ineslmen yuli nezzeh umḍan-nsen. Xas akken timnaḍin akk tinesbaɣurin, d iḍarren iberkanen itent-yeččuren, di Ɛennaba,Lezzayer tamanaɣt, d WEhran. Ladɣa taneggarut-a ideg uwḍen yimezdaɣ irumyen deg-s ɣer 49,3 % seg wid akk imezdaɣ-ines deg 1959.

Seg umgarad-agi deg yimḍanen id-kkant taktiwin n ufraq n Lezzayer tafransist ɣer waṭas n yiḥricen, tiktiyin-agi yedda yid-sent uneɣlaf amezzwaru n [[Israyel]] David Ben Gourion (Dawud ben Guryun), d nnayeb deg UNR (taddukli i tagduda tamaynut) Alain Peyrefitte.


« Ad nejmeɛ gar Wehran d Lezzayer akk wid yesɛan aẓar afransis, d yakk inselmen i yeddan yid-neɣ yernu sarmen ad qimen yid-neɣ.

Deg taggara n Lezzayer, ad nefreq akk inselmen i yebɣan ad idiren di Lezzayer yellan s ddaw n ufus n (unyir n tlelli taɣelnawt) FLN [...] 

Nezmer ad nefreq tamdint n Lezzayer akka am [[Berlin]] d [[Uṛacalim]] (lquds) : Lqeṣba si tama, [[Bab Lwad]] si tayeḍ, aṣrid n ufraq di tlemmats.  »

Maca tikti agi yugi-tt Deg Gaulle.</text>
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