Wikipedia kabwiki https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asebtar_amenzu MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Uslig Mmeslay Amseqdac Amyannan umsqedac Wikipedia Amyannan n Wikipedia Tugna Amyannan n tugna MediaWiki Amyannan n MediaWiki Talɣa Amyannan n talɣa Tallat Amyannan n tallat Taggayt Amyannan n taggayt Awwur Amyannan uwwur Asenfaṛ Amyannan usenfaṛ TimedText TimedText talk Module Discussion module Gadget Discussion gadget Définition de gadget Discussion définition de gadget Sujet 0 17421 105969 105965 2022-07-21T13:05:36Z Nhari49 12030 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Drapeau des Beni-Snassen - Tribu berbère zénète du nord-est du Maroc.png|vignette|Anay n Iznassen]] '''Tutlayt n Iznassen (At Iznassen)''' neɣ '''Taznasst''' (ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵙⵙⵜ) d yiwet n [[tantala]] yeṭṭafaren tawacult n [[tutlayt|tutlayin]] [[Tamaziɣt|timaziɣin]], ttmeslayen s tutlayt-a deg ugafa asamran n [[Ameṛṛuk|tgelda n umeṛṛuk]] aladɣa deg tuddar id yezzin i temdint n [[Berkan]], Tantala ayyi tettusismel sɣur [[tuddsa n unisco]] d akken-t tudes s waṭas ar umihi n [[angar|ungar]] Acku aṭas seg warraw-is uɣalen ssexdamen [[Taɛrabt|taserɣint]] deg umeslay nsen ayalsan. [[Tugna:Territoire des Beni-Snassen - nord-est du Maroc.png|vignette]] == Iznassen == * '''Beni Khaled''' **Oulad el Ghazi ***Tizaoua (Ahl Tizi) ***Zianba ***Oulad el Bali ***Ahl Bou'ammala ***Lamqaqra ***Ouchanen ***Oulad el Mengar **Ahl Taghejirt ***Ibanharen ***Oulad Zaim ***Bou 'Allal ***Rhamna ***Oulad Ghayou ***Bcharir ***Ahl Tagharrabt ***Njajra ***Ouled Gadi ***Bni Tallest **Beni Drar ***Ahl Tanout ***Segmimmane ***Gzenaya ***Oulad el Hamam ***Al Idane ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad Tahar ***Oulad Hammou ***Chraga ***Oulad Tajer ***Oulad Meriem *'''Beni Menqouch''' **Labsara ***Oulad Bali ***Oulad Boutchich ***Oulad Boufarra ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad el Haj **Beni Khellouf ***Zerazra ***Chamala ***Ahl Dar el Hamra ***Oulad Abdelhaq ***Oulad Jaber ***Ouled Moussa U Mhammed ***Kawcha ***Ahl Tinissen ***Bezghouden ***Oulad Ben Tahar ***Chehalfa **Beni Mimoun ***Kerarcha ***Oulad Moussa ***I'amranen ***Mouzouren * '''Beni 'Atiq''' **Tġasrout ***Oulad Lahbil ***Tanouti ***Oulad Zbayer ***Ghrarfa ***Tizaoua ***Zarouala **Oulad 'Ali Ben Yassin ***Oulad Boujida ***Beni Amer ***Oulad Ben Tkhalet **Beni Amiyer ***Oulad M'amar ***Oulad Moussa U Mhammed ***Oulad Ben 'Azza ***Oulad 'Azza **Beni Hammad ***Ihamdane ***Takarchalt **Tazaghine ***Kebdana ***I'ayden ***Takarboust ***Arrasma **Beni Moussi La'tach ***Oulad el Mir ***Oulad 'Alla ***Oulad Boushaba ***Bezzaza **Beni Moussi Rwa ***Beni Bakhti ***Beni Moussi Lawsata ***Oulad 'Ali ***Kaddouri **Beni Mimoun ***Oulad Boutayeb Lajwad ***Oulad Abdelkrim ***Oulad Bourjoine Kirat ***Oulad El Mahdi ***Oulad Boutchich **Beni Bouya'la ***Oulad Oliyou ***K'amcha ***Ja'alate ***Labtatna ***Oulad Htout * '''Beni Ourimech''' **Beni Bou 'Abdoussayed ***Hararda ***Oulad Rahou ***Oulad El 'Attaf ***Oulad Boujellab ***Oulad Ben 'Amr U 'Alim ***Ahl Kerdad ***Oulad Boubker **Beni 'Ali Chbab ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Oulad Yahia U Yousef ***Oulad Mahdi **Beni Abbou ***Ahl Risslane ***Oulad Yahia ***Z'ara ***Oulad Boukhriss ***Oulad el Hamel ***Harakati ***Oulad 'Amr ***Beni Gamgam ***Bou Zammour ***Hiachra ***Oulad Boumia ***Gzeannaya/Ikharkhachen ***Ahl Tittest **Ahl Tagma ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Ouled Abdessadouk ***Oulad Belkhir ***Ouled Ben Mech'al **Beni Nouga ***Oulad Tmim ***Oulad el Baroudi ***Ahl Zaouiya ***Oulad Midi ***Oulad Ouzarrou ***Oulad Mohammed ***Lagrab **Beni Mahiou ***Oulad Sidi Ali U Said ***Oulad Sidi Said L'ar'ar ***Oulad Sidi Moussa (Maâboura) ***Oulad Fassir ***Oulad Âtiya ***Ahl Ourine ***Bni Oual ***Ahl Tmim ***Chraga ***Oulad Khellouf == Ilugan d tseftit == == Amcabi n kra n wawalen gar n Teznasst d Teqbaylit == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Taqbaylit]] * [[Tacawit]] * [[Tarifit]] * [[Tamaziɣt]] * [[Iznaten (tawsit)|Taznat]] {{Tamaziɣt}} [[Category:Tutlayin timaziɣin]] dupd1e2k4u8x4qjbnkcasonjjsz2sn6 105973 105969 2022-07-22T01:22:11Z Iznassen49 10648 Ssefsu tasiwelt 105969 sɣur [[Special:Contributions/Nhari49|Nhari49]] ([[User talk:Nhari49|Meslay]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Drapeau des Iznassen - Berbères Zénètes du nord-est du Maroc.png|vignette|Anay n Iznassen]] [[Tugna:Beni Znassen Maroc.png|vignette]] '''Tutlayt n Iznassen (At Iznassen)''' neɣ '''Taznasst''' (ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵙⵙⵜ) d yiwet n [[tantala]] yeṭṭafaren tawacult n [[tutlayt|tutlayin]] [[Tamaziɣt|timaziɣin]], ttmeslayen s tutlayt-a deg ugafa asamran n [[Ameṛṛuk|tgelda n umeṛṛuk]] aladɣa deg tuddar id yezzin i temdint n [[Berkan]], Tantala ayyi tettusismel sɣur [[tuddsa n unisco]] d akken-t tudes s waṭas ar umihi n [[angar|ungar]] Acku aṭas seg warraw-is uɣalen ssexdamen [[Taɛrabt|taserɣint]] deg umeslay nsen ayalsan. [[Tugna:Territoire des Iznassen - Beni Iznassen - Beni-Snassen - nord-est du Maroc.png|vignette]] == Iznassen == * '''Beni Khaled''' **Oulad el Ghazi ***Tizaoua (Ahl Tizi) ***Zianba ***Oulad el Bali ***Ahl Bou'ammala ***Lamqaqra ***Ouchanen ***Oulad el Mengar **Ahl Taghejirt ***Ibanharen ***Oulad Zaim ***Bou 'Allal ***Rhamna ***Oulad Ghayou ***Bcharir ***Ahl Tagharrabt ***Njajra ***Ouled Gadi ***Bni Tallest **Beni Drar ***Ahl Tanout ***Segmimmane ***Gzenaya ***Oulad el Hamam ***Al Idane ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad Tahar ***Oulad Hammou ***Chraga ***Oulad Tajer ***Oulad Meriem *'''Beni Menqouch''' **Labsara ***Oulad Bali ***Oulad Boutchich ***Oulad Boufarra ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad el Haj **Beni Khellouf ***Zerazra ***Chamala ***Ahl Dar el Hamra ***Oulad Abdelhaq ***Oulad Jaber ***Ouled Moussa U Mhammed ***Kawcha ***Ahl Tinissen ***Bezghouden ***Oulad Ben Tahar ***Chehalfa **Beni Mimoun ***Kerarcha ***Oulad Moussa ***I'amranen ***Mouzouren * '''Beni 'Atiq''' **Tġasrout ***Oulad Lahbil ***Tanouti ***Oulad Zbayer ***Ghrarfa ***Tizaoua ***Zarouala **Oulad 'Ali Ben Yassin ***Oulad Boujida ***Beni Amer ***Oulad Ben Tkhalet **Beni Amiyer ***Oulad M'amar ***Oulad Moussa U Mhammed ***Oulad Ben 'Azza ***Oulad 'Azza **Beni Hammad ***Ihamdane ***Takarchalt **Tazaghine ***Kebdana ***I'ayden ***Takarboust ***Arrasma **Beni Moussi La'tach ***Oulad el Mir ***Oulad 'Alla ***Oulad Boushaba ***Bezzaza **Beni Moussi Rwa ***Beni Bakhti ***Beni Moussi Lawsata ***Oulad 'Ali ***Kaddouri **Beni Mimoun ***Oulad Boutayeb Lajwad ***Oulad Abdelkrim ***Oulad Bourjoine Kirat ***Oulad El Mahdi ***Oulad Boutchich **Beni Bouya'la ***Oulad Oliyou ***K'amcha ***Ja'alate ***Labtatna ***Oulad Htout * '''Beni Ourimech''' **Beni Bou 'Abdoussayed ***Hararda ***Oulad Rahou ***Oulad El 'Attaf ***Oulad Boujellab ***Oulad Ben 'Amr U 'Alim ***Ahl Kerdad ***Oulad Boubker **Beni 'Ali Chbab ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Oulad Yahia U Yousef ***Oulad Mahdi **Beni Abbou ***Ahl Risslane ***Oulad Yahia ***Z'ara ***Oulad Boukhriss ***Oulad el Hamel ***Harakati ***Oulad 'Amr ***Beni Gamgam ***Bou Zammour ***Hiachra ***Oulad Boumia ***Gzeannaya/Ikharkhachen ***Ahl Tittest **Ahl Tagma ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Ouled Abdessadouk ***Oulad Belkhir ***Ouled Ben Mech'al **Beni Nouga ***Oulad Tmim ***Oulad el Baroudi ***Ahl Zaouiya ***Oulad Midi ***Oulad Ouzarrou ***Oulad Mohammed ***Lagrab **Beni Mahiou ***Oulad Sidi Ali U Said ***Oulad Sidi Said L'ar'ar ***Oulad Sidi Moussa (Maâboura) ***Oulad Fassir ***Oulad Âtiya ***Ahl Ourine ***Bni Oual ***Ahl Tmim ***Chraga ***Oulad Khellouf == Ilugan d tseftit == == Amcabi n kra n wawalen gar n Teznasst d Teqbaylit == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Taqbaylit]] * [[Tacawit]] * [[Tarifit]] * [[Tamaziɣt]] * [[Iznaten (tawsit)|Taznat]] {{Tamaziɣt}} [[Category:Tutlayin timaziɣin]] 2alx81ofgsgi2khpkb03m18e57fwy0k 105974 105973 2022-07-22T02:21:06Z Iznassen49 10648 Ssefsu tasiwelt 105973 sɣur [[Special:Contributions/Iznassen49|Iznassen49]] ([[User talk:Iznassen49|Meslay]]) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Drapeau des Beni-Snassen - Tribu berbère zénète du nord-est du Maroc.png|vignette|Anay n Iznassen]] '''Tutlayt n Iznassen (At Iznassen)''' neɣ '''Taznasst''' (ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵙⵙⵜ) d yiwet n [[tantala]] yeṭṭafaren tawacult n [[tutlayt|tutlayin]] [[Tamaziɣt|timaziɣin]], ttmeslayen s tutlayt-a deg ugafa asamran n [[Ameṛṛuk|tgelda n umeṛṛuk]] aladɣa deg tuddar id yezzin i temdint n [[Berkan]], Tantala ayyi tettusismel sɣur [[tuddsa n unisco]] d akken-t tudes s waṭas ar umihi n [[angar|ungar]] Acku aṭas seg warraw-is uɣalen ssexdamen [[Taɛrabt|taserɣint]] deg umeslay nsen ayalsan. [[Tugna:Territoire des Beni-Snassen - nord-est du Maroc.png|vignette]] == Iznassen == * '''Beni Khaled''' **Oulad el Ghazi ***Tizaoua (Ahl Tizi) ***Zianba ***Oulad el Bali ***Ahl Bou'ammala ***Lamqaqra ***Ouchanen ***Oulad el Mengar **Ahl Taghejirt ***Ibanharen ***Oulad Zaim ***Bou 'Allal ***Rhamna ***Oulad Ghayou ***Bcharir ***Ahl Tagharrabt ***Njajra ***Ouled Gadi ***Bni Tallest **Beni Drar ***Ahl Tanout ***Segmimmane ***Gzenaya ***Oulad el Hamam ***Al Idane ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad Tahar ***Oulad Hammou ***Chraga ***Oulad Tajer ***Oulad Meriem *'''Beni Menqouch''' **Labsara ***Oulad Bali ***Oulad Boutchich ***Oulad Boufarra ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad el Haj **Beni Khellouf ***Zerazra ***Chamala ***Ahl Dar el Hamra ***Oulad Abdelhaq ***Oulad Jaber ***Ouled Moussa U Mhammed ***Kawcha ***Ahl Tinissen ***Bezghouden ***Oulad Ben Tahar ***Chehalfa **Beni Mimoun ***Kerarcha ***Oulad Moussa ***I'amranen ***Mouzouren * '''Beni 'Atiq''' **Tġasrout ***Oulad Lahbil ***Tanouti ***Oulad Zbayer ***Ghrarfa ***Tizaoua ***Zarouala **Oulad 'Ali Ben Yassin ***Oulad Boujida ***Beni Amer ***Oulad Ben Tkhalet **Beni Amiyer ***Oulad M'amar ***Oulad Moussa U Mhammed ***Oulad Ben 'Azza ***Oulad 'Azza **Beni Hammad ***Ihamdane ***Takarchalt **Tazaghine ***Kebdana ***I'ayden ***Takarboust ***Arrasma **Beni Moussi La'tach ***Oulad el Mir ***Oulad 'Alla ***Oulad Boushaba ***Bezzaza **Beni Moussi Rwa ***Beni Bakhti ***Beni Moussi Lawsata ***Oulad 'Ali ***Kaddouri **Beni Mimoun ***Oulad Boutayeb Lajwad ***Oulad Abdelkrim ***Oulad Bourjoine Kirat ***Oulad El Mahdi ***Oulad Boutchich **Beni Bouya'la ***Oulad Oliyou ***K'amcha ***Ja'alate ***Labtatna ***Oulad Htout * '''Beni Ourimech''' **Beni Bou 'Abdoussayed ***Hararda ***Oulad Rahou ***Oulad El 'Attaf ***Oulad Boujellab ***Oulad Ben 'Amr U 'Alim ***Ahl Kerdad ***Oulad Boubker **Beni 'Ali Chbab ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Oulad Yahia U Yousef ***Oulad Mahdi **Beni Abbou ***Ahl Risslane ***Oulad Yahia ***Z'ara ***Oulad Boukhriss ***Oulad el Hamel ***Harakati ***Oulad 'Amr ***Beni Gamgam ***Bou Zammour ***Hiachra ***Oulad Boumia ***Gzeannaya/Ikharkhachen ***Ahl Tittest **Ahl Tagma ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Ouled Abdessadouk ***Oulad Belkhir ***Ouled Ben Mech'al **Beni Nouga ***Oulad Tmim ***Oulad el Baroudi ***Ahl Zaouiya ***Oulad Midi ***Oulad Ouzarrou ***Oulad Mohammed ***Lagrab **Beni Mahiou ***Oulad Sidi Ali U Said ***Oulad Sidi Said L'ar'ar ***Oulad Sidi Moussa (Maâboura) ***Oulad Fassir ***Oulad Âtiya ***Ahl Ourine ***Bni Oual ***Ahl Tmim ***Chraga ***Oulad Khellouf == Ilugan d tseftit == == Amcabi n kra n wawalen gar n Teznasst d Teqbaylit == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Taqbaylit]] * [[Tacawit]] * [[Tarifit]] * [[Tamaziɣt]] * [[Iznaten (tawsit)|Taznat]] {{Tamaziɣt}} [[Category:Tutlayin timaziɣin]] dupd1e2k4u8x4qjbnkcasonjjsz2sn6 105975 105974 2022-07-22T08:34:41Z 77.204.233.19 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Databox}} [[Tugna:Drapeau des Beni Znassen (At Znassen) - Berbères zénètes du nord-est du Maroc (province de Berkane).png|vignette|Anay n Iznassen]] '''Tutlayt n Iznassen (At Iznassen)''' neɣ '''Taznasst''' (ⵜⴰⵣⵏⴰⵙⵙⵜ) d yiwet n [[tantala]] yeṭṭafaren tawacult n [[tutlayt|tutlayin]] [[Tamaziɣt|timaziɣin]], ttmeslayen s tutlayt-a deg ugafa asamran n [[Ameṛṛuk|tgelda n umeṛṛuk]] aladɣa deg tuddar id yezzin i temdint n [[Berkan]], Tantala ayyi tettusismel sɣur [[tuddsa n unisco]] d akken-t tudes s waṭas ar umihi n [[angar|ungar]] Acku aṭas seg warraw-is uɣalen ssexdamen [[Taɛrabt|taserɣint]] deg umeslay nsen ayalsan. == Iznassen == * '''Beni Khaled''' **Oulad el Ghazi ***Tizaoua (Ahl Tizi) ***Zianba ***Oulad el Bali ***Ahl Bou'ammala ***Lamqaqra ***Ouchanen ***Oulad el Mengar **Ahl Taghejirt ***Ibanharen ***Oulad Zaim ***Bou 'Allal ***Rhamna ***Oulad Ghayou ***Bcharir ***Ahl Tagharrabt ***Njajra ***Ouled Gadi ***Bni Tallest **Beni Drar ***Ahl Tanout ***Segmimmane ***Gzenaya ***Oulad el Hamam ***Al Idane ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad Tahar ***Oulad Hammou ***Chraga ***Oulad Tajer ***Oulad Meriem *'''Beni Menqouch''' **Labsara ***Oulad Bali ***Oulad Boutchich ***Oulad Boufarra ***Oulad Issa ***Oulad el Haj **Beni Khellouf ***Zerazra ***Chamala ***Ahl Dar el Hamra ***Oulad Abdelhaq ***Oulad Jaber ***Ouled Moussa U Mhammed ***Kawcha ***Ahl Tinissen ***Bezghouden ***Oulad Ben Tahar ***Chehalfa **Beni Mimoun ***Kerarcha ***Oulad Moussa ***I'amranen ***Mouzouren * '''Beni 'Atiq''' **Tġasrout ***Oulad Lahbil ***Tanouti ***Oulad Zbayer ***Ghrarfa ***Tizaoua ***Zarouala **Oulad 'Ali Ben Yassin ***Oulad Boujida ***Beni Amer ***Oulad Ben Tkhalet **Beni Amiyer ***Oulad M'amar ***Oulad Moussa U Mhammed ***Oulad Ben 'Azza ***Oulad 'Azza **Beni Hammad ***Ihamdane ***Takarchalt **Tazaghine ***Kebdana ***I'ayden ***Takarboust ***Arrasma **Beni Moussi La'tach ***Oulad el Mir ***Oulad 'Alla ***Oulad Boushaba ***Bezzaza **Beni Moussi Rwa ***Beni Bakhti ***Beni Moussi Lawsata ***Oulad 'Ali ***Kaddouri **Beni Mimoun ***Oulad Boutayeb Lajwad ***Oulad Abdelkrim ***Oulad Bourjoine Kirat ***Oulad El Mahdi ***Oulad Boutchich **Beni Bouya'la ***Oulad Oliyou ***K'amcha ***Ja'alate ***Labtatna ***Oulad Htout * '''Beni Ourimech''' **Beni Bou 'Abdoussayed ***Hararda ***Oulad Rahou ***Oulad El 'Attaf ***Oulad Boujellab ***Oulad Ben 'Amr U 'Alim ***Ahl Kerdad ***Oulad Boubker **Beni 'Ali Chbab ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Oulad Yahia U Yousef ***Oulad Mahdi **Beni Abbou ***Ahl Risslane ***Oulad Yahia ***Z'ara ***Oulad Boukhriss ***Oulad el Hamel ***Harakati ***Oulad 'Amr ***Beni Gamgam ***Bou Zammour ***Hiachra ***Oulad Boumia ***Gzeannaya/Ikharkhachen ***Ahl Tittest **Ahl Tagma ***Oulad Ya'coub ***Ouled Abdessadouk ***Oulad Belkhir ***Ouled Ben Mech'al **Beni Nouga ***Oulad Tmim ***Oulad el Baroudi ***Ahl Zaouiya ***Oulad Midi ***Oulad Ouzarrou ***Oulad Mohammed ***Lagrab **Beni Mahiou ***Oulad Sidi Ali U Said ***Oulad Sidi Said L'ar'ar ***Oulad Sidi Moussa (Maâboura) ***Oulad Fassir ***Oulad Âtiya ***Ahl Ourine ***Bni Oual ***Ahl Tmim ***Chraga ***Oulad Khellouf == Ilugan d tseftit == == Amcabi n kra n wawalen gar n Teznasst d Teqbaylit == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == * [[Taqbaylit]] * [[Tacawit]] * [[Tarifit]] * [[Tamaziɣt]] * [[Iznaten (tawsit)|Taznat]] {{Tamaziɣt}} [[Category:Tutlayin timaziɣin]] 1bvlg4kgcogm2t8etajekkllfj8g9pt 0 19325 105971 103745 2022-07-21T16:24:47Z Bilalbouyahia 4705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Azzelgi''' neɣ '''Tussit''' neɣ '''Inflwenza''' d [[aṭṭan]] [[aṭṭan amanṭaṭ|amanṭaṭ]] yessisrig-it-id (yettsebbib-it) [[Orthomyxoviridae|uvirus n tussit]]<ref name="WHO2014" />. [[Asken|Isekna]] n tussit zemren ad ilin fsus-it neɣ d uzmiren (ujhiden)<ref name="CDC2014Key">[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm "Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine"]. ''cdc.gov''. 9 September 2014. Yettwaẓra deg uzmez n 26 Wamber 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428131225/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm |date=28 yebrir 2019}}</ref>. Isekna ayyi gan d [[tusut]], [[azzug n ugerjum]], [[tazzla n yinzaren]], [[takma tamaẓwalt]], [[tawla]], [[amaẓla]] d [[Atmelli|utmelli]]. Di tuget n tegnatin, isekna-ayi d wid i d-yettneflalin seld n sin n wussan seg tefsert ar uvirus d unekcum-is ɣer [[tafekka|tfekka]] w ad ṭṭfen azal n 7 n wussan i wakken ad kksen, maca tusut tezmer ad teṭṭef ugar n 15 n wussan<ref name="WHO2014" />. Ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen yezmer ad yeglu ula s [[amuktu|umuktu]] d [[tiririt (aṭṭan)|yiriran]] maca isekna-ayi ur d-ttilin ara ɣer yimedanen imeqranen [[Tamukrist (tasnujjya)|Timukrisin]] n tussit gant d: azzug n turin, azzug abektir n turin d unerni n wuguren idawsanen am [[aneggaf|uneggaf]] d [[abrir wul|yibriren n wul]].<ref name="CDC2014Key" /><ref name="Harr2012" /> == Isragen (ssebbat) == Llant 3 n telmas n ivirusen n tussit ttaɣent amdan, tilmas-a gant d: '''Talmest A''', '''Talmest B''', '''Talmest C'''.<ref name="Harr2012">Longo، Dan L. (2012). "187: Influenza". ''Harrison's principles of internal medicine.'' (taẓrigt 18th). New York: McGraw-Hill. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_i_wedlis|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/9780071748896|9780071748896]].</ref>Ivirusen-a d wid yettenfufuden s [[azwu|wezwu]] d [[tusut]] d [[anezzu|unezzu]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> aladɣa mi ara ad ilin seg yistumen gezzilen neɣ meẓẓiyen.<ref name="Brankston2007">Brankston G، Gitterman L، Hirji Z، Lemieux C، Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings". ''Lancet Infect Dis''. 7 (4): 257–65. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376383 17376383]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2807%2970029-4 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502073850/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376383 |date=05 2yennayer }}</ref>, Akken yezmer ad yenfufed s tuṭsa (anali) n tiggiwin yummsen s uvirus sin akin ad tili tuṭsa n yimi neɣ n wallen.<ref name="CDC2014Key" /><ref name="Brankston2007" />. Amdan i tuɣ tussit yezmer ad [[igem|yessigem]] (ad yessenṭeṭ) avirus send d seld n teflalit n [[asken|Isekna]] fell-as.<ref name="CDC2014Key" />, Asentem n yigem yezmer ad yili s ukayed n uvirus deg ugerjum, [[alɣuɣ]] neɣ inzaren akken illan iberdan d tirrayin tiruradin, maca imdanen imi i d-yeffeɣ ukayad-nsen d ibaw zemren ad ilin ddmen igem. Dɣa tella telmest n [[Tasedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz|tsedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz]] (PCR) id yesnaramen (id ikeccfen) ɣef [[Azeffar aṛibuɣsan|uzeffar aṛibuɣsan]] n uvirus, dɣa akayad-a igan yakk d usdid.<ref name="Harr2012" /> == Taggaẓt d ussuji == Asired n yifassen yessedras (yessenqas) seg umihi n [[igem|yigem]] acku avirus yettmettat mi ara ad yessemres (yessexdem) wemdan [[aserrad]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> timelsiwt n [[anaffar afetkan|unaffar afetkan]] d ayen igerrzen daɣen.<ref name="Mich2013">Michiels، B؛ Van Puyenbroeck, K؛ Verhoeven, V؛ Vermeire, E؛ Coenen, S (2013). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614893 "The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews."]. ''PLoS ONE''. 8 (4): e60348. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614893 3614893][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565231 23565231]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060348 10.1371/journal.pone.0060348]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082123/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565231 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref>, [[Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa]] tessmagel (tweṣṣa) s [[agzay|wegzay neɣ acraṭ]] amseggas (n yal aseggas) mgal tussit i wid yettwafesren i yimihiyen meqqren. [[Tigezt]] d tin yettilin d tamellilt mgal 3 neɣ 3 n telmas n tussit.<ref name="Jeff2011">Jefferson T، Del Mar CB، Dooley L، d wid iden. (2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses". ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev'' (7): CD006207. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735402 21735402]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006207.pub4 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502062059/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735402 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> ===[[Tigezt|Acraṭ]]=== [[Tugna:Defense.gov News Photo 041028-N-9864S-021.jpg|thumb|Agzay (acraṭ) mgal tussit]] [[Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa]] d [[Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen|Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen]] ssmetren (weṣṣan)<nowiki/> s [[Tigezt n tussit|wecraṭ mgal tussit]] i yimdanen yettwafesren i wmihi am warrac meẓẓiyen d yimɣaṛen d yixeddaen deg tɣult n tasnujjya d wid ilan (yesɛan) [[aṭṭan yezgan|aṭṭanen imezrayen]] am [[aneggaf|uneggaf]] d wuguren wul. Ma d imdanen imawaṭen izemren yettili-d ucraṭ ɣur-sen d amellil cwiyya deg usedres n [[asken|yisekna]] yettemcabin agla n tussit, Dɣa anzaten (ttbut) ttɣananen tadersi deg yisig n tussit ɣer igerdan yugaren sin n iseggasen. Ɣer wid-ak yettnegririfen (iɛetben) seg wecraṭ itekksasen cwiya waṭṭan n wergal aberfaw maca ur yiban ara ma iy tekkes [[aneggaf]].<ref>{{amnir n web|azwel=Vaccine use|akala=http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/use/en/|amahil=World Health Organization|azmez n tuwwṭa=6 December 2012| akala n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418163900/https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/use/en/ | azmez n ufaylu = 18 yebrir 2019 }}</ref><ref name=cdcreport>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA | azwel = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)| aɣmis = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]]| amaddad = 55| amdan = RR–10| tasniwin = 1–42|azmez=July 2006| pmid = 16874296| akala = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf| akala n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502235146/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf | azmez n ufaylu = 2 mayu 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|aneggar=Cates|amezwar=CJ|amaskar2=Rowe, BH|azwel=Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma.| aɣmis=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|azmez=28 February 2013|amaddad=2|tasniwin=CD000364|pmid=23450529|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000364.pub4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V, Ferroni E |azwel=Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children |aɣmis=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |amaddad=8 |amdan= |tasniwin=CD004879 |aseggas=2012 |pmid=22895945 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004879.pub4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|aneggar1=Jefferson|amezwar1=T|aneggar2=Di Pietrantonj|amezwar2=C|aneggar3=Rivetti|amezwar3=A|aneggar4=Bawazeer|amezwar4=GA|aneggar5=Al-Ansary|amezwar5=LA|aneggar6=Ferroni|aneggar6=E|azwel=Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults.|aɣmis=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|azmez=13 March 2014|amaddad=3|tasniwin=CD001269|pmid=24623315|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|aneggar=Thomas|الأول=RE|amaskar2=Jefferson, T |amaskar3=Lasserson, TJ |azwel=Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions.|aɣmis=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|azmez=22 July 2013|amaddad=7|tasniwin=CD005187|pmid=23881655|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub4}}</ref> == Amezruy n tussit == Deg yal aseggas, tussit tettenfufud deg tamiwin n umadal yakk. Ayen id igellun s 3 ar 5 n imelyan n tegnatin tinamsadin (qessiḥen) d wazal n 200,000 ar 500,000 n tegnatin n [[timekkest|tmekkest]] (lmut).<ref name="WHO2014">[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ "Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211"]. ''who.int''. March 2014. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 25 Wamber 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421060025/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ |date=21 yebrir 2018}}</ref>, deg tamiwin tigafanin d tinaẓulin ttilin-d isefrurten deg [[tagrest|tegrest]] s talɣa tagejdant ma deg yideggan isbegsanen d tamiwin id yezzin ttilin-d deg yal akud n useggas.<ref name="WHO2014" />, Timekkest (lmut) tettili-d gar idrasen n ilemẓiyen ilan (yesɛan) uguren deg tdawsa-nsen d yimɣaren meqqren .<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="Harr2012" />, deg [[Tasut tis 20|tsut tis 20]] lfant-d (ḍrant-d) 3 n [[arwas n tussit|yirwasen n tussit]]: * '''[[Tussit Taspenyulit]]''' deg useggas n [[1918]] yegla-d s 50 n tmekkisin, * '''Tussit n Asya''' deg useggas n [[1957]] tegla-d s sin n imelyan n tmekkisin, * '''Tussit n Hong Kong''' deg useggas n [[1968]] tegla-d s umelyun n tmekkisin.<ref name="TenThings">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091008223707/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html "Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza"]. World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Yettwaɣbeṛ seg [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html aẓaṛ] في 8 October 2009. Yettwaẓra deg 26 ctember 2009. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902135238/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html |date=02 ctember 2011}}</ref>. [[Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa]] telɣet-d s usefruret d unfufed n telmest tamaynut n tussit isem-is A / H1N1 id yeglan s [[Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009]].<ref>World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html</ref>, Tussit tezmer ad tessemdu w ad taɣ ula deg iɣersiwen am [[ilef|yilfan]] d [[Ayid|iyas]] d [[agṭiṭ|yigṭaṭ]].<ref>Palmer، S. R. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332 ''Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control''] (taẓrigt 2.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Tasna&nbsp;332. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_n_wedlis|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/9780198570028|9780198570028]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203204306/https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332 |date=03 dujamber 2016}}</ref>[[Tugna:Influenza.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|assegzi n uvidyu]] == [[Asken|Isekna]] d yizmal == [[Tugna:Symptoms of influenza.svg|thumb|300px|Isekna n tussit yakk d tawla d tusut<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Influenza Symptoms] Page last updated 16 November 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2009. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218185208/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms.htm |date=18 dujamber 2016}}</ref> d isekna imezdiyen s waṭas<ref name="pmid15728170" />]] Azal n 33% n yimdanen i tuɣ tussit ur lin ara (ur sɛan aran) [[Asken|isekna]].<ref name="AmericanJournalEpidemiology2008">[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775.full Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies], ''American Journal of Epidemiology'', Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al., ''167'' (7): 775–785, 2008. "...&nbsp;In almost all studies, participants were individually confined for 1 week&nbsp;..." See especially [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775/F5.expansion.html Figure 5] which shows that virus shedding tends to peak on day 2 whereas symptoms tend to peak on day 3. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018062437/http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775.full |date=18 tuber 2015}}</ref>. Isekna n tussit zemren ad ssemtin (ad bdun) s tugnit (taswiɛt kan) seld n yiwen ar sin n wussan seld n [[igem|yigem]]. Isekna imenza ttilin d [[acittew|aqiccew n weglim]] d ufray s usemmiṭ, maca ula d tawla tettili d timezdit deg wakud imizik n yigem s [[taẓɣelt|tseddart n teẓɣelt]] yettilin gar n 38° ar 39°C. Amur ameqran n imuṭan ttawin-d ussan n tudna-nsen deg wusu s usrag n wagazen deg yakk tamiwin n tfekkiwin-nsen aladɣa deg uzagur d iṭarren.<ref>Suzuki E، Ichihara K، Johnson AM (January 2007). "Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children". ''Clin Pediatr (Phila)''. 46 (1): 76–9. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164515 17164515]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922806289588 10.1177/0009922806289588]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502072915/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164515 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html "Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition"]. Merck. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 15 meɣres 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105083109/http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html |date=05 wamber 2010}}</ref>. Isekna n tussit d wid izemren ad ilin d: * [[Tawla]] d [[Targigit|tergigit]] * [[tusut]] * [[asekfel n yinzaren]] * [[tiririt (aṭṭan)|iriran]] * [[Tazzla n yinzaren]] * [[Anezzu]] * [[Agaz amaẓwal]] * [[Atmelli]] * [[Amaẓla]] * [[Imeṭṭ|Imeṭṭawen]] * [[Tezweɣ (tasenwurit)|Tezweɣ]] <ref name="pmid10476766">Silva ME، Cherry JD، Wilton RJ، Ghafouri NM، Bruckner DA، Miller MJ (August 1999). "Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection". ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. 29 (2): 453–4. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10476766 10476766]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F520240 10.1086/520240]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502090213/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10476766 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Ar warrac meẓẓiyen, Isekna n tussit ttilin deg [[Anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]] am [[tadist (aṭṭan)|beṛṛiṭ]], [[Agaz n wadis]] (Isekna ayyi zemren ad ilin d inamsaden ɣer warrac i tuɣ tussit B.<ref>Kerr AA، McQuillin J، Downham MA، Gardner PS (1975). "Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children". ''Lancet''. 1 (7902): 291–5. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/46444 46444]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2875%2991205-2 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084542/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/46444 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Richards" /><ref>Heikkinen T (July 2006). "Influenza in children". ''Acta Paediatr''. 95 (7): 778–84. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801171 16801171]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08035250600612272 10.1080/08035250600612272]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502085033/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801171 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Aserwes (ameyyez) gar n tussit d [[idis (aṭṭan)|yidis]] d win imrayen (iweɛṛen) deg talliyin timezwura n [[azzug|wazzugen-a]]. Tussit d arway n yisekna n yidis d wazzug n turin asemmaṭ d igazen g [[tafekka|tfekka]] d umaẓla d utmelli.<ref name="pmid15728170">Call S، Vollenweider M، Hornung C، Simel D، McKinney W (2005). "Does this patient have influenza?". ''JAMA''. 293 (8): 987–97. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728170 15728170]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.293.8.987 10.1001/jama.293.8.987]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502080627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728170 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15728170" /><ref name="Richards">Richards S (2005). "Flu blues". ''Nurs Stand''. 20 (8): 26–7. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16295596 16295596]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502090836/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16295596 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Hui DS (March 2008). "Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection". ''Respirology''. 13 Suppl 1: S10–3. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366521 18366521]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2008.01247.x 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070940/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366521 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Eccles">Eccles، R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". ''Lancet Infect Dis''. 5 (11): 718–25. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253889 16253889]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2805%2970270-X 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074323/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253889 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Mya [[asafar (tasnujya)|isafaren]] inemgalen n ivirusen d imellilen deg usuji n tussit ma ttwafken-d zik, ad yili d axatar i tukza (aɛqal) n tignatin deg wakud imizik. Akken i yezmer i tegrawin n tawla d tusut d wazzug n ugerjum neɣ asekfel n yinzaren ad sselhunt seg tseddi n [[tawessna|twessna]]. Snat n tezrawin sseknen-tt-d d akken s isefrurten idiganen n tussit, isig n unfufed n waṭṭan yettugar 70%.<ref name="pimd12965940">Rothberg M، Bellantonio S، Rose D (2 September 2003). [http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf "Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy"] (PDF). ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. 139 (5 Pt 1): 321–9. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12965940 12965940]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007 10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100943/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12965940 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="pmif12361816">Smith K، Roberts M (2002). "Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza". ''Am J Med''. 113 (4): 300–7. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12361816 12361816]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2802%2901222-6 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055102/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12361816 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11088084">Monto A، Gravenstein S، Elliott M، Colopy M، Schweinle J (2000). [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/21/3243.pdf "Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection"] (PDF). ''Arch Intern Med''. 160 (21): 3243–7. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11088084 11088084]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.160.21.3243 10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402075445/http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/21/3243.pdf |date=02 yebrir 2012}}</ref> Ikayaden inamalen zeddiɣ (mazal) lehhun, [[ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef waṭṭanen|immasen n usenɣed n waṭṭanen]] (CDC) di Marikan tetteffer agzul amsetrer i yikayaden inamalen n isnuda s unect n CDC, ikayaden n [[Tawessna|twessna]] taruradt tla (tesɛa) tanefrayt 50-75% d tulmist 90-95% mi ara ad yettwaserwes s yidles anvirus.<ref name="pimd12965940" /><ref name="rapidlab">[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidlab.htm "Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors"]. ''[[ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef waṭṭanen]]''. 13 October 2015. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 02 fuṛaṛ 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406011643/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidlab.htm |date=06 yebrir 2019}}</ref><ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Retrieved 1 May 2009 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217132425/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ |date=17 dujamber 2017}}</ref>. Deg kra n tikwal, Tussit tezmer ad teglu s waṭṭan anamsad am wazzug n turin anvirus. Akken illan isekna ibanen am wemray n usgunef. == Avirus n tussit == ===Tilmas n ivirusen n tussit=== [[Tugna:3D Influenza virus.png|thumb|Taɣessa (tamsukt) n uvirus n tussit tesskanay-d Hemagglutinin (HA) d ipṛutinen n Neuraminidase (NA) deg tiggi n tzelɣiwin. Yettwafser uzeffar aṛibuɣsan anvirus id yessiliɣen ajinum am tkurin tizeggaɣin s agensu (daxel) n tzelɣiwin yettiwṭen ar (RNP).]] Avirus n tussit s unect n [[Asismel n ivirusen|usesmel n ivirusen]] yettwameggez d [[avirus n ARN]] yettmag-d seg 5 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]] n twacult n [[Avirus n tussit|ivirusen inezɣiwen uzmiren]].<ref name=Kawaoka>Kawaoka Y (editor) (2006). [http://www.horizonpress.com/flu ''Influenza Virology: Current Topics'']. Caister Academic Press. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_n_yidles|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/978-1-904455-06-6|978-1-904455-06-6]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006223738/http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |date=06 tuber 2016}}</ref> * [[Avirus n tussit A]] * [[Avirus n tussit B]] * [[Avirus n tussit C]] Ivirusen-a teqqnen kan ar ivirusen n [[tussit n yilfan]] talsant, igan d ivirusen n uzeffar aṛibuɣsan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n ''Maramixeros'' yettumeggezen d asrag (ssebba) imezdi i [[azzug|wazzug]] n [[Anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]] ar warrac meẓẓiyen am waṭṭan n [[taɣiṭṭ]], akken i yezmer ad yeglu s waṭṭan yettemcabin i tussit ar imeqqranen.<ref>Hall CB (June 2001). "Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus". ''N. Engl. J. Med''. 344 (25): 1917–28. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419430 11419430]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM200106213442507 10.1056/NEJM200106213442507]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502132912/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419430 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Vainionpää R، Hyypiä T (April 1994). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358320 "Biology of parainfluenza viruses"]. ''Clin. Microbiol. Rev''. 7 (2): 265–75. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358320 358320][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures d talellayt]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8055470 8055470]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.7.2.265 10.1128/CMR.7.2.265]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082642/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8055470 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Tettwasumer-d twacult tis 4 n ivirusen n tussit igan d (Avirus n tussit D).<ref name=Hause2014>Hause BM، Collin EA، Liu R، Huang B، Sheng Z، Lu W، Wang D، Nelson EA، Li F (2014). "Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family". ''MBio''. 5 (2): e00031–14. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.00031-14 10.1128/mBio.00031-14].</ref><ref name=Collin2015>Collin EA، Sheng Z، Lang Y، Ma W، Hause BM، Li F (2015). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300623 "Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle"]. ''J Virol''. 89 (2): 1036–1042. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300623 4300623][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355894 25355894]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.02718-14 10.1128/JVI.02718-14]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355894 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name=Ducatez2015>Ducatez MF، Pelletier C، Meyer G (2015). "Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014". ''Emerg Infect Dis''. 21 (2): 368–371. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2102.141449 10.3201/eid2102.141449].</ref><ref name=Song2016>Song H، Qi J، Khedri Z، Diaz S، Yu H، Chen X، Varki A، Shi Y، Gao GF (2016). "An open receptor-binding cavity of hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein from newly-identified Influenza D Virus: Basis for its broad cell tropism". ''PLoS Pathog''. 12 (1): e1005411. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1005411 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005411].</ref><ref name=Sheng2014>Sheng Z، Ran Z، Wang D، Hoppe AD، Simonson R، Chakravarty S، Hause BM، Li F (2014). "Genomic and evolutionary characterization of a novel influenza-C-like virus from swine". ''Arch Virol''. 159 (2): 249–255. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-013-1815-3 10.1007/s00705-013-1815-3].</ref><ref name=Quast2015>Quast M، Sreenivasan C، Sexton G، Nedland H، Singrey A، Fawcett L، Miller G، Lauer D، Voss S، Pollock S، Cunha CW، Christopher-Hennings J، Nelson E، Li F (2015). "Serological evidence for the presence of influenza D virus in small ruminants". ''Vet Microbiol''. 180 (3–4): 281–285. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetmic.2015.09.005 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.005].</ref><ref name=Smith2016>Smith DB، Gaunt ER، Digard P، Templeton K، Simmonds P (2016). "Detection of influenza C virus but not influenza D virus in Scottish respiratory samples". ''J Clin Virol''. 74: 50–53. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcv.2015.11.036 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.036].</ref>, Talmest-a tamaynut iga d tussit n tsita yettwasinfen (yettwaɛezlen) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 2012 ==== Avirus n tussit A ==== Igṭaṭ n waman gan d imsnugaten igamanen i tegrawt meqqren n tussit A, Tikwal ivirusen-a ttenṭaṭen i telmas n iɣersiwen n iden, sin akin yessisrig-d s unfufed d usefruret id igellun s twaɣit i [[iwuzaṭ|yiwuzaṭ]] [[agrad|imegruden]] id t-yessenṭaṭen s iman-is ar wemdan i wakken ad telfu (ad teḍru) [[arwas|tẓidmelt]] n tussit gar n imdanen. Dɣa ivirusen A i yemrayen (i weɛṛen) yakk gar n 3 n ivirusen n tussit acku ttaken-d Aṭṭanen inamsaden. Yezmer ad yili beṭṭu n ivirusen n tussit A ar waɣanen d inawen yemgaraden s usizder ɣer tririt n [[Tafekkamgelt|tfekkamgalin]] i yivirusen-a, inawen inmegzayen i yessentamen ar wemdan gant d:<ref name=hay/><ref name="sobrino6">Klenk, Hans-Dieter؛ Matrosovich, Mikhail؛ Stech, Jürgen (2008). [http://www.horizonpress.com/avir "Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range"]. ''Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology''. Caister Academic Press. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_n_wedlis|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/978-1-904455-22-6|978-1-904455-22-6]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir |date=20 ɣuct 2016}}</ref> * [[Avirus n tussit A H1N1|Avirus n tussit A H1N1]] id yeglan s [[tussit Taspenyulit|terwast n tussit 1918]] d [[Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009|terwast n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H2N2]] yegla-d s tnelfuyt n [[Avirus n tussit A H2N2]] deg useggas n 1957 * [[Avirus n tussit A H3N2]] yegla-d s [[Tussit n Hong Kong]] deg useggas n 1968 * [[Avirus n tussit (H5N1)]] id yeglan s [[tussit n yigṭaṭ]] deg 2004 * [[Avirus n tussit A - H7N7]] Avirus-a d [[aɣressagma]] <ref>Fouchier، RAM؛ Schneeberger، PM؛ Rozendaal، FW؛ Broekman، JM؛ Kemink، SA؛ Munster، V؛ Kuiken، T؛ Rimmelzwaan، GF؛ d wiyyaṭ. (2004). [http://www.pnas.org/content/101/5/1356.full.pdf "Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome"] (PDF). ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. 101 (5): 1356–61. [[Bibcode]]:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.1356F 2004PNAS..101.1356F]. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC337057 337057][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745020 14745020]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0308352100 10.1073/pnas.0308352100]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125124346/http://www.pnas.org/content/101/5/1356.full.pdf |date=25 yennayer 2016}}</ref> * [[Avirus n tussit A H1N2]] - yettidir deg yimdanen d yilfan d yigṭaṭ * [[Tussit n yigṭaṭ|H9N2]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H7N2]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H7N3]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H10N7]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H7N9]] ==== Avirus n tussit B ==== [[Tugna:Influenza nomenclature.svg|thumb|Ismawen n uvirus n tussit (i wvirus n [[tussit n Fujian]]) ]] Avirus n tussit B yettaɣ imdanen kan (maca yezmer daɣen ad yaɣ snat n [[talmest|telmas]] n iɣersiwen: [[isifer]] d [[Anessas|unessas]]), Dɣa tussit B ur telli ara s tuget am tussit A, Talmest-a n tussit yesniffil s yisig n 2 ar 3 n tikkal s ddaw n telmest A, s usrag n tdrwsi ayyi n tuggta tasemgalt tettili-d tseddart n [[affal|waffal]] mgal n tussit B deg temẓi, ɣas akken tussit B tesdeṛmis ɣer tfesna anda ur yettili ara waffal amaɣlal mgal-is, isig-a anamum (uḍɛif) i wessnifel asemgal yakk d tegrawt n umesnubget (asekref n tuddit n telmas s usemgal) s wakka ad yettwasegger (ad yettwaḍman) ur ttilin ara [[arwas|irwasen]] n tussit B.<ref name=hay>Hay، A؛ Gregory V؛ Douglas A؛ Lin Y (29 December 2001). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088562 "The evolution of human influenza viruses"]. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B''. 356 (1416): 1861–70. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088562 1088562][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779385 11779385]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0999 10.1098/rstb.2001.0999]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082836/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779385 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Zambon">Zambon، M (November 1999). [http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/suppl_2/3.full.pdf "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza"] (PDF). ''J Antimicrob Chemother''. 44 Suppl B (90002): 3–9. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877456 10877456]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F44.suppl_2.3 10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531191850/http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/suppl_2/3.full.pdf |date=31 mayu 2013}}</ref><ref name=webster>R، Webster؛ Bean W؛ Gorman O؛ Chambers T؛ Kawaoka Y (1992). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372859 "Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses"]. ''Microbiol Rev''. 56 (1): 152–79. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372859 372859][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579108 1579108]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523170349/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579108 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Jakeman KJ، Tisdale M، Russell S، Leone A، Sweet C (August 1994). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC284652 "Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets"]. ''Antimicrob. Agents Chemother''. 38 (8): 1864–7. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC284652 284652][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986023 7986023]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2Faac.38.8.1864 10.1128/aac.38.8.1864]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502052455/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986023 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Osterhaus، A؛ Rimmelzwaan G؛ Martina B؛ Bestebroer T؛ Fouchier R (2000). "Influenza B virus in seals". ''Science''. 288 (5468): 1051–3. [[Bib_Code|Bibcode]]:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1051O 2000Sci...288.1051O]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807575 10807575]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5468.1051 10.1126/science.288.5468.1051]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902132814/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1051O |date=02 ctember 2017}}</ref><ref>Nobusawa، E؛ Sato K (April 2006). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440390 "Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses"]. ''J Virol''. 80 (7): 3675–8. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440390 1440390][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537638 16537638]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082842/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537638 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> ==== Avirus n tussit C ==== Tussit C tettaɣ imdanen d [[aydi|yiqjan]] d [[ilef|yilfan]]. Aṭṭanen inamsaden gellun-d s [[arwas|tzitmura]] tidiganin. Maca talmest-a d tin ur nelli ara s tuget yakk yerna tettaɣ kan arrac meẓẓiyen s tefses.<ref>Matsuzaki، Y؛ Katsushima N؛ Nagai Y؛ Shoji M؛ Itagaki T؛ Sakamoto M؛ Kitaoka S؛ Mizuta K؛ Nishimura H (1 May 2006). "Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children". ''J Infect Dis''. 193 (9): 1229–35. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16586359 16586359]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F502973 10.1086/502973]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084520/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16586359 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Katagiri">Katagiri، S؛ Ohizumi A؛ Homma M (July 1983). "An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home". ''J Infect Dis''. 148 (1): 51–6. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6309999 6309999]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F148.1.51 10.1093/infdis/148.1.51]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502091036/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6309999 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Taubenberger2008" /><ref name="Matsuzaki">Matsuzaki، Y؛ Sugawara K؛ Mizuta K؛ Tsuchiya E؛ Muraki Y؛ Hongo S؛ Suzuki H؛ Nakamura K (2002). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153379 "Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998"]. ''J Clin Microbiol''. 40 (2): 422–9. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153379 153379][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825952 11825952]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.40.2.422-429.2002 10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502075724/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825952 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> == Tuddit d unfufed n uvirus == Mi ara ad [[anezzu|yenzi]] (yeɛḍes) neɣ [[tusut|yusu]] wemdan yudnen s tussit, ugar n wezgen n umelyun n tfekkiwin n ivirusen nettgen ar wezwu. Anṭaṭ n uvirus ɣer yimdanen irennu s waṭas deg wezgen n wass ar yiwen n was seld n [[igem|yigem]] (akud deg acu yettili deg-s wemdan yessenṭaṭ-it i wayeṭ) ma d isig n wenṭaṭ yeflalin (ɛlayen) i wemdan niden deg taggara n wass wis sin akken i yettaṭṭaf azal n 5 wussan maca yezmer ad yeṭṭef alammi d 9 n wussan. == Tasensakrart == ===Isniflen [[Tasemhuyt|isemhayen]]=== [[Tugna:Influenza Seasonal Risk Areas.svg|thumb|300px|Ideggan yettufesren i tussit tasemhayt: wamber ar yebrir (azegzaw), wamber ar yebrir (azeggaɣ), s teɣzi n useggas (awṛaɣ).]] Tussit tettawaṭ ar waggi-ynes deg [[tagrest|tegrest]], llant snat n tsemhuyin n tessut yal aseggas acku tagrest tettas-d deg sin n wakuden yemgaraden gar n wezgen agafan n [[tagnit|tegnit]] d wezgen anaẓul, ɣef waya tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tettaked isemtar (ttewṣiyat) i snat n tsuddsin yemgaraden n wecraṭ yal aseggas (yiwet deg wezgen agafan tis snat deg wezgen anaẓul).<ref name=WHOrecommendation>{{amnir n web|akala=http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/2007northreport.pdf |azwel=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season |anefsar=WHO Report |azmez=14 February 2006 |azmez n tuwwṭa=28 December 2016| azmez n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20160414213945/http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/2007northreport.pdf | azmez n ufaylu = 14 yebrir 2016 }}</ref> == amezruy n tussit == == Tigmayin (inadiyen) == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Aṭṭanen]] [[Taggayt:Aṭṭanen invirusen iɣersawen]] hpdvaoc2nqmnt3vts5wm6zb2fptihq6 105972 105971 2022-07-21T16:25:19Z Bilalbouyahia 4705 wikitext text/x-wiki {{databox}} '''Azzelgi''' neɣ '''Tussit''' neɣ '''Inflwenza''' d [[aṭṭan]] [[aṭṭan amanṭaṭ|amanṭaṭ]] igellu-d yis [[Orthomyxoviridae|uvirus n tussit]]<ref name="WHO2014" />. [[Asken|Isekna]] n tussit zemren ad ilin fsus-it neɣ d uzmiren (ujhiden)<ref name="CDC2014Key">[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm "Key Facts about Influenza (Flu) & Flu Vaccine"]. ''cdc.gov''. 9 September 2014. Yettwaẓra deg uzmez n 26 Wamber 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190428131225/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/keyfacts.htm |date=28 yebrir 2019}}</ref>. Isekna ayyi gan d [[tusut]], [[azzug n ugerjum]], [[tazzla n yinzaren]], [[takma tamaẓwalt]], [[tawla]], [[amaẓla]] d [[Atmelli|utmelli]]. Di tuget n tegnatin, isekna-ayi d wid i d-yettneflalin seld n sin n wussan seg tefsert ar uvirus d unekcum-is ɣer [[tafekka|tfekka]] w ad ṭṭfen azal n 7 n wussan i wakken ad kksen, maca tusut tezmer ad teṭṭef ugar n 15 n wussan<ref name="WHO2014" />. Ɣer warrac meẓẓiyen yezmer ad yeglu ula s [[amuktu|umuktu]] d [[tiririt (aṭṭan)|yiriran]] maca isekna-ayi ur d-ttilin ara ɣer yimedanen imeqranen [[Tamukrist (tasnujjya)|Timukrisin]] n tussit gant d: azzug n turin, azzug abektir n turin d unerni n wuguren idawsanen am [[aneggaf|uneggaf]] d [[abrir wul|yibriren n wul]].<ref name="CDC2014Key" /><ref name="Harr2012" /> == Isragen (ssebbat) == Llant 3 n telmas n ivirusen n tussit ttaɣent amdan, tilmas-a gant d: '''Talmest A''', '''Talmest B''', '''Talmest C'''.<ref name="Harr2012">Longo، Dan L. (2012). "187: Influenza". ''Harrison's principles of internal medicine.'' (taẓrigt 18th). New York: McGraw-Hill. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_i_wedlis|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/9780071748896|9780071748896]].</ref>Ivirusen-a d wid yettenfufuden s [[azwu|wezwu]] d [[tusut]] d [[anezzu|unezzu]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> aladɣa mi ara ad ilin seg yistumen gezzilen neɣ meẓẓiyen.<ref name="Brankston2007">Brankston G، Gitterman L، Hirji Z، Lemieux C، Gardam M (April 2007). "Transmission of influenza A in human beings". ''Lancet Infect Dis''. 7 (4): 257–65. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376383 17376383]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2807%2970029-4 10.1016/S1473-3099(07)70029-4]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502073850/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17376383 |date=05 2yennayer }}</ref>, Akken yezmer ad yenfufed s tuṭsa (anali) n tiggiwin yummsen s uvirus sin akin ad tili tuṭsa n yimi neɣ n wallen.<ref name="CDC2014Key" /><ref name="Brankston2007" />. Amdan i tuɣ tussit yezmer ad [[igem|yessigem]] (ad yessenṭeṭ) avirus send d seld n teflalit n [[asken|Isekna]] fell-as.<ref name="CDC2014Key" />, Asentem n yigem yezmer ad yili s ukayed n uvirus deg ugerjum, [[alɣuɣ]] neɣ inzaren akken illan iberdan d tirrayin tiruradin, maca imdanen imi i d-yeffeɣ ukayad-nsen d ibaw zemren ad ilin ddmen igem. Dɣa tella telmest n [[Tasedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz|tsedmirt tanmezrit n Polimiraz]] (PCR) id yesnaramen (id ikeccfen) ɣef [[Azeffar aṛibuɣsan|uzeffar aṛibuɣsan]] n uvirus, dɣa akayad-a igan yakk d usdid.<ref name="Harr2012" /> == Taggaẓt d ussuji == Asired n yifassen yessedras (yessenqas) seg umihi n [[igem|yigem]] acku avirus yettmettat mi ara ad yessemres (yessexdem) wemdan [[aserrad]].<ref name="WHO2014" /> timelsiwt n [[anaffar afetkan|unaffar afetkan]] d ayen igerrzen daɣen.<ref name="Mich2013">Michiels، B؛ Van Puyenbroeck, K؛ Verhoeven, V؛ Vermeire, E؛ Coenen, S (2013). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614893 "The value of neuraminidase inhibitors for the prevention and treatment of seasonal influenza: a systematic review of systematic reviews."]. ''PLoS ONE''. 8 (4): e60348. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3614893 3614893][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565231 23565231]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0060348 10.1371/journal.pone.0060348]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082123/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23565231 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref>, [[Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa]] tessmagel (tweṣṣa) s [[agzay|wegzay neɣ acraṭ]] amseggas (n yal aseggas) mgal tussit i wid yettwafesren i yimihiyen meqqren. [[Tigezt]] d tin yettilin d tamellilt mgal 3 neɣ 3 n telmas n tussit.<ref name="Jeff2011">Jefferson T، Del Mar CB، Dooley L، d wid iden. (2011). "Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses". ''Cochrane Database Syst Rev'' (7): CD006207. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735402 21735402]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006207.pub4 10.1002/14651858.CD006207.pub4]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502062059/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21735402 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> ===[[Tigezt|Acraṭ]]=== [[Tugna:Defense.gov News Photo 041028-N-9864S-021.jpg|thumb|Agzay (acraṭ) mgal tussit]] [[Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa]] d [[Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen|Ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣilt ɣef waṭṭanen]] ssmetren (weṣṣan)<nowiki/> s [[Tigezt n tussit|wecraṭ mgal tussit]] i yimdanen yettwafesren i wmihi am warrac meẓẓiyen d yimɣaṛen d yixeddaen deg tɣult n tasnujjya d wid ilan (yesɛan) [[aṭṭan yezgan|aṭṭanen imezrayen]] am [[aneggaf|uneggaf]] d wuguren wul. Ma d imdanen imawaṭen izemren yettili-d ucraṭ ɣur-sen d amellil cwiyya deg usedres n [[asken|yisekna]] yettemcabin agla n tussit, Dɣa anzaten (ttbut) ttɣananen tadersi deg yisig n tussit ɣer igerdan yugaren sin n iseggasen. Ɣer wid-ak yettnegririfen (iɛetben) seg wecraṭ itekksasen cwiya waṭṭan n wergal aberfaw maca ur yiban ara ma iy tekkes [[aneggaf]].<ref>{{amnir n web|azwel=Vaccine use|akala=http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/use/en/|amahil=World Health Organization|azmez n tuwwṭa=6 December 2012| akala n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20190418163900/https://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/use/en/ | azmez n ufaylu = 18 yebrir 2019 }}</ref><ref name=cdcreport>{{cite journal|vauthors=Smith NM, Bresee JS, Shay DK, Uyeki TM, Cox NJ, Strikas RA | azwel = Prevention and Control of Influenza: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP)| aɣmis = [[MMWR Recomm Rep]]| amaddad = 55| amdan = RR–10| tasniwin = 1–42|azmez=July 2006| pmid = 16874296| akala = http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf| akala n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20190502235146/https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5510.pdf | azmez n ufaylu = 2 mayu 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|aneggar=Cates|amezwar=CJ|amaskar2=Rowe, BH|azwel=Vaccines for preventing influenza in people with asthma.| aɣmis=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|azmez=28 February 2013|amaddad=2|tasniwin=CD000364|pmid=23450529|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD000364.pub4}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|vauthors=Jefferson T, Rivetti A, Di Pietrantonj C, Demicheli V, Ferroni E |azwel=Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy children |aɣmis=Cochrane Database Syst Rev |amaddad=8 |amdan= |tasniwin=CD004879 |aseggas=2012 |pmid=22895945 |doi=10.1002/14651858.CD004879.pub4}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|aneggar1=Jefferson|amezwar1=T|aneggar2=Di Pietrantonj|amezwar2=C|aneggar3=Rivetti|amezwar3=A|aneggar4=Bawazeer|amezwar4=GA|aneggar5=Al-Ansary|amezwar5=LA|aneggar6=Ferroni|aneggar6=E|azwel=Vaccines for preventing influenza in healthy adults.|aɣmis=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|azmez=13 March 2014|amaddad=3|tasniwin=CD001269|pmid=24623315|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub5}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|aneggar=Thomas|الأول=RE|amaskar2=Jefferson, T |amaskar3=Lasserson, TJ |azwel=Influenza vaccination for healthcare workers who care for people aged 60 or older living in long-term care institutions.|aɣmis=The Cochrane database of systematic reviews|azmez=22 July 2013|amaddad=7|tasniwin=CD005187|pmid=23881655|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD005187.pub4}}</ref> == Amezruy n tussit == Deg yal aseggas, tussit tettenfufud deg tamiwin n umadal yakk. Ayen id igellun s 3 ar 5 n imelyan n tegnatin tinamsadin (qessiḥen) d wazal n 200,000 ar 500,000 n tegnatin n [[timekkest|tmekkest]] (lmut).<ref name="WHO2014">[http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ "Influenza (Seasonal) Fact sheet N°211"]. ''who.int''. March 2014. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 25 Wamber 2014. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180421060025/http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs211/en/ |date=21 yebrir 2018}}</ref>, deg tamiwin tigafanin d tinaẓulin ttilin-d isefrurten deg [[tagrest|tegrest]] s talɣa tagejdant ma deg yideggan isbegsanen d tamiwin id yezzin ttilin-d deg yal akud n useggas.<ref name="WHO2014" />, Timekkest (lmut) tettili-d gar idrasen n ilemẓiyen ilan (yesɛan) uguren deg tdawsa-nsen d yimɣaren meqqren .<ref name="WHO2014" /><ref name="Harr2012" />, deg [[Tasut tis 20|tsut tis 20]] lfant-d (ḍrant-d) 3 n [[arwas n tussit|yirwasen n tussit]]: * '''[[Tussit Taspenyulit]]''' deg useggas n [[1918]] yegla-d s 50 n tmekkisin, * '''Tussit n Asya''' deg useggas n [[1957]] tegla-d s sin n imelyan n tmekkisin, * '''Tussit n Hong Kong''' deg useggas n [[1968]] tegla-d s umelyun n tmekkisin.<ref name="TenThings">[https://web.archive.org/web/20091008223707/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html "Ten things you need to know about pandemic influenza"]. World Health Organization. 14 October 2005. Yettwaɣbeṛ seg [http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html aẓaṛ] في 8 October 2009. Yettwaẓra deg 26 ctember 2009. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110902135238/http://www.who.int/csr/disease/influenza/pandemic10things/en/index.html |date=02 ctember 2011}}</ref>. [[Tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa]] telɣet-d s usefruret d unfufed n telmest tamaynut n tussit isem-is A / H1N1 id yeglan s [[Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009]].<ref>World Health Organization. World now at the start of 2009 influenza pandemic. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/news/statements/2009/h1n1_pandemic_phase6_20090611/en/index.html</ref>, Tussit tezmer ad tessemdu w ad taɣ ula deg iɣersiwen am [[ilef|yilfan]] d [[Ayid|iyas]] d [[agṭiṭ|yigṭaṭ]].<ref>Palmer، S. R. (2011). [https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332 ''Oxford textbook of zoonoses : biology, clinical practice, and public health control''] (taẓrigt 2.). Oxford u.a.: Oxford Univ. Press. Tasna&nbsp;332. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_n_wedlis|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/9780198570028|9780198570028]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161203204306/https://books.google.com/books?id=S90mOwgdz9kC&pg=PA332 |date=03 dujamber 2016}}</ref>[[Tugna:Influenza.webm|thumb|upright=1.3|assegzi n uvidyu]] == [[Asken|Isekna]] d yizmal == [[Tugna:Symptoms of influenza.svg|thumb|300px|Isekna n tussit yakk d tawla d tusut<ref>[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms.htm Centers for Disease Control and Prevention > Influenza Symptoms] Page last updated 16 November 2007. Retrieved 28 April 2009. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161218185208/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/symptoms.htm |date=18 dujamber 2016}}</ref> d isekna imezdiyen s waṭas<ref name="pmid15728170" />]] Azal n 33% n yimdanen i tuɣ tussit ur lin ara (ur sɛan aran) [[Asken|isekna]].<ref name="AmericanJournalEpidemiology2008">[http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775.full Time Lines of Infection and Disease in Human Influenza: A Review of Volunteer Challenge Studies], ''American Journal of Epidemiology'', Carrat, Vergu, Ferguson, et al., ''167'' (7): 775–785, 2008. "...&nbsp;In almost all studies, participants were individually confined for 1 week&nbsp;..." See especially [http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775/F5.expansion.html Figure 5] which shows that virus shedding tends to peak on day 2 whereas symptoms tend to peak on day 3. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151018062437/http://aje.oxfordjournals.org/content/167/7/775.full |date=18 tuber 2015}}</ref>. Isekna n tussit zemren ad ssemtin (ad bdun) s tugnit (taswiɛt kan) seld n yiwen ar sin n wussan seld n [[igem|yigem]]. Isekna imenza ttilin d [[acittew|aqiccew n weglim]] d ufray s usemmiṭ, maca ula d tawla tettili d timezdit deg wakud imizik n yigem s [[taẓɣelt|tseddart n teẓɣelt]] yettilin gar n 38° ar 39°C. Amur ameqran n imuṭan ttawin-d ussan n tudna-nsen deg wusu s usrag n wagazen deg yakk tamiwin n tfekkiwin-nsen aladɣa deg uzagur d iṭarren.<ref>Suzuki E، Ichihara K، Johnson AM (January 2007). "Natural course of fever during influenza virus infection in children". ''Clin Pediatr (Phila)''. 46 (1): 76–9. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164515 17164515]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1177%2F0009922806289588 10.1177/0009922806289588]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502072915/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17164515 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Merck">[http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html "Influenza: Viral Infections: Merck Manual Home Edition"]. Merck. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 15 meɣres 2008. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101105083109/http://www.merck.com/mmhe/sec17/ch198/ch198d.html |date=05 wamber 2010}}</ref>. Isekna n tussit d wid izemren ad ilin d: * [[Tawla]] d [[Targigit|tergigit]] * [[tusut]] * [[asekfel n yinzaren]] * [[tiririt (aṭṭan)|iriran]] * [[Tazzla n yinzaren]] * [[Anezzu]] * [[Agaz amaẓwal]] * [[Atmelli]] * [[Amaẓla]] * [[Imeṭṭ|Imeṭṭawen]] * [[Tezweɣ (tasenwurit)|Tezweɣ]] <ref name="pmid10476766">Silva ME، Cherry JD، Wilton RJ، Ghafouri NM، Bruckner DA، Miller MJ (August 1999). "Acute fever and petechial rash associated with influenza A virus infection". ''Clinical Infectious Diseases''. 29 (2): 453–4. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10476766 10476766]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F520240 10.1086/520240]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502090213/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10476766 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Ar warrac meẓẓiyen, Isekna n tussit ttilin deg [[Anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]] am [[tadist (aṭṭan)|beṛṛiṭ]], [[Agaz n wadis]] (Isekna ayyi zemren ad ilin d inamsaden ɣer warrac i tuɣ tussit B.<ref>Kerr AA، McQuillin J، Downham MA، Gardner PS (1975). "Gastric 'flu influenza B causing abdominal symptoms in children". ''Lancet''. 1 (7902): 291–5. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/46444 46444]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2875%2991205-2 10.1016/S0140-6736(75)91205-2]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084542/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/46444 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Richards" /><ref>Heikkinen T (July 2006). "Influenza in children". ''Acta Paediatr''. 95 (7): 778–84. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801171 16801171]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1080%2F08035250600612272 10.1080/08035250600612272]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502085033/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16801171 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Aserwes (ameyyez) gar n tussit d [[idis (aṭṭan)|yidis]] d win imrayen (iweɛṛen) deg talliyin timezwura n [[azzug|wazzugen-a]]. Tussit d arway n yisekna n yidis d wazzug n turin asemmaṭ d igazen g [[tafekka|tfekka]] d umaẓla d utmelli.<ref name="pmid15728170">Call S، Vollenweider M، Hornung C، Simel D، McKinney W (2005). "Does this patient have influenza?". ''JAMA''. 293 (8): 987–97. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728170 15728170]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Fjama.293.8.987 10.1001/jama.293.8.987]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502080627/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15728170 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid15728170" /><ref name="Richards">Richards S (2005). "Flu blues". ''Nurs Stand''. 20 (8): 26–7. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16295596 16295596]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502090836/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16295596 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Hui DS (March 2008). "Review of clinical symptoms and spectrum in humans with influenza A/H5N1 infection". ''Respirology''. 13 Suppl 1: S10–3. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366521 18366521]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1440-1843.2008.01247.x 10.1111/j.1440-1843.2008.01247.x]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502070940/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18366521 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Eccles">Eccles، R (2005). "Understanding the symptoms of the common cold and influenza". ''Lancet Infect Dis''. 5 (11): 718–25. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253889 16253889]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2805%2970270-X 10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074323/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16253889 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Mya [[asafar (tasnujya)|isafaren]] inemgalen n ivirusen d imellilen deg usuji n tussit ma ttwafken-d zik, ad yili d axatar i tukza (aɛqal) n tignatin deg wakud imizik. Akken i yezmer i tegrawin n tawla d tusut d wazzug n ugerjum neɣ asekfel n yinzaren ad sselhunt seg tseddi n [[tawessna|twessna]]. Snat n tezrawin sseknen-tt-d d akken s isefrurten idiganen n tussit, isig n unfufed n waṭṭan yettugar 70%.<ref name="pimd12965940">Rothberg M، Bellantonio S، Rose D (2 September 2003). [http://www.annals.org/content/139/5_Part_1/321.full.pdf "Management of influenza in adults older than 65 years of age: cost-effectiveness of rapid testing and antiviral therapy"] (PDF). ''Annals of Internal Medicine''. 139 (5 Pt 1): 321–9. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12965940 12965940]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007 10.7326/0003-4819-139-5_part_1-200309020-00007]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502100943/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12965940 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="pmif12361816">Smith K، Roberts M (2002). "Cost-effectiveness of newer treatment strategies for influenza". ''Am J Med''. 113 (4): 300–7. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12361816 12361816]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0002-9343%2802%2901222-6 10.1016/S0002-9343(02)01222-6]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502055102/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12361816 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="pmid11088084">Monto A، Gravenstein S، Elliott M، Colopy M، Schweinle J (2000). [http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/21/3243.pdf "Clinical signs and symptoms predicting influenza infection"] (PDF). ''Arch Intern Med''. 160 (21): 3243–7. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11088084 11088084]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.160.21.3243 10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120402075445/http://archinte.ama-assn.org/cgi/reprint/160/21/3243.pdf |date=02 yebrir 2012}}</ref> Ikayaden inamalen zeddiɣ (mazal) lehhun, [[ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef waṭṭanen|immasen n usenɣed n waṭṭanen]] (CDC) di Marikan tetteffer agzul amsetrer i yikayaden inamalen n isnuda s unect n CDC, ikayaden n [[Tawessna|twessna]] taruradt tla (tesɛa) tanefrayt 50-75% d tulmist 90-95% mi ara ad yettwaserwes s yidles anvirus.<ref name="pimd12965940" /><ref name="rapidlab">[http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidlab.htm "Rapid Diagnostic Testing for Influenza: Information for Clinical Laboratory Directors"]. ''[[ammasen i wsenɣed d tesɣil ɣef waṭṭanen]]''. 13 October 2015. Yettwaẓra deg wezmez n 02 fuṛaṛ 2016. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406011643/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/rapidlab.htm |date=06 yebrir 2019}}</ref><ref>Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. [http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ Lab Diagnosis of Influenza.] Retrieved 1 May 2009 {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171217132425/https://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/diagnosis/ |date=17 dujamber 2017}}</ref>. Deg kra n tikwal, Tussit tezmer ad teglu s waṭṭan anamsad am wazzug n turin anvirus. Akken illan isekna ibanen am wemray n usgunef. == Avirus n tussit == ===Tilmas n ivirusen n tussit=== [[Tugna:3D Influenza virus.png|thumb|Taɣessa (tamsukt) n uvirus n tussit tesskanay-d Hemagglutinin (HA) d ipṛutinen n Neuraminidase (NA) deg tiggi n tzelɣiwin. Yettwafser uzeffar aṛibuɣsan anvirus id yessiliɣen ajinum am tkurin tizeggaɣin s agensu (daxel) n tzelɣiwin yettiwṭen ar (RNP).]] Avirus n tussit s unect n [[Asismel n ivirusen|usesmel n ivirusen]] yettwameggez d [[avirus n ARN]] yettmag-d seg 5 n [[tawsit (tudersent)|tewsitin]] n twacult n [[Avirus n tussit|ivirusen inezɣiwen uzmiren]].<ref name=Kawaoka>Kawaoka Y (editor) (2006). [http://www.horizonpress.com/flu ''Influenza Virology: Current Topics'']. Caister Academic Press. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_n_yidles|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/978-1-904455-06-6|978-1-904455-06-6]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161006223738/http://www.horizonpress.com/flu |date=06 tuber 2016}}</ref> * [[Avirus n tussit A]] * [[Avirus n tussit B]] * [[Avirus n tussit C]] Ivirusen-a teqqnen kan ar ivirusen n [[tussit n yilfan]] talsant, igan d ivirusen n uzeffar aṛibuɣsan yeṭṭafaren tawacult n ''Maramixeros'' yettumeggezen d asrag (ssebba) imezdi i [[azzug|wazzug]] n [[Anagraw amesgunef|unagraw amesgunef]] ar warrac meẓẓiyen am waṭṭan n [[taɣiṭṭ]], akken i yezmer ad yeglu s waṭṭan yettemcabin i tussit ar imeqqranen.<ref>Hall CB (June 2001). "Respiratory syncytial virus and parainfluenza virus". ''N. Engl. J. Med''. 344 (25): 1917–28. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419430 11419430]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJM200106213442507 10.1056/NEJM200106213442507]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502132912/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11419430 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Vainionpää R، Hyypiä T (April 1994). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358320 "Biology of parainfluenza viruses"]. ''Clin. Microbiol. Rev''. 7 (2): 265–75. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358320 358320][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures d talellayt]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8055470 8055470]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.7.2.265 10.1128/CMR.7.2.265]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082642/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8055470 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> Tettwasumer-d twacult tis 4 n ivirusen n tussit igan d (Avirus n tussit D).<ref name=Hause2014>Hause BM، Collin EA، Liu R، Huang B، Sheng Z، Lu W، Wang D، Nelson EA، Li F (2014). "Characterization of a novel influenza virus in cattle and swine: proposal for a new genus in the Orthomyxoviridae family". ''MBio''. 5 (2): e00031–14. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.00031-14 10.1128/mBio.00031-14].</ref><ref name=Collin2015>Collin EA، Sheng Z، Lang Y، Ma W، Hause BM، Li F (2015). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300623 "Cocirculation of two distinct genetic and antigenic lineages of proposed influenza D virus in cattle"]. ''J Virol''. 89 (2): 1036–1042. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4300623 4300623][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355894 25355894]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.02718-14 10.1128/JVI.02718-14]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502074305/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25355894 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name=Ducatez2015>Ducatez MF، Pelletier C، Meyer G (2015). "Influenza D virus in cattle, France, 2011-2014". ''Emerg Infect Dis''. 21 (2): 368–371. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2102.141449 10.3201/eid2102.141449].</ref><ref name=Song2016>Song H، Qi J، Khedri Z، Diaz S، Yu H، Chen X، Varki A، Shi Y، Gao GF (2016). "An open receptor-binding cavity of hemagglutinin-esterase-fusion glycoprotein from newly-identified Influenza D Virus: Basis for its broad cell tropism". ''PLoS Pathog''. 12 (1): e1005411. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1005411 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005411].</ref><ref name=Sheng2014>Sheng Z، Ran Z، Wang D، Hoppe AD، Simonson R، Chakravarty S، Hause BM، Li F (2014). "Genomic and evolutionary characterization of a novel influenza-C-like virus from swine". ''Arch Virol''. 159 (2): 249–255. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00705-013-1815-3 10.1007/s00705-013-1815-3].</ref><ref name=Quast2015>Quast M، Sreenivasan C، Sexton G، Nedland H، Singrey A، Fawcett L، Miller G، Lauer D، Voss S، Pollock S، Cunha CW، Christopher-Hennings J، Nelson E، Li F (2015). "Serological evidence for the presence of influenza D virus in small ruminants". ''Vet Microbiol''. 180 (3–4): 281–285. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.vetmic.2015.09.005 10.1016/j.vetmic.2015.09.005].</ref><ref name=Smith2016>Smith DB، Gaunt ER، Digard P، Templeton K، Simmonds P (2016). "Detection of influenza C virus but not influenza D virus in Scottish respiratory samples". ''J Clin Virol''. 74: 50–53. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jcv.2015.11.036 10.1016/j.jcv.2015.11.036].</ref>, Talmest-a tamaynut iga d tussit n tsita yettwasinfen (yettwaɛezlen) i tikkelt tamezwarut deg useggas n 2012 ==== Avirus n tussit A ==== Igṭaṭ n waman gan d imsnugaten igamanen i tegrawt meqqren n tussit A, Tikwal ivirusen-a ttenṭaṭen i telmas n iɣersiwen n iden, sin akin yessisrig-d s unfufed d usefruret id igellun s twaɣit i [[iwuzaṭ|yiwuzaṭ]] [[agrad|imegruden]] id t-yessenṭaṭen s iman-is ar wemdan i wakken ad telfu (ad teḍru) [[arwas|tẓidmelt]] n tussit gar n imdanen. Dɣa ivirusen A i yemrayen (i weɛṛen) yakk gar n 3 n ivirusen n tussit acku ttaken-d Aṭṭanen inamsaden. Yezmer ad yili beṭṭu n ivirusen n tussit A ar waɣanen d inawen yemgaraden s usizder ɣer tririt n [[Tafekkamgelt|tfekkamgalin]] i yivirusen-a, inawen inmegzayen i yessentamen ar wemdan gant d:<ref name=hay/><ref name="sobrino6">Klenk, Hans-Dieter؛ Matrosovich, Mikhail؛ Stech, Jürgen (2008). [http://www.horizonpress.com/avir "Avian Influenza: Molecular Mechanisms of Pathogenesis and Host Range"]. ''Animal Viruses: Molecular Biology''. Caister Academic Press. [[Uṭṭun_agreɣlan_ameslugen_n_wedlis|ISBN]]&nbsp;[[uslig:BookSources/978-1-904455-22-6|978-1-904455-22-6]]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820202716/http://www.horizonpress.com/avir |date=20 ɣuct 2016}}</ref> * [[Avirus n tussit A H1N1|Avirus n tussit A H1N1]] id yeglan s [[tussit Taspenyulit|terwast n tussit 1918]] d [[Arwas n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009|terwast n tussit A (H1N1) n 2009]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H2N2]] yegla-d s tnelfuyt n [[Avirus n tussit A H2N2]] deg useggas n 1957 * [[Avirus n tussit A H3N2]] yegla-d s [[Tussit n Hong Kong]] deg useggas n 1968 * [[Avirus n tussit (H5N1)]] id yeglan s [[tussit n yigṭaṭ]] deg 2004 * [[Avirus n tussit A - H7N7]] Avirus-a d [[aɣressagma]] <ref>Fouchier، RAM؛ Schneeberger، PM؛ Rozendaal، FW؛ Broekman، JM؛ Kemink، SA؛ Munster، V؛ Kuiken، T؛ Rimmelzwaan، GF؛ d wiyyaṭ. (2004). [http://www.pnas.org/content/101/5/1356.full.pdf "Avian influenza A virus (H7N7) associated with human conjunctivitis and a fatal case of acute respiratory distress syndrome"] (PDF). ''[[Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America|Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences]]''. 101 (5): 1356–61. [[Bibcode]]:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.1356F 2004PNAS..101.1356F]. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC337057 337057][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14745020 14745020]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0308352100 10.1073/pnas.0308352100]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160125124346/http://www.pnas.org/content/101/5/1356.full.pdf |date=25 yennayer 2016}}</ref> * [[Avirus n tussit A H1N2]] - yettidir deg yimdanen d yilfan d yigṭaṭ * [[Tussit n yigṭaṭ|H9N2]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H7N2]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H7N3]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H10N7]] * [[Avirus n tussit A H7N9]] ==== Avirus n tussit B ==== [[Tugna:Influenza nomenclature.svg|thumb|Ismawen n uvirus n tussit (i wvirus n [[tussit n Fujian]]) ]] Avirus n tussit B yettaɣ imdanen kan (maca yezmer daɣen ad yaɣ snat n [[talmest|telmas]] n iɣersiwen: [[isifer]] d [[Anessas|unessas]]), Dɣa tussit B ur telli ara s tuget am tussit A, Talmest-a n tussit yesniffil s yisig n 2 ar 3 n tikkal s ddaw n telmest A, s usrag n tdrwsi ayyi n tuggta tasemgalt tettili-d tseddart n [[affal|waffal]] mgal n tussit B deg temẓi, ɣas akken tussit B tesdeṛmis ɣer tfesna anda ur yettili ara waffal amaɣlal mgal-is, isig-a anamum (uḍɛif) i wessnifel asemgal yakk d tegrawt n umesnubget (asekref n tuddit n telmas s usemgal) s wakka ad yettwasegger (ad yettwaḍman) ur ttilin ara [[arwas|irwasen]] n tussit B.<ref name=hay>Hay، A؛ Gregory V؛ Douglas A؛ Lin Y (29 December 2001). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088562 "The evolution of human influenza viruses"]. ''Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B''. 356 (1416): 1861–70. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1088562 1088562][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779385 11779385]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1098%2Frstb.2001.0999 10.1098/rstb.2001.0999]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082836/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11779385 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Zambon">Zambon، M (November 1999). [http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/suppl_2/3.full.pdf "Epidemiology and pathogenesis of influenza"] (PDF). ''J Antimicrob Chemother''. 44 Suppl B (90002): 3–9. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10877456 10877456]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F44.suppl_2.3 10.1093/jac/44.suppl_2.3]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130531191850/http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/44/suppl_2/3.full.pdf |date=31 mayu 2013}}</ref><ref name=webster>R، Webster؛ Bean W؛ Gorman O؛ Chambers T؛ Kawaoka Y (1992). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372859 "Evolution and ecology of influenza A viruses"]. ''Microbiol Rev''. 56 (1): 152–79. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC372859 372859][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579108 1579108]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190523170349/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1579108 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Jakeman KJ، Tisdale M، Russell S، Leone A، Sweet C (August 1994). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC284652 "Efficacy of 2'-deoxy-2'-fluororibosides against influenza A and B viruses in ferrets"]. ''Antimicrob. Agents Chemother''. 38 (8): 1864–7. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC284652 284652][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986023 7986023]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2Faac.38.8.1864 10.1128/aac.38.8.1864]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502052455/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7986023 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref>Osterhaus، A؛ Rimmelzwaan G؛ Martina B؛ Bestebroer T؛ Fouchier R (2000). "Influenza B virus in seals". ''Science''. 288 (5468): 1051–3. [[Bib_Code|Bibcode]]:[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1051O 2000Sci...288.1051O]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10807575 10807575]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.288.5468.1051 10.1126/science.288.5468.1051]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170902132814/http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000Sci...288.1051O |date=02 ctember 2017}}</ref><ref>Nobusawa، E؛ Sato K (April 2006). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440390 "Comparison of the mutation rates of human influenza A and B viruses"]. ''J Virol''. 80 (7): 3675–8. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1440390 1440390][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537638 16537638]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006 10.1128/JVI.80.7.3675-3678.2006]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502082842/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16537638 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> ==== Avirus n tussit C ==== Tussit C tettaɣ imdanen d [[aydi|yiqjan]] d [[ilef|yilfan]]. Aṭṭanen inamsaden gellun-d s [[arwas|tzitmura]] tidiganin. Maca talmest-a d tin ur nelli ara s tuget yakk yerna tettaɣ kan arrac meẓẓiyen s tefses.<ref>Matsuzaki، Y؛ Katsushima N؛ Nagai Y؛ Shoji M؛ Itagaki T؛ Sakamoto M؛ Kitaoka S؛ Mizuta K؛ Nishimura H (1 May 2006). "Clinical features of influenza C virus infection in children". ''J Infect Dis''. 193 (9): 1229–35. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16586359 16586359]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1086%2F502973 10.1086/502973]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502084520/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16586359 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Katagiri">Katagiri، S؛ Ohizumi A؛ Homma M (July 1983). "An outbreak of type C influenza in a children's home". ''J Infect Dis''. 148 (1): 51–6. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6309999 6309999]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Finfdis%2F148.1.51 10.1093/infdis/148.1.51]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502091036/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6309999 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref><ref name="Taubenberger2008" /><ref name="Matsuzaki">Matsuzaki، Y؛ Sugawara K؛ Mizuta K؛ Tsuchiya E؛ Muraki Y؛ Hongo S؛ Suzuki H؛ Nakamura K (2002). [//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153379 "Antigenic and genetic characterization of influenza C viruses which caused two outbreaks in Yamagata City, Japan, in 1996 and 1998"]. ''J Clin Microbiol''. 40 (2): 422–9. [[PubMed_Central|PMC]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC153379 153379][[Tugna:Lock-green.svg|9px|link=|alt=Freely accessible|Tuwwṭa ɣures tettili-d s tlelli]]. [[PubMed|PMID]]&nbsp;[//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825952 11825952]. [[Tamusni n taftart tumdint|doi]]:[//dx.doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.40.2.422-429.2002 10.1128/JCM.40.2.422-429.2002]. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190502075724/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11825952 |date=05 2yennayer9 }}</ref> == Tuddit d unfufed n uvirus == Mi ara ad [[anezzu|yenzi]] (yeɛḍes) neɣ [[tusut|yusu]] wemdan yudnen s tussit, ugar n wezgen n umelyun n tfekkiwin n ivirusen nettgen ar wezwu. Anṭaṭ n uvirus ɣer yimdanen irennu s waṭas deg wezgen n wass ar yiwen n was seld n [[igem|yigem]] (akud deg acu yettili deg-s wemdan yessenṭaṭ-it i wayeṭ) ma d isig n wenṭaṭ yeflalin (ɛlayen) i wemdan niden deg taggara n wass wis sin akken i yettaṭṭaf azal n 5 wussan maca yezmer ad yeṭṭef alammi d 9 n wussan. == Tasensakrart == ===Isniflen [[Tasemhuyt|isemhayen]]=== [[Tugna:Influenza Seasonal Risk Areas.svg|thumb|300px|Ideggan yettufesren i tussit tasemhayt: wamber ar yebrir (azegzaw), wamber ar yebrir (azeggaɣ), s teɣzi n useggas (awṛaɣ).]] Tussit tettawaṭ ar waggi-ynes deg [[tagrest|tegrest]], llant snat n tsemhuyin n tessut yal aseggas acku tagrest tettas-d deg sin n wakuden yemgaraden gar n wezgen agafan n [[tagnit|tegnit]] d wezgen anaẓul, ɣef waya tuddsa tamadlant n tdawsa tettaked isemtar (ttewṣiyat) i snat n tsuddsin yemgaraden n wecraṭ yal aseggas (yiwet deg wezgen agafan tis snat deg wezgen anaẓul).<ref name=WHOrecommendation>{{amnir n web|akala=http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/2007northreport.pdf |azwel=Recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2006–2007 influenza season |anefsar=WHO Report |azmez=14 February 2006 |azmez n tuwwṭa=28 December 2016| azmez n ufaylu = https://web.archive.org/web/20160414213945/http://www.who.int/influenza/vaccines/2007northreport.pdf | azmez n ufaylu = 14 yebrir 2016 }}</ref> == amezruy n tussit == == Tigmayin (inadiyen) == == Ẓeṛ daɣen == == Imniren == [[Taggayt:Aṭṭanen]] [[Taggayt:Aṭṭanen invirusen iɣersawen]] b84y2lvx27keojtuo9isshqplf6vndc 4 22956 105970 105954 2022-07-21T13:53:13Z MediaWiki message delivery 4167 /* Découvrez les 6 candidat.es présectionné.es pour l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation */ tigezmi tamaynut wikitext text/x-wiki == Results of Wiki Loves Folklore 2022 is out! == <div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> {{int:please-translate}} [[File:Wiki Loves Folklore Logo.svg|right|150px|frameless]] Hi, Greetings The winners for '''[[c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022|Wiki Loves Folklore 2022]]''' is announced! We are happy to share with you winning images for this year's edition. This year saw over 8,584 images represented on commons in over 92 countries. Kindly see images '''[[:c:Commons:Wiki Loves Folklore 2022/Winners|here]]''' Our profound gratitude to all the people who participated and organized local contests and photo walks for this project. We hope to have you contribute to the campaign next year. '''Thank you,''' '''Wiki Loves Folklore International Team''' --[[Amseqdac:MediaWiki message delivery|MediaWiki message delivery]] ([[Amyannan umsqedac:MediaWiki message delivery|asqerdec]]) 4 Yulyu 2022 à 16:12 (UTC) </div> <!-- Message envoyé par User:Tiven2240@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distribution_list/Non-Technical_Village_Pumps_distribution_list&oldid=23454230 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Proposez des déclarations pour la boussole électorale 2022</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content" /> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Propose statements for the 2022 Election Compass}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, Dans le cadre des [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022|élections 2022 du conseil d'administration,]] des volontaires sont [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass|invités à proposer des déclarations à utiliser dans la boussole électorale]]. Une boussole électorale est un outil destiné à aider les électrices et les électeurs à choisir les candidates et les candidats qui correspondent le mieux à leurs convictions et à leurs opinions. Les membres de la communauté proposeront des déclarations auxquelles les candidates et les candidats devront répondre en utilisant une échelle de Lickert (d'accord/neutre/désaccord). Les réponses des candidats aux déclarations seront chargées dans l'outil Boussole électorale. Les électrices et électeurs utiliseront l'outil en entrant leur réponse aux déclarations (d'accord/désaccord/neutre). Les résultats montreront les candidates et les candidats qui correspondent le mieux aux croyances et aux opinions de l'électeur ou de l'électrice. Pour proposer une déclaration, il suffit d'accéder à [[m:Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Election_Compass/Statements|cette page Meta-wiki]]. Les 15 meilleures déclarations seront sélectionnées par le comité des élections au début du mois d'août. Voici le calendrier : * Du 8 au 20 juillet : les volontaires proposent des déclarations pour la boussole électorale. * Du 21 au 22 juillet : le comité des élections vérifie que les déclarations sont claires et supprime les déclarations hors sujet. * Du 23 juillet au 1er août : les volontaires votent les déclarations. * Du 2 au 4 août : le comité des élections sélectionne les 15 meilleures déclarations. * Du 5 au 12 août : les candidates et candidats se positionnent par rapport aux déclarations. * 15 août : ouverture de la boussole électorale afin que les électrices et électeurs puissent l'utiliser pour orienter leur décision de vote. Le comité des élections supervisera le processus, avec le soutien de l'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement. Elle vérifiera que les déclarations sont claires, qu'il n'y a pas de doublons, pas de fautes de frappe, etc. Bien à vous, L'équipe Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement ''Ce message a été envoyé au nom du groupe de travail pour la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration et du comité des élections''.<br /><section end="announcement-content" /> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 11 Yulyu 2022 à 16:02 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> == <span lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> Découvrez les 6 candidat.es présectionné.es pour l'élection 2022 du conseil d'administration de la Wikimedia Foundation</span> == <div lang="fr" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"> <section begin="announcement-content"/> :''[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election| Ce message est également traduit dans d'autres langues sur Meta-wiki.]]'' :''<div class="plainlinks">[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election|{{int:interlanguage-link-mul}}]] • [https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Translate&group=page-{{urlencode:Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Announcement/Announcing the six candidates for the 2022 Board of Trustees election}}&language=&action=page&filter= {{int:please-translate}}]</div>'' Bonjour, '''Le processus de vote des affiliés est terminé.''' Les représentant.es de chaque organisation affiliée se sont renseigné.es sur les candidat.es en lisant leurs déclarations, en examinant leurs réponses aux questions et en tenant compte de l'évaluation des candidat.es fournie par le comité d'analyse. Les candidat.es sélectionné.es pour le Conseil d'administration 2022 sont : * Tobechukwu Precious Friday ([[User:Tochiprecious|Tochiprecious]]) * Farah Jack Mustaklem ([[User:Fjmustak|Fjmustak]]) * Shani Evenstein Sigalov ([[User:Esh77|Esh77]]) * Kunal Mehta ([[User:Legoktm|Legoktm]]) * Michał Buczyński ([[User:Aegis Maelstrom|Aegis Maelstrom]]) * Mike Peel ([[User:Mike Peel|Mike Peel]]) Plus d'informations sur les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Results|Résultats]] et les [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Stats|statistiques]] de cette élection du Conseil d'administration. Nous remercions les représentant.es des affiliés et les membres du comité d'analyse pour leur participation à ce processus et pour avoir contribué à accroître la capacité et la diversité du conseil d'administration. Ces heures de travail bénévole nous permettent de mieux comprendre et de mieux appréhender les choses. Nous vous remercions de votre participation. Merci aux membres de la communauté qui se sont portés candidats au conseil d'administration. Envisager de rejoindre le conseil d'administration n'est pas une décision anodine. Le temps et le dévouement dont les candidats et candidates ont fait preuve jusqu'à présent témoignent de leur engagement envers ce mouvement. Félicitations aux candidat.es qui ont été sélectionné.es. Beaucoup de reconnaissance et de gratitude pour les candidat.es non sélectionné.es. Veuillez continuer à partager votre leadership avec le mouvement Wikimedia. Merci à celles et ceux qui ont suivi le processus des affiliés lors de cette élection du Conseil. Vous pouvez consulter les résultats du processus de sélection des affiliés. '''La prochaine étape du processus de l'élection du conseil d'administration est la période de vote de la communauté.''' [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022#Timeline|Vous pouvez consulter le calendrier des élections du conseil d'administration ici]]. Pour vous préparer à la période de vote de la communauté, il y a plusieurs choses que les membres de la communauté sont invités à faire : * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|Lire les déclarations des candidat.es]] et lire les réponses des candidat.es aux questions posées par les représentant.es des affiliés. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia_Foundation_elections/2022/Community_Voting/Questions_for_Candidates|Proposer et sélectionner les 6 questions auxquelles les candidats et candidates devront répondre dans leurs vidéos Questions & Réponses]]. * Voir l'[[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Candidates|évaluation des candidats par le comité d'analyse sur la base de la déclaration de leurs déclarations]]. * [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation elections/2022/Community Voting/Election Compass|Proposer des déclarations pour la boussole électorale]] que les électeur.trices peuvent utiliser pour identifier les candidat.e.s qui correspondent le mieux à leurs principes. * Encourager d'autres personnes de votre communauté à participer à l'élection. Bien à vous, Stratégie et Gouvernance du Mouvement ''Ce message a été envoyé au nom du groupe de travail sur la sélection des membres du conseil d'administration et du comité des élections'' </div><section end="announcement-content"/> </div> [[User:MPossoupe (WMF)|MPossoupe (WMF)]] 21 Yulyu 2022 à 13:53 (UTC) <!-- Message envoyé par User:MPossoupe (WMF)@metawiki en utilisant la liste sur https://meta.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movement_Strategy_and_Governance/Delivery/fr&oldid=23008845 --> f1h8dsakq4vfaixskcdoni7dkn8ogl3