Wikimedia Incubator incubatorwiki https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Incubator:Main_Page MediaWiki 1.39.0-wmf.21 first-letter Media Special Talk User User talk Incubator Incubator talk File File talk MediaWiki MediaWiki talk Template Template talk Help Help talk Category Category talk TimedText TimedText talk Module Module talk Translations Translations talk Gadget Gadget talk Gadget definition Gadget definition talk 4 2388 5502525 5500054 2022-07-21T18:29:11Z Duke of Wikipädia 2578300 /* Wikis on incubator */ new section wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <div style="text-align: center;">Note: Cross-wiki mass messages are posted to [[Incubator:Wikimedia news]]</div> :''<small>[[#toc|Jump to Table of Contents]]</small>'' {{Incubator:Community Portal/template}} __TOC__ == New version of the AddPrefix gadget == Hello, everyone! For the past few weeks, I have been working on a replacement of the old AddPrefix gadget that was a bit faulty. The new gadget, which is now '''enabled by default''' for everyone, works quite differently. The new gadget will '''remove prefixes''' when you start editing, and it will then '''add prefixes''' when you save the page. This will happen for templates, links and categories. This way, editing in the Incubator should be as similar to editing a normal wiki as possible. It should work in all wikitext modes, including the 2017 wikitext editor ("wikitext in Visual Editor"), and most importantly, on the mobile site. If you notice any problems with it, please report them here, and I will try to fix them as soon as possible. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 09:33, 6 May 2022 (UTC) :This is beautiful! I love the way this new gadget works. Thank you.--[[User:Samatics|Samatics]] ([[User talk:Samatics|talk]]) 13:03, 9 May 2022 (UTC) ::Truly a happy coincidence that its development was underway when I encountered the previous version's bugs. :) -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 06:42, 11 May 2022 (UTC) Please exempt redirect pages from being added to the category and also add a list of exempt pages like [[Wp/enm/Wikipaedia:Sandbox]]. -<span style="background:yellow;">🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Slava🇺🇦Ukraini</span>🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Heroyam🇺🇦Slava🇺🇦([[User talk:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123|talk]])🇺🇦</span></span> 12:29, 13 May 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123}} Redirect pages should now be exempted from categorization. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 11:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}}, thank you very much! -<span style="background:yellow;">🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Slava🇺🇦Ukraini</span>🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Heroyam🇺🇦Slava🇺🇦([[User talk:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123|talk]])🇺🇦</span></span> 14:39, 16 May 2022 (UTC) Please exempt categories from being automatically added to the main category. I don't want all categories to automatically become part of <nowiki>[[Category:wp/grc]]</nowiki>. And if possible, make this gadget not mandatory. It does not help me at all. --[[User:PastelKos|PastelKos]] ([[User talk:PastelKos|talk]]) 09:12, 14 May 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|PastelKos}}, it can be disabled in Special:Preferences in gadgets tab. -<span style="background:yellow;">🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Slava🇺🇦Ukraini</span>🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Heroyam🇺🇦Slava🇺🇦([[User talk:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123|talk]])🇺🇦</span></span> 09:33, 16 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|PastelKos}} I have now made it so that only articles are automatically added to the root category. Note, however, that the root category will not exist at all when the wiki is imported to a proper domain, so one should not rely on it for a category tree. It is more of a maintenance category for the Incubator itself. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 11:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} Can automatic categorization to the root category be disabled? I prefer having all content categorized into their specific categories. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 19:30, 2 June 2022 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Vipz}} It is important to many (most?) projects because that's the way number of articles are counted like {{tl|Wp/khw/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}: Count the number of pages in that category. So ideally all content pages for a test wiki should be in the root category. The root category is not carried over when a wiki is imported, so it is really just an Incubator maintenance category of sorts. I am looking into the possibility of adding it automatically in the [[mw:Extension:WikimediaIncubator|Wikimedia Incubator]] extension, however, instead of it having to be added (semi-)manually to each page. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 20:03, 2 June 2022 (UTC) Hello, how to create a link to an other incubator wiki? Exemple at [[Wp/rmc/Šerutňi_sera]] link to [[Wp/rmf|Fiňiko kalo čhib (Kaalengo tšimb)]].--[[User:Adehertogh|Adehertogh]] ([[User talk:Adehertogh|talk]]) 13:53, 15 May 2022 (UTC) :You just did it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:29, 15 May 2022 (UTC) ::[[User:Koavf|Koavf]], take a look on the page [[Wp/rmc/Šerutňi_sera]], the link [[Wp/rmf|Fiňiko kalo čhib (Kaalengo tšimb)]] is red because of the automatic add of the prefix Wp/rmc/ before the prefix Wp/rmf. --[[User:Adehertogh|Adehertogh]] ([[User talk:Adehertogh|talk]]) 16:48, 15 May 2022 (UTC) :::Riiiiiiiiiiiiiiight. Did you see [[Help:FAQ#How_to_link_to_prefixed_pages?]]? Do you have the AddPrefix extension enabled? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:54, 15 May 2022 (UTC) ::::Works without addprefix extension. But if anyone else makes a change on the pages i'll be back...--[[User:Adehertogh|Adehertogh]] ([[User talk:Adehertogh|talk]]) 19:09, 15 May 2022 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Adehertogh|Koavf}} There was a check for this so that you could link to almost all pages from other test wikis without a prefix being added, but it did not work if you just linked to the info page ("Wp/xyz"). This should be fixed now. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 11:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} could you exempt templates? It is crucial to be able to preview templates without having to fix the link everytime you start editing. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 18:39, 1 June 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Vipz}} How do you mean? The gadget will add the prefix when you click the "preview" or "view changes" buttons as well as "publish", if that's what you mean. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 21:02, 1 June 2022 (UTC) :::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} It appears to not be the case when the "Show previews without reloading the page" setting is turned on, which I have. Templates do show if I have that setting turned off, but I prefer otherwise. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 21:20, 1 June 2022 (UTC) ::::{{ping|Vipz}} I think I have made the gadget work with that feature now, please test. (You may need to do Ctrl+F5 if it is not working right away.) [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 23:41, 1 June 2022 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} Yep, works now! Thanks, and good job once again, this is a great tool. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 23:43, 1 June 2022 (UTC) ::::::Ficou legal a nova versão do gadget que remove prefixos ao editar e adiciona automaticamente ao mostrar a previsão, por exemplo. Assim fica mais fácil traduzir livros da Bíblia nos Wikcionários. ::::::[[User:Leonardo José Raimundo|Leonardo José Raimundo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo José Raimundo|talk]]) 03:20, 6 June 2022 (UTC) ==Request to delete page== This [[Wp/blk/တဲမ်းပဆိုးပဆား]] page is invalid, Please delete the [[Wp/blk/တဲမ်းပဆိုးပဆား]] page, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|Music writer Dr.Intobesa of Japanese idol NMB48 and BNK48.]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 08:16, 24 May 2022 (UTC) :Done, in the future you can simply use {{tl|delete}} on the page itself. --<small>[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''</small> 12:48, 24 May 2022 (UTC) ::thank you so much, if I make a mistake on wiki, please forgive me, because I still have a lot to learn about how to use wiki, I'm trying to be the best on wiki every day, so sometimes I do not even know I'm making some mistakes on wiki, in fact, it is not trying to break the rules of wiki, I've had some admins take immediate action against me for not telling me what the problem was, I'm very upset about that.--[[User:咽頭べさ|Music writer Dr.Intobesa of Japanese idol NMB48 and BNK48.]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 06:36, 25 May 2022 (UTC) == Listing contributors... == Hey folx is listing contributors per wiki somehow conditional? This wiki has more than 4 people contributing but only these 4 are displayed https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&testwiki=Wy/hbs --[[User:Zblace|Zblace]] ([[User talk:Zblace|talk]]) 06:45, 14 June 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Zblace}} That list shows who has set that wiki as their test wiki in the [[Special:Preferences|preferences]]. A better indicator of who the contributors are is the "Check test wiki activity" link in [[Wy/hbs]]. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 12:42, 14 June 2022 (UTC) == Module:Wp/ryu/Navbox == [[Module:Wp/ryu/Navbox]] is not recognized as a Lua Module. I think it was due to a posting error in the first revision, what should I do? [[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]] ([[User talk:春春眠眠|talk]]) 08:04, 17 June 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|春春眠眠}} Change the content model of that page to "Scribunto". It seems that only full admins can do this, so you will have to ping one or ask at [[I:AN]]. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 12:02, 17 June 2022 (UTC) ::Thank you so much! I will ask to admins at I:AN. [[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]] ([[User talk:春春眠眠|talk]]) 12:29, 17 June 2022 (UTC) :::@[[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]]: It is done! [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 15:34, 17 June 2022 (UTC) ::::Thank you very much!! [[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]] ([[User talk:春春眠眠|talk]]) 06:06, 18 June 2022 (UTC) == Infobox == Hello, I'm currently working on Iban language wikimedia incubator page and I would like to ask several question. Can we create an infobox on the page? And if yes, can someone show me how to create it since I don't have any clear idea on creating on a page? {{unsigned|Song GK|14:09, 26 June 2022 (UTC)}} == Change the phrase "Tungkaran ..." to "Laman" (it means 'page') == Hello, I changed the interface of Banjar massage "''Tungkaran Tatambaian''" (Main Page) become "Laman Tatambaian" at translatewiki.net based on community agreement. But in '''[[wt/bjn]]''', when going to main page, still "Tungkaran ...", not "Laman ...". Can anyone provide a solution? Thank you [[User:Ezagren|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="blue">Ezagren</font>''']] [[User talk:Ezagren|^{''<font face="Tempus Sans ITC" color="indigo">bicara</font>''}]] 10:03, 27 June 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Ezagren}} The message [[:translatewiki:Special:Diff/2195869/10778778|was edited]] today. MediaWiki import new translations periodically, not immediately. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 11:55, 27 June 2022 (UTC) :: Thanks for the explanation. Regards, [[User:Ezagren|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="blue">Ezagren</font>''']] [[User talk:Ezagren|^{''<font face="Tempus Sans ITC" color="indigo">bicara</font>''}]] 11:07, 28 June 2022 (UTC) == Talysh Wikipedia (Wp/tly) logo. == [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tly.svg|logo]] Hello everyone. The text in the logo is misspelt. Who can help in the preparation of a new logo? ''Sincerely,'' [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 21:03, 7 July 2022 (UTC) :I can help with the logo. Please provide the text and name of the font. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 10:02, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thank you so much [[User:Ninjastrikers|Ninjastrikers]]. It should be '''Ozodə Ensiklopediya'''. Not ''Ojə Ensiklopediyə''. '''VİKİPEDİYA''' will remain as is. Thanks in advance. [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 11:01, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ninjastrikers|Ninjastrikers]], the Latin font for Wikipedia logos is Linux Libertine. See [[:foundation:Visual identity guidelines]]. :::Also, check that the logo file is compatible with all the necessary resolutions. It's a tricky thing that I don't understand very well myself, but [[User:Odder]] is good at this. :::Finally, make sure that [[:w:en:İ|dotted İ]] is used in the word VİKİPEDİYA. It's important in this language, similarly to Turkish and Azerbaijani. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 11:15, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Amire80|Amire80]] Thanks for reminding. This is my main language. Yes, the dots should stay as they are. Thanks. [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 11:29, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]], @[[User:Amire80|Amire80]], I have edited the logo and the preview can be found at [https://ibb.co/4mwsCgd here]. Let me know if anything wrong. If not, I will overwrite the svg version of [[:File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tly.svg]]. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 15:24, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::I'm not sure that the fonts are correct, especially in the word Wikipedia. ::::::Perhaps @[[User:Odder|Odder]] can advise about this—he's the #1 world expert in localized Wikipedia logos :) [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 15:54, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::[https://mega.nz/file/rxxwzYYD#F-cZW8qX76bZAVzFJZZO1rBbVe1jXKNwNQFdvtMZxjg this] is the svg version of the file to be checked. The text are already transformed to path. 😁 [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 16:01, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::Dear @[[User:Amire80|Amire80]] and @[[User:Ninjastrikers|Ninjastrikers]]. The words are absolutely correct. Thank you. But I don't know anything about the fonts. Is it right or wrong @[[User:Odder|Odder]]? Please help with this. Thanks in advance. [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 15:57, 19 July 2022 (UTC) == About changing language naming == When I was translating the [[Incubator:Main_Page/ryu|Incubator main page]], it shows the language name as「うちなーぐち」. However, I also want to add the Kanji form of the name so that the name will be 「沖縄口/うちなーぐち」but I don't know where can change the naming. As for the Portal:ryu in translatewiki, the name is also shown as both scripts 「沖縄口/うちなーぐち」, thus I want to unify the naming into 「沖縄口/うちなーぐち」 as both scripts are used to write the language. [[User:墜星璃月|墜星璃月]] ([[User talk:墜星璃月|talk]]) 17:40, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :I think @[[User:Amire80|Amire80]] can help you with this. [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 10:05, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Sorry, for technical reasons, it's only possible to have one. I consulted with several linguists who know Okinawan, and they all said that using Hiragana is the safest variant. ::The name on the Incubator main page comes from the software configuration. There are several languages that have multiple names, but we are trying to stop this practice and not to add any new ones. I will, however, add the names in Kanji and Katakana as aliases, so that they are findable in the search box. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 11:08, 18 July 2022 (UTC) == Wikis on incubator == Hello, I am new on incubator and I would like to know what is needed for a wiki to leave the incubator and become a wiki definitively. This would help me direct my efforts to what really matters. Thanks! [[User:Duke of Wikipädia|Duke of Wikipädia]] ([[User talk:Duke of Wikipädia|talk]]) 18:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) 47hhzsrdkjhft08rf463znohx9d7pew 5502562 5502525 2022-07-21T19:10:03Z Koavf 100 /* Wikis on incubator */ wikitext text/x-wiki __NEWSECTIONLINK__ <div style="text-align: center;">Note: Cross-wiki mass messages are posted to [[Incubator:Wikimedia news]]</div> :''<small>[[#toc|Jump to Table of Contents]]</small>'' {{Incubator:Community Portal/template}} __TOC__ == New version of the AddPrefix gadget == Hello, everyone! For the past few weeks, I have been working on a replacement of the old AddPrefix gadget that was a bit faulty. The new gadget, which is now '''enabled by default''' for everyone, works quite differently. The new gadget will '''remove prefixes''' when you start editing, and it will then '''add prefixes''' when you save the page. This will happen for templates, links and categories. This way, editing in the Incubator should be as similar to editing a normal wiki as possible. It should work in all wikitext modes, including the 2017 wikitext editor ("wikitext in Visual Editor"), and most importantly, on the mobile site. If you notice any problems with it, please report them here, and I will try to fix them as soon as possible. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 09:33, 6 May 2022 (UTC) :This is beautiful! I love the way this new gadget works. Thank you.--[[User:Samatics|Samatics]] ([[User talk:Samatics|talk]]) 13:03, 9 May 2022 (UTC) ::Truly a happy coincidence that its development was underway when I encountered the previous version's bugs. :) -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 06:42, 11 May 2022 (UTC) Please exempt redirect pages from being added to the category and also add a list of exempt pages like [[Wp/enm/Wikipaedia:Sandbox]]. -<span style="background:yellow;">🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Slava🇺🇦Ukraini</span>🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Heroyam🇺🇦Slava🇺🇦([[User talk:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123|talk]])🇺🇦</span></span> 12:29, 13 May 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123}} Redirect pages should now be exempted from categorization. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 11:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}}, thank you very much! -<span style="background:yellow;">🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Slava🇺🇦Ukraini</span>🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Heroyam🇺🇦Slava🇺🇦([[User talk:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123|talk]])🇺🇦</span></span> 14:39, 16 May 2022 (UTC) Please exempt categories from being automatically added to the main category. I don't want all categories to automatically become part of <nowiki>[[Category:wp/grc]]</nowiki>. And if possible, make this gadget not mandatory. It does not help me at all. --[[User:PastelKos|PastelKos]] ([[User talk:PastelKos|talk]]) 09:12, 14 May 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|PastelKos}}, it can be disabled in Special:Preferences in gadgets tab. -<span style="background:yellow;">🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Slava🇺🇦Ukraini</span>🇺🇦<span style="color:blue;">Heroyam🇺🇦Slava🇺🇦([[User talk:Slava Ukraini Heroyam Slava 123|talk]])🇺🇦</span></span> 09:33, 16 May 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|PastelKos}} I have now made it so that only articles are automatically added to the root category. Note, however, that the root category will not exist at all when the wiki is imported to a proper domain, so one should not rely on it for a category tree. It is more of a maintenance category for the Incubator itself. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 11:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} Can automatic categorization to the root category be disabled? I prefer having all content categorized into their specific categories. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 19:30, 2 June 2022 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Vipz}} It is important to many (most?) projects because that's the way number of articles are counted like {{tl|Wp/khw/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}: Count the number of pages in that category. So ideally all content pages for a test wiki should be in the root category. The root category is not carried over when a wiki is imported, so it is really just an Incubator maintenance category of sorts. I am looking into the possibility of adding it automatically in the [[mw:Extension:WikimediaIncubator|Wikimedia Incubator]] extension, however, instead of it having to be added (semi-)manually to each page. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 20:03, 2 June 2022 (UTC) Hello, how to create a link to an other incubator wiki? Exemple at [[Wp/rmc/Šerutňi_sera]] link to [[Wp/rmf|Fiňiko kalo čhib (Kaalengo tšimb)]].--[[User:Adehertogh|Adehertogh]] ([[User talk:Adehertogh|talk]]) 13:53, 15 May 2022 (UTC) :You just did it. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 15:29, 15 May 2022 (UTC) ::[[User:Koavf|Koavf]], take a look on the page [[Wp/rmc/Šerutňi_sera]], the link [[Wp/rmf|Fiňiko kalo čhib (Kaalengo tšimb)]] is red because of the automatic add of the prefix Wp/rmc/ before the prefix Wp/rmf. --[[User:Adehertogh|Adehertogh]] ([[User talk:Adehertogh|talk]]) 16:48, 15 May 2022 (UTC) :::Riiiiiiiiiiiiiiight. Did you see [[Help:FAQ#How_to_link_to_prefixed_pages?]]? Do you have the AddPrefix extension enabled? —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 16:54, 15 May 2022 (UTC) ::::Works without addprefix extension. But if anyone else makes a change on the pages i'll be back...--[[User:Adehertogh|Adehertogh]] ([[User talk:Adehertogh|talk]]) 19:09, 15 May 2022 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Adehertogh|Koavf}} There was a check for this so that you could link to almost all pages from other test wikis without a prefix being added, but it did not work if you just linked to the info page ("Wp/xyz"). This should be fixed now. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 11:23, 16 May 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} could you exempt templates? It is crucial to be able to preview templates without having to fix the link everytime you start editing. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 18:39, 1 June 2022 (UTC) ::{{ping|Vipz}} How do you mean? The gadget will add the prefix when you click the "preview" or "view changes" buttons as well as "publish", if that's what you mean. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 21:02, 1 June 2022 (UTC) :::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} It appears to not be the case when the "Show previews without reloading the page" setting is turned on, which I have. Templates do show if I have that setting turned off, but I prefer otherwise. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 21:20, 1 June 2022 (UTC) ::::{{ping|Vipz}} I think I have made the gadget work with that feature now, please test. (You may need to do Ctrl+F5 if it is not working right away.) [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 23:41, 1 June 2022 (UTC) :::::{{ping|Jon Harald Søby}} Yep, works now! Thanks, and good job once again, this is a great tool. -[[User:Vipz|Vipz]] ([[User talk:Vipz|talk]]) 23:43, 1 June 2022 (UTC) ::::::Ficou legal a nova versão do gadget que remove prefixos ao editar e adiciona automaticamente ao mostrar a previsão, por exemplo. Assim fica mais fácil traduzir livros da Bíblia nos Wikcionários. ::::::[[User:Leonardo José Raimundo|Leonardo José Raimundo]] ([[User talk:Leonardo José Raimundo|talk]]) 03:20, 6 June 2022 (UTC) ==Request to delete page== This [[Wp/blk/တဲမ်းပဆိုးပဆား]] page is invalid, Please delete the [[Wp/blk/တဲမ်းပဆိုးပဆား]] page, thanks.--[[User:咽頭べさ|Music writer Dr.Intobesa of Japanese idol NMB48 and BNK48.]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 08:16, 24 May 2022 (UTC) :Done, in the future you can simply use {{tl|delete}} on the page itself. --<small>[[User:MF-Warburg|MF-W]] ''{a, b}''</small> 12:48, 24 May 2022 (UTC) ::thank you so much, if I make a mistake on wiki, please forgive me, because I still have a lot to learn about how to use wiki, I'm trying to be the best on wiki every day, so sometimes I do not even know I'm making some mistakes on wiki, in fact, it is not trying to break the rules of wiki, I've had some admins take immediate action against me for not telling me what the problem was, I'm very upset about that.--[[User:咽頭べさ|Music writer Dr.Intobesa of Japanese idol NMB48 and BNK48.]] ([[User talk:咽頭べさ|talk]]) 06:36, 25 May 2022 (UTC) == Listing contributors... == Hey folx is listing contributors per wiki somehow conditional? This wiki has more than 4 people contributing but only these 4 are displayed https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:ListUsers&testwiki=Wy/hbs --[[User:Zblace|Zblace]] ([[User talk:Zblace|talk]]) 06:45, 14 June 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Zblace}} That list shows who has set that wiki as their test wiki in the [[Special:Preferences|preferences]]. A better indicator of who the contributors are is the "Check test wiki activity" link in [[Wy/hbs]]. [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 12:42, 14 June 2022 (UTC) == Module:Wp/ryu/Navbox == [[Module:Wp/ryu/Navbox]] is not recognized as a Lua Module. I think it was due to a posting error in the first revision, what should I do? [[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]] ([[User talk:春春眠眠|talk]]) 08:04, 17 June 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|春春眠眠}} Change the content model of that page to "Scribunto". It seems that only full admins can do this, so you will have to ping one or ask at [[I:AN]]. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 12:02, 17 June 2022 (UTC) ::Thank you so much! I will ask to admins at I:AN. [[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]] ([[User talk:春春眠眠|talk]]) 12:29, 17 June 2022 (UTC) :::@[[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]]: It is done! [[User:Jon Harald Søby|Jon Harald Søby]] ([[User talk:Jon Harald Søby|talk]]) 15:34, 17 June 2022 (UTC) ::::Thank you very much!! [[User:春春眠眠|春春眠眠]] ([[User talk:春春眠眠|talk]]) 06:06, 18 June 2022 (UTC) == Infobox == Hello, I'm currently working on Iban language wikimedia incubator page and I would like to ask several question. Can we create an infobox on the page? And if yes, can someone show me how to create it since I don't have any clear idea on creating on a page? {{unsigned|Song GK|14:09, 26 June 2022 (UTC)}} == Change the phrase "Tungkaran ..." to "Laman" (it means 'page') == Hello, I changed the interface of Banjar massage "''Tungkaran Tatambaian''" (Main Page) become "Laman Tatambaian" at translatewiki.net based on community agreement. But in '''[[wt/bjn]]''', when going to main page, still "Tungkaran ...", not "Laman ...". Can anyone provide a solution? Thank you [[User:Ezagren|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="blue">Ezagren</font>''']] [[User talk:Ezagren|^{''<font face="Tempus Sans ITC" color="indigo">bicara</font>''}]] 10:03, 27 June 2022 (UTC) :{{ping|Ezagren}} The message [[:translatewiki:Special:Diff/2195869/10778778|was edited]] today. MediaWiki import new translations periodically, not immediately. [[User:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh]] ([[User talk:NguoiDungKhongDinhDanh|talk]]) 11:55, 27 June 2022 (UTC) :: Thanks for the explanation. Regards, [[User:Ezagren|'''<font face="Comic Sans MS" color="blue">Ezagren</font>''']] [[User talk:Ezagren|^{''<font face="Tempus Sans ITC" color="indigo">bicara</font>''}]] 11:07, 28 June 2022 (UTC) == Talysh Wikipedia (Wp/tly) logo. == [[File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tly.svg|logo]] Hello everyone. The text in the logo is misspelt. Who can help in the preparation of a new logo? ''Sincerely,'' [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 21:03, 7 July 2022 (UTC) :I can help with the logo. Please provide the text and name of the font. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 10:02, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thank you so much [[User:Ninjastrikers|Ninjastrikers]]. It should be '''Ozodə Ensiklopediya'''. Not ''Ojə Ensiklopediyə''. '''VİKİPEDİYA''' will remain as is. Thanks in advance. [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 11:01, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::@[[User:Ninjastrikers|Ninjastrikers]], the Latin font for Wikipedia logos is Linux Libertine. See [[:foundation:Visual identity guidelines]]. :::Also, check that the logo file is compatible with all the necessary resolutions. It's a tricky thing that I don't understand very well myself, but [[User:Odder]] is good at this. :::Finally, make sure that [[:w:en:İ|dotted İ]] is used in the word VİKİPEDİYA. It's important in this language, similarly to Turkish and Azerbaijani. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 11:15, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::@[[User:Amire80|Amire80]] Thanks for reminding. This is my main language. Yes, the dots should stay as they are. Thanks. [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 11:29, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::::@[[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]], @[[User:Amire80|Amire80]], I have edited the logo and the preview can be found at [https://ibb.co/4mwsCgd here]. Let me know if anything wrong. If not, I will overwrite the svg version of [[:File:Wikipedia-logo-v2-tly.svg]]. Thanks. [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 15:24, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::I'm not sure that the fonts are correct, especially in the word Wikipedia. ::::::Perhaps @[[User:Odder|Odder]] can advise about this—he's the #1 world expert in localized Wikipedia logos :) [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 15:54, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::[https://mega.nz/file/rxxwzYYD#F-cZW8qX76bZAVzFJZZO1rBbVe1jXKNwNQFdvtMZxjg this] is the svg version of the file to be checked. The text are already transformed to path. 😁 [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 16:01, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::Dear @[[User:Amire80|Amire80]] and @[[User:Ninjastrikers|Ninjastrikers]]. The words are absolutely correct. Thank you. But I don't know anything about the fonts. Is it right or wrong @[[User:Odder|Odder]]? Please help with this. Thanks in advance. [[User:Patriot Kor|Patriot Kor]] ([[User talk:Patriot Kor|talk]]) 15:57, 19 July 2022 (UTC) == About changing language naming == When I was translating the [[Incubator:Main_Page/ryu|Incubator main page]], it shows the language name as「うちなーぐち」. However, I also want to add the Kanji form of the name so that the name will be 「沖縄口/うちなーぐち」but I don't know where can change the naming. As for the Portal:ryu in translatewiki, the name is also shown as both scripts 「沖縄口/うちなーぐち」, thus I want to unify the naming into 「沖縄口/うちなーぐち」 as both scripts are used to write the language. [[User:墜星璃月|墜星璃月]] ([[User talk:墜星璃月|talk]]) 17:40, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :I think @[[User:Amire80|Amire80]] can help you with this. [[User:Ninjastrikers|<span style="font-variant:small-caps;color:blue;font-family:century gothic;">Ninja<span style="color:red">✮</span>Strikers</span>]] ^{<span style="color:Red;font-size:85%;">«[[User talk:Ninjastrikers|☎]]»</span>} 10:05, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Sorry, for technical reasons, it's only possible to have one. I consulted with several linguists who know Okinawan, and they all said that using Hiragana is the safest variant. ::The name on the Incubator main page comes from the software configuration. There are several languages that have multiple names, but we are trying to stop this practice and not to add any new ones. I will, however, add the names in Kanji and Katakana as aliases, so that they are findable in the search box. [[User:Amire80|Amir E. Aharoni]] ([[User talk:Amire80|talk]]) 11:08, 18 July 2022 (UTC) == Wikis on incubator == Hello, I am new on incubator and I would like to know what is needed for a wiki to leave the incubator and become a wiki definitively. This would help me direct my efforts to what really matters. Thanks! [[User:Duke of Wikipädia|Duke of Wikipädia]] ([[User talk:Duke of Wikipädia|talk]]) 18:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) :{{Ping|Duke of Wikipädia}} [[Help:Manual]]. —[[User:Koavf|Justin (<span style="color:grey">ko'''a'''vf</span>)]]<span style="color:red">❤[[User talk:Koavf|T]]☮[[Special:Contributions/Koavf|C]]☺[[Special:Emailuser/Koavf|M]]☯</span> 19:10, 21 July 2022 (UTC) 5iu99zjg2uoj5fmo3b0eyo97h58eqok 2 2991 5502566 4080864 2022-07-21T19:12:26Z Koavf 100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{#babel:en|es-2|de-1|pt-1}} You're much more likely to find me on the English-language [[w:en:User:Koavf|Wikipedia]]. ==Pages I have created== *[[:Category:Wp/rcl]] *[[Incubator:Community Portal/Archive/2015]] *[[Incubator:Community Portal/Archive/2016]] {{-}} {{User:Koavf/Template:Wiki}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Koavf}} {{DISPLAYTITLE:User:<span style="color:grey">''ko'''a'''vf''</span>}} a6gtzg0qz1z7esjfxdxtwuc4qqfzx7b 0 6531 5502701 5501079 2022-07-22T00:55:23Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {| style="border:none; background:none; width: 100%" | style="text-align:center; color:#000;" | <span style="font-family:Arial;font-size:230%;"> Mālō te lava mai ki te Vikipetia</span> <div style="top:+0.2em; font-size:95%;">Gaue fakamahino 'ateaina a tātou fuli.</div> <div id="articlecount" style="width: 100%; font-size: 85%;"> Ko pāsina e '''{{Wp/wls/NUMBEROFARTICLES}}''' kua tohi.</div> <center>[[Wp/wls/Pāsina ma'uhiga|Pāsina ma'uhiga]]</center> <center>[[File:Flag of Wallis and Futuna.svg|197px]]</center> |} {| cellspacing=0 style="margin-top: 5px; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%;" | style="background: #f5fffa; border: 1px solid #cef2e0; border-radius: 5px; #f5fffa; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;" | {| style="width: 100%;" ! <div style="background: #cef2e0; border: 1px solid #a3bfb1; border-radius: 5px; font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-variant: small-caps; padding: 0 7px; text-align: left;">Fakamatala o te 'aho</div> |- | Ko SCH [[Wp/wls/Palasete Sako|'''Palasete (Simone) Sako''']] ne'e ko hē tagata [[Wp/wls/Sōlia|sōlia]] 'uvea ne'e tupu i [[Wp/wls/Niumea|Niumea]] i te 'aho 2 o Apelili 1960. Ne'e hoko tana temi sōlia pea alu ki [[Wp/wls/Falani|Falani]] o solia ite 34 RG ite ta'u 1981. Ne'e fili e Simone ke nofo sōlia i te 17 RG o Montauban o fai ako ai ki te kau tama sōlia fo'ou. Ne'e ma'u he faigamālie ke alu Simone o maneve i [[Wp/wls/Lipania|Lipania]], [[Wp/wls/Sate|Sate]], [[Wp/wls/Siamani|Siamani]] mo [[Wp/wls/Niu Kaletonia|Niu Kaletonia]] ia mu'a o tana liliu ki te fale sōlia o te 17 RGP i te ta'u 1993. I te ta'u 1994 ne'e ma'u tana tu'ulaga SCH pea alu o gaue i [[Wp/wls/Posinia mo Hesekovina|Posinia]] he ne'e fekau e te ONU ke tokoni age te sōlia falani ki te fakatokatoka o te fenua. I te 'aho 15 o Novepeli 1995, ne'e...'''[[Wp/wls/Palasete Sako|Hoko atu i heni...]]''' |} | style="width: 3px;" | | style="background: #f5faff; border: 1px solid #cedff2; border-radius: 5px; #f5fffa; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;" | {| style="width: 100%;" ! <div style="background: #cedff2; border: 1px solid #a3b0bf; border-radius: 5px; font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-variant: small-caps; padding: 0 7px; text-align: left;">Pāki o te 'aho</div> |- |Ko te fai pena a [[Wp/wls/Aloi Pilioko|'''Aloi Pilioko''']] i [[Wp/wls/Vila|Vila]].[[File:Aloi Pilioko's paintings in 2017.jpg|center|320x320px|Fai pena a [[Wp/wls/Aloi Pilioko|Aloi Pilioko]] i Vila]] |} |} {| cellspacing=0 style="margin-top: 5px; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%;" | style="background: #fff5f5; border: 1px solid #cef2e0; border-radius: 5px; #f5fffa; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;" | {| style="width: 100%;" ! <div style="background: #ff9baa; border: 1px solid #a3bfb1; border-radius: 5px; font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-variant: small-caps; padding: 0 7px; text-align: left;">Ta'agalea o te 'aho</div> |- ![[File:Reef Triggerfish.JPG|left|thumb|Humu]]''<big><nowiki>''Tā'</nowiki>ia pe te [[Wp/wls/Humu|humu]] i te hoko 'ulu"</big>'' * Fakamahino: Ko takita kumi faigata'a'ia pe o hage ko te humu ae hoko 'ulu i te lalotai. * Vaka'i atu 'ihi atu [[Wp/wls/Ta'agalea|ta'agalea]] o 'Uvea mo Futuna. ! |} |} {| cellspacing=0 style="margin-top: 5px; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%;" | style="background: #f5fffd; border: 1px solid #ddcef2; border-radius: 5px; #f5fffa; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;" | {| style="width: 100%;" ! <div style="background: #0cc9aa; border: 1px solid #afa3bf; border-radius: 5px; font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-variant: small-caps; padding: 0 7px; text-align: left;">Logo o te 'aho</div> |- | * 16 o Sulio 2022: [[Wp/wls/Tu'utāmaki i Angers, Falani|Tu'utāmaki i Angers, Falani]] * 14 o Sulio 2022: [[Wp/wls/'Aho falani|'Aho falani i 'Uvea mo Futuna]] * 2 o Sulio 2022: Metai kapa a [[Wp/wls/Felise Vahai Sosaia|Felise Vahai Sosaia]] i Olane, [[Wp/wls/Aleselia|Aleselia]] * 19 o Sunio 2022: [[Wp/wls/Mikaele Seo|Mikaele Seo]], [[Wp/wls/Tepitē o 'Uvea mo Futuna|tepitē]] fo'ou o 'Uvea mo Futuna |} |} {| cellspacing=0 style="margin-top: 5px; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%;" | style="background: #faf5ff; border: 1px solid #ddcef2; border-radius: 5px; #f5fffa; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;" | {| style="width: 100%;" ! <div style="background: #ddcef2; border: 1px solid #afa3bf; border-radius: 5px; font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-variant: small-caps; padding: 0 7px; text-align: left;">Vaega</div> |- |{{Wp/wls/Vaega}} |} |} {| cellspacing=0 style="margin-top: 5px; table-layout: fixed; width: 100%;" | style="background: #faf5ff; border: 1px solid #ddcef2; border-radius: 5px; #f5fffa; padding: 4px; vertical-align: top;" | {| style="width: 100%;" ! <div style="background: #ddcef2; border: 1px solid #afa3bf; border-radius: 5px; font-family: serif; font-size: 1.5em; font-variant: small-caps; padding: 0 7px; text-align: left;">Vikipetia o te Pasifika mo Amelika</div> |- |{{Wp/wls/Tahi 'u Vikipetia}} |} |} [[Category:Wp/wls]] |} 6rto6r9r316jss8kwpdoscrc295ac12 4 42862 5502843 5499765 2022-07-22T08:53:07Z Sotiale 175075 /* 2022 */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Shortcut|I:SCL}} <div style="clear: right; float:right">__TOC__</div> This page lists all created content wikis since late 2006 and current open tasks for new wikis. It also coordinates the [[Incubator:Importing from Incubator|importing from Incubator to the new wikis]]. Note that real importing coordination has only been happening since the beginning of 2008. ''Italic'' lines are wikis that didn't have a test project on Incubator, but came from the [[oldwikisource:|Multilingual Wikisource]] or [[betawikiversity:|Wikiversity Beta]]. See '''[[Incubator:Site creation log/maps]]''' for a geographical view of new language editions per year. You can stay informed of new wikis by watching this page, by watching the [[phabricator:project/profile/2941/|Wiki-Setup project]] at the Wikimedia Phabricator, or by subscribing to the [[Mail:newprojects|newprojects]] mailing list. ==Statistics== Number of creations from Incubator, Multilingual Wikisource and BetaWikiversity per year. <timeline> ImageSize = width:650 height:450 PlotArea = height:400 left:100 bottom:50 right:100 AlignBars = justify DateFormat = x.y Period = from:0 till:20 TimeAxis = orientation:horizontal AlignBars = justify ScaleMajor = unit:year increment:1 start:0 PlotData= bar:% color:brightgreen width:18 fontsize:M mark:(line,white) align:left bar:next from:start till:3 text:"3" color:orange bar:2022 from:start till:4 text:"4" color:green bar:2021 from:start till:18 text:"18" bar:2020 from:start till:14 text:"14" color:green bar:2019 from:start till:10 text:"10" bar:2018 from:start till:13 text:"13" color:green bar:2017 from:start till:10 text:"10" bar:2016 from:start till:5 text:"5" color:green bar:2015 from:start till:3 text:"3" bar:2014 from:start till:4 text:"4" color:green bar:2013 from:start till:14 text:"14" bar:2012 from:start till:7 text:"7" color:green bar:2011 from:start till:12 text:"12" bar:2010 from:start till:14 text:"14" color:green bar:2009 from:start till:10 text:"10" bar:2008 from:start till:20 text:"20" color:green bar:2007 from:start till:12 text:"12" bar:2006 from:start till:17 text:"17" color:green </timeline> == Upcoming == This section lists wikis that have been approved by the [[meta:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Language Committee (Langcom)]], but are not yet created. You can "watch" the [[phabricator:project/profile/2941/|Wiki-Setup project]] on Phabricator to get notified of wiki creations, renamings, and closures. <!--format: ([[phabricator:T12345|T12345]]) {{/upc|xyz|wx}}--> * ([[phabricator:T309054|T309054]]) {{/upc|guw|wt}} * ([[phabricator:T310776|T310776]]) {{/upc|pcm|wp}} * ([[phabricator:T312209|T312209]]) {{/upc|bjn|wt}} == 2022 == * '''19 July''' ** ([[phabricator:T310777|T310777]]) {{/l|blk|wp|Sotiale}} * '''16 May''' ** ([[phabricator:T305279|T305279]]) {{/l|kcg|wp|Jon Harald Søby}} * '''23 March''' ** ([[phabricator:T302797|T302797]]) {{/l|shn|wy|MF-Warburg}} ** ([[phabricator:T303727|T303727]]) {{/l|guw|wp|Jon Harald Søby}} == 2021 == * '''28 October''' ** ([[phabricator:T291390|T291390]]) {{/l|lmo|wt|Sotiale}} ** ([[phabricator:T292414|T292414]]) {{/l|ami|wp|Sotiale}} ** ([[phabricator:T292415|T292415]]) {{/l|pwn|wp|Sotiale}} * '''4 August''' ** ([[phabricator:T286241|T286241]]) {{/l|jv|ws|Sotiale}} * '''30 June''' ** ([[phabricator:T284450|T284450]]) {{/l|dag|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T284885|T284885]]) {{/l|shi|wp|Martin Urbanec|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T284389|T284389]]) {{/l|ban|ws|Sotiale}} * '''16 March''' ** ([[phabricator:T276125|T276125]]) {{/l|mnw|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T276246|T276246]]) {{/l|trv|wp|Martin Urbanec|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T275803|T275803]]) {{/l|tay|wp|Martin Urbanec|deleted}} * '''22 February''' ** ([[phabricator:T271980|T271980]]) {{/l|alt|wp|Martin Urbanec|user2=Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T273457|T273457]]) {{/l|mni|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T273456|T273456]]) {{/l|mni|wp|Martin Urbanec|user2=MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''19 January''' ** ([[phabricator:T271260|T271260]]) {{/l|tr|wy|Jon Harald Søby|user2=Sotiale|deleted}} * '''11 January''' ** ([[phabricator:T270408|T270408]]) {{/l|nia|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T270409|T270409]]) {{/l|nia|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T270274|T270274]]) {{/l|bcl|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T270275|T270275]]) {{/l|diq|wt|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} == 2020 == * '''15 December''' ** ([[phabricator:T269437|T269437]]) {{/l|mad|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T269431|T269431]]) {{/l|wa|ws|MF-Warburg}} ** ([[phabricator:T269426|T269426]]) {{/l|eo|wy|Jon Harald Søby|user2=MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T268410|T268410]]) {{/l|skr|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T268448|T268448]]) {{/l|skr|wt|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''19 October''' ** ([[phabricator:T264859|T264859]]) {{/l|smn|wp|Jon Harald Søby|user2=Sotiale|deleted}} * '''27 August''' ** ([[phabricator:T260320|T260320]]) {{/l|ja|wy|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''17 August''' ** ([[phabricator:T259432|T259432]]) {{/l|lld|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''29 July''' ** ([[phabricator:T257943|T257943]]) {{/l|avk|wp|Jon Harald Søby|user2=MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''20 July''' ** ([[phabricator:T257674|T257674]]) {{/l|ary|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T257672|T257672]]) {{/l|lij|ws|MF-Warburg}} * '''22 June''' ** ([[phabricator:T253029|T253029]]) {{/l|shn|wt|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''20 May''' ** ([[phabricator:T249506|T249506]]) {{/l|gom|wt|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T251371|T251371]]) {{/l|awa|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} == 2019 == * '''22 November''' ** [[phab:T238105|(T238105)]] {{/l|shy|wt|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** [[phab:T238104|(T238104)]] {{/l|gcr|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''21 November''' ** [[phab:T236861|(T236861)]] {{/l|min|wt|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} ** [[phab:T237369|(T237369)]] {{/l|szy|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''4 November''' ** [[phabricator:T235739|(T235739)]] {{/l|mnw|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''14 October''' ** [[phabricator:T234768|(T234768)]] {{/l|ban|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''26 September''' ** [[phabricator:T230359|(T230359)]] {{/l|nqo|wp|Jon Harald Søby|deleted}} * '''19 September''' ** [[phabricator:T218155|(T218155)]] {{/l|hi|ws|Jon Harald Søby}} * '''15 August''' ** [[phabricator:T210752|T210752]] {{/l|nap|ws|Jon Harald Søby}} * '''4 April''' ** [[phabricator:T212597|(T212597)]] {{/l|hyw|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} (most content was from hy.wikipedia) == 2018 == * '''14 November''' ** [[phabricator:T205546|(T205546)]] {{/l|yue|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** [[phabricator:T205710|(T205710)]] {{/l|li|wn|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** [[phabricator:T206777|(T206777)]] {{/l|shn|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''2 August''' ** [[phabricator:T198400|(T198400)]] {{/l|sat|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** [[phabricator:T199577|(T199577)]] {{/l|zh|wv|MF-Warburg}} * '''8 June''' ** [[phabricator:T196360|(T196360)]] {{/l|sah|wq|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** [[phabricator:T194879|(T194879)]] {{/l|pms|ws|MF-Warburg}} ** [[phabricator:T196357|(T196357)]] {{/l|bn|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** [[phabricator:T183706|(T183706)]] {{/l|ps|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''18 April''' ** ([[phabricator:T184374|T184374]]) {{/l|inh|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T189109|T189109]]) {{/l|gor|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T183561|T183561]]) {{/l|lfn|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T189465|T189465]]) {{/l|eu|ws|MF-Warburg}} == 2017 == * '''6 November''' ** ([[phabricator:T173643|T173643]]) {{/l|hif|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''25 September''' ** ([[phabricator:T173013|T173013]]) {{/l|hi|wy|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''21 August''' ** ([[phabricator:T173471|T173471]]) {{/l|ba|wb|MF-Warburg|deleted}} (wiki re-opened) * '''3 August''' ** ([[phabricator:T168765|T168765]]) {{/l|hi|wv|MF-Warburg}} * '''12 July''' ** ([[phabricator:T168518|T168518]]) {{/l|din|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''5 July''' ** ([[phabricator:T168764|T168764]]) {{/l|nl|wn|MF-Warburg|deleted|reopen=yes}} * '''23 June''' ** ([[phabricator:T160868|T160868]]) {{/l|kbp|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''14 June''' ** ([[phabricator:T167714|T167714]]) {{/l|atj|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''24 April''' ** ([[phabricator:T161529|T161529]]) {{/l|dty|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''14 April''' ** ([[phabricator:T149522|T149522]]) {{/l|pa|ws|MF-Warburg}} == 2016 == * '''1 December''' ** ([[phabricator:T151570|T151570]]) {{/l|fi|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''7 October''' ** ([[phabricator:T146612|T146612]]) {{/l|olo|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''4 August''' ** ([[phabricator:T140898|T140898]]) {{/l|tcy|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''2 May''' ** ([[phabricator:T134017|T134017]]) {{/l|jam|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''11 February''' ** ([[phabricator:T125501|T125501]]) {{/l|ady|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} == 2015 == * '''22 July''' ** ([[phabricator:T106305|T106305]]) {{/l|azb|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''16 June''' ** ([[phabricator:T96468|T96468]]) {{/l|gom|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[phabricator:T102026|T102026]]) {{/l|lrc|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} (closed and content deleted in 2021 following a [[m:Proposals for closing projects/Closure of Northern Luri Wikipedia|closing proposal]]) == 2014 == * '''6 November''' **([[bugzilla:72346|72346]]) {{/l|mai|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''20 October''' **([[bugzilla:71875|71875]]) {{/l|or|ws|MF-Warburg}} * '''2 October''' **([[bugzilla:71382|71382]]) {{/l|fa|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''14 January''' **([[bugzilla:59077|59077]]) {{/l|zh|wy|SPQRobin|deleted}} == 2013 == * '''11 August''' **([[bugzilla:49328|49328]]) {{/l|tyv|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:52034|52034]]) {{/l|vi|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''16 May''' **([[bugzilla:48412|48412]]) {{/l|vec|wt|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:48413|48413]]) {{/l|el|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''27 March''' **([[bugzilla:46416|46416]]) {{/l|he|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:46417|46417]]) {{/l|uk|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''6 February''' **([[bugzilla:43812|43812]]) {{/l|sa|wq|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:44413|44413]]) {{/l|ro|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:44414|44414]]) {{/l|pl|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:44460|44460]]) {{/l|ko|wv|MF-Warburg}} **([[bugzilla:44462|44462]]) {{/l|min|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''3 January''' **([[bugzilla:43129|43129]]) {{/l|as|ws|MF-Warburg}} **([[bugzilla:42933|42933]]) {{/l|es|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}}; [[User:Vogone|Vogone]] and [[:de:User:Steinsplitter|Steinsplitter]] helped importing **([[bugzilla:42934|42934]]) {{/l|pt|wy|MF-Warburg|deleted}}; [[User:Mh7kJ|Mh7kJ]] helped importing == 2012 == * '''27 March''' **([[bugzilla:34223|34223]]) {{/l|lez|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:34351|34351]]) {{/l|be|ws|MF-Warburg}} **([[bugzilla:35138|35138]]) {{/l|gu|ws|MF-Warburg}} **([[bugzilla:35290|35290]]) {{/l|sl|wv|MF-Warburg}} * '''1 February''' **([[bugzilla:32510|32510]]) {{/l|vep|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:32511|32511]]) {{/l|pnb|wt|SPQRobin|deleted}} **([[bugzilla:33907|33907]]) {{/l|mr|ws|MF-Warburg}} == 2011 == * '''29 October''' **([[bugzilla:30882|30882]]) {{/l|nso|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''28 September''' ** ([[bugzilla:31166|31166]]) {{/l|or|wt|SPQRobin|deleted}} (first to be re-opened) * '''12 July''' ** ([[bugzilla:29456|29456]]) {{/l|xmf|wp|Abigor|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:29796|29796]]) {{/l|ar|wv|Abigor|deleted}} * '''9 April''' ** ([[bugzilla:28139|28139]]) {{/l|el|wn|Hydriz|deleted}} * '''18 March''' ** ([[bugzilla:28022|28022]]) {{/l|sq|wn|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:28003|28003]]) {{/l|kbd|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:27631|27631]]) {{/l|sa|ws|Shijualex}} ** ([[bugzilla:27557|27557]]) {{/l|sah|ws|Prince Kassad|done}} ** ([[bugzilla:27379|27379]]) {{/l|ltg|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:26136|26136]]) {{/l|eo|ws|Castelobranco}} * '''23 January''' ** ([[bugzilla:25924|25924]]) {{/l|rue|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} == 2010 == * '''14 November''' ** ([[bugzilla:25904|25904]]) {{/l|sv|wv|Kaj|deleted}} * '''13 November''' ** ([[bugzilla:25871|25871]]) {{/l|pfl|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:25774|25774]]) {{/l|eo|wn|Arseny1992|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:25773|25773]]) {{/l|li|wb|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:25743|25743]]) {{/l|br|ws|MF-Warburg}} ** ([[bugzilla:25696|25696]]) {{/l|vec|ws|SPQRobin|done}} ** ([[bugzilla:25569|25569]]) {{/l|gag|wp|Arseny1992|deleted}} * '''17 October''' ** ([[bugzilla:25056|25056]]) {{/l|fa|wn|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:25130|25130]]) {{/l|koi|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:25307|25307]]) {{/l|bjn|wp|Arseny1992|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:25544|25544]]) {{/l|mrj|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''19 August''' ** ([[bugzilla:24663|24663]]) {{/l|frr|wp|Abigor|deleted}} ** ([[bugzilla:24776|24776]]) {{/l|ko|wn|Abigor|deleted}} * '''19 March''' ** ([[bugzilla:22657|22657]]) {{/l|krc|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} == 2009 == * '''24 December''' ([[bugzilla:21634|21634]]) ** {{/l|pcd|wp|Catrope|deleted}} * '''12 November''' <!-- ([[bugzilla:214??|]]) probably --> ** {{/l|ru|wv|VasilievVV}} * '''12 August''' ([[bugzilla:20181|20181]]) ** {{/l|ckb|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|pnb|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|mwl|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|ace|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|tr|wn|SPQRobin|deleted}} (closed in 2020 by decision of developers on Phabricator following a "local" request ([[phabricator:T247330]]), no import to Incubator requested) * '''9 July''' ([[bugzilla:19515|19515]]) ** {{/l|mhr|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} * '''6 April''' ([[bugzilla:16977|16977]]) ** {{/l|fi|wv|RobH}} * '''5 March''' (bug [[bugzilla:16955|16955]]) ** {{/l|pnt|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} == 2008 == * '''24 November''' (bug [[bugzilla:15013|15013]]) ** {{/l|arz|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} * '''26 May''' (bugs [[bugzilla:13264|13264]], [[bugzilla:14252|14252]]) ** {{/l|cs|wn|Danny B.|deleted}} ** {{/l|hu|wn|MF-Warburg|deleted}} (was later closed and imported to Incubator again, [[Wn/hu]]) ** {{/l|ext|wp|MF-Warburg|deleted}} ** {{/l|gan|wp|Az1568|deleted}} ** {{/l|hif|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|kaa|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|mdf|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|myv|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|sah|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|srn|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|szl|wp|Wpedzich|deleted}} ** {{/l|li|ws|VasilievVV|deleted}} ** {{/l|cs|wv|Danny B.|deleted}} ** {{/l|ja|wv|VasilievVV|deleted}} ** {{/l|pt|wv|VasilievVV|deleted}} * '''12 January''' (bugs [[bugzilla:12502|12502]], [[bugzilla:12399|12399]], [[bugzilla:12181|12181]], [[bugzilla:12587|12587]]) ** {{/l|dsb|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|crh|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|stq|wp|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|el|wv|MF-Warburg|deleted}} == 2007 == * '''24 November''' (bugs [[bugzilla:11840|11840]], [[bugzilla:11949|11949]], [[bugzilla:11760|11760]], [[bugzilla:12017|12017]], [[bugzilla:12052|12052]]) ** {{/l|bcl|wp||copied|deleted}} ** {{/l|br|wq|SPQRobin|deleted}} ** {{/l|li|wq||copied|deleted}} ** {{/l|hy|ws|Teak}} ** {{/l|fi|wn|Pathoschild|deleted}} * '''25 September''' (bugs [[bugzilla:10907|10907]], [[bugzilla:11306|11306]]) ** {{/l|bn|ws|Bellayet}} ** {{/l|hsb|wt||copied|deleted}} * '''27 May''' (bug [[bugzilla:10041|10041]]) ** {{/l|hak|wp||copied|deleted}} * '''25 May''' (bug [[bugzilla:9883|9883]]) ** {{/l|it|wv|Wim b}} (from [[b:it:Wikiversità]]) * '''8 May''' (bug [[bugzilla:9831|9831]]) ** {{/l|ta|ws|கோபி|copied}} * '''6 May''' (bug [[bugzilla:9699|9699]]) ** {{/l|kab|wp||copied|deleted}} * '''27 March''' ** {{/l|be|wp||copied|deleted}} == 2006 == * '''30 September''' ** {{/l|bar|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|bpy|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|bxr|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|cdo|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|cbk-zam|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|cu|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|diq|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|eml|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|hsb|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|mzn|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|nov|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|new|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|pag|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|roa-tara|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|wuu|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|zea|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} ** {{/l|zh-classical|wp|Incubator import|deleted}} * '''2 June''' ** <span style="color:green;font-weight:bold;">Start of Wikimedia Incubator</span> [[Category:Incubator:(all)]] q8x8ex6gn9kffmojyundevw029e6gqm 0 54446 5502784 5469066 2022-07-22T07:42:51Z The Eternal Wanderer 2573118 wikitext text/x-wiki <h2>विकिपीडिया च तुंदा सुआगत ऐ,</h2> <p>अजाद विश्वकोश जिसगी कोई बी संपादत करी सकदा ऐ।</p> <div style="text-align: center; font-size: 95%;">हून, साढ़े कोल {{Wp/dgo/NUMBEROFARTICLES}} लेख न। </div> [[Category:Wp/dgo]] <div class="pylh-dexia" style="flex-grow:2;"><div class="pylh_2019_plaisio infomain"> <h2>विकिपीडिया केह् ऐ?</h2> विकिपीडिया दुनिया दी 326 भाशाएं च इक मुफत औनलाइन विश्वकोश वैबसाइट ऐ। लोक इसदा इस्तेमाल अजादी कन्नै करी सकदे न, शेयर करी सकदे न, ते बदली सकदे न, बिना भुगतान कीते। एह् इक बड्डी विकी संगठन बी ऐ । लोक विकिपीडिया ते इसदे भ्राऽ प्रोजेक्टें गी फंड देने लेई विकिमीडिया फाउंडेशन गी दान करने दा विकल्प चुन सकदे न। एह् इक खुल्ली सामग्री वैबसाइट ऐ। मतलब कोई बी इसदी नकल करी सकदा ऐ, ते इस च बदलाव करी सकदा ऐ जेकर ओह् नकल जां संपादत करने आस्तै नियमें दा पालन करदा ऐ। </div> <div class="pylh_2019_plaisio infomain"> <h2>नमां सफा बनाओ</h2> <inputbox> type=create width=50 preload=Template:Instructions default=Wp/dgo/ buttonlabel=नमां सफा बनाओ </inputbox> </div> </div> <div class="pylh_2019_plaisio"> <h2>सफे जेह्‌‍ड़े साढ़े कोल होने चाहिदे न</h2></div> #डुग्गर #जम्मू (शैह्‌‍र) #जम्मू (प्रांत) #कठुआ (जिला) #जम्मू (जिला) #सांबा (जिला) #उधमपुर (जिला) #रियासी (जिला) #राजौरी (जिला) #पुंछ (जिला) #डोडा (जिला) #रामबन (जिला) #किश्तवाड़ (जिला) #जम्मू ते कश्मीर (संघ राज्य-खेत्तर) #जम्मू ते कश्मीर (रियास्त) #चनांऽ नदी #त'वी नदी #वैश्णो देवी मंदर #मबारक मंडी #हरि निवास मैह्‌‍ल #डोगरा कला दा अजैबघर #अखनूर किला #डोगरा #बसोह्‌‍ली चित्तरकला #गलाब सिंह #हरि सिंह #जोरावर सिंह कहलुरिया #मियां डीडो #बावा जित्तो #नैनसुख #राजेन्द्र सिंह #शिवकुमार शर्मा #पद्मा सचदेव #मलिका पुखराज #अल्ला रक्खा__NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ __HIDDENCAT__ [[ab:]] [[ace:]] [[ady:]] [[af:]] [[ak:]] [[als:]] [[alt:]] [[am:]] [[an:]] [[ang:]] [[ar:]] [[arc:]] [[ary:]] [[arz:]] [[as:]] [[ast:]] [[atj:]] [[av:]] [[avk:]] [[awa:]] [[ay:]] [[az:]] [[azb:]] [[ba:]] [[ban:]] [[bar:]] [[bat-smg:]] [[bcl:]] [[be:]] [[be-tarask:]] [[bg:]] [[bh:]] [[bi:]] [[bjn:]] [[bm:]] [[bn:]] [[bo:]] [[bpy:]] [[br:]] [[bs:]] [[bug:]] [[bxr:]] [[ca:]] [[cbk-zam:]] [[cdo:]] [[ce:]] [[ceb:]] [[ch:]] [[chr:]] [[chy:]] [[ckb:]] [[co:]] [[cr:]] [[crh:]] [[cs:]] [[csb:]] [[cu:]] [[cv:]] [[cy:]] [[da:]] [[de:]] [[din:]] [[diq:]] [[dsb:]] [[dty:]] [[dv:]] [[dz:]] [[ee:]] [[el:]] [[eml:]] [[en:]] [[eo:]] [[es:]] [[et:]] [[eu:]] [[ext:]] [[fa:]] [[ff:]] [[fi:]] [[fiu-vro:]] [[fj:]] [[fo:]] [[fr:]] [[frp:]] [[frr:]] [[fur:]] [[fy:]] [[ga:]] [[gag:]] [[gan:]] [[gcr:]] [[gd:]] [[gl:]] [[glk:]] [[gn:]] [[gom:]] [[gor:]] [[got:]] [[gu:]] [[gv:]] [[ha:]] [[hak:]] [[haw:]] [[he:]] [[hi:]] [[hif:]] [[hr:]] [[hsb:]] [[ht:]] [[hu:]] [[hy:]] [[hyw:]] [[ia:]] [[id:]] [[ie:]] [[ig:]] [[ik:]] [[ilo:]] [[inh:]] [[io:]] [[is:]] [[it:]] [[iu:]] [[ja:]] [[jam:]] [[jbo:]] [[jv:]] [[ka:]] [[kaa:]] [[kab:]] [[kbd:]] [[kbp:]] [[kg:]] [[ki:]] [[kk:]] [[kl:]] [[km:]] [[kn:]] [[ko:]] [[koi:]] [[krc:]] [[ks:]] [[ksh:]] [[ku:]] [[kv:]] [[kw:]] [[ky:]] [[la:]] [[lad:]] [[lb:]] [[lbe:]] [[lez:]] [[lfn:]] [[lg:]] [[li:]] [[lij:]] [[lld:]] [[lmo:]] [[ln:]] [[lo:]] [[lt:]] [[ltg:]] [[lv:]] [[mad:]] [[mai:]] [[map-bms:]] [[mdf:]] [[mg:]] [[mhr:]] [[mi:]] [[min:]] [[mk:]] [[ml:]] [[mn:]] [[mni:]] [[mnw:]] [[mr:]] [[mrj:]] [[ms:]] [[mt:]] [[mwl:]] [[my:]] [[myv:]] [[mzn:]] [[na:]] [[nah:]] [[nap:]] [[nds:]] [[nds-nl:]] [[ne:]] [[new:]] [[nia:]] [[nl:]] [[nn:]] [[no:]] [[nov:]] [[nqo:]] [[nrm:]] [[nso:]] [[nv:]] [[ny:]] [[oc:]] [[olo:]] [[om:]] [[or:]] [[os:]] [[pa:]] [[pag:]] [[pam:]] [[pap:]] [[pcd:]] [[pdc:]] [[pfl:]] [[pi:]] [[pih:]] [[pl:]] [[pms:]] [[pnb:]] [[pnt:]] [[ps:]] [[pt:]] [[qu:]] [[rm:]] [[rmy:]] [[rn:]] [[ro:]] [[roa-rup:]] [[roa-tara:]] [[ru:]] [[rue:]] [[rw:]] [[sa:]] [[sah:]] [[sat:]] [[sc:]] [[scn:]] [[sco:]] [[sd:]] [[se:]] [[sg:]] [[sh:]] [[shn:]] [[si:]] [[simple:]] [[sk:]] [[skr:]] [[sl:]] [[sm:]] [[smn:]] [[sn:]] [[so:]] [[sq:]] [[sr:]] [[srn:]] [[ss:]] [[st:]] [[stq:]] [[su:]] [[sv:]] [[sw:]] [[szl:]] [[szy:]] [[ta:]] [[tay:]] [[tcy:]] [[te:]] [[tet:]] [[tg:]] [[th:]] [[ti:]] [[tk:]] [[tl:]] [[tn:]] [[to:]] [[tpi:]] [[tr:]] [[trv:]] [[ts:]] [[tt:]] [[tum:]] [[tw:]] [[ty:]] [[tyv:]] [[udm:]] [[ug:]] [[uk:]] [[ur:]] [[uz:]] [[ve:]] [[vec:]] [[vep:]] [[vi:]] [[vls:]] [[vo:]] [[wa:]] [[war:]] [[wo:]] [[wuu:]] [[xal:]] [[xh:]] [[xmf:]] [[yi:]] [[yo:]] [[za:]] [[zea:]] [[zh:]] [[zh-classical:]] [[zh-min-nan:]] [[zh-yue:]] [[zu:]] syzamv380ys78k4tegzkq6yl3wtbed6 0 59786 5502414 5374336 2022-07-21T15:31:35Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wq/as/বেটুপাত}} <!--Categories--> {{DEFAULTSORT:বেটুপাত}} <noinclude>[[Category:Wq/as]]</noinclude> e4kqrbz2ru7brwcz1lq9rypw00tf1lt 0 67733 5502914 5308265 2022-07-22T09:59:05Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kurow''' awo kurow də shima kəlan gonimiya fanimin. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 2efwpwyvnczbl9fwynrkd07igbgrk2y 0 85506 5502890 5383590 2022-07-22T09:41:36Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kanuriya''' dina bə rotuno tilam ndo lan gana gana lan notiyən yə lamar dinayen. [[Category:Wp/kr]] k2ownb07f4imyofreph93dms416ubea 0 110245 5502410 5449847 2022-07-21T15:17:06Z Ninjastrikers 1351707 wikitext text/x-wiki {{test wiki | mainpage = Wp/tdd/ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥖᥥᥰ | status = open | meta = | language = Tai Nüa }} [[Category:Incubator:Test wikis of languages of China]] [[Category:Incubator:Test wikis of languages of Myanmar]] aauxfo5pehs9elwneq3rowmrgb833om 0 356909 5502614 1017011 2022-07-21T22:52:50Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "imported English version from a decade ago with no improvement; current one should be used if needed". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=imported English version from a decade ago with no improvement; current one should be used if needed}} ==English== {{Wt/sco/wikipedia|lang=en}} ===Pronunciation=== * {{Wt/sco/rhymes|eɪm}} ===Etymology 1=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|enm}} {{Wt/sco/term|hame|lang=enm}}, {{Wt/sco/term|home|lang=enm}}, from {{Wt/sco/etyl|ang}} {{Wt/sco/term|hama|lang=ang}}, {{Wt/sco/term|homa||a cover, skin|lang=ang}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Germanic|hamô|clothes, skirt|lang=en}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Indo-European|ḱam-|cover, clothes|lang=en}}. Cognate with {{Wt/sco/etyl|da|-}} {{Wt/sco/term|ham||skin, bladder, figure|lang=da}}, {{Wt/sco/etyl|da|-}} {{Wt/sco/term|hams||shell, sleeve|lang=da}}. More at {{Wt/sco/l|en|heaven}}. ====Noun==== {{Wt/sco/en-noun}} # {{Wt/sco/obsolete}} A [[covering]], [[skin]], [[membrane]]. =====Related terms===== * {{Wt/sco/l|en|heam}} ===Etymology 2=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|enm}}, from {{Wt/sco/etyl|dum}} {{Wt/sco/term|hame||horse collar, harness, fishnet|lang=dum}}, from {{Wt/sco/etyl|odt}} {{Wt/sco/recons|hamo|hamo|lang=odt}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Germanic|hamô|fishnet, collar for a horse|lang=en}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Indo-European|ḱam-|part of a harness|lang=en}}. Cognate with {{Wt/sco/etyl|gml|-}} {{Wt/sco/term|ham|lang=gml}}, {{Wt/sco/term|hame||collar, fishnet|lang=gml}}, {{Wt/sco/etyl|goh|-}} {{Wt/sco/term|hamo||sack-like fishnet|lang=goh}} (Modern {{Wt/sco/etyl|de|-}} dialectal {{Wt/sco/term|Hame|lang=de}}, {{Wt/sco/term|Hamen||hand fishnet|lang=de}}, {{Wt/sco/term|Ham||horse collar|lang=de}}). ====Noun==== {{Wt/sco/en-noun}} # Part of the [[harness]] that fits round the [[neck]] of a [[draught horse]] that the reins pass through. =====Derived terms===== * {{Wt/sco/l|en|hamestrap}} * {{Wt/sco/l|en|hamestring}} ===Etymology 3=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|enm}} {{Wt/sco/term|ham|lang=enm}}, from {{Wt/sco/etyl|ang}} {{Wt/sco/term|ham|hām|home|lang=ang}}. More at {{Wt/sco/l|en|home}}. ====Noun==== {{Wt/sco/en-noun}} # {{Wt/sco/form of|Scottish form|home|lang=en}} ===Etymology 4=== From earlier {{Wt/sco/term|haum|lang=en}}, {{Wt/sco/term|haume|lang=en}}. ====Noun==== {{Wt/sco/en-noun}} # {{Wt/sco/alternative form of|halm}} ===Anagrams=== * [[ahem#English|ahem]] * [[haem#English|haem]] ---- ==Finnish== {{Wt/sco/Finnish index|h|a}} ===Etymology=== From a {{Wt/sco/etyl|gem|fi}} language. ===Pronunciation=== * {{Wt/sco/hyphenation|ha|me}} * {{Wt/sco/rhymes|ɑme|lang=fi}} * {{Wt/sco/IPA|[ˈhɑme̞ˣ]|lang=fi}}, {{Wt/sco/X-SAMPA|["hAme(?)]}} ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/wikipedia|lang=fi}} {{Wt/sco/fi-noun}} # [[skirt]] ====Declension==== {{Wt/sco/fi-decl-hame|ham}} ---- ==Latin== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/la-noun-form|hāme}} # {{Wt/sco/inflection of|hamus|hāmus|voc|s|lang=la}} ---- ==Scots== ===Pronunciation=== * {{Wt/sco/IPA|/ˈheːm/|[hem]]|lang=sco}} ===Etymology=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|ang|sco}} {{Wt/sco/term|ham|hām|lang=ang}}. ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/sco-noun}} # [[home]] ====Derived terms==== * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hamely}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hamit}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hamle}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hamelt}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|ahame}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hame-aboot}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hame-comin}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hame-drauchtit}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hame-gaun}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hameless}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hame-made}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hamespun}} * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|hame-throu}} ===Adverb=== {{Wt/sco/sco-adv|-}} # at [[home]] ====Synonyms==== * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|ahame}} [[cs:hame]] [[et:hame]] [[el:hame]] [[eu:hame]] [[fr:hame]] [[ko:hame]] [[io:hame]] [[sw:hame]] [[lo:hame]] [[lt:hame]] [[hu:hame]] [[mg:hame]] [[ja:hame]] [[pl:hame]] [[ro:hame]] [[ru:hame]] [[fi:hame]] [[sv:hame]] [[tl:hame]] [[tr:hame]] [[vi:hame]] [[wa:hame]] [[Category:Wt/sco/adverbs]] [[Category:Wt/sco]] 0g9makjk5n0aimdxcajsdgzsefic8n6 0 356921 5502615 1017031 2022-07-21T22:53:10Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "imported English version from a decade ago with no improvement; current one should be used if needed". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=imported English version from a decade ago with no improvement; current one should be used if needed}} ==Irish== ===Etymology=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|sga|ga}} {{Wt/sco/term|nocht||naked, bare, uncovered|lang=sga}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Celtic|nokʷto-|naked|lang=ga}} (compare {{Wt/sco/etyl|cy|-}} {{Wt/sco/term|noeth|lang=cy}}). ===Adjective=== {{Wt/sco/head|ga|adjective}} # [[bare]], [[naked]] # [[exposed]] ====Declension==== {{Wt/sco/ga-decl-1|n|ocht|ocht}} ====Synonyms==== * {{Wt/sco/sense|bare}} {{Wt/sco/l|ga|lom}} ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|ga|noun|g=m}} # naked person # {{Wt/sco/arts|lang=ga}} [[nude]] ====Declension==== {{Wt/sco/ga-decl-m1|n|ocht|oicht}} ===Verb=== {{Wt/sco/ga-verb|pres=nochtann|fut=nochtfaidh|vn=nochtadh|pp=nochta}} # to [[bare]], [[expose]], [[reveal]], [[uncover]] # to [[strip]] # to [[strip off]] # to [[unveil]] # to [[express]] # to [[disclose]] ====Conjugation==== {{Wt/sco/ga-conj-1a|n|och|t|broad}} ====Synonyms==== * {{Wt/sco/sense|to strip, strip off}} {{Wt/sco/l|ga|lom}} * {{Wt/sco/sense|to strip off}} {{Wt/sco/l|ga|rúisc}}, {{Wt/sco/l|ga|scamh}}, {{Wt/sco/l|ga|scoith}} * {{Wt/sco/sense|to voice}} {{Wt/sco/l|ga|cuir in iúl}} ---- ==Old Irish== ===Etymology 1=== From {{Wt/sco/proto|Celtic|nokʷto-|naked|lang=sga}} (compare {{Wt/sco/etyl|cy|-}} {{Wt/sco/term|noeth|lang=cy}}). ====Adjective==== {{Wt/sco/head|sga|adjective}} # [[naked]], [[bare]], [[uncovered]] =====Descendants===== * Irish: {{Wt/sco/l|ga|nocht}} * [[Scottish Gaelic]]: {{Wt/sco/l|gd|nochd}} ===Etymology 2=== From {{Wt/sco/proto|Celtic|noxs|lang=sga}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Indo-European|nókʷts|lang=sga}}. ====Noun==== {{Wt/sco/head|sga|noun}} {{Wt/sco/g|sga}} # {{Wt/sco/archaic|lang=sga}} [[night]] =====Synonyms===== * {{Wt/sco/l|sga|adaig}} =====Derived terms===== * {{Wt/sco/l|sga|innocht|i n-nocht}} ---- ==Scots== ===Alternative forms=== * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|noucht}}, {{Wt/sco/l|sco|noght}}, {{Wt/sco/l|sco|nought}}, {{Wt/sco/l|sco|noch}}, {{Wt/sco/l|sco|nouch}} ===Etymology=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|enm|sco}} {{Wt/sco/term|noght|lang=enm}}, from {{Wt/sco/etyl|ang|sco}} {{Wt/sco/term|naht|nāht|nothing, naught|lang=ang}}. More at {{Wt/sco/l|en|naught}}. ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/sco-noun|-}} # [[nothing]], [[nought]] or [[naught]] ===Adverb=== {{Wt/sco/sco-adv}} # [[not]] ====Derived terms==== * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|nocht-gainstanding}} ---- ==Vilamovian== ===Alternative forms=== * [[naocht]] ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|wym|noun}} # [[night]] ---- ==West Frisian== ===Adjective=== {{Wt/sco/head|fy|adjective}} # [[enough]] # [[fun]] ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|fy|noun}} # [[pleasure]], [[fun]] [[fr:nocht]] [[hu:nocht]] [[pl:nocht]] [[tr:nocht]] [[Category:Wt/sco/adverbs]] [[Category:Wt/sco]] 3zws3tl4iv0bis3vsq4j3ngfdl1tp7m 0 356940 5502613 1016976 2022-07-21T22:52:15Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "imported English version from a decade ago with no improvement; current one should be used if needed". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=imported English version from a decade ago with no improvement; current one should be used if needed}} {{Wt/sco/also|-ava|'ava|Appendix:ISO 639-3 language codes}} ==Estonian== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|et|noun}} # [[hole]], [[opening]] ====Related terms==== * [[avatud]] * [[avaus]] ===Verb=== {{Wt/sco/head|et}} # {{Wt/sco/et-verb form of|p=2s|m=impr|avama}} ---- ==Guaraní== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|gn|noun}} # [[man]] ---- ==Italian== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/it-noun|av|f|a|e}} ''feminine of'' '''[[avo]]''' # female [[ancestor]] ---- ==Latin== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/la-noun|ava|avae|avae|f|first}} # [[grandmother]] # [[old wives' tale]] ====Inflection==== {{Wt/sco/la-decl-1st|av}} ---- ==Romansch== ===Alternative forms=== * {{Wt/sco/qualifier|Rumantsch Grischun|Sursilvan|Sutsilvan|Puter}} {{Wt/sco/l|rm|aua}} * {{Wt/sco/qualifier|Puter}} {{Wt/sco/l|rm|ova}} ===Etymology=== From {{Wt/sco/etyl|la|rm}} {{Wt/sco/term|aqua|lang=la}}, from {{Wt/sco/proto|Indo-European|akʷā-|lang=rm}}. ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|rm|noun|g=f}} # {{Wt/sco/context|Surmiran|lang=rm}} [[water]] ====Derived terms==== * {{Wt/sco/l|rm|ava da bever}} * {{Wt/sco/l|rm|ava minerala}} * {{Wt/sco/l|rm|ava dalla spegna}} ---- ==Samoan== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/head|sm|noun}} # [[passage]] through a [[coral]] [[reef]] for [[boat]]s ---- ==Scots== ===Pronunciation=== * {{Wt/sco/IPA|[ə'vɑ:]|[ə'vɔ:]|[ə'va:]|lang=sco}} ===Adverb=== {{Wt/sco/sco-adv|-}} # [[at all]] # without stopping # [[of all]] ====Derived terms==== * {{Wt/sco/l|sco|no ava}} ---- ==Swedish== ===Etymology=== Short for [[avannonsera]] ===Verb=== {{Wt/sco/head|sv|verb}} # {{Wt/sco/context|radio|slang|lang=sv}} to announce a song or radio program at its end ====Conjugation==== {{Wt/sco/sv-conj-wk}} ====Antonyms==== * [[påa]] ---- ==Venetian== ===Noun=== {{Wt/sco/wikipedia|lang=vec}} {{Wt/sco/vec-noun|av|f|a|e}} # [[bee]] [[be:ava]] [[ca:ava]] [[es:ava]] [[fr:ava]] [[ko:ava]] [[it:ava]] [[ku:ava]] [[lt:ava]] [[hu:ava]] [[mg:ava]] [[pl:ava]] [[ru:ava]] [[scn:ava]] [[fi:ava]] [[tr:ava]] [[Category:Wt/sco/adverbs]] [[Category:Wt/sco]] k6jst3hbebg6s7r3d2eytik2f7161l0 0 480860 5502876 3475126 2022-07-22T09:23:19Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki Мюнхен е град в Германия, провинция Бавария, столица на провинцията. Мюнхен е третият по големина град в Германия след Берлин и Хамбург с население от около 1,3 млн. жители. == Забележителности == === Места === * [[Мариенплац]] (''Marienplatz'') - централен площад, на който се намира кметството * [[Кьонигсплац]] (''Königsplatz'') * [[Виктуалиенмаркт]] (''Viktualienmarkt'') - пазарен площад * [[Одеонсплац]] (''Odeonsplatz'') - площад в северната част на центъра, на който се намира [[Фелдхернхале]] (''Feldherrnhalle'') и на който се провеждат класически концерти на открито веднъж годишно === Сгради === * Дворец [[Нимфенбург]] (''Schloss Nymphenburg'') === Музеи === {{Wy/bg/Основна|Мюнхен/Музеи}} * Пинакотеките ([[Стара Пинакотека]] (Alte Pinakothek), [[Нова Пинакотека]] (Neue Pinakothek), [[Пинакотека на модерното изкуство]] (Pinakothek der Moderne)) * [[Технически музей (Мюнхен)|Технически музей]] (Deutsches Museum) === Катедрали === * [[Фрауенкирхе]] (''Frauenkirche'') - една от най-забележителните църкви в града == Транспорт == Мюнхен има добре изградена мрежа от обществен транспорт. Информация за разписанията на метро, крайградска железница, трамваи и автобуси може да се получи от сайта на обществения транспорт в Мюнхен mvv-muenchen.de. Пътуването от Мариенплац до летището трае около 40 минути с линиите S1 и S8 крайградската железница [[Category:Wy/bg]] a7p66osp8l5tzkdfmafyjcbmuw04vmc 10 509293 5502556 1072932 2022-07-21T19:07:11Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 namespace wikitext text/x-wiki {| class="articleState" align=center style="border-style:dotted;border-width:2px;border-color:lightblue" |''Тази [[Wy/bg/Уикипътешественик:Проект:Кога заслужава да има собствена статия?|статия]] е '''[[Wy/bg/Wikivoyage:Project:Степен на зрялост|скелет]]'''. Тя има [[Wy/bg/Уикипътешественик:Проект:Шаблони на статии|шаблони]], но не и&#768; стига [[Wy/bg/Уикипътешественик:Проект:Към какво да се придържаме?|информация]]. Моля, [[Wy/bg/Уикипътешественик:Проект:Как да изграждаме статия|прибаветете вашите знания]]! |} <!--<rdf> <> wts:stage wts:Бележки. </rdf>--> <includeonly> [[Category:Wy/bg/Статии скелети]] </includeonly><noinclude> [[en:Template:Outline]] </noinclude> f6krkx39eptwo5muohnov6v213hdqfd 14 509294 5502555 1072934 2022-07-21T19:06:53Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 1234qwer1234qwer4 moved page [[Wy/bg/Категория:Статии скелети]] to [[Category:Wy/bg/Статии скелети]] without leaving a redirect: fix namespace wikitext text/x-wiki Тези пътеводители са «[[Wy/bg/Уикипътешествие:Проект:Степен на зрялост|скелети]]». В тях има увод и шаблон на статията. Не всички раздели имат съдържание. От статията може да се разбере, къде се намира това място, или поне на кой континент се намира. В тези статии няма достатъчно информация за да узнае читателя как да попадне там и какво да прави. gjytce8ol2oru9ijj2qewmh5f1tn6wv 5502557 5502555 2022-07-21T19:07:27Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 added [[Category:Wy/bg]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki Тези пътеводители са «[[Wy/bg/Уикипътешествие:Проект:Степен на зрялост|скелети]]». В тях има увод и шаблон на статията. Не всички раздели имат съдържание. От статията може да се разбере, къде се намира това място, или поне на кой континент се намира. В тези статии няма достатъчно информация за да узнае читателя как да попадне там и какво да прави. [[Category:Wy/bg|Статии скелети]] fuyhq2hjkwvlh0n6x6oef2nhfkprubr 0 1119660 5502604 4420751 2022-07-21T22:15:37Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "wrong language; see [[wikt:biggin#Scots]]". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=wrong language; see [[wikt:biggin#Scots]]}} Biggin is a verb in Scottish. It means something in the past tense. Eng: building Biggin noun Eng: building m55yc86qonc4gxhhorni7dbbebqbyn7 0 1325275 5502681 5489142 2022-07-22T00:22:14Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Afelika Saute |flag = Flag of South Africa.svg |coat = Coat of arms of South Africa.svg |map = South Africa (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Palitōlia|Palitōlia]]<br>[[Wp/wls/Kepetāone|Kepetāone]]<br>[[Wp/wls/Pulūmufonitine|Pulūmufonitine]] }} Ko '''Afelika Saute''' ko he fenua i te potu saute o [[Wp/wls/Afelika|Afelika]]. Ko ona kolo mu'a e 3 ko Pelitolia, Kapetaone, Pulumufonitine. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 9q7qrav4snqkg12ujokx7wh01qq58pb 5502684 5502681 2022-07-22T00:26:16Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Afelika Saute |flag = Flag of South Africa.svg |coat = Coat of arms of South Africa.svg |map = South Africa (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Peletōlia|Peletōlia]]<br>[[Wp/wls/Kapetaone|Kapetaone]]<br>[[Wp/wls/Pulūmufonitine|Pulūmufonitine]] }} Ko '''Afelika Saute''' ko he fenua i te potu saute o [[Wp/wls/Afelika|Afelika]]. Ko ona kolo mu'a e 3 ko Pelitolia, Kapetaone, Pulumufonitine. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] rnhh3951nmy1n938i4p9c7dq86s428m 0 1325280 5502659 5500301 2022-07-21T23:59:27Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Akola |flag = Flag of Angola.svg |coat = Emblem of Angola.svg |map = Angola (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Lūana|Lūana]] }} Ko '''Akola''' he fenua i [[Wp/wls/Afelika|Afelika]]. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Luana. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[en:Angola]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] ft9xqogde0rq46v7f53atbkc5umigdo 5502660 5502659 2022-07-21T23:59:36Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Lea.fakauvea moved page [[Wp/wls/Agola]] to [[Wp/wls/Akola]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Akola |flag = Flag of Angola.svg |coat = Emblem of Angola.svg |map = Angola (orthographic projection).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Lūana|Lūana]] }} Ko '''Akola''' he fenua i [[Wp/wls/Afelika|Afelika]]. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Luana. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[en:Angola]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] ft9xqogde0rq46v7f53atbkc5umigdo 0 1976857 5502657 4681101 2022-07-21T23:57:26Z 2A01:6F02:40A:FC41:912D:51CE:4258:2E2A wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/bgn/Infobox ethnic group |group = مازندرانی{{Wp/bgn/سخ}}تبری{{Wp/bgn/سخ}}مازرونی |image = {{Wp/bgn/Image array|perrow=5 | image1 = Nima Yushij - Original.jpg | caption1 = [[Wp/bgn/نیما یوشیج|نیما یوشیج]] | image2 = Rezashah.jpg | caption4 = [[Wp/bgn/رضاخان|رضاخان]] | image3 =| caption5 = [[Wp/bgn/امیر پازواری|امیر پازواری]] | image4 = Hedayat113.jpeg | caption6 = [[Wp/bgn/صادق هدایت|صادق هدایت]] | image5 = Mehri-mer-nia.jpg | caption7 = [[Wp/bgn/مهری مهرنیا|مهری مهرنیا]] | image6 =| caption8 = [[Wp/bgn/محمد بن جریر طبری|محمد بن جریر طبری]] | image7 = Ehsan Tabari.jpg | caption9 = [[Wp/bgn/احسان طبری|احسان طبری]] | image8 = Doostdar Ehsanullah1.jpg |caption10 = شیخ [[Wp/bgn/احسان الله خان دوستدار|احسان الله خان دوستدار]] | image9 = Emad Ram (6).jpg | caption11 = [[Wp/bgn/عماد رام|عماد رام]] | image10 = Mashti pelveri.jpg | caption12 = [[Wp/bgn/مشدی پروری|مشدی پروری]] | image11 = Javad Saeed.jpg | caption13 = [[Wp/bgn/جواد سعید|جواد سعید]] | image12 = Msc 2009-Friday, 16.00 - 19.00 Uhr-Dett 007 Larijani.jpg | caption14 = [[Wp/bgn/علی لاریجانی|علی لاریجانی]] | image13 = Moshirossaltaneh.jpg | caption15 = [[Wp/bgn/احمد مشیرالسلطنه|احمد مشیرالسلطنه]] | image14 = Imam-Ali Habibi.png | caption16 = [[Wp/bgn/امامعلی حبیبی|امامعلی حبیبی]] | image15 = Abdollah Movahed.png | caption18 = [[Wp/bgn/عبدالله موحد|عبدالله موحد]] | image16 = Delkesh.jpg | caption19 = [[Wp/bgn/دلکش|دلکش]] | image17 = Farhad Majidi 2012.jpg | caption21 = [[Wp/bgn/فرهاد مجیدی|فرهاد مجیدی]] | image18 = Parisa.jpg | caption22 = [[Wp/bgn/پریسا (خواننده)|پریسا (خواننده)]] | image19 = Sepahsalar-e Azam-e Tonekaboni.jpg | caption23 = [[Wp/bgn/محمدولی تنکابنی|محمدولی تنکابنی]] | image20 = Reza Yazdani.jpg | caption24 = [[Wp/bgn/رضا یزدانی (کشتی‌گیر)|رضا یزدانی (کشتی‌گیر)]] | image21 =| caption25 = [[Wp/bgn/کیوس گوران|کیوس گوران]] | image22 = Parviz_Natel-Khanlari.jpg | caption27 = [[Wp/bgn/پرویز ناتل خانلری|پرویز ناتل خانلری]] | image23 = Sheikh Fazlollah Noori.jpg | caption28 = [[Wp/bgn/شیخ فضل‌الله نوری|شیخ فضل‌الله نوری]] | image24 = Kianuri ghazie.jpg | caption29 = [[Wp/bgn/نورالدین کیانوری|نورالدین کیانوری]] | image25 = Gh-banan.jpg | caption30 = [[Wp/bgn/غلامحسین بنان|غلامحسین بنان]] | image26 =| caption31 = [[Wp/bgn/داوود رشیدی|داوود رشیدی]] | image27 = Khanlari.jpg | caption32 = [[Wp/bgn/پرویز ناتل خانلری|پرویز ناتل خانلری]] }} |caption= |population = ۳<ref name="Middle East Patterns"> Middle East Patterns: Places, Peoples, and Politics By Colbert C. Held, John Cummings, Mildred McDonald Held,2005, page 119.</ref> تا ۴<ref name="statoids">[http://www.statoids.com/uir.html Iran Provinces<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> میلیون (۲۰۰۶) |region1 = <center><center>[[Wp/bgn/مازندران|مازندران]] </center> |languages = [[Wp/bgn/مازندرانی زوبان|مازندرانی]]، [[Wp/bgn/پارسی زبان|فارسی]]{{Wp/bgn/سخ}}{{Wp/bgn/Smaller}} |religions = [[Wp/bgn/اسلام|اسلام]] ([[Wp/bgn/شیعه|شیعه]])، [[Wp/bgn/بهایی|بهایی]]}} یکی شه ایرانی تبارین قومانی گروپ ئان انت.ای قومی زبان [[Wp/bgn/مازندرانی زوبان|مازندرانی]] زوبان اینت که مردم بي ایرانی بُرزسرین ولایتانی تا هنچو مازندران، گلستان، تهران ، سمنان و دیکرانی تا زنده گی ئه کننت ، ای قومی زبان گو بلوچی زبانا نزینکی داریت. ==تاریخ== ==پرهنگ== ==زوبان== مازندرانی، تپوری‌ئانی (مازندرانی‌ئانی) اسلین زوبان اینت یانی [[Wp/bgn/مازندران|مازندران]]، و [[Wp/bgn/گلستان|گلستان]] ئی روچ درات، و [[Wp/bgn/سمنان|سمنان]] و [[Wp/bgn/تهران|تهران]] ئی ولایتان ای قومی سیمسر و جاگه انت .<ref>Windfuhr, G. L. (1989). New Iranian languages: Overview. In R. Schmitt. (Ed.), Compendium linguarum Iranicarum (pp. 246-49). Wiesbaden: L.Reichert.</ref> ای قومی موختلیپین سیمسریانی مردم وترا هر رقم ئه گوشنت مسلان گلستانی ولایت ئی مردم وترا تبری و تپوری ئا گوشنتنت و زانتنت ودیگه جاگانی مردم البرز و تهرانی منتیقه ئان وترا مازنیکی ( مازندرانی ) ئه گوشنتنت .{{Wp/bgn/سخ}} ایرانی ئین زوبانانی تا ای زوبان شه موچان گیشتیر نوشتارین آسار بئ ۱۰ تا ۱۵ ئی قرن ئانی تا داریت . ای زوبان شه ایرانی شمال غربین زوبانان اینت. ==سیم سر== ای قوم گیشتیر بئ مازندران ، گلستان، تهران ، سمنان ،اصفهان و ایرانی دیگه ولایتانی تا زندگی ئه کننت. == مشهورین مردانی لڑ == ==== مازندرانی‌زبان ئین شائیران==== * [[Wp/bgn/امیر پازواری|امیر پازواری]] * [[Wp/bgn/طالب آملی|طالب آملی]] * [[Wp/bgn/سراج قمری|مولانا سراج‌الدین قمری آملی]] * [[Wp/bgn/نیما یوشیج|نیما یوشیج]] ==== پارسی‌زبان ئین شائیران ==== * [[Wp/bgn/سلمان هراتی|سلمان هراتی]] * [[Wp/bgn/پرویز ناتل خانلری|پرویز ناتل خانلری]] * [[Wp/bgn/نیما یوشیج|نیما یوشیج]] ====مازندرانی نویسوک ئان ==== * [[Wp/bgn/صادق هدایت|صادق هدایت]] (دارای تبار مازندرانی، از روستای [[Wp/bgn/دیباج|چهارده]] [[Wp/bgn/هزارجریب|هزارجریب]] [[Wp/bgn/مازندران|مازندران]]<ref>مجمع‌الفصحا - رضاقلی‌خان‌هدایت - پوشینهٔ دوم</ref>) * [[Wp/bgn/رضا قلی خان هدایت|رضا قلی خان هدایت]] * [[Wp/bgn/محمدصفر لفوتی|محمدصفر لفوتی]] === مورخین === * [[Wp/bgn/محمد بن جریر طبری|محمد بن جریر طبری]] * [[Wp/bgn/ابن اسفندیار|ابن اسفندیار]] * [[Wp/bgn/اولیاءالله آملی|اولیاءالله آملی]] * [[Wp/bgn/ظهیرالدین مرعشی|ظهیرالدین مرعشی]] ==== سیاستمدارئان ==== * [[Wp/bgn/رضا شاه|رضا شاه]] * [[Wp/bgn/محمدرضا شاه|محمدرضا شاه]] * [[Wp/bgn/علی اردشیر لاریجانی|علی اردشیر آملی لاریجانی]] * [[Wp/bgn/صادق آملی لاریجانی|صادق آملی لاریجانی]] * [[Wp/bgn/ناطق نوری|ناطق نوری]] * [[Wp/bgn/علی‌اکبر داور|علی‌اکبر داور]] (وزیر دادگستری [[Wp/bgn/رضا شاه|رضا شاه]]) * [[Wp/bgn/حسین قدس نخعی|حسین قدس نخعی]] (وزیر خارجهٔ دورهٔ پهلوی) * [[Wp/bgn/علی کردان|علی کردان]] (وزیر کشور [[Wp/bgn/محمود احمدی نژاد|احمدی‌نژاد]]) * [[Wp/bgn/سید حسن شجاعی کیاسری|سید حسن شجاعی کیاسری]] * [[Wp/bgn/صفر لفوتی|صفر لفوتی]] (مجلس شورای ملی نماینده گ) ==== ورزشکارئان ==== * [[Wp/bgn/بهداد سلیمی|بهداد سلیمی]] (قوی‌ترین مرد جهان، طلای المپیک شه وزنه‌برداری) * [[Wp/bgn/امامعلی حبیبی|امامعلی حبیبی]] (نخستین مدال طلای ایران شه المپیک، در کشتی) * [[Wp/bgn/حسین توکلی|حسین توکلی]] (طلای المپیک شه وزنه‌برداری) * [[Wp/bgn/قاسم رضایی|قاسم رضایی]] (طلای المپیک شه کشتی فرنگی) * [[Wp/bgn/رضا یزدانی|رضا یزدانی]] * [[Wp/bgn/عبدالله موحد|عبدالله موحد]] (طلای المپیک شه کشتی آزاد) * [[Wp/bgn/کمیل قاسمی|کمیل قاسمی]] (برنز المپیک شه کشتی آزاد) * [[Wp/bgn/عسگری محمدیان|عسگری محمدیان]] (دو نقره المپیک شه کشتی) ==گیپتجاه== {{Wp/bgn/پانویس}} * [https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mazanderani_people انگریزی ویکی] ==مربوتین قوم و ملت ئان== {{Template:Wp/bgn/ایرانی‌تبارین مردمان}} [[Category:Wp/bgn]] [[Category:Wp/bgn/ایرانی‌تبارین مردمان]] [[fa:مردم مازندرانی]] qeedoajwts13617jlsemfd6zv3kzqdz 0 2345357 5502605 3259568 2022-07-21T22:16:17Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "wrong language". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=wrong language}} There are many natural substances in the earth.There are too many satellites and one moon.Moon is also the planet which is known as the satellite of the earth.In moon there is no any sign of oxygen.Therefore the is no any living organisms living there. mhyp15jyfcuawpe9ypqqjj35baelv5j 0 2437479 5502603 4159999 2022-07-21T22:12:09Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/CommonsDelinker|CommonsDelinker]] ([[User talk:CommonsDelinker|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:Zarahsieh|Zarahsieh]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Lightnings sequence 2 animation.gif|thumb|Cicilat]] [[Category:Wp/tao]] coft75wnbdv84mo0dh1uuudn3gno563 0 2482166 5502865 5036829 2022-07-22T09:23:11Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:BudapestMontage.jpg|thumbnail|Забележителности в Будапеща]] [https://web.archive.org/web/20130306101740/http://www.budapestinfo.hu/home_en.html Будапеща] е столицата на Унгария. С уникалната си младежка атмосфера, световно известните класически концерти и трептящия си нощен живот, все по-харесван от европейските младежи, и не на последно място с невероятното си разнообразие от естествени термални бани, Будапеща е един от най-харесваните градове. Поради живописната си архитектура, градът бива наричан „Париж на Изтока“. Модерния град е следствие от сливането на два исторически града, намиращи се един срещу друг от двете страни на река Дунав. Буда е на западния (левия) бряг на реката, с висок хълм, на който се намира замъка „Буда“. „Пеща“ е на относително равния източен (десен) бряг на реката, където се намират парламента и ред други държавни сгради, както и оживени улици, запазили архитектурата си от XIX век. През 1987 г. Будапеща е добавена към Списъка на световно културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО за културното и архитектурното значение на бреговете на Дунав, квартала около замъка „Буда“ и авеню „Андраси“ (''Andrássy''). == Райони == Будапеща има 23 административни района, имащи номерация, но често е разделяна на други части, относително точно отговарящи на двата града – Буда и Пеща – които обхваща. [[File:Budapest districts WV map 2.0.png|thumbnail|Райони на Будапеща]] {| |- |style="background-color:#71b37b" width=10%| |[[Wy/bg/Будапеща/Бел-буда|Бел-буда]] / Bel-buda (Вътрешна Буда) (Район I) Това е най-старата част от града, в която се намират замъка и някои от най-известните атракции в Будапеща, например Бастиона на рибарите, Лабиринтът и Църквата на Матей. Целият район е част от Списъка на световното културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО |- |style="background-color:#d09440"| | Обуда / Óbuda (Стара Буда) (Район III) Това е третият по-малък град на север преди обединението и мяст оза водни спортове, археология и caving |- |style="background-color:#d56d76"| |Хегивидек / Hegyvidék (Планинската част) (Райони II и IV) Най-зелената част от Будапеща. Много възможности за планинарство, катерачество и каране на маунтин байк |- |style="background-color:#8a84a3"| |Uджбуда и Тетени / Újbuda; Tétény (Нова Буда) (Райони I и XXII) Южната част има известни изби за вино. Природния резерват „Гелерт“ (Gellért) с цитадела и баня са част от Списъка на световното културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО |- |style="background-color:#AC5C91"| |Белварос / Belváros (Градът) (Район V) Важните места в този район са парламентът, базиликата св. Ищван (Стефан) и Променадата (място за разходки) с красиви гледки към Дунав и хълма на замъка. Целият район е част от Списъка на световното културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО |- |style="background-color:#d5dc76"| | Централна Пеща (Райони VI-VIII) Исторически райони с много монументални сгради, музеи, луксозни магазини по булевард Andrassy и еврейски квартал, всички които са част от Списъка на световното културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО. Повечето театри и места за нощуване се намират тук. |- |style="background-color:#69999F"| | Северна Пеща (Райони IV и XIII) Angyalföld е известен с големия си брой галерии на модерното изкуство. Остров Маргарет (''Margaret'') е зелен оазис в центъра на града Újpest с много малък брой стари сгради и чувство за провинциален град е добра отправна точка за разглеждане на северната част на Пеща и Danube Bend с автомобил, влак или автобус |- |style="background-color:#B383B3"| |Източна Пеща (Райони X и XIV-XVII) Включва районите Rákospalota, Sashalom и Zugló. Последният включва площада на героите и музеите му, вилите по външната част на булевард Andrassy и градския парк (Városliget), където има копие на трансилвански замък-дворец на име „Vajdahunyad vára“. Всички те са част от Списъка на световното културно наследство на ЮНЕСКО |- |style="background-color:#aec2cf"| |Южна Пеща (Райони IX и XIX-XXIII) Остров Csepel, Ferencváros, Józsefváros, Kispest, Kőbánya, Pesterzsébet |} Разбира се, кварталите често имат собствена атмосфера заради историята и жителите си. В общи линии, райони близо до и особено в Nagykörút („Голям булевард“ или „Кръгов път“), биват считани за централни, въпреки че някои от тях не са в идеално състояние и не биват посещавани от туристи често. В Пеща, Kiskörút („Малък булевард“) традиционно бива считан за границата на центъра. '''Belváros''' („Градът“) и '''Lipótváros''' („Градът на Липот/Леополд“), заедно с район „Belváros“ (традиционно най-големият квартал дава името на целия район), са сърцето на сърцето на Пеща, и включват важни забележителности, но също така и красиви площади и кафенета. Lipótváros също така е важен политически и бизнес център на страната. Името се отнася към Хабсбургския император Леополд I, чиято коронация като крал на Унгария през 1790 г. дава името на тогава новия квартал. '''Újlipótváros''' („Новият град Липот/Леополд“) е в централната част на XIII район, на външната граница на Големия булевард, на север от Lipótváros. Там се намира мостът на Маргарет (Margaret), който е построен между 1910-те и 1930-те. Бива считан за едно от най-добрите за живеене места в Будапеща със спокойна атмосфера и ред ресторанти, кафенета и малки магазини. Също така включва Комедийния театър („Vígszínház“) и няколко малки кина. В квартала традиционно живеят хора с еврейски корени, тъй като с квартала са свързани хора като Раул Валенберг, Джорджо Перласка и Карл Луц. '''Terézváros''' („Град на Тереза“) е в VI район. Тук се намира гара-запад („Nyugati pu“), която е архитектурна забележителност. Кварталът получава името си през 1777, когато хабсбургската императрица и кралица Мария Тереза посещава града. '''Erzsébetváros '' („Град на Елизабет“) е в VII район и в него се намира известната синагога на улица Dohány. Наречен е на съпругата на австро-унгарския император Франц-Йозеф I – Елизабет, известна като Сиси, през 1882 г. == История == == Климат == От ноември до началото на март в Будапеща може да е студено и има малко слънчеви часове. Снеговалежът е често срещан в повечето години и нощен температури от -15°C не са нетипични от средата на декември до средата на февруари. Пролетните месеци (март и април) са с променливо време, включващо рязко покачване на средната температура. Времето в края на март и през април често е много приятно денем и свежо нощем. Дългото лято на Будапеща, продължаващо от май до средата на септември, е топло до много топло. В Будапеща има толкова слънцегреене, колкото в много средиземноморски курорти. През май е юни се срещат бури със силни дъждове. Есента (средата на септември до края на октомври) е може би най-добрият сезон за туризъм в Будапеща, тъй като има малко валежи и дълги слънчеви дни със средни температури. В края на октомври времето често застудява рязко. == Стандарт на живот == За онези с приемлив бюджет, Будапеща предлага относително висок стандарт на живот. По отношение на култура, храна и обща атмосфера, Будапеща е сравнима с други важни европейски градове, но цените са по-ниски. Абсолвенти от университета печелят 150 000 – 350 000 унгарски форинти след данъци и осигуровки, а минималната работна заплата е около 90 000 форинта към 2012 г. По-сериозен проблем е безработицата. Наблюдава се увеличение на бездомните хора по спирките на метрото. Докато това е нетипично за местното население, което често е отраснало без да вижда видимо бездомници преди 1989 г., наличието им не представлява проблем за сигурността на туристите. == Туристическа информация == * [http://www.budapestinfo.hu/ Туристически офис на Будапеща], 1115 Budapest, Bartók Béla út 105-113, тел. +36 1 438-8080. Тук можеш да получиш безплатни упътвания, като карта на Будапеща, карта на Унгария с всички хостели и цени, както и пълна брошура за северна Унгария на ред езици == Пътуване до Будапеща == === Със самолет === [http://www.bud.hu/ Международно летище Ференц Лист] (IATA: BUD, Budapest Liszt Ferenc Nemzetközi Repülőtér) е най-голямото летище в страната, намиращо се на около 16 km югоизточно от центъра на града. Пътуването до центъра с обществен транспорт отнема 40 минути до един час и включва пътуван ес автобус и железница или метро. Автомобилният път до летището е еднолентов и двулентов и често на него има задръствания. ==== Авиокомпании ==== * [http://www.wizzair.com/ Wizz Air], за която летището е хъб. Към 2012 г. има полети до Белгия, България, Финландия, Франция, Германия, Великобритания, Гърция, Италия, Израел, Малта, Нидерландия, Норвегия, Полша, Румъния, Испания, Швеция и Украйна * [http://www.easyjet.com/ Easy Jet], с полети до Франция, Германия, Великобритания и Швейцария и др. === С влак === Будапеща е свързана с почти всички централно и източноевропейски страни с влакова връзка. Всички влакове спират на гара Budapest Keleti, освен ако не е посочено друго. * Берлин: 11:15 часа, два директни влака дневно, един с прекачване в Брецлав и нощен влак Metropol * Мюнхен: 7:30 часа, четири пъти дневно с Railjet, и един нощен влак – Wiener Walzer. Тези влакове спират и във Виена и Залцбург. Купени по-рано билети от bahn.de струват значително по-малко (от 29 евро, вместо 110 евро в последния момент еднопосочно) * Виена: 3 часа, на всеки два часа до гара Wien-Meidling. За влакове до Виена цената започва от 19 евро еднопосочно, при закупуване рано * Цюрих: 11 часа: два директни влака – един дневен и един нощен. Еднопосочните билети започват от 39 евро. * Прага: 7 часа: три директни влака, два с прекачване в Брецлав и нощния влак Metropol * Братислава: 2:45 часа: шест директни влака дневно * Варшава: 10:30 часа: четири влака дневно * София: 18:15 часа с Балкан експрес. Директният билет е по-скъп отколкото два билета София–Белград и Белград–Будапеща. == Забележителности == Изключително забележителни в Будапеща са гледките от Дунав. По течението ѝ се намират следните мостове в Будапеща, от север на юг: * Megyeri híd – северна граница на града и най-нов мост. Построен е през 2008 г. и има четири пътни платна. * Árpád híd – модерен мост, свързващ северния остров Маргарет. Най-дългият мост в Будапеща с дължина 973 метра, както и най-ползван мост * Margit híd – мост на Маргарет. Лесно разпознаваем, защото прави завой на около 35 градуса, на южния край на остров Маргарет [[File:Széchenyi Chain Bridge, June 2013.jpg|thumbnail|Мостът Széchenyi]] * Széchenyi lánchíd – „Оковен мост“, завършен през 1849 г., той е най-старият постоянен мост на Дунава. Малко използван и най-сниман от всички мостове в Будапеща * Erzsébet híd – „Мост на Елизабет“, завършен през 1903 г. Оригиналната му структура е разрушена по време на Втората световна война. * Szabadság híd – „Мост на независимостта“, открит през 1896 г., свързва баните Gellért с централните хали (Nagy Vásárcsarnok) в Пеща * Petőfi híd – „Мост на Петьофи“, свързва вътрешния околовръстен път на Пеща с Буда * Rákóczi híd – вторият най-нов мост в Будапеща. [[Category:Wy/bg]] 27djsxgtzgwr5gznsg9mfvp0uxmx5qm 0 2484230 5502866 3408931 2022-07-22T09:23:11Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki Бел-буда (''на унгарски'': Bel-Buda, в превод „Вътрешна Буда“, официално ''Várkerület'', „Квартал „Замък““) е квартал на Будапеща, граничещ с хълма „Gellért“, гара „Юг“ („Déli“) и моста „Маргарет“. Хълма на замъка (''Várhegy'') е заселен за първи път през XIII век, когато гражданите на Буда търсят начин да се защитят от монголско нападение. През XIV век там живеят 8000 души. Османската империя владее селището от 1541 до 1686 г., а замъкът е разрушен напълно след 75-дневна обсада от страна на австрийците, които го превземат. След нея тук живеят 300 души. През 1849 и 1945 г. замъкът е атакуван отново. През януари 1945 г. обградените германски войски издържат почти месец в 31-вата обсада на хълма. От 1987 г. той е част от Списъка на световното културно наследство. Трите основни части от квартала ''Várnegyed'' са Замъка „Буда“, площад „Свети Георги“ (''Szent György tér'') и историческия квартал. == Туристическа информация == В замъка: ''I. Tárnok u. 15'', работи ежедневно от 9:00–18:00. В нея има безплатни листовки, карти и туристически справочници, съдържащи информация за музика, гастронимия, нощен живот и пазаруване. Тук можеш да резервираш концерти и туристически обиколки. == Достигане == Линиите 2 и 4 на метрото, както и трамваите 4, 6, 18, 19, 41, 56, 59 достигат квартала. Можеш да ходиш и по моста „Széchenyi lánchíd“ („мост с окови“) от Пеща, което е по-бързо от пътуването с такси или градски транспорт в час пик. == Обикаляне == Кварталът е достатъчно малък, за да бъде обикалян пеша. Има и фуникулер (Budavári Sikló), който е туристически и доста скъп. От него има хубава гледка, но струва 1000 форинта еднопосочно или 1400 двупосочно. == Виж == * Фонтан на Матяш (Матей) (''Mátyás Szökőkút'') – западното предверие на замъка * Паметник на Принц Ойген от Савой (''Savoyai Jenő herceg lovas emélműve'') – до Дунавската тераса при замъка * Фонтан на ловящите риба деца (''Szökőkút Horgászó Gyerekekkel'') – на Дунавската тераса * Лъвска порта (''Oroszlános Kapu'') * Порта на Фердинанд (''Ferdinánd Kaputorony'') * Палат на Шандор (''Sándor-palota'') [[Category:Wy/bg]] 6uls6opqswxl82udt8i1rvug7i0vc3b 0 2486535 5502862 3414371 2022-07-22T09:23:09Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:View of Alta, near Kongsvika 20150611 1.jpg|thumbnail|Гледка към Алта]] '''Алта''' (''на норвежки'': Alta) е град в северна [[Wy/bg/Норвегия|Норвегия]], северно от Северния полярен кръг, на 69,98N 23,30E. Алта е място за почивка сред екзотичната северна природа. == География == [[File:Altafjorden.jpg|thumbnail|Едноименният фиорд]] Градът е разположен около устието на река Алтаелва във фиорда Алтафьоден на Норвежко море, фюлке Финмарк. Градът е най-големият във фюлкето с населението си от 18 403 жители към 2008 г. От 16 май до 21 юли в града има бели нощи, а от 21 ноември до 21 януари слънцето не изгрява. През зимните месеци в града може да се наблюдава Северното сияние. == История == Най-старите следи от човешка дейност в Алта са от след 8000 пр.н.е. и са сред най-старите на територията на Норвегия. През 20 век Кофиорд, намиращ се на по-малко от 20 км от Алта, е голям минен център във Финмарк. В планината Халде, на височина 904 метра, е първата обсерватория за северното сияние. По време на първата половина на века обсерваторията играе важна роля в развитието на геофизиката и метеорологията. Градът е основан през 1704 г. Статут на община получава на 1 януари 1838 г. По време на Втората световна война гражданите на Алта, както и останалите граждани на [[Wy/bg/Финмарк|Финмарк]], са принудително изселвани, а имуществото им — изгаряно. Някои отказват да бъдат евакуирани и се крият из пещерите в околните планини. Получава статут на град през 1999 г. == Достигане == === Автомобил === Най-близкият до Алта град е 70-хилядния [[Wy/bg/Тромсьо|Тромсьо]], който се намира на 303 km, които се пропътуват за около шест часа с автомобил, като пътят включва пътуване с два ферибота, или 544 km ако не се ползват фериботи. Тогава пътуването трае над седем часа. От Алта може да се достигне [[Wy/bg/Нуркап|Нуркап]], който е на 236 km (около 3:30 часа). Поради огромния брой красиви гледки по пътя, пътуването може да трае и цял ден. === Автобус === Пътуването до Алта с автобус изисква внимателно плануване и актуална информация за автобусите, свързаващи града с други населени места в [[Wy/bg/Северна Норвегия|Северна Норвегия]]. === Самолет === Въпреки населението си от около 20 000 жители, Алта има собствено летище – [https://avinor.no/en/airport/alta-airport/ Летище Алта], което обслужва само вътрешни полети до [[Wy/bg/Хамерфест|Хамерфест]], [[Wy/bg/Киркенес|Киркенес]], [[Wy/bg/Лакселв|Лакселв]], [[Wy/bg/Мехамн|Мехамн]], [[Wy/bg/Осло|Осло]], [[Wy/bg/Сьоркьосен|Сьоркьосен]], [[Wy/bg/Тромсьо|Тромсьо]] и [[Wy/bg/Вадсьо|Вадсьо]]. Някои от полетите траят под половин час, например този до намиращия се на 140 km Хамерфест. == Музеи == [[File:Alta.jpg|thumbnail|Скални рисунки от 4200 г.пр.н.е.]] Алта е известен с [http://www.alta.museum.no/ музея на рисунките в скали], най-ранните от които са правени през 5000 г.пр.н.е. == Език == Официалният език в Норвегия е норвежки. Туристът в Алта, както и практически в цяла Норвегия, може да разговаря практически с всеки местен на английски език. == Метеорологични условия == Независимо от това през кой сезон пътувате, вземете си още по-топли дрехи. Температурите в Алта варират между -11°C и 17°C, като рядко спадат до под -20°C или се покачват до над 23°C. == Кухня == Традиционната кухня включва риба, еленско месо и месо от лос. [[Category:Wy/bg]] fojzcmuoa77ge11f4cc35ouk7vbhlkk 0 2489294 5502878 3461133 2022-07-22T09:23:20Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Midnight sun.jpg|Нуркап в полунощ на 6 август 2003 г.|thumb]] '''Нуркап''' (''на норвежки'': Nordkapp) е най-северната лесно достижима за туристи точка на [[Wy/bg/Европа|Европа]]. Намира се на [[Wy/bg/Норвегия|норвежкия]] остров [[Wy/bg/Магерьоя|Магерьоя]], на който има и по-северна точка – [[Wy/bg/Нившеллоден|Нившеллоден]] (''Knivskjellodden''), намиращ се 1457 по-северно. Най-северната точка на континентална Европа е нос [[Wy/bg/Кинароден|Кинароден]] (''Kinnarodden''), намиращ се 5,7 km по-южно и около 70 km източно от Нуркап. Нуркап е точката, при която се срещат Норвежко море, което е част от Атлантическия океан, и Баренцово море, което е част от Северния ледовит океан. От 14 май до 31 юли слънцето не залязва. Най-близкото място за нощувка е Хонингсвог (''Honingsvåg'') – град с около 2500 жители на 33 km южно от Нуркап. В Хонингсвог има летище, от което има полети до [[Wy/bg/Берлевог|Берлевог]], [[Wy/bg/Хамерфест|Хамерфест]] и [[Wy/bg/Мехамн|Мехамн]]. До остров Магерьоя се достига с автомобил по E69. Разстоянието до 20-хилядния град [[Wy/bg/Алта|Алта]] е 236 km, а до 70-хилядния [[Wy/bg/Тромсьо|Тромсьо]] – 539 km. На Нуркап има [http://www.nordkapp.no център за посетители], в който се продават сувенири, има ресторант и е разказана част от историята на Нуркап. До Нуркап се стига и с автобус от Хонингсвог, до където може да се пътува и с кораб. [[Category:Wy/bg]] 5xq19nu3s2zw8so9gsomazs2veu73y0 0 2492300 5502885 5044779 2022-07-22T09:23:26Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Tromsø view.jpg|thumbnail|Гледка към Тромьо]] '''Тромсьо''' (''на норвежки: Tromsø'') е най-северният голям град в света, с население от над 70 000 души, намиращ се на 69,67° с.ш. и 18,93° и.д. Градът е университетски център и в него ежегодно се провеждат „[http://www.msm.no/ Маратон на среднощното слънце]“ и „[https://web.archive.org/web/20150930145757/http://www.msm.no/polar-night-halfmarathon.242499.en.html Полумаратон в полярна нощ]“. През лятото туристите могат да се наслаждават на незалязващото слънце, а през зимата могат да наблюдават северното сияние. == Гледки и музеи == [[File:Fjellheisen winter panorama.JPG|thumbnail|Панорамна снимка от зимата]] Впечатляваща гледка над града има от планината Сторстейнен (''Stor­stei­nen''), на надморска височина 421 m (градът се намира на морското равнище), до която се достига с [http://www.fjellheisen.no лифт] за около четири минути, който е в ремонт до февруари/март 2016 г. Цени в двете посоки – 150 норвежки крони за възрастни, 60 крони за деца, 110 крони за студенти. [[File:Arctic Cathedral.JPG|thumbnail|Арктическата катедрала]] [[File:Tromsø domkirke.jpg|thumbnail|Катедралата на Тромсьо]] [http://www.ishavskatedralen.no/ Арктическата катедрала] (''Tromsøysund kirke'' или ''Tromsdalen kirke'') и Катедралата на Тромсьо (''Tromsø domkirke'') имат впечатляващи сгради. В [https://uit.no/ansatte/organisasjon/artikkel?p_menu=42374&p_document_id=190228&p_lang=2&p_dimension_id=88178 Полярния музей] (''Polarmuseet'') са представени животът в арктическите региони; историята на трапера Хенри Руди, убил 713 бели мечки; първата жена, нощувала в Арктика – Вани Волдстад; лов на тюлени в Северния ледовит океан; животите и експедициите на Фритьоф Нансен и Руал Амундсен; Свалбард и др. == Климат == Климатът в Тромсьо е умерен океански. Посредством продължението на Гълфстрийм температурите на водата са много високи предвид северното положение. От 20 май до 23 юли слънцето не залязва, а през следващите 4 месеца денят постепенно намалява; от 25 ноември до 17 януари слънцето не изгрява, а през следващите около 4 месеца съответно нощта постепенно намалява. Поради заобикалящите града планини слънцето се вижда за първи път в началото на февруари. Слънцето грее средно по 1 250 часа на година. Средногодишните валежи са от 1031 mm, до април има около един метър сняг. На 29 април 1997 г. е постигнат рекорд от 2,4 метра снежна покривка. Дори през най-топлите летни дни е добре да си вземете топли дрехи. Лятото в Арктическия регион е студено. == Придвижване == Докато в центъра на града придвижването пеша е напълно възможно, достигането на околностите на града е най-удобно с кола. На летището няколко фирми предлагат автомобили под наем. == История == Районът на Тромсьо е населен от 8000 г.пр.Хр. Културата на сами съществува поне от 1 век. В средата на 19 век Тромсьо се превръща в отправна точка за трапери в арктическия регион. В началото на 20 век се превръща в отправна точка за експедиции към Арктика и Антарктика, които му дават прякора „Порта към Арктика“. По време на Втората световна война, на 12 ноември 1944, край Тромсьо е потопен германският кораб „Тирпиц“. == Летище == От [[Wy/bg/Летище Тромсьо|Летище Тромсьо]] има * международни полети до [[Wy/bg/Аликанте|Аликанте]], [[Wy/bg/Гран Канария|Гран Канария]], [[Wy/bg/Лондон Гетуик|Лондон Гетуик]] и [[Wy/bg/Люлео|Люлео]]; * вътрешни полети до [[Wy/bg/Алта|Алта]], [[Wy/bg/Арденес|Арденес]], [[Wy/bg/Берген|Берген]], [[Wy/bg/Будю|Будю]], [[Wy/bg/Хамерфест|Хамерфест]], [[Wy/bg/Харстад/Нарвик|Харстад/Нарвик]], [[Wy/bg/Хасвик|Хасвик]], [[Wy/bg/Киркенес|Киркенес]], [[Wy/bg/Лакселв|Лакселв]], [[Wy/bg/Лонгийърбюен|Лонгийърбюен]], [[Wy/bg/Осло|Осло]], [[Wy/bg/Стокмаркнес|Стокмаркнес]], [[Wy/bg/Сьоршьосен|Сьоршьосен]], [[Wy/bg/Тронхейм|Тронхейм]] и [[Wy/bg/Вадсьо|Вадсьо]]; * чартърни полети до [[Wy/bg/Бирмингам|Бирмингам]], [[Wy/bg/Борнемут|Борнемут]], [[Wy/bg/Бристъл|Бристъл]], [[Wy/bg/Гран Канария|Гран Канария]], [[Wy/bg/Лондон Гетуик|Лондон Гетуик]], [[Wy/bg/Манчестър|Манчестър]], [[Wy/bg/Нюкасъл|Нюкасъл]] и [[Wy/bg/Нотингам|Нотингам]]. == Храна == Поради големината си в Тромсьо има по-голям избор на ресторанти отколкото в останалите градове в Северна Норвегия. Въпреки това вземете под внимание, че дори и слънцето да не залязва, ресторантите затварят нощем. == Външни препратки == * [http://www.visittromso.no/ Официален туристически портал на града] [[Category:Wy/bg]] geauxllwco0newqx3trrd5blkfa0ws7 0 2498094 5502871 3423842 2022-07-22T09:23:15Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Königssee Hütte.JPG|thumbnail|Кьонигсзее със стената на връх Вацман]] [[File:StBartholomä.jpg|thumbnail|Църквата „Св. Вартоломей“]] '''Кьонигсзее''' (''Königssee'') е община в най-югоизточната част на Германия, в провинция Бавария, в която се намира едноименното езеро и която предлага възможност за алпийски туризъм. При население от 5400 жители, общината има леглова база от 7100 легла в 20 хотела, 8 гостилници, 57 пансиона, 500 частни квартири и 2 къмпинга. Предлага се и селски туризъм. През зимата в община Кьонигсзее има 26 km трасета за ски бягане, улей за бобслей, спускане с шейни и скелетон, писта за спускане с шейни, четири лифта и четири ски лифта, както и изкуствен сняг. През лятото туристите могат да планинарстват в региона ([http://www.koenigssee.com/wanderkarte-berchtesgadener-land.htm карта с пътеки), както и да се катерят по алпийските отвестни стени. От Шьонау на Кьонигсзее (''Schönau am Königssee'') има кораби, които обикалят езерото. Имат спирки при църквата от XII век „Св. Вартоломей“ (''St. Bartholomä'') и на отсрещния, южен, край на езерото – Салет (''Salet''). От Салет може да се достигне Оберзее (''Obersee'', Горно езеро) за около 15 минути, а за още 45 минути може да бъде достигнат отсрещния му край. От Шьонау тръгва и лифтът Йенербан (''Jennerbahn'') до връх Йенер (''Jenner'') с височина 1874 m. На отсрещната, западна страна на езерото, се намира вторият най-висок връх в Германия – Вацман (''Watzmann'') – с височина 2713 m, който е достижим само за катерачи. Кьонигсзее е едно от най-чистите езера в Германия и по него пътуват само кораби с електрически двигатели. Туристите могат и да наемат лодки с гребла. Къпането в езерото е разрешено. == Външни препратки == * [http://www.koenigssee.com Официален уебсайт] [[Category:Wy/bg]] nkc2r7qutk926uvl0auyltb708a19lz 0 2500660 5502874 3893402 2022-07-22T09:23:17Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|43.3823479|N|11.4164993|E|display=title}} [[File:Piazza del Tribunale, Lucignano -1.jpg|thumbnail|Piazza del Tribunale]] '''Лучиняно''' (''Lucignano'') е населено място в италианската провинция Арецо, в Тоскана, намиращо се на около 70 km югоизточно от Флоренция. То представлява добре запазено средновековно оградено със стени селище, в което туристите могат да се разходят докато си почиват на път между други градове в Тоскана. [http://www.visitlucignano.it/museo-eng.html Градският музей] (''Museo Civico'') се намира в най-високата част на селището, в кметството от XIII век. В него са изложени най-ценните картини от колекцията на населеното място. {{Wy/bg/Commonscat|Lucignano}} [[Category:Wy/bg]] 8waq6jpvdyffwu78q8uqtm7355ehx58 0 2502845 5502881 5054674 2022-07-22T09:23:22Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Пасау''' (''на немски: Passau'') е град в германската провинция Бавария, намиращ се на границата с Австрия. Поради разположението си на трите реки Ин, Илц и Дунав бива наричан „Град на трите реки“ (''Dreiflüssestadt''). Името „Пасау“ произлиза от името на римския каструм ''Batavis''. В продължение на 600 години Пасау е самостоятелно епископско херцогство и от 1803 г. е част от Бавария. В града се провеждат ежегодни „Европейски седмици“, има театър, бална зала, къщата на палача (''ScharfrichterHaus'') и пет музея. От 1978 г. в Пасау има университет. Предлагат се обиколки с кораби. == История == След пожар през XVII век градът е изграден в бароков стил от италиански майстори. В центъра на града се извисява катедралата Св. Стефан (''Dom St. Stefan''), в който се намира най-големия катедрален орган в света. Над реките се намират замъка „Весте Оберхаус“ (''Veste Oberhaus'') и поклонническата църква „Богородица“ (''Wallfahrtskirche Maria Hilf''). От векове Пасау е значим център на изкуството и културата. == Празници == * Maidult * Burgenfestspiele * Eulenspiegel-Zeltfestival * Ilzer Haferlfest * Herbstdult * Christkindlmarkt == Забележителности == # [https://web.archive.org/web/20151009232430/http://www.oberhausmuseum.de/Start.aspx Весте Оберхаус] (''Veste Oberhaus'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.5777163|N|13.4711105|E}}) – Градски исторически музей (''Historisches Stadtmuseum'') и един от най-големите запазени замъци в Европа. Намира се на хълма Георгсберг (''Georgsberg'') # Ъгъл на трите реки (''Dreiflüsseeck'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.573718|N|13.476035|E}}) – мястото, където Илц и Ин се вливат в Дунав # Музей на модерното изкуство (''Museum Moderner Kunst'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.574633|N|13.472768|E}}) # Йезуитеска църква Св. Михаил (''St. Michaels-Kirche'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.5762777|N|13.5033434|E}}) # [http://www.passau.de/ Кметство] (''Rathaus'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.5737858|N|13.4645197|E}}) # [http://www.glasmuseum.de/ Музей на стъклото] (''Glasmuseum'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.5750234|N|13.4683774|E}}) # [https://web.archive.org/web/20110917163737/http://www.bistum-passau.de/dom-st-stephan Катедрала Св. Стефан] (''Dom St. Stefan'', {{Wy/bg/Coord|48.5750234|N|13.4683774|E}}), най-големият църковен орган в света с 17 974 тръби и 233 регистъра, и четири камбани. Намира се на най-високата точка на града. Построена след голям пожар през 1662 г. от архитекта К. Лураго и украсена в бароков стил от Г. Б. Карлоне. # Църква Св. Павел (''Stadtpfarrkirche St. Paul'') # Църква Св. Никола (''Nikolakirche'') # Римски музей „Каструм Боиотро“ (''Römermuseum Kastell Boiotro'') [[Category:Wy/bg]] stchbz3n888g1zib6fxnct89hkal9vt 0 2505456 5502884 3432052 2022-07-22T09:23:24Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Тегернзее''' (''на немски: Tegernsee'') е населено място в южната част на Бавария, разположено на бреговете на едноименното езеро. Тегернзее има гара, до която се стига с влак на ''Bayerische Oberlandbahn'' от [[Wy/bg/Мюнхен|Мюнхен]] за 1:04. Местността е идеална за еднодневна екскурзия през всички сезони. == Достигане == === С влак === Влакове на ''Bayerische Oberlandbahn'' от Мюнхен има на всеки час, в натоварени часове и по два пъти на час. В слънчеви дни е добре пътниците да са на гарата по-рано, защото иначе може да останат без седящи места. Еднопосочният билет струва 14,20 евро на човек, но при двупосочно пътуване в рамките на един ден е възможно да бъде закупен билет ''[http://www.bahn.de/regional/view/regionen/bayern/freizeit/bayernticket.shtml?dbkanal_007=L01_S01_D001_KIN0014_lt-bay_LZ01 Bayern Ticket]'', който може да бъде ползван от до пет души и струва 23 евро за първия и четири евро за всеки следващ пътник. === С автомобил === В слънчеви дни по пътя има тежки задръствания, особено в посока Тегернзее–Мюнхен. == Планинарство и зимен туризъм == === Валберг === Връх Валберг (''Wallberg'', 1710 m) се достига от паркинга при лифта Ротах-Егерн (''Rottach-Egern''), намиращ се на височина 790 m. Има добре маркирана пътека. [http://www.wallbergbahn.de/ Лифтът] струва 19 евро в двете посоки или 10,50 евро на посока. От долната спирка на лифтената станция могат да бъдат наемани и шейни за 5 евро. Пистата за спускане с шейни е с дължина около 6 km и е със средна трудност и е за хора, които се чувстват комфортно на шейна. Хора, които никога преди не са управлявали шейни по склонове със завои, е по-добре да не опитват да се спускат. == Външни препратки == * [http://www.tegernsee.com/ www.tegernsee.com/] [[Category:Wy/bg]] gumvugkgf9rvbkbk3b9ss8x6upeebso 0 2508518 5502863 3435291 2022-07-22T09:23:09Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Блоа''' (на френски: ''Blois'') е град във Франция, на северния бряг на Лоара. Историческото шато на Блоа предлага обиколка из ключови моменти от френските история и архитектура. Блоа е тежко бомбардиран през Втората световна война, поради което по-голямата част от града е построена след това, но все още има няколко запазени малки средновековни улички. Градът е отличен за еднодневна екскурзия от Париж. [[File:Blois25.jpg|thumbnail|Шатото на Блоа]] От Блоа има влакове до * Амбоаз (''Amboise'') – 10 пъти дневно, 20 минути път, цена: 7 евро * Орлеан (''Orléans'') – на всеки час, 45 минути път, цена: 11,20 евро * Париж – гари Аустерлиц и Монпарнас (''Gares d’Austerlitz, Montparnasse'') – 26 пъти дневно, 90 минути път, цена: от 28,60 евро * Тур (''Tours'') – 13 пъти дневно, 40 минути, 10,90 евро == Разглеждане == Между гарата и шатото има красив парк със статуя на богинята на лова, Диана, и гледка към шатото. {{Wy/bg/Coord|47.585493|N|1.3283068|E}} Друг парк с красив изглед е ''Roseraie de Blois''. {{Wy/bg/Coord|47.5889463|N|1.3381256|E}} [[File:Cathedrale St Louis.jpg|thumbnail|Катедралата на Блоа]] Катедралата на Блоа, Св. Луи (''Cathédrale Saint-Louis de Blois; Cathédrale Blois'') {{Wy/bg/Coord|47.5896318|N|1.3362569|E}} е късноготическа катедрала == Музеи == * [http://www.chateaudeblois.fr/ Кралско шато на Блоа] – сграда с показна архитектура, съдържаща архитектурни елементи в бароков, ренесансов и класицистичен стил. [[Category:Wy/bg]] kcas3nzyib29gma1adfevlzlbl6d03j 0 2511209 5502879 5289166 2022-07-22T09:23:21Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Нюрнберг''' (на немски: ''Nürnberg'') е град в германската провинция Бавария, столица на областта Средна Франкония. Населението на града е малко над половин милион жители. Известен е с красивите си сгради, музея на играчките, световно известния коледен базар и като място на Нюрбергските процеси след Втората световна война. Други важни музеи в града са родната къща на Дюрер и замъка, в който са изложени средновековни оръжия. == Достигане == Градът се достига с влак от * Мюнхен за 1:11 часа с бърз влак (ICE, 55 евро еднопосочно, но цената може да спадне до 29 евро ако билетът бъде купен до три месеца предварително) или за 1:50 часа с регионални влакове с прекачване в Инголщат. Тогава цената с билет за цяла Бавария, който важи и в двете посоки е 23 евро + 4 евро на всеки следващ пътник до петия. * Франкфурт за 2:05 часа с бърз влак (ICE, 55 евро еднопосочно). За повече информация вж. уебсайта на германските железници – www.bahn.de. Нюрнберг разполага със собствено [http://www.airport-nuernberg.de/ летище], което обслужва полети на [http://www.airberlin.com/ Air Berlin], [https://web.archive.org/web/20080821103750/http://www.lufthansa.com/ Lufthansa], [http://www.turkishairlines.com/ Turkish Airlines], [http://www.swissair.com/ Swiss Air], [http://www.airfrance.com/ Air France], [https://www.klm.com KLM], [http://www.vueling.com/ vueling], [https://www.germanwings.com/en.html German Wings], [https://www.tuifly.com TUIfly], [http://www.sunexpress.com/ Sun Express] и [https://www.ryanair.com/ Ryan Air]. == История == В продължение на пет века, от 1050 до 1571 г. Нюрнберг е важен център на Свещената Римска империя, тъй като там заседава Райхстагът и имперският съд. През 15 и 16 век Нюрнберг става едно от средищата на германския Ренесанс. През 1806 Нюрнберг е присъединен към Бавария, а през 1835 г. първата железопътна линия в Германия свързва града с близкия град Фюрт. След края на Втората световна война в Нюрнберг се провеждат известните Нюрнбергски процеси срещу висши функционери на Националсоциалистическата партия, обвинени във военни престъпления и престъпления срещу човечеството. == Музеи == * [http://www.schloesser.bayern.de/deutsch/schloss/objekte/nbg_burg.htm Нюрнбергски замък] (''Kaiserburg Nürnberg'') – в замъка има изложени средновековно оръжия и дрехи * [https://museen.nuernberg.de/duererhaus/ Къща-музей на Дюрер] (''Albrecht-Dürer-Haus'') – тук живее и твори един от най-великите германски художници – Албрехт Дюрер – от 1509 до 1528 г. Музеят показва различни страни от живота на твореца. * [http://www.christkindlesmarkt.de/ Коледен базар] (''Nürnberger Christkindlesmarkt'') – през четирите седмици преди Коледа. Един от най-старите коледни базари в Германия, чиято история може да се проследи до 1530 г. На централния площад се предлагат най-различни коледни изделия и целият град се превръща в коледен базар. == Външни препратки == * [http://www.nuremberg.de/ Официален уебсайт] [[Category:Wy/bg]] 86uxe1463g60phf8uomc5f6auitynem 0 2514024 5502873 3441218 2022-07-22T09:23:17Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|47.5716123|N|10.9608242|E|display=title}} [[File:Schloss Linderhof 2.jpg|thumbnail|Замъкът с езерото пред южната му фасада]] '''Линдерхоф''' (на немски: ''Linderhof'') е един от по-малките кралски баварски замъци. Намира се в планината Амергебирге (''Ammergebirge''), на около 15 km западно от [[Wy/bg/Оберамергау|Оберамергау]]. [[File:Castillo Linderhof, Baviera, Alemania, 2014-03-22, DD 36.JPG|thumbnail|Мароканската къща в парка]] Замъкът е построен от крал Лудвиг II между 1872 и 1878 г. в стил рококо като „кралска вила“ след като първоначално планувания замък с репрезентативна цел, с вид подобен на този на Версайския дворец, е построен в Херенкимзее. Замъкът Линдерхоф е една от най-важните и най-посещаваните забележителности в Бавария за туристи от целия свят. [[File:Schloss Linderhof (Venusgrotte 2).jpg|thumb|Пещерата на Венера]] Най-близката до замъка железопътна гара е Оберамергау. От там до замъка има редовни автобуси. Сградата на замъка е двуетажна. Южната фасада е богато украсена. Във вътрешността на замъка основните помещения са вестибюла, стълбището, източната и западната стая с гоблени (стаи за музика), жълтия, синия, розовия и виолетовия кабинет, огледалната зала, залата за аудиенции, стаята за хранене и спалнята. Над леглото на краля в спалнята има православна икона. Посещение на сградата е възможно единствено заедно с туристически гид срещу заплащане от максимум 8,50 евро (заедно с почти всички по-малки сгради в парка). Архитект на градината на замъка с размер 53 хектара е Карл фон Ефнер. В нея се намират много скулптури и няколко по-малки сгради в екзотичен стил – „Мароканска къща“, „Мавърски павилион“, както и театрални сцени, в които кралят е планувал да се изпълняват опери на Вагнер – „Пещерата на Венера“ (изкуствена пещера), „Hundlinghütte“ и „Einsiedelei“. За работата си фон Ефнер е повишен до директор на кралските градини от Лудвиг II. [[Category:Wy/bg]] h3ipdsneaq5hov6v43tbsfi0yq0rl15 0 2516739 5502864 3444299 2022-07-22T09:23:10Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Bremerhaven Museumshafen (01).JPG|thumbnail|Бремерхафенското пристанище]] '''Бремерхавен''' (на немски: ''Bremerhaven'') е град в северна [[Wy/bg/Германия|Германия]], намиращ се на Северно море. Градът е част от провинцията Бремен, въпреки че се намира на 65 km от единствения друг град в провинцията – Бремен. Най-близкото до Бремерхафен летище се намира в [[Wy/bg/Бремен|Бремен]] (IATA: BRE). Летището обслужва полети на Air France, Air Via, Ais Airlines, Atlas Air Services, British Midland Regional, Brussels Airlines, Express Airways, Germani, German Wings, KLM, Lufthansa, Onur Air, Ryan Air, SAS, Sun Express, TUI Fly, Turkish Airlines и Tailwind Airlines. От и до летището има директни полети от 46 дестинации. През летните месеци има директни полети до [[Wy/bg/Варна|Варна]] и [[Wy/bg/Бургас|Бургас]]. Най-бързата влакова връзка между Бремен и Бремерхафен е регионален експрес. Той пътува 34 минути, а връзката с частната линия Nordwestbahn трае 44 минути. Всяка от връзките е на всеки час. Другата дестинация, до която има директни влакове от Бремерхафен е курортния град на Северно море Куксхафен. До там пътуването трае 44 минути и има връзка на всеки час. == Музеи == * [http://www.bremerhaven.de/meer-erleben/sehenswertes/museumsschiffe/u-boot-wilhelm-bauer.12176.html подводница „Вилхелм Бауер“] ({{Wy/bg/Coord|53.5397162|N|8.5758112|E}}), намира се на пристанището. Единствената запазена подводница от типа XXI в света, построена през 1943-44 г. Вход: 3 евро, пригответе си поне 45 минути за разглеждане. * [http://www.bremerhaven.de/meer-erleben/sehenswertes/museen-erlebniswelten/deutsches-schiffahrtsmuseum/deutsches-schiffahrtsmuseum.11354.html Германски музей на корабоплаването] ({{Wy/bg/Coord|53.5397162|N|8.5758112|E}}). [[Category:Wy/bg]] mtyp1k6ax24rg65o8hbuxlm6p01am4r 0 2521856 5502872 3449766 2022-07-22T09:23:16Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|47|41|N|11|35|E|display=title}} [[File:Lgr StJakob Turm.jpg|thumbnail|Църквата „Св. Яков“]] '''Ленгрийс''' (на немски: ''Lenggries'') е курорт за летен и зимен туризъм в Горна Бавария, Бавария, Германия. Курортното начало на селището е през 1924 г., когато е пусната влакова линия между него и Мюнхен през Бад Тьолц. Към 2008 г. курортът предлага около 2400 легла в шест хотела и много гостоприемници. От Ленгрийс са успешните германски алпийски скиори Мартина Ертъл, Хилде Герг и Михаела Герг-Лайтнер. == Мобилност == Най-близкото до Ленгрийс голямо международно летище е [[Wy/bg/Летище Мюнхен|Летище Мюнхен]] – второто най-голямо летище в Германия, намиращо се на 100 km от Ленгрийс. Летището на [[Wy/bg/Инсбрук|Инсбрук]] се намира на 87 km. Ленгрийс е достижим с влак от Мюнхен, който пътува на всеки час. Повече информация има на http://www.bayerische-oberlandbahn.de/. По време на ски сезона има безплатни автобуси между гарата и зоните за ски. Църквата Св. Яков (''St. Jakob'') е католическа църква, построена между 1719 и 1722 г. в бароков стил; има 56-метрова кула. Ленгрийс предлага възможности за планинарство. Най-лесно достижимият връх е Браунек (''Brauneck'') – високият 1555 m връх се достига за около 90 минути от гарата на Ленгрийс. До върха има и лифт (www.brauneck-bergbahn.de). Ски сезонът в Ленгрийс трае от около края на ноември до около средата на април, в зависимост от наличието на сняг. Курортът предлага един кабинков и три седалкови лифта, както и 13 влека. Има 34 km писти, от които 8 km са за начинаещи, 22 km за средно добри скиори, а 4 km са сложни. == Ресторанти == * [http://www.panoramarestaurant-brauneck.de/ Панорамен ресторант „Браунек“] – намира се на горната станция на лифта. Тел.: +49 08042 / 501250, Факс: +49 08042 / 973035. ежедневно от 9:00–16:30. [[Category:Wy/bg]] doknuw7bjspy43w0x0o6llnlkam28xq 0 2524618 5502867 3452735 2022-07-22T09:23:12Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Gothenburg new montage 2012.png|thumbnail|Гьотеборг]] '''Гьотеборг''' (на шведски: ''Göteborg'') е вторият по големина град в [[Wy/bg/Швеция|Швеция]]. Той предлага много възможности – изложби, концерти и събития през цялата година. През лятото най-големият брой туристи идва за посещение на развлекателния парк ''[http://liseberg.se/ Liseberg]''. Градът е основан през 1621 г. от Густав II Адолф и разцъфва през XVIII век, благодарение на Източноиндийската компания. През XX век Гьотеборг е известен с корабостроителниците си, но страда от кризата на корабостроителите от 1970-те. Днес градът е център на автомобилна, IT-, телекомуникационна и медицинска индустрия. Гьотеборг може да бъде достигнат по много начини. Летище Ландфетер (''Göteborg Landvetter'' [http://www.swedavia.se] (GOT)) е международно летище. От него до града се пътува с автобус ([http://www.flygbussarna.se]) за около 20–30 минути, който струва 95 крони през май 2015 г. Градът може да бъде достигнат и с автобус, например ''Nettbuss'' ([http://www.safflebussen.se]) и ''Swebus'' ([http://www.swebusexpress.se]). Има директни рейсове до скандинавски големи градове и континентална [[Wy/bg/Европа|Европа]]. Спират на станция ''Nils Ericssonterminalen''. С шведските железници (SJ, [http://www.sj.se]) се пътува до централна гара (''Göteborg C''). От тук има връзки с цяла Швеция, както и с [[Wy/bg/Копенхаген|Копенхаген]] и [[Wy/bg/Осло|Осло]]. ''Stena Line'' ([http://www.stenaline.se]) предлага пътувания с кораб до [[Wy/bg/Фредриксхафн|Фредриксхафн]] и [[Wy/bg/Кийл|Кийл]]. Ако туристите нямат възможност да платят с шведски крони, повечето магазини приемат и евро. Най-добрите курсове за смяна на пари се предлагат при плащане с карта. Бюра за смяна на валута има само на летището, авенюто, централна гара и още няколко места. Практически навсякъде може да се плаща с карта. == Забележителности == * Feskekôrka („Рибна църква“, {{Wy/bg/Coord|57.7010185|N|11.9578082|E}}) – построен през 1874 г. пазар за риба, който прилича на църква * Domkyrka („Катедрала“, {{Wy/bg/Coord|57.7049332|N|11.963137|E}}), архитект Карл Вилхелм Карлберг, открита през 1815 г., но завършена през 1827 г. Кулата е с височина 53 метра. * GöteborgsOperan (Опера, {{Wy/bg/Coord|57.7106148|N|11.9608813|E}}, с модерна архитектура, открита през 1994 г. * Avenyn („Авенюто“, {{Wy/bg/Coord|57.6985685|N|11.975411|E}}), парадният булевард на града, където туристите могат да пазаруват, седя в кафета или просто да се разхождат [[Category:Wy/bg]] squih0ajobdhb7i9vyjdu3tedr4a7ri 0 2527272 5502870 5293344 2022-07-22T09:23:14Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|47|27|N|12|24|E|display=title}} [[File:KB VorderstadtA.jpg|thumbnail|Кицбюел]] '''Кицбюел''' (на немски: ''Kitzbühel'') е курортен град в [[Wy/bg/Австрия|Австрия]], известен като място за зимен туризъм, любимо място за почивка на австрийски и световни звезди, и със състезанието по ски алпийски дисциплини, провеждащо се ежегодно на пистата Щрайф, известна като най-сложната писта за ски спускане в света. Най-близкото международно летище е в [[Wy/bg/Мюнхен|Мюнхен]], на около 150 km, до което има три директни полета дневно от [[Wy/bg/София|София]]. Градът има гара на влаковата линия [[Wy/bg/Инсбрук|Инсбрук]] – [[Wy/bg/Залцбург|Залцбург]]. [[File:Katharinenkirche in Kitzbühel.JPG|thumbnail|Църквата „Св. Катарина“]] Църквата св. Катарина (''Katharinenkirche'') е построена през 1360 г. и посветена на св. Катарина през 1365 г. Кулата ѝ е един от символите на града. [http://www.bergbahn-kitzbuehel.at/ Ски зоната] предлага 53 лифта и влека (10 кабинкови, 26 седалкови и 17 влека) и 170 km писти за алпийски ски (69 km лесни, 77 km със средна трудност и 24 km трудни). Състезанието „[http://www.hahnenkamm.com/ Ханенкам]“, известно и като „Щрайф“ по името на пистата за спускане, на която се провежда, е най-значимото състезание за цяла Австрия от световната купа по алпийски ски. Състезанието се провежда всяка година в един януарски уикенд на хълма „Ханекам“ (Hahnekamm). Пистата е най-сложната писта за спускане в света със среден наклон от 27%. Най-интересната част от пистата е т. нар. „Mausefalle“ („клопка за мишки“), където наклонът е 85% (40,4°) и скиорите скачат на до 80 m. Освен в дните на състезания, пистата е ползваема и за добри скиори, като най-трудните части могат да бъдат заобиколяни. След състезанието Кицбюел се превръща в едно голямо парти, на което важи правилото „да видиш и да бъдеш видян“. Състезанието е общественият върхов момент за Кицбюел ежегодно и се провежда от 1931 г. Билетите за най-добрите места се продават години предварително, а в повечето нощни клубове може да се влезе само с покана. == Външни препратки == * [http://www.kitzbuehel.eu/ Официален уебсайт на общината] * [https://web.archive.org/web/20151007140614/http://www.kitzbuehel.com/de Туристическа информация] [[Category:Wy/bg]] p7d8c2a8kod1jvrywz6clvglm70esuj 0 2529725 5502883 5044778 2022-07-22T09:23:23Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|57.7265383|N|25.3855577|E|display=title}} '''Тарту''' (на естонски: ''Tartu'') е град в източна [[Wy/bg/Естония|Естония]]. С население от малко над 100 000 жители, той е вторият по големина град в страната и културна столица на страната. От Тарту води началото си [[:bg:Естонски песенен фестивал|Естонският песенен фестивал]]. На Катедралния хълм се намират [[:bg:Катедрала на Тарту|катедралата]], университетският музей и [[:bg:Обсерватория в Тарту|старата обсерватория]]. На него са и [[:bg:Ангелски мост|Ангелският]] и [[:bg:Дяволски мост (Тарту)|дяволският мост]] [[File:Tartu Ülikooli peahoone 2012.jpg|thumbnail|Главната сграда на университета]] [[:bg:Тартуски университет|Тартуският университет]] е най-старият университет в страната (основан през 1632 г.). В [http://www.muuseum.ut.ee/en музея на университета] може да се види парадната зала и е разказана историята му, значението му в различните периоди на окупация и независимост на страната и има стая за демонстрации на наука за деца. [[File:Old Observatory, Tartu, April 2012.JPG|thumbnail|Сградата на обсерваторията]] [http://www.tahetorn.ut.ee/en Обсерваторията в Тарту] е създадена през 1811 г. и в нея днес се помещава музей, показваш работата на астрономите в последните два века. Изложени са телескопи, с които е работил Фридрих Вилхелм фон Струве, изработени от Фраунхофер. [https://web.archive.org/web/20090204170151/http://linnamuuseum.tartu.ee/?m=2 Музеят на килиите на КГБ] показва килиите, в които съветския Комитет за държавна сигурност (КГБ) е държал и разпитвал арестанти. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151008034417/http://www.ristiisapubi.ee/site/ Бар „Кръстникът“] (''Ristiisa pubi'') предлага стандартна храна за бар и добър сайдър. Друг добър бар е [https://web.archive.org/web/20151117000839/http://www.pahadpoisid.ee/tere-tulemast/ Pahad Poisid]. И в двата се показват спортни събития. Градът разполага със собствено летище, но е значително по-евтино да се пътува до [[Wy/bg/Талин|Талин]], от където да се вземе влак или автобус до Тарту. [[Category:Wy/bg]] bsw9q6tbgszpi543xwjgekm9x2gw7ix 0 2532430 5502868 3461144 2022-07-22T09:23:13Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|42.6252075|N|25.3785853|E|display=title}} Казанлък е град в централна България. == Виж == [http://www.muzei-kazanlak.org/ Музеи в Казанлък] * Казанлъшка гробница * Гробница на Севт III – от V век пр.н.е. == Продължи пътуването си == * Шипка – Паметник на свободата и Шипченски манастир * Габрово – етнографски музей „Етър“ [[Category:Wy/bg]] e1ksu7ngtfl8igh3v6ykah8jx772de1 0 2535146 5502882 3464078 2022-07-22T09:23:22Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/bg/Coord|47|46|N|12|39|E|display=title}} [[File:Rhpdg StGeorgWinter.jpg|thumbnail|Църквата „Св. Георг“]] '''Руполдинг''' (на немски: ''Ruhpolding'') е най-значимото за туристи населено място в [[Wy/bg/Киймагау|Киймагау]] и в Киймгауските Алпи, с национално и международно значение в зимните спортове, поради центъра за биатлон и ежегодния кръг от Световната купа по биатлон. == Външни препратки == * [http://www.ruhpolding.de/ Туристическа информация] [[Category:Wy/bg]] rrisg9idda6606vvq2wbrlfb3zifedj 0 2537499 5502880 3466600 2022-07-22T09:23:21Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki '''Орлеан''' (на френски: ''Orléans'') е столицата на регион „[[Wy/bg/Център|Център]]“ (Centre-Val de Loire) в северно-централна [[Wy/bg/Франция|Франция]], намираща се на около 120 km югозападно от френската столица, [[Wy/bg/Париж|Париж]]. Най-добрите начини за придвижване из града са пеша и с колело. Градът не е голям и придвижването пеша е най-подходящо. Има много станции за наемане на колелета, които позволяват наемането на колело от точка A до точка B. == Забележителности == * Катедрала Ste-Croix (La Cathédrale Sainte-Croix) [http://www.orleans.catholique.fr/]. Впечатляващ пример за готическа архитектура. * Къщата на Жана д'Арк (La Maison de Jeanne d’Arc) [http://www.jeannedarc.com.fr/maison/maison.htm]. По-голямата част от Орлеан е отдаден на Жана д'Арк, тъй като тя освобождава града по време на Средновековието. Трудно е да се разхожда из града без да се видят често неща, свързани с нея. Къщата определено си струва да се види. * Площат Martroi plaza и статията на Жана д'Арк * Исторически и археологически музей на Орлеан (Musée historique et archéologique de l'Orléanais) [http://www.orleans.fr/mes-loisirs/expositions-musees/musees/le-musee-historique-et-archeologique.htm] * Музей на изящните изкуства (Musée des Beaux Arts) [http://www.orleans.fr/mes-loisirs/expositions-musees/musees/le-musee-des-beaux-arts.htm] * Мостът „Европа“ ({{Wy/bg/Coord|47.8978247|N|1.8743592|E|}} [[Category:Wy/bg]] fjeiujiuwykfsepoea99vtdovvsyo7a 0 2539820 5502875 3469139 2022-07-22T09:23:18Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [http://www.murnau.de/ Мурнау] (на немски: Murnau) е град в Горна Бавария, на около 90 km южно от Мюнхен. Намира се на езерото Щафелзее, северно от Баварските Алпи. Мурнау се развива като град от едноименния замък през XII век. В града известно време работи Кандински. Градът е разположен на влаковата линия между Мюнхен и Гармиш-Паратенкирхен, както и на влаковата линия до Оберамергау. Мурнау е на около час път с влак от Мюнхен и около половин час от Гармиш-Партенкирхен. == Музеи == * [http://www.schlossmuseum-murnau.de/ Музей на замъка в Мурнау] {{Wy/bg/Coord|47.6774203|N|11.2001171|E}} == Неща за правене == * [http://www.staffelsee.org/ Разходка с лодка по езеро Щафелзее], 9,50€ за пълна обиколка на езерото [[Category:Wy/bg]] 118pqjnu43masf7niwpoju9cc98n4he 0 2545229 5502877 3475148 2022-07-22T09:23:19Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki Мюнхен е културен център, в който има разнообразни музей. Най-посещаваният музей в Германия, Deutsches Museum („Германски музей“) се намира тук, както и световноизвестните Пинакотеки. == В центъра == * [http://www.deutsches-museum.de/ Deutsches Museum] (Дойчес музеум, „Немски музей“) – Museumsinsel 1, 80538 München, тел.: +49 89 2179 1, факс: +49 89 2179 324. Билет за над 16-годишни: 11€, намален билет: 4€. Един от най-известните музеи в света, открит през 1925 г. на Museuminsel („Острова на музеите“) в река Изар. Музеят е най-посещаваният в Германия. * [http://www.hypo-kunsthalle.de/ Hypo-Kunsthalle] – картинна галерия на частното културно дружество на банката Hypovereinsbank. Theatinerstraße 8, Тел.: +49 89 224412, цена в зависимост от изложението. * [http://www.residenz-muenchen.de/ Residenzmuseum] – Музеят на Мюнхенската резиденция, Residenzstraße 1, тел. +49 89 298546. Музеят на резиденцията показва останалия неразрушен след Втората световна война инвентар на сградата и колекциите на Вителсбахите от порцелан, сребърни изделия и други предмети на изкуството. В съкровищницата е изложена колекция от бижута, златарски изделия и други предмети на Вителсбахите. [[Category:Wy/bg]] 63kwjswo4yb5epra2o0nwkby8o3jxfj 0 2560626 5502405 5502311 2022-07-21T15:07:12Z IHLubis 2543369 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kekristenan''' sanga '''Kristianitas'''<ref group="note">Dari kata [[Wp/btm/bahasa Yunani Kuno|Yunani Kuno]] Χριστός, ''[[Wp/btm/Kristus|Khristós]]'' ([[Wp/btm/Romanisasi bahasa Yunani|dilatinkan]] menjadi ''Christus''), yang merupakan terjemahan dari kata [[Wp/btm/bahasa Ibrani|Ibrani]] מָשִׁיחַ, ''[[Wp/btm/Mesias|Māšîăḥ]]'', yang berarti "orang yang [[Wp/btm/perminyakan (agama)|diurapi]]", diimbuhi akhiran [[Wp/btm/Bahasa Latin akhir|Latin]] ''-ian'' dan ''-itas''.</ref> sanga '''Agama Kristen''' ima sada [[Wp/btm/agama|agama]] [[Wp/btm/agama abrahamik|Abrahamik]] [[Wp/btm/monoteisme|monoteistik]] marasaskon [[Wp/btm/Hangoluan Yesus i Parjanjian Baru|riwayat ngolu]] dot [[Wp/btm/Pelayanan Yesus|ajaran]] [[Wp/btm/Yesus Kristus|Yesus Kristus]], na manjadi [[Wp/btm/Pandangan Karisten tontang Yesus|inti sari]] agama on. Agama Karisten ima [[Wp/btm/agama-agama godang|agama targodang i dunia]],<ref>{{Wp/btm/cite news |title=Study: Christian population shifts from Europe |author=Zoll, Rachel |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/feedarticle/10003271|newspaper=Associated Press |date=19 December 2011 |accessdate=25 February 2012}}</ref><ref name="PewDec2012">{{Wp/btm/cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/files/2014/01/global-religion-full.pdf|title=The Global Religious Landscape: Christianity|publisher=Pew Research Center|date=December 2012|accessdate=30 July 2012}}</ref> dohot lobi tingon 2,4&nbsp;miliar panganut,<ref name="World">33.39% of ~7.2&nbsp;billion world population (under the section 'People') {{Wp/btm/cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/xx.html|title=World|website=The World Factbook|publisher=CIA}}</ref><ref name="gordonconwell.edu">{{Wp/btm/cite web|url=http://www.gordonconwell.edu/resources/documents/1IBMR2015.pdf|title=Christianity 2015: Religious Diversity and Personal Contact|publisher=gordonconwell.edu|date= January 2015 |accessdate=29 May 2015}}</ref><ref name="Global Christianity">{{Wp/btm/cite web|author=ANALYSIS |url=http://www.pewforum.org/Christian/Global-Christianity-exec.aspx |title=Global Christianity |publisher=Pew Research Center |date=19 December 2011 |accessdate=17 August 2012}}</ref> sanga 33% tingon populasi global, na idokon [[Wp/btm/Karisten|Alak Karisten]] sanga [[Wp/btm/Kristiani|Umat Kristiani]]. Alak Karisten purcayo molo Yesus ima [[Wp/btm/Pompar Allah (Kristen)|Pompar Allah]] dot [[Wp/btm/Kasalamatan (Kristen)|Juru Salamat umat manusia]] na ro manjadi [[Wp/btm/Mesias|Mesias]] ([[Wp/btm/Kristus|Kristus]]) sanga songondia inubuatkan i Alkitop [[Wp/btm/Perjanjian Lamo|Perjanjian Lamo]].<ref>{{Wp/btm/cite book |title= Christianity: A Very Short Introduction|edition= |last= Woodhead|first= Linda |year= 2004|publisher= Oxford University Press |location= Oxford|isbn= |pages= n.p.}}</ref> Na paling utamo sian on agama on ima sada tu yesus bahasona iya anak alak lai sian on allah dohot Mesias sangape keristus halak keristen on parcayo bahaso yesus ima mamiyaki sian allah manjadi namangobankon kaselamatan tu sude jolma ni manusia on. Baru nung i Yakini halai ma bahasona Yesus rot u dunia on ima manggonopkon nubuat sian Mesias na mandung adong I bagasan ni alkitab parjanjian na lolot, konsep ni masias on ibagasan agama kristendohot na idasar nai marbeda doon sian konsep masias ibagasan ni agama Yahudi inti ni kayakinan karisten on ima bahasona parcayo dohot manarimo maninggalna dohot ipangolu mulakan yesus umat manusia na biaso mambaen dosa dapot irukunkon mulakan dohot allah. Baru nung do sian I bisa mandapot tawaran kasalamatan dohot janji mangolu salamona. == Ibadah == Ibagasan panjelasan ni Justin igabarkon na ma bahaso keristen on sarap ma ibaen sada kalompok anso aribadah sarap i ari minggu ima ari ni yesus got sian kuburan nia. Pambacaan ni firman ni tuhan on ibuat sian on akad na lolot dohot akad na baru tai tong bope songkoni napaling utamo sian on injil ma. Ima I parabisan sian on liturgi ni ibadah on isadiaon ma parjamuan sian on kudus anso mamparingati pangorbanan ni yesus.<ref>http://p2k.unkris.ac.id/id3/3065-2962/Agama-Kristen_23841_p2k-unkris.html</ref> == Simbol na == Salib na atia I ima symbol Keristen na paling moo itanda I sude dunia on nungdo igunaon sabagai symbol Kristen  I maso awal I symbol on pe adong irutan napaling ginjang na isukai sian salib ibaen baen na adong kamiripan nai sian on huruf konsonan lima huruf ma == Catatan == {{Wp/btm/Reflist|group="note"}} == Mandokna == {{Wp/btm/Reflist}} [[Category:Wp/btm|agama]] [[Category:Wp/btm]] [[id:Kekristenan]] lal37tg9e5eo4ipav0lxpvt9pc8hvee 14 2639949 5502565 3579654 2022-07-21T19:12:17Z Koavf 100 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete}} Users in this category indicate they have skill level 0 for language Hausa (ha). [[Category:Users:By language:ha|0]] c7h8zjzbgfqwbsugmnpauyjdzr9mfat 0 2696337 5502590 3643724 2022-07-21T21:51:01Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion (Test page). (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=Test page}} Истори qjnnk2w45lty3t44d6knvhfrtsdjj33 0 2698058 5502588 4058576 2022-07-21T21:50:49Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion (Test page). (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=Test page}} = {{:Wt/os/Template:-os-| википеди}} = [[Category:Wt/os]] c3iwn4sy1gl4u5cpxv0bygobw5e7xk6 0 2713644 5502581 3663999 2022-07-21T20:40:37Z Duke of Wikipädia 2578300 river is a flow of sweet water wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:RioNegro.jpg|250px|thumb|Paranã]] '''Paranã''' pirantá ií seẽ. [[Category:Wp/yrl]] [[gn:Ysry]] 5tds7tl5tnna8pt4gyt3jzi8tvuckdh 0 2832123 5502869 3801811 2022-07-22T09:23:14Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wy/bg]]; [[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4772/|QuickCategories batch #4772]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:MG 7595Boudhanath Stupa.jpg|храмът „Боднат“|thumbnail]] Катманду е столица и най-голям град в Непал с население от около 1 081 845 души (2008). == Забележителности == В града и в околностите му са забележителни старият централен площад Дурбар с пагодите и стария кралски дворцово-храмов комплекс Хануман Дхока (15-18 век), храмът-манастир на живата богиня Кумари, споменатата пагода Катх Мандир, будисткият храм на маймуните от 3 в.пр.н.е. (наречен така не от вярващите, а от хипитата за който града става „Мека“ в края на 60-те и през 70-те години на ХХ век, дори Боб Сиигър възпява града в песен (истинското име на храма е Сваямбунатх), хиндуисткият комплекс Пашупатинатх от 13 век, храмът Бодат (3 в.пр.н.е.) с голямата будистка ступа, интересни са кулата Бхимсен от 1834 г. и множеството други пагоди будистки и хиндуистки храмове, някои от водят началото си от 3 в.пр.н.е. и са с изящни каменни релефи, както и другите две споменати столици на старите княжества, които принципно приличат на Катманду, и са съвсем близо до него. Градът е най-големият център на образование и култура в Непал. Тук действат университет с 11 института, университетът „Трибхуван“, санскритски колеж, национален колеж, академия, Асоциация на изящните изкуства, национален музей, нумизматичен музей, националната и централната библиотеки, Архитектурно-инженерна камара, представителство на ООН по прехраната, бюро за бежанците от Тибет и будистки художествени и религиозни центрове и разбира се американско военно представителство и много и от най-различни категории хотели, ресторанти и магазини. Районът Тамел е най-автентичен и привлекателен за туристите. Тук са кръчмите в които са сядали Бийтълс и Йоко Оно, Боб Дилън, покорителят на Еверест Едмънд Хилари. Катманду е стартов пункт за посещение на джунглите при Читван и другите национални паркове в южен Непал обитавани от носорози, тигри, тукани и слонове или попълване на екипировката, организиране и получаване на разрешение за трекинг по Хималаите, от тук излитат двумоторните самолети до Лукла – най-близкото летище до Еверест и изходния пункт за покоряването му – Намче Базар. Не се учудвайте ако разглеждайки забележителностите чуете българска реч. Това гостоприемно място е популярно сред българите живеещи в България и по света. Те се чувстват привично и добре сред топлият интимитет и изящността на местната дървена архитектура и простора съчетан с камерен мащаб на старите площади, те сигурно им напомнят Копривщица и Жеравна или ведрите и усмихнати лица на отрудените непалци и високта планина ги води още по-далеч към прабългарските им корени и спомена за връх Тенгри хан. [[Category:Wy/bg]] k2j92r4x1ozp4jm4ww0blbkurv548pz 0 2857497 5502705 5438472 2022-07-22T02:59:46Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg|thumb|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] [[:as:সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ এজন অগ্ৰণী নেতা আছিল। তেওঁ দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত নাজী জাৰ্মানী আৰু জাপানৰ সহযোগত ভাৰতক ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * তোমালোকে মোক তেজ দিয়া, মই তোমালোকক স্বাধীনতা দিম৷ * শিক্ষক এডাল মমবাতিৰ দৰে, যি নিজে গলি গলি আনক পোহৰ দিয়ে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং; ৩১৫ প্ৰকাশক: উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ </ref> == উৎস == {{Wq/as/Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Template:Wq/as/wikipedia|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু}} [[Category:Wq/as/ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as]] 0jr8f9be2o4opo4u0xuxmg29ginqerg 5502706 5502705 2022-07-22T03:00:40Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Subhas Chandra Bose NRB.jpg|thumb|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] [[:as:সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|'''সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু''']] ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলনৰ এজন অগ্ৰণী নেতা আছিল। তেওঁ দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধৰ সময়ত নাজী জাৰ্মানী আৰু জাপানৰ সহযোগত ভাৰতক ব্ৰিটিছ শাসনৰ পৰা মুক্ত কৰিবলৈ প্ৰয়াস কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * তোমালোকে মোক তেজ দিয়া, মই তোমালোকক স্বাধীনতা দিম৷ * শিক্ষক এডাল মমবাতিৰ দৰে, যি নিজে গলি গলি আনক পোহৰ দিয়ে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং; ৩১৫ প্ৰকাশক: উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ </ref> == উৎস == {{Wq/as/Reflist}} == বাহ্যিক সংযোগ == {{Template:Wq/as/wikipedia|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু}} [[Category:Wq/as/ভাৰতৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা সংগ্ৰামী]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as]] 8z62ks2xyf7ej7xjfreyqrzcnoidr0v 3 2908096 5502529 5502074 2022-07-21T18:50:47Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 /* Translation 2 */ Reply wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}} }} {{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|<div class="rtl-text">|}} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! {{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more. It's free.<br>}} At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand it! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and [[translatewiki:Special:FirstSteps|follow the instructions]]. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|</div>|}}</div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 10:52, 14 May 2017 (UTC) == Contenu sous droit d'auteur (Mālama Tagata) == Malo Lea.fakauvea, la page [[Wp/wls/Mālama Tagata]] reprend le texte de [https://journals.openedition.org/jso/5872 cet article publié par Claire Moyse-Faurie], or ce texte est sous droit d'auteur ("tous droits réservés") et ne peut pas être reproduit sur Wikipédia (il est seulement possible de citer quelques extraits). Pouvez-vous donc modifier l'article en conséquence ? (par exemple, en résumant l'histoire, en utilisant d'autres tournures de phrase ?). Cet épisode de l'histoire wallisienne est important et il serait vraiment dommage de devoir retirer l'article à cause d'un problème de droits d'auteur ;) Bonne journée ! [[User:Skimel|Skimel]] ([[User talk:Skimel|talk]]) 07:57, 7 May 2020 (UTC) <br> *Mālō [[User:Skimel|Skimel]], koeni kuau fai taku ki'i fakamatala ki ai. Ofa atu. --[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 08:13, 13 May 2020 (UTC) :Mālō pe si'i ou ofa [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]]! Ofa atu. [[User:Skimel|Skimel]] ([[User talk:Skimel|talk]]) 10:04, 13 May 2020 (UTC) == Wikipedia in Wallisian == Hi!, I've seen that you speak Wallisian. I don't speak the language but I can help you creating templates, and adding pictures to the articles. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 18:58, 7 July 2022 (UTC) :Hola @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], thank you for reaching out. I'd like to make the current wiki pages more appealing and organized. If you can help me with the homepage portal as a start, that would be great. I have taken the Tongan and French wikipedias as references but I am open to all suggestions. I can draft the text and you can choose the pictures that can match. Thank you. Malo! [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 23:05, 7 July 2022 (UTC) ::Do you like [[:xh:Iphepha_Elingundoqo|this]] Main Page? We can copy it. Also, how do you say "Vital articles" in Wallisian? [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 05:43, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::Muchas gracias @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] - yes we can use that template and have a section on featured articles like the [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/niu/Matapatu_Lau Niuean] or [[Tuvaluan|https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/rtm/Pej_Maha]] page and link the homepage to the other Pacific languages, like the Tuvaluan portal[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 13:44, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::Vital articles = Pāsina ma'uhiga (important articles) - thanks! [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 13:48, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::How do you say: ::::* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that everybody can edit. ::::* We have X articles. ::::* Categories ::::* Main article ::::* Main image [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:40, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::- Mālо̄ te lava mai ki te Vikipetia, gaue fakamahino 'ateaina a te kaiga fuli. :::::- Ko pāsina e X kua tohi. :::::- Vaega :::::- Pāsina tāfito :::::- Pāki tāfito [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:52, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Could you please translate this? ::::::* Earth atlas ::::::** Climatology ::::::** Ecology ::::::** Geography ::::::** Geology ::::::** Water ::::::** Meteorology ::::::** List of countrie sof the world ::::::* Human sciences ::::::** Anthropology ::::::** Archaeology ::::::** History ::::::** Linguistics ::::::** Philosophy ::::::** Sociology ::::::* Natural sciences ::::::** Astronomy ::::::** Biology ::::::** Botanics ::::::** Chemistry ::::::** Logic ::::::** Mathematics ::::::** Physics ::::::** Zoology ::::::* Applied sciences ::::::** Agriculture ::::::** Communication ::::::** Electronics ::::::** Computer science ::::::** Medicine ::::::** Pharmacy ::::::** Telecommunications ::::::* Arts ::::::** Architecture ::::::** Literature ::::::** Music ::::::** Photography ::::::** Sculpture ::::::* Society ::::::** Economics ::::::** Education ::::::** Politics ::::::** Religion ::::::** Sport ::::::* Religion ::::::** Atheism ::::::** Buddhism ::::::** Christianism ::::::** Hinduisme ::::::** Islam ::::::** Judaism ::::::** Religion ::::::** Theology ::::::Thanks [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 20:28, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Most of these pages might be difficult to translate or to gain interest among Uveans or Pacific Islanders but here you go anyways. Some of them are already on the existing home page: :::::::* Mape o te Lalolagi :::::::** Tu'u o te 'aele :::::::** Puipui 'ulufenua :::::::** Seokalafia :::::::** Seolosia :::::::** Vai :::::::** Tu'u o te lagi :::::::** Fenua o mālamānei :::::::* Sienesia o te tagata :::::::** 'Uhiga tagata :::::::** Fai kumi :::::::** Hisitolia :::::::** Lea :::::::** Filisofia :::::::** Ma'uli tagata :::::::* Sienesia o te nātula :::::::** Tu'alagi :::::::** Ma'uli :::::::** 'Ulufenua :::::::** Simi :::::::** Losika :::::::** Matematika :::::::** Fisika :::::::** Manu :::::::* Sienesia o te gaue :::::::** Gaue kele :::::::** Felogo'i :::::::** Masini :::::::** 'Utohila :::::::** Faito'o :::::::** Faito'o :::::::** Felogo'i :::::::* Faiva :::::::** Fai fale :::::::** Fai tohi :::::::** Māholo :::::::** Fai pāki :::::::** Fai toki :::::::* Ma'uli fakatahi :::::::** Ekonomi :::::::** Ako :::::::** Politike :::::::** Lotu :::::::** Faigao'i :::::::* Lotu :::::::** He'e lotu :::::::** Lotu puta :::::::** Lotu kilisito :::::::** Lotu hinitu :::::::** Lotu maometa :::::::** Lotu sutea :::::::** Lotu :::::::** Teolosia :::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::I have changed the [[Wp/wls/Pāsina Tāfito|Main Page]]. ::::::::Could you please translate this? ::::::::People ::::::::History ::::::::Geography ::::::::Arts ::::::::Philosophy and religion ::::::::Everyday life ::::::::Society and social sciences ::::::::Health, medicine and disease ::::::::Science ::::::::Technology ::::::::Mathematics [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 21:29, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::Looks great, thanks! Here you go: :::::::::Haha'i :::::::::Hisitolia :::::::::Seokalafia :::::::::Faiva :::::::::Filisofia mo lotu :::::::::Ma'uli o te 'aho fuli :::::::::Ma'uli fakatahi :::::::::Mālōlō fakasino :::::::::Sienesia :::::::::Fai masini :::::::::Matematika [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:43, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::thanks for the changes @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] - can you check the stats as they are from another page. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 15:06, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Would it be possible to add back the uvean flag at the top of the home page and a section on Pacific languages wiki projects like [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/niu/Matapatu_Lau this Niuean language page did with all the flags.] :::::::This will help users find resources and references in similar languages in our region. Wallisian is very similar to Tongan and Tokelauan and I refer to these pages for translations. Thanks! [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:51, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::How do you say: ::::::::"Other Wikipedias"? ::::::::Continents ::::::::Early humans ::::::::European settlements ::::::::World War II ::::::::Overseas territory ::::::::Governance and law ::::::::Islands ::::::::Flora and fauna ::::::::Economy ::::::::Demographics ::::::::Culture ::::::::Transport and communications ::::::::Healthcare ::::::::Environment :::::::: See also ::::::::References ::::::::External links [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 11:25, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :Here are the translations: :Tahi 'u vikipetia :Kotinate :Temi mu'a :Tau mai a papālagi :Lua ta'u fakamālamanei :Telituale falani :Pule'aga mo lao :Motu :Manu mo akau :Ma'uli faka'ekonomika :Haha'i :Aga'ifenua :Fai folau mo felogo'i :Ma'uli fakasino :'Ulufenua :Vaka'i atu :Matapuna :Pāsina kehe [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 15:04, 9 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thank you, could you please translate this? ::Artists and architects ::Authors, playwrights and poets ::Composers and musicians ::Explorers and travelers ::Film directors, screenwriters and actors ::Inventors, scientists and mathematicians ::Philosophers and social scientists ::Political leaders ::Religious figures and theologians ::Psychology ::Family and relationships ::Politics ::Business and economics ::Law ::International organizations ::War and military ::Social issues ::Weight, volume and distance ::Time ::Health and medicine [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 15:39, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :::Kaiga faiva mo tufuga :::Maau :::Fai māholo :::Fai folau :::Fai ata :::Poto fakasienesia :::Poto filisofia :::Taki politike :::Taki lotu :::Sienesia o te atamai :::Fāmili :::Politike :::Fai koloa mo lagafenua :::Lao :::Pilo gaue fakamālamanei :::Tau mo solia :::Ma'uli fakasosiale :::Fakafuafua :::Temi :::Mālо̄lо̄ fakasino [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 16:31, 9 July 2022 (UTC) == Translation == When you translate, could you please do it like this? :Artists and architects = Kaiga faiva mo tufuga Thus I know the correspondance. Could you please translate this? * Mathematics: Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers (arithmetic, number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis). * Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. * Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. * Geometry: Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space that are related with distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. * Arithmetic: Arithmetic is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Peano axioms, which are highly important to the field of mathematical logic today. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 17:21, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] sorry about that - I'll do my best. Not easy to translate these are not typical topics discussed in our native language. :* Mathematics: Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers (arithmetic, number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis). / Matematica: Ko te matematica ko he'e fa'ahiga poto i te fai nūmelo, te lau nūmelo, te fa'u nūmelo, te faka'aoga nūmelo, te fakafuafua nūmelo. :* Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat./ Ko Gottfried Wilhem (von) Leibniz (1 Sulio 1646 - 14 Novepeli 1716) ne'e ko he tagata siamani ne'e poto i te fai nūmelo mo te filisofia. Ne'e gaue fakasienesia pea fakafofoga tona fenua i tu'apuleaga. :* Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label./Nūmelo: Ko te nūmelo ko he kupu matematika e faka'aoga ki te lau, fakafuafua mo fakahigoa o te'u me'a. :* Geometry: Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space that are related with distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer./Seometilia: Ko te seometilia ko he koga āfea 'osi o te matematika.E ina fakafuafua te vaha, te fa'ufa'u, te lahi mo te tu'u o te'u me'a. Ko he tagata e gaue i te seometilia e higoa ko he seometa. :* Arithmetic: Arithmetic is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Peano axioms, which are highly important to the field of mathematical logic today./ Alitimetika: Ko te alitimetika ko he koga o te matematika e ina 'ako te fa'ahiga lau o te 'u nūmelo - te fakatahi'i, te to'o, te liuga mo te vahe o te 'u nūmelo. Ne'e ko he tagata fai matematika italia ko Giuseppe Peano i te sekula 19 ae ne'e ina fakatu'u te fai alitimetika aki tana tohi nūmelo Peano, ae kei tou faka'aoga'i i te 'aho nei. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 17:21, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 20:12, 9 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thanks for your help. I won't be able to get connect until next Friday, meanwhile, could you please translate this? ::* A language is a structured system of communication. ::* Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. ::* Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language" (la lingvo internacia). ::* Interlingue, originally Occidental, is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, Edgar de Wahl, sought to achieve maximal grammatical regularity and natural character. The vocabulary is based on pre-existing words from various languages and a derivational system which uses recognized prefixes and suffixes. ::* Louis Couturat (17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 21:03, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :::Also, you need to translate [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?language=wls&group=core-0-mostused&filter=%21translated&action=translate these] messages for the project to be approved. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 21:07, 9 July 2022 (UTC) ::::Here you go: ::::* A language is a structured system of communication./ Ko te lea ko he fa'ahiga fai felogo'i fakatokatoka. ::::* Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation./ Ko te filisofia ko he fa'ahiga ako e ina fakasiosio te atu koga e hoha ki ai te haha'i o hage lā ko te ma'uli, te fakakaukau, te poto, te aga, te atamai mo te lea. Ko te faka'amu ke mahino kita ki ai pea ke ma'u mo he tali ki te 'u fehu'i e kita fai. Ko te gaue fakafilisofia e fakahoko aki te fai fehu'i, te talanoa, te fe'ave'aki manatu mo te fakamahino. ::::* Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language" (la lingvo internacia)./ Ko te esperanto ko te lea fakamālamanei ne'e hoko fa'u pea e kaugamālie te kaiga e nātou palalau'i i te 'aho nei. Ne'e fa'u e he toketā mata polonia ko L.L. Zamenhof i te ta'u 1887. Ne'e ko tana faka'amu ke fakagafua te fai felogo'i fakamālamanei (la lingvo internacia). ::::* Interlingue, originally Occidental, is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, Edgar de Wahl, sought to achieve maximal grammatical regularity and natural character. The vocabulary is based on pre-existing words from various languages and a derivational system which uses recognized prefixes and suffixes./Ko te Interlingue ko he lea fakamālamanei ne'e fa'u i te ta'u 1922 pea ne'e 'uluaki higoa mu'a ko te Occidental o toe fetogi tona higoa i te ta'u 1949. Ne'e faka'amu e te tagata ne'e ina fa'u, ko Edgar de Wahl, ke fakatokatoka te 'u lēkula palalau a te lea pea ke faigafua tona pu'aki. Ko te 'u kupu o te lea ne'e fa'u mai 'ihi kupu kua ilo'i i 'ihi atu lea. Pea ne'e toe faka'aoga'i mo ni'i ki'i kupu fakamu'a mo fakamuli o te kupu takitahi. ::::* Louis Couturat (17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido./ Ko Louis Couturat (17 Sanualio 1868 - 3 Aukusito 1914) ne'e ko he tagata poto fai matematika, ako filosofia mo ako lea falani. Ne'e kau Couturat i te kutuga ne'e uluaki gaue ki te fa'u o te lea Ido. ::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 23:27, 12 July 2022 (UTC) :::::Thanks. Could you please translate this as well? :::::* International auxiliary languages :::::* Constructed languages :::::* Languages :::::* Linguistics :::::* Lapita culture: The Lapita culture is the name given to a Neolithic Austronesian people and their material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 to 500 BCE. :::::* Known distribution of the Lapita culture :::::* Polynesian culture :::::* History of Oceania :::::* The earliest signs of human habitation on these islands are artifacts characteristic of the Lapita culture, dating roughly to between 850 and 800 BCE. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 17:44, 13 July 2022 (UTC) :::::De nada. Aqui esta: :::::* International auxiliary languages / Lea felogo'i fakamālamanei :::::** International auxiliary languages / Lea felogoi'i fakamālamanei :::::** Constructed languages / Lea fa'u :::::** Languages / Lea :::::** Linguistics / Ako o te fa'ufa'u lea :::::** Lapita culture: The Lapita culture is the name given to a Neolithic Austronesian people and their material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 to 500 BCE. / Lapita: Ko te Lapita ko te higoa a te haha'i ositolonesia o te temi mu'a ne'e fai folau vaka ki te 'u motu o Melanesia i te 'u ta'u 1600 ki te 500 ia mu'a o Kilisito. E toe higoa'i mo 'anātou aga'ifenua ko te aga'iifenu'a lapita. :::::** Known distribution of the Lapita culture / Māfola o te aga'ifenua lapita :::::** Polynesian culture / Aga'ifenua polinesia :::::** History of Oceania / Hisitolia o Oseania :::::** The earliest signs of human habitation on these islands are artifacts characteristic of the Lapita culture, dating roughly to between 850 and 800 BCE. / Ko te 'uluaki ma'u o 'uhiga mo te fakahaha'i o te 'u motu aia ko te 'u koloa o te aga'ifenua Lapita ne'e ma'u ai mai te 'u ta'u 850 ki 800 ia mu'a o Kilisito. :::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:24, 13 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Could you please translate this? ::::::* The islands served as natural stopover points for boat traffic going between Fiji and Samoa. ::::::* During Tongan invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries, the islands showed varying levels of resistance and accepted varying degrees of assimilation: Futuna retained more of its pre-Tongan cultural features, while Wallis underwent greater fundamental changes in its society, language, and culture. ::::::* The original inhabitants built forts and other identifiable structures on the islands, many of which are in ruins, but some of which are still partially intact. ::::::* Oral history and archaeological evidence suggest that the Tongan invaders reoccupied and modified some of these structures. ::::::* Oral history also preserves a cultural memory of relationships between Samoa and Futuna that are so longstanding that they are described in the islanders' origin stories. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 08:11, 14 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Sure! :::::::* The islands served as natural stopover points for boat traffic going between Fiji and Samoa./Ne'e faka'aoga'i te 'u motu ko he 'u taulaga vaka māhani i te vaha o Fisi mo Ha'amoa. :::::::* During Tongan invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries, the islands showed varying levels of resistance and accepted varying degrees of assimilation: Futuna retained more of its pre-Tongan cultural features, while Wallis underwent greater fundamental changes in its society, language, and culture./Lolotoga te temi ne'e nonofo ai te kau Toga i te 'u sekulo 15 mo 16, ne'e kehe te tali o nātou i te 'u motu: Ne'e taupau e Futuna tanātou 'aga'ifenua mai te temi mu'a kae fetogi te ma'uli fakafenua o 'Uvea mai tana lea ki tana 'aga'ifenua. :::::::* The original inhabitants built forts and other identifiable structures on the islands, many of which are in ruins, but some of which are still partially intact./Ko te 'u 'uluaki haha'i ne'e nonofo i te 'u motu ne'e fakatu'u kolo mo 'ihi atu fakatahi'aga e kua maumau tāfito i te 'aho nei kae kei tu'u fakalelei 'ihi. :::::::* Oral history and archaeological evidence suggest that the Tongan invaders reoccupied and modified some of these structures./E mahino mai te talatuku mo te 'u fekumi fakasienesia ne'e nofo'i te 'u kolo āfea e te kau Toga o nātou toe fetogi mo tona fa'ufa'u. :::::::* Oral history also preserves a cultural memory of relationships between Samoa and Futuna that are so longstanding that they are described in the islanders' origin stories./ E toe fakamanatu i te talatuku te faifolau faka'āfea i te vaha a Futuna mo Ha'amoa, ha'u'aga aia a te kau Futuna. :::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:15, 14 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::Futuna was first put on European maps by Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire during their circumnavigation of the globe in 1616. They named the islands of Futuna "Hoornse Eylanden" after the Dutch town of Hoorn where they hailed from. This was later translated into French as "Isles de Horne." The Wallis Islands are named after the British explorer Samuel Wallis, who sailed past them in 1767 after being the first European to visit Tahiti. The French were the first Europeans to settle in the territory, with the arrival of French missionaries in 1837, who converted the population to Roman Catholicism. Pierre Chanel, canonized in 1954, is a major patron saint of the island of Futuna and of the region. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:05, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::Ne<nowiki>'e 'uluaki fakatu'u Futuna i te 'u mape 'eulopa e Willem Schouten mo Jacob Le Maire lolotoga tāna fai folau fakamālamanei i te ta'u 1616. Pea ne'e nā higoa'i te 'u motu ko ''Hoornse Eylanden'' ko he fakamanatu o tana kolo ko Hoorn i Holania. Ne'e fakaliliu te higoa i te lea fakafalani ko ''Isles de Horne''. Ko te motu o 'Uvea ne'e fakahigoa ki te kapiteni pilitania ko Samuel Wallis, 'uhi ko tana fakalaka ai i te ta'u 1767 hili tana folau ki Tahisi. Ne'e ko te 'uluaki papālagi ne'e tau ki Tahisi. Ne'e ko te 'u 'uluaki papālagi ne'e omai ki 'Uvea mo Futuna ne'e ko te 'u pelepitelo falani i te ta'u 1837, o hake mai ai te lotu katolika ki te fenua. Ko Petelo Sanele ne'e fakamo'oni i te ta'</nowiki>u 1954 ke liliu ko te sagato hūfaga o te motu o Futuna pea mo te Pasifika kа̄toa. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:18, 15 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::::On 5 April 1842, the missionaries asked for the protection of France after the rebellion of a part of the local population. On 5 April 1887, the queen of Uvea (that is, of the traditional chiefdom that comprised the island of Wallis) signed a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate. The kings of Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi also signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate, on 16 February 1888. At that point, the islands were put under the authority of the French colony of New Caledonia. In 1917, the three traditional kingdoms of Uvea, Sigave, and Alo were annexed by France and integrated into the colony of Wallis and Futuna, which remained under the authority of the colony of New Caledonia. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:20, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::I te 'aho 5 o Apelili 1842, ne'e kole e te 'alikihau mo te kau pelepitelo ke puipui 'Uvea e Falani, hili te 'u tokakovi ne'e fakahoko i te fenua. I te 'aho 5 o Apelili 1887, ne'e fakamo'oni e te fine'aliki o 'Uvea ke liliu tona pule'aga ko he fenua e puipui e Falani. Ne'e toe fakamo'oni e te 'u 'alikihau o Sigave mo Alo he tohi lao ke puipui ai mo Futuna e Falani i te 'aho 16 o Fepualio 1888. I te temi aia ne'e fakatapiki ai 'Uvea mo Futuna ki te koloni falani o Niu Kaletonia. I te ta'u 1917, ne'e faiga'i ke liliu te 'u pule'aga hau o 'Uvea, Sigave mo Alo ko he koloni fakani e fakalogo ki Niu Kaletonia kae ne'e mole fakamo'oni te koga e te Sena o Falani. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:31, 15 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::::::During World War II, the islands' administration was briefly pro-Vichy until a Free French corvette from New Caledonia deposed the regime on 26 May 1942. Units of the US Marine Corps later landed on Wallis on 29 May 1942. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted to become a separate French overseas territory, effective since 29 July 1961, thus ending their subordination to New Caledonia.In 2005, the 50th king of Uvea, Tomasi Kulimoetoke II, faced being deposed after giving sanctuary to his grandson who was convicted of manslaughter. The king claimed his grandson should be judged by tribal law rather than by the French penal system. As a result, there were riots in the streets involving the king's supporters, who were victorious over attempts to replace the king. Two years later, Tomasi Kulimoetoke died on 7 May 2007. The state was in a six-month period of mourning, during which mentioning a successor was forbidden.[13] On 25 July 2008, Kapiliele Faupala was installed as king despite protests from some of the royal clans. He was deposed in 2014. A new king, Patalione Kanimoa, was eventually installed in Uvea in 2016; Lino Leleivai in Alo on Futuna succeeded after Filipo Katoa had abdicated, and Eufenio Takala succeeded Polikalepo Kolivai in Sigave. The French president at the time, François Hollande, attended the installation ceremony. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:42, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::Lolotoga te 2 ta'u fakamа̄lamanei, ne'e 'uluaki fakalogo mu'a te lesita ki te pule'aga o Vichy pea tau mai leva te mа̄nua o Falani faitaliha mai Niumea i te 'aho 26 o Maio 1942 o fetogi leva te nofo a 'Uvea. Ne'e tau mai te kau solia amelika ki 'Uvea nei i te 'aho 29 o Maio 1942. I te ta'u 1959, ne'e vote'i ai e te kaiga o 'Uvea mo Futuna ke liliu te fenua ko he telituale falani, o fakamo'oni leva e te tohi lao o te 'aho 29 o Sulio 1961. I te 2005, ne'e faiga'i e 'ihi ke fakahifo te 50 hau o 'Uvea ko Tomasi Kulimoetoke II, 'uhi ko te nofo a tona mokopuna i Sagato Soane kae kumi ke ta'ofi e te kau salatamu, hili tana fakamau'i e te fale fakamau. Ne'e tokakovi ai leva te fenua he ne'e loto e 'ihi ke fakalogo ki te lao o te lepupilika kae fakafisi ki ai 'ihi atu ne'e fia tuku ki te fakamau'i fakafenua o te koga. Ne'e manuka Lavelua Tomasi Kulimoetoke i te 'aho 7 o Maio 2007 pea putu te fenua lolotoga mа̄hina e ono. Ne'e tapu te tа̄laga ki te fetogi o te nofo i te tu'ulaga fakahau lolotoga te temi putu. I te 'aho 25 o Sulio 2008, ne'e fakanofo ai Kapeliele Faupala ke hau logo lа̄ te fakafisi a 'ihi kutuga ki ai. Ne'e fakahifo Lavelua Faupala i te ta'u 2014. I te ta'u 2016, ne'e fakanofo hau e lua i 'Uvea: Patalione Kanimoa i Sagato Soane mo Tominiko Halagahu i Fitugamamahi. Ne'e fakanofo Lino Leleivai o Tuiagaifo i Alo o ina fetogi ia Filipo Katoa ae ne'e fakafisi ki te tu'ulaga. Ne'e fetogi e Eufanio Takala ia Polikaleop Kolivai i te tu'ulaga hau i Sigave. Ne'e folau mai ki Futuna mo 'Uvea ia te pelesita falani o te temi aia ia François Hollande i te ta'u 2016. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 20:30, 15 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Thanks. Could you please translate this? ::::::::::::::Drawing of Wallis Island by Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767 ::::::::::::::Coastal view of Wallis island by Captain James Cook in 1773 ::::::::::::::Ruins of the Talietumu fort ::::::::::::::The territory is divided into three traditional kingdoms (royaumes coutumiers): Uvea, on the island of Wallis, Sigave, on the western part of the island of Futuna, and Alo, on the eastern part of the island of Futuna and on the uninhabited island of Alofi (only Uvea is further subdivided, into three districts): ::::::::::::::Kingdom ::::::::::::::District ::::::::::::::Capital ::::::::::::::Area ::::::::::::::Population ::::::::::::::2003 census ::::::::::::::Population ::::::::::::::2018 census ::::::::::::::2003–2018 evolution ::::::::::::::Villages ::::::::::::::Refers to villages with municipal status. ::::::::::::::Formerly called Mua. ::::::::::::::Alofi is virtually uninhabited; administratively it falls under Alo. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 09:15, 16 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Sure - here you go: :::::::::::::::: Drawing of Wallis Island by Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767 / Pāki o 'Uvea ne'e fai e Kapiteni Samuel Wallis i te ta'u 1767 :::::::::::::::: Coastal view of Wallis island by Captain James Cook in 1773 / Pāki o te matātai o 'Uvea ne'e fai e Kapiteni James Cook i te ta'u 1773 :::::::::::::::: Ruins of the Talietumu fort / Kolo o Talietumu :::::::::::::::: The territory is divided into three traditional kingdoms (royaumes coutumiers): Uvea, on the island of Wallis, Sigave, on the western part of the island of Futuna, and Alo, on the eastern part of the island of Futuna and on the uninhabited island of Alofi (only Uvea is further subdivided, into three districts): / Ko pule'aga hau e tolu o te telituale: 'Uvea i te motu o 'Uvea, Sigave i te faha'i hihifo o te motu o Futuna, mo Alo, i te faha'i hahake o Futuna mo te motu lāvaki o Alofi (ko 'Uvea pe e toe vahe ki palokia e tolu): :::::::::::::::: Kingdom / Pule'aga hau :::::::::::::::: District / Palokia :::::::::::::::: Capital / Kolo mu'a :::::::::::::::: Area / Lahi :::::::::::::::: Population / Haha'i :::::::::::::::: 2003 census / 'Ahi'ahi 2003 :::::::::::::::: Population / Haha'i :::::::::::::::: 2018 census / 'Ahi'ahi 2018 :::::::::::::::: 2003–2018 evolution / Faka'alu'alu 2003-2018 :::::::::::::::: Villages / Kolo :::::::::::::::: Refers to villages with municipal status./ Kolo e fakamo'oni :::::::::::::::: Formerly called Mua. / Ne'e 'uluaki higoa ko Mu'a. :::::::::::::::: Alofi is virtually uninhabited; administratively it falls under Alo./ E lāvaki Alofi kae pipiki ki Alo. :::::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:29, 16 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::Thanks, can you please translate this? ::::::::::::::::* The capital of the collectivity is Matāʻutu on the island of Uvéa, the most populous of the Wallis Islands. As an overseas collectivity of France, it is governed under the French constitution of 28 September 1958, and has universal suffrage for those over 18 years of age. The French president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the high administrator is appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly. The most recent election was held on 20 March 2022. ::::::::::::::::* As of 2021, the head of state is President Emmanuel Macron of France, as represented by Administrator-Superior Thierry Queffelec. The president of the Territorial Assembly has been Petelo Hanisi since 11 December 2013. The Council of the Territory consists of three kings (monarchs of the three pre-colonial kingdoms) and three members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial Assembly. ::::::::::::::::* The legislative branch consists of the unicameral 20-member Territorial Assembly or Assemblée territoriale. Its members are elected by popular vote, and serve five-year terms. Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and one deputy to the French National Assembly. ::::::::::::::::* Criminal justice is generally governed by French law and administered by a tribunal of first resort in Mata-Utu; appeals from that tribunal are decided by the Court of Appeal in Nouméa, New Caledonia. However, in non-criminal cases (civil-law disputes), the three traditional kingdoms administer justice according to customary law. ::::::::::::::::* The territory participates in the Franc Zone, and is both a permanent member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and an observer at the Pacific Islands Forum. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 08:29, 17 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::Hello Caro, here you go. I've updated the names as the English wikipedia page is 3 years old at least. The French version is the most up-to-date about leaders'names. :::::::::::::::::* The capital of the collectivity is Matāʻutu on the island of Uvéa, the most populous of the Wallis Islands. As an overseas collectivity of France, it is governed under the French constitution of 28 September 1958, and has universal suffrage for those over 18 years of age. The French president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the high administrator is appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly. The most recent election was held on 20 March 2022. / Ko te kolo mu'a o te telituale ko Matāʻutu i 'Uvea. 'Uhi ko te fakalogo a te 'u motu ki Falani, e pule'i e te tohi lao tāfito o Falani o te 'aho 28 o Sepetepeli 1958 pea lava vote te haha'i fuli o 'Uvea mo Futuna kua ta'u 18. E fai te vote fakapelesita i te ta'u nima fuli; ko te kōvana e fili e te pelesita o te lepupilika o fakalogo pe ki minisi o te loto fenua; ko te pelesita o te falefono fakatelituale e vote'i e te kau fono o te falefono. Ne'e hoki 'osi atu nei te vote fakatelituale i te 'aho 20 o Malesio 2022. :::::::::::::::::* As of 2021, the head of state is President Emmanuel Macron of France, as represented by Administrator-Superior Thierry Queffelec. The president of the Territorial Assembly has been Petelo Hanisi since 11 December 2013. The Council of the Territory consists of three kings (monarchs of the three pre-colonial kingdoms) and three members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial Assembly./ I te ta'u 2022, ko te pelesita o te lepupilika falani ko Emmanuel Macron pea e fakafofoga i te fenua e te kōvana ko Hervé Jonathan. Ko te pelesita o te Falefono fakatelituale ko Munipoese Muliki'aka'aka talu te 'aho 25 o Malesio 2022. Ko te fono taki o te telituale e kau ki ai te 'u 'alikihau e tolu ('aliki hau o te 'u pule'aga hau e tolu) mo te toko tolu ne'e fili e te kōvana o fakalogo ki te falefono fakatelituale. :::::::::::::::::* The legislative branch consists of the unicameral 20-member Territorial Assembly or Assemblée territoriale. Its members are elected by popular vote, and serve five-year terms. Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and one deputy to the French National Assembly./ Ko te 'u pule'aki o te telituale e to'o e te kau fono 20 o te Falefono fakatelituale o 'Uvea mo Futuna. E vote'i nātou e te haha'i ki loto pea e kau ki te fono ta'u e nima. E toe fakafofoga 'Uvea mo Futuna i te Sena e te senatē pea i te Fono fakatepite o Falani e te tepitē. :::::::::::::::::* Criminal justice is generally governed by French law and administered by a tribunal of first resort in Mata-Utu; appeals from that tribunal are decided by the Court of Appeal in Nouméa, New Caledonia. However, in non-criminal cases (civil-law disputes), the three traditional kingdoms administer justice according to customary law./ Ko te fakamau o te 'u koga mamafa o hage ko te fai fakapō e fai pe o fakalogo ki te lao falani e te fale fakamau o Matā'utu; pea e fakahoko atu te 'u tagi ki te fale fakamau lahi o Niumea i Niu Kaletonia. O 'uhiga leva mo te 'u koga e siasia'a, e fakalogo pe ia ki te potu o te kau 'aliki ke to'o e nātou ni tonu pe fai fakatu'ā. :::::::::::::::::* The territory participates in the Franc Zone, and is both a permanent member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and an observer at the Pacific Islands Forum./ E faka'aoga'i e te telituale te Falā Pasifika pea kau totonu i te Fono Gaue Fakapasifika mo faka'afe kae mole vote i te Fono lahi o te 'atu motu o te Pasifika. :::::::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:25, 17 July 2022 (UTC) == Translation == Could you please translate this? * Vicente Costalago is a philologist, author and supporter of the international auxiliary language Occidental. He is one of the main literary authors in Interlingue. * He studied Modern Languages and Translation and Interpreting at university. He has published several texts on the internet in different constructed languages, such as Lingua Franca Nova, Interlingua and Interlingue. Bibliography * Wallis and Futuna is located about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. It is 13°18′S 176°12′W, 360 km (220 mi) west of Samoa and 480 km (300 mi) northeast of Fiji. * The territory includes the island of Uvéa (also called Wallis), which is the most populous; the island of Futuna; the virtually uninhabited island of Alofi; and 20 uninhabited islets. The total area of the territory is 274 square kilometres (106 sq mi), with 129 kilometres (80 mi) of coastline. The highest point in the territory is Mont Puke, on the island of Futuna, at 524 metres (1,719 ft). * References * Populated places in Wallis and Futuna Thanks [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:17, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :Here you go, Caro: :* Vicente Costalago is a philologist, author and supporter of the international auxiliary language Occidental. He is one of the main literary authors in Interlingue./ Ko Vicente Costalago ko he tagata poto fai fekumi lea, fai tohi mo tekeni o te lea fa'u fakamālamanei o te Occidental. E toe faiva te tagata i te lea Interlingue. :* He studied Modern Languages and Translation and Interpreting at university. He has published several texts on the internet in different constructed languages, such as Lingua Franca Nova, Interlingua and Interlingue. Bibliography / Ne'e ina ako te 'u lea matāpule pea mo te gaue faihiki lea i te fale'ako ma'oluga. Ne'e lahi te 'u pāsina ne'e ina tohi i te neti i 'ihi lea fa'u o hage ko te Lingua Franca Nova, Interlingua mo Interlingue. Tohi ne'e ina fai :* Wallis and Futuna is located about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. It is 13°18′S 176°12′W, 360 km (220 mi) west of Samoa and 480 km (300 mi) northeast of Fiji./ Ko 'Uvea mo Futuna e tu'u i te loto 2/3 o te 'alu ae mai Havai'i ki Niusila. E tu'u i te 13°18′S 176°12′W, km 360 (220 mi) i te potu uesite o Ha'amoa mo km 480 (300 mi) i te potu noleto esite o Fisi. :* The territory includes the island of Uvéa (also called Wallis), which is the most populous; the island of Futuna; the virtually uninhabited island of Alofi; and 20 uninhabited islets. The total area of the territory is 274 square kilometres (106 sq mi), with 129 kilometres (80 mi) of coastline. The highest point in the territory is Mont Puke, on the island of Futuna, at 524 metres (1,719 ft)./E tu'u i te telituale te motu o 'Uvea (Wallis), pea ko te motu kaugamālie tāfito; te motu o Futuna, te motu lāvaki o Alofi pea mo ni motu e 20 e mole nofo'i. Ko te lahi o te telituale e fakafuafua ki te 274 km2 (106 mi2), pea e kilometa 129 (80 mi) te loa o tana 'u matātai. Ko te mo'uga lahi o te telituale ko te Puke i Futuna pea e 524 meta (1,719 ft) tana lahi. :* References / Matapuna :* Populated places in Wallis and Futuna / Kolo kaugamālie o 'Uvea mo Futuna :[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 16:56, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thanks. This is the next part of the article to be translated: ::* The islands have a hot, rainy season from November to April, when tropical cyclones passing over them cause storms. Then they have a cool, dry season from May to October, caused by the southeast trade winds that predominate during those months. The average annual rainfall is between 2,500 and 3,000 millimetres (98–118 in), and rain is likely on at least 260 days per year. The average humidity is 80%. The average annual temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F), rarely falling below 24.0 °C (75.2 °F); during the rainy season, it ranges between 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) and 32.0 °C (89.6 °F). ::* Only 5% of the islands' land area consists of arable land; permanent crops cover another 20%. Deforestation is a serious problem: Only small portions of the original forests remain, largely because the inhabitants use wood as their main fuel source, and, as a result, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly susceptible to erosion. The island of Alofi lacks natural freshwater resources, so it has no permanent settlements. ::* Volcanic activity during the mid-Pleistocene created numerous volcanic crater lakes on Uvea (Wallis Island). The names of some of them are: Lalolalo, Lano, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha, Kikila, and Alofivai. ::* Wallis and Futuna is part of the Fiji tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 18:05, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::* The islands have a hot, rainy season from November to April, when tropical cyclones passing over them cause storms. Then they have a cool, dry season from May to October, caused by the southeast trade winds that predominate during those months. The average annual rainfall is between 2,500 and 3,000 millimetres (98–118 in), and rain is likely on at least 260 days per year. The average humidity is 80%. The average annual temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F), rarely falling below 24.0 °C (75.2 °F); during the rainy season, it ranges between 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) and 32.0 °C (89.6 °F)./ E vevela mo 'ua mai Novepeli ki Apelili he fakalaka te 'u 'afā i te vaha o 'Uvea mo Futuna. E mokomoko mo siasia'a te 'u māhina o Maio ki 'Oketopeli, 'uhi ko te lau mataki mai te potu saute esite. Ko te 'ua e fakafuafua ki te 2,500-3,000 milimeta (98-118 in) tona tō i te ta'u pea e 'ua 'aho e 260 i te ta'u. E lau ki te 80% te fakafuafua o te māhūhū i 'otātou motu pea e 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) te mokomoko o hifo ki te 24.0 °C (75.2 °F); lototoga te temi 'ua, e hake ki te 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) mo te 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) te vevela. :::* Only 5% of the islands' land area consists of arable land; permanent crops cover another 20%. Deforestation is a serious problem: Only small portions of the original forests remain, largely because the inhabitants use wood as their main fuel source, and, as a result, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly susceptible to erosion. The island of Alofi lacks natural freshwater resources, so it has no permanent settlements./Ko te 5% ape o te 'u kele o te telituale e lava faka'aoga'i pea ko te 20% kua faka'aoga'i ki te gaue kele. Ko te maumau'i o te vao e fakatupu hoha: ko te 'u fa'ahi si'i pe o te vao tapu e kei toe, 'uhi ko te tutu o te 'akau e te haha'i pea kua iloga i Futuna te kua fakapelepelegi o 'ihi mo'i kele e tu'u i 'uta. Mole he vai e ma'u i Alofi ko ia ae e mole nofo'i. :::* Volcanic activity during the mid-Pleistocene created numerous volcanic crater lakes on Uvea (Wallis Island). The names of some of them are: Lalolalo, Lano, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha, Kikila, and Alofivai./Ne'e lahi te 'u mo'uga 'afi ne'e kei 'ala i te temi mu'a atu i Uvea. I te 'aho nei, ko te 'u vai ne'e tupu mai ai e higoa ko: Lalolalo, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha, Kikila mo Alofivai. :::* Wallis and Futuna is part of the Fiji tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion / E kau 'Uvea mo Futuna i te kogatai māfana o te 'atu motu e feovi mo Fisi. :::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 18:39, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::Thanks, here are more: ::::* The total population of the territory at the July 2018 census was 11,558 (72.1% on the island of Wallis, 27.9% on the island of Futuna), down from 14,944 at the July 2003 census. The vast majority of the population are of Polynesian ethnicity, with a small minority who were born in Metropolitan France or are of French descent. ::::* Lack of economic opportunities has, since the 1950s, been impelling many young Wallisians and Futunians to migrate to the more prosperous French territory of New Caledonia, where, as French citizens, they are legally entitled to settle and work. Since the mid-2000s, emigration has surged in response to political tensions on the main island of Wallis (Uvea), that have arisen from a feud between rival aristocratic clans, who are supporting competing kings. Emigrants have begun settling, not only in New Caledonia, but also much farther away, in Metropolitan France. At the 2014 census, 21,926 residents of New Caledonia (whether born in New Caledonia or in Wallis and Futuna) reported their ethnicity as "Wallisian and Futunian." This is almost double the total population of Wallis and Futuna. ::::* According to the 2018 census, among people 14 and older, 59.1% spoke Wallisian the most at home (down from 60.2% in 2008); for 27.9% it was Futunan (down from 29.9% in 2008); and for 12.7% it was French (up from 9.7% in 2008). On Wallis Island, the languages most spoken at home were Wallisian (82.2%, down from 86.1% in 2008), French (15.6%, up from 12.1% in 2008), and Futunan (1.9%, up from 1.5% in 2008). On Futuna, the languages most spoken at home were Futunan (94.5%, down from 94.9% in 2008), French (5.3%, up from 4.2% in 2008), and Wallisian (0.2%, down from 0.8% in 2008). ::::* Ten years earlier, as of the 2008 census, 88.5% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write either Wallisian or Futunan, and 7.2% had no knowledge of either Wallisian or Futunan. Among those 14 or older, 78.2% could speak, read and write French, and 17.3% had no knowledge of French. On Wallis Island, 81.1% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 14.3% reported that they had no knowledge of French. On Futuna, 71.6% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 24.3% had no knowledge of French. ::::* The overwhelming majority (99%) of the people in Wallis and Futuna are Catholics, with the island having been evangelized in the 19th century by Fr Peter Chanel, SM. They are served by their own Diocese of Wallis and Futuna, with a see at Mata-Utu, a suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nouméa (New Caledonia). [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 18:44, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::::Aqui esta: :::::* The total population of the territory at the July 2018 census was 11,558 (72.1% on the island of Wallis, 27.9% on the island of Futuna), down from 14,944 at the July 2003 census. The vast majority of the population are of Polynesian ethnicity, with a small minority who were born in Metropolitan France or are of French descent./ E fakafuafua ki te 11,558 te kaugamālie o te haha'i i 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'ahi'ahi o Sulio 2018 (72.1% i 'Uvea, 27.9% i Futuna). Kua hifo mai te 14,944 o te 'ahi'ahi o Sulio 2003. Ko te kaugamālie o te haha'i e lanu polinesia pea mo te tokosi'i pe e ha'u mai Falani pe lanu papālagi. :::::* Lack of economic opportunities has, since the 1950s, been impelling many young Wallisians and Futunians to migrate to the more prosperous French territory of New Caledonia, where, as French citizens, they are legally entitled to settle and work. Since the mid-2000s, emigration has surged in response to political tensions on the main island of Wallis (Uvea), that have arisen from a feud between rival aristocratic clans, who are supporting competing kings. Emigrants have begun settling, not only in New Caledonia, but also much farther away, in Metropolitan France. At the 2014 census, 21,926 residents of New Caledonia (whether born in New Caledonia or in Wallis and Futuna) reported their ethnicity as "Wallisian and Futunian." This is almost double the total population of Wallis and Futuna./Talu te 'u ta'u 1950 mo te 'olo o te kau tupulaga o 'Uvea mo Futuna o kumi ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia. 'Uhi ko tanātou pule'aga falani, e faigafua tanātou 'olo o ma'uli mo gaue i ai. Talu te 'u ta'u 2000, kua toe 'asili hoko te folau ki tu'a pule'aga 'uhi ko te tokakovi o te fenua mo te 'u faigata'a'ia o te nofo fakafenua. Mole kei gata te fai folau i Niu Kaletonia he toe hoko atu ki Falani. I te 'ahi'ahi o te ta'u 2014, ko te toko 21,926 o te haha'i o Kaletonia ne'e nātou tala e lanu 'uvea mo futuna. E tu'a lua age te kaugamālie a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna i Niu Kaletonia ia nātou e le'o fenua. :::::* According to the 2018 census, among people 14 and older, 59.1% spoke Wallisian the most at home (down from 60.2% in 2008); for 27.9% it was Futunan (down from 29.9% in 2008); and for 12.7% it was French (up from 9.7% in 2008). On Wallis Island, the languages most spoken at home were Wallisian (82.2%, down from 86.1% in 2008), French (15.6%, up from 12.1% in 2008), and Futunan (1.9%, up from 1.5% in 2008). On Futuna, the languages most spoken at home were Futunan (94.5%, down from 94.9% in 2008), French (5.3%, up from 4.2% in 2008), and Wallisian (0.2%, down from 0.8% in 2008)./ I te 'ahi'ahi o te ta'u 2918, e lau ko te toko 59,1% te kaiga e kua ta'u 14 e palalau i te lea faka'uvea i fale (ne'e 60.2% i te ta'u 2008); toko 27.9% e palalau fakafutuna (ne'e 29.9% i te ta'u 2008) pea toko 12.7% e palalau fakafalani (hake mai te 1.5% i te ta'u 2008 ki te 1.9%). I Futuna, ko te 'u lea e palalau'i i fale ko te lea fakafutuna (94.5%, kae ne'e 94.9% i te ta'u 2008), te lea fakafalani (5.3% kae ne'e 4.2% i te ta'u 2008) pea mo te lea faka'uvea (0.2% kae ne'e 0.8% i te ta'u 2008). :::::* Ten years earlier, as of the 2008 census, 88.5% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write either Wallisian or Futunan, and 7.2% had no knowledge of either Wallisian or Futunan. Among those 14 or older, 78.2% could speak, read and write French, and 17.3% had no knowledge of French. On Wallis Island, 81.1% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 14.3% reported that they had no knowledge of French. On Futuna, 71.6% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 24.3% had no knowledge of French./ I te 'ahi'ahi o te ta'u 2008, ne'e toko 88.5% te haha'i kua ta'u 14 ne'e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi faka'uvea pe fakafutuna pea ne'e toko 7.2% nātou e mole poto i te faka'uvea pe fakafutuna. Ia nātou aena ne'e kua ta'u 14, e toko 78.2% nātou e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi fakafalani pea toko 14.3% nātou e mole poto i te fakafalani. I 'Uvea, ko te toko 81.1% o nātou kua ta'u 14 e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi fakafalani pea toko 14.3% nātou e mole poto i te fakafalani. I Futuna, ko te toko 71.6% o nātou kua ta'u 14 e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi fakafalani, pea toko 24.3% nātou e mole poto i te fakafalani. :::::* The overwhelming majority (99%) of the people in Wallis and Futuna are Catholics, with the island having been evangelized in the 19th century by Fr Peter Chanel, SM. They are served by their own Diocese of Wallis and Futuna, with a see at Mata-Utu, a suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nouméa (New Caledonia). / Ko te kaugamālie o te kaiga (99%) o 'Uvea mo Futuna e lotu katolika. Ne'e hake mai te lotu katolika i te sekulo 19 mo Moseniolo Enosi mo Sagato Petelo Sanele mo tehina pelepitelo mai Falani. Ne'e fakatu'u te tiosesi o 'Uvea mo Futuna i Lano pea e fakalogo ki te tiosesi lahi o Niumea i Niu Kaletonia. :::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:28, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Thanks. The article about Wallis and Futuna is looking very nice. This is the next part: ::::::* The culture of Wallis and Futuna is Polynesian, and is similar to the cultures of its neighbouring nations Samoa and Tonga. The Wallisian and Futunan cultures are very similar to each other in language, dance, cuisine and modes of celebration. ::::::* Fishing and agriculture are the traditional occupations, and most people live in traditional oval, thatch fale houses. Kava is a popular beverage brewed in the two islands, as in much else of Polynesia. It also serves as a traditional offering in rituals. Highly detailed tapa cloth art is a specialty of Wallis and Futuna. ::::::* Uvea Museum Association is a private museum that holds a collection of objects that record the history of the Second World War in the territory. It is located in Mata Utu shopping centre and in 2009 was open by appointment. ::::::* In 2018, the territory had 3,132 telephones in use, one AM radio station, and two television broadcast stations. Communication costs are up to ten times higher[citation needed] than in western countries. The island of Wallis has about 100 kilometres (62 mi) of roadways, 16 of which are paved. The island of Futuna has only 20 kilometres (12 mi) of roadways, none of which are paved. The territory has two main ports, in the harbours at Mata-Utu and Leava (on the island of Futuna). These ports support its merchant marine fleet, which comprises three ships (two passenger ships and a petroleum tanker), totaling 92,060 GRT or 45,881 tonnes. There are two airports: Hihifo Airport, on Wallis, which has a 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) paved runway; and Pointe Vele Airport, on Futuna, which has a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) runway. Now the only commercial flights to and from Wallis are operated by Caledonia-based Aircalin, which has an office in Mata-Utu. There are currently no commercial boat operators. ::::::* Newspapers: The French High Commission published a local newspaper in the 1970s, Nouvelles de Wallis et de Futuna. Today, news is available online via a local program broadcast by the French television network La Première. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:08, 19 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Here you go Caro: :::::::* The culture of Wallis and Futuna is Polynesian, and is similar to the cultures of its neighbouring nations Samoa and Tonga. The Wallisian and Futunan cultures are very similar to each other in language, dance, cuisine and modes of celebration. / Ko te aga'ifenua o 'Uvea mo Futuna e polinesia pea e tatau mo te 'u aga'ifenua o te 'u fenua e 'ovi age, ia Ha'amoa mo Toga. E toe tatau te 'u aga'ifenua 'uvea pea mo futuna i 'anā lea, me'e, me'a kai mo fakafiafia. :::::::* Fishing and agriculture are the traditional occupations, and most people live in traditional oval, thatch fale houses. Kava is a popular beverage brewed in the two islands, as in much else of Polynesia. It also serves as a traditional offering in rituals. Highly detailed tapa cloth art is a specialty of Wallis and Futuna./ Ko te gelu mo te gaue kele ko te 'u gaue fakafenua aia o te haha'i. E kei ma'uli ihi haha'i i te 'u fale lau. Ko te kava e kei 'inu i te 'u motu e lua, o hage pe ko te 'u fenua ae o Polinesia. E toe faka'aoga'i te kava i te 'u to'oto'oga fakafenua. Ko te faiva o fai lafi e ma'uhiga kehe i 'Uvea mo Futuna. :::::::* Uvea Museum Association is a private museum that holds a collection of objects that record the history of the Second World War in the territory. It is located in Mata Utu shopping centre and in 2009 was open by appointment. Ko te Uvea Museum Association ko he fale taupau koloa o te lua tau fakamalamānei o 'Uvea mo Futuna. E tu'u te fale i te Fenuarama i Matā'utu pea ne'e avahi i te 2009. E ma'ua ke kita paui fakatomu'a mo ka kita fia ha'ele age. :::::::* In 2018, the territory had 3,132 telephones in use, one AM radio station, and two television broadcast stations. Communication costs are up to ten times higher[citation needed] than in western countries. The island of Wallis has about 100 kilometres (62 mi) of roadways, 16 of which are paved. The island of Futuna has only 20 kilometres (12 mi) of roadways, none of which are paved. The territory has two main ports, in the harbours at Mata-Utu and Leava (on the island of Futuna). These ports support its merchant marine fleet, which comprises three ships (two passenger ships and a petroleum tanker), totaling 92,060 GRT or 45,881 tonnes. There are two airports: Hihifo Airport, on Wallis, which has a 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) paved runway; and Pointe Vele Airport, on Futuna, which has a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) runway. Now the only commercial flights to and from Wallis are operated by Caledonia-based Aircalin, which has an office in Mata-Utu. There are currently no commercial boat operators./ I te 2018, ne'e ko telefoni e 3,1232 ne'e faka'aoga'i i te telituale. Ko te latio pea mo te televisio e tahi a 'Uvea mo Futuna. Ko te felogo'i telefoni e tu'a 10 age tana totogi kovi i te telituale i te 'u fenua matāpule ae i tai atu. E kilometa 100 (62 mi) te loa o te 'u ala i 'Uvea pea ko kilometa e 16 e kua kolotā. E kilometa 20 (12 mi) te loa o te 'u ala o Futuna kae mole he'eki kolotā'i. Ko 'uafu tāfito e lua o te telituale i Matā'utu mo Leava i Futuna. Ko te 'u taulaga o te 'u vaka fetuku koloa e lua mo penesi e tahi, o lau ki tone 45,881 pe 92,060 GRT tona ma'uhiga. Ko mala'e vakalele e lua: Hihifo i 'Uvea mo tana ala kolotā e kilometa 2.1 (1.3 mi) pea mo Vele i Futuna mo tana ala vakalele e kilometa 1 (0.62 mi). Ko te kāpani vakalele pe e tahi ko te Aircalin mai Niumea e gaue mai ki 'Uvea nei pea e tu'u tana pilo vakalele i Matā'utu. Mole he vaka fai folau ki te telituale pe i te vaha motu o 'Uvea pea mo Futuna. :::::::* Newspapers: The French High Commission published a local newspaper in the 1970s, Nouvelles de Wallis et de Futuna. Today, news is available online via a local program broadcast by the French television network La Première./Niusipepa: Ne'e i ai te nusipepa a te pule'aga i te 'u ta'u 1970 ko te Nouvelles de Wallis et Futuna. I te 'aho nei ko te 'u logo o te fenua e ma'u mai pe te talalogo televisio mo latio o te 'Uvea mo Futuna 'Uluaki. :::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 14:36, 19 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks, here are more: ::::::::* There are 18 primary schools in the territory, 12 on Wallis and six on Futuna, with a combined total of over 5200 students. ::::::::* The territory has six junior high schools and one senior high school/sixth-form college. ::::::::* Junior high schools (collèges) in Wallis: Mataotama de Malae, Alofivai de Lano, Vaimoana de Lavegahau, and Tinemui de Teesi ::::::::* Junior high schools in Futuna: Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono ::::::::* The senior high school/sixth-form college is Lycée d'État de Wallis et Futuna on Wallis ::::::::* There is also an agricultural high school. ::::::::* As of 2018, yaws was endemic in the area, but cases were not being reported to the WHO eradication programme. ::::::::* Healthcare is available free of charge in two hospitals on Uvea and Futuna islands. There are also three dispensaries. ::::::::* Deforestation is a major concern in the region as only small portions of the original forests remain due to the continued use of wood as the main source of fuel. Consequently, the mountainous terrain of Futuna has become prone to erosion. There are no permanent settlements on Alofi due to the lack of natural freshwater resources, and the presence of infertile soil on the islands of Uvea and Futuna further reduces the agricultural productivity. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 15:30, 19 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::* There are 18 primary schools in the territory, 12 on Wallis and six on Futuna, with a combined total of over 5200 students./Ko fale'ako liliki e 18 i te telituale, 12 i 'Uvea mo 6 i Futuna pea ko fānau e toko 5200 e 'ako ai. :::::::::* The territory has six junior high schools and one senior high school/sixth-form college./Ko kolesio e ono mo lise e tahi i 'Uvea mo Futuna. :::::::::* Junior high schools (collèges) in Wallis: Mataotama de Malae, Alofivai de Lano, Vaimoana de Lavegahau, and Finemui de Teesi/ Ko te 'u kolesio o 'Uvea ko: Mataotama i Mala'e, Alofivai i Lano, Vaimoana i Lavegahau mo Finemui i Te'esi. :::::::::* Junior high schools in Futuna: Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono/Kolesio o Futuna: Fiua i Sigave mo Sisia i Ono. :::::::::* The senior high school/sixth-form college is Lycée d'État de Wallis et Futuna on Wallis/ Ko te lise: Lise o 'Uvea mo Futuna i Matā'utu :::::::::* There is also an agricultural high school./E i ai mo te lise gaue kele i Lavegahau. :::::::::* As of 2018, yaws was endemic in the area, but cases were not being reported to the WHO eradication programme./ I te ta'u 2018, ne'e ma'u te mahaki ae ko te tona i te telituale kae ne'e mole fakahā ki te kautahi fakamālamanei o te mālōlō fakasino. :::::::::* Healthcare is available free of charge in two hospitals on Uvea and Futuna islands. There are also three dispensaries./Ko te faito'o e foaki noa i te 'u fale mahaki e lua mo fale fai faito'o e tolu o 'Uvea mo Futuna. :::::::::* Deforestation is a major concern in the region as only small portions of the original forests remain due to the continued use of wood as the main source of fuel. Consequently, the mountainous terrain of Futuna has become prone to erosion. There are no permanent settlements on Alofi due to the lack of natural freshwater resources, and the presence of infertile soil on the islands of Uvea and Futuna further reduces the agricultural productivity./Ko te maumau'i o te 'ulufenua ko he koga e fakatupu hoha mai tona 'alu'aga ae ko te 'u ki'i faha'i pe o te vao tapu e kei toe. E tu'usi e te kaiga te akau o tutu. Ko ia aena, e kua 'alu ke holo te 'u mo'i kele ae e tu'u i 'uta i te mo'uga i Futuna. Mole nofo'i te motu o Alofi, 'uhi ko te mole o hona mo'i vai 'inu. E tahitahiga te 'u mo'i kele e feala ke gaue'i i 'Uvea mo Futuna, ko ia aena e toe si'isi'i mo te 'u magisi e lava ke toe ma'u mai te 'u gaue kele o te fenua. :::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 16:39, 19 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks ::::::::::* The GDP of Wallis and Futuna in 2005 was US$188 million (at market exchange rates). The territory's economy consists mostly of traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Additional revenue comes from French government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and France. Industries include copra, handicrafts, fishing, and lumber. Agricultural products include coconuts, breadfruit, yams, taro, bananas, pigs, and fish. Exports include copra, chemicals, and fish. ::::::::::* There is a single bank in the territory, Banque de Wallis-et-Futuna, established in 1991. It is a subsidiary of BNP Paribas. There had previously been a branch of Banque Indosuez at Mata-Utu. It had opened in 1977, but was closed in 1989, leaving the territory without any bank for two years. ::::::::::* Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mata-Utu ::::::::::* Other Cities ::::::::::* Location map of Wallis and Futuna in relation to France. ::::::::::* Aerial view of Wallis Island (Uvea) ::::::::::* Map of the territory of Wallis and Futuna ::::::::::* Satellite image of Wallis Island ::::::::::* Satellite image of Futuna Island and Alofi Island, also known as the Hoorn Islands ::::::::::* Futuna Island ::::::::::* Alofi Island [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 22:22, 19 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::* The GDP of Wallis and Futuna in 2005 was US$188 million (at market exchange rates). The territory's economy consists mostly of traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Additional revenue comes from French government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and France. Industries include copra, handicrafts, fishing, and lumber. Agricultural products include coconuts, breadfruit, yams, taro, bananas, pigs, and fish. Exports include copra, chemicals, and fish./Ko te nūmelo fa'u koloa (GDP) o 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 2005 e lau ki miliona e 188 i tona fetogi ki te $ amelika. Ko te ma'uli faka'ekonomika o te telituale e falala tāfito ki te gaue kele faka'āfea, pea e ma'u mai e te 80% o te kaiga tanātou me'a kai mai te gaue kele (niu, magisi), te 'u puaka mo te gelu. Ko te toko 4% e gaue i te pule'aga. E toe ma'u mai te fo'i falā a te telituale mai te tokoni pa'aga a te pule'aga falani, te fakagafua o te gelu ki te 'u vaka sapone mo kolea, te 'u tukuhau mai te 'u koloa e faka'au ki te fenua pea mo te 'u motā e lī mai e te 'u fāmili o tātou e ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia, Tahisi mo Falani. E tahitahiga te 'u koloa e fa'u i te fenua: koloa fakatufuga, gelu mo akau. Ko te 'u magisi o te kele ko te niu, te mei, te ufi, te talo, te hopa pea toe ma'u mo te 'u puaka mo ika. Ko te 'u koloa e fakatau ki tu'a pule'aga e tahitahiga. :::::::::::* There is a single bank in the territory, Banque de Wallis-et-Futuna, established in 1991. It is a subsidiary of BNP Paribas. There had previously been a branch of Banque Indosuez at Mata-Utu. It had opened in 1977, but was closed in 1989, leaving the territory without any bank for two years./ Ko te fale pa'agaa pe e tahi i te telituale ko te Fale pa'aga o 'Uvea mo Futuna, talu mai te ta'u 1991. Ko he pilo gaue o te BNP Paribas. Ne'e i ai te pilo gaue a te Banque Indosuez i Matā'utu ne'e avahi i te 1977 kae ne'e mapunu'i i te 1989 o nofo ai te telituale ta'u e lua mole hana fale pa'aga. :::::::::::* Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mata-Utu/ Ekelesia faka'epikopo o Malia Fine'aliki i Matā'utu. :::::::::::* Other Cities / Ihi atu kolo :::::::::::* Location map of Wallis and Futuna in relation to France./Mape o te vaha a 'Uvea mo Futuna mo Falani :::::::::::* Aerial view of Wallis Island (Uvea)/ Sio mai te lagi ki te motu o 'Uvea :::::::::::* Map of the territory of Wallis and Futuna / Mape o te telituale o 'Uvea mo Futuna :::::::::::* Satellite image of Wallis Island / Pāki o te motu o 'Uvea mai tu'alagi :::::::::::* Satellite image of Futuna Island and Alofi Island, also known as the Hoorn Islands/Pāki o te 'u motu o Futuna mo Alofi mai tu'alagi :::::::::::* Futuna Island / Motu o Futuna :::::::::::* Alofi Island / Motu o Alofi :::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 04:31, 20 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::The article about Wallis and Futuna is done, please take a look to check whether everything is ok. ::::::::::::Now, I suggest we start with: ::::::::::::* Histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna ::::::::::::* Questions méthodologiques et historiographiques ::::::::::::* Les sources : tradition orale, missionnaires et archéologie ::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna, territoire français, a surtout été étudiée par des auteurs français. Elle est moins connue des auteurs anglophones, qui ont concentré leurs recherches sur Tonga et Samoa, même si certains auteurs de langue anglaise se sont intéressés à Uvea et à Futuna comme Patrick Vinton Kirch dans les années 1970. Le premier scientifique à étudier sur le terrain Wallis-et-Futuna est l'anthropologue Edwin Grant Burrows, qui décrit les sociétés wallisienne et futunienne dans les années 1930 et recueille de nombreux chants et légendes. Les autres publications scientifiques reposaient auparavant sur des récits d'informateurs, la plupart du temps occidentaux. Certains historiens, comme Frédéric Angleviel, se sont spécialisés sur Wallis et Futuna. ::::::::::::I am putting it in French because I have seen in your user page that you speak the language. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 06:32, 20 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::The article looks great. Thanks @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] :::::::::::::Here you go: :::::::::::::* Histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna / Hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna :::::::::::::* Questions méthodologiques et historiographiques / Fekumi fakahisitolia :::::::::::::* Les sources : tradition orale, missionnaires et archéologie / Matapuna: te talatuku, te 'u pelepitelo mo te 'u fekumi i te kele :::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna, territoire français, a surtout été étudiée par des auteurs français. Elle est moins connue des auteurs anglophones, qui ont concentré leurs recherches sur Tonga et Samoa, même si certains auteurs de langue anglaise se sont intéressés à Uvea et à Futuna comme Patrick Vinton Kirch dans les années 1970. Le premier scientifique à étudier sur le terrain Wallis-et-Futuna est l'anthropologue Edwin Grant Burrows, qui décrit les sociétés wallisienne et futunienne dans les années 1930 et recueille de nombreux chants et légendes. Les autres publications scientifiques reposaient auparavant sur des récits d'informateurs, la plupart du temps occidentaux. Certains historiens, comme Frédéric Angleviel, se sont spécialisés sur Wallis et Futuna./ Ko te hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna, telituale falani, ne'e gaue tāfito mai ki ai te kau falani. E tahitahiga te gaue a te kau poto e lea fakapilitania he ne'e gaue tāfito nātou i Toga mo Ha'amoa. Ne'e i ai pe ihi kau poto fakapilitania ne'e gaue mai ki 'otātou motu o hage ko Patrick Vinton Kirch i te 'u ta'u 1970 kae e tahitahiga. Ko te 'uluaki tagata poto ne'e ha'u o fai fekumi ki te ma'uli a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna ne'e ko te amelika ko Edwin Grand Burrows i te 'u ta'u 1930. Ne'e ina puke te 'u hiva mo fagana o 'Uvea mo Futuna pea ne'e ina fai mo ni'i fakamatala ki te 'aga'ifenua o te 'u motu. Ko 'ihi tagata fai'ako i te potu o te hisitolia ne'e gaue tāfito ki 'Uvea mo Futuna o hage ko Frédéric Angleviel. :::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 18:43, 20 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Merci, ça c'est la suite: ::::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna fait partie intégrante de celle de l'Océanie. Peuplées aux environs du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. par des austronésiens de la civilisation lapita, les îles 'Uvea (Wallis) et Futuna font ensuite partie de la Polynésie ancestrale jusqu'aux premiers siècles après J.C. : il s'agit du foyer originel des polynésiens (Hawaiki), qui partagent une langue et une culture commune. Par la suite, une différenciation s'opère entre ces îles : chacune d'entre elles développe une langue, une culture et une organisation sociale spécifique, tout en restant intégrées au sein d'un grand réseau insulaire avec les archipels voisins (Tonga, Samoa, Fidji, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). Wallis est conquise par les Tongiens, qui laissent une influence durable dans la société wallisienne, tandis que Futuna, plus isolée, résiste mieux aux envahisseurs tongiens et préserve ses relations avec Samoa. ::::::::::::::* Les premiers contacts avec les Européens ont lieu au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles, mais les îles sont relativement préservés des intrusions occidentales. Au milieu du xixe siècle, Wallis et Futuna sont converties au catholicisme par des missionnaires maristes français. C'est seulement à partir de cette époque que les deux îles sont regroupés ensemble, et coupées des archipels voisins. Elles deviennent un protectorat français en 1887 (en grande partie sur demande des missionnaires maristes), mais ne sont pas colonisées à proprement parler. Depuis cette période, l'équilibre du pouvoir entre la chefferie coutumière, l'église catholique et l'État français est toujours fragile. Durant la seconde guerre mondiale, Wallis devient une base militaire américaine, ce qui entraîne de nombreux bouleversements. En 1961, Wallis-et-Futuna devient un territoire d'outre-mer français par référendum. Une émigration de masse se développe alors vers la Nouvelle-Calédonie, résultant en une diaspora wallisienne et futunienne trois à quatre fois plus nombreuses que dans les deux îles d'origine. Le territoire se transforme profondément, avec l'arrivée de l'administration, la construction de nombreuses infrastructures, l'introduction de la langue française et du modèle occidental. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 06:07, 21 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::::here you go: :::::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna fait partie intégrante de celle de l'Océanie. Peuplées aux environs du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. par des austronésiens de la civilisation lapita, les îles 'Uvea (Wallis) et Futuna font ensuite partie de la Polynésie ancestrale jusqu'aux premiers siècles après J.C. : il s'agit du foyer originel des polynésiens (Hawaiki), qui partagent une langue et une culture commune. Par la suite, une différenciation s'opère entre ces îles : chacune d'entre elles développe une langue, une culture et une organisation sociale spécifique, tout en restant intégrées au sein d'un grand réseau insulaire avec les archipels voisins (Tonga, Samoa, Fidji, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). Wallis est conquise par les Tongiens, qui laissent une influence durable dans la société wallisienne, tandis que Futuna, plus isolée, résiste mieux aux envahisseurs tongiens et préserve ses relations avec Samoa./ Ko te hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna e e tapiki ki te hisitolia o Oseania. Ne'e 'uluaki tau mai ki 'Uvea mo Futuna te kau ositolonesia o te kūtuga Lapita lolotoga te 'uluaki ta'u afe ia mu'a o Kilisito. Ne'e kau 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'u motu o Polinesia āfea o kaku ki te 'u 'uluaki sēkulo ia muli o Kilisito: ko te ha'u'aga aia a te kau polinesia (Havaiki) o nātou vaevae te lea e tahi mo te 'aga'ifenua e tahi. Faka'alu'alu te temi pea kamata fetogi te 'u lea mo te 'u 'aga'ifenua o te atu motu kae hoko pe te felogo'i mo te 'u motu e 'ovi mai (Toga, Ha'amoa, Fisi, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). E liliu 'Uvea ko he motu e fakalogo ki Toga o fetogi ai te aga'Ifenua o tona haha'i. Mole lava pule'i e te kau Toga te motu o Futuna ko ia ae ne'e lelei age te taupau o tanātou aga'ifenua pea mo felogo'i mo Ha'amoa. :::::::::::::::* Les premiers contacts avec les Européens ont lieu au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles, mais les îles sont relativement préservés des intrusions occidentales. Au milieu du xixe siècle, Wallis et Futuna sont converties au catholicisme par des missionnaires maristes français. C'est seulement à partir de cette époque que les deux îles sont regroupés ensemble, et coupées des archipels voisins. Elles deviennent un protectorat français en 1887 (en grande partie sur demande des missionnaires maristes), mais ne sont pas colonisées à proprement parler. Depuis cette période, l'équilibre du pouvoir entre la chefferie coutumière, l'église catholique et l'État français est toujours fragile. Durant la seconde guerre mondiale, Wallis devient une base militaire américaine, ce qui entraîne de nombreux bouleversements. En 1961, Wallis-et-Futuna devient un territoire d'outre-mer français par référendum. Une émigration de masse se développe alors vers la Nouvelle-Calédonie, résultant en une diaspora wallisienne et futunienne trois à quatre fois plus nombreuses que dans les deux îles d'origine. Le territoire se transforme profondément, avec l'arrivée de l'administration, la construction de nombreuses infrastructures, l'introduction de la langue française et du modèle occidental./ Ne'e hoki tau mai te 'u pāpalagi ki 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'u sēkulo 17 mo 18 kae ne'e tahitahiga tanātou omai ki te 'u motu. I te vaelua o te sēkulo 19, ne'e tali leva e te kau 'Uvea mo Futuna te lotu katolika ae ne'e aumai e te 'u pelepitelo falani. Pea kamata fakatahi'i ai leva te 'u motu o 'Uvea pea mo Futuna o ta'ofi ai te fai felogo'i māhani mo te 'u motu e fe'ovi age ki ai. Ne'e fakamo'oni i te ta'u 1887 te tohi tālaga ke malu'i 'Uvea mo Futuna e Falani (ne'e ko he kole tāfito ne'e fai e te 'u pātele falani) kae ne'e mole liliu ko he koloni totonu a Falani. O kaku mai ki te temi aeni, kei tu'uma'u ai pe te pelepelegesi o te felogo'i a te potu faka 'aliki, te lotu mo te pule'aga falani. Lolotoga te lua ta'u fakamālamanei, ne'e nofo'i 'Uvea e te kau sōlia amelika pea lahi te 'u fetogi ki te ma'uli a te haha'i. I te ta'u 1961, ne'e fakamo'oni ai te tohi lao ae ne'e vote'i e te kau 'uvea mo futuna ke liliu tanātou fenua ko he telituale falani. Talu mai te temi aia mo te 'olo a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna o kumi ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia. I te 'aho nei kua tu'a tolu pe tu'a fā age te kaugamālie a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna i Kaletonia i te kaiga e kei le'o fenua. Kua lahi te'u fetogi kua hoko i te fenua, mai te 'avahi a te 'u pilo gaue a te puleaga, te fakatu'u o te'u mala'e vakalele, 'uafu, 'ala ki te faka'aoga'i o te lea fakalani mo te fa'ahiga ma'uli fakapapālagi. :::::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 18:50, 21 July 2022 (UTC) p7e1i3toct103h2etvmy5jxgvshab2o 5502766 5502529 2022-07-22T07:31:42Z Caro de Segeda 2556016 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float={{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|left|right}} }} {{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|<div class="rtl-text">|}} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! {{#ifeq:|yes|If you haven't already, please consider creating yourself an account to be able to do more. It's free.<br>}} At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand it! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and [[translatewiki:Special:FirstSteps|follow the instructions]]. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]].{{#ifeq:{{lc:ltr}}|rtl|</div>|}}</div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 10:52, 14 May 2017 (UTC) == Contenu sous droit d'auteur (Mālama Tagata) == Malo Lea.fakauvea, la page [[Wp/wls/Mālama Tagata]] reprend le texte de [https://journals.openedition.org/jso/5872 cet article publié par Claire Moyse-Faurie], or ce texte est sous droit d'auteur ("tous droits réservés") et ne peut pas être reproduit sur Wikipédia (il est seulement possible de citer quelques extraits). Pouvez-vous donc modifier l'article en conséquence ? (par exemple, en résumant l'histoire, en utilisant d'autres tournures de phrase ?). Cet épisode de l'histoire wallisienne est important et il serait vraiment dommage de devoir retirer l'article à cause d'un problème de droits d'auteur ;) Bonne journée ! [[User:Skimel|Skimel]] ([[User talk:Skimel|talk]]) 07:57, 7 May 2020 (UTC) <br> *Mālō [[User:Skimel|Skimel]], koeni kuau fai taku ki'i fakamatala ki ai. Ofa atu. --[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 08:13, 13 May 2020 (UTC) :Mālō pe si'i ou ofa [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]]! Ofa atu. [[User:Skimel|Skimel]] ([[User talk:Skimel|talk]]) 10:04, 13 May 2020 (UTC) == Wikipedia in Wallisian == Hi!, I've seen that you speak Wallisian. I don't speak the language but I can help you creating templates, and adding pictures to the articles. --[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 18:58, 7 July 2022 (UTC) :Hola @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]], thank you for reaching out. I'd like to make the current wiki pages more appealing and organized. If you can help me with the homepage portal as a start, that would be great. I have taken the Tongan and French wikipedias as references but I am open to all suggestions. I can draft the text and you can choose the pictures that can match. Thank you. Malo! [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 23:05, 7 July 2022 (UTC) ::Do you like [[:xh:Iphepha_Elingundoqo|this]] Main Page? We can copy it. Also, how do you say "Vital articles" in Wallisian? [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 05:43, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::Muchas gracias @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] - yes we can use that template and have a section on featured articles like the [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/niu/Matapatu_Lau Niuean] or [[Tuvaluan|https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/rtm/Pej_Maha]] page and link the homepage to the other Pacific languages, like the Tuvaluan portal[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 13:44, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::Vital articles = Pāsina ma'uhiga (important articles) - thanks! [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 13:48, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::How do you say: ::::* Welcome to Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia that everybody can edit. ::::* We have X articles. ::::* Categories ::::* Main article ::::* Main image [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:40, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::- Mālо̄ te lava mai ki te Vikipetia, gaue fakamahino 'ateaina a te kaiga fuli. :::::- Ko pāsina e X kua tohi. :::::- Vaega :::::- Pāsina tāfito :::::- Pāki tāfito [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:52, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Could you please translate this? ::::::* Earth atlas ::::::** Climatology ::::::** Ecology ::::::** Geography ::::::** Geology ::::::** Water ::::::** Meteorology ::::::** List of countrie sof the world ::::::* Human sciences ::::::** Anthropology ::::::** Archaeology ::::::** History ::::::** Linguistics ::::::** Philosophy ::::::** Sociology ::::::* Natural sciences ::::::** Astronomy ::::::** Biology ::::::** Botanics ::::::** Chemistry ::::::** Logic ::::::** Mathematics ::::::** Physics ::::::** Zoology ::::::* Applied sciences ::::::** Agriculture ::::::** Communication ::::::** Electronics ::::::** Computer science ::::::** Medicine ::::::** Pharmacy ::::::** Telecommunications ::::::* Arts ::::::** Architecture ::::::** Literature ::::::** Music ::::::** Photography ::::::** Sculpture ::::::* Society ::::::** Economics ::::::** Education ::::::** Politics ::::::** Religion ::::::** Sport ::::::* Religion ::::::** Atheism ::::::** Buddhism ::::::** Christianism ::::::** Hinduisme ::::::** Islam ::::::** Judaism ::::::** Religion ::::::** Theology ::::::Thanks [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 20:28, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Most of these pages might be difficult to translate or to gain interest among Uveans or Pacific Islanders but here you go anyways. Some of them are already on the existing home page: :::::::* Mape o te Lalolagi :::::::** Tu'u o te 'aele :::::::** Puipui 'ulufenua :::::::** Seokalafia :::::::** Seolosia :::::::** Vai :::::::** Tu'u o te lagi :::::::** Fenua o mālamānei :::::::* Sienesia o te tagata :::::::** 'Uhiga tagata :::::::** Fai kumi :::::::** Hisitolia :::::::** Lea :::::::** Filisofia :::::::** Ma'uli tagata :::::::* Sienesia o te nātula :::::::** Tu'alagi :::::::** Ma'uli :::::::** 'Ulufenua :::::::** Simi :::::::** Losika :::::::** Matematika :::::::** Fisika :::::::** Manu :::::::* Sienesia o te gaue :::::::** Gaue kele :::::::** Felogo'i :::::::** Masini :::::::** 'Utohila :::::::** Faito'o :::::::** Faito'o :::::::** Felogo'i :::::::* Faiva :::::::** Fai fale :::::::** Fai tohi :::::::** Māholo :::::::** Fai pāki :::::::** Fai toki :::::::* Ma'uli fakatahi :::::::** Ekonomi :::::::** Ako :::::::** Politike :::::::** Lotu :::::::** Faigao'i :::::::* Lotu :::::::** He'e lotu :::::::** Lotu puta :::::::** Lotu kilisito :::::::** Lotu hinitu :::::::** Lotu maometa :::::::** Lotu sutea :::::::** Lotu :::::::** Teolosia :::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 21:14, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::I have changed the [[Wp/wls/Pāsina Tāfito|Main Page]]. ::::::::Could you please translate this? ::::::::People ::::::::History ::::::::Geography ::::::::Arts ::::::::Philosophy and religion ::::::::Everyday life ::::::::Society and social sciences ::::::::Health, medicine and disease ::::::::Science ::::::::Technology ::::::::Mathematics [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 21:29, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::Looks great, thanks! Here you go: :::::::::Haha'i :::::::::Hisitolia :::::::::Seokalafia :::::::::Faiva :::::::::Filisofia mo lotu :::::::::Ma'uli o te 'aho fuli :::::::::Ma'uli fakatahi :::::::::Mālōlō fakasino :::::::::Sienesia :::::::::Fai masini :::::::::Matematika [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:43, 8 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::thanks for the changes @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] - can you check the stats as they are from another page. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 15:06, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Would it be possible to add back the uvean flag at the top of the home page and a section on Pacific languages wiki projects like [https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wp/niu/Matapatu_Lau this Niuean language page did with all the flags.] :::::::This will help users find resources and references in similar languages in our region. Wallisian is very similar to Tongan and Tokelauan and I refer to these pages for translations. Thanks! [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:51, 8 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::How do you say: ::::::::"Other Wikipedias"? ::::::::Continents ::::::::Early humans ::::::::European settlements ::::::::World War II ::::::::Overseas territory ::::::::Governance and law ::::::::Islands ::::::::Flora and fauna ::::::::Economy ::::::::Demographics ::::::::Culture ::::::::Transport and communications ::::::::Healthcare ::::::::Environment :::::::: See also ::::::::References ::::::::External links [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 11:25, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :Here are the translations: :Tahi 'u vikipetia :Kotinate :Temi mu'a :Tau mai a papālagi :Lua ta'u fakamālamanei :Telituale falani :Pule'aga mo lao :Motu :Manu mo akau :Ma'uli faka'ekonomika :Haha'i :Aga'ifenua :Fai folau mo felogo'i :Ma'uli fakasino :'Ulufenua :Vaka'i atu :Matapuna :Pāsina kehe [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 15:04, 9 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thank you, could you please translate this? ::Artists and architects ::Authors, playwrights and poets ::Composers and musicians ::Explorers and travelers ::Film directors, screenwriters and actors ::Inventors, scientists and mathematicians ::Philosophers and social scientists ::Political leaders ::Religious figures and theologians ::Psychology ::Family and relationships ::Politics ::Business and economics ::Law ::International organizations ::War and military ::Social issues ::Weight, volume and distance ::Time ::Health and medicine [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 15:39, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :::Kaiga faiva mo tufuga :::Maau :::Fai māholo :::Fai folau :::Fai ata :::Poto fakasienesia :::Poto filisofia :::Taki politike :::Taki lotu :::Sienesia o te atamai :::Fāmili :::Politike :::Fai koloa mo lagafenua :::Lao :::Pilo gaue fakamālamanei :::Tau mo solia :::Ma'uli fakasosiale :::Fakafuafua :::Temi :::Mālо̄lо̄ fakasino [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 16:31, 9 July 2022 (UTC) == Translation == When you translate, could you please do it like this? :Artists and architects = Kaiga faiva mo tufuga Thus I know the correspondance. Could you please translate this? * Mathematics: Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers (arithmetic, number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis). * Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat. * Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label. * Geometry: Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space that are related with distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer. * Arithmetic: Arithmetic is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Peano axioms, which are highly important to the field of mathematical logic today. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 17:21, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :@[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] sorry about that - I'll do my best. Not easy to translate these are not typical topics discussed in our native language. :* Mathematics: Mathematics is an area of knowledge that includes such topics as numbers (arithmetic, number theory), formulas and related structures (algebra), shapes and the spaces in which they are contained (geometry), and quantities and their changes (calculus and analysis). / Matematica: Ko te matematica ko he'e fa'ahiga poto i te fai nūmelo, te lau nūmelo, te fa'u nūmelo, te faka'aoga nūmelo, te fakafuafua nūmelo. :* Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 – 14 November 1716) was a German polymath active as a mathematician, philosopher, scientist and diplomat./ Ko Gottfried Wilhem (von) Leibniz (1 Sulio 1646 - 14 Novepeli 1716) ne'e ko he tagata siamani ne'e poto i te fai nūmelo mo te filisofia. Ne'e gaue fakasienesia pea fakafofoga tona fenua i tu'apuleaga. :* Number: A number is a mathematical object used to count, measure, and label./Nūmelo: Ko te nūmelo ko he kupu matematika e faka'aoga ki te lau, fakafuafua mo fakahigoa o te'u me'a. :* Geometry: Geometry is, with arithmetic, one of the oldest branches of mathematics. It is concerned with properties of space that are related with distance, shape, size, and relative position of figures. A mathematician who works in the field of geometry is called a geometer./Seometilia: Ko te seometilia ko he koga āfea 'osi o te matematika.E ina fakafuafua te vaha, te fa'ufa'u, te lahi mo te tu'u o te'u me'a. Ko he tagata e gaue i te seometilia e higoa ko he seometa. :* Arithmetic: Arithmetic is an elementary part of mathematics that consists of the study of the properties of the traditional operations on numbers—addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, exponentiation, and extraction of roots. In the 19th century, Italian mathematician Giuseppe Peano formalized arithmetic with his Peano axioms, which are highly important to the field of mathematical logic today./ Alitimetika: Ko te alitimetika ko he koga o te matematika e ina 'ako te fa'ahiga lau o te 'u nūmelo - te fakatahi'i, te to'o, te liuga mo te vahe o te 'u nūmelo. Ne'e ko he tagata fai matematika italia ko Giuseppe Peano i te sekula 19 ae ne'e ina fakatu'u te fai alitimetika aki tana tohi nūmelo Peano, ae kei tou faka'aoga'i i te 'aho nei. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 17:21, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 20:12, 9 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thanks for your help. I won't be able to get connect until next Friday, meanwhile, could you please translate this? ::* A language is a structured system of communication. ::* Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation. ::* Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language" (la lingvo internacia). ::* Interlingue, originally Occidental, is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, Edgar de Wahl, sought to achieve maximal grammatical regularity and natural character. The vocabulary is based on pre-existing words from various languages and a derivational system which uses recognized prefixes and suffixes. ::* Louis Couturat (17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 21:03, 9 July 2022 (UTC) :::Also, you need to translate [https://translatewiki.net/wiki/Special:Translate?language=wls&group=core-0-mostused&filter=%21translated&action=translate these] messages for the project to be approved. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 21:07, 9 July 2022 (UTC) ::::Here you go: ::::* A language is a structured system of communication./ Ko te lea ko he fa'ahiga fai felogo'i fakatokatoka. ::::* Philosophy is the systematized study of general and fundamental questions, such as those about existence, reason, knowledge, values, mind, and language. Such questions are often posed as problems to be studied or resolved. Philosophical methods include questioning, critical discussion, rational argument, and systematic presentation./ Ko te filisofia ko he fa'ahiga ako e ina fakasiosio te atu koga e hoha ki ai te haha'i o hage lā ko te ma'uli, te fakakaukau, te poto, te aga, te atamai mo te lea. Ko te faka'amu ke mahino kita ki ai pea ke ma'u mo he tali ki te 'u fehu'i e kita fai. Ko te gaue fakafilisofia e fakahoko aki te fai fehu'i, te talanoa, te fe'ave'aki manatu mo te fakamahino. ::::* Esperanto is the world's most widely spoken constructed international auxiliary language. Created by Warsaw-based ophthalmologist L. L. Zamenhof in 1887, it was intended to be a universal second language for international communication, or "the international language" (la lingvo internacia)./ Ko te esperanto ko te lea fakamālamanei ne'e hoko fa'u pea e kaugamālie te kaiga e nātou palalau'i i te 'aho nei. Ne'e fa'u e he toketā mata polonia ko L.L. Zamenhof i te ta'u 1887. Ne'e ko tana faka'amu ke fakagafua te fai felogo'i fakamālamanei (la lingvo internacia). ::::* Interlingue, originally Occidental, is an international auxiliary language created in 1922 and renamed in 1949. Its creator, Edgar de Wahl, sought to achieve maximal grammatical regularity and natural character. The vocabulary is based on pre-existing words from various languages and a derivational system which uses recognized prefixes and suffixes./Ko te Interlingue ko he lea fakamālamanei ne'e fa'u i te ta'u 1922 pea ne'e 'uluaki higoa mu'a ko te Occidental o toe fetogi tona higoa i te ta'u 1949. Ne'e faka'amu e te tagata ne'e ina fa'u, ko Edgar de Wahl, ke fakatokatoka te 'u lēkula palalau a te lea pea ke faigafua tona pu'aki. Ko te 'u kupu o te lea ne'e fa'u mai 'ihi kupu kua ilo'i i 'ihi atu lea. Pea ne'e toe faka'aoga'i mo ni'i ki'i kupu fakamu'a mo fakamuli o te kupu takitahi. ::::* Louis Couturat (17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido./ Ko Louis Couturat (17 Sanualio 1868 - 3 Aukusito 1914) ne'e ko he tagata poto fai matematika, ako filosofia mo ako lea falani. Ne'e kau Couturat i te kutuga ne'e uluaki gaue ki te fa'u o te lea Ido. ::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 23:27, 12 July 2022 (UTC) :::::Thanks. Could you please translate this as well? :::::* International auxiliary languages :::::* Constructed languages :::::* Languages :::::* Linguistics :::::* Lapita culture: The Lapita culture is the name given to a Neolithic Austronesian people and their material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 to 500 BCE. :::::* Known distribution of the Lapita culture :::::* Polynesian culture :::::* History of Oceania :::::* The earliest signs of human habitation on these islands are artifacts characteristic of the Lapita culture, dating roughly to between 850 and 800 BCE. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 17:44, 13 July 2022 (UTC) :::::De nada. Aqui esta: :::::* International auxiliary languages / Lea felogo'i fakamālamanei :::::** International auxiliary languages / Lea felogoi'i fakamālamanei :::::** Constructed languages / Lea fa'u :::::** Languages / Lea :::::** Linguistics / Ako o te fa'ufa'u lea :::::** Lapita culture: The Lapita culture is the name given to a Neolithic Austronesian people and their material culture, who settled Island Melanesia via a seaborne migration at around 1600 to 500 BCE. / Lapita: Ko te Lapita ko te higoa a te haha'i ositolonesia o te temi mu'a ne'e fai folau vaka ki te 'u motu o Melanesia i te 'u ta'u 1600 ki te 500 ia mu'a o Kilisito. E toe higoa'i mo 'anātou aga'ifenua ko te aga'iifenu'a lapita. :::::** Known distribution of the Lapita culture / Māfola o te aga'ifenua lapita :::::** Polynesian culture / Aga'ifenua polinesia :::::** History of Oceania / Hisitolia o Oseania :::::** The earliest signs of human habitation on these islands are artifacts characteristic of the Lapita culture, dating roughly to between 850 and 800 BCE. / Ko te 'uluaki ma'u o 'uhiga mo te fakahaha'i o te 'u motu aia ko te 'u koloa o te aga'ifenua Lapita ne'e ma'u ai mai te 'u ta'u 850 ki 800 ia mu'a o Kilisito. :::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:24, 13 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Could you please translate this? ::::::* The islands served as natural stopover points for boat traffic going between Fiji and Samoa. ::::::* During Tongan invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries, the islands showed varying levels of resistance and accepted varying degrees of assimilation: Futuna retained more of its pre-Tongan cultural features, while Wallis underwent greater fundamental changes in its society, language, and culture. ::::::* The original inhabitants built forts and other identifiable structures on the islands, many of which are in ruins, but some of which are still partially intact. ::::::* Oral history and archaeological evidence suggest that the Tongan invaders reoccupied and modified some of these structures. ::::::* Oral history also preserves a cultural memory of relationships between Samoa and Futuna that are so longstanding that they are described in the islanders' origin stories. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 08:11, 14 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Sure! :::::::* The islands served as natural stopover points for boat traffic going between Fiji and Samoa./Ne'e faka'aoga'i te 'u motu ko he 'u taulaga vaka māhani i te vaha o Fisi mo Ha'amoa. :::::::* During Tongan invasions in the 15th and 16th centuries, the islands showed varying levels of resistance and accepted varying degrees of assimilation: Futuna retained more of its pre-Tongan cultural features, while Wallis underwent greater fundamental changes in its society, language, and culture./Lolotoga te temi ne'e nonofo ai te kau Toga i te 'u sekulo 15 mo 16, ne'e kehe te tali o nātou i te 'u motu: Ne'e taupau e Futuna tanātou 'aga'ifenua mai te temi mu'a kae fetogi te ma'uli fakafenua o 'Uvea mai tana lea ki tana 'aga'ifenua. :::::::* The original inhabitants built forts and other identifiable structures on the islands, many of which are in ruins, but some of which are still partially intact./Ko te 'u 'uluaki haha'i ne'e nonofo i te 'u motu ne'e fakatu'u kolo mo 'ihi atu fakatahi'aga e kua maumau tāfito i te 'aho nei kae kei tu'u fakalelei 'ihi. :::::::* Oral history and archaeological evidence suggest that the Tongan invaders reoccupied and modified some of these structures./E mahino mai te talatuku mo te 'u fekumi fakasienesia ne'e nofo'i te 'u kolo āfea e te kau Toga o nātou toe fetogi mo tona fa'ufa'u. :::::::* Oral history also preserves a cultural memory of relationships between Samoa and Futuna that are so longstanding that they are described in the islanders' origin stories./ E toe fakamanatu i te talatuku te faifolau faka'āfea i te vaha a Futuna mo Ha'amoa, ha'u'aga aia a te kau Futuna. :::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:15, 14 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::Futuna was first put on European maps by Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire during their circumnavigation of the globe in 1616. They named the islands of Futuna "Hoornse Eylanden" after the Dutch town of Hoorn where they hailed from. This was later translated into French as "Isles de Horne." The Wallis Islands are named after the British explorer Samuel Wallis, who sailed past them in 1767 after being the first European to visit Tahiti. The French were the first Europeans to settle in the territory, with the arrival of French missionaries in 1837, who converted the population to Roman Catholicism. Pierre Chanel, canonized in 1954, is a major patron saint of the island of Futuna and of the region. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:05, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::Ne<nowiki>'e 'uluaki fakatu'u Futuna i te 'u mape 'eulopa e Willem Schouten mo Jacob Le Maire lolotoga tāna fai folau fakamālamanei i te ta'u 1616. Pea ne'e nā higoa'i te 'u motu ko ''Hoornse Eylanden'' ko he fakamanatu o tana kolo ko Hoorn i Holania. Ne'e fakaliliu te higoa i te lea fakafalani ko ''Isles de Horne''. Ko te motu o 'Uvea ne'e fakahigoa ki te kapiteni pilitania ko Samuel Wallis, 'uhi ko tana fakalaka ai i te ta'u 1767 hili tana folau ki Tahisi. Ne'e ko te 'uluaki papālagi ne'e tau ki Tahisi. Ne'e ko te 'u 'uluaki papālagi ne'e omai ki 'Uvea mo Futuna ne'e ko te 'u pelepitelo falani i te ta'u 1837, o hake mai ai te lotu katolika ki te fenua. Ko Petelo Sanele ne'e fakamo'oni i te ta'</nowiki>u 1954 ke liliu ko te sagato hūfaga o te motu o Futuna pea mo te Pasifika kа̄toa. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:18, 15 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::::On 5 April 1842, the missionaries asked for the protection of France after the rebellion of a part of the local population. On 5 April 1887, the queen of Uvea (that is, of the traditional chiefdom that comprised the island of Wallis) signed a treaty officially establishing a French protectorate. The kings of Sigave and Alo on the islands of Futuna and Alofi also signed a treaty establishing a French protectorate, on 16 February 1888. At that point, the islands were put under the authority of the French colony of New Caledonia. In 1917, the three traditional kingdoms of Uvea, Sigave, and Alo were annexed by France and integrated into the colony of Wallis and Futuna, which remained under the authority of the colony of New Caledonia. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:20, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::I te 'aho 5 o Apelili 1842, ne'e kole e te 'alikihau mo te kau pelepitelo ke puipui 'Uvea e Falani, hili te 'u tokakovi ne'e fakahoko i te fenua. I te 'aho 5 o Apelili 1887, ne'e fakamo'oni e te fine'aliki o 'Uvea ke liliu tona pule'aga ko he fenua e puipui e Falani. Ne'e toe fakamo'oni e te 'u 'alikihau o Sigave mo Alo he tohi lao ke puipui ai mo Futuna e Falani i te 'aho 16 o Fepualio 1888. I te temi aia ne'e fakatapiki ai 'Uvea mo Futuna ki te koloni falani o Niu Kaletonia. I te ta'u 1917, ne'e faiga'i ke liliu te 'u pule'aga hau o 'Uvea, Sigave mo Alo ko he koloni fakani e fakalogo ki Niu Kaletonia kae ne'e mole fakamo'oni te koga e te Sena o Falani. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:31, 15 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::Thanks, could you please translate this? ::::::::::::During World War II, the islands' administration was briefly pro-Vichy until a Free French corvette from New Caledonia deposed the regime on 26 May 1942. Units of the US Marine Corps later landed on Wallis on 29 May 1942. In 1959, the inhabitants of the islands voted to become a separate French overseas territory, effective since 29 July 1961, thus ending their subordination to New Caledonia.In 2005, the 50th king of Uvea, Tomasi Kulimoetoke II, faced being deposed after giving sanctuary to his grandson who was convicted of manslaughter. The king claimed his grandson should be judged by tribal law rather than by the French penal system. As a result, there were riots in the streets involving the king's supporters, who were victorious over attempts to replace the king. Two years later, Tomasi Kulimoetoke died on 7 May 2007. The state was in a six-month period of mourning, during which mentioning a successor was forbidden.[13] On 25 July 2008, Kapiliele Faupala was installed as king despite protests from some of the royal clans. He was deposed in 2014. A new king, Patalione Kanimoa, was eventually installed in Uvea in 2016; Lino Leleivai in Alo on Futuna succeeded after Filipo Katoa had abdicated, and Eufenio Takala succeeded Polikalepo Kolivai in Sigave. The French president at the time, François Hollande, attended the installation ceremony. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 19:42, 15 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::Lolotoga te 2 ta'u fakamа̄lamanei, ne'e 'uluaki fakalogo mu'a te lesita ki te pule'aga o Vichy pea tau mai leva te mа̄nua o Falani faitaliha mai Niumea i te 'aho 26 o Maio 1942 o fetogi leva te nofo a 'Uvea. Ne'e tau mai te kau solia amelika ki 'Uvea nei i te 'aho 29 o Maio 1942. I te ta'u 1959, ne'e vote'i ai e te kaiga o 'Uvea mo Futuna ke liliu te fenua ko he telituale falani, o fakamo'oni leva e te tohi lao o te 'aho 29 o Sulio 1961. I te 2005, ne'e faiga'i e 'ihi ke fakahifo te 50 hau o 'Uvea ko Tomasi Kulimoetoke II, 'uhi ko te nofo a tona mokopuna i Sagato Soane kae kumi ke ta'ofi e te kau salatamu, hili tana fakamau'i e te fale fakamau. Ne'e tokakovi ai leva te fenua he ne'e loto e 'ihi ke fakalogo ki te lao o te lepupilika kae fakafisi ki ai 'ihi atu ne'e fia tuku ki te fakamau'i fakafenua o te koga. Ne'e manuka Lavelua Tomasi Kulimoetoke i te 'aho 7 o Maio 2007 pea putu te fenua lolotoga mа̄hina e ono. Ne'e tapu te tа̄laga ki te fetogi o te nofo i te tu'ulaga fakahau lolotoga te temi putu. I te 'aho 25 o Sulio 2008, ne'e fakanofo ai Kapeliele Faupala ke hau logo lа̄ te fakafisi a 'ihi kutuga ki ai. Ne'e fakahifo Lavelua Faupala i te ta'u 2014. I te ta'u 2016, ne'e fakanofo hau e lua i 'Uvea: Patalione Kanimoa i Sagato Soane mo Tominiko Halagahu i Fitugamamahi. Ne'e fakanofo Lino Leleivai o Tuiagaifo i Alo o ina fetogi ia Filipo Katoa ae ne'e fakafisi ki te tu'ulaga. Ne'e fetogi e Eufanio Takala ia Polikaleop Kolivai i te tu'ulaga hau i Sigave. Ne'e folau mai ki Futuna mo 'Uvea ia te pelesita falani o te temi aia ia François Hollande i te ta'u 2016. [[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 20:30, 15 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Thanks. Could you please translate this? ::::::::::::::Drawing of Wallis Island by Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767 ::::::::::::::Coastal view of Wallis island by Captain James Cook in 1773 ::::::::::::::Ruins of the Talietumu fort ::::::::::::::The territory is divided into three traditional kingdoms (royaumes coutumiers): Uvea, on the island of Wallis, Sigave, on the western part of the island of Futuna, and Alo, on the eastern part of the island of Futuna and on the uninhabited island of Alofi (only Uvea is further subdivided, into three districts): ::::::::::::::Kingdom ::::::::::::::District ::::::::::::::Capital ::::::::::::::Area ::::::::::::::Population ::::::::::::::2003 census ::::::::::::::Population ::::::::::::::2018 census ::::::::::::::2003–2018 evolution ::::::::::::::Villages ::::::::::::::Refers to villages with municipal status. ::::::::::::::Formerly called Mua. ::::::::::::::Alofi is virtually uninhabited; administratively it falls under Alo. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 09:15, 16 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::::Sure - here you go: :::::::::::::::: Drawing of Wallis Island by Captain Samuel Wallis in 1767 / Pāki o 'Uvea ne'e fai e Kapiteni Samuel Wallis i te ta'u 1767 :::::::::::::::: Coastal view of Wallis island by Captain James Cook in 1773 / Pāki o te matātai o 'Uvea ne'e fai e Kapiteni James Cook i te ta'u 1773 :::::::::::::::: Ruins of the Talietumu fort / Kolo o Talietumu :::::::::::::::: The territory is divided into three traditional kingdoms (royaumes coutumiers): Uvea, on the island of Wallis, Sigave, on the western part of the island of Futuna, and Alo, on the eastern part of the island of Futuna and on the uninhabited island of Alofi (only Uvea is further subdivided, into three districts): / Ko pule'aga hau e tolu o te telituale: 'Uvea i te motu o 'Uvea, Sigave i te faha'i hihifo o te motu o Futuna, mo Alo, i te faha'i hahake o Futuna mo te motu lāvaki o Alofi (ko 'Uvea pe e toe vahe ki palokia e tolu): :::::::::::::::: Kingdom / Pule'aga hau :::::::::::::::: District / Palokia :::::::::::::::: Capital / Kolo mu'a :::::::::::::::: Area / Lahi :::::::::::::::: Population / Haha'i :::::::::::::::: 2003 census / 'Ahi'ahi 2003 :::::::::::::::: Population / Haha'i :::::::::::::::: 2018 census / 'Ahi'ahi 2018 :::::::::::::::: 2003–2018 evolution / Faka'alu'alu 2003-2018 :::::::::::::::: Villages / Kolo :::::::::::::::: Refers to villages with municipal status./ Kolo e fakamo'oni :::::::::::::::: Formerly called Mua. / Ne'e 'uluaki higoa ko Mu'a. :::::::::::::::: Alofi is virtually uninhabited; administratively it falls under Alo./ E lāvaki Alofi kae pipiki ki Alo. :::::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 22:29, 16 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::::::Thanks, can you please translate this? ::::::::::::::::* The capital of the collectivity is Matāʻutu on the island of Uvéa, the most populous of the Wallis Islands. As an overseas collectivity of France, it is governed under the French constitution of 28 September 1958, and has universal suffrage for those over 18 years of age. The French president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the high administrator is appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly. The most recent election was held on 20 March 2022. ::::::::::::::::* As of 2021, the head of state is President Emmanuel Macron of France, as represented by Administrator-Superior Thierry Queffelec. The president of the Territorial Assembly has been Petelo Hanisi since 11 December 2013. The Council of the Territory consists of three kings (monarchs of the three pre-colonial kingdoms) and three members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial Assembly. ::::::::::::::::* The legislative branch consists of the unicameral 20-member Territorial Assembly or Assemblée territoriale. Its members are elected by popular vote, and serve five-year terms. Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and one deputy to the French National Assembly. ::::::::::::::::* Criminal justice is generally governed by French law and administered by a tribunal of first resort in Mata-Utu; appeals from that tribunal are decided by the Court of Appeal in Nouméa, New Caledonia. However, in non-criminal cases (civil-law disputes), the three traditional kingdoms administer justice according to customary law. ::::::::::::::::* The territory participates in the Franc Zone, and is both a permanent member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and an observer at the Pacific Islands Forum. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 08:29, 17 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::::::Hello Caro, here you go. I've updated the names as the English wikipedia page is 3 years old at least. The French version is the most up-to-date about leaders'names. :::::::::::::::::* The capital of the collectivity is Matāʻutu on the island of Uvéa, the most populous of the Wallis Islands. As an overseas collectivity of France, it is governed under the French constitution of 28 September 1958, and has universal suffrage for those over 18 years of age. The French president is elected by popular vote for a five-year term; the high administrator is appointed by the French president on the advice of the French Ministry of the Interior; the presidents of the Territorial Government and the Territorial Assembly are elected by the members of the assembly. The most recent election was held on 20 March 2022. / Ko te kolo mu'a o te telituale ko Matāʻutu i 'Uvea. 'Uhi ko te fakalogo a te 'u motu ki Falani, e pule'i e te tohi lao tāfito o Falani o te 'aho 28 o Sepetepeli 1958 pea lava vote te haha'i fuli o 'Uvea mo Futuna kua ta'u 18. E fai te vote fakapelesita i te ta'u nima fuli; ko te kōvana e fili e te pelesita o te lepupilika o fakalogo pe ki minisi o te loto fenua; ko te pelesita o te falefono fakatelituale e vote'i e te kau fono o te falefono. Ne'e hoki 'osi atu nei te vote fakatelituale i te 'aho 20 o Malesio 2022. :::::::::::::::::* As of 2021, the head of state is President Emmanuel Macron of France, as represented by Administrator-Superior Thierry Queffelec. The president of the Territorial Assembly has been Petelo Hanisi since 11 December 2013. The Council of the Territory consists of three kings (monarchs of the three pre-colonial kingdoms) and three members appointed by the high administrator on the advice of the Territorial Assembly./ I te ta'u 2022, ko te pelesita o te lepupilika falani ko Emmanuel Macron pea e fakafofoga i te fenua e te kōvana ko Hervé Jonathan. Ko te pelesita o te Falefono fakatelituale ko Munipoese Muliki'aka'aka talu te 'aho 25 o Malesio 2022. Ko te fono taki o te telituale e kau ki ai te 'u 'alikihau e tolu ('aliki hau o te 'u pule'aga hau e tolu) mo te toko tolu ne'e fili e te kōvana o fakalogo ki te falefono fakatelituale. :::::::::::::::::* The legislative branch consists of the unicameral 20-member Territorial Assembly or Assemblée territoriale. Its members are elected by popular vote, and serve five-year terms. Wallis and Futuna elects one senator to the French Senate and one deputy to the French National Assembly./ Ko te 'u pule'aki o te telituale e to'o e te kau fono 20 o te Falefono fakatelituale o 'Uvea mo Futuna. E vote'i nātou e te haha'i ki loto pea e kau ki te fono ta'u e nima. E toe fakafofoga 'Uvea mo Futuna i te Sena e te senatē pea i te Fono fakatepite o Falani e te tepitē. :::::::::::::::::* Criminal justice is generally governed by French law and administered by a tribunal of first resort in Mata-Utu; appeals from that tribunal are decided by the Court of Appeal in Nouméa, New Caledonia. However, in non-criminal cases (civil-law disputes), the three traditional kingdoms administer justice according to customary law./ Ko te fakamau o te 'u koga mamafa o hage ko te fai fakapō e fai pe o fakalogo ki te lao falani e te fale fakamau o Matā'utu; pea e fakahoko atu te 'u tagi ki te fale fakamau lahi o Niumea i Niu Kaletonia. O 'uhiga leva mo te 'u koga e siasia'a, e fakalogo pe ia ki te potu o te kau 'aliki ke to'o e nātou ni tonu pe fai fakatu'ā. :::::::::::::::::* The territory participates in the Franc Zone, and is both a permanent member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and an observer at the Pacific Islands Forum./ E faka'aoga'i e te telituale te Falā Pasifika pea kau totonu i te Fono Gaue Fakapasifika mo faka'afe kae mole vote i te Fono lahi o te 'atu motu o te Pasifika. :::::::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:25, 17 July 2022 (UTC) == Translation == Could you please translate this? * He studied Modern Languages and Translation and Interpreting at university. He has published several texts on the internet in different constructed languages, such as Lingua Franca Nova, Interlingua and Interlingue. Bibliography * Wallis and Futuna is located about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. It is 13°18′S 176°12′W, 360 km (220 mi) west of Samoa and 480 km (300 mi) northeast of Fiji. * The territory includes the island of Uvéa (also called Wallis), which is the most populous; the island of Futuna; the virtually uninhabited island of Alofi; and 20 uninhabited islets. The total area of the territory is 274 square kilometres (106 sq mi), with 129 kilometres (80 mi) of coastline. The highest point in the territory is Mont Puke, on the island of Futuna, at 524 metres (1,719 ft). * References * Populated places in Wallis and Futuna Thanks [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:17, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :Here you go, Caro: :* Vicente Costalago is a philologist, author and supporter of the international auxiliary language Occidental. He is one of the main literary authors in Interlingue./ Ko Vicente Costalago ko he tagata poto fai fekumi lea, fai tohi mo tekeni o te lea fa'u fakamālamanei o te Occidental. E toe faiva te tagata i te lea Interlingue. :* He studied Modern Languages and Translation and Interpreting at university. He has published several texts on the internet in different constructed languages, such as Lingua Franca Nova, Interlingua and Interlingue. Bibliography / Ne'e ina ako te 'u lea matāpule pea mo te gaue faihiki lea i te fale'ako ma'oluga. Ne'e lahi te 'u pāsina ne'e ina tohi i te neti i 'ihi lea fa'u o hage ko te Lingua Franca Nova, Interlingua mo Interlingue. Tohi ne'e ina fai :* Wallis and Futuna is located about two-thirds of the way from Hawaii to New Zealand. It is 13°18′S 176°12′W, 360 km (220 mi) west of Samoa and 480 km (300 mi) northeast of Fiji./ Ko 'Uvea mo Futuna e tu'u i te loto 2/3 o te 'alu ae mai Havai'i ki Niusila. E tu'u i te 13°18′S 176°12′W, km 360 (220 mi) i te potu uesite o Ha'amoa mo km 480 (300 mi) i te potu noleto esite o Fisi. :* The territory includes the island of Uvéa (also called Wallis), which is the most populous; the island of Futuna; the virtually uninhabited island of Alofi; and 20 uninhabited islets. The total area of the territory is 274 square kilometres (106 sq mi), with 129 kilometres (80 mi) of coastline. The highest point in the territory is Mont Puke, on the island of Futuna, at 524 metres (1,719 ft)./E tu'u i te telituale te motu o 'Uvea (Wallis), pea ko te motu kaugamālie tāfito; te motu o Futuna, te motu lāvaki o Alofi pea mo ni motu e 20 e mole nofo'i. Ko te lahi o te telituale e fakafuafua ki te 274 km2 (106 mi2), pea e kilometa 129 (80 mi) te loa o tana 'u matātai. Ko te mo'uga lahi o te telituale ko te Puke i Futuna pea e 524 meta (1,719 ft) tana lahi. :* References / Matapuna :* Populated places in Wallis and Futuna / Kolo kaugamālie o 'Uvea mo Futuna :[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 16:56, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::Thanks. This is the next part of the article to be translated: ::* The islands have a hot, rainy season from November to April, when tropical cyclones passing over them cause storms. Then they have a cool, dry season from May to October, caused by the southeast trade winds that predominate during those months. The average annual rainfall is between 2,500 and 3,000 millimetres (98–118 in), and rain is likely on at least 260 days per year. The average humidity is 80%. The average annual temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F), rarely falling below 24.0 °C (75.2 °F); during the rainy season, it ranges between 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) and 32.0 °C (89.6 °F). ::* Only 5% of the islands' land area consists of arable land; permanent crops cover another 20%. Deforestation is a serious problem: Only small portions of the original forests remain, largely because the inhabitants use wood as their main fuel source, and, as a result, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly susceptible to erosion. The island of Alofi lacks natural freshwater resources, so it has no permanent settlements. ::* Volcanic activity during the mid-Pleistocene created numerous volcanic crater lakes on Uvea (Wallis Island). The names of some of them are: Lalolalo, Lano, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha, Kikila, and Alofivai. ::* Wallis and Futuna is part of the Fiji tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 18:05, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::* The islands have a hot, rainy season from November to April, when tropical cyclones passing over them cause storms. Then they have a cool, dry season from May to October, caused by the southeast trade winds that predominate during those months. The average annual rainfall is between 2,500 and 3,000 millimetres (98–118 in), and rain is likely on at least 260 days per year. The average humidity is 80%. The average annual temperature is 26.6 °C (79.9 °F), rarely falling below 24.0 °C (75.2 °F); during the rainy season, it ranges between 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) and 32.0 °C (89.6 °F)./ E vevela mo 'ua mai Novepeli ki Apelili he fakalaka te 'u 'afā i te vaha o 'Uvea mo Futuna. E mokomoko mo siasia'a te 'u māhina o Maio ki 'Oketopeli, 'uhi ko te lau mataki mai te potu saute esite. Ko te 'ua e fakafuafua ki te 2,500-3,000 milimeta (98-118 in) tona tō i te ta'u pea e 'ua 'aho e 260 i te ta'u. E lau ki te 80% te fakafuafua o te māhūhū i 'otātou motu pea e 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) te mokomoko o hifo ki te 24.0 °C (75.2 °F); lototoga te temi 'ua, e hake ki te 28.0 °C (82.4 °F) mo te 32.0 °C (89.6 °F) te vevela. :::* Only 5% of the islands' land area consists of arable land; permanent crops cover another 20%. Deforestation is a serious problem: Only small portions of the original forests remain, largely because the inhabitants use wood as their main fuel source, and, as a result, the mountainous terrain of Futuna is particularly susceptible to erosion. The island of Alofi lacks natural freshwater resources, so it has no permanent settlements./Ko te 5% ape o te 'u kele o te telituale e lava faka'aoga'i pea ko te 20% kua faka'aoga'i ki te gaue kele. Ko te maumau'i o te vao e fakatupu hoha: ko te 'u fa'ahi si'i pe o te vao tapu e kei toe, 'uhi ko te tutu o te 'akau e te haha'i pea kua iloga i Futuna te kua fakapelepelegi o 'ihi mo'i kele e tu'u i 'uta. Mole he vai e ma'u i Alofi ko ia ae e mole nofo'i. :::* Volcanic activity during the mid-Pleistocene created numerous volcanic crater lakes on Uvea (Wallis Island). The names of some of them are: Lalolalo, Lano, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha, Kikila, and Alofivai./Ne'e lahi te 'u mo'uga 'afi ne'e kei 'ala i te temi mu'a atu i Uvea. I te 'aho nei, ko te 'u vai ne'e tupu mai ai e higoa ko: Lalolalo, Lanutavake, Lanutuli, Lanumaha, Kikila mo Alofivai. :::* Wallis and Futuna is part of the Fiji tropical moist forests terrestrial ecoregion / E kau 'Uvea mo Futuna i te kogatai māfana o te 'atu motu e feovi mo Fisi. :::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 18:39, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::Thanks, here are more: ::::* The total population of the territory at the July 2018 census was 11,558 (72.1% on the island of Wallis, 27.9% on the island of Futuna), down from 14,944 at the July 2003 census. The vast majority of the population are of Polynesian ethnicity, with a small minority who were born in Metropolitan France or are of French descent. ::::* Lack of economic opportunities has, since the 1950s, been impelling many young Wallisians and Futunians to migrate to the more prosperous French territory of New Caledonia, where, as French citizens, they are legally entitled to settle and work. Since the mid-2000s, emigration has surged in response to political tensions on the main island of Wallis (Uvea), that have arisen from a feud between rival aristocratic clans, who are supporting competing kings. Emigrants have begun settling, not only in New Caledonia, but also much farther away, in Metropolitan France. At the 2014 census, 21,926 residents of New Caledonia (whether born in New Caledonia or in Wallis and Futuna) reported their ethnicity as "Wallisian and Futunian." This is almost double the total population of Wallis and Futuna. ::::* According to the 2018 census, among people 14 and older, 59.1% spoke Wallisian the most at home (down from 60.2% in 2008); for 27.9% it was Futunan (down from 29.9% in 2008); and for 12.7% it was French (up from 9.7% in 2008). On Wallis Island, the languages most spoken at home were Wallisian (82.2%, down from 86.1% in 2008), French (15.6%, up from 12.1% in 2008), and Futunan (1.9%, up from 1.5% in 2008). On Futuna, the languages most spoken at home were Futunan (94.5%, down from 94.9% in 2008), French (5.3%, up from 4.2% in 2008), and Wallisian (0.2%, down from 0.8% in 2008). ::::* Ten years earlier, as of the 2008 census, 88.5% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write either Wallisian or Futunan, and 7.2% had no knowledge of either Wallisian or Futunan. Among those 14 or older, 78.2% could speak, read and write French, and 17.3% had no knowledge of French. On Wallis Island, 81.1% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 14.3% reported that they had no knowledge of French. On Futuna, 71.6% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 24.3% had no knowledge of French. ::::* The overwhelming majority (99%) of the people in Wallis and Futuna are Catholics, with the island having been evangelized in the 19th century by Fr Peter Chanel, SM. They are served by their own Diocese of Wallis and Futuna, with a see at Mata-Utu, a suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nouméa (New Caledonia). [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 18:44, 18 July 2022 (UTC) :::::Aqui esta: :::::* The total population of the territory at the July 2018 census was 11,558 (72.1% on the island of Wallis, 27.9% on the island of Futuna), down from 14,944 at the July 2003 census. The vast majority of the population are of Polynesian ethnicity, with a small minority who were born in Metropolitan France or are of French descent./ E fakafuafua ki te 11,558 te kaugamālie o te haha'i i 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'ahi'ahi o Sulio 2018 (72.1% i 'Uvea, 27.9% i Futuna). Kua hifo mai te 14,944 o te 'ahi'ahi o Sulio 2003. Ko te kaugamālie o te haha'i e lanu polinesia pea mo te tokosi'i pe e ha'u mai Falani pe lanu papālagi. :::::* Lack of economic opportunities has, since the 1950s, been impelling many young Wallisians and Futunians to migrate to the more prosperous French territory of New Caledonia, where, as French citizens, they are legally entitled to settle and work. Since the mid-2000s, emigration has surged in response to political tensions on the main island of Wallis (Uvea), that have arisen from a feud between rival aristocratic clans, who are supporting competing kings. Emigrants have begun settling, not only in New Caledonia, but also much farther away, in Metropolitan France. At the 2014 census, 21,926 residents of New Caledonia (whether born in New Caledonia or in Wallis and Futuna) reported their ethnicity as "Wallisian and Futunian." This is almost double the total population of Wallis and Futuna./Talu te 'u ta'u 1950 mo te 'olo o te kau tupulaga o 'Uvea mo Futuna o kumi ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia. 'Uhi ko tanātou pule'aga falani, e faigafua tanātou 'olo o ma'uli mo gaue i ai. Talu te 'u ta'u 2000, kua toe 'asili hoko te folau ki tu'a pule'aga 'uhi ko te tokakovi o te fenua mo te 'u faigata'a'ia o te nofo fakafenua. Mole kei gata te fai folau i Niu Kaletonia he toe hoko atu ki Falani. I te 'ahi'ahi o te ta'u 2014, ko te toko 21,926 o te haha'i o Kaletonia ne'e nātou tala e lanu 'uvea mo futuna. E tu'a lua age te kaugamālie a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna i Niu Kaletonia ia nātou e le'o fenua. :::::* According to the 2018 census, among people 14 and older, 59.1% spoke Wallisian the most at home (down from 60.2% in 2008); for 27.9% it was Futunan (down from 29.9% in 2008); and for 12.7% it was French (up from 9.7% in 2008). On Wallis Island, the languages most spoken at home were Wallisian (82.2%, down from 86.1% in 2008), French (15.6%, up from 12.1% in 2008), and Futunan (1.9%, up from 1.5% in 2008). On Futuna, the languages most spoken at home were Futunan (94.5%, down from 94.9% in 2008), French (5.3%, up from 4.2% in 2008), and Wallisian (0.2%, down from 0.8% in 2008)./ I te 'ahi'ahi o te ta'u 2918, e lau ko te toko 59,1% te kaiga e kua ta'u 14 e palalau i te lea faka'uvea i fale (ne'e 60.2% i te ta'u 2008); toko 27.9% e palalau fakafutuna (ne'e 29.9% i te ta'u 2008) pea toko 12.7% e palalau fakafalani (hake mai te 1.5% i te ta'u 2008 ki te 1.9%). I Futuna, ko te 'u lea e palalau'i i fale ko te lea fakafutuna (94.5%, kae ne'e 94.9% i te ta'u 2008), te lea fakafalani (5.3% kae ne'e 4.2% i te ta'u 2008) pea mo te lea faka'uvea (0.2% kae ne'e 0.8% i te ta'u 2008). :::::* Ten years earlier, as of the 2008 census, 88.5% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write either Wallisian or Futunan, and 7.2% had no knowledge of either Wallisian or Futunan. Among those 14 or older, 78.2% could speak, read and write French, and 17.3% had no knowledge of French. On Wallis Island, 81.1% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 14.3% reported that they had no knowledge of French. On Futuna, 71.6% of people 14 or older could speak, read and write French, and 24.3% had no knowledge of French./ I te 'ahi'ahi o te ta'u 2008, ne'e toko 88.5% te haha'i kua ta'u 14 ne'e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi faka'uvea pe fakafutuna pea ne'e toko 7.2% nātou e mole poto i te faka'uvea pe fakafutuna. Ia nātou aena ne'e kua ta'u 14, e toko 78.2% nātou e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi fakafalani pea toko 14.3% nātou e mole poto i te fakafalani. I 'Uvea, ko te toko 81.1% o nātou kua ta'u 14 e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi fakafalani pea toko 14.3% nātou e mole poto i te fakafalani. I Futuna, ko te toko 71.6% o nātou kua ta'u 14 e poto i te palalau, lau pe tohi fakafalani, pea toko 24.3% nātou e mole poto i te fakafalani. :::::* The overwhelming majority (99%) of the people in Wallis and Futuna are Catholics, with the island having been evangelized in the 19th century by Fr Peter Chanel, SM. They are served by their own Diocese of Wallis and Futuna, with a see at Mata-Utu, a suffragan diocese of the Metropolitan Archdiocese of Nouméa (New Caledonia). / Ko te kaugamālie o te kaiga (99%) o 'Uvea mo Futuna e lotu katolika. Ne'e hake mai te lotu katolika i te sekulo 19 mo Moseniolo Enosi mo Sagato Petelo Sanele mo tehina pelepitelo mai Falani. Ne'e fakatu'u te tiosesi o 'Uvea mo Futuna i Lano pea e fakalogo ki te tiosesi lahi o Niumea i Niu Kaletonia. :::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 19:28, 18 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::Thanks. The article about Wallis and Futuna is looking very nice. This is the next part: ::::::* The culture of Wallis and Futuna is Polynesian, and is similar to the cultures of its neighbouring nations Samoa and Tonga. The Wallisian and Futunan cultures are very similar to each other in language, dance, cuisine and modes of celebration. ::::::* Fishing and agriculture are the traditional occupations, and most people live in traditional oval, thatch fale houses. Kava is a popular beverage brewed in the two islands, as in much else of Polynesia. It also serves as a traditional offering in rituals. Highly detailed tapa cloth art is a specialty of Wallis and Futuna. ::::::* Uvea Museum Association is a private museum that holds a collection of objects that record the history of the Second World War in the territory. It is located in Mata Utu shopping centre and in 2009 was open by appointment. ::::::* In 2018, the territory had 3,132 telephones in use, one AM radio station, and two television broadcast stations. Communication costs are up to ten times higher[citation needed] than in western countries. The island of Wallis has about 100 kilometres (62 mi) of roadways, 16 of which are paved. The island of Futuna has only 20 kilometres (12 mi) of roadways, none of which are paved. The territory has two main ports, in the harbours at Mata-Utu and Leava (on the island of Futuna). These ports support its merchant marine fleet, which comprises three ships (two passenger ships and a petroleum tanker), totaling 92,060 GRT or 45,881 tonnes. There are two airports: Hihifo Airport, on Wallis, which has a 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) paved runway; and Pointe Vele Airport, on Futuna, which has a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) runway. Now the only commercial flights to and from Wallis are operated by Caledonia-based Aircalin, which has an office in Mata-Utu. There are currently no commercial boat operators. ::::::* Newspapers: The French High Commission published a local newspaper in the 1970s, Nouvelles de Wallis et de Futuna. Today, news is available online via a local program broadcast by the French television network La Première. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 07:08, 19 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::Here you go Caro: :::::::* The culture of Wallis and Futuna is Polynesian, and is similar to the cultures of its neighbouring nations Samoa and Tonga. The Wallisian and Futunan cultures are very similar to each other in language, dance, cuisine and modes of celebration. / Ko te aga'ifenua o 'Uvea mo Futuna e polinesia pea e tatau mo te 'u aga'ifenua o te 'u fenua e 'ovi age, ia Ha'amoa mo Toga. E toe tatau te 'u aga'ifenua 'uvea pea mo futuna i 'anā lea, me'e, me'a kai mo fakafiafia. :::::::* Fishing and agriculture are the traditional occupations, and most people live in traditional oval, thatch fale houses. Kava is a popular beverage brewed in the two islands, as in much else of Polynesia. It also serves as a traditional offering in rituals. Highly detailed tapa cloth art is a specialty of Wallis and Futuna./ Ko te gelu mo te gaue kele ko te 'u gaue fakafenua aia o te haha'i. E kei ma'uli ihi haha'i i te 'u fale lau. Ko te kava e kei 'inu i te 'u motu e lua, o hage pe ko te 'u fenua ae o Polinesia. E toe faka'aoga'i te kava i te 'u to'oto'oga fakafenua. Ko te faiva o fai lafi e ma'uhiga kehe i 'Uvea mo Futuna. :::::::* Uvea Museum Association is a private museum that holds a collection of objects that record the history of the Second World War in the territory. It is located in Mata Utu shopping centre and in 2009 was open by appointment. Ko te Uvea Museum Association ko he fale taupau koloa o te lua tau fakamalamānei o 'Uvea mo Futuna. E tu'u te fale i te Fenuarama i Matā'utu pea ne'e avahi i te 2009. E ma'ua ke kita paui fakatomu'a mo ka kita fia ha'ele age. :::::::* In 2018, the territory had 3,132 telephones in use, one AM radio station, and two television broadcast stations. Communication costs are up to ten times higher[citation needed] than in western countries. The island of Wallis has about 100 kilometres (62 mi) of roadways, 16 of which are paved. The island of Futuna has only 20 kilometres (12 mi) of roadways, none of which are paved. The territory has two main ports, in the harbours at Mata-Utu and Leava (on the island of Futuna). These ports support its merchant marine fleet, which comprises three ships (two passenger ships and a petroleum tanker), totaling 92,060 GRT or 45,881 tonnes. There are two airports: Hihifo Airport, on Wallis, which has a 2.1 kilometres (1.3 mi) paved runway; and Pointe Vele Airport, on Futuna, which has a 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) runway. Now the only commercial flights to and from Wallis are operated by Caledonia-based Aircalin, which has an office in Mata-Utu. There are currently no commercial boat operators./ I te 2018, ne'e ko telefoni e 3,1232 ne'e faka'aoga'i i te telituale. Ko te latio pea mo te televisio e tahi a 'Uvea mo Futuna. Ko te felogo'i telefoni e tu'a 10 age tana totogi kovi i te telituale i te 'u fenua matāpule ae i tai atu. E kilometa 100 (62 mi) te loa o te 'u ala i 'Uvea pea ko kilometa e 16 e kua kolotā. E kilometa 20 (12 mi) te loa o te 'u ala o Futuna kae mole he'eki kolotā'i. Ko 'uafu tāfito e lua o te telituale i Matā'utu mo Leava i Futuna. Ko te 'u taulaga o te 'u vaka fetuku koloa e lua mo penesi e tahi, o lau ki tone 45,881 pe 92,060 GRT tona ma'uhiga. Ko mala'e vakalele e lua: Hihifo i 'Uvea mo tana ala kolotā e kilometa 2.1 (1.3 mi) pea mo Vele i Futuna mo tana ala vakalele e kilometa 1 (0.62 mi). Ko te kāpani vakalele pe e tahi ko te Aircalin mai Niumea e gaue mai ki 'Uvea nei pea e tu'u tana pilo vakalele i Matā'utu. Mole he vaka fai folau ki te telituale pe i te vaha motu o 'Uvea pea mo Futuna. :::::::* Newspapers: The French High Commission published a local newspaper in the 1970s, Nouvelles de Wallis et de Futuna. Today, news is available online via a local program broadcast by the French television network La Première./Niusipepa: Ne'e i ai te nusipepa a te pule'aga i te 'u ta'u 1970 ko te Nouvelles de Wallis et Futuna. I te 'aho nei ko te 'u logo o te fenua e ma'u mai pe te talalogo televisio mo latio o te 'Uvea mo Futuna 'Uluaki. :::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 14:36, 19 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::Thanks, here are more: ::::::::* There are 18 primary schools in the territory, 12 on Wallis and six on Futuna, with a combined total of over 5200 students. ::::::::* The territory has six junior high schools and one senior high school/sixth-form college. ::::::::* Junior high schools (collèges) in Wallis: Mataotama de Malae, Alofivai de Lano, Vaimoana de Lavegahau, and Tinemui de Teesi ::::::::* Junior high schools in Futuna: Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono ::::::::* The senior high school/sixth-form college is Lycée d'État de Wallis et Futuna on Wallis ::::::::* There is also an agricultural high school. ::::::::* As of 2018, yaws was endemic in the area, but cases were not being reported to the WHO eradication programme. ::::::::* Healthcare is available free of charge in two hospitals on Uvea and Futuna islands. There are also three dispensaries. ::::::::* Deforestation is a major concern in the region as only small portions of the original forests remain due to the continued use of wood as the main source of fuel. Consequently, the mountainous terrain of Futuna has become prone to erosion. There are no permanent settlements on Alofi due to the lack of natural freshwater resources, and the presence of infertile soil on the islands of Uvea and Futuna further reduces the agricultural productivity. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 15:30, 19 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::* There are 18 primary schools in the territory, 12 on Wallis and six on Futuna, with a combined total of over 5200 students./Ko fale'ako liliki e 18 i te telituale, 12 i 'Uvea mo 6 i Futuna pea ko fānau e toko 5200 e 'ako ai. :::::::::* The territory has six junior high schools and one senior high school/sixth-form college./Ko kolesio e ono mo lise e tahi i 'Uvea mo Futuna. :::::::::* Junior high schools (collèges) in Wallis: Mataotama de Malae, Alofivai de Lano, Vaimoana de Lavegahau, and Finemui de Teesi/ Ko te 'u kolesio o 'Uvea ko: Mataotama i Mala'e, Alofivai i Lano, Vaimoana i Lavegahau mo Finemui i Te'esi. :::::::::* Junior high schools in Futuna: Fiua de Sigave and Sisia d'Ono/Kolesio o Futuna: Fiua i Sigave mo Sisia i Ono. :::::::::* The senior high school/sixth-form college is Lycée d'État de Wallis et Futuna on Wallis/ Ko te lise: Lise o 'Uvea mo Futuna i Matā'utu :::::::::* There is also an agricultural high school./E i ai mo te lise gaue kele i Lavegahau. :::::::::* As of 2018, yaws was endemic in the area, but cases were not being reported to the WHO eradication programme./ I te ta'u 2018, ne'e ma'u te mahaki ae ko te tona i te telituale kae ne'e mole fakahā ki te kautahi fakamālamanei o te mālōlō fakasino. :::::::::* Healthcare is available free of charge in two hospitals on Uvea and Futuna islands. There are also three dispensaries./Ko te faito'o e foaki noa i te 'u fale mahaki e lua mo fale fai faito'o e tolu o 'Uvea mo Futuna. :::::::::* Deforestation is a major concern in the region as only small portions of the original forests remain due to the continued use of wood as the main source of fuel. Consequently, the mountainous terrain of Futuna has become prone to erosion. There are no permanent settlements on Alofi due to the lack of natural freshwater resources, and the presence of infertile soil on the islands of Uvea and Futuna further reduces the agricultural productivity./Ko te maumau'i o te 'ulufenua ko he koga e fakatupu hoha mai tona 'alu'aga ae ko te 'u ki'i faha'i pe o te vao tapu e kei toe. E tu'usi e te kaiga te akau o tutu. Ko ia aena, e kua 'alu ke holo te 'u mo'i kele ae e tu'u i 'uta i te mo'uga i Futuna. Mole nofo'i te motu o Alofi, 'uhi ko te mole o hona mo'i vai 'inu. E tahitahiga te 'u mo'i kele e feala ke gaue'i i 'Uvea mo Futuna, ko ia aena e toe si'isi'i mo te 'u magisi e lava ke toe ma'u mai te 'u gaue kele o te fenua. :::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 16:39, 19 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::Thanks ::::::::::* The GDP of Wallis and Futuna in 2005 was US$188 million (at market exchange rates). The territory's economy consists mostly of traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Additional revenue comes from French government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and France. Industries include copra, handicrafts, fishing, and lumber. Agricultural products include coconuts, breadfruit, yams, taro, bananas, pigs, and fish. Exports include copra, chemicals, and fish. ::::::::::* There is a single bank in the territory, Banque de Wallis-et-Futuna, established in 1991. It is a subsidiary of BNP Paribas. There had previously been a branch of Banque Indosuez at Mata-Utu. It had opened in 1977, but was closed in 1989, leaving the territory without any bank for two years. ::::::::::* Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mata-Utu ::::::::::* Other Cities ::::::::::* Location map of Wallis and Futuna in relation to France. ::::::::::* Aerial view of Wallis Island (Uvea) ::::::::::* Map of the territory of Wallis and Futuna ::::::::::* Satellite image of Wallis Island ::::::::::* Satellite image of Futuna Island and Alofi Island, also known as the Hoorn Islands ::::::::::* Futuna Island ::::::::::* Alofi Island [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 22:22, 19 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::* The GDP of Wallis and Futuna in 2005 was US$188 million (at market exchange rates). The territory's economy consists mostly of traditional subsistence agriculture, with about 80% of the labor force earning its livelihood from agriculture (coconuts and vegetables), livestock (mostly pigs), and fishing. About 4% of the population is employed in government. Additional revenue comes from French government subsidies, licensing of fishing rights to Japan and South Korea, import taxes, and remittances from expatriate workers in New Caledonia, French Polynesia, and France. Industries include copra, handicrafts, fishing, and lumber. Agricultural products include coconuts, breadfruit, yams, taro, bananas, pigs, and fish. Exports include copra, chemicals, and fish./Ko te nūmelo fa'u koloa (GDP) o 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 2005 e lau ki miliona e 188 i tona fetogi ki te $ amelika. Ko te ma'uli faka'ekonomika o te telituale e falala tāfito ki te gaue kele faka'āfea, pea e ma'u mai e te 80% o te kaiga tanātou me'a kai mai te gaue kele (niu, magisi), te 'u puaka mo te gelu. Ko te toko 4% e gaue i te pule'aga. E toe ma'u mai te fo'i falā a te telituale mai te tokoni pa'aga a te pule'aga falani, te fakagafua o te gelu ki te 'u vaka sapone mo kolea, te 'u tukuhau mai te 'u koloa e faka'au ki te fenua pea mo te 'u motā e lī mai e te 'u fāmili o tātou e ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia, Tahisi mo Falani. E tahitahiga te 'u koloa e fa'u i te fenua: koloa fakatufuga, gelu mo akau. Ko te 'u magisi o te kele ko te niu, te mei, te ufi, te talo, te hopa pea toe ma'u mo te 'u puaka mo ika. Ko te 'u koloa e fakatau ki tu'a pule'aga e tahitahiga. :::::::::::* There is a single bank in the territory, Banque de Wallis-et-Futuna, established in 1991. It is a subsidiary of BNP Paribas. There had previously been a branch of Banque Indosuez at Mata-Utu. It had opened in 1977, but was closed in 1989, leaving the territory without any bank for two years./ Ko te fale pa'agaa pe e tahi i te telituale ko te Fale pa'aga o 'Uvea mo Futuna, talu mai te ta'u 1991. Ko he pilo gaue o te BNP Paribas. Ne'e i ai te pilo gaue a te Banque Indosuez i Matā'utu ne'e avahi i te 1977 kae ne'e mapunu'i i te 1989 o nofo ai te telituale ta'u e lua mole hana fale pa'aga. :::::::::::* Cathedral of Our Lady of the Assumption, Mata-Utu/ Ekelesia faka'epikopo o Malia Fine'aliki i Matā'utu. :::::::::::* Other Cities / Ihi atu kolo :::::::::::* Location map of Wallis and Futuna in relation to France./Mape o te vaha a 'Uvea mo Futuna mo Falani :::::::::::* Aerial view of Wallis Island (Uvea)/ Sio mai te lagi ki te motu o 'Uvea :::::::::::* Map of the territory of Wallis and Futuna / Mape o te telituale o 'Uvea mo Futuna :::::::::::* Satellite image of Wallis Island / Pāki o te motu o 'Uvea mai tu'alagi :::::::::::* Satellite image of Futuna Island and Alofi Island, also known as the Hoorn Islands/Pāki o te 'u motu o Futuna mo Alofi mai tu'alagi :::::::::::* Futuna Island / Motu o Futuna :::::::::::* Alofi Island / Motu o Alofi :::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 04:31, 20 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::The article about Wallis and Futuna is done, please take a look to check whether everything is ok. ::::::::::::Now, I suggest we start with: ::::::::::::* Histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna ::::::::::::* Questions méthodologiques et historiographiques ::::::::::::* Les sources : tradition orale, missionnaires et archéologie ::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna, territoire français, a surtout été étudiée par des auteurs français. Elle est moins connue des auteurs anglophones, qui ont concentré leurs recherches sur Tonga et Samoa, même si certains auteurs de langue anglaise se sont intéressés à Uvea et à Futuna comme Patrick Vinton Kirch dans les années 1970. Le premier scientifique à étudier sur le terrain Wallis-et-Futuna est l'anthropologue Edwin Grant Burrows, qui décrit les sociétés wallisienne et futunienne dans les années 1930 et recueille de nombreux chants et légendes. Les autres publications scientifiques reposaient auparavant sur des récits d'informateurs, la plupart du temps occidentaux. Certains historiens, comme Frédéric Angleviel, se sont spécialisés sur Wallis et Futuna. ::::::::::::I am putting it in French because I have seen in your user page that you speak the language. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 06:32, 20 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::The article looks great. Thanks @[[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] :::::::::::::Here you go: :::::::::::::* Histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna / Hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna :::::::::::::* Questions méthodologiques et historiographiques / Fekumi fakahisitolia :::::::::::::* Les sources : tradition orale, missionnaires et archéologie / Matapuna: te talatuku, te 'u pelepitelo mo te 'u fekumi i te kele :::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna, territoire français, a surtout été étudiée par des auteurs français. Elle est moins connue des auteurs anglophones, qui ont concentré leurs recherches sur Tonga et Samoa, même si certains auteurs de langue anglaise se sont intéressés à Uvea et à Futuna comme Patrick Vinton Kirch dans les années 1970. Le premier scientifique à étudier sur le terrain Wallis-et-Futuna est l'anthropologue Edwin Grant Burrows, qui décrit les sociétés wallisienne et futunienne dans les années 1930 et recueille de nombreux chants et légendes. Les autres publications scientifiques reposaient auparavant sur des récits d'informateurs, la plupart du temps occidentaux. Certains historiens, comme Frédéric Angleviel, se sont spécialisés sur Wallis et Futuna./ Ko te hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna, telituale falani, ne'e gaue tāfito mai ki ai te kau falani. E tahitahiga te gaue a te kau poto e lea fakapilitania he ne'e gaue tāfito nātou i Toga mo Ha'amoa. Ne'e i ai pe ihi kau poto fakapilitania ne'e gaue mai ki 'otātou motu o hage ko Patrick Vinton Kirch i te 'u ta'u 1970 kae e tahitahiga. Ko te 'uluaki tagata poto ne'e ha'u o fai fekumi ki te ma'uli a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna ne'e ko te amelika ko Edwin Grand Burrows i te 'u ta'u 1930. Ne'e ina puke te 'u hiva mo fagana o 'Uvea mo Futuna pea ne'e ina fai mo ni'i fakamatala ki te 'aga'ifenua o te 'u motu. Ko 'ihi tagata fai'ako i te potu o te hisitolia ne'e gaue tāfito ki 'Uvea mo Futuna o hage ko Frédéric Angleviel. :::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 18:43, 20 July 2022 (UTC) ::::::::::::::Merci, ça c'est la suite: ::::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna fait partie intégrante de celle de l'Océanie. Peuplées aux environs du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. par des austronésiens de la civilisation lapita, les îles 'Uvea (Wallis) et Futuna font ensuite partie de la Polynésie ancestrale jusqu'aux premiers siècles après J.C. : il s'agit du foyer originel des polynésiens (Hawaiki), qui partagent une langue et une culture commune. Par la suite, une différenciation s'opère entre ces îles : chacune d'entre elles développe une langue, une culture et une organisation sociale spécifique, tout en restant intégrées au sein d'un grand réseau insulaire avec les archipels voisins (Tonga, Samoa, Fidji, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). Wallis est conquise par les Tongiens, qui laissent une influence durable dans la société wallisienne, tandis que Futuna, plus isolée, résiste mieux aux envahisseurs tongiens et préserve ses relations avec Samoa. ::::::::::::::* Les premiers contacts avec les Européens ont lieu au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles, mais les îles sont relativement préservés des intrusions occidentales. Au milieu du xixe siècle, Wallis et Futuna sont converties au catholicisme par des missionnaires maristes français. C'est seulement à partir de cette époque que les deux îles sont regroupés ensemble, et coupées des archipels voisins. Elles deviennent un protectorat français en 1887 (en grande partie sur demande des missionnaires maristes), mais ne sont pas colonisées à proprement parler. Depuis cette période, l'équilibre du pouvoir entre la chefferie coutumière, l'église catholique et l'État français est toujours fragile. Durant la seconde guerre mondiale, Wallis devient une base militaire américaine, ce qui entraîne de nombreux bouleversements. En 1961, Wallis-et-Futuna devient un territoire d'outre-mer français par référendum. Une émigration de masse se développe alors vers la Nouvelle-Calédonie, résultant en une diaspora wallisienne et futunienne trois à quatre fois plus nombreuses que dans les deux îles d'origine. Le territoire se transforme profondément, avec l'arrivée de l'administration, la construction de nombreuses infrastructures, l'introduction de la langue française et du modèle occidental. [[User:Caro de Segeda|Caro de Segeda]] ([[User talk:Caro de Segeda|talk]]) 06:07, 21 July 2022 (UTC) :::::::::::::::here you go: :::::::::::::::* L'histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna fait partie intégrante de celle de l'Océanie. Peuplées aux environs du Ier millénaire av. J.-C. par des austronésiens de la civilisation lapita, les îles 'Uvea (Wallis) et Futuna font ensuite partie de la Polynésie ancestrale jusqu'aux premiers siècles après J.C. : il s'agit du foyer originel des polynésiens (Hawaiki), qui partagent une langue et une culture commune. Par la suite, une différenciation s'opère entre ces îles : chacune d'entre elles développe une langue, une culture et une organisation sociale spécifique, tout en restant intégrées au sein d'un grand réseau insulaire avec les archipels voisins (Tonga, Samoa, Fidji, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). Wallis est conquise par les Tongiens, qui laissent une influence durable dans la société wallisienne, tandis que Futuna, plus isolée, résiste mieux aux envahisseurs tongiens et préserve ses relations avec Samoa./ Ko te hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna e e tapiki ki te hisitolia o Oseania. Ne'e 'uluaki tau mai ki 'Uvea mo Futuna te kau ositolonesia o te kūtuga Lapita lolotoga te 'uluaki ta'u afe ia mu'a o Kilisito. Ne'e kau 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'u motu o Polinesia āfea o kaku ki te 'u 'uluaki sēkulo ia muli o Kilisito: ko te ha'u'aga aia a te kau polinesia (Havaiki) o nātou vaevae te lea e tahi mo te 'aga'ifenua e tahi. Faka'alu'alu te temi pea kamata fetogi te 'u lea mo te 'u 'aga'ifenua o te atu motu kae hoko pe te felogo'i mo te 'u motu e 'ovi mai (Toga, Ha'amoa, Fisi, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). E liliu 'Uvea ko he motu e fakalogo ki Toga o fetogi ai te aga'Ifenua o tona haha'i. Mole lava pule'i e te kau Toga te motu o Futuna ko ia ae ne'e lelei age te taupau o tanātou aga'ifenua pea mo felogo'i mo Ha'amoa. :::::::::::::::* Les premiers contacts avec les Européens ont lieu au XVIIe et au XVIIIe siècles, mais les îles sont relativement préservés des intrusions occidentales. Au milieu du xixe siècle, Wallis et Futuna sont converties au catholicisme par des missionnaires maristes français. C'est seulement à partir de cette époque que les deux îles sont regroupés ensemble, et coupées des archipels voisins. Elles deviennent un protectorat français en 1887 (en grande partie sur demande des missionnaires maristes), mais ne sont pas colonisées à proprement parler. Depuis cette période, l'équilibre du pouvoir entre la chefferie coutumière, l'église catholique et l'État français est toujours fragile. Durant la seconde guerre mondiale, Wallis devient une base militaire américaine, ce qui entraîne de nombreux bouleversements. En 1961, Wallis-et-Futuna devient un territoire d'outre-mer français par référendum. Une émigration de masse se développe alors vers la Nouvelle-Calédonie, résultant en une diaspora wallisienne et futunienne trois à quatre fois plus nombreuses que dans les deux îles d'origine. Le territoire se transforme profondément, avec l'arrivée de l'administration, la construction de nombreuses infrastructures, l'introduction de la langue française et du modèle occidental./ Ne'e hoki tau mai te 'u pāpalagi ki 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'u sēkulo 17 mo 18 kae ne'e tahitahiga tanātou omai ki te 'u motu. I te vaelua o te sēkulo 19, ne'e tali leva e te kau 'Uvea mo Futuna te lotu katolika ae ne'e aumai e te 'u pelepitelo falani. Pea kamata fakatahi'i ai leva te 'u motu o 'Uvea pea mo Futuna o ta'ofi ai te fai felogo'i māhani mo te 'u motu e fe'ovi age ki ai. Ne'e fakamo'oni i te ta'u 1887 te tohi tālaga ke malu'i 'Uvea mo Futuna e Falani (ne'e ko he kole tāfito ne'e fai e te 'u pātele falani) kae ne'e mole liliu ko he koloni totonu a Falani. O kaku mai ki te temi aeni, kei tu'uma'u ai pe te pelepelegesi o te felogo'i a te potu faka 'aliki, te lotu mo te pule'aga falani. Lolotoga te lua ta'u fakamālamanei, ne'e nofo'i 'Uvea e te kau sōlia amelika pea lahi te 'u fetogi ki te ma'uli a te haha'i. I te ta'u 1961, ne'e fakamo'oni ai te tohi lao ae ne'e vote'i e te kau 'uvea mo futuna ke liliu tanātou fenua ko he telituale falani. Talu mai te temi aia mo te 'olo a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna o kumi ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia. I te 'aho nei kua tu'a tolu pe tu'a fā age te kaugamālie a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna i Kaletonia i te kaiga e kei le'o fenua. Kua lahi te'u fetogi kua hoko i te fenua, mai te 'avahi a te 'u pilo gaue a te puleaga, te fakatu'u o te'u mala'e vakalele, 'uafu, 'ala ki te faka'aoga'i o te lea fakalani mo te fa'ahiga ma'uli fakapapālagi. :::::::::::::::[[User:Lea.fakauvea|Lea.fakauvea]] ([[User talk:Lea.fakauvea|talk]]) 18:50, 21 July 2022 (UTC) Est-ce que tu pourrais traduire ça stp? Tradition orale * Wallis et Futuna sont des sociétés polynésiennes de tradition orale. Les sources écrites sont donc absentes avant l'arrivée des occidentaux dans la région, mais les sources orales abondent. Les récits (fakamatala) de la vie des ancêtres sont racontés lors de soirées ou déclamés durant des cérémonies coutumières6. il s'agit d'une tradition orale vivante et évolutive, qui nécessite d'être retracée dans son contexte, car elle tend facilement à constituer des mythes et joue souvent un rôle de légitimation d'un titre coutumier ou d'une position de pouvoir7. * À Wallis-et-Futuna, les missionnaires ont fixé par écrit une partie de la tradition orale locale. C'est le cas notamment de l'ouvrage du père Henquel, Talanoa ki Uvea nei. Rédigé en wallisien, il recueille les généalogies et l'histoire traditionnelle de Wallis, après quarante ans de recherches (1889-1919)8 auprès des aristocrates de l'île9, même si son texte vise avant tout à asseoir la légitimité des missionnaires et est critiqué, notamment par l'anthropologue Sophie Chave-Dartoen (2017)10. Les conditions du recueil de la tradition orale auprès d'informateurs, de sa mise à l'écrit, et de la traduction depuis les langues vernaculaires sont donc importantes. mmzzsnfbkbvid5xrhlldt895f8fzxgr 0 2941818 5502849 4188201 2022-07-22T09:22:30Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Jačanjem pomorstva i trgovine u Jadranu snažilo je i gusarstvo kao unosna privredna grana, pri čemu su prednjačili Neretljani, Sloveni iz Neretljanske oblasti (Paganije) oko ušća Neretve. Oni su najduže ostali nekršteni od svih južnoslovenskih sklavinija i u većoj su mjeri od ostalih priobalnih Slovena izmicali kontroli velikih sila. U svojim su poduhvatima nailazili na pomoć i podršku Hrvata, jer je mletački dužd Petar Tradenik poveo rat protiv hrvatskog kneza Mislava, kao i neretljanskog kneza. Poslanik Neretljana vodio je 830. godine pregovore u Veneciji, ali su ratni sukobi nastavljeni nakon što su Neretljani napali mletačke trgovce na južnotalijanskoj obali. U kojoj su mjeri Neretljani ugrožavali jadransku plovidbu vidi se iz ugovora koji je 840. godine sklopio italski kralj Lotar s Petrom Tradenikom. Dužd se, u zamjenu za stečene trgovačke povlastice u Italiji, obavezao da će štititi gradove u Italiji i Istri od napada Slovena. Godinu dana prije toga dužd je sklopio mir s hrvatskim knezom Mislavom, a potom i s Neretljanima, koji ga se nijesu pridržavali. Zbog toga je Tradenik 840. g. poveo veliku ekspediciju na njih, ali je doživio težak poraz. Venecija je tokom devetog, pa i većeg dijela desetog vijeka bila još uvijek preslaba, da bi ozbiljnije ugrozila slovensku pomorsku samostalnost (Neven Budak, “Prva stoljeća Hrvatske povijesti”, Hrvatska sveučilišna naklada, Zagreb, 1994, 18). Kod Pavla Đakona postoji veoma rani pomen slovenskog opsijedanja Siponta, 642. godine, koji se zbog pomena velikog broja lađa najvjerovatnije odnosi na Neretljane: “Kad je Ajo upravljao vojvodstvom beneventanskim jednu godinu i pet mjeseci, došli su Slaveni s mnogo lađa i utaborili se nedaleko od grada Siponta” (Radoslav Rotković “Kraljevina Vojislavljevića XI-XII vijeka”, Podgorica, 1999, 241) [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] ryoogcp508qz48hgt73gw5tprg2t4gw 0 2941820 5502850 4266784 2022-07-22T09:22:31Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Riječ je o jedinome materijalnome dokazu iz ranodukljanskoga perioda, odnosno, iz doba prije dolaska na vlast kneza Vladimira Dukljanskoga (oko 970-1016). Olovni pečat arhonta Petra je 1884. godine pronašao francuski vizantolog Gistav Šlumberže (Gustave Schlumberger). Natpis na njemu glasi: Petar, arhont Duklje. Amin. Ovaj artefakt najvjerovatnije potiče iz prve polovine desetoga vijeka. Neki ga istoričari stavljaju na kraj devetog vijeka, neki još ranije, na njegovome početku. Jedan od zagovaralaca tako ranoga datiranja bio je srpski istoričar Dragoljub Dragojlović. Svoje mišljenje iznio je na međunarodnom naučnom skupu na Cetinju 1990. godine: ”Drugo važno pitanje koje se pred nas postavlja jeste da li je ova oblast (Duklja) početkom IX veka, nesumnjivo pod vlašću Vizantije, bila samostalna administrativno-politička jedinica carstva ili samo deo susednih vizantijskih oblasti, dračke, odnosno dalmatinske. Odgovor na ovo pitanje daje jedan olovni pečat iz prvih decenija IX veka sa imenom “Petra arhonta Duklje”. Grčki natpis i hrišćansko ime dukljanskoga arhonta Petra nameće samo jedan moguć zaključak, a to je, da je ova oblast između Lješa i Bara sa ravničarskim zaleđem oko Skadarskog jezera i reke Drima početkom IX veka bila u rukama Vizantije kao zasebna arhontija carstva sa administrativnim i crkvenim sedištem u obnovljenome gradu Duklji, po kojemu je i dobila svoje ime” (D. Dragojlović, “Etničke promene na tlu poznorimske provincije Prevalitane”, Zbornik radova “Stanovništvo slovenskog porijekla u Albaniji” sa međunarodnog naučnog skupa na Cetinju 21, 22. i 23. juna 1990. godine). [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] k1chbml44vysrnidlke9v39ug64iymn 0 2941825 5502851 4188238 2022-07-22T09:22:31Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Pavle Mijović u osvrtu na praistorijske kamene i zemljane nekropole ukazuje da je njihov broj na području Crne Gore ogroman. Najviše ih ima sačuvanih u Staroj Crnoj Gori, odnosno u kamenitoj oblasti Katunske, Lješanske i Riječke nahije. Za razliku od zemljanih humki („gruda“ u dolinama), narod kamene redovno naziva „gomilama“. Samo u Cucama ima 56 poznatih kamenih gomila. Po njima su mnogi lokaliteti dobili svoja imena poput Gomila (vis u Čelini), Banova gomila (u Komanima), Brestoločka gomila (u Lješanskoj nahiji), Kućiška gomila (u selu Releza), Ljubina gomila (u Bjelicama), Gomila od Ljeskovca (u Cetinjskom polju), Gomila (u Žanjevu dolu), Gomile (u cetinjskom Donjem kraju), Gomile (u Bajicama), Kruske gomile (u selu Krusi), Gomile od Stapca (u Trnjinama), Gomilice (u selu Ublima), Gomilice (brdo kod Ćeklića), Gomilice (u Bajicama), Gomilice („gora“ kod sela Jezera), Gomila (kod Pelinove strane u Crncima), Vojščina gomila (kamena gomila u Petrovićima), Grujića gomila (u Crncima), Duga gomila (između Pipera i Dubočana u „hrusovolju“ Ivana Crnojevića), Mrđanova gomila (u Mrkama), Gomile (na radećkim Ravništima), Gomile (komun više sela Kućice u Rogamima), Gomilice (kamene, na Stijeni), Gomilice (u Ravništima),. U Kučima se gro mogila nalazi u predjelu Ubala i nekoliko susjednih sela. U kučkoj „planini“, kao i drugdje na planinama koje služe za izdig, gdje ima i katuna, kamenih i zemljanih mogila uopšte nema (Gradovi i utvrđenja u Crnoj Gori, 1975, 72). Pokojnici su u kamenim gomilama najčešće nalaženi u zgrčenom položaju. U najstarijim je obično sahranjivana po jedna osoba. „Tumuli su po pravilu formirani od krupnijeg nabačenog kamena sa centralnim grobom, konstruisanim od masivnih kamenih ploča u obliku kamenog kovčega, najčešće veličine odrasle osobe, u zgrčenom stavu ... Na jedan kilometar puta od Meduna prema Ublima, na mjestu zvanom Roge, nalazila su se tri velika kamena tumula, neposredno jedan pored drugoga. Tumuli su bili raznešeni do nivoa centralnog groba. Promjer tumula je iznosio od 15,30 do 17,70 m. Istraživanje ovih tumula pokazalo je da je u njima izvršeno sahranjivanje samo po jednog pokojnika u zgrčenom stavu. Grobovi su bili bez priloga. Tumul koji je bio lociran u podnožju Meduna, sa sjeverne strane, bio je po konstrukciji isti kao i tri prethodna. U grobu je, pored skeleta u zgrčenom stavu, nađen tipičan bronzani bodež“, piše Olivera Velimirović-Žižić („Materijalna kultura i arheološki spomenici kao prilog kao prilog sintezi okvirnog merituma Skadarskog jezera i okoline“, Zbornik „Skadarsko jezero“, 1983). [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] hkvcq6rafo57gopfq43nidu1iubwtgu 0 2941826 5502852 4194142 2022-07-22T09:22:32Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki U jesen 1959. godine, prilikom kopanja temelja za stambenu zgradu na desnoj obali Morače, na ranijem zemljištu Jovana Popovića, otkrivena je zaravnjena zemljana gomila (tumul, narodski „gruda“). Tumul je po kazivanju mještana bio poravnat pedesetak godina ranije. U oktobru 1959. godine istražio ga je Stanko Roganović, arheolog Zavoda za zaštitu spomenika kulture NRCG – Cetinje. Pokazalo se da je osim uvezenog (importovanog) materijala, tu bilo i predmeta čisto lokalne produkcije, kao i artefakata inspirisanih stranim uzorima, ali izrađenih od strane lokalnih majstora. Na dubini od 60 cm nađeni su ljudska lobanja, ispreturane kosti i ostali pokretni arheološki materijal - ukupno 214 pokretnih arheoloških objekata – keramika, nakit, oruđe i oružje. Dubina nalaza nije prelazila 70 cm. Nađeno je ukupno 83 komada cijelih i fragmentarnih posuda. Keramika se gotovo u cijelosti može povezati sa karakterističnim tipovima helenističke keramike. Posude su rađene na vitlu. Tu su plitki i dublji skifosi, kantarosi i lakrimarijumi. Pored ovoga, zastupljene su i amforiskosi, zdjele i krčazi. Skifosi su bili najbrojniji. Osim malog broja izuzetaka sva keramika pripada importu. Nakit je izrađen od bronze, gvožđa, srebra i staklene paste. Vezuje se dijelom za oblike poznate u grčkoj kulturi, a dijelom za tipično ilirske, tračke i keltske forme. Pronađene su fibule i ukrasne igle, prestenje, narukvice, privjesci i drugo. Nađeno je 16 cijelih i fragmentovanih fibula od bronze. Razlikuje se orijentalno-grčki tip (6 komada), trački tip i latenoidni oblici (8 komada). Dva prstena označavaju dva posebna tipa. Kod prvog je izdvojen široki disk sa urezanom figuralnom predstavom. Kod drugog prstena imamo klasični oblik sa nešto proširenom i profilisanom prednjom stranom na kojoj je ležište za umetanje kamena. Oba su izrađena od istog materijala (vjerovatno bronza sa velikim procentom kalaja). Na prvom su prikazane tri figure. U centru je sjedeća figura, koja je mnogo veća, što ukazuje na njenu specifičnu ulogu. Tip narukvice je dobro poznat. To je tanak bronzani lim u spiralnim navojcima čiji se završeci formiraju u vidu zmijske glave. Grupa oružja sastoji se od 47 objekata od gvožđa. Zastupljena su koplja i noževi. Koplja se mogu podijeliti u tri osnovna tipa, između kojih ne postoji oštra formalna granica. Prvi i najjači tip koplja okarakterisan je kraćim tulcem i jako izduženim listom. Drugi tip ima dugačak tulac i kratki list. U trećoj grupi su četiri koplja sa kratkim i tankim tulcem i dugačkim i širokim listom. Nađeno je sedam cijelih i fragmentovanih noževa. Pet imaju kratka sječiva, dok dva čine posebnu grupu sa ravnim sječivom i vrhom povijenim na gore, tako da gornja kontura daje sedlast izgled. Po sadržaju i vremenu kome pripada, nalaz iz Momišića je jedinstven u Crnoj Gori. Na osnovu njega moguće je jasnije sagledati materijalnu kulturu i rasvijetliti ekonomske i etničke odnose, na pragu istorijske epohe u vrijeme dok jadranski Iliri stupaju direktno na istorijsku pozornicu svojim komplikovanim odnosima prema Grcima i Rimljanima. Analiza pokazuje da najveći dio inventara potiče iz jednog vremenskog razdoblja. Sigurno je da je sahranjivanje vršeno u vremenskom intervalu koji ne prelazi vijek jedne generacije, tj. najviše 40-50 godina. U nalazu iz Momišića može se izdvojiti strani importovani materijal, predmeti čisto lokalne produkcije i objekti inspirisani stranim uzorima, ali izrađeni od lokalnih majstora. Predmeti lokalne produkcije daju uvid u strukturu stanovništva u oblasti između Zete, Morače i Skadarskog jetera i omogućuje da se jasno ispita odnos prema starijem kulturnom nasljeđu. Na aversu otkrivenog novčića prikazan je lik Herkula u profilu, a na reversu pegaz. Ta kombinacija poznata je jedino na korintskom novcu u emisijama III vijeka i što je naročito značajno, na monetama Dirahijuma u emisijama 300 i 200 godine. Mnogo je zanimljivija činjenica da su u Momišićima nađeni zajedno oblici koji pripadaju trima osnovnim etničkim grupacijama na Balkanu: Ilirima, Keltima i Tračanima. Ilirska komponenta je najizrazitija i ona daje osnovni ton cijelom nalazu što je i razumljivo s obzirom da ovaj kraj pripada Dokleatima i Labeatima. Jasno je da nalaz u Momišićima pripada dalmatinskim Ilirima i da se hronološki može vezati za III vijek stare ere, kaže Olivera Velimirović-Žižić („Nalaz u Momišićima“, Starinar, Beograd, 1966, 193-207). [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] 81jp8js5l6dom5j820dr4o2t4efl6g1 0 2941827 5502853 4188246 2022-07-22T09:22:32Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Vizantinci su pod sklavinijama (slovenskim oblastima, “slovenijama”) podrazumijevali prve slovenske samostalne teritorije na čitavom Balkanskom poluostrvu pod vlašću knezova, odnosno arhonata u značenju glavara (Vizantijski izvori za istoriju naroda Jugoslavije, II, Beograd, 1959, 15-16). Taj naziv se nije odnosio samo na južnoslovenske oblasti-države iz vremena kada je o njima pisao Konstantin Porfirogenet (oko 948/949), već i na one slovenske oblasti koje su postojale u ranija tri vijeka, a koje su vremenom nestale. Tako je, na primjer, vizantijski car Konstantin V Kopronim porobio sklavinije po Makedoniji 758-759, a suśedne prisilio da “priznaju njegovu vrhovnu vlast”. Neke sklavinije su vremenom pripojene većima, nestajući zauvijek sa istorijske scene, poput Neretljanske oblasti koja je u osmom i devetom vijeku bila značajan pomorski faktor na Jadranu. [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] aip9d3yal2gnzon9o1y3y6pzhakd4r7 0 2942641 5502854 5038064 2022-07-22T09:22:33Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wp/cnr/Prezimena_u_Crnoj_Gori|Popis Crnogorskih prezimena]] na P== *Pav, Sveti Djordje (Ulcinj) *Pavelić, Herceg-Novi *Pavić, ogranak Koprivica iz Banjana (Nikšić), naseljeni u Turjaču (Ozrinići), Nikšić, pa Karo (oko 1885. god.) ode u Šavnik; Radovanići i Krimoljice (Tivat) *Pavić, predak bratstva Pavićevića - Dragomiljana *Pavićević, Dragomi do u Ćeklićima (Cetinje) ogranak Petrovića i kao: Dragomiljanin iz Bjelopavlića od Buronjića, došli iz Jezera Ćeklićkih, ranije Buronjić, navodno su iz sela Buronje u Lješkopolju. Od njih su u: Podgorici, Cetinju, Komanima (u podnožju Siljevice i u Župi Bandićkoj) i kao: Ćirković i Milutinović odseljeni u Metohiju i Ameriku, Pavićević - Dragomiljac, od Pavića potomka Orlovića, Kotoru, Grblju, kod Petrova sela u Srbiji, Kairu i Aleksandriji (Egipat) i Buenos Airesu (Argentina); Mijanovići (Zeta) ogranak Matijaševića iz Bratonožića; Miločanima kod Nikšića; u Komanima (Župi) grana Bandića potomci Pavića Miloševa, ogranak Sekulića; Vojno Selo (Plav); Duži (Drobnjak), ogranak Dančulovića (Grgurovića) grana Ćurjanovića - Novljana. Od njih su u Mačagaj (Čapo), Argentina; Toponica (Gruža Kragujevačka), u 18. v. došli iz Pive, grana Nikolića, jedni i kao: Mrlješ grana Bačarevića; Markovac (Jasenice), Srbija došli iz Bjelopavlića; Gotovuša, Židovići, Podine i Crljenice (Pljevlja); u Pješivcima porijeklom iz Trešnjeva (Cuce), Cetinje, od njih su kod Nikšića, Umčarima (Jagodina) u Beogradu; Buljarice (Paštrovići), Budva; Brezovice, Bioče i Ubla (Kuči), od njih su u Zeti 1) Sretnja i Pavkovići (Bjelopavlići), u Bjelopavlićima 2) su ogranak Davković - Pavković - Mitrovića od njih su u Budvi, 3) srodnici Pavića u Rsojevićima, Sretni na Koljenšićima; kod Valjeva, Užica, Lončara, Grocka i Konjarnik u Toplici (Srbija) iz Bjelopavlića; u Mojanovićima (Zeta) grana Mojanovića *Pavićevići, bratstvo u Dolu *Pavićevići - Dragomidoljci, bratstvo u Bandićima *Pavićevići, zagranak bratstva Sekulića u Bandićima *Pavičević, Kotor *Pavičić, u Bjelopavlićima od kojih su 1912. god. jedni prešli u Dubrovnik; Kotor; Kuti, Herceg-Novi *Pavišić, ogranak Gvozdenovića, došli iz Gluhog Dola (Crmnica) porijeklom u Obodgrad i Božove njive (Ceklin); iz Ćeklića (Cetinje) doselili se kod Rijeke Crnojevića *Pavišići, grana bratstva Gvozdenovića ("Vučedoljana") u Vučem Dolu *Pavković, Bjelopavlići, ogranak Mitrovića, grana Bubića (Pavkovića), od njih su u: Podgorici, Ublima, Podima, Baošićima, Meljini i Savini, Herceg-Novi, a jedni kod Herceg-Novog iz Hercegovine u Budvi kao: Pavićević; Lepetane, Herceg-Novi; u Kotoru *Pavl, Bar; Kotor *Pavle Buronjić, predak Dragomiljana *Pavle Orlović, po predanju predak Martinovića, Cuca, Bjelica i dr. srodnih bratstava *Pavlević, u Tuzima *Pavlin, Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Pavlinović, Dobrota (Kotor) *Pavlić, Dobrota, Kotor *Pavlić Radonjić, predak Vujadinovića *Pavlićević, Petrov Do (Zagora) u Ćeklićima (Cetinje) ogranak su doseljenika iz Bjelopavlića, od njih su u: došao Petar Buronjić u Komane i kao: *Petrović (Petrovljavin), Mirković i Marković od P. u Komanima, Zagori (Rijeka Crnojevića), Vranjini na Skadarskom jezeru, Crvenoj Stijeni i kao: *Pajović, Podgorici, Danilovgradu, Gornjem Polju (Nikšić), Cetinju; Ulcinj došli 1912. god. iz Bjelopavlića; u Kotoru i kao: Pavličević; ogranak Vidnića u Markovini (Cetinje) *Pavlićevići u Podgorici *Pavlićevići, rod bratstva Petrovića u Ćeklićima *Pavlićevići, grana ćeklićskog bratstva Gvozdenovića u Gluhom Dolu *Pavlićevići - Vidnići, bratstvo u Markovini *Pavleža, Pelinovo (Grbalj) *Pavlina, Kotor *Pavlinović, u Budvi, po nahočetu *Pavličević, Kavač i Sasovići (Kotor) 1687. god. sišli iz Stare Crne Gore; Kasa Grande, Herceg-Novi; ogranak Petrovića u Ćeklićima (Cetinje) *Pavličić, Kalanj (odseljeni kod Kosovske Mitrovice i kao: Kozović), Gorica i Slatina (Bjelopavlići) ogranak su Milakovića (Petrušinovića); Klopot (Bratonožići); Donja Zeta *Pavličići, selo Gorica kraj Danilovgrada u Bjelopavlićima *Pavlov, Salč (Ulcinj); Novi Kneževac (Obilićevo), Gornji Banat i Srpska Crnja (srodnici sa Ivanov), kao: Crnojević, došla tri brata, kasnije Ivanov, *Pavlov i Petrov; vidi: Markov i Alilujev; u Boku Kotorsku došli (1687. god.) iz Bjelopavlića *Pavlović, Donja Zeta (15. v.), od njih su u Kotoru; Kuti, Kruševice i Ubla, Herceg-Novi (1693. god.) došli iz Popova (Hercegovina); Risan, Piva i u Hercegovini bili su vlastela; Krtolska naselja, ogranak su Vučinovića; Reževića rijeka (Paštrovići), Budva ogranak Vukovića; Lastva i Pobrdje (Tivat); Dobre Vode (Bar), sišli su ispod Lisinje; u Ulcinju jedni su iz Albanije; u Crnilu (Uroševac) i Tularima (Jablanica) iz Velike (Gornji Vasojevići); u Tularima (Jablanica) iz Pipera (Podgorica); Cuce (Cetinje) 16. v. Jedni su prešli na Jasen i Zavrh (Nikšić). Od njih su u Resnik u Lepenici (Kragujevac); drugi su prešli u Pitaviće (Čačak), od braće: Pavla Pavlović, Čola Čolić, Jankovih sinova; U Podgorici 1420. god.; Ljuljanice (Šumadija), došli su iz Pive; Bujačići (Valjevo) iz Pipera; Borača (Kragujevac), prije 1804. god. došli od rijeke Tare; Vučkovica i Grošnica (Kragujevac), pa jedni u Adžine livade (Lepenica) kao: Perović, došli su iz Drobnjaka; Ljuljenice (Gruža), Kragujevac iz Pive; kod Požarevca i Knjaževca (Srbija) ogranak Ćukića iz Lijeve Rijeke (Podgorica); u Podgorici‚1477. god.; ogranak Rajića iz Pipera pošli u Velenje (Novi Pazar), pa u Glediće i Strugare (Kragujevac); kod Gusinja ogranak Drakulovića (Nikezića) iz Bezjove (Kuči), jedni kasnije kao: Memedović; na području Pljevalja i kao: Pavlović (Spahić); Cetinje; u 14. v. kao: Režević u Paštrovićima, a kasnije Pavlović; od njih su u Istoku (Metohija); u Budvi, po majci iz Paštrovića; Njeguši (Cetinje) i kao: Gačović došli iz Bjelopavlića; iz Čeva (Cetinje), ogranak Nikolića odselili se u Presjeku i Miločane (Nikšić) i odatle u Srbiju; u Uskocima i Tušini (Žabljak) i Prošćenju; ranije: Spaić iz Župe Nikšićke u Kolašin 1712. god. koji su prešli u Sirovac (Žabljak); iz Ćureva (Foča) 1853. god. kao: Pavlović - Drinjak; Cuce (Cetinje); Ubla (Risan) 1687. god. doselili se iz Bjelopavlića; u Potarju kod Mojkovca 1688. god.; Zavrh i Dragovoljići (Nikšić), od njih su u Drobdžacima i kod Foče; Veljaci (Ljubuško), Hercegovina, došao devedid (deveti djed), iz Bjelopavlića; u Banjanima (Nikšić) 1509. god.; ogranak Srejovića iz Rovaca (Podgorica) u Degrom (Kosenica), južna Srbija i kao: Pavlović = Iličić; Miličnice (Kranjani) i Ratkovo (Šumadija) porijeklom su iz Vasojevića; u Podgorici iz Zete; Zaton (Bijelo Polje); u Vasojevićima su grana Čarapića iz Kuča. Od njih su u Šumadijskoj Kolubari i kao: Nastasić; Župa Nikšićka pa iz nje kao: Spaić u Kolašin 1712. god. a kasnije predju u Prošćenje (Šaranci), Drobnjak; početkom 19. v. iz Prošćenja (Žabljak). Imali su seobe i sasvim u Pasji Nugo i Seline (Žabljak). Pretpostavka da su srodnici potomaka Spaića iz Župe Nikšićke. *Pavlovići, u Gluhom Dolu *Pavlovići, rod u Lastvi *Pavnić, iz Gračanice (Gacko) došli u Momišiće (Zeta), rodjaci tamošnjih Radovića, Raičkovića pa jedni kasnije Adžimatović u Podgorici. *Pavo, Kotor *Pavović, Lastva (Tivat); Sutomore i Šušanj (Bar) *Pavčević, Berane *Pavčić, Kotor, po nahočetu *Pagan, Kotor *Pagaroko = Pagorogius, u Kotoru *Pagović, Kotor i područna Dobrota *Pagorogius, vidi: Pagaroko *Padalica (Gačović), Njeguši (Cetinje) i Kotor *Padalice (Gačovići), bratstvo u Njegušima *Padić, Kotor, po nahočetu; oko 1400. god. u Gornjoj Zeti i kao: Crnojević, vlastela *Padnje, vidi: Podnje *Padovan, Rose, Herceg-Novi *Padović, u Spuž kod Podgorice došao predak iz Azije; Tuzi *Padnje (Podnje), Kotor *Pažin, u Igalu i Sušćepanu, Herceg-Novi *Pažinović, u 17. v. iz Hercegovine doselili se kod Herceg-Novog *Pažić, Bjelopavlići *Pažović, u Kotoru *Pažuri, Boljanići (Pljevlja) *Pazarac, Pljevlja *Pazimović, Orebić na Pelješcu; doseljenici iz Boke Kotorske *Paimarković (Mamimarković), u Spužu Bjelopavlićkom 1774. god. *Paić, potomci Malonšića u Bjelopavlićima i Zagaraču *Paica, Risan *Pajaka, u Podgorici *Pajanković, iz Drobnjaka odselili kod Mojkovca *Pajević, u Mul (Tivat) i Mulo (Kotor) došli iz Stare Crne Gore; ogranak Cerovića u Drobnjacima, jedni su otišli u Donji Kolašin (Raška); Zubač *(Višegrad) ogranak su Jovanovića iz Pive; Lipovac (Gruža), Kragujevac doselili se od Berana; Boljanine (Bijelo Polje); Kolašin i Ljuce (Pljevlja) jesu od Kolašina; jedni i kao: Ljuca, a u Potkrajcima (Pljevlja) jesu Kričak = Verus a u područnim Čadinjama Pajević; u Vranjini (Zeta) i Seocu (Crmnica) ranije Čudović; u Golubovcima (Zeta): 1. ogranak Godunovića (Milčevića), 2. ogranak Radulovića sa Glavice (Bjelopavlići) *Pajić, Nikšić Kapavica uz Oblo Brdo (Ljubinje) iz Crne Gore; u Piperima; Gornja Zeta *Pajković, Cetinje; Lužac (Berane) i kao: Djurdjevac, Bihor (Bijelo Polje) jesu ogranak Djuraškovića od Rijeke Crnojevića *Pajović, Lazorac (Kuči); Vladanja, Golubovci i Berislavci (Zeta) ogranak Vujoševića (Mrnjavčevića) iz Kuča; Orahovo (Kuči) potomci sina Pak Nika iz Selaca (Klimende), sjeverna Albanija; ogranak Tomaševića - Kaludjerovića u Ćeklićima (Cetinje); ogranak Radulovića u Bjelopavlićima; Jezer i Pajev Do (Ćeklići), Cetinje iz Bjelopavlića grana Buronjića, od njih su u Kavču i Mulu (Tivat), Dobroti (Kotor), Cetinju, Americi; Njeguši (Cetinje), grana *Punoševića; Donja Jablanica (Srbija) ogranak Vlahovića iz Rovaca; Donja Selca (Crmnica) iz Vranja (ima ih u Mijanovićima), Zeta; Vranjina na Skadarskom jezeru i kao: Puranović iz Očinića, Lastvi Primorskoj i Srbiji iz Očinića (Cetinje); Njeguši (Cetinje); Jašovići i Borač u Kniću (Šumadija) ranije: Žugović, porijeklom iz Drobnjaka; Novaković (Žabljak), ranije Macić, doseljenici sa Čeva (Cetinje); Pljevlja 1847. god.; Bijelo *Polje i okolina: Radojeva Glava, Bijedići, Ušanovići i Pećarskoj, porijeklom iz Rovaca; Prijevor (Budva); u Zetu iz Ceklina *Pajovići, bratstvo u Njegušima *Pajovići, rod u Ćeklićima *Pajovići, bratstvo u Ćeklićima *Pajovići, bratstvo u Donjim Selcima *Pajovići - Očinići na Vranjini *Pajfer, Risan *Pakević, Kržanja (Kuči), ogranak Vujoševića (Mrnjavčevića), od njih su kod Prištine (Kosovo) *Pakini, Herceg-Novi *Paković, Lepetane, Herceg-Novi i Nikšić *Pal (Pale) i Palević, u Baru; vidi: Palmović *Palavestra (Palavastra), Nikšić *Palavra, u Pljevljima 1881. god. *Palavratić, Dosidje, Zagradje kod Gusinja, Gornjoj Ržanici i Metohiji su iz Kuča; Kod Gusinja jedni su i kao: Palavrt *Paladančić, Babunica (Tivat) *Paladin, Sutomore (1852. god.) i Šušanj (Bar) *Paladine, ranije Paladinus i Paladinić, oko 1397. god. u Ulcinju, Šušnju (Bar) i u varoši *Paladinić, vidi: Paladine *Paladino, Ulcinj *Paladinović, Bar *Paladinos, vidi: Paladine *Palavizin, Kotor *Paladrić, Vijenac (Pljevlja) *Paladruić, Vijenac (Pljevlja) *Palaegrini, u Boki Kotorskoj *Palaić, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Palamar, ogranak Koraća, potomaka doseljenika iz Bratonožića u područje Bihora (Bijelo Polje) *Palamarević, Petnjica (Berane), ogranak Koraća *Palamid, u Njegušima (Cetinje) i kao: Radonjić *Palamida, vidi: Palamid *Palamide, manje bratstvo Radonjića-Rajićevića u Njegušima *Palamur, Velji Ostros uz Skadarsko jezero (Krajina) nepoznato porijeklo *Palanga, Bar *Palangić, Bar i područno Zaljevo *Palandrača, Babunci (Tivat) *Palandračić, Babunci i Klinci, kod Tivta došli iz Albanije *Palaorić (Marunović), u Podpodima (Bjelopavlići) *Palaorići (Marunovići), rod u Bjelopavlićima *Palačković, Morinj (Risan) *Palević, u Tuzima su od Sarapa rodonačelnika Pavla, iz Ljubotinja (Rijeka Crnojevića), srodnici Vukićevića, srodnika (Kolja) Karadaglića; Žari (Gornja Morača), ogranak Dulovića, došlih iz Hercegovine, od njih u Mojkovcu i područnim Poljima, Žarima, Lepencu i Istoku (Metohija); Valeta (Bjelopavlići); u Vasojevićima 1) ogranak Dabetića, 2) u Kaludri su došli od Rijeke Crnojevića; u Rovcima potomci Pavla Vlahovića; Pistule, Pinčići, Donji Murići i Šestani (Primorska Krajina); vidi: Pal (Pale) *Paleg, u Budvi *Palegrini, Herceg-Novi *Palelj, Sveti Djordje (Ulcinj) *Palibrk, Bratonožići, od njih su u Donjem Kolašinu, Širokim Seniokama u Raškoj *Palibrković, Gotovuša, Brvenica i Jugovo (Pljevlja) *Palietak, Lepetani, Herceg-Novi *Palija, Dragovoljići i Ridjane (Nikšić) u 16. v., ranije Delibašić. Od njih su u Dobra Sela (Drobnjak), Srbiji i Dalmaciji *Palikar, u Tudurovićima (Paštrovići) u 17. v. *Palikaradja, u Cetinju (1774. god.); u Bar su (1692. god.) došli iz Grčke. Sasovići, Herceg-Novi i kao: Palikuća. Kameno i Mostić, Herceg-Novi i kao: Bošković, vidi: Stanić *Palikuća, Donja Ržanica (Berane); u Kotoru i kod Herceg-Novog iz Hercegovine, vidi: Palikaradja *Palilog, Kotor *Palilogo, u Cetinju (poč. 14.v.) i kasnije *Paliologus = Palkogo, u Kotoru *Palirović, Kameno i Ratiševine, Herceg-Novi *Palitak, Lepetani, Herceg-Novi *Palić, u Drobnjak doselili iz Ridjana (Nikšić); Bar *Palkovijević, Podgorica *Palma, i kao: Palmica, Kotor (Boka Kotorska), u 15. v. *Plamica, Kotor, vidi: Palma *Palmović, u Krutama (Ulcinj) i kao: Pale; u Livare (Gornja Krajina) došli su iz Gruda (Tuzi); isto kao: Palović *Palnika, u Šestanima (Primorska krajina). Od njih su kod Zadra *Palović, vidi: Palmović *Palovrtića, kod Plava *Paloka, Bar *Palokić, Sveti Nikola na ušću Bojane *Palokut, Bar *Palonga, Bar *Palongić, Bar *Paltašić, u Kotoru 1440. god., od njih su 1478. god. u Veneciji (Italija) *Paluška, Kunje (Ulcinj), potomci pridošljaka iz Miskina *Palčić, Kotor *Palja, vidi: Nikpavlović *Paljak, Kolomza (Ulcinj) *Paljević, ogranak Vujoševića (Mrnjavčevića) u Berovu i Momču (Kuči), od njih su Arović u Podgorici; u Tuzi došli iz Albanije; Rječ (Ulcinj), ogranak Markovića iz Omara (Vraka), Skadar, porijeklom iz Pipera; Herceg-Novi; Pošćenje (Žabljak) *Palji, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Paljikarda, u Cetinje došli iz Moreje (Grčka) oko 1771. god. *Paljoka, u Pistule kod Ulcinja došli iz Miridita (sjeverna Albanija) *Paljokić, Bar *Paljuša, Tuzi; Nikšić *Paljušaj, vidi: Paljušević *Paljušević (Marković), u Kučima a njihovi potomci u Zatrijebaču kao: Paluša = Paljušaj, porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore *Pamer, Kotor *Pamović, u Berane došli iz Peći (Metohija) *Pamučina (Ilić), Ćeklići (Cetinje), od kojih su u: Slivnici, Zagradinji, Drobjenici i Pridvorici (Trebinje), i odatle jedni u: Sarajevo, Banja Luku (Bosna), Trst (Italija) i Srbiju, ranije: Milijević *Pamučine, bratstvo u selu Zagradinju *Panganji, Kotor *Pandurić, u Herceg-Novom, po macji *Pandula, iseljeni iz kraj Tare u Mojkovac i Srbiju *Pandurica, Lepenac i Štitarice (Mojkovac); u Podgorici *Panikuća, Kotor *Panić, Cerovo (Valjevo) od Berana, ogranak Pantovića *Panicek, vidi: Pančera *Pankulja, vidi: Boljanin u Orahovcu *Pansini, Baošići (Kotor) *Pantaleo, Kotor *Pantanis, u Kotoru su došli iz Brenšija *Pantelić, Ljuljaci (Knić), Kragujevac, grana Nikolića (Ivanovića) iz Pive i jedni kao: Mirković; Todorin Do (Lučići) uz Klenovac, došli (krajem 17. v.) iz Pješivaca (Crna Gora); Rabas (Valjevo), porijeklom iz Vražegrmaca (Bjelopavlići); Brazilovice (Šumadijska Kolubara), doseljenici od Kolašina, srodnici: Milićevića, Nikolića i Živanovića; u Donjem Dragačevu (Srbija) doseljenici od Bijelog Polja (Polimlje); Rebas (Srbija), iz Vražegrmaca (Bjelopavlići); u Lipovici (Gareši), Jasenica iz Bjelopavlića: *Pantelići, u Gornjoj Trešnjeviici kod Topole, i od njih Božići i Terzići, svi sa slavom Nikoljdan, ogranak od Nikolića (Ivanovića) iz Pive (prilog: Milan Milković milkovic02@gmail.com) *Pantin (Maksin), u Srpskoj Crnji (sjeverni Banat). Vidi: Markov *Pantić, kod Valjeva došli su iz Pive (Crkvica i Jerenića) a tamo iz Zatarja; Bijelo Polje (Mostar), ogranak Maleševaca iz Počekovića i Miruša (Nikšić); Cerovo (Valjevo) ogranak Popovića iz Šekulara (Vasojevići) *Pantica, u peraška naselja došli iz Italije *Pantović, u Mratinju (Piva), jedni su ogranak Vračara, a drugi su potomci Panta Vukovića; Rastovac (Nikšić), starosjedioci; Tromenti (Trebinje), srodnici područnih Radanovića i Topalovića. Porijeklom iz Crne Gore; Sušćepan, Herceg-Novi, došli iz Korjenića (Trebinje), porijekolm iz Crne Gore; Lipovac (Topola), Arandjelovac doselili iz Bjelopavlića; Žari, Prošćenje, Stevanovac, Leovac (Mojkovac), potiču iz Morače, a porijeklom iz Kuča; kod Bijelog Polja; u Šekularima (Ćetkovići), Berane, potomci su Ćetkovića, doseljenika iz Tušine (Žabljak); u Djuričkoj Rijeci kod Plava grana Djuraškovića doseljenika iz Ceklina (Rijeka Crnojevića). Od njih su Panići u Cerovu (Ražanj); u Budvi po majci 1911. god. *Pantovići na Pobrđu *Panca, Crno jezero (Žabljak); u Podgorici *Pancin, Baošići, Herceg-Novi, porijeklom iz Italije *Pančera = Panicek, u Kotoru *Pančika = Pančiča, u Kotoru *Pančiča, vidi: Pančika *Pandžić, područje Durmitora, 12. v. *Panja, Trnovo (Crmnica) iz Gornjeg Ceklina (Cetinje), grana Lješovića *Panjako, u Tivtu i Kotoru *Paović, potomci Kozjevića u Očinićima (Cetinje), srodnici su im Glendže i Batrićevići; u Pipere (Crnci) došli su iz Pješivaca; Gajtan (južna Srbija) oko 1879. god. doselili iz Cetinja (Crna Gora) *Paovići, bratstvo u Očinićima *Papan, Papani (Sutomore), Bar u 15. v. sišli iz Crmnice, od njih su u Paštrovićima, Italiji, Argentini i na Bliskom Istoku; u Herceg-Novi sišli sa Ubala Krivošijskih *Papac, iz Ridjana (Nikšić) prešli u Burmez (Burmaško Polje), Hercegovina *Papac, po predanju pred nekoliko stotina godina živjeli u Riđanima u Crnoj Gori; potom su se odselili, ali ne u - Burmez (Burmeško polje) u Hercegovini - to ne postoji - postoji naselje Burmazi pokraj Stoca koje obuhvaća nekoliko naselja. No prije Burmaza živjeli su u Veljoj Međi, potom Batkovićima, sve u Hercegovini, i tek onda su se doselili u Burmaze. Sve obitelji Papac su oduvijek bile i jesu katoličke vjere (Trebinjsko-mrkanska biskupija). (prilog Vesna Papac, Hrvatska....opširnije) *Papeš, Kotor *Papići, u Bučju i Crljenici (Pljevlja) došli iz Ridjana (Nikšić). Iz plemena Ridjana (izmedju Ridjana i Grahova) potiču Papići u Oputnoj Rudini (Koravnica), Miljevcima (Nevesinje), Vlahinji (Bileća) od kojih su u Nikšiću, Batkovićima, Babinoj Glavi (Nevesinje), Velimlju (Nikšić), Pošćenju i Komarnici (Drobnjak), kao: SAVOVIĆ, a od ovih VRANIĆ u Crkveničkom polju; Kaću (Novi Sad), od Kolašina (Crna Gora). Oni su ogranak Bubića (Trebješana) iz plemena Ridjana; u Petrićima (Bjelopavlići); Mala Crna Trava i Kruševo (Piva), ogranak Mumina (Muminje); iz Smokvica (Crna Gora) u Dubočane i Domaševo, Prijevor (Zadušja), Trebinje srodnici su od Baćevića (Mulina) iz Banjana (Nikšić) Papović, grana Drekalovića iz Kuča u Vojno Selo (Plav) i u Grblju; Pljevlja 1886. god.; Budva; u Goliji (Nikšić) iz Velestova (od Ozrovića), porijeklom sa Kosova. Od njih su u: Marovcu (južna Srbija) i Velikoj Slatini (Uroševac), Avtovcu (Gacko), Hercegovina i kao: Hasanbegović, u Gacku (Hercegovina) i kao: Pašić (Muljani) i Asanbegović, Kazancima i Mulje (Gacko) kao: Popović = Papović Kazanac, Mačagaju (Grand-Čeko), Argentina *Papotović, Mojdež i Dobrota u Boki Kotorskoj *Papraćanin, u Papratima (Pješivci); Dobrska Sela (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Parača, Budva *Papračani, bratstvo u Gornjim Pješivcima *Paprenica, hercegnovsko i risansko područje (oko 1692. god.) naselili se dolaskom iz Korjenića (Trebinje); Kotor *Paprenica, žive u Risnu već vise od 300 god, doselili su se iz Banjana krajem 17 vijeka. *Paprađini, zagranak bratstva Ivčevića u Gluhom Dolu *Paragaj, u Kotoru 1333. god. i kao: Paragak *Paralela, Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Parandil, vidi: Rovčanin kod Pljevalja *Paranduk, Kunje i Riječ kod Ulcinja *Paradjin, Gluhi Do (Crmnica) *Paražižek = Žižek, u Kotoru *Parajković, Sutomore (Bar), 1853. god. *Paranović, Sutomore (Bar), 1851. god. *Parapid, Glavačići (Tivat) i od njih su u Nikšiću; u Podgorici *Parapidi, lokacija – Grbalj Donji, selo Glavatičići, pripada opštini Kotor. Jedno od tri najstarija prezimena u Grblju i Boki (čitulja Parapida u manastiru Savina 1785.), a pop Savo Nakićenović piše u svojim djelima, takodje, o bratstvu Parapid. Porijeklo prezimena nije pobliže obradjivano, zna se jedino da nije dato po pretku, kako je bio običaj u ostalim srskim plemenima i bratstvima. Pretpostavke su da je prezime Parapid grčkog porijekla ili da su Grci dali prezime zatečenim starosjediocima. Krsna slava je dugo bila „Tiodorova Subota“, ali je prije stotinak godina promijenjena i danas *Parapidi slave „Sv Velikomučenika Onisifora i Porfirija i Sv Nektarija Eginskog“ 22. Novembra. (prilog: Parapid Slobodan parapid@gmail.com ) *Paraplović, Herceg-Novi *Paraušić, Skok (Pridvorica), Žabljak, ranije Vuković, grana Mandića iz plemena Novljana *Parac, u Cetinju 1493. god. *Parača, u Njegušima (Cetinje) *Parače, staro bratstvo u Cetinjskom Plemenu *Paraušić, potiču iz sela Skok, u blizini Šavnika, Drobnjak *Parvizović, Bobovište u Primorskoj Krajini *Parežana, bratstvo u Hercegovini *Parežanin, u Parežu (Banjani), Nikšić grana Petrovića Banjana, prešli Trebišnjicu i u Panik (Bileća) kao: Parežanin; ogranak Kokotovića prešli iz Banjana (Nikšić) u Bilećke rudine, Fojnicu (Hercegovina), Miruše (Nikšić), vidi: Kokotović *Paražišek, Žek, u Kotoru *Parezić, Mojdež (Primorska krajina) *Paredjin = Radulović = Poturak, grana Trepčana u Drobnjacima *Pares, Kotor *Parid, Kotor *Parijez, kao: Drašković iz Banjana (Nikšić) prešli kod Herceg-Novog *Paripović, iz Nikšića (oko 1795. god.) odselili se u Berane, drugi u Podgoru i Zvjezd (Pljevlja) *Parković, Srbina, Herceg-Novi *Parmaković, u Podgorici (oko 1704. god.) ogranak Alilagića, od kojih su u susjednom Spuču *Parmarković, iz Pipera prešli u Spuž i Podgoricu *Parović, u Nikšić došli iz okoline Nevesinja; Donja Lastva (Tivat); Kotor, po nahočetu *Parudjini, Kotor *Parteli, Cetinje *Parušić, Skok (Šavnik) ranije Vuković. Od njih na Glasincu (Romanija) i u Srbiji, i Komarnica (Drobnjak) *Parnj, a, Ceklin (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Pasara = Pasare = Pasari, u Kotoru *Pasacer, Kotor *Pasgrali, u Kotoru, došli iz Italije; Risan *Pasguali, Kotor u 15. v. *Pasgualis, u Risnu *Pasguepiti, Kotor *Pasina, vidi: Pasi *Pasi = Pasina, Kotor *Paskavaleti, Kotor *Paskval, Kotor u 15. v. *Paskvaligo, u Budvu su došli iz Italije *Paskvalić, i kao: Grubo = Grubac, 1354. god., a kao: Paskvelić (1699. god.) u Kotoru i okolini *Paskvelić, vidi: Paskvalić *Paskovadj, vidi: Paskovac *Paskovac = Paskovadj = Paskovčanin = Paskovč, u Fundini (Kuči) *Paskovč, vidi: Paskovac *Pasković, Fundina i Medun (Kuči); Podgorica, Nikšić, Kotor i susjedni Muo *Paskovčanin, vidi: Paskovac *Paskuali, Ros (Luštica), Herceg-Novi; Kotor *Pastuinata, Kotor *Pastuhović, u Njegušima (Cetinje) 16. v. *Pasulibus, vidi: Pačalis *Pasuljević, iz Koća (Kuči) prešli kod Plava, preci Kurtagića *Pasumer, Budva *Patarić, Podgorica *Patić, iz Velinića iza Tare 1882. god. došli u Gornje Crkvine i Jereniće (Piva) *Patrijanov, ogranak Ivinih u Srpskoj Crnji (sjeverni Banat), vidi: Markov *Patrošević, kasnije Bonjanin, kod Nikšića, Grahova i Patroševina Glavica *Paćukić = Subotić i kao: Glavatović, u Fundinama (Kuči), od kojih su Cikići kod Plava i Gusinja, Dosudja i Gričari (Gusinje) *Paćuha, Podgorica *Pauković, 1701. god. u Herceg-Novom *Paul, a, = Paulić, u Baru, a u Kotoru i kao: Pauli 1445. god. porijeklom ioz Markije *Pauli, vidi: Paul *Paulik, Risan *Paulić, vidi: Paul *Pauzović, Kotor *Paunović, u Vasojevićima (Velika) od njih u Tularima (Toplica), južna Srbija; kod Lipljana (Kosovo), jesu od Adrovića, porijeklom iz Ceklinske Župe (Cetinje); u Muder Babuš (u slivu Sitnice), Kosovo, porijeklom iz Velike (Gornje Polimlje); Pješivci ogranak Dragišića, od kojih si Ilić i Tumić u Velikoj Sukobini; Kragujevac (vidi: Blagojević) i njihovi srodnici u Golubovcima (Zeta) i u Piperima, od njih uz Kolubaru (Šumadija) ogranak Kaljevića iz Uskoka (Žabljak) *Pauri, Herceg-Novi *Pausgneti, Kotor *Pausini, Kotor *Pautin = Pautini = Pautino, u Kotoru, 15. v. *Pautović, Kotor *Pautinov, istorijska Kotorska porodica. Od njih su u Prečistoj Krajini, uz Skadarsko jezero kao: Pautinović 1415. god. *Pautinović, vidi: Pautinov *Pahrlić, Podgorica *Pacić, Livari u Krajini *Pačalis = Pačualis, u Kotoru i kao: Pasualibus *Pačanić, Dobrota (Kotor) *Pačariz, Berane i Crnača (Bioča bjelopoljska) ogranak Kovačevića Vasojevića, srodnici Kneževića u Budimlji (Berane), Lozna (Bijelo Polje) i od njih su u Boru i Gruži (Srbija); u Podgorici *Pačasuko, u Kotoru *Pačualis, vidi: Pačalis *Pašajlić, Bijelo Polje; Lukavac i Kljen (Hercegovina), ogranak Bulajića iz Grahova (Nikšić) *Pašalić, Boljanići (Pljevlja) *Pašin, u Paštrovićima tokom 18. v. *Pašić, u Paštrovićima (Magazini i Papova njiva do 20. v.) su grana Davidovića; Budva u 20. v.; kod Novog Pazara i Nove Varoši došli iz Nikšića; kod Mojkovca; kod Bijelog Polja; u Smoljanima kod Žabljaka jesu iz grupe Miloševića; Bukovica (Pljevlja); u Zeti su srodnici Mijacevića, od kojih su u Podgorici; u Goliji i kod Gacka jedni i kao: Muljan; kod Plava i toj varoši 1) potomci Veli bega iz Grijemira (Ženemir), Skadar 2) ogranak Redžepagića i jedni kasnije kao: Šabanagić; grana Ridjana (Nikšić), jesu u Kapavicama (od Oblog brda do Radmije), Hercegovina; Risan *Paško, Klezna (Ulcinj) *Paškovali, Cetinje *Paškos, Reč (Ulcinj) *Pašović, Brčeli (Crmnica) i jedni predju u Kostanjice (Boka Kotorska); Žabljak na Skadarskom jezeru do 1835. god.; u Pljevlja došli iz Foče; Golubovci (Zeta) pa jedni predjoše u Podgoricu *Paštrić, vidi: Paštrović *Paštrovik, isto što i Paštrović *Paštrmac, Ramaće (Lepenica), Srbija došli iz Paštrma (Crna Gora) *Paštrović, od 1335. god. kod jednih i kao: Medin, 1591. god. u Kotoru i kao: Paštrovik. Na području Paštrovića, Budve, Kotora, u Šibeniku, u Veneciji (u 16. v.), Sremu, Rusiji, negdje i kao: Paštrić i Paštrovik: jedni Aleksići iz Paštrovića i kao: Aleksić - Paštrović, kao: Novaković iz Buljarice seleći se preko Dalmacije do Paga, kod Knina, od njih u Mačvu, pa kod Kragujevca (1875. god.) kao: Paštrović od Novakovića *Paštrovići, pleme u Boki *Peatović, Nikšić *Pević, u Dupilu (Crmnica) *Pegović, u Kotoru su iz Stare Crne Gore *Pedišić, kod Herceg-Novog *Pedović, Godijelji u Drobnjacima su od Dobrilovića, od njih u Zatarju *Pezi, Kotor *Peja, u Tivat stigli iz Hercegovine; Sukobin kod Ulcinja *Pejak, Nikšić *Pejaković, Ljubotinj (Cetinje); od njih u Tivtu i Nikšiću; u Nikšić doselili iz Kaluškog (Kanjoševog Dola), Paštrovići *Pejakovići, bratstvo u Ljubotinju *Pejan, vidi: Pejović *Pejanović, Mali Zalaz (Mali Srijem), Njeguši. Od njih su u Dobroti (Kotor). Porijeklom su sa Stubice (Pješivci); Ceklin (Rijeka Crnojevića); Limljani i Dupilo (Crmnica), iz Zete svojataju se sa Karadjordjevićima, od njih su u Srbiji, kod Mojkovca i Nikšića; Godijelji i Gornja Bukovica ogranak Godijelja; Žabljak iz Crmnice (Godinje); Cetinju; Ljubotinj (Rijeka Crnojevića) došli iz Paštrovića; u Berislavcima i Podgorici iz Cuca (Cetinje); Nikšić; u Zeti srodnici Kukavčevića, od kojih su u Podgorici, Kitilipima (Argentina); Rapte, Zupci, Ljubomiru, Mirkovićima i Konjsko i Hercegovini (ogranak Ratkovića), porijeklom iz Ozrinića (Čevo), Cetinje; Rast (Zalužje) i kod Dabra (Hercegovina), kasnije i kao: Dobranić, doseljenici iz Bjelica (Cetinje) *Pejanovići, bratstvo u Dupilu *Pejanovići, bratstvo u Limljanima *Pejanovići, bratstvo u Njegušima *Pejanovići, bratstvo u Dobroti *Pejatović, u Nikšiću i Pljevljima; Otilovići (Pljevlja) i kao: Ćuz *Pejić, Budva; Plav *Pejović, Pješivački Do (Repović), Obradovi potomci. Lužani (grana Gružana), od njih su u: Ped Lodg (Montana) i Vašos (SAD), Broćancu (kao Pejović) i Macavarama (Banjani), kasnije Mirković i Perović; u Pješivcima potomke Mataruga je rastjerao Ivan Beg Crnojević, od njih su u Drobnjacima od 15. v., Nikšiću, Župi Nikšićkoj; Broćanac (Nikšić); u Vrulji (Pljevlja) i kao: Veljković, doseljenici od Nikšića; Miljkovac i Orah (Piva) ogranak Jelića, grana Rudjića; kod Mojkovca 1688. god.; Mojanovići (Zeta); Golubovci (Zeta) od njih su lokalni Vučinići, i Pejovići u Ceklinu (Rijeka Crnojevića); pod Crvenu Stijenu (Zeta) ogranak Petrovića iz Ćeklića; Cetinje, ogranak Djuranovića, grana Vukmirovića, porijeklom sa Kosova, od kojih su u Dužima (Žabljak), pa jedni u Polja i Štitarice (Mojkovac); Nikšićko Prekovodje, došli iz Pješivaca; Rastovac (Nikšić), starosjedioci; Mojkovac, Podbišće, Lepenac, Žari i Bjelojevice (Mojkovac), ogranak Punoševića; Njeguši (Cetinje); Glavati i Bistrica (Bijelo Polje), porijeklom iz Njeguša (Cetinje), odakle su na Kavaču u Boki; u Podgorici; Kotor i područna Dobrota; Budva, po majci; u Tirani (Albanija) iz Crne Gore, kasnije Pejan; Bijelo Polje i Vladanja (Zeta); u Orahovice (Risan) u 17. v. sišli sa Cuca, od njih su u Dobroti; Donja Trepča (Nikšić), potomci Grba Netrovića, porijeklom iz Petropolja (Kosovo); Repovine (Tupan) i Dolovi (Banjani), ogranak su Erakovića, od njih su u Macagaju (Argentina); Orahovice (Kotor); Ledenice (Risan); Laće i Krasojevići (Bjelopavlići), potomci Lužana; Kosanica, Kozice, Kamena Gora, Komoran, Bličkova, Maoče, Zaovine i Orašac (Pljevlja), grana Bezdanovića u Komanima (Podgorica), vidi: Vušović; Djalci (Rijeka Crnojevića); u Orasima (Lješnjani) srodnici Djurovića i Stojanovića; na Njegušima (Cetinje) grana Punoševića; Prediši (Proseni Do) jesu Predišani Bjelički; Ovseni Do (Cuce), Cetinje, starinci. Od njih su u: Nikšiću, Dobroti, Statovcu (Dobrič), Srbija; Glavati (Tivat) su iz Njeguša (Cetinje); u Predišu (Bjelice) jedni su ogranak Jovanovića, od kojih su u Golubovcima (Zeta), Ulcinju, Podgorici i Drači Kragujevačkoj; Vraka (Skadar) iz Ceklina; Djalci (Rijeka Crnojevića) iz Bjelica (Cetinje); Bistrica i Lekići (Zeta) ogranak Popovića iz Gornjih Kokota, potiču sa Velestova (Cetinje); Bijelo Polje, Mijanovići (Zeta) su iz Groha od Crnogorčevića; U Zeti iz Lješkopolja; u Skadru (Albanija) ogranak su Kadića iz Bjelopavlića; Kotor; Laće (Bjelopavlići), ogranak Djurovića iz grupe Matijaševića; ogranak Dulovića iz Morače nastanjeni kod Mojkovca; kod Kolašina i u Gajtanu (južna Srbija) 1879. god. iz Morače; ogranak Abramovića iz Bjelica (Cetinje) jesu Pejović u Kubatovini (Dabarsko polje), Hercegovina; grana Gornjaka u Jovanovom Brijegu, Lipoviku, Podpočivalu, Prevlaci, Mihaljevićima i Gornjim Ulićima (Rijeka Crnojevića); u Podgorici iz Oraha (Lješkopolje) *Pejovići - Đurkodolci, brastvo u Đalcima *Pejovići, bratstvo u Predišu *Pejovići (Ovsine ili Gulupeste), bratstvo u Cucama *Pejovići, bratstvo u Orasima *Pejovići, u Dobroti *Pejovići, bratstvo u Glavatima *Pejovići u Kavaču *Pejovići u Crvenoj Stijeni *Pejurić, u Grbalj doselili iz Bjelopavlića; Šobajići (Bjelopavlići), ogranak Lazarevića preseljeni u Grbalj *Pejušković, Vilac (Bratonožići) *Pejčinović, Prnjavor (Plav) i varoš, ogranak Osmanćevića (Djuričana) doseljenika iz Rijeke Crnojevića, ranije Djurašević, od njih u Plavu su Gavazović; Gorinje (Sipanja), Bijelo Polje; Ćićići=Ćućići (Godijevo) Bijelo Polje, 1665. god.; Zaostro i Goražde (Berane) i odseljeni u: Bašče (Rožaje), Brnjice (Sjenica) i u Toplicu (južna Srbija) *Pejčić, Podgorica *Pek (Keku), Ulcinj *Pekić, Gorana, Briska i Salč (Ulcinj); Bar, porijekol su iz Malesije (sjeverna Albanija), u Krnjicama i Vranjini uz Skadarsko jezero došli iz Bratonožića (Podgorica); Dračevice (Šestani), Primorska krajina, pa jedni u Goraždevac (Peć) i drugi Sustaše (Bar) kao: Ratković. Porijeklom iz Bajica (Cetinje); iz Rubeža (Nikšić) prezime po majci Peki Tomić iz grupe Trebješana, ogranak Radulovića odselili se u Šavnik, Nikšić; Provalije i Previš (Šavnik) ovi ogranak Karadžića, od njih su u: Podgorici, Golubovcima i Berislavcima (Zeta) i Dračevici. Od njih u Skadru; u Rijeku Crnojevića došli iz Pipera *Pekići u selu Krnjica, Virpazar - Crmnica *Pekići, katolici porijeklom iz sela Briske *Peklar, Kotor *Pekov, Dobrota (Kotor) *Peković, potomci majke Peke u Moraču (Krnja Jela) doselili se iz Hercegovine, i njeni potomci su Dulovići i Mijatovići (od tri brata). Od njih u Vaškovu (Pljevlja) i Mačvi; u Rovcima potomci Vlahovića-Peka Markova; Miločane (Nikšić); Dubrovsko (Drobnjak), Lepenac i Žari (Mojkovac) 1747. god. a drugi u Pivu 1775. god. Od njih su u Bijelom Kopitu (Prokuplje), pa od njih u: Argentini, Novi Sad i Ratkovo (Odžaci), Bačka; Župi Nikšićkoj, u Morači jedni su potomci Bogićevi; kod Rijeke Crnojevića u 15. v.; Ulcinj 1909. god.; ogranak Peročevića u Veljim Mikulićima, i Dabezićima (Bar) od 1889. god.; Bar; kod Sjenice doselili su iz Kuča i kao: Djuraš; Dio, Pavino Polje i Bistrica (Bijelo Polje); Liverovići (Župa Nikšićka) potomci Peka Liverovića *Peladin, Spič (Sutomore), Bar *Pelević, u Veleti (Bjelopavlići) ogranak Milekovića (Petrušinovića), od njih u Kosovskoj Mitrovici, u Vraki (Skadar) sa Peleva Brijega (Bratonožići) i Vranje (Zeta) i Vraki (Skadar), rođaci Cekovića, u Golubovcima (Zeta) kasnije Hogović *Pelegrin, Kotor 1400. god. *Peleš (Jovanović), u Ćeklićima (Cetinje) *Pelidija, u Pljevljima 1874. god. *Pelikan, u Podgorici *Pelinkov, Ulcinj *Pelinković, Pelinkovići (Mrkojevići) i Bratica (Ulcinj). Od njih su u Zagonje uz Skadarsko jezero *Pelinku, Ulcinj *Pelinović, Ratac (Bar) *Peličić, Mataguži, Dajbabe, Vukovci, Piperi, Gril i Golubovci (Zeta), od njih u Grilu (Vraka), Skadar kao: Peljčaj vidi: Pelčić u Zeti, Kamenici (Skadar); Nišu i Beogradu, srodnici Alivodića i Lisičića od tri brata; u Bjelopavlićima *Pelkić, Opličići (Popovo), Hercegovina i kao: Crnogorac doseljenici iz Oputne Rudine (Nikšić) *Pelmanović, u Donjim Murićima (Donja Krajina) *Peltašević, Nikšić *Paltrini, Jošice (Risan) *Pelčić (Peličić), Balabani, Golubovci i Mataguži (Zeta); Podgorica svi su srodnici Alivodića, porijeklom su iz Banjana (Nikšić). Od njih su u Vraki (Skadar), vidi: Milogorić *Peljević (Rašovići), u Kučima, grana Drekalovića *Pema, Pistula i Štoj (Ulcinj) *Pemović, Briska u Primorskoj Krajini *Pean, Tivat *Pengović, u Podgori (Pljevlja) i kao: Pentović *Penda, Rajićevići (Njeguši), Cetinje ranije Raićević; Kopito (Njeguši) kao: Radović (Bašović) Penda od kojih ima u Vlaškoj (Rumunija) *Pende, grana bratstva Rajićevića u Njegušima *Pende - Radovići (Bašovići), bratstvo u Kopitu *Pendić, kod Sjenice i u Kuršumliju (Srbija) otišli iz Njeguša (Cetinje) 1882. god.; Morinj (Marin), Risan *Pendrig, 15. v. u Budvi *Penezić, Crnouz (Crnougor) i Penezići u dolini Pobljaćnice (Pljevlja); Gornji Kuči *Pentović, Podgora (Pljevlja) *Penjavić, u Rovcima (Podgorica), grana Nikšića *Peon, Gornja Lastva (Tivat) *Pep, Reč (Ulcinj) *Pepa, Grude i Fe (Skadar), Albanija iz Crne Gore *Pepvić, u Podgorici *Pepdjonović, Tijana, Kolomza i Mandra (Ulcinj) *Pepeljak, u Podgorici *Pepeljac, Kradenik, Godijevo i Sipanja (Bijelo Polje), srodnici jesu Fetići u Kradeniku, Mehovića u Negobratini *Pepeljara, Nikšić *Pepereč = Piperiz, u Dubrovniku iz Pipera (Podgorica) *Pepić, (Akov, -o), u Bijelo Polju i susjednim Rastokama, došli iz Kolašina; Gornje Lovnice (Zloglavlje) i Kosovice (Rožaje), oni su iz Drage; Nikšić; u Vranju (Zeta) ogranak Ivezića iz Gruda (Tuzi); u Kolašinu, pa su (1878. god.) prešli u: Petnjicu (Bihor) i kod Novog Pazara; u Vranju i Dajbabe (Zeta) došli iz Kuča ogranak Vujoševića (Djurdjevića) i jedni kao: Ibričević kod Gusinja; Pepići (Crmnica); Pistule i Salč (Ulcinj), doselili iz Gruda (Tuzi), jedni u Šestane (Krajina) *Pepići, staro bratstvo u planini Pepićima *Pepušina, Kotor *Per, a, Bar *Peraza, u Kotoru oko 1330. god. *Perazić, u Vukovce (Zeta) sišli iz Sokola (Klimenti), sjeverna Albanija (vidi: Kliment i sl), od njih su u Katunu Riježevića 1655. god. pa jedni i kao: Režević, u Paštrovićima, neki su prešli iz Zete u Boljeviće u Godinje (Crmnica), pa od njih 1826. god. u Petrovac na Moru kao: Perazić, jedni i kao: Perezić u susjednim Podima, u Velje Mikuliće (Bar) a od ovih u Ulcinju, Budvi, a u Podgorici i kao: Bibalić; Herceg-Novi; Kotor; Cetinje *Perazići, bratstvo u plemenu Boljevićima *Perazići u Reževićima, Paštrovići *Peraj, Ulcinj i područni Štoj *Perajković, Šušanj i Sutomore (Bar) *Perak, Lepetane (Kotor) *Peralović, Kosor i Liješnja (Kuči). Od njih su u Istoku (Metohija); Podgorica; Vladanja (Zeta) i kao: Kulić preseljeni u Pivu. Iz Kuča odseljeni kod Gusinja i kao: Kaletović, Kalinović i Kolin=Kolina=Kolendar; Podkrš (Bratonožići); Šušanj (Bar) *Peranović, Šušanj i Sutomore (Bar) 1851. god.; Kovač (Grbalj) *Perarić, KotorPeratović, Podkrš (Bratonožići); Kolašinović (Bjelopavlići) *Peračić, Godinje (Crmnica), Mrkojevići (Bar), Ulcinj i Paštrovići, porijeklom su iz Klimenata, vidi: Kliment, Perazić i sl. *Peraš (Perović), Ostros u Krajini; Njeguši (Cetinje) *Perašević, Kladovo (istočna Srbija), doselili sa Njeguša (Cetinje) *Peraši, bratstvo u selu Mircu *Peraštanin, Herceg-Novi *Pervan, Mratinje i Duži (Piva), došli iz Rudina; Kotor; Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Pervizović, Bobovište (Primorska Krajina) *Perdj, Lepetane *Pere, Dabezići (Mrkojevići), Bar *Perezić, Podi (Mrkojevići) i Velji Mikulići (Bar). Od njih su Madguš, Perečić i Perišić u Primorskoj krajini; vidi: Perazić *Perezići (Perazići), bratstvo u Mrkovićima *Perenčević, Kotor *Perečić, Modguš (Primorska krajina), došli iz Mrkovića. Vidi: Perezić *Perzanić, Kotor, po nahočetu *Perizović, Darza (Ulcinj); Nikšić *Perin, Zalazi (Njeguši), Cetinje; u Srpskoj Crnji (sjeverni Banat) i kao: Perišin, najbliži: Arsin, Stojšin i Filipov *Perina, Salč, Kruče i Kolomza (Ulcinj) *Perinović, Prevlaka (1167. god.) i Kotor u 14. v. (Boka Kotorska); Perinovići i Djuraševići (Grbalj); Herceg-Novi; Dobrota (Kotor) *Peristić, Kotor *Perić, Brajovići i Petrušinovići (Bjelopavlići); u Kučima grana Mrnjavčevića (Nenada), istorodni u Lazarici i Laćama (Kuči), od njih su u Zagonji, Zaljevu i Darzi (Bar); Laće i Krasovice (Bjelopavlići), potomci Lužana; Njeguši (Mali Srijem), Cetinje, kasnije Duić, porijeklom iz Stubice. Pješivci, srodnici područnim Ivanovićima, Matkovićima i Pejanovićima. Od njih su u Bijeloj, u Herceg-Novom, Banatu, Topličkom kraju u južnoj Srbiji, kod Odese uz Crno more, Njujorku i sjevernom dijelu SAD-a; Budva; Sutvara (1614. god.). Spič (Sutomore), Bar; Sutvar (Grbalj) iz Stare Crne Gore; Kotor; Sutomore (Bar) 1852. god.; Zaljev i Darza (Bar) iz Stare Crne Gore; Gornje Selo (Nevesinje) ogranak Andrijaševića iz Grahova (Nikšić); u Vilusima (Nikšić) ranije Danilović. *Perići - Dudići, bratstvo u Malom Zalazu *Perići - Dudići u Boki, u Srbiji, u Rusiji, u Njujorku i "u Navrljan" u Americi *Perići u Sutvari u Boki Perići iz Kuča, iz sela Orahovo (narodski Oravo). Konkretno selo Lazorci *Perićevići, rod u Herakovićima *Peričić, Balabani (Zeta); Bar; Mikulići (Bar) ogranak Markičića; u Djuraševićima (Grbalj) u 16. v. došli iz Vučitrna (Kosovo); Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu u 16. v. *Perišin, Nikšić; u Srpskoj Crnji (sjeverni Banat). Vidi: Perkin *Perišić, Štitari (Podgorica), Perišić ili Čičar a Čelebić i Vujović od druga dva brata; u Cucama (Cetinje) grana Grabovljana (po selu Grab); Nerin uz Batu, Grab, Sladojev Do kod Trešnjeva i Rakoč. Iseljeni kod Nikšića i na Glasincu i Trnovu (Bosna) i kao: Nerić-Perišić. Od njih su u Sarajevu i Baru. Potomci su Periše Komnenova Miždragova koji dodje iz Dulića ili Čaradja u Čevo, sa braćom Bajkom i Zmijicom. Komnenovi sinovi Jovan (Jovanović), Vuleta (Vuletić) i Periša (Perišić) predju na Grab cucki; u Cucama su Tomanović-Perišić, koji vode porijeklo sa Meduna (Kuči); Goričani (Donja Zeta); kod Herceg-Novog; u Kutima su iz Draževa (Hercegovina), a u Baošićima iz Zagarča (Danilovgrad). Cetinje; Grahovo (Nikšić); Brskut (Kuči) ogranak Vujoševića, od njih su kod Plava kao: Nurović; u Podgorici iz Kosijera (Cetinje); Goričani (Zeta) i kod Rijeke Crnojevića ogranak Popovića; Ploče i Posojke (Kosijeri), Cetinje prešli iz Orašja, od ovih su u Podgorici; Vrbovo (Gruža Kragujevačka), porijeklom iz Šahovića (Bijelo Polje); Sušica (Valjevska Kolubara), porijeklom iz Pive; Donje Polje (Lukavac i Kazanci), Hercegovina, ogranak Dakovića iz Grahova (Nikšić); Površ, Vraćenovići i Golija (Nikšić), ogranak Dakovića (Vujačića) porijeklom iz Kuča; u Župi Nikšićkoj grana Nikšića; ogranak Grbovića u Pošćenju (Šavnik) i Vrtoč Polju (Žabljak); Zaton (Bijelo Polje), došli od Sjenice (Raška); u Rovcima (Liješnje) grana su Radmanovića; u Piperima; Banja (Petnjica), Srbija, porijeklom su iz Bjelopavlića *Perišići - Grabljani, bratstvo u Cucama *Perišići - Čičari, bratstvo u Štitarima *Perišići - Perići na Glasincu *Perišići u Sarajevu i u Baru *Perišići (Nerići) kod Nikšića i na Glasincu *Perkaj, vidi: Perković (Martinović) u Fundini *Perkalić, Donji Šestani (Krajina primorska) *Perkalović, Donji Šestani (Krajina primorska) *Perković, Ljuhari (Fundina), Kuči potomci (Djura i Krsta) Martinovića, a u područnoj Kržanji i kao: Perkaj, porijeklom iz Bajica (Cetinje), jedno vrijeme živjeli u Komanima (Podgorica). Od Perkovića su u Podgorici, kod Gusinja, u Nikšiću i susjednom Gornjem Polju, pa u Pljevlja; Krivi Do, Doljani, Masline (Kuči) i kao: Mitrović grana Mrnjavčevića; Gornje Polje i Zaljutnica (Golija), Nikšić; u Krtolska naselja (Grbalj) porijeklom od Golovića kod Nikšića *Perkovići iz Kuča (otac mi se zvao Mihailo. Rodio se u Doljanima kraj Podgorice. Tamo su mi živeli i stričevi sa svojom decom. Na žalost, ne znam im imena, ali znam da žive u Crnoj Gori. Mihailo je imao dva sina, mene i mog brata Dušana Perkovića. Moj brat nije imao dece. Ja imam ćerku Natašu, udatu Mihailović, koja živi u Južnoj Africi. Sin Srđan živi u Australiji. Otac mi je govorio da je Kuč, Crnogorac. Znam da Perkovića ima i u Hrvatskoj, posebno u Istri. (prilog poslao: Božidar Perković bosko.perkovic@gmail.com ) *Perkolović, Bratica (Ulcinj) *Perkolić, Bratica (Ulcinj), Donji Šestani ogranak Karanikića *Perkočević, Braćeni (Crmnica) i Žabljak na Skadarskom jezeru, odseljeni u Konje (Turska) od 1910. god.; u Podgorici 1512. god. *Perkočevici, muslimani u selu Braćenima *Perla, Ljubotinj (Cetinje) u 18. v. *Perlanović, Herceg-Novi *Pernar, u Podgorici *Perovan, Mratinje (Piva) *Perovanović, Kruče (Ulcinj)* *Perovanović (Mlinčić), Gajtan (južna Srbija) došli (1879. god.) iz Rovaca (Podgorica) *"Perović", bratstvo u Bjelošima *Perović, Kisjelica (Bratonožići) i Zagorič (Podgorica) ogranak Baljevića, potomaka Bratovih-rodonačelnika bratstava Bratonožić (Branković), porijeklom iz Korjenića; Seoca (Piperi) kao: Stanišić, istorodni; Petrovići (Piperi) ogranak Radetića (Petrovića), sa područne Sibne; u Risnu 1704.god.; iz Vranja (Zeta) odselili u Srem; Mirilovići (Bileća), ogranak Martinovića iz Bajica (Cetinje) istorodni sa Bajčetićima i Mirkovićima; Bjeloši (Grljevići), Cetinje; Dubovik (Bajice), Cetinje ogranak Radulovića iz Miški (Čevo), Cetinje; Stubica (Pješivci) ogranak Strikovića; Bogomilovići (Pješivci) ranije Breškovac, potomci Todora iz Velestova (Cetinje), srodnici Mijuškovića Boškovića i Ađića u Bogmilovićima, Erakovićima i Kilibardama u Banjanima, svi od tri brata iz Velestova; Kruse, ranije i prezime iznad Sitničke doline u Lješanskom području; Trnovo (Crmnica); Žanjev do (Njeguši) i dotični Mirac (Cetinje), došli iz Cuca sa istim prezimenim pa jedni prešli u Boku Kotorsku; kao Preobražani, ranije Bajković (od Petra Vučete Nenojeva) u Cucama (Cetinje). Od njih su u: Bresticama, Ogorjelom Ždrijelu, Ramovu Dolu, Lješevici, Ujnjinu Dolu, Cerovu Brdu, Trepčima i Kočanima (Nikšić), Rataju (Srbija), Leskovcu kod Prokuplja (južna Srbija), Petrovu Selu u sjeveroistočnoj Srbiji, Selištu na Obiljevcu, kod Banja Luke, u Montani (Sjedinjene Američke Države), Žanjevu Dolu (Njeguši) i od njih u Boki Kotorskoj; u Nikšićkom Prekovođu kao: Čagorović. U Adžine Livade (Lepenica) i Knić (Kragujevac), Srbija i kao: Pavlović, porijeklom od Žabljaka (Drobnjak); U Rastolici i Drenu (Topolica), južna Srbija iz Rovaca (Podgorica) ogranak Bulatovića; Bobovište (Trebinje), kasnije: Perović, Kujundžić i Ćeranić, ogranak Cerovića iz Drobnjaka;Tušine (Žabljak), doseljenici iz Kuča, od kojih su Šabović u Nikšiću, Dujovići u Jezerima, Veselić u Prijepolju i Peruničić u Zatarju; Tušini (Žabljak) ogranak Dobrilovića; u Morači (Kolašin) i Poljima (Trebaljevu), Mojkovac, potomci Dobrija iz grupe Gojka Mrnjačevića; Cetinje, posebni iz Hercegovine, 1869. god; Ti 167; u Štitarima iz Dulića (Gacko) jesu iz Donjih Banjana a u Zaljutnicu (Golija), Nikšić iz Cuca (Cetinje); Đenđinovići (Sutomore), Bar; Donja Orahovica (Kotor); Banjani (Nikšić), ogranak Erakovića iz Banjana odseljeni u Donju i Gornju Šumaricu (Sjenica) a u Banjske Macavare došli iz Pješivačkog dola; Danići (Gacko) iz Banjana (Nikšić); u Nikšić došli iz Hercegovine, ranije Tunguz; Lopare (Fundina), Kuči, ranije Kekić; Gliznica, Bobulji, Martinići, Britvićima i u Polju (Bjelopavlići) grana Bubića, ogranak Vukšića. Od njih su u : Virpazaru (Crmnica), a u Srbiji u : Valjevu, Azanji, Malom Orašju, Oparićima, Jagodini, Prokuplju i u Kuršumliji; Podostrog (Bjelopavlići ), srodnici Karovića ; u Rošca (Užička Crna Gora) iz Pive. Šušanj i Đinđinovići (Sutomore), Bar, početkom 20.v. doselili se Blagojevi sinovi Marko i Novak; Perovića Bare (Tušina), Žabljak i Luka, nesrodni sa P. u Tušinji; Stubica (Gornji Pješivci) ogranak Strijovića (Vučićevića); u Krusama (Draževina), Podgorica; Trnovo (Cuce), od njih su na Trubjeli, Kočanima i Rastokama (Nikšić); Žanjev Do (Njeguši), Cetinje došli iz Cuca kao: Perović, a Perovići u Mircu (Njeguši) došli su iz Hercegovine; Njeguši (Cetinje) od njih su u Boki Kotorskoj. U Crmnici doseljenici iz Klimenata (sjeverna Albanija); Petrovac na moru 1877. god; u Risnu, po majci; Lopare (Fundana), Kuči; Šobajići i Boronjine (Bjelopavlići), porijeklom iz Šapca (Mačva), od njih su u Nikšiću, Leskovcu, južnoj Srbiji, Barajevu (Beograd) i u Bosni; drugi Perovići u Šobajićima došli iz Pješivaca, a drugi u Boronjini ogranak Strikovića sa Stubice (Pješivci); Martinići, Gliznica, Bubulja (Bjelopavlići) ogranak Vukšića iz grupe Bubića. Od njih su u Valjevu, Prokuplju, Kuršumliji, Opariću, Azanji, Jagodini, Malom Orašju (Srbija) i Virpazaru (Crmnica); ogranak Bandića (Peroševi potomci) u Komanima (Podgorica); Kod ostroga (Bjelopavlići), starinci; Kisjelice (Bratonožići), od njih su u Morači; Ulcinj, doselili iz Donjih Uluća (Rijeka Crnojevića), srodni Kaluđerovićima i Nogačama; Ponari (Zeta), od njih su na Žabljaku na Skadarskom jezeru ; Građani , sa područja Rijeke Crnojevića otišli u Grobalj, gdje se prezivaju Banov i Bajković, od kojih su na Kosovu; iz Bobije (Crmnica) jedni 1860. godine u Peć (Metohija); Orahovice i Dobrota (Kotor); Draživati i Joževo (Orahovice), Kotor i u Kotoru; Bezjova i Donja Kržanja (Kuči), ogranak Mikulića ; na Svibi u Piperima su ogranak Petrovića, došljaka iz Bratonožića; Blizna i Seoca (Piperi), potomci Stanka Perova; Strojtenica, Bobajići i Rasova (Bijelo Polje), doseljenici iz Pive; iz Selac (Klimenti), Albanija došli u Krajinu; Seoca, Ostrog i Ckla kao: Peraš (Perović) i Ćurperović u Gornjim Šestanima, uz jezero; Tušine (Žabljak) ogranak Dobrilovića, Prenčane, Sjeverin i Potpeće (Pljevlja), doseljenici iz Prekotare; u Gusinju (Gornje Polimlje) 1875. god; u Gornjoj Zeti ogranak Terzića; u Goliji (Nikšić) iz Cuca ; Lenovice (Zaječar) od Radovića iz Morače; Šišići (Grbalj). *Perovići (Ozrinići) u Bajicama *Perovići (Kostovići), bratstvo u Bjelicama *Perovići, rod u Pješivćima *Perovići, rod u Pjesivcima *Perovići, rod u Krusama *Perovići, bratstvo u Trnovu *Perovići u Hercegovini *Perovići, bratstvo u Žanjevu Dolu *Perovići, bratstvo u Mircu *Perovići u Boki *Perovići iz sela Bare, Manastir Morača *Perovići - Preobrežani - Bajkovići, bratstvo u Cucama *Perovići u Rudinama, u "Nikšiću" (predjelu), u Srbiji, u Bosni i u Americi *Perovići, selo Šipačno kod Nikšića, porijeklom od Marića iz sela Šipačna (prilog Radonja Minić) *Perovići iz Vasojevića i to Perovići – bratstvo Labani iz zaseoka Bare selo Gračanica Andrijevica. Perovići iz Gračanice naselili su se u Dečane, Peć, Smederevo, Bajina Bašta, Beograd, Ljubljana, Sarajevo, Mojkovac, Kraljevo, Nikšić, Budva, Gnjilane, Aranželovac, Podgorica, Žakovica, Vrbas, Paraćin, Plav, Pljevlja (prilog: Nebojša V. Perović ured@advokat011.rs ) *Perovc, u Kotoru *Peroević, u Peraškim naseljima Boke, starosjedioci *Peroja, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Perojević, u Djuraševićima (Grbalj), nadgrobni natpis iz ranijeg perioda *Perolješković, Milovići (Grbalj), potomci Mila Dapca (u 16. v.) doseljenog iz Dapca (Albanija) *Perota, Lepetane (Boka Kotorska) *Peroč, Djurmani (Sutomore), Bar, od njih su u Baru, područnim Mikulićima i Ulcinju *Peročović, doseljenici iz Kuča kod Bara, srodnici Nikezića, Androvića i Pekovića, od kojih su u Baru i Ulcinju *Perošević, u Bršno i Lukovo (Župa Nikšićka) došli iz Rovaca (Podgorica); u Podgorici iz Rovaca *Persan, u Prčanj su došli iz Italije *Persić, Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Perusin, Kumbor, Herceg-Novi *Peruničić, ranije Bogdanović, iz podnožja planine Njegoš, prešli u područja: Durmitor, kod Pljevalja (Premćane, Maoče, Podborovu), od njih su kod Mojkovca, Nove Varoši, Čačka; Račkovo Brdo (Kolašin) pa u Curovo (Pljevlja) kao: Reković Perunović, potomci Radovana Bogdanova u Drenovštici (Pješivci) i Straševini (Nikšić). Od njih su u Retkoceru (južna Srbija), Konjarniku (Beograd), a u Drobnjacima i kao: Šašalj *Perunovići, bratstvo u Drenovštici *Perutić, Perutići u Morači, zaselak Starče *Perutići iz sela Starče u Gornjoj Morači. Porijeklom iz Krnićke Kamenice - Lješanska Nahija *Perusiković, Kotor *Perutović, Nikšić i područno Rastovci i Šipačno *Perućica, Koravnica i Somina (Banjani), Nikšić, došli iz Povije (Gornji Pješivci), ogranak Rašovića iz Kuča *Perućice iz Kuča od Rašovića *Perucić, u Dučićima (Rah Perucin), Kuči *Peručić, Herceg-novi, porijeklom sa Čeva (Cetinje) *Perušina (Perušić), Stoliv (Boka Kotorska), došli iz Hercegovine; Kotor; Gornja Lastva (Tivat), oni su iz Stare Crne Gore *Perušić, Lazarice (Kuči); Prčanj i Kotor *Perušković, Kotor, po nahočetu; kod Risna; Kuti, Herceg-Novi, došli iz Popova (Hercegovina) oko 1691. god. *Perčević, u Bjelopavlićima ogranak Pavićevića (Pavkovića); Cetinje *Perčin, Budva; u Podgorici *Perčinović, Bajkovići, Kruševice, Podi, Savina i Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Perčić, Balabani (Zeta) *Pesar, Kotor *Pesaro, Kotor *Pesenti, Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Pesler, Herceg-Novi *Peslil, Kotor *Pesmel, Kotor *Pesović, Kotor *Pesta, u Kotoru 15. v. *Pestić, Podi i do Risna, došli iz Hercegovine *Pestorić, ranije Puškarović, u Kute i Kumbor, Herceg-Novi došli iz Konavala; Morinj (Morin), Risan *Pestrov, kod Perasta došli iz Konavala *Pesturić, Vinići (Bjelopavlići); Herceg-Novi *Pestuš, Njeguši (Cetinje) *Pestuši, bratstvo u Njegušima *Petale, Krnjice (Krajina) *Petanović, Sozina (Crmnica) 16. v.; Cetinje *"Petanović", koji se pribratio Vukanovićima *Petar, predak grupe bratstava Petrovića u Ćeklićima *Petar Šćepanov, potomak Herakov *Petar Šćepčev, brat vladike Danila *Petek, Nikšić *Peteljak, Godijevo (Bijelo Polje) *Petehi, Prčanj u Boki *Petijević, iz Hercegovine sišli u Petijeviće (Kruševice) oko 1692. god. predju u Kokrine, pa u Igalo *Petiljar, Nikšić *Petinac, Djurdjevića Tara (Pljevlja) 1864. god. *Petkovac, Kumbor u Boki došli iz Dalmacije *Petković, Njeguši (Cetinje) u 1536. god.; Pljevlja 1516. god.; Podi i Baošići u Boki; Buljarice (Paštrovići) 1774. god.; u Tepcima (Drobnjak) u 15. v., ogranak Ninkovića pripadaju Trepčanima; u Banjanima (Nikšić) 15. v. Od njih su kod Mojkovca; Lastva (Tivat); Vrpolje (Trebinje), ogranak Ugrenovića i skraj Nikšića; Baošići (Boka Kotorska) doselili se od Trebinja; Nikšić došli iz Nevesinja (Hercegovina); u Drobnjaku 1443. god.; Kotor i Perast od 1542. god.; Kunje (Ulcinj); Peštera (Dubica), a tamo iz Crne Gore kao: Milošević *Petkovići, stari rod u Cetinjskom Plemenu *Petlača, Vrbica (Berane) *Petović, u Kute (Ulcinj) došli iz Kastrata (sjeverna Albanija); Škaljari i Muo (Kotor) i Mul i Vranovići (Tivat) starinom iz Stare Crne Gore *Petra, u peraška naselja došli iz Stare Crne Gore *Petraera, Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Petraka = Petrača i Petraša, 1330. god. u Kotoru i Ulcinju *Petranić, u Bjelopavlićima su ogranak Milanovića (Nosakovića) *Petranović, Gluhi Do, Podgorica i Boljevići (Crmnica) i u Berislavcima (Zeta) i kao: Petrinović, došli iz Crmnice, a u Ljubotinju (Rijeka Crnojevića) i kao: Džon *"Petranović", grana bratstva Gvozdenovića u Gluhom Dolu *Petranovići, bratstvo u Boljevićima *Petrarka, u Prčanj su došli iz Istre u 15. v. *Petraha, Ulcinj *Petrača, vidi: Petraka *Petretić, Kotor *Petri, a, Žutkovica (Paštrovići) *Petrin, Bar *Petrinović, vidi:Petranović, od kojih su u Kunje i Veljem Selu (Ulcinj) *Petrić, Gurdić, Nuglovi, Junčevići, Vijenac a u Matarugama (Pljevlja), ogranak Koćela (ranije Koćelo = Koćela), Maoče i Kosanice, Orlje i Gradacu i kao: Petrović. Sa tog područja jedni su prešli u Orlje Peram (Prijepolje), a drugi u Kosatice i Drenovu preko Lima. Svi su porijeklom iz Tušine (Žabljak). Od njih su u Nikšiću, Podgorici; Zvijezd (Pljevlja); Lepenac (Mojkovac); Beran Selo i Zaostro (Berane), od njih su u Trubini (Bihor), Bijelo Polje; Bojište, Bubanje, Lozna, Prijelozima i Rujištu (Bijelo Polje), srodnici Nedovićima u područnim Prijelozima; Kotor, po nahočetu; Kotor; Bigovo i Grispula (Gripštula) u 14. v., pa u Glavatičane (Grbalj) u 16. v. i jedni predju u Bijelu i Dobrotu (Kotor) kasnije kao: Petričević; Mijokusovići i Šobajići (Bjelopavlići) *Petrićević, Vinići, Miokusovići, Rošca i Šobajići (Bjelopavlići): vidi: Petrić i Petričević; Selo Kunje i Vojno Selo (Ulcinj), potomci Skora iz Mikulića (Bar); Paštrovići (Budva) 1780. god.; Donji Kraj u Ceklinu *Petrica, Budva 18. v. ranije u Žutkovici (Paštrovići) *Petričević, u Bjelopavlićima identični sa Petrićevićima, kao i u Grblju sa Petrić. Od njih su u Studencima (Nikšić), Studenici Pertrišićima (Lika), Zatrijebaču (Kuči); Donji Kraj (Ceklin), Rijeka Crnojevića kao: Petrićević i Petričević (Vujanović) iz Pipera; Goričani (Zeta) iz Ceklina, Cetinju i Dobroti (Kotor); Podgorici; Risan, Prčanj i Bigovo (Tivat) 9.-14. v. *Petričevići, bratstvo u Boki (Dobrota) gdje su se doselili krajem 17 vijeka iz susjednog Grblja *Petričevići, bratstvo u Meterizima kraj Podgorice *Petričić, Cetinje; Podbišće (Mojkovac); u Rovca iz Bosne *Petrov, Obilićevo (Novi Kneževac), sjeverni Banat, doseljenici iz Podgorice, kao: Čarnojević, srodnici područnim Pavlov i Ivanov *Petrović, Klopot (Bratonožići), od Petra Radoševa, potomci Bratovi; Kosor i Bioče (Kuči), ogranak Ilikovića - Drekalovića. Od njih su u Podgorici, Zaljevu (Bar); Ponarima (Zeta), Petrovcu (Zaječar), Leskovcu (Srbija); u Podgorici kasnije Šarović u Risnu; u Petrovićima (Banjani), Nikšić 1442. god.; Lastva (Tivat) 1444. god.; Selo Petrovići i Ožezi (Piperi), potomci Petra Mijaljeva sa Svibe. Od njih: Miličkovići sa ograncima; Vušković sa odseljenim u Lijevu Rijeku (Podgorica), Župi Nikšićkoj, u Toplici (južna Srbija); Risnu Vukotić, Stajović, Memetović od kojih su Seferović u Nikšiću i Radetić i od njih su: Banović, Tiodorović, Perović i Gojović. Od Petrovića ima odseljenih u: Spužu, Podgoricu, Cetinju, Zeti, kod Bara, Nikšiću, Beranama, Radulovićima i Nedokusima (Bijelo Polje), Lijevoj Rijeci, u Topličkom području i kao: Petrović-Bliznavac; kod Podujeva (Srbija) porijeklom sa Bihora (Bijelo Polje); Trojice (Pljevlja) 1763. god.; Ivanjica (Srbija), ogranak Dragovića (kod Andrijevice), Vasojevići; Velenje (Novi Pazar), Gledići i Otrogor (Kragujevac) ogranak Rajića, vjerovatno iz Rajkovog Dola (Piperi); Vranj (Srijem), Vojvodina, doseljenici iz Vranja (Zeta); Ratkovo (Srbija), došli iz Vasojevića; Velika (Gornji Vasojevići), u Bihor došli iz Donjih Vasojevića. Od njih su u Topoli i Šatornji (Šumadija), Suhodolu na Pešteru (Raška); Svircima (Banja), Peć; u Djakovici i područnom Donjem Necu i Ponoševcu jesu iz Vasojevića; u Sjenicama (Pješivci) ogranak Britvića; Zeoke (Donje Dragačevo) kao: Slavić ili Petrović, ogranak Tomića iz Drobnjaka; Topola (Arandjelovac) i kao: Karadjordjević, došli iz Bihora (Bijelo Polje), ondje iz Lijeve Rijeke (Podgorica), tamo iz Pipera, porijeklom iz Vranja (Vurenia), Zeta; vidi: Petrović-Karadjordjević; Kosanice (Pljevlja) i kao: Petrić, Dubovo (Bijelo Polje), starinci; kod Nikšića, ranije Gavrilović; Užička Crna Gora i Pomijač (Jadar), Valjevo doseljenici iz Pive; Vranići (Šumadija) i kao: Piper, došli iz Crne Gore; Šumadijska Kolubara i kao: Višnjić i Maksimović, doseljenici iz Rovaca (Podgorica); Umčari i Grabovac (Gruža Kragujevačka), Srbija došli iz Bioča (Podgorica) i Radovića (Morača); iz Rovaca (Podgorica) otišli u Srbiju; Petrovići (Banjani), Nikšić, rodonačelnik Petar Radičev iz bratstva Banjani iz grupe Novljana, tako se često prezivaju Petrović Banjanin (1485 - 1700. god.). Od njih su i u Hercegovini; iz Ozrinića (Cetinje) u Azanju i Berane (Vasojevići); Herakovići Njeguši (Cetinje), ranije Heraković (Eraković) i Šćepčević (Danilo utemeljivač vladarske kuće) kasnije Petrović. Ranije su boravili na Čevu, gdje su došli iz Muževice (Gornji Banjani), Nikšić. Vidi: Bogutović u Drobnjaku i Petrović (Karadjordjević). Od njih su u Cetinju, Nikšiću, Kotoru i područnim Škaljarima, a u Danilovgradu i kao: Vujović, Podgorici, Timočkoj Krajini; Mrkojevići (Bar), doseljenici iz Mrka (Piperi); Paštrovići, odseljeni u Beograd i Hercegovinu; Orahovice (Risan); Kumbor, Herceg-Novom, oni su iz Korjenića (Trebinje); Dobrotu (Kotor); Škaljari, Muo i Kameno (Boka Kotorska), porijeklom iz Zubaca (Trebinje), oko 1692. god.; Kotor; Radovanići (starinci), Pobrdja, Raošići, Krašići, Branovići, Krtole (Grbalj); Gornja Lastva (Tivat); Mul, drugi, i oni kod Herceg-Novog od Bileće; u Herceg-Novom jedni su iz Popova (Hercegovina); u Kotoru i kao: Petrović Njegoš, došli iz Njeguša (Cetinje); od njih u Dubrovniku; Sasovići, Herceg-Novi; Najprije pod Puhalove krše doselio se Petar iz Bjelopavlića (16. v.); u Ćeklićima (Cetinje) dijele se na: Jovanović od kojih su u Igalu, Herceg-Novi, Muo (Kotor), Carine (Župa Nikšićka), Brezovik i Gornje Polje (Nikšić), Bijelo Polje (od Jovana Savićeva Petrovića), Peć; Pajović od njih iz Jezera u Muo, Dobroti i Kavču (Kotor), u Buenos Airesu (Južna Amerika); Radulović, od njih su: Puranović u Gornjem Polju i varoši Nikšić, Župi Nikšićkoj i odatle odoše u Staroj Varoši (Loznica) i kao: Bogdanović, a jedni na Carinama u Župi i kao: Batrićević, Prčanj i Stoliv (Boka Kotorska); Nikčević, od kojih su u Dobroti (Kotor); Pavićević, od njih su u Podgorici, Cetinju, Komanima (Župa); Pavlićević u Zagori (Rijeka Crnojevića), Vujović, Vujošević, Dragutinović, Mirković, Buronjić (Dragomiljani); od njih u Cetinju i Vujović u Bijeloj, a Vujošević u Prčanju, Savini i Mulu (Boka Kotorska); u Komanima (Podgorica) i kao: Pavićević i Dragomidoljac; Dupilo (Crmnica); Petrović - strana (Cuce); Očinići (Cetinje), ranije Kozojević, jedni kasnije Glendža, od njih su u Budvi i Ulcinju; Kovač (Boka Kotorska), jesu iz Stare Crne Gore; Perast i Dobrota (Kotor); Budva jedni iz Vasojevića a drugi iz Zagradja; Rudinice (Piva); Gradjani i Vranjina (Rijeka Crnojevića), porijeklom iz Prizrena; u Badnjevac u Lepenicu doselili iz Bijelog Polja, sa Lima; Slato (Nevesinje) i Jugovići (Gacko); u Ćeklićima (Cetinje), razgranati; u Brajkovcu (Lajkovac) iz Rovaca (Podgorica); Azanja (Bihor), Bijelo Polje; na Vranjini uz Skadarsko jezero; iz Gusinja jedni su odselili u Berane, pa dalje u Srbiju; Kopito Petrovića, ogranak Djurovića (Grupkovića) iz Bjelopavlića, odselili se u Gradac (Valjevo); Berane; Bijelo Polje i područna Velika Župa; Gornja Ržanica (Andrijevica); Dedilovo (Novi Pazar), ogranak Markovića iz Lijeve Rijeke (Podgorica); Godinje (Crmnica) 1504. god.; na Vranjini uz Skadarsko jezero; vidi: Petrović (Karadjordjević) *Petrovići (Glendže), bratstvo u Očinićima *Petrovići, grana bratstva Herakovića u Njegušima *Petrovići, uža grana (dinastija) Petrovića-Herakovića *Petrovići, prezime grane Herakovića *Petrovići, bratstvo iz sela Kosor u Kučima *Petrovići, bratstvo u Petrovu Dolu *Petrovići, bratstvo u Dupilu *Petrovići, bratstvo u Bandićima *Petrovići, staro bratstvo u Vučem Dolu *Petrovići u Budvi *Petrovići, rod u Škaljarima u Boki *Petrovići, grupa bratstava u Ćeklićima *Petrovići, staro bratstvo u Tospudama *Petrović (Karadjordjević), iz sela Vranj (ispod Vranjske gore), zatim na izvorište Ribnice, pa na Lopate (Lijeva Rijeka), sve na području Podgorice. Odatle u Crču (na Bihoru), Bijelo Polje. Zadrži se predak Lešić (kasnije Gurašić - Djurešić), a Jovan sa svojima 1750. god. predje u Šumadiju; *Maloševo (Kragujevac), zatim Djordjije u Viševac (Rača Kragujevačka) u Topolu i područne Žabare i potomci u Kragujevac i Beograd Petrović Njegoš, vidi: Petrović, u Njegušima (Cetinje) *Petrojević, Lastva Tivatska i Herceg-Novi *Petron, peraška naselja, porijeklom iz Italije *Petrone, Herceg-Novi *Petronijević, Polja (Mojkovac); Sremčica (Beograd), došli iz Vasojevića; Porečje (Gornji Milanovac), došli iz Crljenice (Pljevlja); Ljuljaci (Knić), Šumadija došli iz Pive; Pančevo (Donja Varoš), ogranak Šćekića iz Bijelog Polja (Crna Gora), njihovi su srodnici i Milutinović u Pančevu; Ljuljanice (Gruža), Kragujevac iz Pive *Petrošević, Paštrovići 1457. god. *Petrucija, Kotor, iz Pistorije (Italija) *Petruš, uz Skadarsko jezero (Kopelnik) 1416. god. *Petrušinović, ogranak Mitrovića, rodonačelnika Mitra Pavlova - bijelog razgranati u Bjelopavlićima *Petrušić, ogranak Ivanovića kod Nikšića; Kamensko i Gornja Trepča, sa Banjske visoravni preci su im prešli u Drobnjake. Jedni su 1789. god. prešli na Glasinac (Romanija), kao: Mrkalj, (a 1879. god.) predjoše u Gajtan (južna Srbija); kao: Bulević u Polja i Bjelojevice (Mojkovac) iz Rovaca; Ljuljanci (Knić), Kragujevac, ogranak su Nikolića iz Pive *Pećaranin, iz Bihora (Bijelo Polje), kao: Balšić prešli Pećarsku (Polimlje), pa u Dragosnicu (Podibar), a u Bujevu (Bijelo Polje) ogranak su Prebiračevića *Pećarević, Risan *Pećarić, Kotor *Pećević, Piperi *Pećina, Ulcinj *Pećinar, u Podgorici *Pećurica, Ulcinj *Peulović i kao: Žilović, u Stubici (Piva) *Peunović (Perović), u Piperima, srodnici Stanišića piperskih *Peuso, Lepetane (Boka Kotorska) *Pehar, Budva *Pehilj, Žiljevo (Hercegovina) porijeklom ispod Trebješke glavice (Nikšić) *Pecanj (Pedžanj), Salč (Ulcinj) *Peci, Koće (Kuči), ogranak Maroševića *Pecić, Šestani i Livari (Primorska Krajina) 1756. god. *Peciar, Lepetane, Herceg-Novi *Pecinj, Gornji Šestani, Dračevica, Livari, Salč i Gurazi (Primorska krajina), porijeklom su iz Gruda (Tuzi); Bar *Pecinjak, Njeguši (Cetinje) i kao: Dobrilović, prešli u Pecinje (Rijeka Crnojevića), starinom su iz Peći *Pecirep, u Goliji Nikšić grana Banovića, iz Banjana *Pecurice, bratstvo u Trnovu *Pečanić, Dobrota (Kotor) *Pečar, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Pečenović, Kotor 1431. god. *Pečer, Kotor *Pečinović, Podi, Herceg-Novi *Pečović, Zadar (Dalmacija), došli iz Šestana (Primorska krajina) *Pečujica, Ljeskovac (Bar) *Pečurica, Krute, Pelinkovići i Pistulce (Ulcinj), iz Trnove (Crmnica) *Pečurice, potomci Bugara koji su se u najezdama iz Bugarske doselili u predeo Sandzaka negde posle 1300 godine. U to vreme smo se prezivali Ivčevi. Njihovo seljakanje je zavrseno doseljavanjem u sadasnje Trnovo koje je i dobilo ime po Velikom Trnovu iz koga su poticali Ivčevi. I negde oko 1750 jedan naš ubi nekog poturicu Nikčevića i pobježe od Bara prema Ulcinju u sadašnje selo Pečurice. Kako je nalagalo običajno pravo trebalo je krv umiriti ili ubistvom ili naplatom u blagu i novcu. Pošto su počinioci pobjegli a Nikčevići ostali bez svog srodnika i blaga, počeli su da pregovaraju sa ostatkom porodice, nebi li makar nešto dobili i nadomestili učinjenu štetu. Pregovori su išli u tom pravcu da se Nikčevićima da odredjen broj stoke i isplati nešto novca i (sad dolazi na red poreklo našeg prezimena) da ostatak porodice Ivčev prihvati reč "pečurak" za svoje prezime, kako su u lokalu zvali travu koju je vetar kolutao i od nje pravio smotiljke koji su bili razbacani na sve strane, a koristili su se i za pokrivanje krovova i imali su pogrdno značenje - lutalice, probisveti. Na taj su način hteli da se domognu kakvog takvog imetka i da se narugaju ostatku porodice. Sudbina je htela da je to prihvaćeno i rodjaci koji su živeli u današnjem selu Pečurice sagrade han i ljudi su taj han vremenom prozvali Pečuričin han (jer im je bilo neobično da osobu nazivaju Pečurak!!) i otuda je nastala i promena u prezimenu i ono je evoluiralo u Pečurica, veoma brzo, i tako izbrisalo sa sebe porugu kojom su se hteli nasladiti poturice Nikčevići! Ja sam napravio Rodoslov bratstva Pečurica i on je štampan u knjizi Rodoslovi Crmničana ali je osakaćen tako što je neki od mojih rodjaka iz Crne Gore svakako potpisao moje ime ispod rodoslova, ali je izbacio sve muslimane Pečurice koje sam tek bio počeo da proučavam, i ponekog Pečuricu po svojoj volji. To me je veoma rastužilo i prekinuo sam rad na rodoslovu. Sada u Crnoj Gori živi i radi izmedju 50 i 100 mojih rodjaka Pečurica i ima ih od Ulcinja do Umaga i u Vojvodini i širom sveta u Kanadi, Americi, Francuskoj itd. (prilog: Dragan Vlastimira Pečurica) *Pešalj, u Studence (Nikšić) došli iz Kuča *Pešelj, Pješivci *Pešet, vidi: Pešeš *Pešeš = Pešeši i Pešet, Bar *Pešik, Bar i Ulcinj *Pešikan, u Cuce doselili iz Kuča. Od njih su u Limljanima (Crmnica), kasnije Dragišić, Do Muževica u Nikšićkim Rudinama (Trepčima), u Hercegovini, kod Nevesinja, Džinova Mala, Kameno, Herceg-Novi, u Podgorici i Nikšiću, a u Gornjem Polju (Nikšić) i kao: Medjedović, Petrovom Selu (Srbija), iz Golije (Nikšić), u Baošićima, Herceg-Novom, (od 1888. god.) sišli iz Nikšićkih Rudina, Toplik i Kobilji Do (Sarajevsko Polje) i kao: Nikšić, Donjem Selu (Bjelopavlići) i kao: Bešić, navodno i u Kamenom u Boki Kotorskoj i kao: Mijušković; u Nevesinju (Hercegovina) ogranak Bjelica iz Bjelica (Cetinje) *Pešikani (Bešići) u Bjelopavlićima *Pešikani u Limljanima, u Hercegovini, u Bjelopavlićima, u Podgorici, u Boki i u Srbiji *Pešikani u Sarajevskom Polju, u Džinovoj Mahali i u Gornjem Polju nikšićskom *Pešić, iseljeni iz Bjelopavlića, grana Petrušinovića; Gornja sela, Crni Vrh, Andrijevica i Berane (Vasojevići), Brezojevica (Plav), kod Rožaja, a u Zatrijebču (Kuči) imaju i ogranke Bašuljević, Tešić i Purović (Kojić) i u Srbiji, Zaton, Rasova i Bistrica (Bijelo Polje); Cerovo (Radjevina), Valjevo, doseljenici iz Pive; Poreč (Gornji Milanovac), došli iz Vasojevića; u Rovcima potomci Peše Bulatovića; u Zagarač (Danilovgrad), došli iz Bratonožića; Mačagaj (Argentina), iz Crne Gore; Cetinje; Budva; Podgorica; Kotor Pešići - Radmanovići - Dubravljani, bratstvo u Povrpolju (Dodatak: Do ubistva knjaza Danila Pešići su živjeli u bjelopavlićkoj ravnici, uglavnom pod prezimenom Kadić. Poslije ubistva knjaza Danila raselili su po Srbiji, Bosni, Hrvatskoj, Bugarskoj, Rusiji i Austriji. A jedan dio je zazueo od Turaka teritoriju izmedju Vasojevića i Turske (tzv. Gornja Sela). I danas u gornjim selima (Lubnice i okolna sela) kod Berana živi veliko bratstvo Pešića. prilog poslao: Dejan Pešić, Texas, USA marcopolobp@hotmail.com) *Pešković, Mahala (Donja Zeta) *Peškuća, Vraka (Skadar) iz Zete *Pešl, Kotor *Pešović, u Zeti jedni i kao: Maslić, a iz Mijanovića (Zeta) odseljeni u Vraku (Skadar); Podgorica; u Vrbici (Kuči) i kao: Pašović; Bistrica (Mojkovac); Gusinje, došli sa Peštera; Korićani u Lepenici (Srbija), došli iz Korita (Bijelo Polje); u Ćeklićima (Cetinje) *Pešterac, kod Gusinja i u Plav došli sa Peštera (Raška) *Pešter (Peštrović), Pobrdja (Grbalj) u 16. v., sišli iz Crne Gore *Pešteri, bratstvo na Pobrđu *Peštić, vidi: Peštrić *Peštrić (Peštić), u Mokrinama, Herceg-Novi *Pešukić, Balabani i Mojanovići (Zeta) doselili iz Botuna (Zeta), porijeklom iz Graca (Lješansko područje) *Pešuković, Gradac (Lješnjani), Podgorica *Pešut (Pešutović), u Podima, Herceg-Novi starosjedioci; Donje Ledenice (Risan); Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Pibergea, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Pivaljević, Ključić (Podgorica), Valjevo, u 18. v. doselili iz Pive *Pivac, Vukan Adžić, iz Pive, oko 1714. god., otišao je kod Bileće i prozove se Pivac. Njegovi potomci se raseliše u: Stolac (Hercegovina), kod Sinja (Dalmacija), Gajdobru i Novi Sad (Bačka), Kikindu i područno Rusko Selo; Kotor *Pivljanin, Podi, Herceg-Novi doselili iz Pive 1693. god. kao: Nikolić (ranije Ivanović), a kod Risna iz Hercegovine; u Krće (Pljevlja) doseljenici iz Pive *Pivodić, u Herceg-Novi oko 1895. god. došli od Trebinja (Hercegovina) *Pivčić, Miljevac i Batkovići (Nevesinje), Hercegovina. Oni su ogranak Adžića iz Pive (Crna Gora), vidi: Pivac *Pigasi, vidi: Pigos *Pignoli, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Pigos (Pigasi), Budva *Pižići, staro bratstvo u Vukodolu *Pižurić, vidi: Pižurica *Pižurica, Velje Duboko (Rovca) i Selišta, od kojih su (jedni i kao: Pižurić) oko 1854. god., od Vujoševića iz Kuča. Njihovih ima u Lipovu (Kolašin), u Kočanima (Nikšić), Drobnjacima (u Bijeloj i Šavniku) i Budvi; u Donju Bijelu (Šavnik) iz Rovaca (krajem 19. v.), starinom iz Kuča, kao: Pidžurica. U Bijeloj (Šavnik) došli Jokica i Bogdan sinovi Gligorini, slava Sv. Nikola *Piezović, Kuti, Herceg-Novi *Piero, Budva *Pierović, u Nikšiću 1895. god.; Gomole (Topla), Herceg-Novi *Pizan, Kotor *Pizani, Cetinje; Ratac (Bar) *Pizančić, u Budvi po nahočetu *Piika, u Daklai=Duklji (Podgorica) 1100. god. Vidi: Pina i Pinia *Pijalić, u Podgorici *Pijalović, Pljevlja *Pijevac, Goleško Vrelo (Lipljan), Kosovo, doseljenici iz Pive i Goleša (Pljevlja) *Piješev, Merdari (Tivat) *Pijuk, Varane i Kričak (Pljevlja) u Kolašinu Mojkovačkom (1864. god.) *Pijuc, Kričak (Pljevlja) i Mojkovačko područje *Pikić, Nikšić *Piksijades, u Baru *Pilav, Pljevlja 1909. god. *Pilavdžić, Herceg-Novi, došli iz Mostara (Hercegovina) *Pilastro, Tivat i područne Lepetane *Pilatovac, Pilatovci (Oputne Rudine), Nikšić, od kojih su i Sikimić u Žljijebu (Boka Kotorska) *Pilatović, u Nedajnom (Tivat) *Pilević, Berane; Gornja Zeta *Piletić, bratstvo u Boljevićima *Piletić, u Piperima ogranak Djurkovića, od kojih su u: Kragujevcu, Petrovom Selu i Nišu (Srbija); i Lješkopolju (Podgorica), Podgorici, Boljevićima (Crmnica); u Drobnjacima ogranak Kalabića; Andrijevica *Pilip = Pilipi, u Kotoru 1289 - 1420. god. *Pilipović i kao: Ivković, u Krajnjem Dolu (Ćeklići), Cetinje *Pilić, Herceg-Novi *Pilica, Pilice, Bistrica, Zmijanac, Butulić i Sutivan (Bijelo Polje) 1583. god., u Bijelom Polju i kao: Mirojević, od njih su u Novom Pazaru, *Pazarište (Raška), Peći (Metohija), Lažanima (Prilep) i u Turskoj *Pilov (Pilovac), Zaton (Bijelo Polje) *Pilovac, vidi: Pilov *Pilj, Dobrota (Kotor) *Piljević, Nikšić, pa u: Nikšićke Rudine, Mileč i Oblo brdo (Patničko polje) i Bileća; Gornje Polje - Rastovac kod Nikšića *Piljerović, Mojdež u Boki Kotorskoj *Piljurović, u Ratiševinu i Mojdež, Herceg-Novi došli iz Popova (Hercegovina) *Piljuš, iz Pive otišli u Položnicu (Užička Crna Gora) *Pima (Pimić), u Bajicama (Cetinje) 1326. god.; u Višnjevo (Tivat) došli (u 15. v.) iz Njeguša (Cetinje), a u Kotor, još ranije iz Bajica; u Kotoru 1350. god. kao vlastela *Pima kotorski vlasteoski rod u 14. vijeku *Pime (Pimići), staro bratstvo u Bajicama *Pime, staro bratstvo u Njegušima *Pimić, iz Pive otišli u Podgoricu i Valjevo *Pimčić, u Ridjanima (Nikšić) 1435. god. *Pina, u Kotoru (14. v.); 1100. god. u Daklaji-Duklji (Podgorica) kao: Piika i Pinia *Pingolo, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Pindemonte, u Kotor došli 1467. god. iz Verone (Italija) *Pindović, Vasiljevići i Staro Selo (Župa Nikšićka), jedni su prešli u Srbiju *Pini, vidi: Pina *Pinić, Djuraševići (Tivat) 16. v. *Pino, Herceg-Novi *Pinter, Nikšić *Pince, u Ulcinj 1416. god. *Pinčić, Pinčići, Poda, Repeza (Bar) *Pinjalo, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Pinjat, u Tivtu *Pinjatić, Podostrog (Maine), Budva i u Budvi; Tivat, porijeklom iz Hercegovine; Dobrota (Kotor); vidi: Pinjatović *Pinjatović, u Tivtu i kao: Pinjatić, porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore, Podostrog (Budva) *Pinjević, Drežanj (Zeleni Torovi) uz rijeku Drežnicu (Hercegovina) porijeklom iz Ridjana (Nikšić) *Pinjić, Tospudi (Cuce), Cetinje *Pinjići, staro bratstvo u Tospudama *Piper, u južnom kraju Pipera, pa u Cetinju (1493. god.) ranije i kao: Pipo doseljeni iz Klimenata (sjeverna Albanija), Popović u Rijeci Piperskoj odseljeni u Risan i Kotor; Kotor 1398. god.; Dobra Sela (Donje Dobro); 1442. god. u Rijeci Crnojevića; Ćeklići (Cetinje); Berane, odatle u Korita i Raduliće (Bijelo Polje), porijeklom iz Pipera; Nedokusi (Bijelo Polje); u Zeti 1445. god.; Andrijevica; Doci i Beran Selo (Berane); Vranići (Šumadija) iz Pipera, kasnije Petrović; Jabučje (Lepenica), Srbija doseljenici iz Pipera (Podgorica); Dolja (Plav); u Skadru (Albanija) i kao: Piper-Mrčarica; Pčelica (Levač) i Obrenovcu (Šumadija) kao: Piper (Dragišić) iz Pipera *Piperez, vidi: Pepereč *Piperović, Balabani i Mojanovići (Zeta), došli iz Mrka (Piperi); u Ceklinu (Rijeka Crnojevića) 1489. god., vidi: Piper; u Kotoru 1285. god. i 1398. god.; u Cetinju Piperović=Piper *Piperski, Sakule, Orlovat, Perlez, Botoš i Sent Djerdj (Banat), doseljenici iz Mokova (Segedin), Madjarska, porijeklom iz Crne Gore. Jedni odselili u Budimpeštu, a iz Sakula jedni u Gornje Dobrovo (Kosovo) *Pipo, vidi: Piper *Pipović, kod Žabljaka (Drobnjak) *Pir, u Podgorici 1523. god. *Piralić, u Zetu došli iz Doljana (Kuči) *Piralović, u Zeti i kao: Deljanin doseljenici iz Doljana (Kuči) *Piranić, Golubovci, Botun i Goričani (Zeta), Podgorica i Skadar, srodnici Raičevića, ranije Martinovića iz Bajica (Cetinje); Nikšić *Piranović, Lješnjani *Piraš, u Njegušima (Cetinje), ogranak Punoševića *Pirković, Kotor 1552. god. *Pirkočević, Gornji Dodoši (Lješkopolje), Podgorica *Pirović, Dučići i Koće (Kuči), u 18. v. prešli u Gusinje, a drugi u Srbiju; Vranj i Bišćani (Zeta) i Ulcinj; u Podgorici *Pirovići su porijeklom iz plemena Piper, doselili u Gusinje 1711 godine, islamske su vjere. *Piroja, Ulcinj *Piron (Pironja), Krute (Ulcinj) *Pironja, i kao: Vukmirović, vidi: Pironjić *Pironjić, ogranak Vukmirovića u Ceklinu (Rijeka Crnojevića), iseljeni u Kastrate (Albanija) kao: Pironja (Vukmirović), Zeta i Podgorica; vidi: Piron *Pirur (Piruri), Riječ (Ulcinj) *Pirš, Kotor *Pisać (Bisać), Podgrad i Zatrijebač (Kuči), od njih su u Vladanji (Zeta) *Pistrić, u Kotoru po nahočetu *Pistul, a, i Pistuli, u Štoju (Ulcinj) i Baru *Piter, Beran Selo (Berane); Kotor; Buljarica (Paštrovići), Budva 1829. god. *Pitović, Kotor, po nahočetu *Pitošević, Kotor *Pićan, u Krimovicama (Grbalj) su došli iz Ljubotinja (Rijeka Crnojevića) i drugi u Budvu *Pićurić, iz Pive prešli u Dubrovsko (Drobnjak) *Pic (Pici), Ulcinj *Piciga = Pičiko, u Baru *Picinini, Prčanj u Boki Kotorskoj *Picur, Rječ (Ulcinj *Picurić = Pićurić, u Dubrovsko (Žabljak) došli iz Pive *Pičasi, Budva *Pičeg, Kotor 1285. god. *Pičet, 1392. god. iz Diklića (Kuti), Krivošije sišli u Herceg-Novi i kasnije kao: Kočetanović - Diklić i Kočetan *Pičiko, vidi: Piciga *Pičić, Vijenac (Pljevlja) *Pidžurica, iz Kuča prešli u Rovca (Podgorica), pa jedni u Bijelu (Šavnik); vidi: Pižurica *Pišeul, Herceg-Novi *Pištalo, Željuši (Hercegovina), ogranak Ognjenovića iz Banjana (Nikšić) *Pišteljić, Cetinje *Pištignjat, kasnije Mandić, ogranak Krivokapića u Bati Cuckoj, od kojih su 1860. god. došli u Nikšić, ima ih u Cucama i kao: Bićanin, neki prešli u Tuli, Grab, Nevesinjsko polje i Sopilje (Hercegovina), a drugi u Orahovice (Kotor) *Pištignjati ili Pištignjaci - Mandići, staro bratstvo u Bati *Pištoljević, Gorevič (Jasenica), Srbija, došli iz Bijelog Polja (Polimlje) *Piščević, u 18. v. u Paštrovićima, kasnije Stepanović koji su prešli u Rusiju u drugoj polovini 19. v. *Pjan (Pjani), ranije: Belić, u Čadinji, Babinama, u Zvijezd, Roguši i Orovcu (Pljevlja), porijeklom su iz Drobnjaka *Pjastro, Bar *Pjevalić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Pjevac (Pevac), Ponikve (Užička Crna Gora) iz Pive *Pjevač, u Podgorici *Pjevo, Orahovice (Bijelo Polje) *Pjevović, Pljevlja 1849. god. *Pjerinović, Herceg-Novi *Pjerović, Gomile (Igalo), Herceg-Novi, vidi: Rozgovac *Pjerotić, Budva *Pjeter (Pjetrušić), Sveti Djordje i Pistule (Ulcinj) *Pjetra, Bar i Ulcinj *Pjetrin, Bar *Pjetrović, ogranak Djuravčevića (Bonkeća), u Bonkećima i Budezima (Budeca), Zatrijebač od kojih su prešli kod Gusinja i u Plav oko 1861. god. *Pjetrikolević, ranije Boljević, iz Crmnice došli u Sveti Djordje (Šin Djerdj), Ulcinj *Pješivac, u Sasoviće (Boka Kotorska) 1687. god. došli iz Pješivaca; u Nikšić 1687. god.; Peraška naselja u Boki došli su iz Pješivaca *Pješivac, porijeklom su Pavićevići iz Pješivaca, a pod Durmitor je u drugoj polovini 19. vijeka doselio Risto. Od tada nosimo prezime Pješivac. Njegovo potomstvo živi na Žabljaku, u Nikšiću, Podgorici, Beogradu, Kuli i Nišu. Jedan od nas je ljekar sportske medicine u Melburnu. Slavimo Jovanjdan, šestog oktobra. Nekoliko porodica sa ovim prezimenom živi u Herceg Novom ali nijesmo u srodstvu. (Informaciju poslao Obrad Pješivac) *Pješivci, pleme u Katunskoj Nahiji *P*+eščić, u Pivu došli iz Hercegovine, od njih su u Nikšiću *Plavnica, u Plavnici (Zeta) 1527. god. *Plavša, u Risnu *Plavšić, u Vasojevićima ogranak Kovačevićima *Plazonić, Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Plakalović, Gusić, Smriječno, Sinjac i Panos (Piva), od njih su kod Bijeljine (sjeverna Bosna) *Plamenac, Brčeli (1784. god.) i Boljevići (Crmnica), od njih su u: Podgorici, Zagonji (Primorska krajina), Cetinju i Skadru, a u Kostićima i Raošiću (Tivat) i kao: Kostić doseljeni iz Bosne kao: Bogostinović; Kotor *Plamenci, bratstvo u Boljevićima *Planina (Planinići), bratstvo u Trnovu *Planić (Planina), Trnovo (Crmnica); Potočilo (Bjelopavlići) *Planojević, Sibnica (Beograd) i Stanovo na Rudniku (Srbija), porijeklom iz Previša (Drobnjak) *Plantak, u Podgorici *Plasonjić, Herceg-Novi *Plačić, u Tivat došli iz Stare Crne Gore; u Drobnjacima ogranak Trepčana *Plačković, Crnci (Piperi) kasnije Mijović; u Podgorici *Pljevljanin, Trojice (Pljevlja) *Plemić, Piperi *Plerdla, Herceg-Novi *Plesa, 1186. god. a 1330. god. kao: Pleso u Kotoru *Pleskonja, Babino, Oraovac, Dušmandžić, Korotnica i Vijenac porijeklom sa Kosova; Pljevlja *Pleso, vidi: Plesa *Pletikosić, Sutorina, Herceg-Novi 1902. god. *Plećanović, Njeguši (Cetinje) u 14. v. *Plećko, Kotor *Plečien, Kotor 1330. god. *Pleš (Pleša), u Kotoru iz Janjine (Albanija) 1451. god. *Plešta, Ulcinj; Paštrovići u 17. v. *Plijeska, Piva *Plinduš, vidi: Podbišćanin *Pliska, u Pljevlja došli iz Vakufa (Bosna) *Pliskač, Paštrovići *Plisković, u Kotoru 1503. god. *Pliskoč, u Buljarici (Paštrovići), Budva 1621. god. *Pliščoć, Ravno (Piva) *Ploska, ranije Ploščić, u Gornjim Crkvicama (Piva), došli kao: Doder iz Ravnog (Piva) *Ploskić, Kljune (Hercegovina) ogranak Mačara u Pustopolju, porijeklom iz Grahova (Nikšić) *Plocek, Herceg-Novi *Plošte (Pljošte), vidi: Pljošta, u Brajićima (Budva), starinom iz Stare Crne Gore; Plavić u Gusinju i susjednom Vusanju *Ploščić, vidi: Ploska *Pluičić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Pljančor, Bankanji (Zatrijebač), Kuči *Pljasković, Kričak (Pljevlja) *Pljošta (Pjošta), Brajići (Budva), oni su iz Stare Crne Gore *Pobora, uz Skadarsko jezero 1416. god. *Pobor, iz Spuža u Pobore (Budva), od kojih su u Gorovićima (Tivat); Dupilo (Crmnica); Pistule (Ulcinj) *Pobor, bratstvo u Dupilu *Pobor, u Poborima (Budva) 1333. god.; Garovići (Grbalj) *Pobori, pleme u Boki *Poborović, Njeguši (Cetinje) *Pobrato = Pobrata (Posestra za žene), u Kotoru 1330. god. *Pobrežanin, Njeguši (Cetinje) *Pobreć, Pobretići (Bijelo Polje) *Pobrić, Pljevlja 1844. god. *Pobrežani, staro bratstvo u Herakovićima *Povara, Mrkovići (Bar), od njih su u Pistulama (Ulcinj) *Povišić, Rijeka Crnojević *Površković, u Zeti *Površović, u Kotor došli iz Pješivaca *Poglietak, Lepetani, Herceg-Novi *Pogorevc, Risan *Pogurić, Gornja Morača *Podbišćanin, vidi: Klindup, iz Klindupa prešli u Podbišće, a jedni u Pljevlja *Podgešek, Podgorica *Podgorica, Rionica - Duklja (Podgorica) 1326. god.; Tamnik (Ljubić), Srbija, porijeklom iz Podgorice. Vidi: Djerasimović i Jevtović *Podgoričanin, Cetinje, Kotor, Slavonski Brod, jedni u Rusiju, a kao: Vuković - Podgoričanin u Italiju; u Kotoru 1440. god. *Podgradjanin, Kuči, ogranak Nenada *Podina, Kosanice (Pljevlja) *Podičić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Podkupica, na području sadašnje Crne Gore u 1000. god. *Podnje (Padnje), Kotor *Podubličani, grana bratstva Rajićevića *Podubličani (Markovići) u Luštici *Podubličani (Ševaljevići) u Novom *Podubličanin, Podubli (Njeguši), Cetinje *Poduje, Kotor *Podujo, u Kotor *Podjan, kod Berana na obali Lima jesu iz Rovaca (Podgorica) *Podjanin, Dragačeva i Berane (Vasojevići), ogranak Bulatovića doseljenika iz Rovaca (Podgorica), srodnici su njihovi Erovići i Herovići u području Vasojevića; vidi: Podjan *Pozatović, Nikšić *Pozdar, u Brajovićima (Budva) 1385. god. *Pozderac, Kotor *Pozdoč, Kravica (Budva) 1381. god. *Poznanović, kod Herceg-Novog došli iz Hercegovine, a jedni u varoš iz Kremna (Užice); Podgorica; Dobrota, Mojdež i Ratiševine (Boka Kotorska), porijeklom su iz okoline Trebinja (Hercegovina) *Pojatić, Pljevlja 1854. god. *Pojović, u Zeti *Poklanić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Pokladić, Kotor, po nahočetu *Pokorni, Kotor; Herceg-Novi *Pokrajac, Kotor *Pokračević, Djerdjezi (Podgorica) *Pokrni, Kotor *Pokrilić, u Podgoricu sišli iz Komana, porijeklom iz Velestova (Cetinje) *Pokrklić, u Podgorici i Sarajevu ogranak Radovića iz Momišića (Podgorica) *Pokušić, Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Polak, Herceg-Novi *Polaković, u Ridjanima (Nikšić) iz Kuča *Polević, Bar *Poleksić, grana Petrovića iz Donjih Banjana (Nikšić), ogranak su (Jokovića) u Pivi; ogranak Kalabića u Mokrom, Dubovici i Zukvi (Šavnik), pripadaju Novljanima, od njih su kod Mojkovca; Odžak (Pljevlja) *Polzer (Polcer), Kotor i Budva *Polenari, u Kotoru 1330. god. *Poli, Kotor *Polivineo, Herceg-Novi i Kotor *Poliković, u Ostrogu (Bjelopavlići) ogranak Ikovića, grana Brajovića u 17. v. *Polikordić, u Ostrogu (Bjelopavlići) *Polin (Polini), Bar *Polić, Brani Do (Nikšić), ranije Ćorović, od njih su u Uskopolju (Trebinje), u Seljanima (Pljevaljsko Polje) i kao: Čekić, Vraćenovićima uz Trebišnjicu; Kotoru, Nikšiću; Herceg-Novi *Polovina, Kotor; u Pljevljima 1873. god. *Polovinko, Kotor *Polović, Dračevine i Livari (Primorska krajina); u Lješkopolju (Podgorica); Zetica (Zeta) *Polok, Kotor *Polokut, Bar *Polontić, Bar *Polumenta, Bijelo Polje *Poluška, Kulje (Ulcinj) *Polcer, Kotor *Poljak (Poljac), Prčanj, Risan i Kotor; Cerovo (Bijelo Polje); u Kotoru su jedni i kao: Poljak - Petrović, vidi: Petrović *Poljac, vidi: Poljak, kod Herceg-Novog jedni su iz Hercegovine *Poljoki (Poljok), Pistula (Ulcinj) *Poljuš, Nikšić *Ponamarev (Ponamarević), Podgorica; Škaljari (Kotor) i kao: Petrović iz Njeguša (Cetinje) *Ponarlija, Ponari (Zeta), došli iz Šarika (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Ponzani, Kotor *Ponić, Budva *Ponošević, Trgovište (Novi Pazar), Raška jesu iz Njeguša (Cetinje); Morinj (Risan) *Ponta, Zaljevo (Bar); Herceg-Novi; u Kotoru kao: Ponte (Pontana) kasnije Pontanius, porijeklom iz Martinenga (Milano), Italija *Pontana, vidi: Ponta *Pontić, Bar *Pontica, u Perast došli iz Italije *Pop, Duklja (Podgorica) *"Pop", predak bratstva Popovića-Herakovića u Njegušima *Pop Vučeta, predak Žutkovića, Stanišića i Radovića u Njegušima *Pop Jakov, predak Popovića u Donjem Kraju cuckom *Pop Janko, predak Popovića-Lipljana *Pop Nikola Radonjić (pop Žuti, pop Žutko), predak bratstva Žutkovica u Njegušima *Popadić, u Pljevaljskom području: Kakmuži, Ogradjenica, Strmedja, Junčevići, Kamena Gora, Pljevaljsko Polje, Obarda, Otilovići, Zvjezd, Vijenac, od njih: Kosorić, Šubara, Jelovac, Milićević, Ćirković, Džuver, a u Ratarima (Mladenovac) i kao: Stričević, njihovi iseljenici su u Dobrilovina i Prošćenju (Mojkovac), Drobnjacima, Morači, Novom Pazaru; Uskoci (Žabljak), Drobnjaci i odselili u Gajtan (južna Srbija); u Nikšićka Trepča došli iz Hercegovine; Šavnik (Drobnjak) došli iz Foče kao: Popović 1865. god.; neki bratstvenici Lainovića u Podgorici *Popara, Podgorica; Godijevo, Crnča ranije Bajović u Radulićima (Bijelo Polje); Potomci Ozrinića iz Kuti sa Čeva (Kčeva), Cetinje kao: Domazet (Domazetović), odselili u Padjene, i Fatnici (Fatničko polje) vidi srodnike Domazetovića od kojih su na Šljivinama (Glasinac), Vrtinama i Omedjinama zatim u Buni, Plavnoj (Hercegovina), na Trebišnjici (Vodenici), Turbetu (Travnik), Paretku (Kiseljak), Bosna, Višegradu, na Baniji, Hodbinama (Mostar) pa kod Valjeva (Srbija), Vučjem Dolu (Nikšić), Nikšićkim Trepčama, u Bosanskoj Kupi kao: Jovanović, a kao: Milanović u Rošćevini (Kakanj), kao: Popara u Krumićima i Klepcima (Gabela), Hercegovina, Pakovićima (Lašva) i Vareš, Travnik (Turbe), Bosna, Babinom Brdu (Glamoč), Višegradu, u Sjedinjenim Američkim Državama. Pa se prezimena unose kako gdje kao: Domazet, Domazetović, Domazetović - Popara, Domazetović = Kaludjerović, Popara = Krunić, Krunić (Popara) i naprijed navedena u raznim mjestima; Popić u Varešu (Bosna) *Popdić, u Plavu *Popivoda, Lješev Stup (Bjelice), Cetinje, od njih su u Bijeloj (Kotor) *Popivode, bratstvo u Lješevu Stupu *Popić, Kotor *Popov, u Kotor došli iz Podgorice; Ljuštice i Mrkovi (Tivat) *Popovac, Tvrdoš (Popova), Trebinje, srodnici Vlačića u Policama (Trebinje), porijeklom su od Kolaka iz plemena Ridjana, sa područja Nikšića; ogranak Mrkonjića iz Bjelopavlića otišli u Mrkonjiće, Popovo Polje i Ljubomir (Hercegovina) *Popović, u Skadru (Albanija) jesu iz Plava (Gornje Polimlje); u Peroj (Pula), Istra, ogranak Nikovića, grana Sarapa iz Ceklina (Cetinje); u Ropočevu (Mladenovac), Šumadija ranije Mihailović, iz Crne Gore; u Donjem Kolašinu (Mojkovac) dio područja Pljevalja, kasnije Reković, grana Macana razgranati, oko 15 grana toga bratstva; u Berevce (Uroševac) naznačavaju ih i Berovac, odavde se presele u Donju Bitinju (Uroševac); došli iz Mušutišta (Podrima), Metohija. Porijeklom su iz Kuča; u Šekularima (Gornje Polimlje), potiču od Vuka (Ljevaka), sina Daša Petra Šekulaca (postojanje prije Kosovskog boja). Potomci ovih Popovića naseljeni su u Podrimu (Metohija); u Žabljaku na Skadarskom jezeru (1527. god.) jesu iz Kosijera (Cetinje); u Komanima (Podgorica) ogranak Bajkovića (potomaka Bajka Ivanova) iz grane Orlovića; u Poborima (Budva) 1543. god.; Čaredje (Golija), Nikšić iz Popova (Hercegovina); Podgorje (Zagrad), Župa Nikšićka, potomci Nikšića pa jedni predju u Strug (Uskoci), Žabljak; u Nikšiću (1805. god.) od njih su Verizović; Staro Selo (Župa Nikšićka); u Kučima su ogranak Ilikovića (od popa Mirčete), grana Drekalovića, jedni i kao: Popović-Rašović u Fundini (Kuči), jedni u Zaostrom (Berane); u Piperima; na Stijeni (za Pregačom) i Zlatnoj Granici, od kojih su u Hercegovini; Crnci (Stanjevića Rupe), Blizna i Dolac, Piperska Rijeka, ogranak su Lazarevića, došlih iz Lutova (Bratonožići). Od njih su u Milutinovića (Piperi), Grbama (kod Spuža), Bjelopavlići, Podgorici, kod Peći (Metohija) i Ivanovoj Kuli (Srbija), Makovcu, kod Sjenice (Raška) kao: Piper, najsrodniji su Ivančevićima; u Baru (Primorje) do 1572. god. vidi: Popović u Tepcima (Drobnjak). Od Popovića su: Niković i Stevanović. Sirovac (Drobnjak) i kao: Ristić, ogranak Drekalovića iz Kuča, su u Kolašinu i Polja (Kolašin); Gornje Crniće i Prnjavor (Kragujevac), porijeklom sa Njeguša (Cetinje); Pretoke (Kragujevac), došli iz Bijelog Polja (Polimlje); Ridjani (Nikšić) 1438. god.; Podi, Krš i Gradine (Drobnjak); Ponari i Stanisalići (Zeta) i kao: Popović-Matiljević; Godijelji (Žabljak), Drobnjak, ogranak Godijelja iz Godijelja (Crmnica); u Šavnik (1865. god.) došli iz Foče (Podrinje), ranije Popadić; Tepca i Ninkovići (Drobnjak), došli kao: D. (1775. god.) pa Popović po popu Stevanu iz Dubljevića-Piva; starinom su iz Bara gdje kao: Popović koji su 1572. god. izbjegli u Dub (Bjelice), Cetinje. Odatle u selo Dubljeviće (Nevesinje) pa su njihovi tamošnji Tomić, Prstojević i Rnjez. Od Nevesinja dva momka Popovića predju u Plavnu (Otar-Ortar) i prozovu se Dubljević. Samobor (Gacko) doseljenici iz Pive srodnici Malovića; u Tavsovčiću (Čapljina) Popović-Bjelica ranije Milić iz Bjelica (Cetinje), od 1851. god., od njih u Beogradu; Rudinice (Crkvice), Piva; Strug (Žabljak), od istih u Zagradi (Župa Nikšićka), došao Radosav Miljkov; Timor (Drobnjaci), grana Novljana. Od njih su Krstajić - Janjić Srbljanović, od ovih Kotur. Od njih su kod Mojkovca; Crkvičko Polje (Piva), porijeklom od Skadra (Albanija), od njih su u Bosni; Gajtan (južna Srbija), porijeklom iz Drobnjaka; i Krivošije, Herceg-Novi; Morinj i Baošići, Herceg-Novi; Risan, porijeklo iz Pipera, pa jedni kao: Piper, od njih su u Kotoru, Herceg-Novom, a u Dubrovniku i Kotoru jedni kao: Djaja; Melburn (Australija) doseljenici iz Podgorice; u Kučima (Podgorica) jedni ogranak Drekalovića; u Rogamima (Piperi) i Donjoj Zeti sa Peleva Brijega (Bratonožići), ogranak Grujića iz područnog Klopota. Od njih su u Nišu, Stanisalićima (Lješansko područje), od kojih su u Ponarima (Zeta) kao: Metiljević; Golubovci (Zeta); Budva i Sveti Stefan; Risan 1438. god.; U Kopliku (Zeta) od Popovića iz Kuča; Budva; Brajići (Uglješići), Budva ogranak Uskokovića po nekima od Kaludjerovića i kao: Uglješić; Budva iz ''Turske'', Budva iz Brajića, Budva iz Grblja; Berislavci i Ponari (Zeta), porijeklom su iz Seoca (Crmnica) i kao: Mokanjić; Cetinje, iz Tovarnika (Šid), pa u Ulcinj; Štitari (Mojkovac), vidi: Jovanović u Štitarima; u Bjelopavlićima jedni su ogranak Tomaševića koji su od Kaludjerovića iz Ćeklića (Cetinje), a u Mijokusovićima (Bjelopavlići) iz Pipera; Stanisalići i Ponarima (Zeta) kao: Popović-Metiljević; iz Vranja u Donji Hum; u Zeti ogranak Radmanovića iz Zagarača; Miokusovići (Bjelopavlići) došli iz Pipera; Pod Orlinom (Golija), Nikšić, porijeklom iz Popova (Hercegovina); Donji Kraj (Cetinje) i kao: Popović-Jabučanin; Njeguši (Cetinje), potomci Djuradja Petrovića oko 1470. god. i Njegoš - Popović; Kućišta (Ćeklići), Cetinje ogranak Milića; u Berislavce (Zeta), došli iz Selca (Crmnica), označeni i kao: Mokanjić; Cetinje; Zagreda (Lazareva Glavica, Odselina u (Orašje) - Čevo (Cetinje); u Buronjama (Podgorica); Cerovo, Valjevo (Srbija), doseljenici iz Pive; Male Rudinice (Piva), porijeklom iz Foče (Podrinje), a u Gornje Rudinice (Piva), potomci sinovca popa Laza, čiji su potomci prešli na Romaniju u Sijerac; Nikšić; Rudine (Crkvice), Piva iz Ozrinića (Kčevo - Čevo) 1688. god. i kao: Popov; Pod Orlinom (Golija), Nikšić, došli iz Popova polja (Hercegovina); Samobor (Gacko) porijeklom iz Pive; u Crkvičkom Polju (Piva) došli od Skadra (Albanija), od njih su u Bosni; u Ninkovićima (Piva) ranije Kariman porijeklom od Pljevalja; Jedni kod Herceg-Novog su iz Hercegovine; u Zagore i Krtole (Grbalj) došli iz Stare Crne Gore; u Žabljaku na Skadarskom jezeru, 1527. god.; Zalazi (Kotor); u Mišićima (Spič), Bar porijeklom su iz Zete; u Gusinju (Gornje Polimlje) 1888. god.; Prnjavor (Gruža), Kragujevac, Petrovi potomci doseljenika iz Njeguša (Cetinje); u Rajivećima (Rajičevići), Cetinje i kao: Dželatović, potomci popa doseljenika iz Očinića (Cetinje); Srpska (Zeta); Plavnica pa Berislavci (Zeta) i kao: Makonjić iz Godinja (Crmnica); u Vukovcima i Goričanima (Zeta) i kao: Lambunja (po rijeci Lab), sa ograncima: Lazović u Vukovcima i Zabjelu, Djurović u Vukovcima i Ponarima, Nović u Vukovcima i Dragović u Vukovcima. Porijeklom sa Kosova; iz Kopilika (Skadar) u Golubovce, pa: Mataguže, Vukovce, Bijelo Polje, Podgoricu, Balabane i Mahali (Zeta). Srodnici njihovi u Vraki i Kopilniku (Skadar); Ogranak Herakovića na Mircu (i kao: Kašćela - Kaštelan) i Herakovićima (Njeguši), Cetinje; Bogdašići (Grbalj), porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore; Cetinjsko Polje, a drugi u područnoj Jabuci i kao: Jabučani; područje Rijeke Crnojevića: kao: Lješkopoljci u Rijeku došli iz Lješkopolja, drugi u Rijeci kao: Krovat, porijeklom iz Hrvatske, od njih su u Ulcinju i Podgorici. U Gradjanima i Dujevi označeni kao: Lipovac, ranije Lješović, od njih su u Cetinju, Podgorici, Srbiji i Rusiji, a u Dobrskoj Župi-Karuči i Dobrskom selu ogranak Dobrilovića, naznačavani kao: Zećanin, porijeklom iz Peći (Metohija); Mokro (Šavnik), iselili se: Gajtan (južna Srbija), porijeklom iz Drobnjaka; Šavnik (Drobnjaci), potomci Popadića (Fočanskih) iz Foče (Bosna), prvi je došao Jovan Popović, 1865. god.; u Paljusima (Valjevo), iz Pive; Sirovac i Prošćenje (Drobnjak) kao: Popović (Drekalović) iz Kuča, i prelaskom u Bare drobnjačke kao: Stanić; Timar (Drobnjak), grana Novljana, zvani Kokur, najbliži Srbljanovićima; Komarnica (Šavnik), Drobnjaci, doseljenici iz Banjana, potomci Novljana, kasnije jedni kao: Krstajić i Janjić; Podi, Krš i Gradina (Drobnjaci). Vidi: Džaković, čiji su potomci; grana Šaranca u Drobnjacima; Bar (Crnogorsko primorje), odatle u Bjelice (Cetinje), pa u Dubljeviće (Nevesinje), Hercegovina, pa jedni prozovu Tomić, Prstojević i Rnjaz, a dvojica predju (uskoče) u Otar (Ortar) pa u Dubljeviće (Piva) i kasnije u Tepca i Ninkoviće (Drobnjak), kao: Popović, kao i u Baru; Područje Bistrice (Bijelo Polje); Pretoke (Kragujevac), došli iz Bijelog Polja (Polimlje); Ninkovići (Piva), kao: Kariman došli od Pljevalja. Od njih su na Glasincu (Romanija) i kod Bistrice bjelopoljske; Brijeg (Piva), starosjedioci; Zabrežje, Tamnava i Rudinice (Piva), oko 1900. god. došli iz Foče (Bosna) i kasnije odselili u Peć (Metohija); Čevo (Cetinje), odakle su jedni prešli u Nikšić, a drugi odselili u Peć (Metohija); Balabani i Rakića kuće (Zeta), sišli iz Kuča; Petrov Do (Ćeklići), Cetinje; Dubova (Rijeka Crnojevića) (1631. god.), ranije Jovetić; Rovca (Podgorica), doselili iz Zete; Momišići i Gornja Gorica (Lješkopolje). Od njih su u: Podgorici, Morači (Kolašin), Ulcinju i kod Rijeke Crnojevića; Limljani (Uskoci), u Sotonićima ogranak Rasalića, Gornji Brčeli (Popovići) srodnici područnih Aleksića, Boškovića i Kneževića, Limljanima; Selce (Crmnica) porijeklom iz Klimenata (sjeverna Albanija), starina iz Pipera; Spič (Sutomore), prešli u Paštroviće; u Kaluderac (Paštrovići) došli iz Dalmacije; a u 19. v. u Kastel Lastva (Petrovac na Moru) kao: Petrović; Očinići (Cetinje) i kao: Ćuk ranije Borišić; Donji Kraj i Žanjev Do (Cetinje), od njih su u Bogdašićima, označeni ''jabučanin''; Donja Lastva (Tivat) iz Stare Crne Gore; kod Berana (Vasojevići), ogranak su Djuraševića iz Ceklina (Rijeka Crnojevića); iz Ozrinića (Cetinje) u Azanji i Berane (Vasojevići); Kčevo (Čevo), Cetinje, krajem 17. v.; Zagrada (Velestovo) - Cetinje; Dub (Bjelice) - Cetinje, ima ogranak Milića; kod Bijelog Polja: u Pećarskoj, starosjedioci, od njih su: Trešnjica (Sjenica) kao: Raičević, a u Budjevcu kao: Pećaranin, a treći u Jasenici (južna Srbija), u Gornjoj Pećarskoj iz Kuča, grana Drekalovića, u Azanji (Gornji Bihor) ogranak Vukajlovića; Zagora i Bigovo (Grbalj) u 9-14. v.; u Kotoru jedni iz Podgorice a drugi iz Risna; u Peraškim naseljima iz Stare Crne Gore; Radovići (Tivat) došli iz Mišića (Spič), Bar; Klinci (Grbalj) porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore; Bijela (Herceg-Novi) u 16. v. porijeklom iz Popova (Hercegovina); u Bogdašićima (Grbalj) jedni iz Albanije u 16. v., a drugi iz Stare Crne Gore; Djurmani (Spič) i Stari Bar, porijeklom iz Zete, od njih su u Mojdežu i Lepetanima, Herceg-Novi, Ratiševini (Tivat); Podgora (Crmnica) i u Nikšiću i kao Skadrani, porijeklom od Skadra (Albanija); Selca (Crmnica) iz Selaca (Klimendi), sjeverna Albanija; Šaranci (Durmitorsko područje); Budva, posebni; Kčevo (Čevo - Donji Kraj), Cetinje pa se proširili u Proseni Do, Trnjinama (Poljane), Jasen, Krug i Lipu (Cuce), 1667. god. i Cuca (pop Raslavac) i po selu Lipi ''Lipljani'' a u Prosenom Dolu ''Prosedolac''. Od njih su u: Budošu, Bubrešku i Klačini (Nikšić), Danilovgradu, Lepetanima, Bijeloj, Orahovici (Velje Selo) i Morinju u području Boke Kotorske, Austriji, Carigradu (Turska), u Srbiji i kao: Mutap, na Glasincu (Romanija), Vlahovićima (Dabar), Hercegovina, oni su od brata Nenoja Orlovića; Baošići, Herceg-Novi, došli iz Morinja iz Gornjih Krivošija 1761. god.; Nerin (Presjeka u Cuce), Cetinje; Nikšićka Trepča; Grbalj, vidi: Uglješić; Miokusovići (Bjelopavlići), došli iz Blizne (Piperi); Djurmani i Sutomore (Bar); Guševac (Svrljig), Srbija od Popovića, grana Raičevića, iz Bjelopavlića; grana Raičevića (od Raiča) u Ropcima (Bare Šumanovića), Gornjem Polju (Nikšić) i Danilovgradu; u Popovićima (Slatina do Simonovića), Kopito Petrovića (uz Zetu), ispod Miljata do Danilovgrada, a u Spužu, uz Zetu i kao: Ajdarović. Od njih su u: Loznici (Mačva), Peći, Toplici (južna Srbija), Vranjskim Njivama u Piperima, Podgorici i Barskom polju (Stari Bar); Berislavci, Mahala i Vukovci (Donja Zeta); Lepenica u Šumadiji i kao: Glišić, doseljenici od Kolašina; Crkvice (Piva); u Podgorici iz Kuča; Dobrun (Stari vlah), Višegrad, doseljenici iz Blizne (Piperi); područje Ulcinja; doseljenici iz Kuča, Rugove (Peć), Pipera i Srema (jedno vrijeme na Cetinju), naseljeni u Ulcinju; Svetom Djordju (Šin Djordje); Veljem Selu; Darzi; Arbaneš, Seocima i Ostrosu u Gornjoj Krajini; u Baru jedni iz Kuča; Paštrovići; Vasojevići: ogranak Raketića (Lopoćana), razgranati; Istok (Mahala Bljakaj), Metohija od Kolašina; Donji Banjani (Nikšić) Akimovi potomci, unuka Ivana Banjanina (Petrovića), od njih su Joković i Vasović u Pivi i neki Popović kod Foče a u Nikšićkim Trepčima, Kazancima (Golija) prema Gacku, u Martinićima (Bjelopavlići), kasnije Raspopović i Radović (Šarenci sa Plane-Bileća), starinom iz Kuča; područje Kosmaja (Šumadija) potiču iz Crne Gore; Vojnom selu (Plav); Lužac (Berane) i kao: Popović-Djurašković, srodnici Veskovića, Tomaševića i Pajkovića, došli iz Župe (Vir Pazar); Zaostro (Berane) porijeklom iz Kuča, kao i jedni kod Mojkovca i u Murini (Gornji Vasojevići); u Kučima potomci Mirčete Ilikova (Ilikovića-Drekalovića), od njih u Bistrici i Polju Bjelopoljskom, Bratonožićima, i kod Niša; Zalaz (Župa Nikšićka) jesu iz Cuca (Cetinje); u Šarancima (Drobnjak), potomci Vlastelinovića, iz Plane (Kolašin), doseljenika iz Plane (Bileća); Crnci u Piperima ogranak Lalića, jedni kasnije kao: Golajić; Stanjevića Rupe (Crnci), Piperi; u Svibnji (Piperi) ranije Lazarević, od njih su Popović u Piperskoj Rijeci (Milutinovići), Grbe (Spuž), Podgorici, okolini Peći, Ivanovoj Kuli (Kuršumlija), Srbija; Stijena piperska (slave Arhandjelov dan), od njih su u Hercegovini; iz Zagrad (Piperi) u Bastaćima (Crmnica) kao: Bastać, neki u Kotoru kao: Stefanović, a u Rijeci Crnojevića kao Daković; Petrovac na Moru u 19. v.; Lepetane (Tivat); Karuči (Ceklin), Rijeka Crnojevića; Bistrica i Lekića kuće (Zeta) i kao: Kukavčević, došli iz Velestova (Cetinje); u Podgorici 1431. god.; u Zeti; Momišićima, Podgorici i Gornjoj Gorici, srodnici Mugoša iz Pipera, od njih su u: Morača, Rijeci Crnojevića, Podgorici i Ulcinju; Srpska, Ponari, jedni u Momišićima, Gornjoj Gorici i Mahali, Berislavcima, Bijelom Polju su sišli sa Koplika, od njih su u Karučama (Rijeka Crnojevića); jedni su ogranak Lambuljića; Rijeka Crnojevića, prešli iz Lješkopolja, od njih su u Podgorici i u Ulcinju; u Karuči (Rijeka Crnojevića) jedni su Popuzića iz Zete; Duljevo, Vranjina (Rijeka Crnojevića) i Gradjani kao: Popović-Lipnjanin; Obrov (Bijelo Polje), došli iz Bjelojevića (Mojkovac); Zaton (Bijelo Polje), starinci; područje Pljevalja: Bučje, od Kolašina; u Ritošićima, Bučju i pljevaljskom polju i kao: Mican; Klanina porijeklom iz Kuča; Dobrun (Višegrad), ogranak Popovića od Pljevalja; u Paštrovićima; iz Lastve (Petrovac na Moru) u Carigradu u 19. v.; Nikšić i okolina; Viru, Dugi, Pragi i Dragovoljićima; u Gornje Rudinice (Piva) došao terzija Zarije iz Foče, porijeklom od Pljevalja; Nikšićko Prekovodje porijeklom iz Cuca (Cetinje); Podgorica, ranije Novaković od Žabljaka; Buljarica (Paštrovići) iz Golubovaca (Zeta); Pop Andrija Vujačić iz Grahova (Nikšić), sidje u Risan, pa njegovi potomci kao jedni: Popović Popović, selo Zagreda, Katunska nahija - Stara Crna Gora. Popovići u selu Zagreda kod Danilovgrada potomci su popa Jova, najstarijeg sina popa Sima koji je živio i bogoslužio na Kčevo u XVII vijeku. Živio je u Prvetima , selu i Katunskoj nahiji, odakle je sa svojom porodicom odselio Pop Jovo i nastanio u Popovo guvno selo, Zagreda kod Danilovgrada. Nakon smrti popa Jova 1711. njegovi naslednici su uzeli prezime Popović. Njegovih naslednika sa ovim prezimenom danas ima širom Crne Gore, Hercegovine, južne Srbije i Dalmacije. Više u tekstu "Zagreda kao kraina odbrane". Podatke prikupio i dostavio Svetozar Nikolin Popović (sv.popovic@yahoo.com) praunuk Lazara - Šuja Popovića nosioca Obilića medalje i ratnog plijena, kuće i imanja u Kočanima Nikšić nakon bitke na Grahovcu *Popović Kosijer, Žabljak na Skadarskom jezeru 1527. god. *Popovići, bratstvo u Donjoj Zeti *Popovići, bratstvo u Stanisaljićima *Popovići, rod u Dubu *Popovići, rod u Ćeklićima *Popovići, bratstvo u Kčevu *Popovići, bratstvo u Brčelima *Popovići, rod u Sotonićima *Popovići, bratstvo u Limljanima *Popovići, dio bratstva Jabučana u cetinjskom Donjem Kraju *Popovići iz Meduna, Kuči; potomci M.Miljanova *Popovići, bratstvo u Očinićima *Popovići, rod u Gruži *Popovići u Bogdašićima *Popovići ili Lipljani, bratstvo u Cucama *Popovići, bratstvo u Nerinu *Popovići (Dželetovici), bratstvo u Rajićevićima *Popovići, grana bratstva Herakovića u Njegušima *Popovići, prezime grane Popovića-Herakovića *Popovići - Kašćelani u Njegušima *Popovići u "Nikšiću" , na Danilovu Gradu, u Hercegovini, Bosni, Carigradu, Boki *Popovići iz sela Tepca (blizu Žabljaka) đe su došli oko 1740 (pop Stevan) *Popovljanin, iz Popova (Trebinje) nastanjeni na području Risna i Herceg-Novog *Porebrica, iz Borovštice, sa Peštera došli u Seštice (Rožaje) *Poretić, Kotor *Porko, Herceg-Novi *Poro, u Kotoru u 15. v. *Poroba, ogranak Vučeraković iz Krnjice (Primorska krajina) otišli u Skadar (Albanija) *Porobić, Herceg-Novi, Mojdež i Lepetane (Boka Kotorska) kao: Borković došli iz Hercegovine; Budva; Seljane (Pljevlja) su iz Hasa (Bijelo Polje); u Krivošijama (Risan) *Poropat, Tivat *Portada, Herceg-Novi *Portić, Mezgalje (Šekulari), Berane, iz Hercegovine *Porćeli, Kotor *Porčić, Jakva (Sokolska), Srbija iz Pive (Crna Gora) *Postar, Herceg-Novi *Postić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Potežica, Dimljani, Durkovići i Storo (Pljevlja) *Potis, vidi: Poto *Potković, Kotor po nahočetu *Potkućnice u Herakovićima *Poto = Potis, Kotor 1181 - 1215. god. i kao: Pučin 1330. god. u Kotoru *Potokić, Kotor, po nahočetu *Potolić, na Stubicu u Pješivce doselili iz Gruda (Tuzi), a tamo iz Banjske (Kosovo) *Potočanin, Tepca uz Taru, došli iz Drobnjaka *Potočar, Goleša (Pljevlja) *Potpara, Gotovuša, Jugovo i Milunići (Pljevlja); Podgorica *Potpeća, Kotor *Potpor, u Žabljaku (Drobnjaci) *Potršan, Potrš (Borkovići), Piva *Poturak, Zavinogradje (Bijelo Polje); Pljevlja; u Drobnjaku i Gornjoj Morači ranije Paredjino, ogranak Radulovića-Trepčana *Poturaković, vidi: Paredjena *Poturković, ogranak Radulovića u Drobnjacima *Poćuka, u Podgorici *Pohaska, Kotor *Pocerac (Stihućević), Vranjska (Pocerina) iz Pive *Poco = Pocan, 15. v. u mjestima Boke Kotorske *Počanić, Kovači, Kotor i Muo (Boka Kotorska) *Poček, i kao: Mijušković, od kojih su u Donjem kraju (Cetinje) i na Vranjini uz Skadarsko jezero od 1912. god. (iz Stare Srbije), Budvi, Vir Pazaru (Crmnica), Cetinju, Ceklinu (Rijeka Crnojevića) i Nikšiću *Počeci, bratstvo u cetinjskom Donjem Kraju *Pravaska, Herceg-Novi *Pravilović (Milošević), u Bjelicama (Cetinje), od kojih su u Cetinju i Kotoru *Pravilovići, bratstvo u Bjelicama *Pravica, Morinj (Risan) iz Dražin Dola i Bjelača (Trebinje); a tamo došli iz Tople i Kruševice, Herceg-Novi, od njih su Jovanović ''Hercegovci'' u Risnu *Pradić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Prajer, Savina, Herceg-Novi *Pralas, Podgorica *Pramenković, Šipče (Sjenica) iz Kuča (Podgorica) *Pranda (Prandi), Budva, porijeklom iz Italije *Prasat, u Perastu (Boka Kotorska) *Praskalo, u Podgorici *Praslivić, iz Pipera u Podgorici, Skadar, Mostar i Sarajevo *Prauliu = Praulivo, u Kotoru oko 1330. god. Praulivo, vidi: Prauliu *Prašel, Kotor *Prašljević, u Podgorici *Prašćević, Slatina (Medež), Bjelopavlići i od njih su u Vasojevićima, Soko Banji, Spuž i Konjarniku (Žitoradja), Srbija; kod Bijelog Polja (Polimlje) *Praščević, vidi: Prašćević, Vražegrmci (Medež u Slatini), Bjelopavlići pa jedni predju u područni Spuž, a poslije 1878. god. u Soko Banju i Konjarnik (Srbija), drugi u Zatrijebač (Kuči), pa Brezojevice, Meteh i Veliku (Plav), a treći u Vasojeviće niz Lim; Bratonožići, Matično, jedni u Budimlju (Polimlje) *Prevan, Kotor *Prvenić, Crmnica (Gluhi Do) i kao: Pribenić *Prvišić (Prvizić), Kotor Prvjenović, Crmnica u 15. v.; Cuce (Cetinje) *Prvojević, Paštrovići 1399. god. *Prvovjenčani, kasnije Nemanjić, u Kotoru sin Simeuna Nemanje, kasnije vladarska porodica *Prvpšić, Kotor *Prgarović, Piperi *Prdavac, Jasen u Bihoru (Bijelo Polje) *Prdeklašnja, u Drenovštici (Pješivci) *Prdiška, Kozice (Pljevlja) *Prduljica, Zubci (Prduljica), Trebinje, predak Kosanovića i Radojevića u Miljanićima i Gornjim Dubočkama (Nikšić) *Prebanda, u Podgorici *Prebirač, Poćerska i Bistrica (Bijelo Polje), kasnije Prebiračević; u Podgorici *Prebiračević, vidi: Prebirač *Prevalili, Tivat *Pregemelja, Dubrovsko u Drobnjacima i jedni se iselili u Bosnu *Predimirović, oko 1000. god. na području Prečiste Krajine uz Skadarsko jezero, Pretislav Hvalimirov Predimirović, knez jeste otac kneza Jovana Vladimira, poginuo 1016. godine *Predić, u Pivu došli iz Mostara (Hercegovina) *Predišani, bratstvo u Bjelicama *Predović, Igalo, Herceg-Novi *Predoević, vidi: Predojević *Predojević, Savina, Herceg-Novi, kasnije Čutković, došli od Bileće (Hercegovina). Jedni od Bileće 1378. god. sidju u Dubrovnik i Boku Kotorsku kao: *Predoević a mnogi u razne krajeve u kasnijem dobu. Kod Bileće su došli iz Čepelice (Stara Crna Gora) pa se nastane u Čepelicu (Bileća) i okolinu: Zaušje, Panik, Planu, Baljke, Plužine, Šobotinu i dalje predak bio je Predimir-Predoje *Predječević, u Krajini *Preka, Buljarica (Paštrovići), pa jedni 1891. god. odsele u Polaču, Glavicu (Luštica); Sanski Most (Bosna) *Prekalović, ogranak Junčevića (Hota) kod Plava a iz Hota (Tuzi) *Prekendić, Prekendine u Miokusovićima (Bjelopavlići) *Prekić, Bjelopavlići, ogranak Djurovića (Matijaševića); Nikšić; Kuči i kao: Prenkić (Martinovići) iselili neznano kuda: jedni u Skadar (Albanija) i kao: Preko *Preko, vidi: Prekić *Preković, ranije: Ledinjanin (Krivodoljanin), u Kučima, Paštrovići u 1611. god. *Prekočević, vidi: Prelić *Prekolović, ranije: Čeković (Lucdjenović), u Hotima (Tuzi) *Prela, Zagonja (Ulcinj); Bar; Kotor *Prelvucaj, Nabom, Helmica i Šilj, područje Tuzi, grana Hota *Prelesnik, Kotor *Prelić, Premići (Kuči) bliži Prekočevićima, ogranak Vujoševića-Drekalovića, a u Vasojevićima grana Novakovića *Prelević, u Ćuriocu Starhića i Laćama (Bjelopavlići), ogranak Brajovića, drugih; u Kučima identično Preljević, na Stravču, i Kosoru, od njih su u *Podgorici; Ubli (Kuči) potomci vojvode Djuza (Djura) Radonjića-Drekalovića; Rakića Kuće i Golubovci u Zeti; Berane; Dio, Zaton i Lješnica (Bijelo Polje) *Prelesnik, Kotor *Prel (Preli), Rječ (Ulcinj) *Prelukić, Briska u Briskoj Krajni (Primorska krajina), došli iz Miridita (sjeverna Albanija) *Preljaj, u Štoju (Ulcinj) *Preljača, Pljevlja 1864. god *Preljvukić, kod Vusinja (Plav) *Preljević, Dobrinja (Kanje), Bijelo Polje, kasnije Prelević; vidi: Prelević u Kučima *Premilović, u Kotoru oko 1335. god. *Premić, u Kučima (Fundini) ogranak Vujoševića iz grane Drekalovića; u Fundini prešli su iz područnih Premića; Bar *Premkočović, Crnogorsko primorje i Podgorica *Premović, Cerovo (Pješivci), ogranak Magočevića, ranije Strahinić, doseljenici iz Seoštice (Bratonožići); u Podgoricu iz Kuča prije 1894. god.; Zaton (Bijelo Polje), od kojih u Čukojevcu (Gruža Kragujevačka); Donji Šestani (Krajina), ogranak Vučedabića, doseljenika iz Škrelja (sjeverna Albanija); Pelev Brijeg (Bratonožići), ogranak Boljevića od kojih su u Vasojevićima *Premovići, bratstvo u Cerovu *Premtić, iz Kuča došli u Jasen na Bihoru (Bijelo Polje) *Premud, Kotor *Premudi, u Kotoru *Premča, u Kotoru 15. v. *Pren, u Baru *Prenkaj, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Prenkić (Prentić), na Cvilinu (Kuči) u Kutima i Krivom Dolu grana Mrnjavčevića, jedni se odselili u Jasen na Bihoru, drugi u Kučima (u Kućinama) ogranak Martinovića iz Bajica (Cetinje); Prentin Do (Cuce), Cetinje, gdje ima 5 naziva sa Prentin, od osnova za Prentić ili Prentovići ili slično; Savin Do (Berane), potiču iz Škrelja (Albanija), od njih su kod Novog Pazara; Gostilje u Zeti srodnici Skobaljevića, Markipovićima i Ulićima, porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore. Viđi: Prekić *Prenkočević (Bisać), u Burzi (Zatrijebač), Kuči; kasnije jedni kao: Prenkračaj *Prentić, Zaton (Bijelo Polje), ogranak Bojovića iz grupe Mrnjavčevića u Kučima; Prentin Do (Cuce), Cetinje kasnije Prentović. Vidi: Prenkić *Prentići, staro bratstvo u Prentinu Dolu *Prentov, vidi: Prentović *Prentović, Seoca (Crmnica), ogranak Perovića, potomci Ratka doseljenika iz Selaca (Klimenti), sjeverna Albanija; Prijevor (Grbalj), došli iz *Paštrovića; Brajići (Budva), od njih su na Zlatiboru, u Zrenjaninu, Vršcu i u USA; vidi: Prenkić; u Budvi su jedni iz Kristanje, Herceg-Novi; u *Petrovcu na Moru došao 1817. god. Marko sa Brajića *Prenč, Klezna (Ulcinj) *Prenčaj, u Obadima (Crnogorsko Primorje) *Prenča, ogranak Tugića, ranije Škielja *Prendža, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Preobrežani, grana bratstvene grupe Bajkovića u Cucama *Prepsalić, Gruda kod Plava 1485. god. *Prerad, u Savinji, Herceg-Novi došli iz Splita *Preradović, od Bileće prešli kod Kolašina, pa od njih u: Pljevaljsko polje, Ljuće, Mrzoviće i Pljevlja *Pretović, Mokro (Šavnik), prije 1735. god. *Preščević, u Brezojevcima, Metehu i Veliku (Gornje Polimlje) i kao: Praščević *Preč, Rječ (Reč), Ulcinj *Prečević, Rakića Kuće (Zeta) *Pržanac, Podgorica *Pržica, u Kovačima (Grbalj) 1620. god. *Przić, Pljevlja *Pribe = Pribi, pa jedni kao: Mekša, -sa *Pribenić, Crmnica 16. v. vidi: Prvenić *Pribenović, Šašvari (sjeverna Madjarska), porijeklom iz Primorja (Crna Gora) *Pribi, u Kotoru 1330. god., vidi: Pribe *Pribilović, Cuce (Cetinje) u 15. v.; Njeguši (Cetinje) 1445. god.; u Crmnici 1445. god.; Police (Boka Kotorska); Maine (Budva), gdje su jedni iz Stare Crne Gore, a drugi iz Boke Kotorske; Mrčevo (Grbalj); Crmnici i Kotoru 1445. god. i područne Police *Pribinović, Grbalj *Pribisavljević, Nikšić 16. v. *Pribisalić, u Ridjane (Nikšić) kroz 16. v.; Cetinju 1493. god. *Pribisaljić, Kotor na području Duklje (države) u 10. v. *Pribišević, Kotor i Zeta, 1444. god.; u Drobnjacima 1431. god. *Pribjenović, kod Nikšića u 16. v. *Pribor, Kotor 1565. god. *Pribojević, Čevo (Kčevo), Cetinje 1335. god.; Petrov Do (Ćeklići), Cetinje; Kosor (Kuči); Buljarica (Paštrovići) i Lovricani u Boki Kotorskoj; u Njegušima (Cetinje) 1445. god.; u Nikšiću 1518. god. *Pribčević, u Paštrovićima 1457. god. *Priga, Risan *Prijić, Tivat, Risan i Podgorica *Prijović, Zagradina, Goleš, Crnugović i Repoševina (Pljevlja) *Prikaski, u Podgorici *Primić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Primičić, Nikšić u 15. v. *Primov, u Kotoru 1498. god. *Primović, Kotor *Primošić, Dobrota (Kotor) *Primuti, Kotor 1326. god. *Prioanić, Kotor, po nahočetu *Pripković, u Komanima (Podgorica) 1498. god. *Prihović, Kotor iz Gradca *Prišlić, Zagorje (Pljevlja) 1485. god. i kasnije u Buče i Berane *Prkendić, Mijokusovići (Bjelopavlići) *Prlain, u Mokrinama i kod Risna od Nevesinja (Hercegovina); Nikšić *Prlanović, Herceg-Novi *Prlja, Začir, Mužovići (Ljubotinj) oko 1581. god., i Donja Selca (Ceklin), Rijeka Crnojevića, ranije Barjaktarović, doseljenici iz Mrkojevića (Crnogorsko Primorje), od njih su u Cetinju *Prljača, Pljevlja *Prlje, bratstvo u Ljubotinju *Prljučkić, u Zeti (Vranj) su iz Gruda (Tuzi) i Selišta (Podgorica), pa jedni predju na Vranjinu (Skadarsko jezero) *Prndić, Risan *Prnjavorac, Novi Milanovac (Šumadija), doseljenici iz Morače (Kolašin) *Prnjat, Kruševice i Kutina (Trebinje), Igalo, Herceg-Novi i kod Risna, porijeklom su od Nikšića *Prnjatić, Dobrota (Kotor) *Provović, Igalo, Herceg-Novi *Providžalo (Jovanović), Nikšićko Prekovodje *Progonović (Proganović), Lješansko područje u 15. v. pa jedni odu u Kotor; Klopot i Seoštaca (Bratonožići) *Prodan, u Kovače i Stabna (Piva), došli iz Drobnjaka; Prčanj u Boki Kotorskoj; vidi: Prode *Prodanov, u Kotoru došli sa ostrva Hvara 1330. god. *Prodanović, Gornja Bukovica (Podgorina), Srbija; Kruševice i Igalo, Herceg-Novi, porijeklom sa Njeguša (Cetinje), kao i oni u Podgorini *Prode, u Ulcinju i Kotoru i kao: Prodan *Prodi, u Kotoru 1600. god. *Prodić, u Čečavi (Teslić) jesu iz Šnjegoštine (Crna Gora) *Proja, u Sjevernu Hrvatsku došli 16. v. iz Bjelopavlića *Projović, Šumanik uz Ibar, porijeklom su iz Bjelopavlića *Prokle, Prokuliani, u Antibaru = Baru *Proković, iz Crne Gore u Zabojniku kasnije kao: Mojsilović, Drlupima (Kraljevo) i Dubravi u Gruži Kragujevačkoj *Prokuliani, vidi: Prokle *Prokulijan, Bar; Paštrovići 1588. god. *Prorok, u Lušticama (Tivat) 1400. god.; u Knež Dolu (Ledinci), Cetinje i kao: Profot, vidi: Proroković; u Paštrovićima *Proroković, ogranak Hrsovića (Gačovića) u Njegušima (Cetinje) i kao: Prorok, srodnici: Dragovića, Hrsovića i Dančulovića. Od njih su u Zalazima (Kotor) i Nikšiću *Prorokovići (Gačovići), bratstvo u Veljem Zalazu *Proroc, Stepen (Hercegovina) tu kao: Šuković porijeklom od Herceg-Novog *Proročica (Proročić), Ćeklići i Bjelice (Cetinje). U Ćeklićima i kao: Vučedoljanin, srodnici su Miševića, a u Čaradju (Golija), Nikšić tamošnjim Desančićima, odatle su i doselili na područje Cetinja; Kotor *Proročice ili Proročići, grana bratstva Vučedoljana u Ćeklićima *Prosati = Prusato, u Kotoru *Prosedolac, Cuce (Cetinje) *Prosedoljci, bratstvo u Prosenom Dolu *Proskuričić, Paštrovići *Protić, u Šekulare (Berane) ogranak su Brakočevića, doseljenika iz Drobnjaka. Od njih su u Peći (Orahovac), Gornjoj Toplici, Pločama (Jelakce), Aleksandrovac, od kojih su u Kikindi (Banat), Andrijevici (Vasojevići); Kotor *Protiva, Risan *Protov, Kotor *Profeta = Profete, i kasnije jedni oko 1330. god. kao: Strulije *Profilović, Novi Pazar, doseljenici iz Kuča; u Kotor su došli iz Male Azije *Profot, vidi: Prorok *Prohaska (Proš), Herceg-Novi i Kotor *Proš, Ceklin (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Prošea, Kotor *Prpoš, u Rujevoj glavi *Prstojević, ogranak Duljovića u Pivi (Crna Gora), Foči uz Drinu, ogranak Duljovića iz Duljovića (Gornja Hercegovina), belježeni i sa Rnjez *Prukalo, Trebesina, Herceg-Novi *Prusato, vidi: Prosati *Prconjić, u Banjanima (Nikšić); u Baru i kao: Prconić; Zeta; u Podgorici *Prčanjin, Gostilje (Donja Zeta) *Prčanjić (Prčanić), Stanisalići i Gostilje (Zeta) iz Bajica (Cetinje) *Pršić, Plav i obližnji Prnjavor *Pršutović, Kameno (1692. god.) i Risan (Boka Kotorska), došli iz Hercegovine *Pterović, Ćeklići (Cetinje) *Ptiković, u Kotoru *Puač, u Podgorici *Puvović, Herceg-Novi *Puglina, Kotor *Pudar, Pijesci (Popovo), Mostar, Robina, Trijebna, Opličićima i na Pješivici (Hercegovina), ogranak Kovačevića iz Ridjana (Nikšić) *Pužić, Bar *Puz (Rva i Vlasonja), u Džuverima (Pljevlja), a kao: Puz u Djurašićima, Tocima, Baricama, Babinama i Izbočinama, porijeklom iz Pive *Puza, Zaton i Orline (Bijelo Polje); Djurašići, Toci, Babine *Puzić, Kolašin *Puzo, Zaton, Pobretić i Vlah (Bijelo Polje), 1892. godine stigli iz Tjentišta (Foča) *Puzović, na području Bistrice i Bijelo Polje, Kozice i Korotnica (Pljevlja) *Pujić, Ulcinj; Tivat *Pujšić, Baošići, Herceg-Novi *Puka, Bar *Puković, Prčanj (Boka Kotorska) *Pukcio, Kotor 1420. god. *Pul, Risan *Pulević, Piperi, ogranak Janića-Staševića; Podgorica *Pulenović, Sveti Stefan (Budva) *Puletić, Lipovo (Kolašin); Rovca (Podgorica), od njih su kod Brodareva (Donje Polimlje) *Pulić, Raštiš i Skodra uz Bojanu (Ulcinj) *Pulko, u Kotoru *Pulti, Ulcinj i područni Štoj *Pultić, Ulcinj *Pultović, Sveti Djordje (Ulcinj) *Pulja, Ulcinj *Puljaj, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Puljević = Pulević, u Piperima, grana Janića *Puljić, u Vasojevićima ogranak Radivojevića *Puljti, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Puljčak, kao: Deković, iz Dinoša (Tuzi) došli u Podgoricu *Pumpi, Ulcinj *Punoš, vlastelin, predak njeguških bratstava Punoševića i Bogdanovića *Punošević, područje Njeguša (Cetinje), ranije Vojinović, porijeklom iz Bosne *Punoševići, bratstvo u Njegušima *Punoševići - Bogdanovići vidi Bogdanovići-Punoševići *Puntić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Puović, Kuti, Herceg-Novi i kao: Vuksanović, došli iz Tvrdoša (Trebinje) *Pupović, u Zatrijebaču (Kuči), u Prnjavoru i okolini Plava i varoši, porijeklom iz Vražegrmaca (Bjelopavlići), ranije kao: Pešić; Kričak; Bobovo, *Zasad, Podostrog, Potpeće, Gradac i Krće (Pljevlja), porijeklom iz Pušanske Gore (Stara Crna Gora). Od njih su: Golubović, Jakovljević i Tomić, na tom području *Puranović, Gornje Polje (Nikšić), ogranak Radulovića iz Ćeklića (Cetinje) *Purdić, ogranak Ćirinih iz grupe Čojić (Tomin) u Srpskoj Crnji (sjeverni Banat). Porijeklom (od 13. familija) iz Crne Gore *Purenović, Toplica (južna Srbija), ogranak Šaranovića iz Bjelopavlića; u Toplici (južna Srbija) od 1892. god. ogranak Tupušković od bratstva Bulatović iz Rovaca *Poprijek, u Pivi *Purić, Obarde, Zaljut i Ljutić (Pljevlja), od njih su u Pljevljima Grujičić, porijeklom iz Polja (Kolašin); Kostajnik (Valjevo), došli iz Pive; Podgorica i Nikšić, potiču iz Kuča *Purišić, Jabuke i Koće (Kuči), od kojih su i srodnici: Ivanovićima, Marima, Ivančevićima (od njih su Cucovići) u Fundini (Kuči) a u Plavu Berulić; Komorali i Jara (Plav) 1870. god. *Purkar, Podgorica *Purković (Purkić), Morača (Kolašin), došli iz Obalja (Borač), potomci (rodonačelnika) Curka iz Raške (Srbija). Od njih su u Dalmaciju (Senj i drugdje), Novu Varoš i Užice (Srbija); u Kučima grana Drekalovića, od njih u Obljaju (Gacko) *Purlija, Dupilo (Crmnica); Bar *Purlije, bratstvo u Dupilu *Purupen, Ljubotinj (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Puro, Ljubotinj (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Purović, Donji Zagarač (Danilovgrad) i kao Purović-Djuričković; Podgorica, kod Tuzi i u Kučima iz Mataguži (Zeta) i Stankovićima (Zeta), od kojih su u Dinoši Beć, Adžanji (Grude), Tuzi i kod Gusinja; Jasikovica i Jasliću (Golija), Nikšić iz Bjelica (Cetinje) *Purovići (Đuričkovići), bratstvo u Donjem Zagaraču *Pustahija, Gornje Polje i Rastovac (Nikšić); u Podgorici; Prijevor (Grbalj) *Putešević, Sendovići uz Drinu, došli sa Bobotova groblja (Golija), Nikšić, porijeklom iz Crmnice *Putimir, u Zeti 1438. godine *Putica, Podvrš (Rudni Do), Nikšićke Oputne Rudine, od njih su u Orahu (Trebinje), porijeklom iz Gacka (Hercegovina); Herceg-Novi *Putnik, Tudurovići (Paštrovići), u 17. v.; Bela Crkva, Opovo (Banat), porijeklom iz Crne Gore *Putović, Kotor; Plav *Putomir, Kotor *Putujević, u Spiču (Sutomore), Bar *Pućurica, područje Bisatrice (Bijelo Polje), srodnici Bijedića i Šaronjića, od njih su u Radijelju, Zmijancu i Rasovi (Bijelo Polje), u Metohiji i Turskoj *Pufja, Ulcinj *Puhalo, Čelobrdo i Podbabac (Paštrovići) i Mrtvica (Budva), kasnije Puhalović, ogranak su Kaludjurdjevića *Puhalović, vidi: Puhalo, Paštrovići; Budva; Kotor i područni Škaljari *Puhač, Dobrota (Kotor); Igalo, Herceg-Novi *Puhović, Rasova (1860. god.) i Lozna (Bijelo Polje) *Puciv, Kotor 1520. god. *Pucić, Kotor, porijeklom iz Dubrovnika *Puculović, Crnogorsko Primorje *Pućurica, bratstvo se prvi put pominje u Bijelom Polju oko 1800. godine. Kao bratstvo nastanjeno u selu Bistrica, nadomak Bijelog Polja. Porijeklo bratstva je nepoznato; neki stariji ljudi kažu da su Pućurice iz Pive, ispod Durmitora. Medjutim samo prezime ima značenje koje u prijevodu sa turskog jezika znači biljeg (Pućur - biljeg) što govori o mogućnosti da samo bratstvo potiče iz Turske. Ove tvrdnje nemoguće je potkrijepiti nekim dokazima, jer u bratstvu sve do 1932. godine nije bilo pismenih ljudi koji bi zabilježili neku priču ili dogadjaj. Danas je najveći broj Pućurica naseljen u selu Zminac, nadomak Bijelog Polja. Ima i iseljenika po raznim krajevima svijeta, najviše u Novom Pazaru, na Kosovu i u Makedoniji. Poznatiji ljudi iz bratstva su Iso Pućurica (Ljekar, predśednik sanitarne inspekcije opštine Bijelo Polje, odlikovan srebrnim vijencem od strane predśedništva SFRJ), Tufo Pućurica (finansijski direktor u najvećem preduzeću na śeveru Crne Gore u vrijeme komunizma PIK ,,Bjelasica,,), Esad Pućurica (Omladinski prvak Crne Gore u boksu, boksovao za BK Budućnost) , Safet Pućurica (Rukometaš u Makedoniji) . (prilog poslao Asmir Pućurica apucurica@yahoo.com) *Pučin, vidi: Poto *Puš, Bar *Pušanja, Virje (Pljevlja) *Pušević, Nikšić *Pušelja, Pošćenje (Šavnik) i Morači, ogranak Abazovića. Od njih su Žunić u Visokom (Užice), Srbija *Pušetrin, Bar *Pušija (Pušia), Bistrica (Bijelo Polje) *Pušin, Salč (Ulcinj) *Pušić, Sušćepan, Topla i Baošići, Herceg-Novi; Pušića Poljana (Ivica), Žabljak *Pušica, područje Bistrice (Bijelo Polje); Zavinogradje, Mioska, u Dušmanićima i Skokućama (Pljevlja) i kao: Ćubić *Pušica, bratstvo - selo Zavinogradje (zaseok Djurovo brdo) kod Brodareva. Vode porijlo od Dulovića iz Gornje Morače. Doselili se oko 1840 godine. Deo bratstva je vratio prezime Dulović. (prilog: M.Pušica pushica@gmail.com ) *Puškarović, Kuti, Herceg-Novi i kao: Pestorić, iz Konavala *Pušović, Pljevlja 1873. god. *Pušonja, Vrbovo, Djurišići, Skokuća i Crljenicu (Pljevlja) doselili iz Pušonjske doline (Cetinje); Podgorica *Pušonjić, Podgorica, došli iz Pljevalja *Pfeifer, Dobrota (Kotor) *Pfejfer, Herceg-Novi ==Izvor== [[https://web.archive.org/web/20180104230137/http://www.montenegro.org.au/P.html]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Crnogorska plemena]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] [[Category:Wp/cnr] h6oesx3flu520f17o45cj5ao5okf2nq 0 2942872 5502583 4192414 2022-07-21T21:19:06Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion (Vandalism). (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=Vandalism}} THIS IS A SIGN THE ILLUMINATI ARE COMING THOSE SYMBOLS ADD UP TO THIS 7ya7vz4qw0u54shcy15c2lswt2disne 0 2943440 5502855 4266785 2022-07-22T09:22:34Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki Titula nadbiskup barski i primas srpski, ima svoje korijene još u dukljanskoj državi. == Barska nadbiskupija == Rimski antipapa Kliment III Vilbert 8. januara 1089. godine uzdigao je barsku biskupiju u rang nadbiskupije. Taj dokument je 1890. pronašao njemački istoričar Paul Fridolin u kojemu se, između ostaloga, kaže: "''Kliment papa, sluga božjih slugu, Petru, Dukljanske crkve arhiepiskopu, ljubljenom bratu u Hristu, pozdrav i apostolski blagoslov. . . Dodjeljujemo ti, dabogme, i prema običaju tvojijeh prethodnika i crkvenim pravilima, plašt i u potpunosti dopuštamo posvećenje biskupima Dioklićanske pokrajine. Tebi i tvojim nasljednicima (ac successorum tuorum) dajemo u jurisdikciju sve ove crkve, da ti budu potčinjene sa svim što im pripada, a to su: dukljanska crkva, barska i kotorska, ulcinjska, svačka, skadarska, drivaštanska, polatska, srpska, bosanska i travunijska. Sve ove crkve, sa svime što im pripada kako smo već rekli, i sve manastire, kako Dalmatinaca, tako i Grka i Slovena (omnia monasteria 137 tam dalmatinorum quam Graecorum atque Sclauorum) apostolskim autoritetom dajem kao povlasticu tebi, brate Petre, nadbiskupe i tvojim nastavljačima . . . Krst takođe neka nose pred tobom cijelom Dukljanskom kraljevinom (per omnem regnum Diokliae)...''” (Radoslav Rotković "Kraljevina Vojislavljevića XI, XII vijeka", Podgorica, 1999, strane 294 i 295) U vrijeme kad je ova papska bula napisana, Dukljom i velikim djelovima Ilirika vladao je kralj Bodin, a iz bule vidimo da je barski nadbiskup dobio crkvenu nadležnost nad teritorijama van matične dukljanske države, među ostalima - nad Bosnom i Srbijom. Papa je barskom nadbiskupu dao u nadležnost srpsku teritoriju, teritoriju tadašnje Srbije koja se nalazila oko grada Rasa. Vjekovima je tako i ostalo, barski nadbiskup je imao jurisdikciju/nadležnost nad katolicima u Srbiji. Kad imamo u vidu ovaj dokument star 928 godina lako nam je razumjeti da ovaj dodatak – PRIMAS SERVIAE nema veze sa Dukljom, Zetom i Crnom Gorom. == Kotorska biskupija traži jurisdikciju nad Srbijom == U knjizi "''Despot Đurađ Branković i njegovo doba''” (CLIO, Beograd, 1999), akademik Momčilo Spremić prikazuje borbu barske i kotorske crkve nad jurisdikcijom u Srbiji. Spremić objašnjava što je označavao termin primas Srbije: "''Najviše sedište rimokatoličke crkve u Srpskoj depotovini bila je nadbiskupija u Baru. Njoj su bile potčinjene biskupije u Budvi i Drivastu, dokle god ih je držao despot Đurađ. Što se tiče rimokatoličkih parohija u unutrašnjosti Srbije, oko njih se vodila borba između kotorskog biskupa i barskog nadbiskupa. Pošto su 1423. godine sklopili mir despot Stefan Lazarević i Mletačka Republika, Kotorska opština je zatražila od vlasti u Veneciji da posreduje kod despota kako bi kotorski biskup ostvario jurisdikciju u Srbiji. Mletačka vlada je 4. maja 1424. obećala da će to učiniti, ako despotov poslanik dođe u Veneciju. Kotorani su mnogo držali do svojih molbi, jer se još 1426. godine u jednom aktu pominje da novobrdske crkve Sv. Marija i Sv. Nikola pripadaju Barskoj dijacezi. Kotorskom biskupijom je od 1429. do 1453. upravljao energični Marin Kontareno, i sam Mlečanin, koji je imao glavnu reč u gradu, u kome su se kneževi smenjivali svake godine. Već 1431. preduzeo je mere da rimokatoličke crkve u Srbiji veže za svoju biskupiju. . . Uskoro je umro papa Evgenije IV, a nekoliko godina kasnije za njim je otišao i Marin Kontareno. Prelat Bara mogao je da odahne, pošto je novi papa Kalist III napisao vernicima u Raškoj da novobrdska crkva pripada barskoj dijacezi. Njegov naslednik Pije II je 26. septembra 1458. izričito naveo da novobrdske crkve Sv. Nikole i Sv. Marije potpadaju pod jurisdikciju barske crkve, a izvestio je barskog nadbiskupa da se praštaju grehovi vernicima koji ih posete i prilože za obnovu. Upravo tada, novobrdska crkva Sv. Nikole zjapila je razvaljena posle temeljnog turskog pljačkanja. Dok su se, dakle, barski i kotorski prelati pregonili, Turci su učinili svoje. Ne pitajući koja je crkva pod čijom jurisdikcijom, čak ni da li je pravoslavna ili rimokatolička, bili su stvarni pobednici. Ipak, barski nadbiskup je, na kraju, uspeo da potčini sebi rimokatoličke crkve, ali u turskoj Srbiji. Od XVI veka bio je primas Srbije, i tu titulu je nosio u potonjim vekovima''.“ (strane 872, 874, 875) == Par primjera titulisanja barskih nadbiskupa == Radoslav Rotković u knjizi "''Crna Gora i Dušanovo carstvo''” (Grafos, Cetinje, 1997), predstavlja jedno titulisanje nadbiskupa barskog:"''Prvi pisani spomenik u kome se pominje titula nadbiskupa barskog i primasa Srbije, po Tomiću, nalazi se u Vićenci, u Italiji, na ploči koju je 1503. godine postavio Filip Gajo. Natpis na ploči glasi: 'D.O.M. Dedicationis huius Ven. Pleb. VI Id. Febr. cum octava colendae Reverendissimus Philippus Gajus Archep. Antivarensis Modensis Totius Serviae Primas in Episciopatu Vicentino M. D. III Locum tenens M.F.J.'' (Illyricum sacrum, VII:97) (''Dobrome Velikome Bogu. Posvetu ovog poštovanog hrama, obavljenu 21. februara, treba častiti sa oktavom. Prečasni Filipus Gajus, Nadbiskup barski i Modenski, Cijele Srbije Primas u Vićentinskom episkopatu 1503, zamjenik M.F.J.'')” (str 101) Barski nadbiskup Marin Bici je 1610. bio u pośeti Albaniji, Srbiji, djelovima današnje Crne Gore. O svojoj pośeti ovim krajevima Ilirika napisao je izvještaj. Spis je na crnogorskom jeziku objavljen 1985. godine u Budvi, pod naslovom: "''Marin Bici: Iskušenja na putu, 1610. godine''”. Bici u spisu na jednom mjestu kaže: "''S toga mi se učinilo da je, s obzirom na mjesto i vrijeme, bolje nastupiti s očinskom opomenom nego snagom pravde i upotrijebiti ono sredstvo koje će biti djelotvornije, pa sam dao objaviti i prilijepiti u crkvi niže navedeno upozorenje: 'Marin Bici, Božjim milosrđem i milošću Svete Apostolske Stolice nadbiskup Barski, primas Srbije, itd. našim milim hrišćanima latinima grada i okoline Bara, želi spas i blagoslov u Gospodu’...''” (str 96) Barski nadbiskupi su se stalno na ovaj način titulisali, sve dok barska nadbiskupija nije ugašena 1867. godine. U knjizi "''Istorijski leksikon Crne Gore''” (Podgorica, 2006), autori Živko Andrijašević, Šerbo Rastoder i dr, u poglavlju "''Barska nadbiskupija i barski nadbiskupi''", kaže se: "''Inače, barski nadbiskup se u izvorima iz XII vijeka javlja sa titulom arciepiscopus sclaviensis, a od 1475. godine se javlja i titula totius serviae primas. Na ekumenskom koncilu u Trientu 1551. godine, barski nadbiskup se potpisao titulom Archlepiscopus Antibarensis, regni Serviae primas, dok je barski nadbiskup, Ivan VIII Bruno, Ulcinjanin potpisao dekrete Tridentinskog opšteg koncila kao nadbiskup barski i primas Srbije. Vićenco Zmajević, na narodnom saboru u Baru 1702. godine je imao titulu Diocleciensis, totius regni Serviae Primas, visitator Albanie, dok je nadbiskupu Karlu Potenu izdato posebno rješenje (14. 2. 1870) kojim mu je potvrđena titula i dozvoljeno da na saborima sjedi među primasima (dodijeljeno mu je drugo mjesto do primasa Germanije)''.” U istoj knjizi, u istom poglavlju piše: "Posljednji nadbiskup osmanskog perioda, Njemac Karlo Poten (administrator 1844-1855, potom nadbiskup 1855-1886) je marta 1867. godine prenio nadbiskupsku stolicu u Skadar...” == Obnova Barske nadbiskupije == O obnovi Barske nadbiskupije u knjizi "''Istorijski leksikon Crne Gore''”, u istom poglavlju piše: "K''njaz Nikola, svjestan istorijskog značaja ove vjerske institucije, nastojao je da povrati duhovno središte katolika na način što bi eliminisao uticaj stranih država, prije svega Austrije. U tom smislu je tražio posredovanje đakovačkog biskupa J. J. Štrosmajera kod Vatikana, radi obnove Barske nadbiskupije. Godine 1886. potpisan je konkordat između Crne Gore i Vatikana, kojim je regulisan položaj Barske nadbiskupije i status katolika u Crnoj Gori kojih je tada bilo oko 5000''.” U istom poglavlju piše da su prvi koji su počeli da se potpisuju kao primasi srpski, bili Šimun Milinović i dr Nikola Dobrečić.: "''Zvaničan naziv titula nadbiskupa Šimuna Milinovića (1886-1910) i dr Nikole Dobrečića (1912-1955) je glasio: Archiepiscopus Antibarensis seu Dioclensis, totius regni Serviae Primas, mada su se oni potpisivali i titulom arcibiskup barski i primas srpski.''” == Gubitak jurisdikcije nad Srbijom == Barski nadbiskup je izgubio jurisdikciju nad Srbijom 1914. (ili 1924.) godine: Na sajtu Beogradske nadbiskupije ovako stoji: "''Jurisdikciju nad katoličkim življem u Srbiji vršio je barski nadbiskup, koji je nosio titulu »primas Srbije«. U XV veku ova titula pripadala je kotorskom biskupu, a u vreme turske vladavine preuzeo ju je dubrovački biskup. I danas je »primas Srbije« deo titulature barskog nadbiskupa. . . Godine 1914. između Kraljevine Srbije i Svete stolice sklopljen je Konkordat kojim je ustanovljena Beogradska nadbiskupija. Pod jurisidciju Nadbiskupije potpadala je i sufraganska Skopska biskupija. Prvi nadbiskup, Rafael Rodić, došao je na službu 1924. godine.''" Radoslav Rotković u vezi ove ove iste teme još piše: "''I sadašnji nadbiskup barski monsinjor Perkolić ističe (21. IV 1995) da je ovđe pogrešno uvriježen izraz 'primas srpski‘. Navodi nadbiskupa barskog Ivana VIII Bruna koji potpisuje odluke Tridentinskoga koncila kao 'nadbiskup barski i primas Srbije‘, a da je danas naziv 'primas‘ 'samo počasni naslov bez neke efektivne vlasti‘. No, ako taj naziv ne obezbjeđuje vlast ipak, omogućava manipulacije.''“ (Radoslav Rotković, Crna Gora i Dušanovo carstvo, Grafos, Cetinje, 1997, str 102) == Poveznice == * [[link: http://kc.org.rs/istorijat/|Beogradska nadbiskupija]] * [http://portalanalitika.me/clanak/249037/sta-znaci-titula-primas-srpski-i-ko-ima-jurisdikciju-nad-katolicima-u-srbiji Društvo/ Tema Šta znači titula “primas srpski” i ko ima jurisdikciju nad katolicima u Srbiji?] == Izvori == * Radoslav Rotković "''Kraljevina Vojislavljevića XI, XII vijeka''" (Podgorica, 1999) * Akademik Momčilo Spremić "''Despot Đurađ Branković i njegovo doba''” (CLIO, Beograd, 1999) * Živko Andrijašević, Šerbo Rastoder i dr "''Istorijski leksikon Crne Gore''” (Podgorica, 2006) * Radoslav Rotković, ''Crna Gora i Dušanovo carstvo'' (Grafos, Cetinje, 1997) {{DEFAULTSORT:Titula Primas srpski barskih nadbiskupa}} [[Category:Wp/cnr/Hrišćanstvo]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija Crne Gore]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] [[[Category:Wp/cnr]] q3jv2e6m76nwr9v4adrye72d5ffiw2x 0 2950161 5502856 4227539 2022-07-22T09:22:35Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Pavle Đonović''' (Tomići, [[Wp/cnr/Crmnica ili Crmnička Nahija|Crmnica]], 1934. – [[Wp/cnr/Cetinje|Cetinje]], 2002), [[Wp/cnr/Crna Gora|crnogorski]] [[Wp/cnr/Crnogorska književnost|književnik]].<ref>http://www.rtcg.me/kultura/kalendar/33966/6-decembar.html</ref> == Biografija == Objavio je tri zbirke poezije. Prva ''Umrli šetač'' izdata je 1956. godine. Tada je bio student druge godine Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu, đe je diplomirao 1959. godine. ''Ružni bogovi'' su izašli iz štampe 1962. godine, kada je bio profesor Cetinjske gimnazije. Zbirka ''Mornarske elegije'' je objavljena 1968. godine. U trenutku objavljivanja ove zbirke, nalazi se na mjestu kustosa u Njegoševom muzeju na Cetinju, đe će sa prekidom od tri godine (bio je sekretar Jugoslovenskog odbora za izgradnju Njegoševog mauzoleja na Lovćenu), provesti ostatak radnog vijeka. U penziju je otišao sa dužnosti dugogodišnjeg direktora Njegoševog muzeja. Đonović je bio aktivan član više strukovnih udruženja i saveza: Udruženja književnika Crne Gore, Saveza pisaca Jugoslavije, Saveza društava muzejskih radnika Jugoslavije, Udruženja folklorista Jugoslavije, Saveza novinara Jugoslavije i drugih. Dobitnik je i više nagrada i priznanja, među kojima i Ordena rada sa zlatnim vijencem, Nagrade za životno djelo na Danima humora i satire u Danilovgradu 2001. godine. Posthumno mu je dodijeljena Povelja „Ivan Crnojević”.<ref>http://montenegrina.net/fokus/pavle-donovic-zbog-jedne-krive-kletve/</ref> == Djela == Pripremio je knjigu crnogorskog narodnog humora pod nazivom ''Dim u dim''. Prva knjiga je štampana u okviru biblioteke ''Luča'', Grafičkog zavoda iz Titograda. Doživjela je još tri izdanja i tiraž od preko 20.000 primjeraka. Iz štampe je 2001. izašla knjiga ''Drače'', kako je priređivač naveo, prva ove vrste kod nas, i predstavlja izbor kozerija objavljenih u ''Cetinjskom listu''. Pavle Đonović je objavio i brojne stručne radove, prikaze, reportaže i dr. Pisao je i televizijska scenarija ili bio konsultant na njima. * ''Umrli šetač'', 1956. * ''Ružni bogovi'', 1962. * ''Mornarske elegije'', 1968. * ''Dim u dim''. * ''Drače'', 2001. == Reference == {{DEFAULTSORT:Đonović, Pavle}} [[Category:Wp/cnr/Biografija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Crnogorska književnost]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] fpwmgc2uv296zgp9txrak6gtzbsz70n 0 2955301 5502857 4249103 2022-07-22T09:22:35Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wp/cnr/Prezimena_u_Crnoj_Gori|Popis Crnogoskih prezimena]] na Dž== *Džabasanović, u Drobnjake iz Nikšićkih Trepči kao: Trepčanin *Džajović, Bar; iz Crnogorske Džaje odselili polovinom 18. v. u Srdeč i Šljivovac, Lepenicu u Kragujevačkom području *Džakaj (Džakoj), Štuf (Ulcinj) iz Bobota *Džakalj, Štuf (Ulcinj) *Džakić, u Podgorici iz Bezjova (Kuči); Pljevlja 1869. god. *Džaković, Ćeklići (Cetinje), ogranak Marojevića, od njih su u Nikšiću; Tuzi; ogranak Raičevića (Moliševića-Vlastelinovića) u Šarancima (Žabljak), porijeklom iz Plane (Bileća). Njihovi ogranci Krivaćević na Podima i Kršu (Žabljak) i Pipović u Kršu i Gradini (Žabljak); u Žabljaku na Skadarskom jezeru. Od njih su kod Mojkovca; Podgorica iz područnih Komana *Džakovići, grana bratstva Adrojevića - Marojevića u Vojkovićima *Džakovići (Adrojevići), staro muslimansko bratstvo u Vojkovićima *Džakula, Mojkovac *Džamanja (Džamonja), Paštrovići 1806. god. *Džambasan, u Tepcima (Žabljak), ogranak Radulovića, Trepčana *Džambasović = Džambas, ogranak Radulovića (Trepčana) iz Drobnjaka iselili se u Bobovo (Pljevlja) *Džambata, iselili se iz Banjana u Dabarsko Polje (Hercegovina) *Džamonja, vidi: Džamanja, u Paštrovićima (Čupanjice u Buljarici) iz Stare Crne Gore; Ulcinj 1906. god. *Džanefendić, ogranak Čađenovića u Bratonožićima; iz Meduna (Kuči) iselili se u Novi Pazar *Džankić, Crnci (Piperi) ogranak Lalića *Džanko, Bukovica (Pljevlja) *Džanković, Bijelo Polje i Rožaj iz Zenice; Herceg-Novi su iz Gacka (Hercegovina) *Džanović, Pljevlja 1889. god.; Lješnjani i područni Žabalj (Rijeka Crnojevića) iz Podgorice, Kolić, Primorje *Džanovići, muslimani sa Krusa *Džanjević, Botun (Zeta) kao: Depić ogranak Ivezića, ali Zećani u Mratinju i Stanjevićima (Džanjevića livade) pa u Komanima i Skadru. Rod sa Koristanovićima; iz Džanjeva Brijega (Grude), Tuzi; Crnci (Piperi); Rijeka Crnojevića doselili iz Džanjeva Brijega iz Gruda (Tuzi), od njih su na Cetinju; Igalo, Herceg-Novi doselili iz Podgorice; Kosić (Krajina), Bar; Cetinje *Džanjevići, muslimani koji su živjeli u Komanima *Džanjo Lužanin, muslimanin iz Komana u 18.vijeku *Džarić, Bušnja, Lađani i Ljuće (Pljevlja); Donja Morača iz Hercegovine *Džaferović, Bes (uz Skadarsko jezero), Krajina iz Klimenata (sjeverna Albanija), od njih su u Skadru (Albanija); Boljanići (Pljevlja) *Džafić, Bijelo Polje (Polimlje) *Džafović, Sutivan (Bijelo Polje) *Džebhanić, Pljevlja 1889. god. *Dževerdanović, Nikšićke Rudine *Dževerdanovići, grana bratstva Gradinjana - Miljenovića u Cucama *Džeferdanović (Džeferdarović), Cuce (Cetinje); Nikšić, od njih su odselili u Austriju *Džed, i (Dedić), Ulcinj *Džekaj, Braiša (Ulcinj) *Džekić, Ravna Rijeka (Mojkovac) *Dželalić, Bijela, Herceg-Novi 1682. god. doselili iz Trebinja; kod Herceg-Novog i Risna iz Hercegovine *Dželat, iz Kuča odselili se u Brezovice (Mojkovac) i Papučke (Bijelo Polje) *Džaletović, Njeguši (Cetinje); Petrovići (Banjani), Nikšić, porijeklom iz Makedonije, u 14. v. preselili u Lipov Do i Podprisoje u Čepelnici (Trebinje); u Ledenice Donje (Risan) *Dželetovići, bratstvo u Rajičevićima *Dželjić, Nikšić *Dželović, Pljevlja 1859. god. *Džeferdarović, iz Kuća u Podgorici (Šarkića mehala), rod sa Šarkićima, iseljeni u Skadar *Džedžo, Podgorica *Dživanović, Kotor *Džiganović, Nikšić i kao: Ciganović ili Džioganović *Džidić, iz Kuča prešli u Nikšić pa odande u Novi Pazar; Pljevlja 1854. god. područni Kričak; Zelenika, Herceg-Novi *Džigurski, vidi: Čiguraš *Džijić, Kozice, Kričak (Pljevlja) *Džikerović, Klezna (Ulcinj) *Džikljen, Pljevlja 1883. god. *Džikovac, Nikšić *Džiković, Bratica (Ulcinj) *Džimbaljević, iz Vasojevića doselili se u Savardak (Piperi) *Džinović, Poterje odselili se u Srbiju *Džioganović, vidi: Ciganović *Džirdić, Kuči *Džiherović, Gornja Klezna (Ulcinj) *Džidžović, Bobovište (Primorska krajina) iz Kuča *Džodić, Cetina (Bijelo Polje); Kričak (Pljevlja) *Džogaz, Kalušić (Pljevlja), od njih su u područne Maoče i Bistricu; iz Kuča iselili u Žurene (Bijelo Polje) *Džoganović, Kuta (Župa Nikšićka), starosjedioci *Džogović, Mahala i Pašića Polje (Bijelo Polje); Žurene i Lahole (Bijelo Polje) pa u Vitomiricu (Peć) pa u Vitomiricu (Peć), srodnici su im Bakija u Bioču (Bijelo Polje), doseljenici iz Kuča; Zaton (Bijelo Polje) *Džokaj, Vladimir (Ulcinj) *Džoker, Pljevlja *Džokić, kasnije Milović, u Kučima, od njih su u Bijelom Polju, a odande se jedni odsele u Sjenicu (Raška) i Metohiju; ogranak Petrović u Donjim Banjanima (Nikšić), od njih su u Beogradu kao: Džomba, kod Knina (Kninska Krajina), Ljubomiru (Hercegovina) *Džomanj, c, Paštrovići u 14. v. iz Stare Crne Gore *Džomba ogranak Popovića, iz Banjana (Nikšić) odselili se u Ljubomir (Trebinje), vidi: Džokić *Džombić, Kričak (Pljevlja) *Džongan, Začir (Ljubotinj), Rijeka Crnojevića i jedni odselili u Cetinje a drugi u Bugarsku *Džono, Boguta (Viranjske rupe) i Mužovići (Ljubotinj), Rijeka Crnojevića, porijeklom iz Ovčeg Polja (Makedonija) *Džonovi, bratstvo u Ljubotinju *Džonović, Berane *Džončić, Martinići (Bjelopavlići) *Džokaj, Gorani (Ulcinj) *Džoko, Nikšić *Džoradže, vidi: Džoradžić *Džoradžić, ogranak Bulajića; vidi: Bujalić *Džodž, Dražin Do, Đedići i Krnjevići (Trebinje), oni su ogranak Mračevića iz Sutorine, Herceg-Novi; Podgorica *Džuver (Matović), ogranak Popadića, u Bobovu i Ograđenice (Pljevlja); Crljenice i Bobovo (Pljevlja), ogranak Starčevića *Džudović, Meteh, Vojno Selo, Gornja Ržanica (Plav) ranije Ćesac iz Rovaca; Bearne *Džuer, Spuž (Bjelopavlići), od njih su u Pelinkovićima (Bar) *Džujović, kod Plava i Berana i područnoj Gornjoj Ržanici jesu od Ćesaca iz Rovaca (Podgorica); Plav iz Bihora (Bijelo Polje) i kao: *Džukela *Džukela, Mojkovac, vidi: Džujović *Džukelić, ili kao: Džukela kasnije Perišić, u Lazaricama, Orahovu i Bezjovi (Kuči) i Stijepo (Zatrijebač), Kuči, vidi: Džukelić i *Džujović; Gusinje su iz Biora (Bihor), Bijelo Polje i kao: Džukela *Džukić, Pošćenje (Džukića Do) i Duži (Šavnik), grana Mandića (Mileševića); Kutnja njiva (Drobnjak); Nikšić *Džuković, Bučje (Pljevlja) *Džulić (Ćulić), Ulcinj *Džulović, Goleša (Pljevlja) *Džulutović, Nikšić *Džuović, Podi, Herceg-Novi i kod Risna iz Ljubomira (Hercegovina) *Džupan, Njeguši (Cetinje) *Džureta, Rastiš (Ulcinj) *Džuretović, Rastiš (Ulcinj) *Džurlić, Gusinje i Plav iz Koća (Kuči) *Džuhevović (Džuherović), Klezna (Ulcinj) *Džudžević, Vrba (Rožaj) *Džudžović, iz Kuča u Bobovište (Primorska krajina); Lagatore (Gornji Bihor), Bijelo Polje, iselili se u Novi Pazar; Jablanica (Rožaje) doseljeni iz Klimenata (Albanija) *Džupani, staro bratstvo u Rajičevićima ==Izvor== www.montenegro.org.au/Dž.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Crnogorska prezimena na Dž}} [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija Crne Gore]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Crnogorska plemena]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] a1jeedzd7bambz5svzxbdxwx7r5cuq4 0 2955302 5502858 5329358 2022-07-22T09:22:36Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==[[Wp/cnr/Prezimena_u_Crnoj_Gori|Popis Crnogoskih prezimena]] na Š== *Šabake, staro bratstvo u Bajicama (Cetinje) *Šaban, ranije Dragoslavljević, grana Borojevića, čiji je rodonačelnik iz Donjeg kraja (Cetinje) prešao u Mužoviće (Ceklin), Rijeka Crnojevića. Starinom od Niša. Jedno vrijeme živjeli na Starom Vlahu (Srbija). Iz Ceklina jedan se odseli 1902. god. u Ulcinj od koga su u susjednom Rječu, drugi u Nikšić, a neki u Resnik (Bijelo Polje); Buljarice (Paštrovići), 1845. god. Vidi: Ivanišević i Ivanović u Donjem Kraju (Cetinje) *Šabani, bratstvo u plemenu Ljubotinju *Šabanagić (Redžepagić - Pašić), iz Grijema (Skadar) naseljenici, kod Gusinja, Plava i Novog Pazara *Šabanagović, i kao: Šabanadžović, a u Hercegnovom (1687. god.) kao: Šabanadžović, srodnici Gojkovića; Podgorica, Tuzi, Skadru, Sarajevu gdje su prešli iz Zete (Bistrice) 1879. god. *Šabanadžović, vidi: Šabanagović (Ećimović) *Šabanin (Šavanin), Briska i Gorana (Ulcinj) *Šabanović, Seštica (Rožaje) u Škalji ogranak Nukovića iz Meduna (Kuči); Bijelo Polje i područna Bistrica, Vilusi, Nikšić ogranak Nenadovića kod Nevesinja, u drugim mjestima na području Nikšića, jesu od Nenadovića iz Gacka; Božurov Do (Piva) gdje su došli iz Prekotarja; Grahovo (Nikšić); Cetinje; Bijela, Herceg-Novi; Bar i susjedni Mide; Lješkopolje (Podgorica) i susjedne Buronje, od kojih su u Vraki (Skadar), porijeklom sa Čeva (Cetinje), srodnici Stojkića; Herceg-Novi; Stabal (Bijelo Polje), srodnici Hodžića u Godijevu i Mušovićima u Bijelom Polju, doseljenici iz Goduše (Pljevlja) *Šabanovići iz Pive (D.Crkvice - Božurev Do) porijeklom izpreko Tare (muslimani) *Šabanji, Rječ (Ulcinj) *Šabac (Šabaci), Reč (Ulcinj) *Šabeljić, Nikšić *Šabić, u Herceg-Novom *Šabo, Mojdež, Herceg-Novi *Šabović, u Mojdež kod Herceg-Novog (u 16. v.) doselili od Gacka (Hercegovina). Od njih su u Toploj i Igalu, Herceg-Novi; Jablanica (Bijelo Polje); iz Kuča prešli u Nikšić, potomci Pervića, pa jedni kasnije kao: Veselić i od njih odseljeni u Drobnjake kao: Kurep, od kojih u Tušini (Žabljak) kao: Veselići Veselinović, a od Janjuš i Adamović u Selcu (kod manastira Dovolja), Zatarje. Odatle Janjuši presele u Srbiju, a Adamovići u Grnčare (Prijepolje), gdje se dosele i neki od Veselića, od njih su Šabović u Potpeću (Pljevlja) potomci Mijajla Šaba Božova Veselića; od tih su u Nikšiću, gdje je došao Panto Đorđijev Šabović; 1878. god. iz Kuča, jedni od Đurđevića pređu kod Plava i Gusinja (1856. god.) gdje su kao: Šabović, te od njih su u Kostićima, Bogaćima i Brestoviku (Bijelo Polje), od kojih su Kalač kod Rožaja i Beganović u Podgrađu (Rožaje); Ibarac (Rožaje) gdje su dobili sadašnje prezime; ogranak Murića u Gornjim Glavicama i Dapcima (Rožaje), doseljenici iz Klimenata (sela Selci), sjeverna Albanija; kod Rožaja potomci Daca Klimenta od Plava; Boljanine, Zaton i Stabna (Bijelo Polje); Plav; u Plavu, ogranak Pljančara iz Škrelja (sjeverna Albanija); u Plavu i Gusinju, grana Ljuhara iz Zatrijebača (Kuči); Bogajići i Meteh (lijevi i desni), Gusinje; u Vasojevićima ogranak Bakića-Novakovića; Lješkopolje (Podgorica); kod Vladimira (Ulcinj); Kunje (Ulcinj); Kolomza (Ulcinj); Gorane i Gornji Mikulići (Bar); Bar; Mojdež, Herceg-Novi Šabovići porijeklom iz plemena Kuč, predak Šabo im se naselio u Plavu i od njega su potomci muslimani. Od Šabovica su ogranci Ferovići, Metovići i Hadžimusovići. *Šaboj, Rastiš (Ulcinj) *Šabo (Šabor), Topla, Herceg-Novi; Braiša (Ulcinj) *Šabotić, Bijelo Polje (Polimlje), od njih su u Makedoniji; Dobrodole, Goduše i Ograđeni (Bijelo Polje), prešli iz područnih Bubanja; Nikšić *Šabatofović, Kravari (Ulcinj) *Šavanin, vidi: Šabanin *Šagin, Oblik (Ulcinj) *Šagovnović, Baljuše (Bileća) i kao: Šagunović, prešli iz Crne Gore *Šagovnovići (Šagunovići), rod u selu Baljcima *Šagovnovići, rod u selu Zeljusi *Šadović, kod Herceg-Novog i Risna, oko 1693. god. doselili iz Popova (Hercegovina) *Šain, u Samoboru (Gacko) iz Crne Gore; Brijeg i Crkvičko polje (Piva) oni su od Božovića *Šainagić, Župa Nikšićka *Šainaj, Ckla (Ulcinj) *Šainović, kod Gusinja i toj varoši došli iz Bratonožića; Srpska i Vranjina (Zeta); Vir Pazar i Gluhi Do (Crmnica) i kao: Šajinović ranije Jovović; Budva u 15. v.; Sutomore (Bar); Mide (Ulcinj); Brijeg (Božurov Do), Piva, došli iz Žitina 1882. god.; Vraka (Skadar) došli sa oboda Sozine (Bar); u Piperima ogranak Vulikića *Šainovići iz Pive (D.Crkvice - Božurev Do), porijeklom od Nevesinja *Šaja, vidi: Šobajić *Šajinović, zagranak bratstva Jovovića u Gluhom Dolu *Šakabend (Šakabenda), Pljevlja *Šakić, potomci Šaka Banićevića (Mijajlovića, od Mijajla Vučićeva) i kao opšte, Preobražani iz grupe Bajkovića u Cucama: područje Trešnjeva, Postude (grahovski kraj), Bojov Do i Dolovi. Od njih su u: Kutima, Herceg-Novi i Mostarskom Blatu; kod Risna i Podima, Herceg-Novi u 8. v.; Nikšiću. Od njih su u Dvoru na Uni (Bosna) i na Baniji (Hrvatska), kod Sarajeva i u Anadoliji (Turska) *Šakići, ogranak bratstva Banićevića u Cucama *Šakota, Velimlje (Banjani) i kao: Šakotić, Nikšiću, došli iz Hercegovine, porijeklom od Čokorila (Mataruga) iz Cuca (Cetinje) u Zijemlju (Mostar), Dubravama i Kozici a u Crnićima i Trijebnji (Hercegovina) ranije Zlatanić iz Golije (Nikšić); u Gornjim Breznama (Piva) došli od Nikšića *Šakote, rod u Rudini *Šaković, Bratonožići *Šakorunjić, bratstvo u Stubici (Nikšić) *Šakotić, vidi: Šakota *Šalapura, Goleša, Mažići i Toci (Pljevlja) i kod Novog Pazara, pa jedni otišli u Srbiju, porijeklom iz Pive, jedno vrijeme kod Kolašina *Šaletić, Počijevka (Bjelopavlići) ogranak Grupkovića *Šaliprdić, Zvjezd (Pljevlja) *Šalipura, vidi: Šalapura, Goleša (Pribojska), Mažići i Toci (Pljevlja), doseljenici iz Pive, te jedni se presele 1875/6 kod Novog Pazara i u Srbiju; Drobnjaci, preselili u Goleš (Priboj) *Šaloun, Budva *Šalta, Bar *Šaltić, Bar *Šalukić, u Krivošijama *Šalja, Štitarice (Rožaje) i Rožajima iz Šalje (sjeverna Albanija), 1902. god.; u Podgorici *Šaljanin, Brezojevice (Gusinje) i toj varoši sišli iz Šalja (sjeverna Albanija); u Plavu 1879. god. *Šaljević, ogranak Milovića u Kučima *Šaljić, Velika i Gračanica (Plav) *Šaljukić, Bršno (Župa Nikšićka) *Šaljunović, Plav (Gornje Polimlje) i područni Meteh (1869. god.), doseljenici iz Šalje (sjeverna Albanija) *Šaman, Grnčari (Plav) *Šamanin, Prnjavor (Gusinje) *Šamanović, Plav, ogranak Šćepala iz Zatrijebča (Kuči) *Šambak, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *šamić, Pljevlja 1855. GOD.; Mašnice (Andrijevica) *Šamprdić, Zvjezd (Pljevlja) *Šamšal, u 15. v. iz Pješivačkog dola kao: Pejović u Tušinu pa u Pitomine (Žabljak), u Drobnjacima prije preseljenja u Nikšić, gdje su se prozvali Šamšal *Šaner, Herceg-Novi *Šan (Šani), Bar *Šaninović, Zasmreče (Kolači) iz Kuča, vidi: Šahovac *Šanit (Šaniti), Bar *Šanić, Kričak (Pljevlja) *Šanović, Mrke i Gostilje (Piperi), Gostilje, Berislavce, Lajkoviće i Srpsku (Zeta), te jedni u Vranjinu uz Skadarsko jezero i Vir Pazar, ranije su se prezivali Prlja *Šantić, Pješivci (Povija-Krst); Nikšić *Šanjević, Podgorica *Šaović, u Podgoricu sišli iz Meduna (Kuča); kod Bijelog Polja *Šapaljak, u Ulcinj 1875. god. *Šapić, Kričak (Pljevlja) *Šapurić, Crkvice (Oputne Rudine), Nikšić *Šapstanić, Gusinje došli iz Bratonožića *Šaptina, Paštrovići, 17. v. *Šaraba, vidi: Radović - Kisin *Šarabaća, u Boku Kotorsku doselili se iz Popova (Hercegovina) *Šarabić, Baošići, Herceg-Novi *Šaran, Kotor *Šaranagić (Redžepagić), u Gusinju i Rožaju iz Kuča *Šaranac (Vlastelinović) i kao: Šarenac, u Planoj (Gacko), Hercegovina. Potomci Mijaila Vlastelinovića. Odatle pređu u Muževice (podnožje Njegoša), Nikšić. Odatle se vrati Mihailov sin Aleksa (Avdija) u zavičajnu Planu. Od njega su: Avdić u Planoj, Zimonjić u Gacku i Mostaru, Babić u Planoj i Trnovica, Žerajić u Miljevcu i Čitluku, Parežanin u Paniku, Šarenac u Davidovićima, Vlahovićima, Fotnici, Stepenu, Ljubinju, Drežnju i Hudbini. Sva mjesta u Hercegovini. Zatim u Martiniće (Bjelopavlići), Podgorica. Glavnina Šaranaca odseli se na teren između Bistrice i Plašnice (pritoka Tare) i imenuju ga u Plana Kolašinska i tu se sasvim oformi bratstvo Šaranci. Od ovih što su ostali u Martiniće, po ocu Savu Popoviću, od njih Raspopović i kasnije jedna grana Radović u Martinićima. Od jednog Anđelića (Miloševića - Šaranca), povratnika su Anđelići u Hercegovini. Na području Plane Kolašinske razgranaju se (Vlastelinovići) u: Anđelić, Raičević od kojih nastanu: Džaković, Popović, Krivaćević, Simićević, Bećković, Zuković, Bojović, Raićević (Raičević) i drugi. Od potomaka Šaranaca razvije se i pleme Šaranci, na području: Bogomolji, Jelinom Dubu, Rudance, Brajkovači, Gradini, Odrage, Ramovo Ždrijelo, Podima, Paležu, Njegovođi, Šljivanskom, Alugama, Dobri Njugo, Jezerima, Suvodolu i Kršu. Sve kod rijeke Tare i Žabljaka. Srodnici ostalih Šaranaca Babići između Bileće i Gacka. U Plani Kolašinskoj i području Šaranaca u istoimenom plemenu nastanu i prezimena (bratstva): Čičić, od njih Pašić; Vuković (Šaranski), od njih Rondović i Novović (Šaranski) na Đedovom Polju (Žabljak); Bećkovići pređu u Rovca (Podgorica); od Raičevića su i Zakić, Džajivuć, jedni iz Šaranaca pređu kod Mojkovca; od Rajićevića jedni kao: Raičević; od bratstva Ćosović jedni pređu u Kosanicu (Pljevlja) i od njih su Ćorović u Međužvalje (Pirlitor), Žabljak; Nedajno (Piva) od Tufegdžića, od njih su 1889. god. otišli u Srbiju; u Otilovićima (Pljevlja) su Šarančić, koji su prešli iz Šaranaca (Žabljak); od Simićevića jedni kod Šavnika; od Šaranaca ima nastanjenih: u Brvenici, Židovićima i Matarugama (Pljevlja) kao: Šarac; neki kod Grahova (Nikšić); Zukovići su iz Šaranaca prešli u Glibaće (Pljevlja); Knežević, grana Šaranaca i njihov ogranak Radošević nastanjeni su i u srednjem toku Tare, na desnoj obali i dalje; potomaka Šaranaca ima: kod Foče (Hoče), istočna Bosna, pa u Turskoj i Bugarskoj; od Raičevića, od kojih su i Bojović ima naseljenih kod Leskovca, od polovine 18. v. i Bojovića kod Lebana; Leskovac, Kosovska Mitrovica, kao i jednih i drugih u Sijerinskoj Banji, i na desnoj obali Tare u Vaškovu i Prenćanima; u Prenćanima (Pljevlja) su i Zmajević iz plemena Šaranaca; u Goliji (Nikšić) Šarac ogranak Kresojevića od Bileće *Šaranci, pleme u Hercegovini *Šaranović, Liješta (Kuči), potomci Šarana Kojina; Nikšić; Mikulići (Bjelice), Cetinje; Bjelopavlići, ogranak Milekovića (Petrušinovića), od njih su u Cetinju i Međulužju (Mladenovac) *Šaranovici, bratstvo u Mikulićima *Šaranagić (Redžepagić), u Gusinju i Rožaju iz Kuča *Šarančić, Otilovići (Pljevlja), doseljenici iz Šaranaca (Drobnjaka) *Šarac, vidi: Šaranac (Šarac) - Vlastelinović, u Kruševice, Herceg-Novi, oko 1692. god. došli iz Korjenića (Trebinje), vidi: Šarić; grana Vlastelinović: u Pivi su i kao: Nedić, srodnici Radojičića u Risnu (Boka Kotorska); Mataruge, Židovići i Brvenice (Pljevlja); Previš (Šavnik) 1909. god. iz Zatarja kao: Šarac *Šarapi, bratstvo u Riječkoj nahiji - Ljubotinj (Obzovica, Drenovi, Gluvi Do, Boguti) *Šarbajić, u Policama (Berane) srodnici Bojića - Mijomanovića *Šarbejić, Bar *Šarenac, u Nikšić su se doselili (oko 1692. god.) i u Kotor, Kumbor i kod Risna (Boka Kotorska); Vraćenovići (Nikšić); Gacko (Hercegovina), grana Kneževića iz Lukovice (Gacko), koji su jedno vrijeme živjeli u Cucama (Cetinje), vidi: Šaranac *Šarenci, rod u Bilećkim Rudinama *Šarenci, rod u Drobnjacima *Šarinović, u Trnovu (Sarajevo) iz Plava (Gornje Polimlje) *Šarić, u Šekularima (Berane) potomci Vuka Ljevaka, matronomik po babi Šara; Krstac (Golija), Nikšić, pa nekad i kao: Šarac, potomci Kresojevića, od Bijeće, Berane; Bijela, Herceg-Novi; u Zeti *Šarič, vidi: Šarkić *Šarkić, Podgorica i Tuzi, ogranak Ivanovića sa Bezjove (Kuči), jedni i kao: Šarič, vidi: Sujković *Šarkinović, u Plavu i područnim Brezojevicama 1820. god. iz Kuča *Šarković, Njeguši (Cetinje), u 14. v. *Šarov, Bor (Bihorska plana), Bijelo Polje, od kojih su u Peći (Metohija) *Šarović, Đurička Rijeka (Plav), ogranak Đuričana, potomaka Đuričkovića iz Ceklina (Rijeka Crnojevića), jedno vrijeme u Koćima (Kuči); u Plavu su iz Bratonožića; u Vasojevićima, ogranak Vulića - Kovačevića; Nikšić; Golija (Čarađe), Nikšić; Pragi i Orah (Nikšić); Kotor, po majci; Bar; Dubrovsko, Matični Gaj i Komarnici (Drobnjak), ogranak Dobrilovića iz Banjana (Hercegovine) prije Kosovske bitke, drugi u Drobnjacima ogranak su Abazovića (Novljana); Pržnje i Cerice (Gacko), od njih su u Osojnom Orahu (Piva) od 1882. god. ranije Vujačić iz Grahova (Nikšić), porijeklom od plemena Riđana; kod Nikšića ogranak Matijaševića; Nikšić i Podgorica (u 19. v.), a kasnije Petrović; Osatno (Boreč), Hercegovina iz Pive *Šarovović, Plav, Đurička rijeka, Bogajići (Gornje Polimlje); Lagator (Gornji Bihor), Bijelo Polje i toj varoši kao: Ramčilović, od kojih su u Ćitiću (Novi Pazar), porijeklom iz podnožja Kučkih Komova *Šaronjić, Bijedići (Bijelo Polje), došli iz Šaronja sa Peštera, srodnici su Pićurice u Zmijancima, Radijelju i Ćosovićima u Sjenici *Šarci iz Pive (Nedajno, Stabna - zas.Orah Osojni), porijeklom od Radojičina iz Stabana *Šarčević, Gluhi Do (Crmnica), od njih su u području Bistrice (Bijelo Polje) i Batočine (Srbija); Bistrica (Mojkovac); Ivanje, Pavino Polje, Zaton i Ravna Rijeka (Bijelo Polje); Orlja i Kostenica (Pljevlja); Batočina (Lepenica), Srbija; Bar *Šarčević, grana bratstva Masloničića u Gluhom Dolu *Šarhomović, Plav *Šata, Kotor; Ulcinj *Šatić, Ulcinj *Šatković, Krtole (Gorji Grbalj) u 16. v. *Šatorogo, Zlostup (Golija), Nikšić, doselili iz Koleša (Nevesinje) *Šaćević, Podgorica *Šaćirović, Derače (Lozna), Bijelo Polje, ogranak Dupljaka, odseljenih u Kominu (Novi Pazar) *Šaub, Herceg - Novi *Šaula, Bar *Šaulić, Žabljak i Junča Do, ranije Pešćenski kraj (Drobnjaci), ogranak Jakšića, grana Mileševića - Mandića; Nikšić *Šaunig, Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Šafranović, Kotor *Šahin, Donji Oblik uz Bojanu, došli iz Gornje Krajine *Šahinović, Bar; Gusinje i Pljevlja *Šahman, u Beranama i kao: Šahmar; u Nikšiću i Gusinju, ranije Gruda, od njih su u Lozni i Jagoču (Bijelo Polje) *Šahmanović, Zaton (Bijelo Polje); Završje i Đurička Rijeka (Plav); Bukovice (Kovačevići), Pljevlja *Šahmar, Kotor, vidi: Šahman *Šahmatović, u Skiću (Plav) 1861. god.; u Plavu 1895. god *Šahovac (Šaninović), Zasmreče (Kalače), Rožaje porijeklom iz Kuča *Šahović, Bijelo Polje, područne Lješnice i Bistrica, a u susjednom Tomaševu i kao: Ljubović; Mrđenovići (Gacko) i Šahović (Rudo Polje) *porijeklom iz Herceg-Novog *Šačević, muslimanin iz Podgorice *Šačnagiš, Nikšić *Šašalj, iz Pješivaca prešli u Drobnjake, ogranak Perunovića *Šašikić (Šaškić), u Metehu (Jara), Plav 1903. god. *Šaškić, vidi: Šašikić *Šašović, u Pivi srodnici Vojinovića, od njih su u Srbiji *Šašovići iz Pive (Vojinovići), od Vojinovića *Šašoroga, Zlostup (Golija), Nikšić, ranije Perović, došli od Nevesinja i Zubaca (Trebinje), porijeklom od Vukalovića *Švamadli, Herceg-Novi *Švarc, Meljine, Herceg-Novi; Dobrota (Kotor) *Švarcer, Budva, po majci *Švarcapel, Herceg-Novi *Švalaj (Švalej), Nikšić *Švec, Kotor *Šglović, Orahovice (Risan) u 15. v. došli iz Golije (Nikšić), kasnije Vuksanović *Šebek, područje Bistrice i Zaton (Bijelo Polje); u Podgorici *Šebeković, Boljanine (Bijelo Polje), došli iz Berana *Šebec, Bistrica, Jablanovo, Zaton, Rasovo i Mostir (Bijelo Polje), ogranak su Cerovića iz Tušine (Žabljak) *Šebović, Bijelo Polje *Šeboj, Kuči *Ševalja, Donji Stoliv (Tivat) *Ševaljević, Cetinje; Kotor *Ševaljević (Podubličanin), Njeguši (Cetinje) *Ševaljevići, bratstvo u Rajićevićima *Ševaljevići, rod u Novom *Šević (Kiković), Kuči *Šegahić, Pljevlja 1867. god. *Šegon, Kotor *Šegotić, Kotor *Šeinagić, Nikšić *Šekarić, Vraćenovići i Pilatovci, ranije u Vranjoj Dubravi (Bilećke Rudine) pa u Ulog (Kalinovnik) kao: Pekara *Šekić, Pljevlja 1898. god. *Šekujez, i, Ulcinj *Šekularac, potomci Petra Šekularca, iz Šekulara (Berane) i ogranak Rajkovića iz Šekulara prešli u Sandžak; u Gusinju; Gusinje kod Plava, Gusinje (Gornje Polimlje) i Peći (Metohija), Goraždevcu, Crnom Vrhu i Sili (Bijelo Polje), jedni negdje u Metohiji, u Kosovu, Glogovcu (Gnjilane), Hajna, Reka, Mešine, Tirenca, Ojanovica, Rojanovci i Bušnice (Kosovo) i nekim mjestima Srbije, porijeklom iz Šekulara (Vasojevići) *Šekularci, iz Šekulara kod Andrijevice *Šelović, u Plavu *Šemović, kod Novog Pazara su iz Budimlja (Berane) *Šenebek, Herceg-Novi *Šenk, u Podgorici *Šenker, Kotor *Šenkol, Ulcinj *Šenković, Zaljutnica (Golija), Nikšić *Šenkotić, Nikšić *Šenović, Donji Banjani (Nikšić), vlastela; Plav, Budimlja (Berane) i kod Plava *Šeović, Rudo Polje (Plav); Brezojevice (Gusinje) i toj varoši *Šepac, Renovac (Užice), doselili od Pljevalja *Šepić, Kričak (Pljevlja) *Šeremet, Herceg-Novi *Šerović, u peraškim naseljima i Đenoviću došli iz Zalaza (Njeguši), Cetinje, ranije Lukrecija; Kotor *Šesta, Začir (Ljubotinj) 1494. god.; Rijeka Crnojevića, kasnije: Kolina, Džongaz i Radišić, srodnici Ostojića u Crmnici *Šestavić, u Gusinje došli iz Bihora (Bijelo Polje) *Šestan, Šestani (Primorska krajina), preci Čukurela iz Škrelja (Albanija); Bar; Salč (Ulcinj); Kotor u 14. v.; Rijeka Crnojevića došli iz Šestana (Primorska krajina); Nikšić *Šestić, Duklija (Dukla = Podgorica), Biriziminio (Medun), u Podgorici jedni su i kao: Popović = Stijović iz Lješkopolja *Šestović, Podgora (Pljevlja); Kičeva (Bijelo Polje) od kojih su kod Gusinja i toj varoši; Stožer (Bijelo Polje) *Šestokril, u Perast, starinci; Njeguši (Cetinje) *Šestokrili, staro bratstvo u Rajičevićima *Šestokrili, staro bratstvo u Perastu *Šestorkilić, u Perastu (Boka Kotorska) 11. v. *Šećerkadić, Pljevlja *Šećerković, u Drobnjacima ogranak Lazarevića a ranije Kujundžić, grana Novljana; Cetinje *Šećerović, Pljevlja ogranak Kujundžića iz Drobnjaka *Šećković, u Drobnjacima, grana Đedovića - Novljana *Šehović, Nikšić, pa prešli u Sutivan (Bihor), Bijelo Polje, porijeklom iz Korjenića (Trebinje); Bijelo Polje; Plav i Gusinje; Bar; Baljci (Bileća); Korjenići i Panjevića Omeđine (Trebinje) došli iz Risna (Boka Kotorska); Podgorica *Šehovci, vode porijeklo od Vujičića iz Grahova (prešli prije 300 god u okolini Sarajeva) *Šećković, Šekulari (Berane) i u toj varoši *Šešević, Tuzi *Šešelj, vidi: Šešlija *Šešlija, Bratoč, Podosoje, Kukolju, Sudžumu i Bilećima (Nevesinje), Miruše (Nikšić), ranije Milobratović pod Trebjesom (Nikšić), kao: Papić = Šešelj *Šešoval, Podgorica ogranak Matovića iz Ćeklića (Cetinje) *Šian (Šiani), Bar *Šibalija (Brašković = Potolić), u Poviji i Britvić = Brajković u Pješivcima i jedni 1715. god. prešli u Pitomine (Drobnjak) i kao: *Šibalić, najranije kao: Potolić u Grudama (Tuzi), potomci vojvode Bogdana Potoljića. U Brajkovićima (Drobnjak) i kao: Britvić, kao što su u susjedstvu Jojići = Kokošar grana Potoljića, od njih u Čačak, Valjevo i Kragujevac; Pljevlja 1879. god. *Šibalije, bratstvo u Jezerima drobnjačkim *Šibalić, vidi: Šibalija *Šibek, u Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Šibenčanin, Kotor *Šivljančanin, Šljivansko (Drobnjak), ranije Grgurević u Zaljuti (Žabljak), ogranak Zlatnopojasevića, potomci Novljana, od njih su u Bukovici (Šavnik), vidi: Šljivančanin *Šigarević, Morinj (Boka Kotorska) *Šijak, Gusinje porijeklom iz Srbija *Šijaković, Gusinje 1910. god.; Andrijevica; Ovrhovine (Pljevlja) *Šikmanović, Šikmanovići (Podgorica), ogranak Bojanovića u Ponarima (Zeta), od njih su u Balabanima (Zeta) i Ulcinju 1890. god. *Šiković (Odović), ogranak Miloševića (Lopoćana) u Vasojevićima *Šilić, Herceg-Novi *Šilković, ranije Šiljković, u Plavu *Šilobad, Slivnica Površ hercegovačka, ogranak Ilića, porijeklom iz Vučjeg Dola (Ćeklići), Cetinje *Šilobadi, bratstvo u Slivnici *Šilović, Orahovo i Berovo (Kuči); Perast (Boka Kotorska) i kao: Širović *Šilojević, Nikšić *Šilop, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Šiljak, ogranak Klajevića (Šiljaca) u Pljevaljskom polju, Bušnji i Lađanima, a u Pušini, Ritošići i Pablaću iz Bličkova, pa jedni kao: Ristanović, drugi kao: Šiljci, -ak, a od Kljajevića i kao: Kljejević, sve to na području Pljevalja; Bistrica (Bijelo Polje) kao: Cmiljanić, a u područnom Sokolcu i Tomaševu (Pavinom Polju) i kao: Šiljaković; u Podgorici, a u Skadru iz Crne Gore *Šiljaković, u Tomaševu i Sokolcu (Bijelo Polje), vidi: Šiljak *Šiljanović, i kao: Štiljanović, u Paštrovićima od kojih su u Sremu i Ukrajini *Šiljević, Nikšić *Šiljegović, Kuti (i kao: Nikolić), Presjeka, Srbina i kod Perasta (Boka Kotorska), porijeklom iz Makovine (Čevo), Cetinje, oko 1687. god.; Rilja (Nevesinje), Hercegovina, doseljenici iz podnožja Trebjese (Nikšić) od njih su u Maloj Hercegovini (Rusiji) *Šiljković (Behrović), Plav 1883. god., vidi: Šilković *Šimakić, Ulcinj *Šimac, Kotor *Šimin, Trstenik (Rat), poluostrvo Pelješac, došli iz Stare Crne Gore *Šimić, Bar *Šimković, u Plav došli iz Anadolije (Turska) *Šimović, Orahovo (Kuči), identično Šilović u Kučima *Šimrak, Sasovići u Boku došli (1698. god.) od Nevesinja (Hercegovina); kod Perasta su iz Bosne *Šimun, Mratinje, Brljevo i Mala Crna Gora (Piva), od njih su u Maoču (Pljevlja); Kubasi (Grbalj) *Šimuni iz Pive (Mratinje, Brljevo) porijeklom od Vukovića iz Mratinja *Šimunović, Bogdašići (Grbalj) u 13. v. *Šindić, u Pašinu vodu (Drobnjak), došli iz Pljevalja 1873. god. *Šinid, Herceg-Novi *Šindiš, Žljijeb (Boka Kotorska); Risan od njih Riđanović u Riđanima (Nikšić) pa u Lukavac, Vrenoj Dubravi i Piragiće (Hercegovina) *Šindler, Herceg-Novi *Šindolić, Podgorica, od njih su kod Harkova (Rusija) i kao: Vukotić-Ivanović iz Ponara (Zeta) *Šinkola, Pistula i Štoj (Ulcinj) *Šinožar (Mihajlov), Kruščice (Donji Banat), sa ograncima: Avramov, Ropotin, Svrkin, potomci Mihajla doseljenika iz Crne Gore *Šinolić, Kosijeri (Cetinje) *Šipek, Nikšić *Šipilović, Pljevlja *Šipić, Kotor *Šipka, u Pivi, vidi: Šipčić *Šipkar (Šipkari), Šalja (Bijelo Polje) *Šipovac, Rast (Hercegovina), porijeklom iz Drobnjaka *Šiptar, u području Bistrice (Bijelo Polje) *Šipura, Podgora (Pljevlja) *Šipčić, i kao: Šipka, Knez Do (Piva) ranije kao: Mandić došli iz Mrežice podnožja Volujaka grana Maleševaca i neki pređu kao: Šipka = *Šipčić u Boričje (Pivska planina), Straševinu, Mrošnicu i Dragovu Luku (Nikšić); Malu Crnu Goru na ušću Sušice u Taru, te su i kao: Tomčić, od njih su u Nikšiću i nejgovoj okolini, odseljeni kao: Dubovina u Jabuci - Jahorina; Cetinje *Šipčići iz Pive (Crna Gora, Pirni Do), starinom od Kneževa Dola u Rudinama *Širibek, Herceg-Novi *Širković, u Cucama (Cetinje) 1566. god. *Širnbek, Herceg-Novi *Širović, u Perast su još (14. v.) došli iz Hercegovine; Podgorica; Cuce (Cetinje); Cetinje *Širovići, staro bratstvo u Cucama *Širon (Široni), Meljine (Trešnjevo), Herceg-Novi *Širočanin, iz Široke (Primorska krajina) došli u Rijeku (Rijeka Crnojevića), vidi: tamošnji Vukotić *Širć, Sveti Đorđe (Ulcinj) *Šit (Šiti), Štoj (Ulcinj) *Šitić, Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Šifrić, Baričje (Piva) *Šiša, Herceg-Novi *Šišević, ogranak Popovića - Lipovaca, doselili iz Građana 1796. god. Od njih su: Kopilović u Skadru, odseljeni Š. Blagaj (Hercegovina) i Zlatarevo (Foča), Srbija; Ponori i Bistrica (Zeta) *Šišelović, Lješkopolje (Podgorica) *Šišić, Herceg-Novi *Šišković, Pljevlja *Šišlović, Lješnjani (Podgorica) *Šišmanov, Kotor oko 1371. god., a 1540. god. kao: Šišmanović *Šišović, grana Šišojević - Šišovića, potomci su Lješa koji je došao od Prizrena u Ponare (Donja Zeta), pa jedni pređu kod Rijeke Crnojevića; u Drobnjacima ogranak Čepića (Lipovaca) iz Morače; u Morači grana Rakočevića *Šišojević, Vranjina na Skadarskom jezeru; u Šišojevićima 1493. god. *Šišojevići, staro ime plemena Građana *Škaban, u Kotoru *Škaljarin, u Prčnju kao: Veron, a u Škaljarima (Boka Kotorska) kao: Škaljarin *Škamičić, Herceg-Novi, po nahočetu *Škampra, ogranak Bulajića *Škanata, Donja Lastva (Tivat) i kao: Škanatić, porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore; Gornja Lastva (Tivat) porijeklom iz Grčke *Škanatić vidi: Kanata *Škanatović, u Tivat došli iz Stare Crne Gore *Škanović, u Bar prešli iz Budve *Škanjara, Prijevori (Budva) *Škarić, Podgorica *Škaro, Herceg-Novi *Škacat, u Kotoru i Budvi ogranak Kapisoda *Škaperin, u Zeti *Škatarić, Mikulići (Bjelice), Cetinje, od kojih u Matagužima (Zeta) i Vraki (Skadar) *Škerlet, Žljijeb, Herceg-Novi *Škerletić, Žljijeb i Presjeka, Herceg-Novi *Škero, u Kamno i Žljijeb, Herceg-Novi došli iz Klobuka (Trebinje) *Škerović, Njeguši (Cetinje); ogranak Đurovića (Grupkovića) u Bjelopavlićima; Kameno, Herceg-Novi *Škerovići, bratstvo u Dugom Dolu *Škerovići, bratstvo u Petrusinovićima *Škiljev, iz Pive u Kulu (Glasinac) *Škiljević, Piva, od kojih su u Kuli (Glasinac) na Romaniji; Banjani (Nikšić) *Škiljevići iz Pive (Pirni Do), porijeklom iz Banjana od Pejovića *Škejz, Ulcinj *Škobalj, Podgorica; Podi, Herceg-Novi; Konjevići, Prijevor i Škaljari, Herceg-Novi, od njih su u Muslim Rijeci; Kotor i kod Risna *Šković, u Rožaju *Škoda, Pljevlja 1879. god. *Škodra, Ulcinj *Škopelj (Škoplja), Đurmani, Bjelila, Đenđinovići i Sutorina (Bar); u Baru (16. v.) porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore *Škordio, Kotor *Škoro, Nikšić *Škof, u Podgorici *Škrapulj, Ljubotinj (Cetinje) *Škrapulja, Prekornica (Cetinje) *Škrel (Škrelj), Štoj (Ulcinj) *Škrelj, vidi: Šrel, u Biserska sela (Bijelo Polje) i kao: Šrijelj došli iz Šrijelja (Rugovska klisura), porijeklom iz Škrelja (Malesija), sjeverna Albanija; Sveti Đorđe i Štoj (Ulcinj) iz Škrelja (sjeverna Albanija) *Škrelja, Rudo Polje (Gornje Polimlje) *Škrema (Pkremi), Sveti Đorđe (Ulcinj) *Škretić, Vladimir (Ulcinj) *Škretović, Krute (Ulcinj) *Škrivanić, Radovanići (Grbalj) *Škrijev, vidi: Tutić *Škrijel, Kosovica (Rožaje) i Javorje (Berane), vidi: Škrelj *Škrijelj, Dašča Rijeka, Javorje, Murovac i Ćosovice u Gornjem Bihoru (Bijelo Polje), doselili se iz Rugova, a u 18. v. tamo iz Škrijelja (Albanija), od njih su kod Novog Pazara; vidi: Škrelj *Škrnjić, Uskoci (Drobnja) *Škroboca, Kotor *Škudra, u Kotoru 1585. god. *Škukja, Široke (Donja Krajina), došli iz Brdica *Škuletić, Škuletići, Cerovo (Pješivci), od njih su u Jagodini (Šumadija), Žabljaku (Drobnjak); u Pivi; Bukovici (Pljevlja); Vranjanima (Užička Požega); Cetinje *Škuletići, bratstvo u Gornjim Pješivcima *Škulj, Ljubotinj (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Škuljić, Savina i Žljijeb, Herceg-Novi *Škundić, Miločane (Nikšić) *Škuntić, Gusinje i Plav, ogranak Novića iz Pipera *Škuper, Ostros uz Skadarsko jezero, od kojih su kod Zadra (Dalmacija) *Škupor, Nikšić *Škurić, Bar i Kotor *Škurta, Sutomore (Bar) 1876. god. *Škutar, Budva *Škutić, u 16. v. u Spič (Sutomore) doselili iz Zete, od njih su u Baru *Šlak (Šlaku), Bar i Ulcinj *Šlaković, Bar *Šlang (Šlangu), Bar i Ulcinj *Šljakić, Police (Berane); Zagrađe (Andrijevica) *Šljaković, Dobre Vode (Bar) *Šljivančanin (Šivljačanin), Zagulj, Šljivansko (Šaranci), Žabljak, ogranak Grgurevića, Grana Zlatopojasovića (Novljana) i odseljeni u Bosnu, vidi: Šivljačanin sa ograncima Vukićević i Bulić *Šljivić, Vrbova (Crljenica) i Crni Vrh (Pljevlja) i Bistrica (Bijelo Polje)Šljivo, Mrčevice, Bukovice i Gradac (Pljevlja) *Šljuka, Babine, Bijela brda, Gradac, Zvijezd, Jabuka, Mataruge, Mostišta, Podgora, Obarda, Otilovina, odavde u Omorine kao: Šljuka = Čočo, porijeklo iz Riđana (Nikšić) *Šljuka = Čočo, vidi: Šljuka *Šljukar, Nikšić *Šljukić, Nikšić; Bršno (Župa Nikšićka); Gradac (Pljevlja) *Šmaković, Dobre Vode (Bar) *Šmigović, Pljevlja *Šmirak, Sasovići, Herceg-Novi *Šnicar, Herceg-Novi *Šnuro, Kotor i susjedni Muo *Šnjajder, Podgorica *Šobajić, Šobajići (Bjelopavlići), ogranak Kadovića. Porijeklom iz Šapca (Srbija), pa u Nikšić, jedni pređu 1885. god. od njih su Šaja u Osijeku (Visoko), Bosna, neki presele u Pješivce; u Pivi su ogranak Bajagića *Šobić, u Gornjoj Bijeloj (Šavnik) ogranak Vulovića - Novljana *Šobotić, Tucani (Bijelo Polje), srodnici Bubanja *Šobfanac i kao: Šofranac, u Nikšiću *Šovran, Pobori (Budva), iz Stare Crne Gore *Šojić, u Klancu (Rožaje) i kao: Košuta *Šolaga (Šoljaga), u Paštrovićima 1742. god., vidi: Šoljaga *Šolević, Šole, iz Lijeve Rijeke (Podgorica) u Sekirače (Kuršumlija). Od njih Šolević, Jovanović i Vuksanović, vidi: Dujović *Šolović, ogranak Jojića, iz Pješivaca i Spiča (Bar) prešli u Drobnjake *Šoljaga, u Buljarici (Đurovići), Paštrovići došli do 1600. god. kao: Šolaga, pa jedni kasnije i kao: Đurović i Brežanin (Kovaženda); u Sutvaru (Grbalj) došli su iz Paštrovića *Šoljanin, Bistrica (Bijelo Polje) *Šoljunović, u Plavu i Metehu (Gusinje) 1910. god. *Šomlać, kod Bara *Šonja, Bukovice (Kovačevići), Pljevlja *Šor, Ulcinj (u 13. v.), vlastela *Šorai (Šoraji), staro bratstvo u Kućištima ćeklićskim *Šoraja, Ćeklići (Cetinje) *Šoraji (Šorai), staro bratstvo u Kućištima ćeklićskim *Šoran, Zalazi (Kotor) *Šorbonji, rumunski rod u selu Ždrelu *Šorović, Ugnji (Cetinje), od kojih su u Tuđemilima (Bar); Crmnica *Šorovići, bratstvo u Limljanima *Šorovići, staro bratstvo na Ugnama *Šorovići, bratstvo u Tuđemilima *Šortan, u Morinju (Boka Kotorska) *Šot, Kotor *Šoć, Šoćeva glavica - Kusovača (Dobrska sela), Cetinje, potomci su Vukca iz Šoš gore (Šoši), Skadar. Od njih su u Berislavcima (Zeta), u Orahu (Vir Pazar), Grilu i Malom Boriču (Vraka), Skadar i kao: Šoćaj; vidi: Šoćević *Šoćević od Šoć, u Vraki (Skadar); u Ljubotinju, od njih su Miković, spominju se u Povelji kralja Stefana Dečanskog i Dečanskoj Hrisovulji 1330. god.; u Kotoru kasnije i Izat 1435. god. *Šoći, bratstvo u plemenu Ljubotinju *Šofran, Šišići (Tivat) u 14. v.; Pobori (Budva), vidi: Šofranac *Šofranac (od Šofran - Šako Ražnjanov), Rijeka, Rvaši, Bobija i Žabljak (Rijeka Crnojevića), ranije Gornjak potomci Krstića, sina Leke iz Pipera, najsrodniji Jovićevićima, Pejakovićima, Ražnjatovićima; Podgorica; Bar; Ulcinj 1895. god. *Šošanić, u Šekularima (Vasojevići) ogranak Dašića *Šošić, Bar; u Podgorici *Šoškić, u Bratonožićima (1628. god.), srodnici Gilića. Od njih u Gračanici, Kraljima, Ulotini (Gornji Vasojevići); Gusinju i Plavu (1912. god.) i područnom Vojnom Selu, Meteh i Viševu *Šošković, Vojno Selo (Plav) *Šoštarko, Kotor *Špadijr (Šapadijer), Donji Kraj (Cetinje) od naziva: kovač mačeva. Od njih u: Cetinju, Crmnici, Grliću (Bjelopavlići); Kotoru; Budvi; Nikšiću *Špadijeri, bratstvo u cetinjskom Donjem Kraju *Špadijeri, bratstvo u Brčelima *Špadijeri, bratstvo u Limljanima *Špadić, Herceg-Novi i okolina *Špajak kasnije Drobnja, u Dobrinji (Bijelo Polje), došli iz Strane (Sjenica) *Špalek, Cetinje i Herceg-Novi *Špan (Španjola), Borkovići (Piva) *Špancig, Herceg-Novi *Španja od Španja, Lužani starosrbi, na području rijeke Zete i Morače *Španjo, ogranak Dedejića u Đedovom Polju (Žabljak); Prošćenje i Palež (Žabljak); porijeklom iz Čeva (Cetinje); Cuce (Cetinje); Pješivci *Španjan, Bobota (Crnogorsko Primorje) *Španjević, Dobrilovina i Gojkovići (Mojkovac), od njih u Nikšiću i Podgorici *Španjola, vidi: Špan *Šparović, u Peraška naselja, Morinj i Kostanice (Boka Kotorska), porijeklom iz Stare Crne Gore; Risan, Kumbor i Herceg-Novi ogranak Mršića iz Čičeva (Hercegovina); u Morinj, Herceg-Novi jesu iz Nikšića *Špeković, Gornji Ulići (Rijeka Crnojevića) *Špikulj, Nikšić *Špilar, u Sasoviće i okolini Perasta (Boka Kotorska) došli su iz Trsta *Špirkić, Cetinje *Špirović, Cetinje; i kao: Špirto Malta, Igalo i Sutorina, Herceg-Novi u 16. v. došli iz Grčke *Špićanović, Vraka (Skadar), Albanija porijeklom iz Zete *Špica, Miljevići (Pljevlja); u Pješivcima 1326. god. *Špičanin, u Baru prešli iz susjednog Špiča (Spiča), Sutomore *Špojak vidi: Drobnjak, u Dobrinji (Bijelo Polje) *Šprem, Dobrota (Kotor) *Špuzić, Ulcinj *Špužanin, porijeklom iz Spuža, iseljenici *Špur, u Podgorici *Šramadci, Herceg-Novi *Šrović, u Peraška naselja prešli iz Stare Crne Gore *Štagaj, u Ckla (Skja), Gornja Krajina, a u dotičnim Kovačima kao: Kovač *Štampić, Kotor *Štancing, Herceg-Novi *Štanjan, Bobice i Mala Lina (Ulcinj), sišli iz Gornje Krajine *Štedović, Zvjezd (Pljevlja) *Šteković, prezime pretku glavnih bratstava u Vitasovićima *Štern, Kotor *Štefanović, Podgorica; u Cetinju iz Sombora *Štetibradić, u Podgoricu sišli iz Zlatice (Kuči) *Štibić, Podgorica *Štikula, Nikšić u 17. v. *Štileta, Lješević (Grbalj) 16. v., doselili iz Albanije, a drugi u Grblju iz Stare Crne Gore *Štiljanović, Vitov Do (Bečići), Budva u 15. v. Oko 1498. god. jedni odoše u Šišatovce (Srem), drugi u Požar (Bjelopavlići) i Ukrajinu, mijenjano prezime u Paštrovićima kao: Stilanović, Bilanović i Desnica; Boljevići (Crmnica) *Štiljanović, bratstvo u Boljevićima *Štipar, u Vasojevićima ogranak Rabrena iz grupe Mijomanovića *Štirkić, Podgorica; u Vraki i Skadru (Albanija) jesu iz Crne Gore *Štirović, Podgorica *Štitalj, u Vasojevićima *Štitar, Kotor *Štjefen (Štjefit), Rječ (Ulcinj), od njih u Skadar *Šthefni, Štoj (Ulcinj) *Štogić, Bar *Štrbac (Štrpac), Banjani (Nikšić) 1428. god. *Štratiko, Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Štrikić, srodni Mrčaricama iz Pipera, pa Žabljak uz Skadarsko jezero, Spuž, Podgorica i Skadar *Štrihaljenović, Boljevići (Crmnica) 1694. god. *Štroka ranije Mican, u Kričku (Pljevlja) *Štripac (Štibpi), u Štrpcima (Banjani), odselili *Štrul (Štrol), Herceg-Novi *Štukanović, Perast (Boka Kotorska) *Štukelja, Štukeljina glavica (Golija) i Pecirepovo Polje u Goliji (Nikšić) *Šturanović, Ozrinići (Nikšić) *Šutovici iz Prošćenja, opstina Mojkovac *Šćekić, kod Plava, Gornja Sela, kod Berana, Vasojevići, Vemića Krš, Štitari, a u Zatonu (Bijelo Polje) kao: Asanagić, srodnici Ojdanića pa odseljeni kod Donjeg Milanovca i kao: Ojdanić i Petronijević. Neki su prešli kod Valjeva, a jedni u Vlah i Rastoke (Bijelo Polje) kao: Šćekić *Šćekići iz Kurikuća kod Bijelog Polja *Šćepal (Šćepala), Zatrijebač (Kuči), jedni i kao: Šamanović, i kod Plava *Šćepan Mitrov, predak bratstva Bigovića *Šćepanica, Milovići (Grbalj) *Šćepanov, Bar *Šćepanović, Rovca (Podgorica) pa u Donju Moraču (Kolašin), Buovac (Mojkovac), Mojkovac, Polja (Mojkovac), Kičevo, Bojište i Ravna Rijeka (Bijelo Polje), jedni su prešli u Šćepanovića Rupe (Bjelopavlići), u Bogmiloviće (Pješivci); potomci Nikšića iz Župe Nikšićke (Gojakovi potomci); Mokro (Šavnik) sredinom 19. v. kao: Vulić i jedan (od Krsta) u Nikšiću Vulić i Šćepanović; iz Popova (Hercegovina), ogranak Vulovića Novljana u Banjane pa Lukovo (Nikšić); Drobnjacima (Gornja Bijela - Šavnik) po braći Šćepanu i Đuru; Zagarač (Danilovgrad) i Podgorica, porijeklom iz Bratonožića; Kosijeri (Cetinje); Lješnjani, grana Vukčevića, od njih su u Darzi (Bar); Tudurovići (Budva); u Nikšiću grana Vulovića *Šćepanovići - Zagorčani, bratstvo u Zagorku *Šćepanovići iz Rovaca, selo Višnje *Šćepanovići - Đurići - Radmanovići, bratstvo u Povrpolju *Šćepančević, u Brajićima (Budva) i kao: Stjepančević *Šćepić, Bar; Sutomore (Bar) 1909. god. *Šćepičević (Sćepičević), Paštrovići 1741. god. *Šćepković, u Cuce (Cetinje) 1566. god. *Šćepović, Rasno i Zalug (Pljevlja); Kržanja (Kuči); pa u Podgorici, Rijeci Crnojevića, Plavnice (prvobitno) u Zeti, Cetinju, Nikšiću, Baru; u Darza (Ulcinj); Podgorica, od kojih su u Rijeci Crnojevića i Šavniku (1903. god.); Zalug (Pljevlja) iz Rasnog *Šćepčević, Lješansko područje (Podgorica) 1757. god.; u Gluhom Dolu i Podgori (Crmnica); Cetinje; Boka Kotorska; Njeguši (Cetinje) pa kao: Petrović *Šćepčević, bratstvo u selu Ovtočiću *Šćepčevići u Herakovićima *Šćetbradić, Podgorica *Šćetović, Kržanja (Kuči), od njih su u Podgorici i Nikšiću; Rijeka Crnojevića; Berane; Ilovik, Čitluk *Šćut, Selca (Plav) *Šubara, Kričak (Pljevlja); Kruševice, Herceg-Novi *Šubarica, vidi: Šubarić *Šubarić, Prenčane i Maoče (Pljevlja); Nikšić *Šuberić, Morine i Meterizi, Herceg-Novi *Šubert, Kotor i Muo *Šubić, Đurđevića Tara (Pljevlja); Bratonožići *Šujak, i kao: Šujac, Piperi, od njih su u Kolašinu, Plavu i područnom Grančaru i Budimlju (Vasojevići) *Šujac, i kao: Šujica od Šujak, u Piperima a u Gusinju kao: Šujaci *Šujaci su porijeklom iz plemena Piper, doselili u Gusinje 1711 godine, islamske su vjere. *Šujić, u Kotoru oko 1400. god. *Šukačević, Zeta *Šukić, Nikšić *Šukić (Milenković), u Nemini kućama (Kosaj), Sopot *Šuković, Morača ogranak Erakovića, od kojih su u: Kolašinu, Kosovu, Sandžaku i Americi; Zaton (Bijelo Polje); Čevo (Cetinje), došli iz Šehovića (Niš); Blatica i Štitarice (Mojkovac); Bakovići (Kolašin) i Manastir Donja Morača; Kuči, Grahovo (Nikšić), ogranak Vujačića, od njih su u: Crkvicama (Oputne Rudine), Nikšić i u Kazancima (Golija), Nikšić; Stepen (Gacko) kao: Proroc iz Boke Kotorske *Šukurica, Kostići, Zaton, Raklje i Brestovik (Bijelo Polje) *Šulenda, Pješivački Mali Do, Bogdašićima, starinci, kasnije Antonović i Milunović, od njih su u Ulcinju *Šulović, Pljevlja 1863. god. *Šulmenster (Šulmenšter), Meljine, Herceg-Novi *Šulc, Cetinje 1871. god. *Šuljak, Rose, Herceg-Novi; Budva *Šuljan, Herceg-Novi *Šuma, vidi: Dojčević *Šumanović, Bare Šumanovića (Bjelopavlići), potomci Bijelog Pavla, od njih su i Marković - Mlatišuma, kod Kragujevca *Šumar (Dojčević - Dakčević) kasnije Dapčević, u Brajićima i Poborima (Budva); Budva *Šumar, Kulin i Raška (Kraljevo), ogranak Barjaktarevića iz Petnjice (Berane) *Šumarac, Okulin, Raška i Šumarice (Kraljevo), ogranak Barjaktarevića iz Petnjice (Berane) *Šumić, ogranak Riđića u Pivi; Podi, Herceg-Novi iz Pipera; Budva *Šumići iz Pive (Stabna - zaselak Jasen), starosjedioci *Šumpe, Herceg-Novi *Šumtić, Berane *Šundek, Dušanići i Komoran (Pljevlja); Stevanovac (Mojkovac), ogranak Šundića iz Župe Nikšićke *Šundić, Manastir Morača; Vasiljevići (Župa Nikšićka) i Nikšić, od njih su u Zavali Piperskoj, Sandžaku, Vranjini na Skadarskom jezeru i Vranićima (Zeta), poslije 1879. god. oni su od Dipića, grana Trebješana i kao: Bušković *Šundra (Šuncuk), kod Risna i Herceg-Novog došli iz Hercegovine *Šundrak, Herceg-Novi *Šuntić, Vrbica i Petnjik (Gornji Bihor), Bijelo Polje, pa jedni sišli u Berane (Vasojevići) *Šunjević, ranije: Ćorac, u Vasojevićima, grana Mijomanovića; Vraka (Skadar), Albanija, ogranak Bečića, porijeklom sa Čeva (Cetinje), pa jedni kao: Ćorović i Mrgudović. Od svih ima u Peći i okolini (Metohija), Gornjem Milanovcu, Podgorici i Toplici (južna Srbija); Vraka (Skadar) neki kao: Ćorović = Pranvera = i Mrgudović kod Peći i Podgorice, porijeklom sa Čeva (Cetinje) *Šupeković (Hajarović), Bobovište uz Skadarsko jezero *Šupić, potomci Maleševaca na lijevoj obali Trebišnjice (Vraćenovići i Počekovići), Nikšić, u Goliji kasnije Perišić; ogranak Nikolića iz Trešnjeva (Cuce), Cetinje, prešli kao: Knežević i Damjanović u lavsku, Uvjeće i Krelinu (Trebinje), Hercegovina; u Podgorici *Šupkić, Pelino (Bar) *Šupljoglav, Cetinje; Herceg-Novi, doselili iz Cuca (Cetinje) *Šupljoglavi, rod u Hercegovini *Šurbatović, Župa Nikšićka, došli iz Gornjih Pješivaca potomci Bogdanovi; Cetinje *Šurbatovići iz sela Brsna kod Nikšića *Šurić, Nikšić i dotični Dragovoljići, a preseljeni u Drobnjake kao: Šućur *Šurla, Ulcinj, porijeklom iz Afrike, jedni kasnije kao: Brašnja *Šurović, u Pivi ogranak Stanojevića iz grupe Branilovića *Šuster i Šusterović, u Gluhom Dolu (Crmnica), došli iz Oblika (Primorska Krajina); Herceg-Novi *Šusterović vidi Šuster *Šusteri - Dobrilovići, bratstvo u Gluhom Dolu *Šusteri, zagranak bratstva Šustera-Dobrilovića *Šutaj, u Oblik (Ulcinj) došli iz Škrelja (sjeverna Albanija) *Šutal (Šutalo), Donje Hrasno, Svitovi, Dašnica i Kozarice (Hercegovina), porijeklom iz Riđana (Nikšić); Podgorica *Šutalo, u Podgorici, vidi: Putal *Šutanović, u Bjelopavlićima jesu ogranak Pavićevića *Šutilović, Kuči *Šutinović, u Komanima (Podgorica) *Šutić, u Boljanine (Bijelo Polje) doselili se iz Polja (Mojkovac); u Potkubašu (Dabarsko Polje), Hercegovina od Abramovića iz Bjelica (Cetinje) *Šutković, Sjenica i Doljani (Kuči), ogranak Ivanovića. Od njih su u Radetini (Rožaj) i kod Novog Pazara *Šutović, Prošćenje (Mojkovac); Radetina (Rožaje) iz Podgorice; Nikšić; Oputne Rudine (Nikšić); Kotor *Šutonja, u Mirušama (Nikšić), ogranak Komnenića *Šutulović, Podgorica rod Jovovića iz Kuča *Šućur, Lukovo (Nikšić) ranije Savić i u Dragovoljićima i kao: Šućurović, ranije Šurić. Od njih u: Žabljaku, Pasji Nugao (Rudinicama), Piva i Crkvine (Glasinac), Romanija; Kotor *Šućuri iz Pive (G.Rudinice), doseljenici; Dragovoljaci (Lukovo) kod Nikšića *Šućurović vidi: Šućur *Šuša, Donje Dragačevo (Srbija) iz Bijelog Polja (Polimlje) *Šuše, isto što i Šuša *Šušić, u Drobnjacima od Kosovića a drugi od Jovović, su grana Zlatnopojasovića (od Jova Zlatnopojasovića); Prenčane (Pljevlja) i kao: Jovović, prešli iz Šaranaca (Drobnjak); Donje Dragačevo (Srbija), doseljenici iz Drobnjaka pa jedni i kao: Bjelobrda (Bjelobrković); drugi u Ljesku (na Glasinac) iz Zaljuga; Guča (Kragujevac); Guče (Kotor) i kod Perasta iz Stare Crne Gore; Mokra Gora (Bijelo Polje) i Donji Kolašić, iz Drobnjaka; Podi, Herceg-Novi iz Ćeklića (Cetinje); Kleuti i Gradina (Gacko), Reljino Polje (Glasinac) na Romaniji 1820. god. doselio Joksim Jovović, Kreči Kruščice, Trnovice i Veličkoviće (Posavina), iz Petrovijeh Dola (Crna Gora), ranije Uljarević *Šuškavčević, ogranak Musterovića (Dragovića) u Zagaraču; u Zetu: Bukovce, Mataguži, Goričani, Vranj (i kao: Šuškovčević) isto u Šušunji i Popadići (Srbija) *Šušković, Popadići (Šumadija) jesu iz Bjelopavlića (Crna Gora) *Šušnja, Goleša i Rutošići (Pljevlja) *Šušnjar, Risan *Šušnjara, u Podgorici *Šušović, Goduša (Gornji Bihor), Bijelo Polje došli iz Crnaca (Piperi), ogranak Janjića iz grupe Stanjevića u Piperima ==Izvor== www.montenegro.org.au/Š.html {{DEFAULTSORT:Crnogorska prezimena na Š}} [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija Crne Gore]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Istorija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Crnogorska plemena]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] nsjv9rdugb2jf8mydfy5qyk8rwkg8vj 0 2986245 5502859 5208581 2022-07-22T09:22:37Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Mihailo Burić''' ([[Wp/cnr/Podgorica|Podgorica]]) [[Wp/cnr/Crna Gora|crnogorski]] je geograf, geolog. Član je [[Wp/cnr/Crnogorski pokret|Crnogorskoga pokreta]], [[Wp/cnr/Inžinjerska komora Crne Gore|Inžinjerske komore Crne Gore]] i redovni profesor [[Wp/cnr/Univerzitet Crne Gore|Univerziteta Crne Gore]]. Član je [[Wp/cnr/DANU|DANU]]. Autor je petnaestak članaka,koautor na nekoliko geografskih monografija i autor je jedne kartografske građe [[Wp/cnr/Crna Gora|Crna Gora]]. Takođe je uključen u građansku peticiju [[Wp/cnr/Amanet|Amanet]]. ==Biografija== Magistrirao je na Geološkome fakultetu u Beogradu 1980. a doktorirao na Prirodno-matematičkome fakultetu 1982 takođe u Beogradu. ==Djela== * ''Hidrološki uslovi i njihov uticaj na razmještaj stanovništva Crne Gore'' (1991) * ''Ekološka država Crna Gora : definicija i osnove strategije'' (1992) * ''Crna Gora životna sredina i razvoj - studija'' (1996) * ''Crna Gora - životna sredina i razvoj'' (1998) * ''Danilovgrad - prirodne i demografske karakteristike'' (2000) ==Literatura== * Nikola Racković: ''Leksikon crnogorske kulture'', DOB, Podgorica, 2009. ==Vanjske veze== 1. http://www.ucg.ac.me/radnik/190024-mihailo-buric 2. http://www.ingkomora.me/ikcg_sajt/site_cg/public/index.php/Clanovireg/listfull?id=107 3. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721140018/http://www.vijesti.me/vijesti/crnogorski-pokret-da-se-donese-zakon-koji-ce-se-zabraniti-velicanje-pg-skupstine-988653 ==Reference== {{DEFAULTSORT:Mihailo, Burić}} [[Category:Wp/cnr/Biografija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr/Geografija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] nuw8dliqbd44wfuz66iqp8o0ioz2gk3 0 3049204 5502860 5243408 2022-07-22T09:22:37Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''Kazahstan''' (kaz. ''Қазақстан, Qazaqstan /'' rus. ''Казахстан''), službeno ime glasi '''Republika Kazahstan''' (kaz. ''Қазақстан Республикасы, Qazaqstan Respublikasy / rus. Республика Казахстан'') je država u Centralnoj Aziji. Graniči se sa Rusijom na śeveru i śeverozapadu, Kinom na istoku, Kirgistanom na jugoistoku, Uzbekistanom i Turkmenistanom na jugozapadu. Na zapadu izlazi na Kaspijsko more. Glavni grad je Nur-Sultan. Kazahstan je najveća kontinentalna zemlja na svijetu. Valuta — tenge. Službeni jeziki Kazahstana — kazahski i ruski. Prezident Republiki Kazahstana — Kasim-Žomart Tokaev(ranee —Nursultan Nazarbajev). [[Category:Wp/cnr/Geografija]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] j2xr28khtzue2l99z3hjuv22bql2bur 0 3077190 5502526 5475998 2022-07-21T18:38:46Z Adam1776 2579264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Amselnest lokilech.jpg|абгъуэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ='ɐbʁʷɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[абгъу] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=абгъу}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Къуалэбзухэр, джэдкъазхэр щыкӀэцӀ, щыгъуалъхьэ, шырхэр къыщраш кумбыгъэ, егъэзыпӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Жыгым и щхьэкӀэм абгъуэ ин хэщӀыхьауэ бгъэ шырищ ист. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=КӀ. Т.}} , {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Акъ. З.}} * КӀэртӀоф сатыр зэхуакум деж шхийхэм къыхэщӀыкӀауэ абгъуэ иӀэт. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Къ. М.}} <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead">'''Зэреджэ тхылъхэм къраха щапхъэхэр'''</div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class ="wikitable" |- ! '''Адыгэбзэ''', Гугъуэт Л. Т., Зэхъуэхъу Л. Хь, ''' !! ''' «Эльбрус» тхылъ тедзапӀэ, Налшык, 1984''' !! нап. 85 |- ! '''адыгэбзэ''' !! '''урысыбзэ/русский''' !! '''инджылыбзэ/English''' |- || Жыгхэм къуаргъ <b>абгъуэ</b> куэд тетщ.|| Есть много вороньих <b>гнёзд</b> на деревьях.|| There are a lot of crows’ <b>nests</b> in the trees. |- || <b>Абгъуэхэм</b> исыр сыт?|| Кто сидит в <b>гнёздах</b>?|| What is (sitting) in <b>the nests</b>? |- || Къуаргъыр <b>абгъуэм</b> исщ.|| Ворона сидит на <b>гнезде</b>.|| The crow is sitting in <b>the nest</b>. |} </div> </div> {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *абгъуэ: nest {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *абгъуэ: гнездо {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 94cwco6ms7qtmw8njn9tcmde8ff7n24 0 3083567 5502548 5331437 2022-07-21T19:03:18Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Fotothek df pk 0000166 039 Berlin-Niederschönhausen.jpg|тхэн </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ГЛАГОЛ ЛЪЭМЫӀЭС}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=txɐn}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[тх] + -э + -н}} {{Wt/kbd/спряженэ}} <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead">'''Глагол лъэмыӏэс "тхэн"-м и спряженэ'''</div> <div class="NavContent"> {{Wt/kbd/спр-лъэмыӏ-0-0д-э|псалъэпкъ=тх}} </div> </div> {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Псалъэхэр, макъхэр хьэрфкӀэ къэгъэлъэгъуэн. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead">'''Зэреджэ тхылъхэм къраха щапхъэхэр'''</div> <div class="NavContent"> {| class="wikitable" |- ! '''Адыгэбзэ''', Гугъуэт Л. Т., Зэхъуэхъу Л. Хь, ''' !! ''' «Эльбрус» тхылъ тедзапӀэ, Налшык, 1984''' !! нап. 43 |- ! '''адыгэбзэ''' !! '''урысыбзэ/русский''' !! '''инджылыбзэ/English''' |- | Таужан <b>матхэ</b>.|| Таужан <b>пишет</b>.|| Tauzhan <b>is writing</b>. |- ! !! !! нап. 47 |- | Думэсарэрэ сэрэ <b>дотхэ</b>.|| Думасара и я <b>пишем</b>.|| Dumasara and I <b>are writing</b>. |- | Сэ <b>сотхэ</b>.|| Я <b>пишу</b>.|| I <b>am writing</b>. |- | Сани <b>матхэ</b>.|| И Сана <b>пишет</b>.|| Sana <b>is</b> also <b>writing</b>. |- ! !! !! нап. 49 |- | Псори хуэму, дахэу <b>дотхэ</b>.|| Мы все спокойно, красиво <b>пишем</b>.|| All of us <b>are writing</b> peacefully and neatly. |- ! !! !! нап. 72 |- || Ӏэминат дахэу <b>матхэ</b>.|| Аминат красиво <b>пишет</b>.|| Aminat <b>writes beautifully</b>. |- ! !! !! нап. 118 |- || Ар дахэуи <b>матхэ</b>. || Он <b>пишет</b> красиво, тоже. || He also <b>writes</b> neatly. |} </div> </div> {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *КъалэмкӀэ тхэн. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *тхэн: write, be engaged in writing *КъалэмкӀэ тхэн: write with a pen {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *тхэн: писать, заниматься письмом *КъалэмкӀэ тхэн: писать ручкой. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 0m2f6du1us72dhb3kkj3tqbrwx0rru0 0 3095335 5502528 5112652 2022-07-21T18:49:34Z Adam1776 2579264 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Window with recent and old panes.jpg|щхьэгъубжэ абж Soda-lime glass jar showing bubbles trapped within.jpg|абж </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ɐbdᶎ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[абж]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=абж}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Узэпхрыплъ хъууэ пшахъуэ гъэткӀуам къыхэщӀыкӀа пкъыгъуэ (щхьэгъубжэнэу халъхьэ, хьэкъущыкъу къыхащӀыкӀ, нэгъуэщӀуи къагъэсэбэп). #ЯтӀэ хужь лъэпкъыфӀхэм къыхагъэжыкӀ пкъыгъуэ (тепщэч, фалъэ, нэгъуэщӀ хьэкъущыкъу къыхащӀыкӀ). #ПтулъкӀэ; птулъкӀэмрэ итымрэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Шори и Ӏэр пӀэм къыщӀехри хущхъуэгъуэ зэрыт абдж цӀыкӀухэм ящыщ зы ажэгъафэм хуеший. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Ш. А.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Абдж гъэвэн. *Абдж ӀупщӀэ. *Щхьэгъубжэм хэлъ абджыр къутащ. *Абдж тепщэч. *Абдж хьэкъущыкъу. *Псы абдж. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *абдж: 1. glass 2. porcelain, china 3. bottle *Абдж гъэвэн: to melt (make) glass *Абдж ӀупщӀэ: a splinter (piece) of glass. *Щхьэгъубжэм хэлъ абджыр къутащ: the windowpane broke. *Абдж тепщэч: a porcelain (china) dish *Абдж хьэкъущыкъу: porcelain (china) dishes *Псы абдж: a bottle of water {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *абдж: 1. стекло || стеклянный 2. фаянс || фаянсовый 3. бутылка *Абдж гъэвэн: варить стекло *Абдж ӀупщӀэ: кусок, осколок стекла *Щхьэгъубжэм хэлъ абджыр къутащ: оконное стекло сломалось *Абдж тепщэч: фарфоровая (фаянсовая) тарелка *Абдж хьэкъущыкъу: фарфоровая (фаянсовая) посуда *Псы абдж: стеклянная бутылка {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] hp61g7ke3nwk3n7kjww1uovch0q3sur 0 3095498 5502943 4664610 2022-07-22T10:34:38Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Greensleeves''' na kultural song of som pipul in Ingland. Di song "''What Child is this''" ("Se wetin pikin be dis?") dey yuz di Greensleeves melodi. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] irid8kh48y6j8oh9zbyumh1qylufrx9 0 3151738 5502645 5490326 2022-07-21T23:43:57Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Niu Kaletonia |flag = Flag of New Caledonia.svg |coat = Emblem of New Caledonia.svg |map = New Caledonia on the globe (Polynesia centered).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Niumea|Niumea]] }} Ko '''Niu Kaletonia''' (''Nouvelle-Calédonie'' i te lea fakafalani, ''New Caledonia'' i te lea fakapilitania) ko he fenua e tu'u i te Moana Pasifika pea e tafa ki 'Ositalalia i te uesite mo Vanuatu i te esite. E lau ki te 18.576 km² tona lahi. Ko te motu lahi e tahi (Grande Terre) mo motu liliki (île des Pins, Maré, Lifou, Tiga, Ouvéa, Bélep) ae e nofo ai tafito te haha'i. Ko te kolo mu'a o Niu Kaletonia ko Niumea (Nouméa i te lea fakafalani). [[File:New_Caledonia-CIA_WFB_Map.png|thumb|upright=1.15|right| Mape o Niu Kaletonia]] == Tona pule'aga == Ko Niu Kaletonia e ko he fenua e fakalogo ki Falani pea ko tohi lao o te 'aho 5 o Maio 1998 e ina fakahinohino te vaevae o te 'u koga fakapule'aga e taki e te pule'aga falani mo te 'u koga e pule ki ai te pule'aga niu kaletonia. Kua fakatu'utu'u i te tohi lao o te ta'u 1998 ke fai he vote fakafehu'i ki te kaiga o Niu Kaletonia o 'uhiga mo te liliu a te fenua ke pule'aga faitaliha. Ne'e fai te 'uluaki vote i te 'aho 4 o Novepeli 2018 pea e mahino mai ne'e fakafisi nātou ki ai. Hoki toe hoko he thai vote o 'uhiga mo te pule'aga faitaliha i te 'aho 6 o Sepetepeli 2020. == Tona haha'i == I te faka'au'au fakapule'aga ne'e fai i te ta'u 2019, ne'e lau ki te toko 271.407 te kaugamāliē o te haha'i e ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia. Ko te haha'i melanesia ne'e 'uluaki ma'uli i te fenua e higoa ko te kau Kanak pea e lau ki te 39.1% tanātou kaugamalie. Talu mai te tau mai a te kau Falani ki Niu Kaletonia pea toe omai mo 'ihi atu lanu o fakahaha'i te fenua o hage lā ko te kau papalagi mai Eulopa (27.1% o te kaugamāalie), te kau 'Uvea mo Futuna (8.2%), te kau Tahisi (2.1%), te kau Savane (1.4%), te kau Vanuatu (1%) mo 'ihi atu lanu. [[File:Femmes_kanak2.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|left|Fafine kanak]] == Tona ma'uli faka'ekonomika == E kau Niu Kaletonia ki te 'u fenua ae siasia'a tonātou ma'uli faka'ekonomika pea ma'u pa'aga i te Pasifika. Ko tona 'uhiga he koloa tafito te fenua ki te nikele, lahi tana 'u fa'ahiga gaue fai koloa pea toe ma'uhiga mo te tokoni pa'aga e fai mai ki ai e te pule'aga falani. {{Wp/wls/Oseania}} [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[en:New Caledonia]] [[fr:Nouvelle-Calédonie]] [[simple:New Caledonia]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Niu Kaletonia]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]] qb9grai7xomv2f9vgnlsr75lxdk5t5s 0 3158497 5502606 5104127 2022-07-21T22:19:34Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Reverted edits by [[Special:Contributions/36.71.237.247|36.71.237.247]] ([[User talk:36.71.237.247|talk]]) to last revision by [[User:S4b1nuz E.656|S4b1nuz E.656]] wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/lij/-lij-}} == {{Wt/lij/-sost-|lij}} {{Wt/lij/Pn}} ''f'' # [[Wt/lij/cipolla|cipolla]] mjig5hzgxha5cdhgfmzudw2494l5952 10 3178906 5502816 4866905 2022-07-22T08:12:27Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr. Ha.C.M. Ghijsen (<span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="onder redactie van">red.</span>), ''Woordenboek der Zeeuwse Dialecten''. Van Velzen, Krabbendieke, 1964, ¹⁰1998: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|WZD]] </noinclude> 2kqtmkjbf3kihver8iewpo3krvy907c 10 3178907 5502814 4866906 2022-07-22T08:11:53Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr. Frans Debrabandere (<span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="onder redactie van">red.</span>), ''Zeeuws etymologisch woordenboek. De herkomst van de Zeeuwse woorden''. Uutgeverie Atlas, Amsterdam/Antwerpen, 2007: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|ZEW]] </noinclude> 2ge52dr670n8k0sl935o0cw7rodq9nb 0 3187659 5502736 5120519 2022-07-22T06:59:53Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЦӀЭПАПЩӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ='mo:dɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -д + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #МобыкӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Дядэ, модэ плъэт мо къуажапщэм цӀыкӀуи ини зэрохь. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Ж. Б.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *модэ: there! Look there! Look over there! {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *модэ: вон, смотри, вон туда, вон там {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЧАСТИЦЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ='mo:dɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мод] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мэуэ, моуэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Модэ лӀыжьыр къэкӀуэжым дэ тщӀынщ абы и унафэр. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Пьесэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *модэ: here, so to speak, so to say, they say {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *модэ: вот, мол и т. п. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: мода < французыбзэ: mode < латиныбзэ: modus = къызэрапщ, къызэралъытэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmodɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мод] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мод}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Щыгъын е абыхэм я щӀыкӀэр къыхэхынымкӀэ зэман (лъэхъэнэ) хэхам къриубыдэу цӀыхухэм хабзэ яхуэхъу щытыкӀэ (хьэл). {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Модэм зегъэкӀун. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *модэ: fashion, vogue, style *Модэм зегъэкӀун: follow fashion {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *модэ: мода *Модэм зегъэкӀун: следить за модой {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] njwimfwhm1h01752ik4h3u2iwyzb8wh 0 3202728 5502861 4951263 2022-07-22T09:22:38Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 +[[Category:Wp/cnr]]; upd count on main page: only 13 of >670 pages categorised but not in root category ([[toolforge:quickcategories/batch/4771/|QuickCategories batch #4771]]) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:24The_SpongeBob_SquarePants_Mascots.jpg|thumb|Patrik Zvijezda i Sunđer Bob Kockalone, glavni likovi serije]] '''''Sunđer Bob Kockalone''''' (engleski: ''SpongeBob Squarepants'') je Američka animirana humoristična televizijska serija koju je stvorio Stiven Hilenburg, okeanograf i animator. Premijerno je bila prikazana na kanalu Nikelodion, dok se u [[Wp/cnr/Crna Gora|Crnoj Gori]] srpska sinhronizacija emitovala na kanalima O2 TV, Nikelodion i Niktuns. Serija prati [[Wp/cnr/Sunđer Bob Kockalone (lik)|istoimenog glavnog lika]] koji živi u ananasu na dnu mora u morskom gradu [[Wp/cnr/Koralovo|Koralovu]] i radu njegovom najpoznatijem restoranu, [[Wp/cnr/Keba Kraba|Kebi Krabi]] (ranije Krasti Krabi). Serija je peta najduža američka crtana serija, i jedna od najpoznatijih animiranih serija na svijetu, kao i Viacomova najpoznatija medijska franšiza s najvećom zaradom.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/22/theater/spongebob-squarepants-the-broadway-musical-nickelodeon.html</ref> == Reference == <references /> [[Category:Wp/cnr/Američke serije]] [[Category:Wp/cnr]] p8c77tceirhggj5zsn9l6f35yusnwhy 0 3216655 5502570 5149552 2022-07-21T19:41:53Z Steinbach 8 /* Uutspraek */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/zea/ulpe}} 't '''Middelnederlands''' is de fase van 't Nederlands in breje zin tussen zò'n bitje 1150 en 1500. 't Kom nae 't [[Wt/zea/'Ulpe:Oudnederlands|Oudnederlands]] en oor opgevolgd deu 't Vroegnieuwnederlands en ok deu Nieuw-Zeêuws. De groôste verschillen tussen 't Zeêuws en 't eigenlijke Nederlands bin in d'n tied nae 't Middelnederlands ontstae. Meêstentieds is 't Zeêuws daerbie conservatiever; 't is dus in vee diengen korter bie 't Middelnederlands gebleve as 't 'Ollands/Standaerdnederlands. Zòdoende is kennisse van 't Middelnederlands van groôt belank vò begrip van 't Zeêuws. Op Wiktionary vinde je verwieziengen nae 't Middelnederlands dikkels in etymologie-paragraofen. ==Wat-a je wete moete== Middelnederlands verdeêl z'n eige in Vroegmiddelnederlands (toet 1300) en Laetmiddelnederlands (nae 1300). De meêste teksten, zekers uut de noordelijke Nederlanden (dus ok uut Zeêland), bin uut die laeten tied. As 'n woord in 't Vroegmiddelnederlands 'n wezenlijk aore vurm ei (of 'ebbe kan), vermelde me dat. In 't Middelnederlands was t'r gin standaerdtaele. D'r bestonden alleêne dialecten. 'n Schriever schreef meêstentieds z'n eigen dialect op. Dat ei zò z'n gevolgen: 'n woord kan soms in vreêd vee vurmen vòkommen. Wè laege de dialecten toen nog minder ver uut mekaore as noe (ziet bove). Soms kopieerden 'n schriever 'n tekst uut 'n ander gebied. In zò'n geval bin de dialecten op schrift dikkels deumekaore gerocht. 't Middelnederlands ao vee meer vurmen as modern Nederlands of Zeêuws. Zò ao 't nog vier naemvaollen. In 't Zeêuws bin d'r vee staende uutdruksels mee naemvaollen; dat eit de taele an 't Middelnederlands overg'ouwe. ==Uutspraek== As doôie taele kan de uutspraek van 't Middelnederlands, en van z'n verschillende dialecten, nie toet in aolle kleinig'eden vastgesteld ore. Daerom oor de uutspraek in lemma's tussen schune streken (/.../) en nie tussen biebel'aeken ([...]) gezet. Bie 't woord ''melc'' 'oor dan de fonemische transcriptie /mɛlk/, awast kan 't best *[ˈmelek] of *[ˈmælɨk] gewist weze. Belangriek om te weten is: {| class=wikitable |- ! Regel !! width=250px | Vòbeeld |- | style="font-size:90%" | 'n ''ij'' oor uutgesproke as 'n langen /iː/. Ok de ''uu'' is nog naedrukkelijk lank. || ''tijt'' /tiːt/, ''huus'' /hyːs/ (''oôstelijk'' /huːs/) |- | style="font-size:90%" | Ok dubbel geschreve medeklienkers waere in 't Vroegmiddelnederlands dienkelijk nog lank. || ''wille'' /ˈwɪl(ː)ə/, ''acker'' /ɑk(ː)ər/ |- | style="font-size:90%" | De ''ie'' en ''oe'' bin tweêklanken. ''Oe'' wier waerschienlijk as /uə/ uutgesproke. || ''dier'' /diər/, ''goet'' /ɣuət/ |- | style="font-size:90%" | D'r waeren drie ''ae''s. De oudlangen ''ae'' en de verlengde ''ae'' viele in 'n andjevol dialecten a saemen, en a wè ze uut mekaore g'ouwe wiere, gebeurde dat nie overal eênder; butendien wete me dikkels nie of en 'oe dat gebeurde. Daerom geve me d'n oudlangen ''ae'' as /aː₁/, en de verlengden as /aː₂/. || ''maen'' /maː₁n/, ''wa(e)ter'' /ˈwaː₂tər/ |- | style="font-size:90%" | D'n derden ''ae'', die kom van 'n ouwe korte ''e'', schrieve me as /æː/. || ''paert'' /pæːrt/ |- | style="font-size:90%" | De zacht- en scherplangen ''ee'' en ''oo'' wiere waerschienlijk overal uut mekaore g'ouwe, awast was 't verschil soms vreêd klein. De zachtlange varianten schrieve me as /eː₁/ en /oː₁/, de scherplange as /eː₂/ en /oː₂/. || ''neghen'' /ˈneː₁ɣən/, ''eenich'' /ˈeː₂nɪx/<br />''comen'' /ˈkoː₁mən/, ''scone'' /ˈskoː₂nə/ |- | style="font-size:90%" | Op plekken daer-a noe 'n ''z'' staet, wier in 't Middelnederlands meêstentieds 'n ''s'' geschreven mae waerschienlijk wè 'n /z/ gezeid. || ''saet'' /zaː₁t/, ''lesen'' /leː₁zən/ |} Vedders bin d'n dialectverschillen daervò me nie zò makkelijk regels geve kunne: * In woorden als ''groen'' en ''soete'' is in de middelste en oôstelijke dialecten dikkels umlaut. Bie zukke schrievers moe je ''groen'' eêder as /ɣrøən/ leze. * D'n /ø/-klank kon as ''oe'' of ''ue'' geschreven ore; ''eu'' kom pas op 't ende in gebruuk. * Nèt zò kan de ''ue'' ok vò de /yː/ stae. ==Spellienge== 't Middelnederlands ao gin officiële spellienge, en de schriefwiezen kunne vreêd verschille. Me noeme nie altoos aolle meugelijke schriefwiezen op die 'n woord 'ebbe kon. In 't middeleêuwse schrift wiere ''i'' en ''j'' neffens ''u'' en ''v'' nie uutmekaore g'ouwe. Dat doeë me 'ier wè. Ok voege me somtied 'oôdletters toe. Vedders aodde middeleêuwse schrievers de neigienge ulder teksten aof te korten. Zukke ''abbreviaturen'' schrieve me 'ier uut. 'n Tilde (~) boven 'n letter is op Wiktionary gewoon 'n ''-n'' nae diezelfde letter. [[Category:Wt/zea/'Ulpe|Middelnederlands]] ehbno6kd76czupk5napb7d2s3412d6e 0 3216657 5502401 5499622 2022-07-21T14:44:46Z Ooswesthoesbes 1163 link is eweg gevalle wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/zea/ulpe}} 't '''Oudnederlands''' is d'eêste faose van 't Nederlands in breje zin, dus ok van 't Zeêuws. 't Begin bie de Groôte Volksver'uziengen (vuufde eêuwe) en loôpt zò'n bitje toet 1150. 't Oor ok wè '''Oudnederfrankisch''' genoemd. 't [[Wt/zea/'Ulpe:Middelnederlands|Middelnederlands]] kom t'rnae. ==Wat-a je wete moete== 't Oudnederlands wier vreêd weinig opgeschreve. Nederland en Belgen waere in dien tied vreêd dun bevolkt, d'r konde mae weinig mènsen leze en as t'r toch wat geschreve wier, gebeurde dat meêstentieds in 't Latijn. D'r bin mae tweê langere bronnen in, de Wachtendonckse Psalmen en de Leidse Williram (ok wè Egmondse Williram), en aollebei bin ze problemaotisch omdan ze op Duutse leiers vrommegae. Vedders moe me 't doeë mee korte fragmenten (dikkels net zò problemaotisch) en glossen - losse woorden - in Latijnse teksten. Ku je begriepe da je 'ier op Wiktionary nogal is 'n gereconstrueerde vurm ziet. Zò'n vurm oor mee 'n starretje angegeve, bievobbeeld ''*gruon'' (Oudnederlands vò [[Wt/zea/groen|groen]]). D'r waeren a dialectverschillen, mae die waere nog nie zò vreêd groôt. Alleêne 't Limburgs begin z'n eige 'oe langer 'oe meêr al af te teêkenen. In 'Olland en Zeêland wier an 't begin nog glad gin Frankisch geklapt, alleêne {{Wt/zea/ofr}}; pas naedan de Franken de Friezen onder de voete liepen, begon 't Oudnederlands z'n eige 'ier langzaem te verspreien. ==Spellienge== 't Oudnederlands wier intuïtief gespeld mee 'n spellienge die dienken doet an 't 'Oôgduuts uut d'nzelfden tied. Verschillen tussen lange en korte klienkers wiere nie opgeschreve. In lemmateksten geve me die an mee 'n macron ('n streekje bove de letter); in artikelnaemen doeë me da nie. 't Woord ''hus'' 'ʼuus' moe (in de toekomst) te vinden weze onder ''[[Wt/zea/hus|hus]]'', mae in lemmateksten (bevobbeeld [[Wt/zea/'uus|'ier]]) as ulpe ''hūs''. (D' uutspraek is trouwens 'hoe:s'). Dikkels draeg de spellienge de sporen van 'n Duuts orgineel. Dat is voraol in de Williram zò. De schriever schrief bevobbeeld ''sezzon'' 'zette' as t'n overdujelijk ''setton'' bedoelt (dit leste wete me uut wetenschappelijk onderzoek). In zukke gevallen oor de spellienge geïdealiseerd en gae je op Wiktionary gewoon ''setton'' vinde. [[Category:Wt/zea]] [[Category:Wt/zea/'Ulpe|Oudnederlands]] iezsxmwhq824d6vxylffnrn4otqcxkk 10 3218848 5502818 5034380 2022-07-22T08:13:09Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Nicoline van der Sijs (2010, saemenstellienge), [{{{1}}} Etymologiebank] <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|ETY]] </noinclude> 4n5i8f99fzkhmxbs5kw5oevfnq5fhho 10 3218849 5502812 5034011 2022-07-22T08:11:20Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Nicoline van der Sijs (2015, saemenstellienge), [{{{1}}} Uitleenwoordenbank] bie 't trefwoôrd '{{{2}}}' <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|UWB]] </noinclude> q617sbqcg5msix9fr9awrm54drnjepn 10 3220032 5502810 5041481 2022-07-22T08:10:47Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki [{{{1}}} Oudnederlands Woordenboek online] <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|ONW]] </noinclude> dkh9pll65eb05l0dy679nvcb2s64srj 0 3255806 5502448 5502167 2022-07-21T16:43:00Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Laksminath Bezbaruah.jpg|thumb|লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ]] '''[[:as:লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Lakshminath Bezbaroa}} (১৮৬৪-১৯৩৮) আধুনিক অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ এজন পথ-প্ৰদৰ্শক। কবিতা, নাটক, গল্প, উপন্যাস, প্ৰবন্ধ, ৰম্যৰচনা, সমালোচনা, প্ৰহসন, জীৱনী, আত্মজীৱনী, শিশুসাহিত্য, ইতিহাস অধ্যয়ন, সাংবাদিকতা আদি সকলো দিশতে বেজবৰুৱাৰ অৱদান অমূল্য। কৃপাবৰ বৰুৱা ছদ্মনামত বেজবৰুৱাই "কৃপাবৰী ৰচনা" সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি কৰি এজন সমাজ সংস্কাৰক হিচাপেও চিনাকি দিছে। ১৯০৯ চনত তেওঁ 'বাঁহী' আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ আৰু সম্পাদনা কৰিছিল৷ অসমৰ জাতীয় সংগীত 'অ' মোৰ আপোনাৰ দেশ' লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰাই ৰচিত৷ অসমীয়া সাহিত্য আৰু বৌদ্ধিক জগতত 'ৰসৰাজ' আৰু 'সাহিত্যৰথী' হিচাপে খ্যাত বেজবৰুৱাই ১৯২৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিৰ আসনো অলংকৃত কৰিছিল৷ প্ৰথমটো অসমীয়া চুটি গল্প লিখা সাহিত্যিক হিচাপেও লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা জনাজাত৷ ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # ঢেঁকীটোৰ এমূৰে তুমি উঠি আছা, সিমূৰে তোমাৰ মাতৃভূমি। তুমি ওপৰলৈ উঠিলে মাতৃভূমি তললৈ যাব। মাতৃভূমিক ওপৰলৈ তুলিব খুজিছা যদি তুমি তোমাক সৰুটি কৰি তললৈ নিয়া।<ref name="enajori">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220121100857/https://enajori.com/ এনাজৰী ডট কম]</ref> # লোকৰ কথা মন দি শুনিবা, ভাল কিতাপখন মন দি পঢ়িবা আৰু তাৰ অসাৰুৱা ভাগ বাদ দি সাৰুৱা ভাগ জুকিয়াই থ’বা৷ # চৰিত্ৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ ভেটি। এই ভেটিটো দৃঢ় হ'ব লাগে, নতুবা জীৱনৰ বৃহৎ অট্টালিকাটো সংসাৰৰ হেঁচাত পৰি চূৰ-মাৰ হৈ যাব।<ref>[[:wikisource:as:বাখৰ|বাখৰ, পৃষ্ঠা ৭]]</ref> # পাচি সজা, কামী চাঁছা সন্মানৰ কাম, নীচ মাথোঁ এলেহুৱা।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211002032736/https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/01102021/page6.php নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা, ১ অক্টোবৰ, ২০২১]</ref> # স্বদেশ আৰু স্বজাতিৰ উন্নতি আৰু মঙ্গল মন্দিৰৰ সিংহদুৱাৰ হৈছে মাতৃভাষা৷<ref name="exo ekuri">এশ একুৰি সাহিত্যিকৰ জীৱনী, উমেশ চেতিয়া</ref><ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/editorial-asomiya-pratidin-21th-feb/ | title=আইৰ মুখৰ ভাষা | date=২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৯ | agency=অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন | accessdate=২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২২}}</ref> # অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ উন্নতি, অসমৰ উন্নতিৰ প্ৰথম ঢাপ৷<ref name="exo ekuri"/> # আমাৰতো দৃঢ় বিশ্বাস যে আসামত অসমীয়া আৰু বঙ্গালীৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰচলিত অসদ্ভাৱৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ বঙ্গালীসকলৰ অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ প্ৰতি চিৰপোষিত বিদ্বেষ ভাব৷<ref>বাঁহী, প্ৰথম বছৰ, ১০ম সংখ্যা</ref> # [[Wq/as/অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া ভাষা]] পুৰণি ভাষা৷ ই প্ৰাচীন কালতো আছিল, সেই কালৰে পৰা আজিলৈকে উন্নতি অৱনতিৰ চাকনৈয়াত ঘূৰি ঘূৰি ই চলি আহিব লাগিছে; আৰু চলি থাকিব৷<ref>অসমীয়া ভাষা, জোনাকী, পঞ্চম ভাগ</ref> # অসমৰ পৰা আমি সৰি নপৰিলে বা অসম আমাৰ পৰা সৰি নপৰিলে অৰ্থাৎ অসমৰ পৰা আমি বিদেশলৈ ওলাই নাহিলে, অসম, অসমীয়া আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ আমি ভালকৈ মোল বুজিব নোৱাৰোঁ। প্ৰণয়ৰ সোৱাদ বুজিবলৈ যেনেকৈ বিচ্ছেদ লাগে – অসম, অসমীয়া আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ সোৱাদ বুজিবলৈ তেনেকৈ আমাৰ সেইবিলাকৰ পৰা কিছুকাল স্থায়ী বিচ্ছেদৰ আৱশ্যক। # ছাতৰসকলৰ সভাত এটি কমবয়সীয়া ল’ৰাই (শিশু বুলিলেই হয়) হাৰ্মনিয়ামৰ সহায়ত সুন্দৰকৈ এটি গান গাইছিল৷ মই মুগ্ধ হৈ আসনৰ পৰা উঠি সভাতে ল’ৰাটিৰ গালত এটি চুমা খালোঁগৈ৷ তাহানি কলিকতাত “মাষ্টাৰ মদন’’ বোলা তেনেকুৱা গান গোৱা ল’ৰা এটিৰ গান শুনিছিলোঁ৷ আজি অসমীয়া “মাষ্টাৰ মদন’’ক দেখি বৰ সন্তোষ পালোঁ৷ (ভূপেন হাজৰিকা সম্পৰ্কে কোৱা কথা)৷<ref>ভূপেন হাজৰিকাৰ গীত আৰু জীৱন ৰথ, ড° দিলীপ দত্ত, পৃ, নং, ২৩</ref> # প্ৰতিমাখন সৰু কিন্তু নিভাঁজ সোণৰ।<ref name=" ৰচনাৱলী">{{Wq/as/Cite book | title=বেজবৰুৱা ৰচনাৱলী ষষ্ঠ খণ্ড | publisher=বনলতা | author=নগেন শইকীয়া সম্পাদিত | authorlink=বেজবৰুৱাৰ পুথি সমালোচনা | year=২০১০ | location=ডিব্ৰুগড় | pages=১৭৪ | isbn=৯৭৮-৮১-৭৩৩৯-৪৯১-১}}</ref> (চন্দ্ৰকুমাৰ আগৰৱালাৰ 'প্ৰতিমা' কবিতা পুথি সম্পর্কে দিয়া মন্তব্য) # কোনো এটা জাতিক ডাঙৰ কৰিব লাগিলে কিছুমান সজুলিৰ আৱশ্যক৷ জাতীয় ”ডাঙৰতালৈ” সেই সজুলিবিলাক নহলে নহয়৷ কোনো বাঢ়ৈয়ে চাছ, হাতুৰি, ৰেন্দা, বটালি প্ৰভৃতি নহলে কোনো বৰপেৰা সাজিব নোৱাৰে৷ জাতীয় বৰপেৰা সাজিবলৈকো তেজৰ চাছ, বলৰ বটালি, সহিষ্ণুতাৰ ৰেন্দা, একতাৰ গজাল, স্থিৰতাৰ কৰত, গাম্ভীৰ্য্যৰ হাতুৰি, বাহ্যাড়ম্বৰৰ পাক-ভোঁহৰ, ধৰ্মনিষ্ঠাৰ খিলি, সদাচাৰৰ গৰ্ভ-গজাল লাগে৷ অসমীয়াৰ জাতীয় বৰপেৰা সাজিবলৈ এইবিলাক পূৰাপূৰ আছে৷ তেন্তে নো অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰ জাতি নহব কিয় হেঁ ককাই কোৱাঁ? অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰীয়া-জাতি!<ref name="অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰ জাতি">{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://as.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF | title=অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰ জাতি | accessdate=13 জুলাই 2022 | author=লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা}}</ref> # চৰিত্র মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰত উজ্জ্বল অথচ মিঠা বন্তি হৈছে আনন্দ৷ আনন্দই শৰীৰ মন আনন্দিত কৰি সুমধুৰ কৰি ৰাখে। মনত বেজাৰ লাগিলেও মুখেৰে আনন্দ কৰিবা। তেনেকৈ আনন্দৰ কথা কৈ থাকোঁতে আৰু লোকে কোৱা আনন্দৰ কথা শুনি থাকোঁতে তোমাৰ নিৰানন্দক আনন্দই লাহে লাহে জয় কৰি ভিতৰৰ পৰা উলিয়াই খেদি দিব। ==বেজবৰুৱাৰ মৃত্যুত বিভিন্নজনৰ মন্তব্য== * ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ প্ৰত্যেক প্ৰদেশত তেওঁলোকৰ নিজৰ ভাষাৰ পূৰ্ণ ঐশ্বৰ্য্য উদ্ভাৱিত হ’লে তেতিয়াহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অৰ্ঘৰ দান-প্ৰতিদান সাৰ্থক হ’ব পাৰিব আৰু সেই উপলক্ষেই শ্ৰদ্ধা সমন্বিত ঐক্যৰ সেতু প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হ’ব। জীৱনত লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰ এই সাধনা অতন্দ্ৰিয় আছিল। ** [[Wq/as/ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ|ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]]<ref name="jatindra">সাহিত্যৰথী লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা, যতীন্দ্ৰ নাথ গোস্বামী, জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন, পানবজাৰ, গুৱাহাটী, ১৯৯২ চন </ref> * ...বস্তুতঃ পক্ষে তেওঁৰ ৰচনাত বঙ্গ, উৰিষ্যা আৰু অসমৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিচয় পোৱা যায়। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ যি ক্ষতি হ’ল তাক পূৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি। আমি তেওঁৰ পৰিজনবৰ্গৰ শোকত সমবেদনা জনাইছোঁ। ** আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা<ref name="jatindra"/> * অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ ভাণ্ডাৰত বেজবৰুৱা মহাশয়ৰ দান অতুলনীয়। তেওঁৰ লেখা গল্প, উপন্যাস, নাটক, আৰু জীৱন চৰিতে অসমীয়া সাহিত্যক সমৃদ্ধি দান কৰি বিদেশত তেওঁৰ যশ প্ৰভাৱ বিকীৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। এই সূত্ৰে বাংলাৰ সৈতেও তেওঁৰ অন্তৰৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। তেওঁ ব্যৱসায় সূত্ৰে সম্বলপুৰত স্থায়ীভাবে বাস কৰিছিল। সেই সূত্ৰে উৰিষ্যাৰ সৈতেও তেওঁৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। ** দেশ পত্ৰিকা, ৫ম বছৰ, ২০তম সংখ্যা<ref name="jatindra"/> * এজন প্ৰকৃত বন্ধু এজন মহান আত্মা বেজবৰুৱাৰ মৃত্যুত গভীৰ শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিছো। ** এসময়ৰ সম্বলপুৰৰ ডেপুটী কমিচনাৰ মিঃ সেনাপতিৰ পুৰুলিয়াৰ পৰা তাঁৰবাৰ্তা।<ref name="jatindra"/><br/><small>(Deeply mourn death of Bezbaroah a true friend a great soul.)</small> ==উত্‍স== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া শিশু সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া ঔপন্যাসিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া নাট্যকাৰ]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতি]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 36rk845fhgwvydukohdkfof6ec7uzpz 5502450 5502448 2022-07-21T16:44:16Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Laksminath Bezbaruah.jpg|thumb|লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ]] '''[[:as:লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা|লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা]]''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Lakshminath Bezbaroa}} (১৮৬৪-১৯৩৮) আধুনিক অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ এজন পথ-প্ৰদৰ্শক। কবিতা, নাটক, গল্প, উপন্যাস, প্ৰবন্ধ, ৰম্যৰচনা, সমালোচনা, প্ৰহসন, জীৱনী, আত্মজীৱনী, শিশুসাহিত্য, ইতিহাস অধ্যয়ন, সাংবাদিকতা আদি সকলো দিশতে বেজবৰুৱাৰ অৱদান অমূল্য। কৃপাবৰ বৰুৱা ছদ্মনামত বেজবৰুৱাই "কৃপাবৰী ৰচনা" সাহিত্য সৃষ্টি কৰি এজন সমাজ সংস্কাৰক হিচাপেও চিনাকি দিছে। ১৯০৯ চনত তেওঁ 'বাঁহী' আলোচনী প্ৰকাশ আৰু সম্পাদনা কৰিছিল৷ অসমৰ জাতীয় সংগীত 'অ' মোৰ আপোনাৰ দেশ' লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰদ্বাৰাই ৰচিত৷ অসমীয়া সাহিত্য আৰু বৌদ্ধিক জগতত 'ৰসৰাজ' আৰু 'সাহিত্যৰথী' হিচাপে খ্যাত বেজবৰুৱাই ১৯২৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতিৰ আসনো অলংকৃত কৰিছিল৷ প্ৰথমটো অসমীয়া চুটি গল্প লিখা সাহিত্যিক হিচাপেও লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা জনাজাত৷ ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # ঢেঁকীটোৰ এমূৰে তুমি উঠি আছা, সিমূৰে তোমাৰ মাতৃভূমি। তুমি ওপৰলৈ উঠিলে মাতৃভূমি তললৈ যাব। মাতৃভূমিক ওপৰলৈ তুলিব খুজিছা যদি তুমি তোমাক সৰুটি কৰি তললৈ নিয়া।<ref name="enajori">[https://web.archive.org/web/20220121100857/https://enajori.com/ এনাজৰী ডট কম]</ref> # লোকৰ কথা মন দি শুনিবা, ভাল কিতাপখন মন দি পঢ়িবা আৰু তাৰ অসাৰুৱা ভাগ বাদ দি সাৰুৱা ভাগ জুকিয়াই থ’বা৷ # চৰিত্ৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ ভেটি। এই ভেটিটো দৃঢ় হ'ব লাগে, নতুবা জীৱনৰ বৃহৎ অট্টালিকাটো সংসাৰৰ হেঁচাত পৰি চূৰ-মাৰ হৈ যাব।<ref>[[:wikisource:as:বাখৰ|বাখৰ, পৃষ্ঠা ৭]]</ref> # পাচি সজা, কামী চাঁছা সন্মানৰ কাম, নীচ মাথোঁ এলেহুৱা।<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20211002032736/https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/01102021/page6.php নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা, ১ অক্টোবৰ, ২০২১]</ref> # স্বদেশ আৰু স্বজাতিৰ উন্নতি আৰু মঙ্গল মন্দিৰৰ সিংহদুৱাৰ হৈছে মাতৃভাষা৷<ref name="exo ekuri">এশ একুৰি সাহিত্যিকৰ জীৱনী, উমেশ চেতিয়া</ref><ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.asomiyapratidin.in/editorial-asomiya-pratidin-21th-feb/ | title=আইৰ মুখৰ ভাষা | date=২১ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০১৯ | agency=অসমীয়া প্ৰতিদিন | accessdate=২০ ফেব্ৰুৱাৰী ২০২২}}</ref> # অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ উন্নতি, অসমৰ উন্নতিৰ প্ৰথম ঢাপ৷<ref name="exo ekuri"/> # আমাৰতো দৃঢ় বিশ্বাস যে আসামত অসমীয়া আৰু বঙ্গালীৰ ভিতৰত প্ৰচলিত অসদ্ভাৱৰ এটা প্ৰধান কাৰণ বঙ্গালীসকলৰ অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ প্ৰতি চিৰপোষিত বিদ্বেষ ভাব৷<ref>বাঁহী, প্ৰথম বছৰ, ১০ম সংখ্যা</ref> # [[Wq/as/অসমীয়া ভাষা|অসমীয়া ভাষা]] পুৰণি ভাষা৷ ই প্ৰাচীন কালতো আছিল, সেই কালৰে পৰা আজিলৈকে উন্নতি অৱনতিৰ চাকনৈয়াত ঘূৰি ঘূৰি ই চলি আহিব লাগিছে; আৰু চলি থাকিব৷<ref>অসমীয়া ভাষা, জোনাকী, পঞ্চম ভাগ</ref> # অসমৰ পৰা আমি সৰি নপৰিলে বা অসম আমাৰ পৰা সৰি নপৰিলে অৰ্থাৎ অসমৰ পৰা আমি বিদেশলৈ ওলাই নাহিলে, অসম, অসমীয়া আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ আমি ভালকৈ মোল বুজিব নোৱাৰোঁ। প্ৰণয়ৰ সোৱাদ বুজিবলৈ যেনেকৈ বিচ্ছেদ লাগে – অসম, অসমীয়া আৰু অসমীয়া ভাষাৰ সোৱাদ বুজিবলৈ তেনেকৈ আমাৰ সেইবিলাকৰ পৰা কিছুকাল স্থায়ী বিচ্ছেদৰ আৱশ্যক। # ছাতৰসকলৰ সভাত এটি কমবয়সীয়া ল’ৰাই (শিশু বুলিলেই হয়) হাৰ্মনিয়ামৰ সহায়ত সুন্দৰকৈ এটি গান গাইছিল৷ মই মুগ্ধ হৈ আসনৰ পৰা উঠি সভাতে ল’ৰাটিৰ গালত এটি চুমা খালোঁগৈ৷ তাহানি কলিকতাত “মাষ্টাৰ মদন’’ বোলা তেনেকুৱা গান গোৱা ল’ৰা এটিৰ গান শুনিছিলোঁ৷ আজি অসমীয়া “মাষ্টাৰ মদন’’ক দেখি বৰ সন্তোষ পালোঁ৷ (ভূপেন হাজৰিকা সম্পৰ্কে কোৱা কথা)৷<ref>ভূপেন হাজৰিকাৰ গীত আৰু জীৱন ৰথ, ড° দিলীপ দত্ত, পৃ, নং, ২৩</ref> # প্ৰতিমাখন সৰু কিন্তু নিভাঁজ সোণৰ।<ref name=" ৰচনাৱলী">{{Wq/as/Cite book | title=বেজবৰুৱা ৰচনাৱলী ষষ্ঠ খণ্ড | publisher=বনলতা | author=নগেন শইকীয়া সম্পাদিত | authorlink=বেজবৰুৱাৰ পুথি সমালোচনা | year=২০১০ | location=ডিব্ৰুগড় | pages=১৭৪ | isbn=৯৭৮-৮১-৭৩৩৯-৪৯১-১}}</ref> (চন্দ্ৰকুমাৰ আগৰৱালাৰ 'প্ৰতিমা' কবিতা পুথি সম্পর্কে দিয়া মন্তব্য) # কোনো এটা জাতিক ডাঙৰ কৰিব লাগিলে কিছুমান সজুলিৰ আৱশ্যক৷ জাতীয় ”ডাঙৰতালৈ” সেই সজুলিবিলাক নহলে নহয়৷ কোনো বাঢ়ৈয়ে চাছ, হাতুৰি, ৰেন্দা, বটালি প্ৰভৃতি নহলে কোনো বৰপেৰা সাজিব নোৱাৰে৷ জাতীয় বৰপেৰা সাজিবলৈকো তেজৰ চাছ, বলৰ বটালি, সহিষ্ণুতাৰ ৰেন্দা, একতাৰ গজাল, স্থিৰতাৰ কৰত, গাম্ভীৰ্য্যৰ হাতুৰি, বাহ্যাড়ম্বৰৰ পাক-ভোঁহৰ, ধৰ্মনিষ্ঠাৰ খিলি, সদাচাৰৰ গৰ্ভ-গজাল লাগে৷ অসমীয়াৰ জাতীয় বৰপেৰা সাজিবলৈ এইবিলাক পূৰাপূৰ আছে৷ তেন্তে নো অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰ জাতি নহব কিয় হেঁ ককাই কোৱাঁ? অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰীয়া-জাতি!<ref name="অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰ জাতি">{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://as.wikisource.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF_%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%99%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF | title=অসমীয়া জাতি ডাঙৰ জাতি | accessdate=13 জুলাই 2022 | author=লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা}}</ref> # চৰিত্র মন্দিৰৰ ভিতৰত উজ্জ্বল অথচ মিঠা বন্তি হৈছে আনন্দ৷ আনন্দই শৰীৰ মন আনন্দিত কৰি সুমধুৰ কৰি ৰাখে। মনত বেজাৰ লাগিলেও মুখেৰে আনন্দ কৰিবা। তেনেকৈ আনন্দৰ কথা কৈ থাকোঁতে আৰু লোকে কোৱা আনন্দৰ কথা শুনি থাকোঁতে তোমাৰ নিৰানন্দক আনন্দই লাহে লাহে জয় কৰি ভিতৰৰ পৰা উলিয়াই খেদি দিব।<ref name="uddhriti">{{Wq/as/Cite book|title=উদ্ধৃতি |author=শ্ৰীদূৰ্গাশঙ্কৰ দেৱ শৰ্ম্মা |year=১৯৮৮ |publisher=ওৰিয়েণ্টেল বুক কোম্পানী }}</ref> ==বেজবৰুৱাৰ মৃত্যুত বিভিন্নজনৰ মন্তব্য== * ভাৰতবৰ্ষৰ প্ৰত্যেক প্ৰদেশত তেওঁলোকৰ নিজৰ ভাষাৰ পূৰ্ণ ঐশ্বৰ্য্য উদ্ভাৱিত হ’লে তেতিয়াহে পৰস্পৰৰ মাজত নিজৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ অৰ্ঘৰ দান-প্ৰতিদান সাৰ্থক হ’ব পাৰিব আৰু সেই উপলক্ষেই শ্ৰদ্ধা সমন্বিত ঐক্যৰ সেতু প্ৰতিষ্ঠিত হ’ব। জীৱনত লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱাৰ এই সাধনা অতন্দ্ৰিয় আছিল। ** [[Wq/as/ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ|ৰবীন্দ্ৰনাথ ঠাকুৰ]]<ref name="jatindra">সাহিত্যৰথী লক্ষ্মীনাথ বেজবৰুৱা, যতীন্দ্ৰ নাথ গোস্বামী, জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন, পানবজাৰ, গুৱাহাটী, ১৯৯২ চন </ref> * ...বস্তুতঃ পক্ষে তেওঁৰ ৰচনাত বঙ্গ, উৰিষ্যা আৰু অসমৰ শ্ৰেষ্ঠ সাংস্কৃতিক পৰিচয় পোৱা যায়। তেওঁৰ মৃত্যুত অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ যি ক্ষতি হ’ল তাক পূৰণ কৰিব নোৱাৰি। আমি তেওঁৰ পৰিজনবৰ্গৰ শোকত সমবেদনা জনাইছোঁ। ** আনন্দবাজাৰ পত্ৰিকা<ref name="jatindra"/> * অসমীয়া সাহিত্যৰ ভাণ্ডাৰত বেজবৰুৱা মহাশয়ৰ দান অতুলনীয়। তেওঁৰ লেখা গল্প, উপন্যাস, নাটক, আৰু জীৱন চৰিতে অসমীয়া সাহিত্যক সমৃদ্ধি দান কৰি বিদেশত তেওঁৰ যশ প্ৰভাৱ বিকীৰ্ণ কৰিছিল। এই সূত্ৰে বাংলাৰ সৈতেও তেওঁৰ অন্তৰৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। তেওঁ ব্যৱসায় সূত্ৰে সম্বলপুৰত স্থায়ীভাবে বাস কৰিছিল। সেই সূত্ৰে উৰিষ্যাৰ সৈতেও তেওঁৰ সম্পৰ্ক আছিল। ** দেশ পত্ৰিকা, ৫ম বছৰ, ২০তম সংখ্যা<ref name="jatindra"/> * এজন প্ৰকৃত বন্ধু এজন মহান আত্মা বেজবৰুৱাৰ মৃত্যুত গভীৰ শোক প্ৰকাশ কৰিছো। ** এসময়ৰ সম্বলপুৰৰ ডেপুটী কমিচনাৰ মিঃ সেনাপতিৰ পুৰুলিয়াৰ পৰা তাঁৰবাৰ্তা।<ref name="jatindra"/><br/><small>(Deeply mourn death of Bezbaroah a true friend a great soul.)</small> ==উত্‍স== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া শিশু সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া ঔপন্যাসিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া নাট্যকাৰ]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সভাপতি]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] f29kq6y6313fmppnndhzmf6dvxa3bsz 10 3255835 5502430 5374373 2022-07-21T16:07:45Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> ব্যক্তি</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তিসকল|পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি]] <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> গ্ৰন্থ</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ|অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ|ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ]] <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> চলচ্চিত্ৰ</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ|অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ|হিন্দী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ|ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] <noinclude>[[Category:Wq/as]][[Category:Wq/as/বেটুপাতৰ সাঁচ]]</noinclude> o1m7g0m7hdqzkpvf1j8kos73rgjnab4 5502431 5502430 2022-07-21T16:08:53Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> ব্যক্তি</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তিসকল|পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি]] <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> গ্ৰন্থ</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ|অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ|ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ]] <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> চলচ্চিত্ৰ</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ|অসমীয়া চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ|ইংৰাজী চলচ্চিত্ৰ]] <noinclude>[[Category:Wq/as]][[Category:Wq/as/বেটুপাতৰ সাঁচ]]</noinclude> qi0k5249s8mpwc5tgffxa757vuuizes 5502432 5502431 2022-07-21T16:09:52Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> ব্যক্তি</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি|ৰাষ্ট্ৰীয়তা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তিসকল|পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তি]] <div style="font-size: medium;" align="left"> গ্ৰন্থ</div> * [[:Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ|অসমীয়া গ্ৰন্থ]] * [[:Category:Wq/as/ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ|ইংৰাজী গ্ৰন্থ]]<noinclude>[[Category:Wq/as]][[Category:Wq/as/বেটুপাতৰ সাঁচ]]</noinclude> cc9i5i27r4koottdnzyhj5ag7k38375 0 3255934 5502452 5364006 2022-07-21T16:48:21Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CHANDOS3.jpg|thumb|160px|উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি]] [[:as:উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ|উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ]] (২৬ এপ্ৰিল ১৫৬৪ – ২৩ এপ্ৰিল ১৬১৬) আছিল এক ইংৰাজ কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ যাক ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখক আৰু বিশ্বৰ এজন শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নাট্যকাৰ হিচাপে আখ্যা দিয়া হয়। তেওঁক প্ৰায়ে ইংলেণ্ডৰ জাতীয় কবি আৰু "এভনৰ চাৰণকবি" বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য সম্ভাৰে ৩৮ খন নাটক, ১৫৪ টা চনেট, দুটা আখ্যানমূলক কবিতা, জন কম্ব আৰু এলিয়াছ জেমছ নামৰ মানুহ দুজনৰ কবৰৰ সমাধিবাণী (এপিটাফ) আৰু আন বহুতো কবিতাৰ এক বহুল পৰিসৰ সামৰি লয়। তেওঁৰ নাটক সমূহ পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো সভ্য জীৱিত ভাষালৈ অনূদিত হৈছে আৰু আন কোনো নাট্যকাৰতকৈ অধিকবাৰ মঞ্চস্থ হৈছে। == উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ == # সকলো উজ্জ্বল বস্তুই সোণ নহয়; প্ৰকৃত সত্যই জীৱনৰ উন্নতিৰ মূল৷ # ভুলকৈ জনাতকৈ একো নজনাই ভাল। # পাহাৰ বগাবলৈ হ'লে প্ৰথমে লাহে লাহে গতি কৰিব লাগিব। # সাফল্যক যদিহে আমি এটি উজ্জ্বল বহুৰঙী ফুল বুলি ধৰি লওঁ, তেন্তে তাৰ উৎস পৰিবহনহে যাৰ অবিহনে সেই ফুল কেতিয়াও ফুলি নুঠে। # সাধুতাৰ সমান ঐশ্বৰ্যশালী সম্পত্তি একো নাই। # অতি দুখীয়া মানুহৰ বাবে আশাই ঔষধ। # ডাঙৰ আৰু যথেষ্টসৎখ্যক ভুলৰ মাজেদি নহাকৈ কোনো এজন মানুহেই মহান তথা সফল হ’ব নোৱাৰে৷ == উত্‍স == {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as]] efys1yc3erlj0sdjig5iw7pwrdi58k9 5502458 5502452 2022-07-21T16:57:49Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CHANDOS3.jpg|thumb|160px|উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি]] [[:as:উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ|উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ]] (২৬ এপ্ৰিল ১৫৬৪ – ২৩ এপ্ৰিল ১৬১৬) আছিল এক ইংৰাজ কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ যাক ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখক আৰু বিশ্বৰ এজন শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নাট্যকাৰ হিচাপে আখ্যা দিয়া হয়। তেওঁক প্ৰায়ে ইংলেণ্ডৰ জাতীয় কবি আৰু "এভনৰ চাৰণকবি" বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য সম্ভাৰে ৩৮ খন নাটক, ১৫৪ টা চনেট, দুটা আখ্যানমূলক কবিতা, জন কম্ব আৰু এলিয়াছ জেমছ নামৰ মানুহ দুজনৰ কবৰৰ সমাধিবাণী (এপিটাফ) আৰু আন বহুতো কবিতাৰ এক বহুল পৰিসৰ সামৰি লয়। তেওঁৰ নাটক সমূহ পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো সভ্য জীৱিত ভাষালৈ অনূদিত হৈছে আৰু আন কোনো নাট্যকাৰতকৈ অধিকবাৰ মঞ্চস্থ হৈছে। == উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ == # সকলো উজ্জ্বল বস্তুই সোণ নহয়; প্ৰকৃত সত্যই জীৱনৰ উন্নতিৰ মূল। # ভুলকৈ জনাতকৈ একো নজনাই ভাল। # পাহাৰ বগাবলৈ হ'লে প্ৰথমে লাহে লাহে গতি কৰিব লাগিব। # সাফল্যক যদিহে আমি এটি উজ্জ্বল বহুৰঙী ফুল বুলি ধৰি লওঁ, তেন্তে তাৰ উৎস পৰিবহণহে যাৰ অবিহনে সেই ফুল কেতিয়াও ফুলি নুঠে। # সাধুতাৰ সমান ঐশ্বৰ্যশালী সম্পত্তি একো নাই। # অতি দুখীয়া মানুহৰ বাবে আশাই ঔষধ। # ডাঙৰ আৰু যথেষ্টসৎখ্যক ভুলৰ মাজেদি নহাকৈ কোনো এজন মানুহেই মহান তথা সফল হ’ব নোৱাৰে। # পৃথিৱীত মই নিজৰ বাহিৰে আন কাকো সমালোচনা বা ভৰ্ৎসনা কৰিব নোখোজোঁ; কাৰণ মই নিজৰ দোষবোৰ যিমান ভালকৈ জানো, আন কাৰো দোষ সিমান ভালকৈ নাজানো। == উত্‍স == {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as]] af1w5v67hzqdd81r1ugblgs9i7lewq8 5502461 5502458 2022-07-21T16:59:45Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:CHANDOS3.jpg|thumb|160px|উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰৰ প্ৰতিকৃতি]] [[:as:উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ|উইলিয়াম শ্বেইকছপীয়েৰ]] (২৬ এপ্ৰিল ১৫৬৪ – ২৩ এপ্ৰিল ১৬১৬) আছিল এক ইংৰাজ কবি আৰু নাট্যকাৰ যাক ইংৰাজী ভাষাৰ সৰ্বশ্ৰেষ্ঠ লেখক আৰু বিশ্বৰ এজন শ্ৰেষ্ঠ নাট্যকাৰ হিচাপে আখ্যা দিয়া হয়। তেওঁক প্ৰায়ে ইংলেণ্ডৰ জাতীয় কবি আৰু "এভনৰ চাৰণকবি" বুলি উল্লেখ কৰা হয়। তেওঁৰ সাহিত্য সম্ভাৰে ৩৮ খন নাটক, ১৫৪ টা চনেট, দুটা আখ্যানমূলক কবিতা, জন কম্ব আৰু এলিয়াছ জেমছ নামৰ মানুহ দুজনৰ কবৰৰ সমাধিবাণী (এপিটাফ) আৰু আন বহুতো কবিতাৰ এক বহুল পৰিসৰ সামৰি লয়। তেওঁৰ নাটক সমূহ পৃথিৱীৰ প্ৰায় প্ৰতিটো সভ্য জীৱিত ভাষালৈ অনূদিত হৈছে আৰু আন কোনো নাট্যকাৰতকৈ অধিকবাৰ মঞ্চস্থ হৈছে। == উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ == # সকলো উজ্জ্বল বস্তুই সোণ নহয়; প্ৰকৃত সত্যই জীৱনৰ উন্নতিৰ মূল। # ভুলকৈ জনাতকৈ একো নজনাই ভাল। # পাহাৰ বগাবলৈ হ'লে প্ৰথমে লাহে লাহে গতি কৰিব লাগিব। # সাফল্যক যদিহে আমি এটি উজ্জ্বল বহুৰঙী ফুল বুলি ধৰি লওঁ, তেন্তে তাৰ উৎস পৰিবহণহে যাৰ অবিহনে সেই ফুল কেতিয়াও ফুলি নুঠে। # সাধুতাৰ সমান ঐশ্বৰ্যশালী সম্পত্তি একো নাই। # অতি দুখীয়া মানুহৰ বাবে আশাই ঔষধ। # ডাঙৰ আৰু যথেষ্টসৎখ্যক ভুলৰ মাজেদি নহাকৈ কোনো এজন মানুহেই মহান তথা সফল হ’ব নোৱাৰে। # পৃথিৱীত মই নিজৰ বাহিৰে আন কাকো সমালোচনা বা ভৰ্ৎসনা কৰিব নোখোজোঁ; কাৰণ মই নিজৰ দোষবোৰ যিমান ভালকৈ জানো, আন কাৰো দোষ সিমান ভালকৈ নাজানো।<ref name="uddhriti">{{Wq/as/Cite book|title=উদ্ধৃতি |author=শ্ৰীদূৰ্গাশঙ্কৰ দেৱ শৰ্ম্মা |year=১৯৮৮ |publisher=ওৰিয়েণ্টেল বুক কোম্পানী }}</ref> == উত্‍স == {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as]] rc9dbzaqjfs7aw2pzxta574qxapdi5x 0 3256401 5502584 5189382 2022-07-21T21:19:42Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "not a category, unused". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=not a category, unused}} [[Wt/tcy/Category:Files uploaded by spell4wiki in tcy|Files uploaded by spell4wiki in tcy]] flkbvb99oky3tyg5wg6jvc32hy5izk0 0 3257259 5502516 5365110 2022-07-21T17:49:55Z Pranamikaadhikary 2573650 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # আপোনাৰ দৈনন্দিন জীৱনেই আপোনাৰ মন্দিৰ আৰু আপোনাৰ ধৰ্ম। # স্বাধীনতা বিহীন জীৱন আত্মা বিহীন শৰীৰৰ দৰে। # সুন্দৰ ঠাইলৈ ভ্ৰমণ কৰিবা, কিন্তু কাকো নক’বা৷ প্ৰকৃত প্ৰেমক বুকুত ধাৰণ কৰিবা, কিন্তু আনক নজনাবা৷ সুখেৰে জীয়াই থাকিবা, কিন্তু গোপনে ৰাখিবা৷ কাৰণ মানুহে সুন্দৰ বস্তু ধ্বংস কৰি পেলায়৷ # বন্ধুত্ব হ’ল প্ৰয়োজনৰ সমিধান৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ:নং; ২১৩, বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৩</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] gjgivivm7fec0c8veyo7zlcppzcpqwl 10 3261521 5502819 5205978 2022-07-22T08:13:24Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki K. Fraanje <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="cum suis (mee die van 'im/'eur)">c.s.</span> (<span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="onder redactie van">red.</span>), ''Supplement Woordenboek der Zeeuwse Dialecten.'' Van Velzen, Krabbendieke, 2003: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|Sup]] </noinclude> 9q7phohc1fo2kw997xmlw75pdqu56nn 5 3261771 5502586 5206958 2022-07-21T21:21:34Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion with rationale "test page, orphaned talk". (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=test page, orphaned talk}} wp/kvv/kola.angkola Templat:Kotak Info Templat Bahasa :Incubator ”'Bahasa Kola Angkola”' merupakan sebuah bahasa yang paling mirip dengan bahasa Mandailing , terletak di dekat bahasa Mandailing sedikit lebih lembut intonasinya daripada bahasa Angkola . Bahasa Kola Angkolanesia meliputi daerah Padangsidempuan , Batang Toru , Sipirok , seluruh bagian kabupaten Tapanuli Selatan . Bahasa Mandailing , merupakan rumpun bahasa angkolaan , dengan pengucapan yang lebih lembut daripada bahasa angkolaan penggunaannya di daerah Kabupaten Mandailing-Natal Templat:Bahasa daerah di Indonesia Angkola-Mandailing Kategori:Bahasa di Malaysia Kategori:Bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Angkola-Mandailing Referensi Templat:Rumpun bahasa Melayu-Polinesia Tengah Templat:Au-bahasa-rintisan Kola 1] Kola di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015) Kompane di Ethnologue (ed. ke-18, 2015) [2] Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, ed. (2019). “Kola– https://angkolaorg.wordpress.com/angkola-language-2/ankola rk14osb6g9572ullhgzfpla7m0u5y61 0 3266227 5502804 5470458 2022-07-22T08:03:19Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Ngaji''' na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] politishian an foma memba of Nashional Sinate for Kross Riva North Constituency of Kross Riva Stet. fom 2003 go rich 2011. == Tori abaut im life == Dem born am on 17 Novemba 1946. E go skool fo Mary Knoll College fo Okuku, for Yala for inside Cross Rivers from 1962-1965, e com get one satifikate wey dem dey call LL.B, from one big skool wey dem dey call Univasiti of Nigeria for Nsukka for di year 1977. E com still get anoda BL satifikate as pesin wey go learn how dem dey judge pipu mata for inside court. E get dis one from Nigerian Law Skool for 1978. Bifo dem choose am to stand for di pipu for Senate, im be di oga pata-pata for di Yala Local Government Area and e still follow serve as part of di pipu wey dey kontrol dat area.(1994-1995). == How im work as Senator == Gregory Ngaji com out make dem choose am wen im dey with di group wey dem dey call People's Democratic Party (PDP) and dem choose am to work as pesin wey go stand for pipu for govment side for di 5th National Assembly from 1962-1965. E stand for di Cross River North Senatorial District and dem kon still choose am again to do dis kind tin again for April 2007. E dey work as part of di joinbodi wey dey kontrol water mata, Sayence & teknoloji, how pipu take dey travel on top water, medicine for bodi pain mata, to fight pipu wey wan chop govment moni and pipu wey dey work as pesin wey dey plant food and train animal. Im dey among di pipu wey sitdowm judge Mrs Farida Waziri for June 2008 sey make she no be di oga pata-pata for di Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). For April 2009, im follow for di pipu wey pay moni to support sey make dem start to do Nigerian Transport Commission to replace di Nigeria Shippers Council. Wen taim reach for pipu to no how di pipu wey dey stand for dem for govment don waka reach for half way, one newspaper wey dem dey call dis Day write dey Ngaji still pay moni so dat dem go support di National Space Research and Development Agency Bill for 2008, and e rili put bodi for any work wey dem tell am to do even tho sey e no follow for di tin like dat. for 2008, di National Boundary Commission and di Revenue Allocation Mobilisation and Fiscal Committee com change di pipu wey go dey kontrol where oil dey for di big Bakassi water from Cross River go reach Akwa Ibom. For July 2009, Gregory Ngaji talk sey "wetin those two group do no follow for law at all and we go do everitin to get our places wey oil dey" [[Category:Wp/pcm]] [[Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life]] ccokw1dewg1ad6u5dempq20v3zldmw9 5502847 5502804 2022-07-22T09:20:23Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Ngaji''' (dey bon am for November 17, 1946) na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] politishian an foma memba of Nashional Sinate for Kross Riva North Constituency of Kross Riva Stet from 2003 go rich 2011. == Tori abaut im life == Dem bon Gregory Nnaji on November 17, 1946. E go skul for ''Mary Knoll College'' for Okuku, for Yala for inside kross Riva fom 1962-1965, e kom get one satifikate wey dem dey kol LL.B, fom one big skul wey dem dey kol Univasiti of Nigeria for Nsukka for di year 1977. Gregory Nnaji kom stil get anoda BL satifikate as pesin wey go len how dem dey jorge pipul mata for inside kot. E get dis one fom ''Nigerian Law School'' for 1978. Bifo dem chuz am to stand for di pipul for Sinate, im be di oga pata-pata for di ''Yala Local Government Area'' and e stil folo saf as pat of di pipul wey dey kontrol dat aria (1994-1995). == How im work as Senator == Gregory Ngaji com out make dem choose am wen im dey with di group wey dem dey call People's Democratic Party (PDP) and dem choose am to work as pesin wey go stand for pipu for govment side for di 5th National Assembly from 1962-1965. E stand for di Cross River North Senatorial District and dem kon still choose am again to do dis kind tin again for April 2007. E dey work as part of di joinbodi wey dey kontrol water mata, Sayence & teknoloji, how pipu take dey travel on top water, medicine for bodi pain mata, to fight pipu wey wan chop govment moni and pipu wey dey work as pesin wey dey plant food and train animal. Im dey among di pipu wey sitdowm judge Mrs Farida Waziri for June 2008 sey make she no be di oga pata-pata for di Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). For April 2009, im follow for di pipu wey pay moni to support sey make dem start to do Nigerian Transport Commission to replace di Nigeria Shippers Council. Wen taim reach for pipu to no how di pipu wey dey stand for dem for govment don waka reach for half way, one newspaper wey dem dey call dis Day write dey Ngaji still pay moni so dat dem go support di National Space Research and Development Agency Bill for 2008, and e rili put bodi for any work wey dem tell am to do even tho sey e no follow for di tin like dat. for 2008, di National Boundary Commission and di Revenue Allocation Mobilisation and Fiscal Committee com change di pipu wey go dey kontrol where oil dey for di big Bakassi water from Cross River go reach Akwa Ibom. For July 2009, Gregory Ngaji talk sey "wetin those two group do no follow for law at all and we go do everitin to get our places wey oil dey" [[Category:Wp/pcm]] [[Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life]] f1qmefzj7mw39vnv05ayq6fuwfbk3lc 5502887 5502847 2022-07-22T09:25:45Z Biowikician 2568277 /* How im work as Senator */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Ngaji''' (dey bon am for November 17, 1946) na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] politishian an foma memba of Nashional Sinate for Kross Riva North Constituency of Kross Riva Stet from 2003 go rich 2011. == Tori abaut im life == Dem bon Gregory Nnaji on November 17, 1946. E go skul for ''Mary Knoll College'' for Okuku, for Yala for inside kross Riva fom 1962-1965, e kom get one satifikate wey dem dey kol LL.B, fom one big skul wey dem dey kol Univasiti of Nigeria for Nsukka for di year 1977. Gregory Nnaji kom stil get anoda BL satifikate as pesin wey go len how dem dey jorge pipul mata for inside kot. E get dis one fom ''Nigerian Law School'' for 1978. Bifo dem chuz am to stand for di pipul for Sinate, im be di oga pata-pata for di ''Yala Local Government Area'' and e stil folo saf as pat of di pipul wey dey kontrol dat aria (1994-1995). == How im wok as Sinator == Gregory Ngaji kom out mek dem chuz am wen im dey wit di grup wey dem dey kol ''People's Democratic Party'' (PDP) an dem chuz am to wok as pesin wey go stand for pipul for govment side for di ''5th National Assembly'' fom 1962-1965. E stand for di kross Riva North Sinatorial District an dem kon stil chuz am again to du dis kind tin again for April 2007. Gregory Nnaji dey wok as pat of di joinbodi wey dey kontrol wota mata, Sayense & teknoloji, how pipul tek dey travu on top wota, medisine for bodi pain mata, to fight pipul wey wan chop govment moni and pipul wey dey wok as pesin wey dey plant food and train animal. Im dey among di pipu wey sitdowm judge Mrs Farida Waziri for June 2008 sey make she no be di oga pata-pata for di Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC). For April 2009, im follow for di pipu wey pay moni to support sey make dem start to do Nigerian Transport Commission to replace di Nigeria Shippers Council. Wen taim reach for pipu to no how di pipu wey dey stand for dem for govment don waka reach for half way, one newspaper wey dem dey call dis Day write dey Ngaji still pay moni so dat dem go support di National Space Research and Development Agency Bill for 2008, and e rili put bodi for any work wey dem tell am to do even tho sey e no follow for di tin like dat. for 2008, di National Boundary Commission and di Revenue Allocation Mobilisation and Fiscal Committee com change di pipu wey go dey kontrol where oil dey for di big Bakassi water from Cross River go reach Akwa Ibom. For July 2009, Gregory Ngaji talk sey "wetin those two group do no follow for law at all and we go do everitin to get our places wey oil dey" [[Category:Wp/pcm]] [[Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life]] m7pxwe6xz6hf8u8omsev2bel3zn0ukp 5502892 5502887 2022-07-22T09:47:36Z Biowikician 2568277 /* How im wok as Sinator */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gregory Ngaji''' (dey bon am for November 17, 1946) na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] politishian an foma memba of Nashional Sinate for Kross Riva North Constituency of Kross Riva Stet from 2003 go rich 2011. == Tori abaut im life == Dem bon Gregory Nnaji on November 17, 1946. E go skul for ''Mary Knoll College'' for Okuku, for Yala for inside kross Riva fom 1962-1965, e kom get one satifikate wey dem dey kol LL.B, fom one big skul wey dem dey kol Univasiti of Nigeria for Nsukka for di year 1977. Gregory Nnaji kom stil get anoda BL satifikate as pesin wey go len how dem dey jorge pipul mata for inside kot. E get dis one fom ''Nigerian Law School'' for 1978. Bifo dem chuz am to stand for di pipul for Sinate, im be di oga pata-pata for di ''Yala Local Government Area'' and e stil folo saf as pat of di pipul wey dey kontrol dat aria (1994-1995). == How im wok as Sinator == Gregory Ngaji kom out mek dem chuz am wen im dey wit di grup wey dem dey kol ''People's Democratic Party'' (PDP) an dem chuz am to wok as pesin wey go stand for pipul for govment side for di ''5th National Assembly'' fom 1962-1965. E stand for di kross Riva North Sinatorial District an dem kon stil chuz am again to du dis kind tin again for April 2007. Gregory Nnaji dey wok as pat of di joinbodi wey dey kontrol wota mata, Sayense & teknoloji, how pipul tek dey travu on top wota, medisine for bodi pain mata, to fight pipul wey wan chop govment moni and pipul wey dey wok as pesin wey dey plant food and train animal. Im dey among di pipul wey sitdowm jorge Mrs Farida Waziri for June 2008 sey mek shi no bi di oga pata-pata for di ''Economic and Financial Crimes Commission'' (EFCC). For April 2009, Gregory Nnaji folo for pipul wey giv moni to sopot sey mek dem stat to du ''Nigerian Transport Commission'' to riplase di ''Nigeria Shippers Council''. Wen taim rich for pipul to no how di pipul wey dey stand for dem for govment don waka rjch for half way, one niuzpeppa wey dem dey kol ''This Day'' rait sey Ngaji stil giv moni so dat dem go sopot di ''National Space Research and Development Agency'' Bill for 2008, and e rili put bodi for any wok wey dem tel am to do even tho sey e no folo for di tin like dat. for 2008, di ''National Boundary Commission'' an di ''Revenue Allocation Mobilisation and Fiscal Committee'' kom chenj di pipul wey go dey kontrol wia oil dey for di big Bakassi wota fom kross Riva go rich Akwa Ibom. For July 2009, Gregory Ngaji tok sey "wetin those two group do no follow for law at all and we go do everitin to get our places wey oil dey" [[Category:Wp/pcm]] [[Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life]] kvuoa3wpk9d5mq9wpa0p1nu18a8pb50 0 3266238 5502783 5470461 2022-07-22T07:40:07Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Langwej wey dem dey kol Gun''' ('''Gun''': ''gungbe'') na langwej wey [[Wp/pcm/Ogu|Ogu]] pipul wey dey for ''Benin Replublic'' an [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] dey spik.Gun langwej dey among di langwej grup wey dem dey kol ''Gbe''.Di langwej near oda langwej like Fon, Agbome, Kpase, Maxi and Weme (Ouémé). Na dis langwej dem dey spik pas for Benin an dem dey yuz am tich for some skul-dem for ''Ouémé Department'' for Benin. Na Gun langwej dem dey spik pas for di pat of Benin Republic wey dey for South for Porto-Novo, Sèmè-Kpodji, Bonou, Adjarra, Avrankou, Dangbo, Akpro-Missérété, Cotonou an plples-dem wey di Ogu pipul dey live. Som smol Ogu pipul wey dey for south-west side for Naijá sef dey spik Gun, espeshiali for Badagry, Maun, Tube. Dem don rait di langwej for three difren difren rul wey dem tek dey rait an evri of dem stand on top di Latin alfabet. For Naijá, dem don yuz some rul wey resembu di kind rul dem yuz rait Yoruba and oda langwej for Naijá tek rait dis Gun langwej an dem dey yuz one smol dot for onda di raitin so dat pipul go no how to rid am. For Benin, dem use anoda rul tek rait Bible for 1923 an dem kom do am wel wel for 1975 an now dem dey yuz am tich pipul how to rid an rait for skul. E wan jost bi like di langwej wey dem dey kol Fon, e dey use alfabet like ⟨ɛ⟩ and ⟨ɔ⟩. E get som pipul wey dey try to bring som kind rul for how to yuz di langwej. For ezampul, di one wey Hounkpati Capo tok for 1990. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] eol1pxo0q0xp52yo2galsvdl1oklv7t 10 3266674 5502813 5222147 2022-07-22T08:11:37Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki [{{{1}}} Vroegmiddelnederlands Woordenboek] <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|VMNW]] </noinclude> 2hnp7aqqiuvkmqk0ix4b0ykmyci3lvq 10 3266676 5502809 5222148 2022-07-22T08:10:22Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki [{{{1}}} Middelnederlands Woordenboek] <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|MNW]] </noinclude> 0nt9l9xhkctlzaiwusomj42kkxy7d5l 10 3270998 5502821 5233563 2022-07-22T08:13:42Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Leendert de Vink en Jaap van der Marel, ''Katwijks woordenboek''. Primavera Pers, Leiden, 2020: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|KAW]] </noinclude> l8h40iwmpzxu97xzbesu6555shffe9q 10 3271020 5502815 5233595 2022-07-22T08:12:10Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki L. van Driel, A. Steketee, ''Zeeuwse plaatsnamen. Van Aardenburg tot Zonnemaire.'' Uitgeverij ADZ, Vlissienge, 1995: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|ZPN]] </noinclude> 8tm3y8k229kqaodzz1ow7nl0s06jt92 0 3271230 5502397 5479262 2022-07-21T14:28:22Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hadiza Isma El-Rufai''' (dem bon am June 21, 1960) na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] raita an waif of gofnor of Kaduna Stet, Mallam Nasir El-Rufai. Na shi bi di fonda of Yasmin El-rufai Foundation (YELF), organisation wey e no bi moni mata. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] [[Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life]] ky60wvhgz4350t8g51k0xb4e3tr0yvx 5502398 5502397 2022-07-21T14:32:10Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hadiza Isma El-Rufai''' (dem bon am June 21, 1960) na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] raita an waif of gofnor of Kaduna Stet, Mallam Nasir El-Rufai. Na shi bi di fonda of Yasmin El-rufai Foundation (YELF), organisation wey e form no bi bikos of to mek moni. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] [[Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life]] 79ygruo2q8aovm98kll5b839r6823ts 0 3272582 5502585 5408911 2022-07-21T21:21:03Z 1234qwer1234qwer4 861542 Requesting speedy deletion (Test page). (TwinkleGlobal) wikitext text/x-wiki {{Delete|1=Test page}} Wp/kvv/kola b5j4stzs55ddq9lllz4bdf2gmc7kdaz 0 3274765 5502947 5479258 2022-07-22T10:36:41Z Biowikician 2568277 wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gombe State''' na one of di 36 stet for [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]]. Di gofnor of di stet na [[Wp/pcm/Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya|Muhammad Inuwa Yahaya]]. ==Wie you see am== [[Category:Wp/pcm]] sglkxi3uwolsm2ujn0ybyzd5blmqi0o 0 3282426 5502473 5498737 2022-07-21T17:26:46Z Richardkiwi 1691290 ([[c:GR|GR]]) [[c:COM:FR|File renamed]]: [[File:Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia - panoramio (40).jpg]] → [[File:Surgut Airport Entrance.jpg]] [[c:COM:FR#FR2|Criterion 2]] (meaningless or ambiguous name) wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Surgut (Khanty-Mansia (Yugra)).png|thumb|]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Surgut (2003).png|thumb|]] '''Сәрханӆ''' муйпа '''Сө̆ркут''' ([[Wp/kca/Рўщ ясаӈ|рўщ]]: Сургу́т) – == Фотогалерея == <gallery> Mikrorayon A, Surgut, Khanty-Mansiyskiy avtonomnyy okrug, Russia - panoramio (1).jpg Surgut, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug, Russia - panoramio (24).jpg Yugra Bridge.jpg Здание Университета.jpg Surgut Airport Entrance.jpg Surgut, Russia 06.jpg|Вош панорама: Тюменьэнерго, Газпром, Сәрханӆ университет Churches in Surgut, filmed in April 2015.jpg|Историко-культурной центр Оӆқас Сәрханӆ Surgut, Russia 11.jpg|Парк пўӈӑԓн [[Wp/kca/Сайма|Сайма]] ӫхан Surgut IMG 2898 (8157035829).jpg|Храм Преображения Господня Lenin st., Surgut, Russia 04.jpg|Лыпат хойты тылась Сәрханӆ Yugra Bridge 2.jpg|[[Wp/kca/Югорской мост|Югорской мост]] [[Wp/kca/Ас|Ас]] элʼты Набережная Сургута. - panoramio.jpg|Сәрханӆ намын Surgut IMG 2888 (8157067536).jpg|Хәԓумъяӈ кӑт микрорайонан панорама </gallery> [[Category:Wp/kca]] [[ru: Сургут]] bne7b2t559pi6ndg8r746s5ktrx2hjp 14 3282568 5502464 5281592 2022-07-21T17:07:55Z Caro de Segeda 2556016 wikitext text/x-wiki Category:Wp/pcm/Tori About Pipu Life [[Category:Wp/pcm]] c3v4eim85j6bunwcukn7iczmwm13r62 0 3292947 5502393 5316640 2022-07-21T14:13:53Z 217.66.157.75 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Priuralsky rayon (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] [[File:Priuralskiy rajon gerb.gif|thumb|]] [[File:PolUral 090725 855 8376.jpg|thumb|]] '''Пэ”хэвыхы район''' ({{Wp/yrk/Lang-ru|Приурáльский райóн}}) – * '''[[Wp/yrk/Хоя’-Сале|Хоя’-Сале]]''' * [[Wp/yrk/Сэрако Вар|Сэрако Вар]] * [[Wp/yrk/Вылпосл|Вылпосл]] [[Category:Wp/yrk]] [[ru:Приуральский район]] 58kuzkfq7xk6u4rsljt6g0ycgpv8kvd 5502396 5502393 2022-07-21T14:24:43Z 217.66.157.75 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Flag of Priuralsky rayon (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] [[File:Priuralskiy rajon gerb.gif|thumb|]] [[File:PolUral 090725 855 8376.jpg|thumb|]] '''Пэ”хэвыхы район''' ({{Wp/yrk/Lang-ru|Приурáльский райóн}}) – * '''[[Wp/yrk/Хоя’-Сале|Хоя’-Сале]]''' * [[Wp/yrk/Сэрако Вар|Сэрако Вар]] * [[Wp/yrk/Вылпосл|Вылпосл]] * [[Wp/yrk/Горнокнязевск|Горнокнязевск]] * [[Wp/yrk/Ӈамдэ’лаха Вар|Ӈамдэ’лаха Вар]] * [[Wp/yrk/Катравож|Катравож]] * [[Wp/yrk/Лаборовая|Лаборовая]] * [[Wp/yrk/Товопогол|Товопогол]] * [[Wp/yrk/Халасьпугор|Халасьпугор]] * [[Wp/yrk/Харсаим|Харсаим]] * [[Wp/yrk/Чапаевск|Чапаевск]] * [[Wp/yrk/Сяторэй|Сяторэй]] * [[Wp/yrk/Юмбор|Юмбор]] [[Category:Wp/yrk]] [[ru:Приуральский район]] h2qs7xnex08l69joi52c4gnp4o7cg45 4 3296560 5502531 5392185 2022-07-21T18:53:56Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list</span>]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Special:ListGroupRights]] for the full list of user groups with their user rights. User group changes are logged on [[Special:Log/rights]].</span> <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You have a user page on the Incubator and are a contributor to this wiki.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You agree to follow relevant [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|policies]] as those are developed here and respect consensus of the users of this site.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">As with the admin policy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] and [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], inactive administrators may have their access removed.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]--><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Currently on Wikimedia projects, the number of accounts that can be created in a 24-hour period from a single IP is limited to six. There may be situations, such as outreach events, where creating more would be helpful.</span> Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> mtgn0gxvbxahj580wnaf1ah1jluyhfs 5502533 5502531 2022-07-21T18:54:14Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list</span>]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Special:ListGroupRights]] for the full list of user groups with their user rights. User group changes are logged on [[Special:Log/rights]].</span> <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You agree to follow relevant [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|policies]] as those are developed here and respect consensus of the users of this site.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">As with the admin policy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] and [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], inactive administrators may have their access removed.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]--><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Currently on Wikimedia projects, the number of accounts that can be created in a 24-hour period from a single IP is limited to six. There may be situations, such as outreach events, where creating more would be helpful.</span> Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> cy8wb10iky4rtclr8ssa4bpgxjhvq6d 5502535 5502533 2022-07-21T18:55:29Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Vous acceptez de suivre les [[$1|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list</span>]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Special:ListGroupRights]] for the full list of user groups with their user rights. User group changes are logged on [[Special:Log/rights]].</span> <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">As with the admin policy on [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] and [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], inactive administrators may have their access removed.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]--><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Currently on Wikimedia projects, the number of accounts that can be created in a 24-hour period from a single IP is limited to six. There may be situations, such as outreach events, where creating more would be helpful.</span> Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> t258jmzq4qcgjokdeue0r0ush8jp2iw 5502537 5502535 2022-07-21T18:56:40Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[$1|Meta]] et [[$2|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list</span>]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Special:ListGroupRights]] for the full list of user groups with their user rights. User group changes are logged on [[Special:Log/rights]].</span> <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]--><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Currently on Wikimedia projects, the number of accounts that can be created in a 24-hour period from a single IP is limited to six. There may be situations, such as outreach events, where creating more would be helpful.</span> Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> i2mv5ghuxz1a3l92ypuexephtjk8enp 5502539 5502537 2022-07-21T18:58:56Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "liste manuelle" wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Special:ListGroupRights]] for the full list of user groups with their user rights. User group changes are logged on [[Special:Log/rights]].</span> <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]--><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Currently on Wikimedia projects, the number of accounts that can be created in a 24-hour period from a single IP is limited to six. There may be situations, such as outreach events, where creating more would be helpful.</span> Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> c96enrasm29j2rt7ul6u1rs5icy6s0o 5502541 5502539 2022-07-21T18:59:58Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Voir $1 pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur $2." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]--><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Currently on Wikimedia projects, the number of accounts that can be created in a 24-hour period from a single IP is limited to six. There may be situations, such as outreach events, where creating more would be helpful.</span> Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> 92rem5pmbzevlzi1ebgk06cc84toew1 5502543 5502541 2022-07-21T19:02:01Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Anyone else (including test administrators) needing an exemption from the six-account limit for a specific event should ask here.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> 0zj3w3whia0d195qdb0zerlrus4e5n2 5502545 5502543 2022-07-21T19:02:38Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">This right will normally be granted only to people with a history of responsible editing on Incubator and other Wikimedia projects.</span> * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> 3c1e799gkjjrj3xmdb5hqg2y3q9oe7b 5502547 5502545 2022-07-21T19:03:13Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> gg89w8af3c2ied5ov6mweqz901t8gja 5502550 5502547 2022-07-21T19:03:34Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Importateurs" wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''Importers''' have the possibility to [[I:Import requests|import pages]] with the full history from certain defined wikis (administrators can do this too).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> m0azojloabfw73clr1ciowwszf9713p 5502552 5502550 2022-07-21T19:05:18Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[$1|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire)." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[I:Import requests|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting importer access, after three days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> f3c2435hu47r7yx7hsmvqsq6la1bj04 5502554 5502552 2022-07-21T19:06:29Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[I:Import requests|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire. Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are able to grant and revoke these rights, including to themselves. Please make requests in the appropriate section below. They will run for at least 7 days.</span> Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> cb6dfywkoyp11h9y8j1drzkli9c2ddq 5502559 5502554 2022-07-21T19:07:35Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[I:Import requests|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire. Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours. Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === <span class="mw-translate-fuzzy">Traducteurs et administrateurs de traduction</span> === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> d4y1crsw6o05nly33j1z8pqhoog6s7i 5502561 5502559 2022-07-21T19:07:57Z Vincent Simar 314058 wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Importers</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[I:Import requests|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire. Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours. Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === Administrateurs de traduction === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> tfwlt8yfegfcboqt9ap0gsfl2kskh75 5502564 5502561 2022-07-21T19:10:16Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Importateurs" wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|Importateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There can be several test-admins for one test, and inversely, you can be a test-admin for more than one test.</span> :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[I:Import requests|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire. Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours. Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === Administrateurs de traduction === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> dp6nuqaty5yehkh2h35qml6n1z7wojp 5502568 5502564 2022-07-21T19:15:07Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Il peut y avoir plusieurs administrateurs de test pour un même test, et inversement, vous pouvez être administrateur de test pour plus d'un test." wikitext text/x-wiki <languages /> {{Policy}} {{Shortcut|I:A|I:Admin|I:Sysop|archivelink=I:Administrators/Archive}} <div style="text-align:center;">''<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request assistance from an administrator, go to [[I:AN|Incubator:Administrators' noticeboard]].</span>''</div> : == Groupes d'utilisateurs sur Incubator == * [[#Test-administrators|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span>]] ([[Special:ListUsers/test-sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:test-sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Test-administrators|liste manuelle]]) * [[#Administrators|Administrateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/sysop|{{NUMBERINGROUP:sysop}} utilisateurs]], [[Incubator:Administrators/List by languages spoken|<span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">manual list showing main languages spoken</span>]]) * [[#Bureaucrats|Bureaucrates]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bureaucrat|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bureaucrat}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Importers|Importateurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/import|{{NUMBERINGROUP:import}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Interface administrators|Administrateurs d'interfaces]] ([[Special:ListUsers/interface-admin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:interface-admin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Traducteurs]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translator|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translator}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Translators & translation administrators|Administrateurs de traduction]] ([[Special:ListUsers/translationadmin|{{NUMBERINGROUP:translationadmin}} utilisateurs]]) * [[#Bots|Bots]] ([[Special:ListUsers/bot|{{NUMBERINGROUP:bot}} utilisateurs]]) Voir [[Special:ListGroupRights]] pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur [[Special:Log/rights]]. <small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">(Please note, though, that many rights here—notably ''test-administrator'' rights—have automatic expiration dates. Automatic expirations are not logged.)</span></small> === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators</span> === ; Description : Un administrateur de test est un contributeur actif à un test sur Incubator qui a reçu des droits pour s'occuper de ce test. ; [[Special:ListGroupRights#test-sysop|Droits utilisateur]] :* {{int:right-rollback}} :* {{int:right-delete}} :* {{int:right-undelete}} :* {{int:right-deletedhistory}} :* {{int:right-blockemail}} :* {{int:right-block}} :* {{int:right-suppressredirect}} : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">However, they may only use their tools on pages/users in their own test. Note that this is not maintained by the computer system, but by other users (mostly admins and bureaucrats). If you do something outside your test, be prepared to defend your actions or you may be desysopped.</span> : <i><small><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Note for test-admins with sysop experience on other projects: The main sysop rights you do ''not'' have here are (a) revision deletion, (b) editing in the MediaWiki namespace, and (c) protection. Contact an administrator at [[I:AN]] if you need assistance on those matters.</span></small></i> ; <span id="Requirements"></span>Exigences :* Il peut y avoir plusieurs administrateurs de test pour un même test, et inversement, vous pouvez être administrateur de test pour plus d'un test. :* Vous devez avoir une page d'utilisateur sur Incubator et être un contributeur à ce wiki. :* Votre test doit comporter plus de 50 pages de contenu/articles. Les demandes de tests multiples doivent inclure au moins un test de 50 articles ou plus. :* Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia, et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubator. :* Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont développées ici. ; <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requesting test-adminship</span> :* Placez votre demande, y compris le nom du ou des tests dans lesquels vous travaillez, ci-dessous à [[#Current requests for test adminship]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Users are given 5 days to place comments. After this period, requests will be reviewed by a bureaucrat and if there is no reasonable opposition, you will be made into a test-admin.</span> :** <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Requests for test-adminship are not votes. They are opportunities for other users to raise possible problems. If you get no comment at all under your name, that doesn't mean you are a bad user; it means no one has any objections to you being a test admin.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can alternatively hold a discussion in a "community portal" page of the test-project. After at least 5 days, you can then add your request here, so that a bureaucrat will decide about it directly.</span> ; Suppression et renouvellement des droits. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Test-administrators will be desysopped after a domain request for their language is completed, or automatically after a year.</span> :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">After one year, test-administrators can simply request that their test-adminship is renewed.</span> : <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">See [[Incubator:Test-administrators|Incubator:Test-administrators]] for a list of current test sysops.</span> ; Tests multiples :* Une demande peut concerner plus d'un test, à condition qu'elle réponde aux exigences notées [[#Requirements|ci-dessus]]. :* <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Similarly, a test-administrator can request being added to an additional test or tests during the middle of their year as a test-administrator, and the same rules apply. In this case, the rights for the new tests are for less than a full year, because they will expire the same day as the rights for the first test. After that, all tests can be renewed at the same time for one year each.</span> === Administrateurs === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Administrator access can be granted to known and trusted members of the community who are familiar with the policies of Wikimedia's Incubator wiki.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Adminship status on Wikimedia Incubator is not an honour for outstanding content contributors but just an additional tool for people that showed that they want to clean up.</span> L'accès en tant qu'administrateur n'implique pas non plus une autorité éditoriale sur le projet. Un administrateur est simplement un utilisateur de confiance qui peut : * {{int:right-protect}} * {{int:right-delete}} * {{int:right-undelete}} * {{int:right-block}} * {{int:right-blockemail}} * {{int:right-editinterface}} * [[Special:ListGroupRights#sysop|plus…]] <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">You can request adminship on the Incubator if you meet the following criteria:</span> * Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. * Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. * Vous acceptez de suivre les [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Policy|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Administrator on Meta|Meta]] et [[c:Special:MyLanguage/Commons:Administrators|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">According to this policy, any sysop inactive on Incubator will be desysoped. "Inactive" means virtually no edits or log actions in the past twelve months. Inactive administrators may re-apply in the regular way.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Admins are expected to watch the [[I:AN|Administrators' noticeboard]] for notices put up by other users.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">When requesting adminship, after seven days, a bureaucrat will make a decision based on the votes and comments to grant, not to grant, or to extend the time for discussion if there is still need for it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Any new admin should first propose (on the [[Incubator:Community Portal|Community Portal]] for example) what they are going to do ('''certainly for mass-scale actions''') before doing it. This is to prevent mass-scale mistakes that need to be reverted manually afterwards. Some time later (a few months or so), when the admin is used to common practices, this is no longer required.</span> === Bureaucrates === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats are administrators who can assign user rights of requests on this page.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There are no requests for bureaucratship; any administrator may optionally ask to become a bureaucrat after one month (providing they have behaved well).</span> === Créateurs de compte === <!--adapted from [[:m:Mass account creation]]-->Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. Les administrateurs et les bureaucrates sont déjà exemptés de la limite de six comptes et n'ont pas besoin de ce droit. Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. * Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. * Lorsque vous demandez ce droit, veuillez fournir des informations détaillées sur la raison pour laquelle vous avez besoin de ce droit (comme la date, le lieu et le parrainage de l'événement de sensibilisation). Ce droit ne sera accordé que pour la période nécessaire, puis il sera supprimé. * L'idéal est de demander ce droit au moins trois jours à l'avance pour avoir le temps de faire des commentaires. Ensuite, c'est un bureaucrate qui prendra la décision. === Importateurs === Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[I:Import requests|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Additionally, they are able to edit pages in bulk from XML files, which is used for [[I:Importing|importing closed projects]].</span> :<span id="transwiki"></span><span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">'''''Transwiki importers''' can import from the same defined wikis, but cannot import in bulk from XML files.''</span> Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire. Lorsque vous êtes déjà un administrateur et/ou un bureaucrate, aucun temps d'attente n'est nécessaire. Les bureaucrates peuvent également s'octroyer ces droits. === Administrateurs d'interfaces === <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Interface administrators can edit JavaScript (JS), Cascading Style Sheet (CSS) and JSON pages (pages such as [[MediaWiki:Common.js]], [[MediaWiki:Vector.css]]). They can also edit users' individual CSS and JS pages which otherwise can only by edited by the users themselves.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">CSS and JS access is particularly sensitive due to the possible damage caused by intentional or accidental misuse, so it is important that interface administrators ensure they practice good account security and be careful with the changes they make.</span> Pour des raisons juridiques et de sécurité, la Wikimedia Foundation a décidé que vous deviez disposer d'une [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Help:Two-factor_authentication|authentification à deux facteurs]] pour pouvoir bénéficier de ce droit. Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours. Ce droit est accordé pour une durée maximale d'un an à la fois aux non-administrateurs, mais il est renouvelable. === Administrateurs de traduction === * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">There is a special usergroup which allows editing the MediaWiki namespace: the translator group. It was originally created for translating Incubator-specific messages in the MediaWiki namespace (see [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Translation project|Incubator:Translation project]]).</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">It is nowadays largely outdated, as most of the messages can now be translated on [[:translatewiki:|translatewiki.net]] or via [[Special:LanguageStats|the local installation of the "Translate" extension]]. It may still be granted for specific purposes.</span> * <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">The translation administrator group is for managing the pages which can be translated with the Translate extension.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">Bureaucrats decide about granting both rights. Administrators can also add/remove the translation administrator rights on their own accounts. They are removed when a bureaucrat deems appropriate to do so (e.g. inactivity).</span> === Bots === Les modifications d'un compte ayant le statut de bot seront cachées des changements récents. <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">To request a bot status, please [[#Current requests for bot flags|list you and your bot's name below]] along with a description of what your bot will be used for. A bureaucrat will decide if a bot is safe and needed though any user may make a comment about it.</span> <span lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr">''Note: Bots for mass article creation are typically not approved. The ultimate approval of projects into subdomains is based on the existence of active communities, not only the numbers of articles.''</span> == Demandes de permissions == {{Shortcut|[[I:RFP]]}} Vous trouverez ci-dessous les demandes d'autorisation en cours. '''Veuillez toujours lire la [[#User groups on Incubator|politique écrite ci-dessus]] avant de faire une demande.''' <includeonly> [[ast:Uiquipedia:Candidatures a alministrador]] [[bg:Уикипедия:Номиниране на администратори]] [[cs:Wikipedie:Žádost o práva správce]] [[da:Wikipedia:Anmodning om administratorstatus]] [[de:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[es:Wikipedia:Candidaturas a bibliotecario]] [[en:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[fa:ویکی‌پدیا:درخواست‌های مدیر شدن]] [[fo:Wikipedia:Áheitan um umboðsstjórastøðu]] [[fr:Wikipédia:Candidature au poste d'administrateur]] [[ga:Plé Vicipéide:Riarthóirí]] [[ko:위키백과:관리자 선거]] [[it:Wikipedia:Amministratori/Candidati]] [[la:Vicipaedia:Petitio magistratus]] [[lt:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[lb:Wikipedia:Adminkandidaturen]] [[mi:Wikipedia:Requests for adminship]] [[nl:Wikipedia:Aanmelding moderatoren]] [[ja:Wikipedia:管理者への立候補]] [[pl:Wikipedia:Przyznawanie uprawnień administratora]] [[pt:Wikipedia:Pedidos de administração]] [[ro:Wikipedia:Candidaţi]] [[ru:Википедия:Заявки на статус администратора]] [[simple:Wikipedia:Administrators#Nominations and requests to be an administrator]] [[sl:Wikipedija:Prošnje za administratorstvo]] [[sv:Wikipedia:Begäran om administratörskap]] [[th:วิกิพีเดีย:เสนอชื่อเพื่อเป็นผู้ดูแล]] [[vi:Wikipedia:Những người muốn quyền quản lý]] [[zh:Wikipedia:申请成为管理员]] [[Category:Incubator:Administrators| ]] </includeonly> h79khrqntjdjvuqc7lkuqayw6upt1h5 1198 3299483 5502560 5342107 2022-07-21T19:07:56Z Vincent Simar 314058 wikitext text/x-wiki Administrateurs de traduction b1a908qt9ncexeac98z1bh44ivwrr1a 0 3303500 5502520 5401078 2022-07-21T18:02:27Z Pranamikaadhikary 2573650 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paul Valéry - photo Henri Manuel.jpg|thumb|পল ভালেৰিৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ]] '''পল ভালেৰি''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Paul Valéry}}, ৩০ অক্টোবৰ ১৮৭১ – ২০ জুলাই ১৯৪৫) আছিল এগৰাকী ফৰাচী কবি, প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ আৰু দাৰ্শনিক। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # ঈশ্বৰে পুৰুষ সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত অনুভৱ কৰিলে যে পুৰুষজন যিমান অকলশৰীয়া হোৱা উচিত, সিমানখিনি হোৱা নাই। সেই কাৰণে পুৰুষৰ সংগিনী হিচাপে তেওঁ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে নাৰীক যাতে– নাৰীৰ সংগত পুৰুষজন আৰু বেছি গভীৰভাৱে নিঃসংগ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>[https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/06032022/page6.php নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা, ৬ মাৰ্চ, ২০২২]</ref> # যি পুৰুষ বা তিৰোতাক আমি সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জানো, তেনে পুৰুষ বা তিৰোতাক ভালপোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়৷ আমাৰ হৃদয়ত প্ৰেম জাগ্ৰত কৰে এনে পুৰুষ বা এনে তিৰোতাইহে, যাৰ জীৱনৰ বা ব্যক্তিত্বৰ কিবা এটা অংশ চিৰকাল আমাৰ পৰা গোপন হৈ থাকে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং, ১৯৯; প্ৰকাশক উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ</ref> # কিছুমান মানুহে আনক অপমান কৰি আৰু ব্যংগ বিদ্ৰূপ কৰি খুব ভাল পায়৷ এনেধৰণৰ অপমান বা ব্যংগ বিদ্ৰূপ দৰাচলতে মানুহজনৰ নিজৰ কাপুৰুষতা বা পুৰুষত্বহীনতাৰ বাহিৰে আন একো নহয়৷ আনক অপমান কৰা মানুহজনে আচলতে এইটো বিচাৰে যে তেওঁ অপমান কৰাজনক আনে ধ্বংস কৰক বা মূল্যহীন কৰি তোলক৷ বাহিৰৰ শক্তিৰ সহায় নোলোৱাকৈ অপমান কেতিয়াও কাৰ্য্যকৰী বা ফলপ্ৰসূ হ’ব নোৱাৰে, কাৰণ তৃতীয় পক্ষ অবিহনে অপমানৰ বিষদাঁত ভোটা হৈ পৰে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং, ১৯৯; প্ৰকাশক উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফ্ৰান্সৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফৰাচী কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফৰাচী দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফৰাচী প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 3nq5j5f7axsquwl0bj44a2ger8hauzs 5502521 5502520 2022-07-21T18:02:54Z Pranamikaadhikary 2573650 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Paul Valéry - photo Henri Manuel.jpg|thumb|পল ভালেৰিৰ আলোকচিত্ৰ]] '''পল ভালেৰি''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Paul Valéry}}, ৩০ অক্টোবৰ ১৮৭১ – ২০ জুলাই ১৯৪৫) আছিল এগৰাকী ফৰাচী কবি, প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ আৰু দাৰ্শনিক। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # ঈশ্বৰে পুৰুষ সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ পিছত অনুভৱ কৰিলে যে পুৰুষজন যিমান অকলশৰীয়া হোৱা উচিত, সিমানখিনি হোৱা নাই। সেই কাৰণে পুৰুষৰ সংগিনী হিচাপে তেওঁ সৃষ্টি কৰিলে নাৰীক যাতে– নাৰীৰ সংগত পুৰুষজন আৰু বেছি গভীৰভাৱে নিঃসংগ হ'ব পাৰে।<ref>[https://niyomiyabarta.com/epaper/06032022/page6.php নিয়মীয়া বাৰ্তা, ৬ মাৰ্চ, ২০২২]</ref> # যি পুৰুষ বা তিৰোতাক আমি সম্পূৰ্ণৰূপে জানো, তেনে পুৰুষ বা তিৰোতাক ভালপোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়৷ আমাৰ হৃদয়ত প্ৰেম জাগ্ৰত কৰে এনে পুৰুষ বা এনে তিৰোতাইহে, যাৰ জীৱনৰ বা ব্যক্তিত্বৰ কিবা এটা অংশ চিৰকাল আমাৰ পৰা গোপন হৈ থাকে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং, ১৯৯; প্ৰকাশক উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ</ref> # কিছুমান মানুহে আনক অপমান কৰি আৰু ব্যংগ বিদ্ৰূপ কৰি খুব ভাল পায়৷ এনেধৰণৰ অপমান বা ব্যংগ বিদ্ৰূপ দৰাচলতে মানুহজনৰ নিজৰ কাপুৰুষতা বা পুৰুষত্বহীনতাৰ বাহিৰে আন একো নহয়৷ আনক অপমান কৰা মানুহজনে আচলতে এইটো বিচাৰে যে তেওঁ অপমান কৰাজনক আনে ধ্বংস কৰক বা মূল্যহীন কৰি তোলক৷ বাহিৰৰ শক্তিৰ সহায় নোলোৱাকৈ অপমান কেতিয়াও কাৰ্য্যকৰী বা ফলপ্ৰসূ হ’ব নোৱাৰে, কাৰণ তৃতীয় পক্ষ অবিহনে অপমানৰ বিষদাঁত ভোটা হৈ পৰে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং, ১২; প্ৰকাশক উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফ্ৰান্সৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফৰাচী কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফৰাচী দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/ফৰাচী প্ৰবন্ধকাৰ]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] j4re6fb6a93um84jjt1l4afci1omx1d 0 3304651 5502315 5358908 2022-07-21T12:53:47Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/ایشیاء]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3304652 5502317 5358909 2022-07-21T12:54:42Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] 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2022-07-21T12:56:53Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/ایشیاء]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3304655 5502373 5358912 2022-07-21T14:04:32Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] 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count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/ایشیاء]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3304658 5502387 5358915 2022-07-21T14:07:37Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/ایشیاء]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3304659 5502767 5358916 2022-07-22T07:32:11Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ 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[[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3304661 5502776 5358919 2022-07-22T07:34:34Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/ایشیاء]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3304662 5502779 5359059 2022-07-22T07:35:41Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خاص زمرہ جات}} <DynamicPageList> category=Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}} notcategory=No publish notcategory=Archived notcategory=AutoArchived notcategory=disputed stablepages=only count=100 ordermethod=categoryadd namespace=0 suppresserrors=true googlehack=true </DynamicPageList> *[[:Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}|مذید خبریں]] [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/ایشیاء]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] sisbtk3pp7gm11qxumhzd22gluf0f3f 0 3305417 5502646 5361854 2022-07-21T23:45:00Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Polinesia Falani |flag = Flag of French Polynesia.svg |coat = Coat of arms of French Polynesia.svg |map = French Polynesia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Pape'ete|Pape'ete]] ([[Wp/wls/Tahisi|Tahisi]]) }} Ko '''Polinesia Falani''' he fenua i [[Wp/wls/Oseania|Oseania]]. {{Wp/wls/Oseania}} [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[en:French Polynesia]] [[fr:Polynésie française]] [[simple:French Polynesia]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Oseania]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]] hoto12kabgt7eg2lzq2sa4sd8q9om6y 5502647 5502646 2022-07-21T23:45:41Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Polinesia Falani |flag = Flag of French Polynesia.svg |coat = Coat of arms of French Polynesia.svg |map = French Polynesia on the globe (small islands magnified) (Polynesia centered).svg |capital = [[Wp/wls/Pape'ete|Pape'ete]] ([[Wp/wls/Tahisi|Tahisi]]) }} Ko '''Polinesia Falani''' ko he fenua i [[Wp/wls/Oseania|Oseania]]. {{Wp/wls/Oseania}} [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[en:French Polynesia]] [[fr:Polynésie française]] [[simple:French Polynesia]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Oseania]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]] l5zrl7we6bflrd5sj9b1stj3irzhhwx 0 3305996 5502375 5447919 2022-07-21T14:05:01Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछ के पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे परब बियाहलो जनानी अपनों मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्सा म| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँ से ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] q8vattjl5woi6evtii7crjxd4lwwv9m 5502376 5502375 2022-07-21T14:05:15Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछ के पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपनों मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्सा म| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँ से ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] h0vmk7tbpdu6pwf5ps4vklia6p05uzz 5502378 5502376 2022-07-21T14:05:39Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछ के पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपनों मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँ से ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] mjyvg8f52ojghil6jyumqxuzmfw3rlo 5502380 5502378 2022-07-21T14:05:57Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछ के पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपनों मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँस ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] 240epz0p6kjd1e6d350d2lqj0pgeq9c 5502381 5502380 2022-07-21T14:06:21Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछ के पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपन मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँस ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] g8elc08a79g1hejyo3xoitqtez6ajr5 5502384 5502381 2022-07-21T14:06:54Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछ के पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपन मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँस ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] 7qyhgptx181fz98udx4h39ho51o9fg9 5502386 5502384 2022-07-21T14:07:22Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछोक पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपन मरद के बढ़िया सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँस ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] o4h8vzqapqdn2dktn8epy6b31qowouk 5502388 5502386 2022-07-21T14:07:46Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछोक पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपन मरद के बढ़ियां सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा कें बारे में पुराण में लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँस ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] jgr4ua05snimk7w6abflvcevegkn3sc 5502391 5502388 2022-07-21T14:08:38Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki बोर पूजा बरगद कें गाछोक पूजा आर होकरा फांड पर पबित्र धागा बांधी कें मनैलो जाय छे| होकरा बाद जनानी सन्ही बरगद कें चारो और घूरे छे| परब बियाहलो जनानी अपन मरद के बढ़ियां सेहत लेली राखे छे| ई परंपरा बारेम पुराणोंम लिखलो छे| हेकरा वट सवित्री पूजा आर वट पूर्णिमा भीं कहलो जाय छे भारत के दोसरो हिस्साम| महाभारत में सावित्री आरो सत्यवान के कहानी छे, जहाँस ई परब के उजागर मानलो जाय छे| [[Category:Wp/anp]] lgfpoegnv55jfcpuy7cdmqrgdzgmi91 0 3306368 5502944 5449993 2022-07-22T10:34:47Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 উক্তি যোগ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabir004.jpg|thumb|ছবিতে কবীর তাঁত বুনছেন (১৮২৫)]] '''কবীর''' ছিলেন প্রাচীন ভারতের একজন কবি যিনি তার সময়ে হিন্দু-মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির কথা বলেছিলেন। "কবীর" নামটি আরবি "আল-কবির" শব্দটি থেকে এসেছে। শব্দটির অর্থ "মহান"; এটি কুরআনে উল্লিখিত আল্লাহ্‌র ৩৭তম নাম। কবীরের জন্ম-মৃত‍্যুর সঠিক সাল তারিখ জানা যায় নি। ভারতের কাশীর নিকটে লহরতালাব (বর্তমানকালে বারাণসীতে) নামক স্থানে তার জন্ম হয় বলে অনেকের অনুমান। মুসলমান জোলার ঘরের সন্তান ছিলেন তিনি। তাঁত শিল্পের মাঝে কবীরের বাল্যকাল কেটেছিল। তাই তার লেখার মধ্যে বারবার বুনন শিল্পের কথা উঠে আসে। কবীর খুব সরল লোকায়ত উপাদান ব্যবহার করেছিলেন তার কবিতার মধ্যে। তাই হিন্দু-মুসলমান ভেদাভেদ ছাপিয়ে তিনি সকল মানুষের আপন হয়ে উঠতে পেরেছিলেন। == উক্তি == * প্রভু ম্যায় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম তেরা।<br>তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান মেরা।৷ *জিন বহ চিত্র বনাইয়া<br>সাঁচা সূত্রধারি<br>কহহী কবীর তে জন ভলে<br>চিত্র বংত লেহি বিচারি। **যিনি এই চিত্রের রচয়িতা তিনি সত্য সূত্রধর; সেইজন শ্রেষ্ঠ, যে চিত্রের সহিত চিত্রকরকেও নিলো বিচার করে। * কাশীতে দেহত্যাগ করিয়া, স্থান মাহাত্ম্যে মুক্তিলাভ, আমি চাই না। ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/উইকিসংকলন লেখক}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Kabir}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/bn/সাহিত্যকর্ম]] 1xjakmh2duq02hckm3sdejc656bu5yi 5502945 5502944 2022-07-22T10:35:21Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 উক্তি যোগ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabir004.jpg|thumb|ছবিতে কবীর তাঁত বুনছেন (১৮২৫)]] '''কবীর''' ছিলেন প্রাচীন ভারতের একজন কবি যিনি তার সময়ে হিন্দু-মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির কথা বলেছিলেন। "কবীর" নামটি আরবি "আল-কবির" শব্দটি থেকে এসেছে। শব্দটির অর্থ "মহান"; এটি কুরআনে উল্লিখিত আল্লাহ্‌র ৩৭তম নাম। কবীরের জন্ম-মৃত‍্যুর সঠিক সাল তারিখ জানা যায় নি। ভারতের কাশীর নিকটে লহরতালাব (বর্তমানকালে বারাণসীতে) নামক স্থানে তার জন্ম হয় বলে অনেকের অনুমান। মুসলমান জোলার ঘরের সন্তান ছিলেন তিনি। তাঁত শিল্পের মাঝে কবীরের বাল্যকাল কেটেছিল। তাই তার লেখার মধ্যে বারবার বুনন শিল্পের কথা উঠে আসে। কবীর খুব সরল লোকায়ত উপাদান ব্যবহার করেছিলেন তার কবিতার মধ্যে। তাই হিন্দু-মুসলমান ভেদাভেদ ছাপিয়ে তিনি সকল মানুষের আপন হয়ে উঠতে পেরেছিলেন। == উক্তি == * প্রভু ম্যায় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম তেরা।<br>তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান মেরা।৷ *জিন বহ চিত্র বনাইয়া<br>সাঁচা সূত্রধারি<br>কহহী কবীর তে জন ভলে<br>চিত্র বংত লেহি বিচারি। **যিনি এই চিত্রের রচয়িতা তিনি সত্য সূত্রধর; সেইজন শ্রেষ্ঠ, যে চিত্রের সহিত চিত্রকরকেও নিলো বিচার করে। * কাশীতে দেহত্যাগ করিয়া, স্থান মাহাত্ম্যে মুক্তিলাভ, আমি চাই না। যদি ভগবদ্ভক্তি থাকে, তবে সেই মূল্য দিয়াই আমি মগহর বাসেই মুক্তির অধিকারী হব। ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/উইকিসংকলন লেখক}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Kabir}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/bn/সাহিত্যকর্ম]] b77f0zo600ukt0yiou59icv2qq0xzrj 5502948 5502945 2022-07-22T10:37:03Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 সংযোজন wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabir004.jpg|thumb|ছবিতে কবীর তাঁত বুনছেন (১৮২৫)]] '''কবীর''' ছিলেন প্রাচীন ভারতের একজন কবি যিনি তার সময়ে হিন্দু-মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির কথা বলেছিলেন। "কবীর" নামটি আরবি "আল-কবির" শব্দটি থেকে এসেছে। শব্দটির অর্থ "মহান"; এটি কুরআনে উল্লিখিত আল্লাহ্‌র ৩৭তম নাম। কবীরের জন্ম-মৃত‍্যুর সঠিক সাল তারিখ জানা যায় নি। ভারতের কাশীর নিকটে লহরতালাব (বর্তমানকালে বারাণসীতে) নামক স্থানে তার জন্ম হয় বলে অনেকের অনুমান। মুসলমান জোলার ঘরের সন্তান ছিলেন তিনি। তাঁত শিল্পের মাঝে কবীরের বাল্যকাল কেটেছিল। তাই তার লেখার মধ্যে বারবার বুনন শিল্পের কথা উঠে আসে। কবীর খুব সরল লোকায়ত উপাদান ব্যবহার করেছিলেন তার কবিতার মধ্যে। তাই হিন্দু-মুসলমান ভেদাভেদ ছাপিয়ে তিনি সকল মানুষের আপন হয়ে উঠতে পেরেছিলেন। == উক্তি == * প্রভু ম্যায় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম তেরা।<br>তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান মেরা।৷ *জিন বহ চিত্র বনাইয়া<br>সাঁচা সূত্রধারি<br>কহহী কবীর তে জন ভলে<br>চিত্র বংত লেহি বিচারি। **যিনি এই চিত্রের রচয়িতা তিনি সত্য সূত্রধর; সেইজন শ্রেষ্ঠ, যে চিত্রের সহিত চিত্রকরকেও নিলো বিচার করে। * কাশীতে দেহত্যাগ করিয়া, স্থান মাহাত্ম্যে মুক্তিলাভ, আমি চাই না। যদি ভগবদ্ভক্তি থাকে, তবে সেই মূল্য দিয়াই আমি মগহর বাসেই মুক্তির অধিকারী হব। **জীবনী কোষ - শশিভূষণ বিদ্যালঙ্কার ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/উইকিসংকলন লেখক}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Kabir}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/bn/সাহিত্যকর্ম]] lshdegjgqh2zc3zx5g7lattqtbepkmb 5502951 5502948 2022-07-22T10:39:01Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 লিঙ্ক যোগ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Kabir004.jpg|thumb|ছবিতে কবীর তাঁত বুনছেন (১৮২৫)]] '''কবীর''' ছিলেন প্রাচীন ভারতের একজন কবি যিনি তার সময়ে হিন্দু-মুসলমান সম্প্রীতির কথা বলেছিলেন। "কবীর" নামটি আরবি "আল-কবির" শব্দটি থেকে এসেছে। শব্দটির অর্থ "মহান"; এটি কুরআনে উল্লিখিত আল্লাহ্‌র ৩৭তম নাম। কবীরের জন্ম-মৃত‍্যুর সঠিক সাল তারিখ জানা যায় নি। ভারতের কাশীর নিকটে লহরতালাব (বর্তমানকালে বারাণসীতে) নামক স্থানে তার জন্ম হয় বলে অনেকের অনুমান। মুসলমান জোলার ঘরের সন্তান ছিলেন তিনি। তাঁত শিল্পের মাঝে কবীরের বাল্যকাল কেটেছিল। তাই তার লেখার মধ্যে বারবার বুনন শিল্পের কথা উঠে আসে। কবীর খুব সরল লোকায়ত উপাদান ব্যবহার করেছিলেন তার কবিতার মধ্যে। তাই হিন্দু-মুসলমান ভেদাভেদ ছাপিয়ে তিনি সকল মানুষের আপন হয়ে উঠতে পেরেছিলেন। == উক্তি == * প্রভু ম্যায় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম, ম্যয় গোলাম তেরা।<br>তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান, তু দেওয়ান মেরা।৷ *জিন বহ চিত্র বনাইয়া<br>সাঁচা সূত্রধারি<br>কহহী কবীর তে জন ভলে<br>চিত্র বংত লেহি বিচারি। **যিনি এই চিত্রের রচয়িতা তিনি সত্য সূত্রধর; সেইজন শ্রেষ্ঠ, যে চিত্রের সহিত চিত্রকরকেও নিলো বিচার করে। * কাশীতে দেহত্যাগ করিয়া, স্থান মাহাত্ম্যে মুক্তিলাভ, আমি চাই না। যদি ভগবদ্ভক্তি থাকে, তবে সেই মূল্য দিয়াই আমি মগহর বাসেই মুক্তির অধিকারী হব। **[https://bn.wikisource.org/wiki/জীবনী_কোষ/ভারতীয়-ঐতিহাসিক/কবীর জীবনী কোষ - শশিভূষণ বিদ্যালঙ্কার] ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/উইকিসংকলন লেখক}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Kabir}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/bn/সাহিত্যকর্ম]] pulrrcj29akrdun0lkswmru3hf68irz 0 3308215 5502571 5372589 2022-07-21T19:56:41Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * বিশুদ্ধ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে একোৱেই অসম্ভৱ নহয়। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * প্ৰেমত পৰাৰ বাবে আপুনি মাধ্যাকৰ্ষণক দোষ দিব নোৱাৰে। ** [[Wq/as/এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন|এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 93n3e1wl7gly3n96pgixa4jlcutma5o 5502578 5502571 2022-07-21T20:36:51Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * বিশুদ্ধ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে একোৱেই অসম্ভৱ নহয়। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * প্ৰেমত পৰাৰ বাবে আপুনি মাধ্যাকৰ্ষণক দোষ দিব নোৱাৰে। ** [[Wq/as/এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন|এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] * মই তোমাক ভাল পাওঁ আৰু সেইটোৱেই সকলোৰে আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষ৷ ** এফ. স্কট ফিট্‌জগেৰ'ল্ড ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 41jtnl8jxphedg4eudasrrtzs6hvnzq 5502579 5502578 2022-07-21T20:37:42Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * বিশুদ্ধ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে একোৱেই অসম্ভৱ নহয়। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * প্ৰেমত পৰাৰ বাবে আপুনি মাধ্যাকৰ্ষণক দোষ দিব নোৱাৰে। ** [[Wq/as/এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন|এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] * মই তোমাক ভাল পাওঁ আৰু সেইটোৱেই সকলোৰে আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষ৷ ** এফ. স্কট ফিট্‌জগেৰ'ল্ড * যদি মই জানো প্ৰেম কি, তেন্তে সেয়া তোমাৰ বাবেই। ** হাৰমান হেছে ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] pznpw5b5etqdaa6b3mfjncwkasrm6mb 5502580 5502579 2022-07-21T20:39:12Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * বিশুদ্ধ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে একোৱেই অসম্ভৱ নহয়। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * প্ৰেমত পৰাৰ বাবে আপুনি মাধ্যাকৰ্ষণক দোষ দিব নোৱাৰে। ** [[Wq/as/এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন|এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] * মই তোমাক ভাল পাওঁ আৰু সেইটোৱেই সকলোৰে আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষ৷ ** এফ. স্কট ফিট্‌জগেৰ'ল্ড * যদি মই জানো প্ৰেম কি, তেন্তে সেয়া তোমাৰ বাবেই। ** হাৰমান হেছে * প্ৰকৃত প্ৰেম বিৰল, আৰু ইয়েই একমাত্ৰ বস্তু যিয়ে জীৱনক প্ৰকৃত অৰ্থ প্ৰদান কৰে। ** নিক'লাছ স্পাৰ্ক্স ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] pcljn88t1rpn11o18tr8owiusz0whag 5502582 5502580 2022-07-21T20:44:25Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * বিশুদ্ধ প্ৰেমৰ বাবে একোৱেই অসম্ভৱ নহয়। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * প্ৰেমত পৰাৰ বাবে আপুনি মাধ্যাকৰ্ষণক দোষ দিব নোৱাৰে। ** [[Wq/as/এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন|এলবাৰ্ট আইনষ্টাইন]] * মই তোমাক ভাল পাওঁ আৰু সেইটোৱেই সকলোৰে আৰম্ভণি আৰু শেষ৷ ** এফ. স্কট ফিট্‌জগেৰ'ল্ড * যদি মই জানো প্ৰেম কি, তেন্তে সেয়া তোমাৰ বাবেই। ** হাৰমান হেছে * প্ৰকৃত প্ৰেম বিৰল, আৰু ইয়েই একমাত্ৰ বস্তু যিয়ে জীৱনক প্ৰকৃত অৰ্থ প্ৰদান কৰে। ** নিক'লাছ স্পাৰ্ক্স * মই অনুভৱ কৰোঁ যে মানুহক ভালপোৱাতকৈ সঁচা অৰ্থত কলাত্মক আৰু একোৱেই নাই। ** [[Wq/as/ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ|ভিনচেণ্ট ভেন গঘ]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] s4pd2wwteqe5uf009n11pk3mfx6h5of 10 3308223 5502817 5372607 2022-07-22T08:12:51Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki P.M. Heijmink Liesert, ''ʼn Haonderik vol ruggemeters. Schalkwijks dialect''. Historische kring tussen Rijn en Lek, Houten, 2000: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|SchW]] </noinclude> fc8hx65xya6fhundv7jnn85l8ak0g0t 10 3308606 5502415 5374390 2022-07-21T15:32:54Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki <templatestyles src="Wq/as/বেটুপাত/styles.css"/> __NOTOC__ <div class="wikifrontpage_box" style="text-align:center; padding:5px; margin:5px 0; font-size:125%; font-family: serif;"> <table width=100%> <tr><td align=center width=50%> <span style="font-size:185%;">[[Wq/as/ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতি|ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতি]]লৈ স্বাগতম!</span><br>যিকোনো লোকে সম্পাদনা কৰিব পৰা [[:as:উদ্ধৃতি|উদ্ধৃতি]]ৰ বিনামূলীয়া সংকলন।<br>অসমীয়া ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতিত বৰ্তমান '''{{PAGESINCATEGORY:Wq/as|pages}}''' টা লেখা আছে।</td></table></div> <div class="wikifrontpage_box" style="text-align:center; padding:5px; margin:5px 0; font-size:125%; font-family: serif;"> <table width=100%> <tr><td align=center width=50%> <span style="font-size:150%;">আজিৰ উদ্ধৃতি</span><br>{{Wq/as/আজিৰ উদ্ধৃতি}}</td></table></div> <div class="wikifrontpage_box" style="text-align:center; padding:5px; margin:5px 0; font-size:125%; font-family: serif;"> <table width=100%> <tr><td align=center width=70%> <span style="font-size:120%;>[[Wq/as/ফকৰা যোজনা|ফকৰা যোজনা]] • [[Wq/as/জতুৱা ঠাঁচ|জতুৱা ঠাঁচ]] • [[Wq/as/ডাকৰ বচন|ডাকৰ বচন]] • [[Wq/as/সাঁথৰ|সাঁথৰ]] • [[Wq/as/শ্লোগান|শ্লোগান]] • [[Wq/as/সূচী|বৰ্ণানুক্ৰমিক সূচী]]</span></td></table></div> <div id="wikifrontpage_container" class="wikifrontpage_row"> <div class="wikifrontpage_box"> <h2>ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতি কি?</h2> {{Wq/as/সাৰাংশ}} </div> <div class="wikifrontpage_box"> <h2>ইতিহাস</h2> {{Wq/as/ইতিহাস}} </div> <div id="wikifrontpage_container" class="wikifrontpage_row"> <div class="wikifrontpage_box"> <h2>নিৰ্বাচিত পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ</h2> {{Wq/as/নিৰ্বাচিত পৃষ্ঠাসমূহ}} </div> <div class="wikifrontpage_box"> <h2>প্ৰধান শ্ৰেণীসমূহ</h2> {{Wq/as/প্ৰধান শ্ৰেণীসমূহ}} </div> <div class="wikifrontpage_box"> <h2>সমাজ</h2> {{Wq/as/সমাজ}} </div> <!-- Sister projects --> <div class="wikifrontpage_box" style="text-align:center; padding:5px; margin:5px 0; font-size:125%; font-family: serif;"> <table width=100%> <tr><td align=center width=50%> <span style="font-size:150%;">ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতিৰ ভগ্নী প্ৰকল্পসমূহ</span><br>{{Wq/as/ভগ্নী প্ৰকল্পসমূহ}}</div></table></div> <!-- Other languages--> <div class="wikifrontpage_box" style="text-align:center; padding:5px; margin:5px 0; font-size:125%; font-family: serif;"> <table width=100%> <tr><td align=center width=50%> <span style="font-size:150%;">অন্য ভাষাৰ ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতিসমূহ</span><br>{{Wq/as/অন্য ভাষাৰ ৱিকিউদ্ধৃতিসমূহ}}</td></table></div> <!-- Purge & Social Media --> <div align="right" class="plainlinks"><small><span class="plainlinks">[[File:Instagram new.svg|15px|link=https://www.instagram.com/aswikiquote/|ইনষ্টাগ্ৰাম]]&nbsp;[[File:Twitter Logo.png|15px|link=https://twitter.com/aswikiquote|টুইটাৰ]]&nbsp;[https://incubator.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wq/as/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4&action=purge <span style="color: #FFFFFF; background-color: #0036ff; background-image: none !important; border-color: #006800; border-style: outset; text-decoration: none !important; padding-left: 0.2em; padding-right: 0.2em; border-width: 0.15em; font-size: 90%; line-height: 90%; font-family: verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: bold;" title="কেশ্ব পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰক">কেশ্ব পৰিষ্কাৰ কৰক</span>]</span></small></div> <!--Categories--> {{DEFAULTSORT:বেটুপাত}} <noinclude>[[Category:Wq/as]][[Category:Wq/as/বেটুপাতৰ সাঁচ|{{PAGENAME}}]]</noinclude> fa2nrn7yuk07gru118irfpgfs0q9vt6 10 3308966 5502807 5375505 2022-07-22T08:09:30Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki J. van der Spek (<span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="onder redactie van">red.</span>), ''Zoetermeers Woordenboek''. Historisch genootschap Oud Soetermeer, Zoetermeer, 1981 [digitaole naebewerkienge 2011]: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen]] </noinclude> 2ewknzu1nx4wbghkw2mkffku8ocnn64 5502808 5502807 2022-07-22T08:10:05Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki J. van der Spek (<span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="onder redactie van">red.</span>), ''Zoetermeers Woordenboek''. Historisch genootschap Oud Soetermeer, Zoetermeer, 1981 [digitaole naebewerkienge 2011]: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|ZoeW]] </noinclude> r92pkbn7r9vie9mmz4sxw3nb57tetha 0 3312832 5502456 5501611 2022-07-21T16:53:44Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 সম্প্রসারণ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|thumb|উইনস্টন চার্চিল]] '''উইনস্টন চার্চিল''' (৩০ নভেম্বর, ১৮৭৪ – ২৪ জানুয়ারি, ১৯৬৫) ইংরেজ রাজনীতিবিদ ও লেখক। তিনি দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন যুক্তরাজ্যের প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৪০ থেকে ১৯৪৫ এনবং তারপরে ১৯৫০ থেকে ১৯৫৫ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে নিয়োজিত ছিলেন। ১৯২২ থেকে ১৯২৪ সাল পর্যন্ত দুই বছর বাদে ১৯০০ থেকে ১৯৬৪ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। তাকে যুক্তরাজ্য ও বিশ্বের ইতিহাসের অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নেতা হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। ২০০২ সালে বিবিসির এক জরিপে তিনি ''সর্বকালের সেরা ব্রিটেনবাসী'' হিসেবে মনোনীত হন। ১৯৫৩ সালে তিনি সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ==উক্তি== * সাফল্য স্থায়ী নয়, ব্যর্থতা মানেই মৃত্যু নয়। আসল ব্যাপার হচ্ছে সাহস ধরে রাখা। * ইতিহাস থেকে যারা শিক্ষা নেয় না, নিজেদের ধ্বংস ডেকে আনার মাধ্যমে তারা ইতিহাসের পুনরাবৃত্তি ঘটায়। * সাহস হল মানবিক গুণাবলীর মধ্যে প্রথম কারণ এটি এমন গুণ যা অন্য সমস্তকে গ্যারান্টি দেয়। * আমি শুয়োর পছন্দ করি। কুকুর আমাদের দিকে চোখ তুলে তাকায়। বিড়াল চোখ নামিয়ে তাকায়। শুকর আমাদেরকে সমভাবে দেখে। * আপনার আশা পুষ্ট করুন, কিন্তু বাস্তবতা উপেক্ষা করবেন না। ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Winston Churchill}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/রাজনীতিবিদ]] tfjzhzuo8wydxrzysupj6uz4rhr51gf 5502457 5502456 2022-07-21T16:57:06Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 বিষয়শ্রেণী যোগ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|thumb|উইনস্টন চার্চিল]] '''উইনস্টন চার্চিল''' (৩০ নভেম্বর, ১৮৭৪ – ২৪ জানুয়ারি, ১৯৬৫) ইংরেজ রাজনীতিবিদ ও লেখক। তিনি দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন যুক্তরাজ্যের প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৪০ থেকে ১৯৪৫ এনবং তারপরে ১৯৫০ থেকে ১৯৫৫ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে নিয়োজিত ছিলেন। ১৯২২ থেকে ১৯২৪ সাল পর্যন্ত দুই বছর বাদে ১৯০০ থেকে ১৯৬৪ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। তাকে যুক্তরাজ্য ও বিশ্বের ইতিহাসের অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নেতা হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। ২০০২ সালে বিবিসির এক জরিপে তিনি ''সর্বকালের সেরা ব্রিটেনবাসী'' হিসেবে মনোনীত হন। ১৯৫৩ সালে তিনি সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ==উক্তি== * সাফল্য স্থায়ী নয়, ব্যর্থতা মানেই মৃত্যু নয়। আসল ব্যাপার হচ্ছে সাহস ধরে রাখা। * ইতিহাস থেকে যারা শিক্ষা নেয় না, নিজেদের ধ্বংস ডেকে আনার মাধ্যমে তারা ইতিহাসের পুনরাবৃত্তি ঘটায়। * সাহস হল মানবিক গুণাবলীর মধ্যে প্রথম কারণ এটি এমন গুণ যা অন্য সমস্তকে গ্যারান্টি দেয়। * আমি শুয়োর পছন্দ করি। কুকুর আমাদের দিকে চোখ তুলে তাকায়। বিড়াল চোখ নামিয়ে তাকায়। শুকর আমাদেরকে সমভাবে দেখে। * আপনার আশা পুষ্ট করুন, কিন্তু বাস্তবতা উপেক্ষা করবেন না। ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Winston Churchill}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/রাজনীতিবিদ]] [[Category:Wq/bn/লেখক]] o9g464najxmfrj1fxe7qjg8a5qnqckk 5502459 5502457 2022-07-21T16:58:02Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 বিষয়শ্রেণী যোগ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Sir Winston Churchill - 19086236948.jpg|thumb|উইনস্টন চার্চিল]] '''উইনস্টন চার্চিল''' (৩০ নভেম্বর, ১৮৭৪ – ২৪ জানুয়ারি, ১৯৬৫) ইংরেজ রাজনীতিবিদ ও লেখক। তিনি দ্বিতীয় বিশ্বযুদ্ধ চলাকালীন যুক্তরাজ্যের প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেন। ১৯৪০ থেকে ১৯৪৫ এনবং তারপরে ১৯৫০ থেকে ১৯৫৫ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি প্রধানমন্ত্রী হিসেবে নিয়োজিত ছিলেন। ১৯২২ থেকে ১৯২৪ সাল পর্যন্ত দুই বছর বাদে ১৯০০ থেকে ১৯৬৪ সাল পর্যন্ত তিনি সংসদ সদস্য হিসেবে দায়িত্ব পালন করেছেন। তাকে যুক্তরাজ্য ও বিশ্বের ইতিহাসের অন্যতম গুরুত্বপূর্ণ নেতা হিসেবে গণ্য করা হয়। ২০০২ সালে বিবিসির এক জরিপে তিনি ''সর্বকালের সেরা ব্রিটেনবাসী'' হিসেবে মনোনীত হন। ১৯৫৩ সালে তিনি সাহিত্যে নোবেল পুরস্কার লাভ করেন। ==উক্তি== * সাফল্য স্থায়ী নয়, ব্যর্থতা মানেই মৃত্যু নয়। আসল ব্যাপার হচ্ছে সাহস ধরে রাখা। * ইতিহাস থেকে যারা শিক্ষা নেয় না, নিজেদের ধ্বংস ডেকে আনার মাধ্যমে তারা ইতিহাসের পুনরাবৃত্তি ঘটায়। * সাহস হল মানবিক গুণাবলীর মধ্যে প্রথম কারণ এটি এমন গুণ যা অন্য সমস্তকে গ্যারান্টি দেয়। * আমি শুয়োর পছন্দ করি। কুকুর আমাদের দিকে চোখ তুলে তাকায়। বিড়াল চোখ নামিয়ে তাকায়। শুকর আমাদেরকে সমভাবে দেখে। * আপনার আশা পুষ্ট করুন, কিন্তু বাস্তবতা উপেক্ষা করবেন না। ==বহিঃসংযোগ== {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Winston Churchill}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/রাজনীতিবিদ]] [[Category:Wq/bn/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/bn/সাহিত্যকর্ম]] ag4tp9ibxj74uzyae9il75jrs9qzoei 0 3314483 5502446 5403647 2022-07-21T16:42:27Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 সম্প্রসারণ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar at Delhi in 1948.jpg|thumb|250px|ভীমরাও আম্বেডকর]] '''ভীমরাও আম্বেদকর''' (১৪ই এপ্রিল ১৮৯১ – ৬ই ডিসেম্বর ১৯৫৬) ছিলেন ভারতীয় ব্যবহারশাস্ত্রজ্ঞ (জ্যুরিস্ট), রাজনৈতিক নেতা, বৌদ্ধ আন্দোলনকারী, দার্শনিক, চিন্তাবিদ, নৃতত্ত্ববিদ, ঐতিহাসিক, সুবক্তা, বিশিষ্ট লেখক, অর্থনীতিবিদ, পণ্ডিত, সম্পাদক, রাষ্ট্রবিপ্লবী ও বৌদ্ধ পুনর্জাগরণবাদী। তিনি ভারতীয় জাতীয়তাবাদী এবং ভারতের দলিত আন্দোলনের অন্যতম পুরোধা। == উক্তি == * মনের স্বাধীনতাই আসল স্বাধীনতা। * জীবন দীর্ঘায়ু হওয়ার চেয়ে মহান হওয়া উচিত। * একটি সুরক্ষিত সেনা একটি সুরক্ষিত সীমান্তের চেয়ে উত্তম। * বুদ্ধির বিকাশ মানুষের অস্তিত্বের চূড়ান্ত লক্ষ্য হওয়া উচিত। * আমি এমন একটি ধর্মে বিশ্বাস করি যা স্বাধীনতা, সমতা এবং ভ্রাতৃত্ববোধ শেখায়। * শিক্ষা পুরুষের জন্য যেমন প্রয়োজনীয় তেমনি নারীর জন্যও প্রয়োজনীয়। * আমি মহিলাদের অর্জিত অগ্রগতির পরিমাপ দিয়ে একটি সম্প্রদায়ের অগ্রগতি পরিমাপ করি। * আমি শুরু থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত একজন ভারতীয়। * আপনার ভাগ্যের চেয়ে আপনার শক্তিতে বিশ্বাস করুন। * আমার নাম জপ করার চেয়ে আমার দেখানো পথে চলা ভালো। == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া|ভীমরাও রামজি আম্বেডকর}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Portraits of B. R. Ambedkar}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/রাজনীতিবিদ]] my1qk6veichk49e4yo0z24081foxx7a 5502453 5502446 2022-07-21T16:48:46Z Salil Kumar Mukherjee 2556993 সম্প্রসারণ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Dr. B. R. Ambedkar at Delhi in 1948.jpg|thumb|250px|ভীমরাও আম্বেডকর]] '''ভীমরাও আম্বেদকর''' (১৪ই এপ্রিল ১৮৯১ – ৬ই ডিসেম্বর ১৯৫৬) ছিলেন ভারতীয় ব্যবহারশাস্ত্রজ্ঞ (জ্যুরিস্ট), রাজনৈতিক নেতা, বৌদ্ধ আন্দোলনকারী, দার্শনিক, চিন্তাবিদ, নৃতত্ত্ববিদ, ঐতিহাসিক, সুবক্তা, বিশিষ্ট লেখক, অর্থনীতিবিদ, পণ্ডিত, সম্পাদক, রাষ্ট্রবিপ্লবী ও বৌদ্ধ পুনর্জাগরণবাদী। তিনি ভারতীয় জাতীয়তাবাদী এবং ভারতের দলিত আন্দোলনের অন্যতম পুরোধা। ভারতের সংবিধানের মুখ্য রচয়িতা হিসাবে ভীমরাও আম্বেডকরের অবদান শ্রদ্ধার সঙ্গে স্মরণ করা হয়। == উক্তি == * মনের স্বাধীনতাই আসল স্বাধীনতা। * জীবন দীর্ঘায়ু হওয়ার চেয়ে মহান হওয়া উচিত। * একটি সুরক্ষিত সেনা একটি সুরক্ষিত সীমান্তের চেয়ে উত্তম। * বুদ্ধির বিকাশ মানুষের অস্তিত্বের চূড়ান্ত লক্ষ্য হওয়া উচিত। * আমি এমন একটি ধর্মে বিশ্বাস করি যা স্বাধীনতা, সমতা এবং ভ্রাতৃত্ববোধ শেখায়। * শিক্ষা পুরুষের জন্য যেমন প্রয়োজনীয় তেমনি নারীর জন্যও প্রয়োজনীয়। * আমি মহিলাদের অর্জিত অগ্রগতির পরিমাপ দিয়ে একটি সম্প্রদায়ের অগ্রগতি পরিমাপ করি। * আমি শুরু থেকে শেষ পর্যন্ত একজন ভারতীয়। * আপনার ভাগ্যের চেয়ে আপনার শক্তিতে বিশ্বাস করুন। * আমার নাম জপ করার চেয়ে আমার দেখানো পথে চলা ভালো। == বহিঃসংযোগ == {{Wq/bn/উইকিপিডিয়া|ভীমরাও রামজি আম্বেডকর}} {{Wq/bn/কমন্স বিষয়শ্রেণী|Portraits of B. R. Ambedkar}} [[Category:Wq/bn]] [[Category:Wq/bn/রাজনীতিবিদ]] r81tvm7xvvbekgu6elg50ijyogavu3t 0 3321268 5502400 5423097 2022-07-21T14:44:39Z Samatics 2143986 wikitext text/x-wiki === Hogbe yiylọ === <br> == Yinkọgbe == '''ojú''' (''[[Wt/guw/hugan-dopo|hugan-dopo]]'': '''[[Wt/guw/ojú lẹ|ojú lẹ]]''') #'''ojú''' wẹ agbasagonu dé taidi amì he nọ sọawuhia to gbẹtọ kavi kanlin dé sìn lanmẹ. #:''ohàn lọ tindó '''ojú''' susu to lanmẹ''. == Ogbè devo lẹ == === Glẹnsigbe === #[[wikt:en:fat|fat]] === Flansegbe === #[[wikt:fr:graisse|graisse]] [[Category:Wt/guw]] [[Category:Wt/guw/Yinkọgbe]] 07vu49ges9l58pi9oepg3w11jabkzev 0 3321283 5502402 5423157 2022-07-21T15:00:39Z Samatics 2143986 wikitext text/x-wiki === Hogbe yiylọ === <br> == Yinkọgbe == '''ojú lẹ''' (''[[Wt/guw/dopo|dopo]]'': '''[[Wt/guw/ojú|ojú]]''') # Hogbe lọ '''"ojú lẹ"''' wẹ yin hugan-dopo "[[Wt/guw/ojú|ojú]]" tọn. #: ''Etẹwutu wẹ gbẹtọ he klo donọ tindo '''ojú lẹ''' to lanmẹ?'' == Ogbè devo lẹ == === Glẹnsigbe === #[[wikt:en:fats|fats]] === Flansegbe === #[[wikt:fr:graisses|graisses]] [[Category:Wt/guw]] [[Category:Wt/guw/Yinkọgbe]] f4s4sug50kwcnyzstgkmt9xcksjhza4 0 3323474 5502433 5441005 2022-07-21T16:17:39Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতি */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড॰ লীলা গগৈ''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Dr. Lila Gogoi}}; ১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) এজন বিশিষ্ট সাহিত্যিক, বুৰঞ্জীবিদ, গ্ৰন্থকাৰ, শিক্ষাবিদ আছিল। গগৈ দেৱ অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সম্পাদক, উপ-সভাপতি, কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহকৰ সদস্য, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী সমিতিৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পৰিভাষা প্ৰণয়ন সমিতিৰ সদস্য, অসম পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু প্ৰকাশন নিগমৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। ১৯৯৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ মৰিগাঁও বাৰ্ষিক অধিবেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতি== # আমাক এখন আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানসন্মত বুৰঞ্জী লাগে। অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী। কোনখন অসমৰ? আজিৰ ৰাজনীতিয়ে ভেটা মাৰি দিয়া জকাইচুকীয়া অসম নে তাহানিৰ উত্তৰে হিমালয় পর্বত, দক্ষিনে সাগৰৰ পাৰ, পূৰ্বে পাটকাই পৰ্বত আৰু পশ্চিমে আজিৰ বিহাৰ ৰাজ্যৰো এছোৱা সামৰি থকা প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপ অসম? ভৌগোলিক অসম নে সাংস্কৃতিক অসম?আজিৰ অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিবলৈ হলে তাহানিৰ প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপৰ সীমা ধৰি বিষয়-বস্তু বিচাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। সেইদৰে ৰজাৰ বা ৰজা ঘৰৰ বুৰঞ্জী নহৈ দেশৰ মানুহৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিব খুজিলেও সকলো জাতি-গোষ্ঠীৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ সম্যক বাতৰি দিব লাগিব। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] p0vexkpp2evn7zg1f7lcr1trsqb675x 5502434 5502433 2022-07-21T16:21:46Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতি */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড॰ লীলা গগৈ''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Dr. Lila Gogoi}}; ১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) এজন বিশিষ্ট সাহিত্যিক, বুৰঞ্জীবিদ, গ্ৰন্থকাৰ, শিক্ষাবিদ আছিল। গগৈ দেৱ অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সম্পাদক, উপ-সভাপতি, কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহকৰ সদস্য, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী সমিতিৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পৰিভাষা প্ৰণয়ন সমিতিৰ সদস্য, অসম পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু প্ৰকাশন নিগমৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। ১৯৯৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ মৰিগাঁও বাৰ্ষিক অধিবেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতি== # আমাক এখন আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানসন্মত বুৰঞ্জী লাগে। অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী। কোনখন অসমৰ? আজিৰ ৰাজনীতিয়ে ভেটা মাৰি দিয়া জকাইচুকীয়া অসম নে তাহানিৰ উত্তৰে হিমালয় পর্বত, দক্ষিনে সাগৰৰ পাৰ, পূৰ্বে পাটকাই পৰ্বত আৰু পশ্চিমে আজিৰ বিহাৰ ৰাজ্যৰো এছোৱা সামৰি থকা প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপ অসম? ভৌগোলিক অসম নে সাংস্কৃতিক অসম?আজিৰ অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিবলৈ হলে তাহানিৰ প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপৰ সীমা ধৰি বিষয়-বস্তু বিচাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। সেইদৰে ৰজাৰ বা ৰজা ঘৰৰ বুৰঞ্জী নহৈ দেশৰ মানুহৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিব খুজিলেও সকলো জাতি-গোষ্ঠীৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ সম্যক বাতৰি দিব লাগিব।<ref>{{Wq/as/cite web|url=https://xahitya.org/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE/|title=বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ড. লীলা গগৈৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱন:এক আলোকপাত|accessdate=২১ জুলাই ২০২২|author=ঈষাণজ্যোতি বৰা|website=[https://xahitya.org সাহিত্য.অৰ্গ]}}</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] jp87c6fbdnlotxju80fu77ioscqh53b 5502483 5502434 2022-07-21T17:30:31Z Chiring chandan 411522 /* উদ্ধৃতি */ (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড॰ লীলা গগৈ''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Dr. Lila Gogoi}}; ১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) এজন বিশিষ্ট সাহিত্যিক, বুৰঞ্জীবিদ, গ্ৰন্থকাৰ, শিক্ষাবিদ আছিল। গগৈ দেৱ অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সম্পাদক, উপ-সভাপতি, কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহকৰ সদস্য, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী সমিতিৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পৰিভাষা প্ৰণয়ন সমিতিৰ সদস্য, অসম পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু প্ৰকাশন নিগমৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। ১৯৯৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ মৰিগাঁও বাৰ্ষিক অধিবেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতি== * আমাক এখন আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানসন্মত বুৰঞ্জী লাগে। অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী। কোনখন অসমৰ? আজিৰ ৰাজনীতিয়ে ভেটা মাৰি দিয়া জকাইচুকীয়া অসম নে তাহানিৰ উত্তৰে হিমালয় পর্বত, দক্ষিনে সাগৰৰ পাৰ, পূৰ্বে পাটকাই পৰ্বত আৰু পশ্চিমে আজিৰ বিহাৰ ৰাজ্যৰো এছোৱা সামৰি থকা প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপ অসম? ভৌগোলিক অসম নে সাংস্কৃতিক অসম?আজিৰ অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিবলৈ হলে তাহানিৰ প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপৰ সীমা ধৰি বিষয়-বস্তু বিচাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। সেইদৰে ৰজাৰ বা ৰজা ঘৰৰ বুৰঞ্জী নহৈ দেশৰ মানুহৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিব খুজিলেও সকলো জাতি-গোষ্ঠীৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ সম্যক বাতৰি দিব লাগিব।<ref>{{Wq/as/cite web|url=https://xahitya.org/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE/|title=বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ড. লীলা গগৈৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱন:এক আলোকপাত|accessdate=২১ জুলাই ২০২২|author=ঈষাণজ্যোতি বৰা|website=[https://xahitya.org সাহিত্য.অৰ্গ]}}</ref> * ৰংঘৰ ৰংৰ সফুঁ‌ৰা। শেনচোৱাৰ বহৰী শেনে কণুৱা মাৰি আকাশ তোলপাল কৰিছিল। হাতী-ম'হৰ যুঁ‌জৰ দপ্‌দপনিত ৰূপহিও পথাৰত সৰু-সুৰা ভূইকঁ‌প হৈছিল, প্ৰজাৰ কিৰিলিত ৰংঘৰৰ বুকু ৰজন্‌জনাই গৈছিল। গছতলৰ বিহুৱা আহি ৰংঘৰৰ পথাৰত ঢোলৰ চাপৰ মাৰি নাচনিৰ গাত দেওধনি তুলিছিল।<ref name="টাই">{{Wq/as/cite book | title=টাই সংস্কৃতিৰ ৰূপৰেখা | publisher=বনলতা | author=লীলা গগৈ | year=১৯৯৪ | pages=আগকথা | isbn=81-7339-079-7}}</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] m4bcqoix4wzitjadrwmo1ucb5vto3dk 5502485 5502483 2022-07-21T17:30:59Z Chiring chandan 411522 /* উদ্ধৃতি */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড॰ লীলা গগৈ''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Dr. Lila Gogoi}}; ১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) এজন বিশিষ্ট সাহিত্যিক, বুৰঞ্জীবিদ, গ্ৰন্থকাৰ, শিক্ষাবিদ আছিল। গগৈ দেৱ অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সম্পাদক, উপ-সভাপতি, কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহকৰ সদস্য, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী সমিতিৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পৰিভাষা প্ৰণয়ন সমিতিৰ সদস্য, অসম পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু প্ৰকাশন নিগমৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। ১৯৯৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ মৰিগাঁও বাৰ্ষিক অধিবেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতি== * আমাক এখন আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানসন্মত বুৰঞ্জী লাগে। অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী। কোনখন অসমৰ? আজিৰ ৰাজনীতিয়ে ভেটা মাৰি দিয়া জকাইচুকীয়া অসম নে তাহানিৰ উত্তৰে হিমালয় পর্বত, দক্ষিনে সাগৰৰ পাৰ, পূৰ্বে পাটকাই পৰ্বত আৰু পশ্চিমে আজিৰ বিহাৰ ৰাজ্যৰো এছোৱা সামৰি থকা প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপ অসম? ভৌগোলিক অসম নে সাংস্কৃতিক অসম?আজিৰ অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিবলৈ হলে তাহানিৰ প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপৰ সীমা ধৰি বিষয়-বস্তু বিচাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। সেইদৰে ৰজাৰ বা ৰজা ঘৰৰ বুৰঞ্জী নহৈ দেশৰ মানুহৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিব খুজিলেও সকলো জাতি-গোষ্ঠীৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ সম্যক বাতৰি দিব লাগিব।<ref>{{Wq/as/cite web|url=https://xahitya.org/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE/|title=বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ড. লীলা গগৈৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱন:এক আলোকপাত|accessdate=২১ জুলাই ২০২২|author=ঈশানজ্যোতি বৰা|website=[https://xahitya.org সাহিত্য.অৰ্গ]}}</ref> * ৰংঘৰ ৰংৰ সফুঁ‌ৰা। শেনচোৱাৰ বহৰী শেনে কণুৱা মাৰি আকাশ তোলপাল কৰিছিল। হাতী-ম'হৰ যুঁ‌জৰ দপ্‌দপনিত ৰূপহিও পথাৰত সৰু-সুৰা ভূইকঁ‌প হৈছিল, প্ৰজাৰ কিৰিলিত ৰংঘৰৰ বুকু ৰজন্‌জনাই গৈছিল। গছতলৰ বিহুৱা আহি ৰংঘৰৰ পথাৰত ঢোলৰ চাপৰ মাৰি নাচনিৰ গাত দেওধনি তুলিছিল।<ref name="টাই">{{Wq/as/cite book | title=টাই সংস্কৃতিৰ ৰূপৰেখা | publisher=বনলতা | author=লীলা গগৈ | year=১৯৯৪ | pages=আগকথা | isbn=81-7339-079-7}}</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] 5ecxl9hb9l9nu9t0pxuyx58ahlgrkcc 5502488 5502485 2022-07-21T17:31:53Z Chiring chandan 411522 Undo revision 5502485 by [[Special:Contributions/Chiring chandan|Chiring chandan]] ([[User talk:Chiring chandan|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki '''ড॰ লীলা গগৈ''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Dr. Lila Gogoi}}; ১৯৩০-১৯৯৪) এজন বিশিষ্ট সাহিত্যিক, বুৰঞ্জীবিদ, গ্ৰন্থকাৰ, শিক্ষাবিদ আছিল। গগৈ দেৱ অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ সম্পাদক, উপ-সভাপতি, কাৰ্যনিৰ্বাহকৰ সদস্য, অসম প্ৰকাশন পৰিষদৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু কাৰ্যকৰী সমিতিৰ সদস্য, সৰ্বভাৰতীয় পৰিভাষা প্ৰণয়ন সমিতিৰ সদস্য, অসম পাঠ্যপুথি প্ৰণয়ন আৰু প্ৰকাশন নিগমৰ সঞ্চালক আছিল। ১৯৯৪ চনত অসম সাহিত্য সভাৰ মৰিগাঁও বাৰ্ষিক অধিবেশনত সভাপতিত্ব কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতি== * আমাক এখন আধুনিক বিজ্ঞানসন্মত বুৰঞ্জী লাগে। অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী। কোনখন অসমৰ? আজিৰ ৰাজনীতিয়ে ভেটা মাৰি দিয়া জকাইচুকীয়া অসম নে তাহানিৰ উত্তৰে হিমালয় পর্বত, দক্ষিনে সাগৰৰ পাৰ, পূৰ্বে পাটকাই পৰ্বত আৰু পশ্চিমে আজিৰ বিহাৰ ৰাজ্যৰো এছোৱা সামৰি থকা প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপ অসম? ভৌগোলিক অসম নে সাংস্কৃতিক অসম?আজিৰ অসমৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিবলৈ হলে তাহানিৰ প্ৰাগজ্যোতিষ কামৰূপৰ সীমা ধৰি বিষয়-বস্তু বিচাৰ কৰিব লাগিব। সেইদৰে ৰজাৰ বা ৰজা ঘৰৰ বুৰঞ্জী নহৈ দেশৰ মানুহৰ বুৰঞ্জী লিখিব খুজিলেও সকলো জাতি-গোষ্ঠীৰ মানুহৰ জীৱনৰ সম্যক বাতৰি দিব লাগিব।<ref>{{Wq/as/cite web|url=https://xahitya.org/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%81%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A6-%E0%A6%A1-%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B0-%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE/|title=বুৰঞ্জীবিদ ড. লীলা গগৈৰ সাহিত্যিক জীৱন:এক আলোকপাত|accessdate=২১ জুলাই ২০২২|author=ঈষাণজ্যোতি বৰা|website=[https://xahitya.org সাহিত্য.অৰ্গ]}}</ref> * ৰংঘৰ ৰংৰ সফুঁ‌ৰা। শেনচোৱাৰ বহৰী শেনে কণুৱা মাৰি আকাশ তোলপাল কৰিছিল। হাতী-ম'হৰ যুঁ‌জৰ দপ্‌দপনিত ৰূপহিও পথাৰত সৰু-সুৰা ভূইকঁ‌প হৈছিল, প্ৰজাৰ কিৰিলিত ৰংঘৰৰ বুকু ৰজন্‌জনাই গৈছিল। গছতলৰ বিহুৱা আহি ৰংঘৰৰ পথাৰত ঢোলৰ চাপৰ মাৰি নাচনিৰ গাত দেওধনি তুলিছিল।<ref name="টাই">{{Wq/as/cite book | title=টাই সংস্কৃতিৰ ৰূপৰেখা | publisher=বনলতা | author=লীলা গগৈ | year=১৯৯৪ | pages=আগকথা | isbn=81-7339-079-7}}</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/অসমৰ ব্যক্তি]] m4bcqoix4wzitjadrwmo1ucb5vto3dk 0 3324282 5502522 5498384 2022-07-21T18:10:03Z Pranamikaadhikary 2573650 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''ডেল হাৰ্বিছন কাৰ্নেগী''' (২৪ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৮৮৮ – ১ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান লেখক আৰু প্ৰবক্তা আছিল। আত্ম-উন্নয়ন, বিক্ৰীকৰ্মীৰ দক্ষতা, কৰ্পৰেট প্ৰশিক্ষণ, ৰাজহুৱা বক্তৃতা আৰু আন্তঃব্যক্তিগত দক্ষতা সম্পৰ্কীয় বিখ্যাত পাঠ্যক্ৰমসমূহৰ প্ৰস্তুতকৰ্তা হিচাপেও তেওঁক জনা গৈছিল। মিছৌৰীৰ এখন ফাৰ্মত দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ মাজত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা কাৰ্নেগীৰ প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ "হাউ টু উইন ফ্ৰেণ্ডছ এণ্ড ইনফ্লুৱেন্স পিপল" ১৯৩৬ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। বেষ্টচেলাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হোৱা এই গ্ৰন্থখনৰ আজিৰ দিনতো জনপ্ৰিয়তা কমা নাই। তদুপৰি তেওঁ আব্ৰাহাম লিংকনৰ জীৱনী "লিংকন দ্য আনন’ন"ৰ লগতে আন কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থও ৰচনা কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # মানুহে নিজে কৰি থকা কামটো উপভোগ নকৰালৈকে কাচিৎহে সুখী হোৱা দেখা যায়। # পৃথিৱীৰ বেছিভাগ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কামেই এনেকুৱা মানুহে সম্পন্ন কৰিছে, যিসকলে কোনোধৰণৰ আশাই নথকা যেন লগাৰ পাছতো চেষ্টা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। # যেতিয়া আমি আমাৰ শত্ৰুক ঘৃণা কৰোঁ, আমি তেওঁলোকক আমাৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব চলোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা অৰ্পণ কৰোঁ: এই কৰ্তৃত্ব বা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আমাৰ টোপনি, আমাৰ ভোক, আমাৰ ৰক্তচাপ, আমাৰ স্বাস্থ্য আৰু আমাৰ সুখৰ ওপৰত অৰ্পণ কৰা কৰ্তৃত্ব। # মনত ৰাখিব, আজিৰ দিনটোৱেই সেই কাইলৈ আছিল, যাক লৈ আপুনি কালি উদ্বিগ্ন হৈ আছিল। # সকলো শিল্পৰ সাৰমৰ্ম হ’ল আনক সুখ বিলাই সুখ আহৰণ কৰা। # মনত ৰাখিব, সুখ আপুনি কোন বা আপোনাৰ কি আছে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ নকৰে; ই কেৱল আপুনি কি চিন্তা কৰে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। # এটোপাল মৌৱে এক গেলন তিতাতকৈ অধিক মাখি ধৰি ৰাখিব পাৰে। # নতুনত্বহীনতা (monotony) হৈছে দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ স্বাক্ষৰ, সেয়া বাক্যতেই হওক বা জীৱনতেই হওক। # আপুনি যদি শ্ৰোতাসকলক আপোনাৰ বক্তব্যৰ সমভাগী কৰি ল’বলৈ সমৰ্থ হয়, তেনেহ’লে ধৰি ল’ব পাৰিব যে আপোনাৰ আধা উদ্দেশ্যই হাচিল হৈ গ’ল৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ:নং; ৩২৩ বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৩</ref> # ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৃথিৱীৰ যিকোনো মানুহেই ভয়ক জয় কৰিব পাৰে৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ:নং; ২৪৫ বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৩</ref> # জীৱনত মাথো সেইসকল মানুহেহে সাফল্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে, যিসকলে মনৰ পৰা নেতিবাচক চিন্তাবোৰ সমূলঞ্চে বিসৰ্জন দিব পাৰিছে৷ এটা প্ৰবল আশাবাদী মন গঢ়ি তোলক৷ নিজৰ উদ্দেশ্যক ধিয়াই কাম কৰি চিন্তাৰে আগুৱাই যাওক, আপুনি সফল হ’বই হ’ব৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ:নং; ৩৫৫ বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৩</ref> # আপুনি জনসংযোগৰ সময়ত আপোনাৰ বক্তব্যত আনুপাতিক হাৰত উত্তেজনা আৰু আৱেগৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ কৰিব লাগিব৷ এইটোও এটা কলা৷ ইয়াক আপুনি সযত্নে পালন কৰিব লাগিব৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ:নং; ১১৭, বাণী মন্দিৰ, ২০০৩</ref> # উদ্দীপনা বহুখিনি সঞ্জীৱনীৰ দৰে৷ যি মানুহৰ ভিতৰত উদ্দীপনাৰ বীজ সুপ্ত হৈ থাকে, সেই মানুহে কামত উদ্দীপনাবোধ কৰিলে দুৰ্দমনীয় হৈ উঠে, কামটো সমাধা কৰিবৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ আৱেগে বাধা নমনা হয়৷<ref>উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা, পৃ: নং, ৫২; প্ৰকাশক উৎপল হাজৰিকা, বাণী মন্দিৰ</ref> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 97bqsimjzdf8naknuzkjmtnalgx009a 5502523 5502522 2022-07-21T18:16:11Z Pranamikaadhikary 2573650 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''ডেল হাৰ্বিছন কাৰ্নেগী''' (২৪ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৮৮৮ – ১ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান লেখক আৰু প্ৰবক্তা আছিল। আত্ম-উন্নয়ন, বিক্ৰীকৰ্মীৰ দক্ষতা, কৰ্পৰেট প্ৰশিক্ষণ, ৰাজহুৱা বক্তৃতা আৰু আন্তঃব্যক্তিগত দক্ষতা সম্পৰ্কীয় বিখ্যাত পাঠ্যক্ৰমসমূহৰ প্ৰস্তুতকৰ্তা হিচাপেও তেওঁক জনা গৈছিল। মিছৌৰীৰ এখন ফাৰ্মত দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ মাজত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা কাৰ্নেগীৰ প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ "হাউ টু উইন ফ্ৰেণ্ডছ এণ্ড ইনফ্লুৱেন্স পিপল" ১৯৩৬ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। বেষ্টচেলাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হোৱা এই গ্ৰন্থখনৰ আজিৰ দিনতো জনপ্ৰিয়তা কমা নাই। তদুপৰি তেওঁ আব্ৰাহাম লিংকনৰ জীৱনী "লিংকন দ্য আনন’ন"ৰ লগতে আন কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থও ৰচনা কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # মানুহে নিজে কৰি থকা কামটো উপভোগ নকৰালৈকে কাচিৎহে সুখী হোৱা দেখা যায়। # পৃথিৱীৰ বেছিভাগ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কামেই এনেকুৱা মানুহে সম্পন্ন কৰিছে, যিসকলে কোনোধৰণৰ আশাই নথকা যেন লগাৰ পাছতো চেষ্টা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। # যেতিয়া আমি আমাৰ শত্ৰুক ঘৃণা কৰোঁ, আমি তেওঁলোকক আমাৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব চলোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা অৰ্পণ কৰোঁ: এই কৰ্তৃত্ব বা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আমাৰ টোপনি, আমাৰ ভোক, আমাৰ ৰক্তচাপ, আমাৰ স্বাস্থ্য আৰু আমাৰ সুখৰ ওপৰত অৰ্পণ কৰা কৰ্তৃত্ব। # মনত ৰাখিব, আজিৰ দিনটোৱেই সেই কাইলৈ আছিল, যাক লৈ আপুনি কালি উদ্বিগ্ন হৈ আছিল। # সকলো শিল্পৰ সাৰমৰ্ম হ’ল আনক সুখ বিলাই সুখ আহৰণ কৰা। # মনত ৰাখিব, সুখ আপুনি কোন বা আপোনাৰ কি আছে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ নকৰে; ই কেৱল আপুনি কি চিন্তা কৰে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। # এটোপাল মৌৱে এক গেলন তিতাতকৈ অধিক মাখি ধৰি ৰাখিব পাৰে। # নতুনত্বহীনতা (monotony) হৈছে দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ স্বাক্ষৰ, সেয়া বাক্যতেই হওক বা জীৱনতেই হওক। # আপুনি যদি শ্ৰোতাসকলক আপোনাৰ বক্তব্যৰ সমভাগী কৰি ল’বলৈ সমৰ্থ হয়, তেনেহ’লে ধৰি ল’ব পাৰিব যে আপোনাৰ আধা উদ্দেশ্যই হাচিল হৈ গ’ল৷<ref name="rjb">উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা</ref> # ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৃথিৱীৰ যিকোনো মানুহেই ভয়ক জয় কৰিব পাৰে৷<ref name="rjb"/> # জীৱনত মাথো সেইসকল মানুহেহে সাফল্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে, যিসকলে মনৰ পৰা নেতিবাচক চিন্তাবোৰ সমূলঞ্চে বিসৰ্জন দিব পাৰিছে৷ এটা প্ৰবল আশাবাদী মন গঢ়ি তোলক৷ নিজৰ উদ্দেশ্যক ধিয়াই কাম কৰি চিন্তাৰে আগুৱাই যাওক, আপুনি সফল হ’বই হ’ব৷<ref name="rjb"/> # আপুনি জনসংযোগৰ সময়ত আপোনাৰ বক্তব্যত আনুপাতিক হাৰত উত্তেজনা আৰু আৱেগৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ কৰিব লাগিব৷ এইটোও এটা কলা৷ ইয়াক আপুনি সযত্নে পালন কৰিব লাগিব৷ <ref name="rjb"/> # উদ্দীপনা বহুখিনি সঞ্জীৱনীৰ দৰে৷ যি মানুহৰ ভিতৰত উদ্দীপনাৰ বীজ সুপ্ত হৈ থাকে, সেই মানুহে কামত উদ্দীপনাবোধ কৰিলে দুৰ্দমনীয় হৈ উঠে, কামটো সমাধা কৰিবৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ আৱেগে বাধা নমনা হয়৷<ref name="rjb"/> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 8oscidh5ok2l6b7slv0i9hvu832pj6q 5502524 5502523 2022-07-21T18:19:40Z Pranamikaadhikary 2573650 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''ডেল হাৰ্বিছন কাৰ্নেগী''' (২৪ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৮৮৮ – ১ নৱেম্বৰ, ১৯৫৫) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান লেখক আৰু প্ৰবক্তা আছিল। আত্ম-উন্নয়ন, বিক্ৰীকৰ্মীৰ দক্ষতা, কৰ্পৰেট প্ৰশিক্ষণ, ৰাজহুৱা বক্তৃতা আৰু আন্তঃব্যক্তিগত দক্ষতা সম্পৰ্কীয় বিখ্যাত পাঠ্যক্ৰমসমূহৰ প্ৰস্তুতকৰ্তা হিচাপেও তেওঁক জনা গৈছিল। মিছৌৰীৰ এখন ফাৰ্মত দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ মাজত জন্মগ্ৰহণ কৰা কাৰ্নেগীৰ প্ৰথমখন কিতাপ "হাউ টু উইন ফ্ৰেণ্ডছ এণ্ড ইনফ্লুৱেন্স পিপল" ১৯৩৬ চনত প্ৰকাশ পাইছিল। বেষ্টচেলাৰ হিচাপে পৰিগণিত হোৱা এই গ্ৰন্থখনৰ আজিৰ দিনতো জনপ্ৰিয়তা কমা নাই। তদুপৰি তেওঁ আব্ৰাহাম লিংকনৰ জীৱনী "লিংকন দ্য আনন’ন"ৰ লগতে আন কেইবাখনো গ্ৰন্থও ৰচনা কৰিছিল। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== # মানুহে নিজে কৰি থকা কামটো উপভোগ নকৰালৈকে কাচিৎহে সুখী হোৱা দেখা যায়। # পৃথিৱীৰ বেছিভাগ গুৰুত্বপূৰ্ণ কামেই এনেকুৱা মানুহে সম্পন্ন কৰিছে, যিসকলে কোনোধৰণৰ আশাই নথকা যেন লগাৰ পাছতো চেষ্টা অব্যাহত ৰাখিছিল। # যেতিয়া আমি আমাৰ শত্ৰুক ঘৃণা কৰোঁ, আমি তেওঁলোকক আমাৰ ওপৰত কৰ্তৃত্ব চলোৱাৰ ক্ষমতা অৰ্পণ কৰোঁ: এই কৰ্তৃত্ব বা নিয়ন্ত্ৰণ আমাৰ টোপনি, আমাৰ ভোক, আমাৰ ৰক্তচাপ, আমাৰ স্বাস্থ্য আৰু আমাৰ সুখৰ ওপৰত অৰ্পণ কৰা কৰ্তৃত্ব। # মনত ৰাখিব, আজিৰ দিনটোৱেই সেই কাইলৈ আছিল, যাক লৈ আপুনি কালি উদ্বিগ্ন হৈ আছিল। # সকলো শিল্পৰ সাৰমৰ্ম হ’ল আনক সুখ বিলাই সুখ আহৰণ কৰা। # মনত ৰাখিব, সুখ আপুনি কোন বা আপোনাৰ কি আছে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ নকৰে; ই কেৱল আপুনি কি চিন্তা কৰে তাৰ ওপৰত নিৰ্ভৰ কৰে। # এটোপাল মৌৱে এক গেলন তিতাতকৈ অধিক মাখি ধৰি ৰাখিব পাৰে। # নতুনত্বহীনতা (monotony) হৈছে দৰিদ্ৰতাৰ স্বাক্ষৰ, সেয়া বাক্যতেই হওক বা জীৱনতেই হওক। # আপুনি যদি শ্ৰোতাসকলক আপোনাৰ বক্তব্যৰ সমভাগী কৰি ল’বলৈ সমৰ্থ হয়, তেনেহ’লে ধৰি ল’ব পাৰিব যে আপোনাৰ আধা উদ্দেশ্যই হাচিল হৈ গ’ল৷<ref name="rjb">উদ্ধৃতি অভিধান, ৰক্তাভ জ্যোতি বৰা</ref> # ইচ্ছা কৰিলে পৃথিৱীৰ যিকোনো মানুহেই ভয়ক জয় কৰিব পাৰে৷<ref name="rjb"/> # জীৱনত মাথো সেইসকল মানুহেহে সাফল্য লাভ কৰিবলৈ সক্ষম হৈছে, যিসকলে মনৰ পৰা নেতিবাচক চিন্তাবোৰ সমূলঞ্চে বিসৰ্জন দিব পাৰিছে৷ এটা প্ৰবল আশাবাদী মন গঢ়ি তোলক৷ নিজৰ উদ্দেশ্যক ধিয়াই কাম কৰি চিন্তাৰে আগুৱাই যাওক, আপুনি সফল হ’বই হ’ব৷<ref name="rjb"/> # আপুনি জনসংযোগৰ সময়ত আপোনাৰ বক্তব্যত আনুপাতিক হাৰত উত্তেজনা আৰু আৱেগৰ সংমিশ্ৰণ কৰিব লাগিব৷ এইটোও এটা কলা৷ ইয়াক আপুনি সযত্নে পালন কৰিব লাগিব৷ <ref name="rjb"/> # উদ্দীপনা বহুখিনি সঞ্জীৱনীৰ দৰে৷ যি মানুহৰ ভিতৰত উদ্দীপনাৰ বীজ সুপ্ত হৈ থাকে, সেই মানুহে কামত উদ্দীপনাবোধ কৰিলে দুৰ্দমনীয় হৈ উঠে, কামটো সমাধা কৰিবৰ বাবে তেওঁৰ আৱেগে বাধা নমনা হয়৷<ref name="rjb"/> # উচ্চাকাংক্ষা থাকিলেও উদ্দীপনাৰ প্ৰয়োজন৷ যি মানুহৰ মাজত এই গুণটো স্বাভাৱিক পৰিমাণে থাকে, তেওঁ যি কাম সম্পন্ন কৰিবলৈ আগবাঢ়িব, সেই কাম সিমানেই কঠিন আৰু কষ্টসাধ্য নহওক কিয়, তেওঁৰ মানত সেই কাম আনুষংগিক কামৰ দৰেই সহজ যেন হ’ব৷ <ref name="rjb"/> ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/আমেৰিকা যুক্তৰাষ্ট্ৰৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/লেখক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] isnso9nnckeiwztk8a511xc0np4psom 0 3325976 5502758 5502171 2022-07-22T07:24:36Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 DaiMengMaoLong moved page [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥢᥴᥞᥥᥢᥰ]] to [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/tdd/ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ/TabsHeader|This=1}} <div style="border:2px solid #A3B1BF; padding:.5em 1em 1em 1em; border-top:none; background-color:#fff; color:#000"><noinclude> {{Wp/tdd/Shortcut|WP:T|WP:TUTOR}}</noinclude> ᥘᥣᥲ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥤᥴ ᥘᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥙᥢ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥘᥣᥭᥰ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥘᥣᥖ ᥘᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥛᥨᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥘᥣᥭᥰ ᥒᥣᥢᥰ ᥙᥫᥒ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥥᥢ ''ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ'' ᥒᥝᥲ ᥞᥣᥐ ᥙᥪᥢᥳ ᥗᥣᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥓᥬ ᥚᥪᥢᥴ ᥘᥦᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥐᥣᥒᥲ ᥖᥥᥛ ᥗᥨᥢᥲ။ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥞᥢᥴ ᥗᥦᥒᥲ ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥕᥩᥭ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥑᥣᥲ ᥐᥩᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥭᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥢ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥙᥫᥒ ᥟᥤᥒ ᥚᥩᥒᥰ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥑᥣᥲ။ [[File:Edit Button.ogv|thumb|thumbtime=0:42|ᥒᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥒᥳ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥣᥖ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥥᥝᥱ ᥘᥨᥭ ᥘᥥᥢᥴ ''ᥐᥥᥲ ᥑᥭ'' ᥢᥢᥳ]] ᥙᥩᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥛᥬᥱ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥤᥒ ᥘᥨᥭ ᥔᥦᥢᥰ [[:en:Wikipedia:About|ᥙᥩᥰ ᥓᥦᥖ ᥟᥢ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ]] ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥤᥒ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥑᥩᥙᥱ ᥑᥦᥙᥱ ᥖᥨᥒᥱ ᥝᥨᥒᥰ ᥐᥥ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥣᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥓᥬ ᥖᥪᥢᥱ ᥖᥥᥢᥲ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥟᥤᥖᥴ ᥟᥩᥖᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥕᥩᥢᥳ ᥙᥫ ᥝᥣ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥙᥭᥱ ᥙᥨᥝᥰ ᥙᥩᥒᥱ ᥓᥬ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥘᥬ ᥘᥤ ᥘᥤ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥙᥥᥴ ᥛᥭᥲ ᥓᥬ။ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥩᥢᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥕᥣᥢᥱ ᥔᥛ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥩᥛᥰ ᥞᥙ ᥙᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥐᥣᥰ ᥝᥣ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥢ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥐᥨᥝᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥘᥤᥐ၊ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ၊ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥞᥬᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ...'''[[:shn:Wikipedia:ႁတ်းႁၢၼ်လႄႈ|ᥞᥖᥴ ᥞᥣᥢᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ]]!''' ᥘᥩᥒ ᥕᥫᥒᥰ ᥟᥣᥢᥰ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥩᥢᥲ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥝᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥙᥢ ᥙᥪᥢᥳ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥞᥧᥙ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥘᥣᥭᥰ ᥖᥦᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥙᥥᥳ ᥙᥣᥳ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥚᥣᥭᥴ ᥚᥣᥭᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥨᥝᥴ ᥑᥨᥝᥲ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥛᥴ ᥖᥥᥛᥴ ᥗᥨᥢᥲ ᥗᥨᥢᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥕᥩᥢᥳ ᥙᥫ ᥘᥢᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥓᥬ ᥟᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥟᥢ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥞᥣᥴ ᥗᥨᥙᥱ ᥞᥢᥴ ᥞᥒᥰ ᥙᥪᥴ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ။ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥩᥢᥳ ᥙᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥔᥧᥢᥱ ᥚᥧᥱ ᥘᥬ ᥚᥬᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥝᥣ ᥓᥣᥒ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥑᥣᥲ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ [[:en:WP:RELIABLE|ᥚᥪᥢ ᥟᥤᥒ ᥟᥢ ᥕᥧᥛᥱ ᥕᥛ ᥘᥭᥲ]] ᥘᥦᥲ [[:en:WP:VERIFY|ᥖᥣᥱ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥕᥧᥛᥱ ᥕᥛ]] ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥑᥨᥝᥲ ᥛᥧᥢᥰ ᥘᥩᥢᥳ ᥑᥣᥝᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥒᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ''[[:en:WP:REFB|ᥟᥝ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥟᥤᥒ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ]]'' ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥘᥬ ᥒᥝᥲ ᥒᥣᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥕᥧᥛᥱ ᥕᥛ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥖᥤ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥐᥨᥝᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥙᥩᥒ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥛᥬᥱ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ၊ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥗᥦᥒᥲ ᥗᥦᥛᥴ ᥔᥬᥱ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥘᥣᥭᥰ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥞᥬᥲ ᥛᥫᥢᥴ [[:en:WP:BETTER|ᥘᥣᥭᥰ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥚᥣᥒᥴ ᥞᥣᥒ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥔᥦᥢᥴ ᥔᥛᥱ]] ᥘᥦᥲ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥞᥬᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥓᥦᥒ ᥘᥦᥒᥰ ᥙᥩᥒᥱ ᥓᥬ ᥒᥣᥭ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥖᥤ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥖᥛᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥐᥴ ᥙᥫᥒ ᥟᥢ ᥞᥣᥝᥲ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥐᥝᥱ။ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥝᥣ ᥘᥧᥐ ᥖᥤ ᥛᥧᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥚᥧᥱ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ [[:en:WP:LOP|ᥙᥫᥒ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥣᥭᥰ ᥒᥣᥢᥰ]]၊ [[:en:WP:GUIDELINES|ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥓᥧᥒ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ]] ᥘᥦᥲ [[:en:WP:MOS/C|ᥘᥩᥒ ᥛᥐᥴ ᥛᥢᥲ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥓᥥᥒ ᥙᥫᥒ ᥖᥛᥰ]] ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥚᥧᥱ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥔᥤᥒᥲ ᥗᥧᥐᥴ ᥘᥤ ᥓᥩᥛᥰ ᥚᥤᥒᥲ [[:en:WP:EQ|ᥝᥨᥖ ᥖᥣᥰ ᥘᥣᥰ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ]] ᥕᥧᥱ ᥞᥣᥒᥰ ᥚᥬᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ။ ᥝᥤᥱ ᥑᥤᥱ ᥚᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥧᥐ ᥖᥤ ᥛᥧᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥐᥧ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥛᥫᥒᥰ၊ ᥚᥤᥒᥲ ᥒᥥ ᥐᥧ ᥙᥫᥒ ᥙᥫᥒ၊ ᥓᥥᥒᥱ ᥛᥧᥒ ᥕᥥᥛᥲ ᥐᥧ ᥚᥣᥭᥱ ᥚᥣᥭᥱ၊ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥘᥫᥐ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥐᥧ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥟᥩᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥞᥨᥛ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥚᥧᥱ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥘᥫᥒ [[:en:WP:CIVIL| ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥘᥙ ᥕᥛ ᥐᥢ]] [[:en:WP:AGF|ᥞᥨᥛ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥓᥩᥛᥰ ᥐᥢ ᥔᥥᥴ ]]ᥞᥬᥲ ᥒᥫᥒᥳ ᥝᥥ ᥘᥭᥲ [[:en:WP:HERE|ᥓᥫᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥕᥩᥛᥰ ᥞᥙ ᥘᥭᥲ]]၊ [[:en:WP:DISRUPT|ᥘᥩᥒ ᥗᥥᥒᥴ ᥛᥨᥝᥰ]]၊ [[:en:WP:TEND|ᥘᥩᥒ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥙᥥᥳ ᥙᥣᥳ ᥖᥨᥐᥱ ᥓᥥᥒᥱ ᥘᥥᥝ]] ᥟᥛᥱ ᥘᥢᥴ [[:en:WP:GAMING|ᥘᥩᥒ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥔᥪ ᥕᥨᥝᥰ]] ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ။ <div style="float: right; background-color:#f5faff; color: #000; padding: .2em .6em; font-size: 100%; border: 1px solid #cedff2; margin-bottom:3px;">'''ᥙᥩᥰ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥖᥫᥰ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥑᥦᥢᥰ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥚᥖᥴ ᥖᥨᥭᥰ ᥖᥤ [[:en:WP:SIMPLE|Wikipedia:Simplified ruleset]]ᥘᥭᥳ ᥑᥣᥲ ᥘᥦᥲ'''</div>{{Wp/tdd/-}} </br> ---- {{Wp/tdd/-}} <noinclude> <div style="float:right; margin-top: 0.0em; margin-bottom:3px; background-color: #cee0f2; padding: .2em .6em; font-size: 130%; border:1px solid #A3B1BF;">'''ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ''' '''[[:shn:ဝီႇၶီႇၽီးတီးယႃး:ၵၼ်ႁဵၼ်း/မႄးထတ်း|ᥖᥥᥴ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥞᥪᥴ ᥛᥥᥰ ᥗᥖᥴ]]''' <span style="font-size: larger; font-weight: bold;">→</span> </div></noinclude></div><noinclude> [[Category:Wp/tdd]] __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ </noinclude> red3cp56ilz8drpwfd5lga93ol2l8en 0 3326185 5502752 5451351 2022-07-22T07:22:09Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 Replaced content with "[[File:Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes.jpg|thumb|Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes]] [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Cat]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes.jpg|thumb|Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes]] [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Cat]] nybc01xo2qs3llh0hljo8xrdd7ckesz 5502754 5502752 2022-07-22T07:22:29Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes.jpg|thumb|Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes]]ᥖᥥᥱ ᥓᥥᥛ ᥛᥫ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥐᥩᥢᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥨᥝᥱ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥐᥳ ᥑᥝᥴ၊ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥙᥣᥱ ᥓᥣᥰ ᥙᥢ ᥑᥝᥴ၊ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥛᥤᥙᥱ ᥒᥦᥢᥰ ᥞᥦᥛᥴ ᥖᥣᥭ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥘᥤ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥑᥤᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥤ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥘᥖᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ ᥕᥣᥙᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥑᥛᥴ ᥓᥬ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥣᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥓᥬ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥟᥩᥢᥲ ᥝᥩᥢᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥰ ᥞᥣᥒᥴ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥘᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥧ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥐᥧ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥓᥬᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥐᥧ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥓᥣᥒ ᥓᥬᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥞᥫᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥓᥬ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥔᥝᥰ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ။ ᥖᥛ ᥖᥤ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥔᥝᥰ ᥟᥩᥖ ᥟᥦᥖ ᥓᥩᥛᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥞᥣᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥔᥝᥰ ᥞᥒᥰ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ။ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥣᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥣᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥓᥬᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ၊ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥐᥧᥛᥱ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥩᥛᥰ ᥓᥬ ᥙᥢ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ။ ᥚᥧᥱ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥝᥨᥝᥰ ᥘᥣᥴ ᥖᥣᥰ ᥓᥣ ᥐᥩᥖᥳ ᥕᥣᥛᥲ ᥘᥣᥖ ᥝᥣ "ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥗᥤᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥔᥫᥒᥱ ᥔᥤᥛᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥓᥬ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥦᥙ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥚᥩᥒᥰ ᥛᥫ ᥟᥧᥛᥲ ᥞᥩᥙᥱ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥔᥖᥳ ᥖᥤᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ" ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥓᥥᥛ ᥛᥫ ᥘᥣᥢᥳ ᥙᥩᥒᥰ 30 ᥘᥣᥢᥳ ᥙᥤ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥫᥴ ᥔᥣᥒᥱ ᥔᥤᥲ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥐᥤᥢ ᥘᥫᥳ (Miacids) ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥣᥙ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥦᥐᥱ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ 3 ᥔᥦᥢᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥕᥧᥰ ᥞᥨᥙᥳ၊ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥟᥣᥱ ᥜᥣ ᥞᥤᥐ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥞᥣᥖᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥰ ᥟᥥᥰ ᥡᥣᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ။ [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Cat]] 84bfjywk27294imneg2oyhxan1pfn3i 5502755 5502754 2022-07-22T07:23:16Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 DaiMengMaoLong moved page [[Wp/tdd/ᥛᥦᥝᥰ]] to [[Wp/tdd/ᥛᥦᥝᥴ]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes.jpg|thumb|Cat Briciola with pretty and different colour of eyes]]ᥖᥥᥱ ᥓᥥᥛ ᥛᥫ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥐᥩᥢᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥨᥝᥱ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥐᥳ ᥑᥝᥴ၊ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥙᥣᥱ ᥓᥣᥰ ᥙᥢ ᥑᥝᥴ၊ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥑᥣᥛᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥛᥤᥙᥱ ᥒᥦᥢᥰ ᥞᥦᥛᥴ ᥖᥣᥭ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥘᥤ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥑᥤᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥤ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥘᥖᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥓᥬ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥘᥣᥛᥰ ᥕᥣᥙᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥨᥝᥳ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥑᥛᥴ ᥓᥬ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥣᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥞᥧᥳ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥓᥬ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥟᥩᥢᥲ ᥝᥩᥢᥰ ᥑᥩᥢᥰ ᥞᥣᥒᥴ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥘᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥧ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥐᥧ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥓᥬᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥐᥧ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥓᥣᥒ ᥓᥬᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥞᥫᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥓᥬ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥔᥝᥰ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ။ ᥖᥛ ᥖᥤ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥔᥝᥰ ᥟᥩᥖ ᥟᥦᥖ ᥓᥩᥛᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥞᥣᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥔᥝᥰ ᥞᥒᥰ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ။ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥣᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥣᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥓᥬᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥣᥲ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥓᥝᥲ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ၊ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥐᥧᥛᥱ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥩᥛᥰ ᥓᥬ ᥙᥢ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ။ ᥚᥧᥱ ᥖᥦᥛᥲ ᥘᥤᥐ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥝᥨᥝᥰ ᥘᥣᥴ ᥖᥣᥰ ᥓᥣ ᥐᥩᥖᥳ ᥕᥣᥛᥲ ᥘᥣᥖ ᥝᥣ "ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥗᥤᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥔᥫᥒᥱ ᥔᥤᥛᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥓᥬ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥑᥬᥲ ᥔᥣᥒᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥦᥙ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥚᥩᥒᥰ ᥛᥫ ᥟᥧᥛᥲ ᥞᥩᥙᥱ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥔᥖᥳ ᥖᥤᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ" ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥓᥥᥛ ᥛᥫ ᥘᥣᥢᥳ ᥙᥩᥒᥰ 30 ᥘᥣᥢᥳ ᥙᥤ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥰ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥫᥴ ᥔᥣᥒᥱ ᥔᥤᥲ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥐᥤᥢ ᥘᥫᥳ (Miacids) ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥣᥙ ᥙᥣᥢ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥓᥦᥐᥱ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ 3 ᥔᥦᥢᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥕᥧᥰ ᥞᥨᥙᥳ၊ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥟᥣᥱ ᥜᥣ ᥞᥤᥐ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥛᥦᥝᥴ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥞᥣᥖᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥰ ᥟᥥᥰ ᥡᥣᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ။ [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Cat]] 84bfjywk27294imneg2oyhxan1pfn3i 0 3326186 5502737 5451352 2022-07-22T07:03:00Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emerging lamb cropped.jpg|thumb|Emerging lamb cropped]] '''ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘ''' ᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥙᥥᥳ ᥳᥩᥐᥨ ᥭᥰᥣᥲ ᥑᥨ ᥢᥴᥛ ᥘᥣᥢᥣᥴ ᥑᥨ ᥢᥴᥛ ᥢᥰᥙᥨ ᥒᥰᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥨ ᥢᥲᥟᥩᥢᥱ။ ᥳ ᥛᥲᥚ ᥒᥲᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩ ᥒᥳᥣᥲ ᥓᥢᥴ၊ ᥓ ᥢᥴ ᥢᥴᥔ ᥫᥱ ᥢᥴᥙ ᥘᥴᥢᥢᥳ ᥞ ᥝᥰᥖ ᥥᥴᥕᥣ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥬᥳᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥲᥚ ᥒᥲᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩ ᥒᥳ ᥣᥲᥧᥘ ᥢ ᥭᥴᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥴ ᥙᥰᥐᥣ ᥭᥱᥘ ᥲ ᥘᥲᥢ ᥭᥥᥖᥦᥳ ᥙ ᥩᥰᥣᥲ ᥑᥨ ᥝᥰ ᥧᥲᥑᥨ ᥝᥥᥚ ᥘᥰᥢᥭᥴ ᥖ ᥥᥴᥛ ᥖᥲᥞ ᥧᥴᥞ ᥝᥰᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛ ᥘᥲᥢᥭᥳᥥᥒᥰ ᥒᥣ ᥘᥰᥐ ᥖᥰᥑ ᥝᥥᥖᥦᥳ ᥞᥩ ᥒᥳᥣᥲ sheep ။ ᥛᥥᥲ (Ovis aries) ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥐᥤᥙᥱ ᥚᥦᥒᥴ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥐᥝᥱ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥛᥩᥐ 1 ᥙᥤᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥛᥱ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥚᥢᥰ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥧᥐ ᥖᥤ ᥙᥣᥱ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥕᥧᥰ ᥘᥨᥙ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥥᥰ ᥡᥦᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥫᥳ (Mouflon) ᥘᥢᥳ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥥᥢᥱ ᥒᥥ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥩᥢ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥙᥧᥐᥱ ᥔᥩᥛᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥑᥩᥒᥴ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥓᥥᥢᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥣᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥱ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥐᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣᥛᥰ ᥟᥥᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥘᥫ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥘᥥᥐ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Lamb) ᥘᥭᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Mutton)။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥪᥐ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥘᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥝᥱ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥛᥫᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥘᥬ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ၊ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥝ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥑᥨᥢᥳ ᥑᥣᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Sheep]] 14ecefetqout108yz791eooa4fq5uqf 5502745 5502737 2022-07-22T07:10:35Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emerging lamb cropped.jpg|thumb|Emerging lamb cropped]] '''ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥙᥥᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥣᥴ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥙᥨᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥨᥢᥲ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ။ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥚᥩᥒ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥓᥥᥢ၊ ᥓᥥᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥫᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥕᥣᥛᥲ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥚᥩᥒ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥙᥴ ᥐᥣᥭᥱ ᥘᥨᥭ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥝᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥙᥧ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥚᥥᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥪᥖ ᥞᥧᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥤᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ sheep။''' ။ ᥛᥥᥲ (Ovis aries) ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥐᥤᥙᥱ ᥚᥦᥒᥴ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥐᥝᥱ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥛᥩᥐ 1 ᥙᥤᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥛᥱ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥚᥢᥰ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥧᥐ ᥖᥤ ᥙᥣᥱ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥕᥧᥰ ᥘᥨᥙ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥥᥰ ᥡᥦᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥫᥳ (Mouflon) ᥘᥢᥳ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥥᥢᥱ ᥒᥥ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥩᥢ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥙᥧᥐᥱ ᥔᥩᥛᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥑᥩᥒᥴ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥓᥥᥢᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥣᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥱ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥐᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣᥛᥰ ᥟᥥᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥘᥫ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥘᥥᥐ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Lamb) ᥘᥭᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Mutton)။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥪᥐ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥘᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥝᥱ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥛᥫᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥘᥬ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ၊ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥝ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥑᥨᥢᥳ ᥑᥣᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Sheep]] en6jv7eyp3webm9kfa0jgzo4mtrexjg 5502746 5502745 2022-07-22T07:10:53Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emerging lamb cropped.jpg|thumb|Emerging lamb cropped]] '''ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥙᥥᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥣᥴ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥙᥨᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥨᥢᥲ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ။ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥚᥩᥒ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥓᥥᥢ၊ ᥓᥥᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥫᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥕᥣᥛᥲ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥚᥩᥒ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥙᥴ ᥐᥣᥭᥱ ᥘᥨᥭ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥝᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥙᥧ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥚᥥᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥪᥖ ᥞᥧᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥤᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ sheep။''' ᥛ ᥛᥥᥲ (Ovis aries) ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥐᥤᥙᥱ ᥚᥦᥒᥴ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥐᥝᥱ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥛᥩᥐ 1 ᥙᥤᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥛᥱ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥚᥢᥰ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥧᥐ ᥖᥤ ᥙᥣᥱ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥕᥧᥰ ᥘᥨᥙ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥥᥰ ᥡᥦᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥫᥳ (Mouflon) ᥘᥢᥳ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥥᥢᥱ ᥒᥥ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥩᥢ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥙᥧᥐᥱ ᥔᥩᥛᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥑᥩᥒᥴ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥓᥥᥢᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥣᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥱ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥐᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣᥛᥰ ᥟᥥᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥘᥫ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥘᥥᥐ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Lamb) ᥘᥭᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Mutton)။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥪᥐ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥘᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥝᥱ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥛᥫᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥘᥬ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ၊ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥝ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥑᥨᥢᥳ ᥑᥣᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Sheep]] 6ip3fgjezzh7vtewpjbi3yvey5ak5xb 5502747 5502746 2022-07-22T07:11:11Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Emerging lamb cropped.jpg|thumb|Emerging lamb cropped]] '''ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥟᥣ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥙᥥᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥣᥴ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥙᥨᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥨᥢᥲ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ။ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥚᥩᥒ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥓᥥᥢ၊ ᥓᥥᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥫᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥕᥣᥛᥲ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥐᥛᥳ ᥚᥩᥒ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥐᥙᥴ ᥐᥣᥭᥱ ᥘᥨᥭ ᥙᥧ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥝᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥙᥧ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥚᥥᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥪᥖ ᥞᥧᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥤᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ sheep။''' ᥛᥥᥲ ᥛᥥᥲ (Ovis aries) ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥖᥤᥢ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥐᥤᥙᥱ ᥚᥦᥒᥴ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥩᥛᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥐᥥᥝᥳ ᥟᥫᥒ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥩᥭᥰ ᥘᥒᥱ ᥐᥝᥱ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥛᥩᥐ 1 ᥙᥤᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ ᥕᥣᥛᥱ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥓᥫᥳ ᥚᥢᥰ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥧᥐ ᥖᥤ ᥙᥣᥱ ᥗᥫᥢᥱ ᥕᥧᥰ ᥘᥨᥙ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥥᥰ ᥡᥦᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥫᥳ (Mouflon) ᥘᥢᥳ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥝᥣ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥥᥢᥱ ᥒᥥ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥩᥢ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥙᥣᥰ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥘᥧᥴ ᥙᥧᥐᥱ ᥔᥩᥛᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ။ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥑᥨᥝᥰ ᥑᥩᥒᥴ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥔᥖᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥓᥥᥢᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥣᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥖᥣᥒᥱ ᥛᥥᥝᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ။ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥐᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥕᥧᥒᥱ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥕᥝᥳ။ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥱ ᥑᥣᥛᥰ ᥟᥥᥒᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥘᥥᥖ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥘᥫ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥘᥥᥐ ᥟᥩᥢᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Lamb) ᥘᥭᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥖᥤ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ (Mutton)။ ᥘᥫᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥨᥢᥴ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥪᥐ ᥑᥝᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥪᥰ ᥘᥛᥱ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥙᥧᥢ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥐᥨᥢᥰ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥖᥨᥝᥱ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥛᥫᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ။ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥘᥬ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ၊ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥝ ᥞᥥᥖᥱ ᥐᥣᥢ ᥑᥨᥢᥳ ᥑᥣᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥒᥴ ᥘᥥᥒᥳ ᥛᥥᥲ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ။ [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Sheep]] 84gwd796411eo1tm9u9upla4yjed59a 0 3326806 5502399 5502091 2022-07-21T14:37:31Z Seng Mein Tun 2579229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg|thumb|ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥣᥢᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥛᥱ ᥙᥣᥖ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢᥴ ᥓᥨᥝᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥣ ᥔᥣᥐᥲ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥓᥬᥴ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥘᥣᥳ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ 71% ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥔᥣ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ, ᥘᥩᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ၊ ᥛᥥ ᥘᥛᥳ၊ ᥕᥥᥱ ᥑᥦᥰ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥗᥦᥒᥳ 29% ᥔᥛᥳ ᥙᥥᥢᥴ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥟᥢᥴ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥐᥧᥢᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ၊ ᥐᥧᥢᥴ ᥟᥦᥢᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥕᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥣ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫᥳ. [[File:Earth Eastern Hemisphere.jpg|thumbnail|ᥙᥧᥒᥱ ᥞᥣᥒ '''ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ''']] ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥞᥤᥢᥴ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥛᥧᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥟᥢᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥫᥢᥲ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥫᥢᥲ ᥟᥫᥳ. ᥖᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥒᥰ 8 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥩᥐᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥤᥴ (365.25 ᥝᥢᥰ) ᥟᥫᥳ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥓᥝᥳ ᥐᥝᥳ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥝᥢᥰ (23 ᥢᥣᥱ ᥕᥤᥱ, 56 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ) ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥦᥛᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥓᥪᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣᥲ ᥘᥫᥢ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Earth]] hnritr1h191tw0u6bx5kgarma7t1s7y 5502437 5502399 2022-07-21T16:26:25Z Seng Mein Tun 2579229 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg|thumb|ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥣᥢᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥘᥣᥛᥱ ᥙᥣᥖ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥘᥬᥰ ᥖᥨᥒᥱ ᥝᥨᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥱ ᥟᥢᥳ, ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥣ ᥔᥣᥐ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥓᥬ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥘᥣᥳ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ 71% ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥔᥛᥱ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ, ᥘᥩᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ, ᥛᥥ ᥘᥛᥳ, ᥘᥛᥳ ᥕᥥᥱ ᥑᥦᥰ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥗᥦᥒᥲ 29% ᥔᥛᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥐᥧᥢᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ, ᥐᥧᥢᥴ ᥟᥦᥢᥴ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥕᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥣ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫᥳ. [[File:Earth Eastern Hemisphere.jpg|thumbnail|ᥗᥣᥖ ᥙᥧᥒᥱ '''ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ''']] ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥛᥱ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥘᥣᥱ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥞᥤᥢᥴ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥛᥧᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥫᥢᥲ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥖᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥒᥰ 8 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥩᥐᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥪᥒ ᥙᥤ (365.25 ᥝᥢᥰ) ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥓᥝᥳ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥝᥢᥰ (23 ᥢᥣᥱ ᥕᥤᥱ, 56 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ) ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥦᥛᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥓᥪᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣᥲ ᥘᥫᥢ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥲ. [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Earth]] jdutphys5vbgnpqz8c9suf8ipj3k1ik 5502732 5502437 2022-07-22T06:49:36Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 DaiMengMaoLong moved page [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥛᥱᥚᥣᥱ]] to [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg|thumb|ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥣᥢᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥘᥣᥛᥱ ᥙᥣᥖ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥘᥬᥰ ᥖᥨᥒᥱ ᥝᥨᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥱ ᥟᥢᥳ, ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥣ ᥔᥣᥐ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥓᥬ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥘᥣᥳ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ 71% ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥔᥛᥱ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ, ᥘᥩᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ, ᥛᥥ ᥘᥛᥳ, ᥘᥛᥳ ᥕᥥᥱ ᥑᥦᥰ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥗᥦᥒᥲ 29% ᥔᥛᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥐᥧᥢᥴ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ, ᥐᥧᥢᥴ ᥟᥦᥢᥴ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥕᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥣ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢᥴ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫᥳ. [[File:Earth Eastern Hemisphere.jpg|thumbnail|ᥗᥣᥖ ᥙᥧᥒᥱ '''ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ''']] ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢᥴ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥛᥱ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥘᥣᥱ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥞᥤᥢᥴ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥛᥧᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥫᥢᥲ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥖᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥒᥰ 8 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥩᥐᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥪᥒ ᥙᥤ (365.25 ᥝᥢᥰ) ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥓᥝᥳ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥝᥢᥰ (23 ᥢᥣᥱ ᥕᥤᥱ, 56 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ) ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥦᥛᥴ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥪᥒᥲ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥓᥪᥲ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣᥲ ᥘᥫᥢ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥲ. [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Earth]] jdutphys5vbgnpqz8c9suf8ipj3k1ik 5502976 5502732 2022-07-22T11:52:09Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:The Blue Marble (remastered).jpg|thumb|ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥟᥣᥢᥱ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥘᥣᥛᥱ ᥙᥣᥖ ᥔᥣᥛᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥘᥬᥰ ᥖᥨᥒᥱ ᥝᥨᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥱ ᥟᥢᥳ, ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥥᥝ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥣ ᥔᥣᥐ ᥑᥝᥴ ᥔᥪᥙᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥓᥬ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥘᥣᥲ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ 71% ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥙᥣᥒᥱ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥔᥛᥱ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ, ᥘᥩᥒᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ, ᥛᥥ ᥘᥛᥳ, ᥘᥛᥳ ᥕᥥᥱ ᥑᥥᥰ ᥟᥫ. ᥗᥦᥒᥲ 29% ᥔᥛᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥘᥒᥴ ᥘᥤᥢ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥐᥧᥢ ᥘᥨᥒᥴ, ᥐᥧᥢ ᥟᥦᥢᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥕᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥛᥭᥲ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥣ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥕᥣᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫ. ᥐᥩᥙ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥲ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫ. [[File:Earth Eastern Hemisphere.jpg|thumbnail|ᥗᥣᥖ ᥙᥧᥒᥱ '''ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ''']] ᥞᥩᥒᥲ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥭᥱ ᥗᥣᥱ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥓᥤᥢᥱ ᥐᥢᥳ ᥘᥛᥴ. ᥘᥩᥒ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥙᥢ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥟᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥤ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥞᥙᥳ ᥟᥝ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥒᥲ ᥖᥤ ᥘᥒᥳ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥘᥧᥐᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥛᥱ ᥛᥧᥐ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥘᥣᥱ ᥚᥥᥴ ᥙᥢ ᥐᥢ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥗᥩᥒᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥟᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥘᥛᥳ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥐᥩᥢᥰ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥖᥤ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥕᥥᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥛᥩᥐᥱ ᥐᥧᥛᥲ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥛᥣᥒ ᥓᥫᥰ ᥙᥦᥒᥴ ᥑᥭᥳ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥙᥧᥢᥱ ᥖᥦᥒᥱ ᥟᥩᥐᥳ ᥔᥦᥐᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥨᥝᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥟᥫ. ᥐᥩᥙ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥚᥦᥝᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥟᥛᥱ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥖᥣᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥪᥐᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥩᥒ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥟᥧᥢᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥙᥩᥰ ᥕᥒ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥨᥛᥰ ᥟᥢ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥓᥧᥖᥱ ᥟᥝ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ, ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥛᥭᥳ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥙᥩᥰ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥪᥒᥳ ᥐᥣᥒᥳ ᥘᥣᥒᥲ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥟᥫ. ᥖᥤᥲ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥞᥤᥢᥴ ᥔᥤᥱ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥛᥧᥱ ᥓᥧᥛᥰ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥝᥭᥳ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥖᥒᥰ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥔᥥᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥟᥫ. ᥖᥣᥱ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥛᥣᥰ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥔᥣᥭᥴ ᥘᥦᥒᥰ 8 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥳ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥙᥤ (365.25 ᥝᥢᥰ) ᥟᥫ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙ ᥖᥨᥝ ᥓᥝᥳ ᥐᥝᥱ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ (23 ᥢᥣᥱ ᥕᥤᥱ, 56 ᥛᥥᥖᥳ) ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥦᥛ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥫᥒ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥦᥳ ᥓᥪ ᥞᥩᥒᥳ ᥝᥣ ᥘᥫᥢ ᥘᥭᥴ ᥕᥝᥳ. [[Category:Wp/tdd]] [[en:Earth]] ak4kc0pfd93iwg122i8rw3a41nvjsyd 10 3329004 5502811 5459977 2022-07-22T08:11:04Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Dr. P. Bakkes, ''Mofers Waordebook''. Stichting Mofers Waordebook, Montfort, 2007: <span style="cursor:help;border-bottom: 1px dotted" title="bladzie(s)">blz.</span> {{{1}}} <noinclude> [[Category:Wt/zea/Bronsjablonen|Mofers]] </noinclude> f969emnnytudxa30epkk6vft13mpgy2 0 3330640 5502574 5471758 2022-07-21T20:35:32Z Duke of Wikipädia 2578300 Duke of Wikipädia moved page [[Wp/yrl/Ãgola]] to [[Wp/yrl/Angola]]: correct grammar wikitext text/x-wiki Ãgola yepé tetãma upitá waá [[Wp/yrl/Afrika|Afrika]] upé. [[File:Flag of Angola.svg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[Category:Wp/yrl]] [[Pt:Angola]] i5eic3f6b5atmob3xfm7q3kky3r1l7v 0 3330824 5502954 5467001 2022-07-22T10:45:45Z 79.106.209.179 wikitext text/x-wiki h8w7h{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=НАРЕЧИЕ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ɬɐrǝ'ɕǝtu:}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[лъ] + -э + -ры + щы- + [т] + -у}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ЛъэкӀэ зэфӀэту. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Джатэр кърахри лъэрыщытхэу нартхэр испыдзэм хыхьащ. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Нарт.}} * Псэемыблэжти, лъэрыщыту санэхубжьэр иреф. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Къэб. ӀуэрыӀу.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *лъэрыщыту: standing on your feet {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *лъэрыщыту: стоя на ногах {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 6g95f20s4eyaax40ct1hcpz7m2t4rae 0 3331244 5502576 5468577 2022-07-21T20:35:47Z Duke of Wikipädia 2578300 Duke of Wikipädia moved page [[Wp/yrl/Çuriname]] to [[Wp/yrl/Suriname]]: correct grammar wikitext text/x-wiki '''Çuriname''' yepé tetãma upitá waá Sudamerika upé, kuá tetãma urikú Netherland nheẽga mayé nheẽga owisiawa. [[File:Flag of Suriname.svg|thumb|right|300px|]] [[Category:Wp/yrl]] dfebzw5b61ajpi1uy5vcgeojtoy3g9m 0 3332387 5502403 5497937 2022-07-21T15:03:06Z Sai Myo Thura Kyaw 2527378 /* ပိုၼ်း ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color:blue"><center>ယူးရူပ်ႉ ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ: {{SUBPAGENAME}}</center></span>}} [[Image:Grossglockner_from_SW.jpg|thumb|right|300px|လွႆ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး]] '''ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး''' ၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်မိူင်း ဢၼ်မီးတီႈ ပွတ်းၵၢင်ယူးရူပ်ႉၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ မၼ်းမီးလႅၼ်လိၼ် ဢိူမ်ႈၵၼ်တင်း [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ|ႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/သလူဝ်ႇဝႃးၵီးယႃး|သလူဝ်ႇဝႃးၵီးယႃး]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ၶျႅၵ်ႉ|ၶျႅၵ်ႉ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ၵျႃႇမၼီႇ|ၵျႃႇမၼီႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/လိၵ်ႈတိၼ်ႇသတၢႆႇ|လိၵ်ႈတိၼ်ႇသတၢႆႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/သဝိတ်ႈၸႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ|သဝိတ်ႈၸႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ|ဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ]] လႄႈ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/သလူဝ်ႇဝေးၼီးယႃး|သလူဝ်ႇဝေးၼီးယႃး]] ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်းပိူင်လူင် တီႈ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်း/ၵျႃႇမၼ်ႇ|ၵျႃႇမၼ်ႇ]] ယဝ်ႉ။ ဝဵင်းငဝ်ႈၸိုင်ႈတႄႉ ပဵၼ် '''[[w:Vienna|ဝီဢႅၼ်ၼႃႇ]]'''ယဝ်ႉ။ ဝဵင်းလူင် တၢင်ႇၸိူဝ်းတႄႉ ပဵၼ် သႄးလ်ပၵ်ႉ လႄႈ လိၼ်ႉၸ် ယဝ်ႉ။ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ လႆႈပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ဢီးယူႇ|ၸုမ်းၽွမ်ႉႁူမ်ႈယူးရူပ်ႉ]] မႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈ 1995 ၼၼ်ႉသေ ၸႂ်ႉ [[w:Euro (currency)|ယူႇရူဝ်ႇ]] ပဵၼ်ၼင်ႇ ငိုၼ်းမိူင်းၶဝ်ယဝ်ႉ။ ==ပိုၼ်း ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး== [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|thumb|left|border|300px|ၸွမ်ပိဝ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး]] ၼႂ်းပိုၼ်းတႄႉ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ လႆႈပဵၼ်မႃး ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ၶွင် ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ်မိူင်း သႄးလ်တိၵ်ႉ၊ ရူဝ်ႇမႅၼ်ႇ၊ ပဝႄးရီးယႅၼ်း၊ သလၢပ်ႉသ် လႄႈ ဢဝႃႇ ဢမ်ႇၼၼ် မိူင်းဝူင်ႉ။ ၼႂ်းၵႄႈ 1278 CE လႄႈ 1914 ၼၼ်ႉ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ ထုၵ်ႇ ႁႅပ်ႉသပၢၵ်ႉသ် ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် မုင်ႉႁေႃႁိူဝ်း ၶိူဝ်းၶုၼ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး ၼၼ်ႉ ဢုပ်ႉပိူင်ႇမႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 19 ၼၼ်ႉ ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် '''မိူင်းဝူင်ႉ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႅၼ်း-ႁၢင်ႇၵေးရီးယႅၼ်း''' ၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈဢဵၼ်ႇႁႅင်းယႂ်ႇမႃးတႄႉတႄႉဝႃႈဝႃႈသေ ႁူမ်ႇငမ်းလႆႈ ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး လႄႈ ႁၢင်ႇၵႄႇရီႇ ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈၼႆႉသေဢမ်ႇၵႃး ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် ပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ၊ ၶျႅတ်ႉ၊ သလူဝ်ႇဝႃးၵီးယႃး၊ သလူဝ်ႇဝေးၼီးယႃး၊ ရူဝ်ႇမေးၼီးယႃး၊ ၶရူဝ်ႇဢေးသျႃး၊ ဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ လႄႈ မိူင်းတၢင်ႇၸိူဝ်း ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉၵေႃႈ ႁူမ်ႇငမ်းလႆႈမႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ၸုမ်းၸၢဝ်းၶိူဝ်းတင်းၼမ် တီႈ မိူင်းဝူင်ႉၼႆႉ လႆႈႁဵတ်းပၼ်ႁႃမႃးသေ ထိုင် ပီ 1914 မႃး Archduke Franz Ferdinand ၼႆႉ ထုၵ်ႇၶႃႈႁႅမ်တၢႆ တီႈ ပေႃႉသ်ၼီးယႃး-သၢပ်ႉ (သႃႇရႃႇၸေႇဝူဝ်ႇ) ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် ဝဵင်းငဝ်ႈၸိုင်ႈ ပေႃႉသ်ၼီးယႃး ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈၼႆႉ (မိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ ပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ၶွင် မိူင်းဝူင်ႉ ဢေႃႇသထရူဝ်ႇ-ႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ)လႄႈ သိုၵ်းၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းၼိုင်ႈၵေႃႈ လႆႈတႄႇမႃးမိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေ သိုၵ်းၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၼိုင်ႈယဝ်ႉတူဝ်ႈၵႂႃႇ မိူင်းဝူင်ႉၵေႃႈ လႆႈတႅၵ်ႇယၢႆႈၵႂႃႇယဝ်ႉ။ သႅၼ်းဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ လႆႈယွၼ်ႇယွမ်းလူင် ၼမ်လႄႈဢေႇ ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈၼႆႉသေ လႆႈထုၵ်ႇႁႄႉႁၢမ်ႈ တႃႇႁူမ်ႈၵၼ်တင်း ၵျႃႇမၼီႇယဝ်ႉ။ ပၼ်ႁႃ ပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီး လႄႈ ပၼ်ႁႃ ၵၢၼ်မိူင်းၼႆႉ တိုၵ်ႉသိုပ်ႇပဵၼ်မႃး ၼႂ်းၵႄႈ 1920 လႄႈ 1930 သေ ဢေႃႈသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ မၼ်းပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ''Reich ထူၼ်ႈသၢမ်''' ၶွင် ဢတွပ်ႉၾ်ႁိတ်ႇတလႃႇ မႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ၼႂ်းသိုၵ်းၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈသွင်ၼႆႉ တီႈ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼၼ်ႉ ၽၢႆႇၵၢၼ်သိုၵ်း ၵူၼ်းလႆႈတၢႆ 260,000 သေ ၼႂ်းၵႃႈ လွင်ႈဢဝ်ၽႆးသွတ်ႇၼၼ်ႉ ၵူၼ်းၶိူဝ်းဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး 65,000 လႄႈ ၸၢဝ်းၸိဝ်း 140,000 ၼႆႉ လႆႈလုၵ်ႉတီႈၼႂ်းမိူင်းသေ ပၢႆႈဢွၵ်ႇၵႂႃႇယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေ သိုၵ်းယဝ်ႉတူဝ်ႈၵႂႃႇ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ မၼ်းယူႇၼႂ်းၵၢင် ပဵၼ်တၢင်းၵၢၼ်မႃးယဝ်ႉ။ တႄႇဢဝ်မိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉသေ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ ၵတ်းယဵၼ်မႃးတႄႉတႄႉဝႃႈဝႃႈသေ ပေႃးတူၺ်းၽၢႆႇပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီးၵေႃႈ ပဵၼ်မိူင်းဢၼ်ဢွင်ႇမၢၼ်ႇမႃးတႄႉတႄႉသေၵေႃႈ ထိုင်ပီ 1995 မႃး လႆႈၶဝ်ႈၸူးတီႈၼႂ်း ၸုမ်းၽွမ်ႉႁူမ်ႈယူးရူပ်ႉယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ [[Category:Wb/shn]] gigwwjnxsrbfzkse69hsuasjdoct3ru 5502404 5502403 2022-07-21T15:05:59Z Sai Myo Thura Kyaw 2527378 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DISPLAYTITLE:<span style="color:blue"><center>ယူးရူပ်ႉ ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ: {{SUBPAGENAME}}</center></span>}} [[Image:Grossglockner_from_SW.jpg|thumb|right|300px|လွႆ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး]] '''ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး''' ၼႆႉ ပဵၼ်မိူင်း ဢၼ်မီးတီႈ ပွတ်းၵၢင်ယူးရူပ်ႉၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ မၼ်းမီးလႅၼ်လိၼ် ဢိူမ်ႈၵၼ်တင်း [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ|ႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/သလူဝ်ႇဝႃးၵီးယႃး|သလူဝ်ႇဝႃးၵီးယႃး]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ၶျႅၵ်ႉ|ၶျႅၵ်ႉ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ၵျႃႇမၼီႇ|ၵျႃႇမၼီႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/လိၵ်ႈတိၼ်ႇသတၢႆႇ|လိၵ်ႈတိၼ်ႇသတၢႆႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/သဝိတ်ႈၸႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ|သဝိတ်ႈၸႃႇလႅၼ်ႇ]]၊ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ|ဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ]] လႄႈ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/သလူဝ်ႇဝေးၼီးယႃး|သလူဝ်ႇဝေးၼီးယႃး]] ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉယဝ်ႉ။ ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်းပိူင်လူင် တီႈ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ ပဵၼ် [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ၽႃႇသႃႇၵႂၢမ်း/ၵျႃႇမၼ်ႇ|ၵျႃႇမၼ်ႇ]] ယဝ်ႉ။ ဝဵင်းငဝ်ႈၸိုင်ႈတႄႉ ပဵၼ် '''[[w:Vienna|ဝီဢႅၼ်ၼႃႇ]]'''ယဝ်ႉ။ ဝဵင်းလူင် တၢင်ႇၸိူဝ်းတႄႉ ပဵၼ် သႄးလ်ပၵ်ႉ လႄႈ လိၼ်ႉၸ် ယဝ်ႉ။ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ လႆႈပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ [[ဝီႇၶီႇလုၵ်ႈဢွၼ်ႇ:ယူးရူပ်ႉ/ဢီးယူႇ|ၸုမ်းၽွမ်ႉႁူမ်ႈယူးရူပ်ႉ]] မႃး ၸဵမ်မိူဝ်ႈ 1995 ၼၼ်ႉသေ ၸႂ်ႉ [[w:Euro (currency)|ယူႇရူဝ်ႇ]] ပဵၼ်ၼင်ႇ ငိုၼ်းမိူင်းၶဝ်ယဝ်ႉ။ ==ပိုၼ်း ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး== [[Image:Flag of Austria.svg|thumb|left|border|300px|ၸွမ်ပိဝ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး]] ၼႂ်းပိုၼ်းတႄႉ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ လႆႈပဵၼ်မႃး ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ၶွင် ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ်မိူင်း သႄးလ်တိၵ်ႉ၊ ရူဝ်ႇမႅၼ်ႇ၊ ပဝႄးရီးယႅၼ်း၊ သလၢပ်ႉသ် လႄႈ ဢဝႃႇ ဢမ်ႇၼၼ် မိူင်းဝူင်ႉ။ ၼႂ်းၵႄႈ 1278 CE လႄႈ 1914 ၼၼ်ႉ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ ထုၵ်ႇ ႁႅပ်ႉသပၢၵ်ႉသ် ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် မုင်ႉႁေႃႁိူဝ်း ၶိူဝ်းၶုၼ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး ၼၼ်ႉ ဢုပ်ႉပိူင်ႇမႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 19 ၼၼ်ႉ ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် '''မိူင်းဝူင်ႉ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႅၼ်း-ႁၢင်ႇၵေးရီးယႅၼ်း''' ၼၼ်ႉ လႆႈဢဵၼ်ႇႁႅင်းယႂ်ႇမႃးတႄႉတႄႉဝႃႈဝႃႈသေ ႁူမ်ႇငမ်းလႆႈ ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး လႄႈ ႁၢင်ႇၵႄႇရီႇ ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈၼႆႉသေဢမ်ႇၵႃး ၸိူဝ်းပဵၼ် ပူဝ်ႇလႅၼ်ႇ၊ ၶျႅတ်ႉ၊ သလူဝ်ႇဝႃးၵီးယႃး၊ သလူဝ်ႇဝေးၼီးယႃး၊ ရူဝ်ႇမေးၼီးယႃး၊ ၶရူဝ်ႇဢေးသျႃး၊ ဢီႇတႃႇလီႇ လႄႈ မိူင်းတၢင်ႇၸိူဝ်း ၸိူဝ်းၼႆႉၵေႃႈ ႁူမ်ႇငမ်းလႆႈမႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ၸုမ်းၸၢဝ်းၶိူဝ်းတင်းၼမ် တီႈ မိူင်းဝူင်ႉၼႆႉ လႆႈႁဵတ်းပၼ်ႁႃမႃးသေ ထိုင် ပီ 1914 မႃး Archduke Franz Ferdinand ၼႆႉ ထုၵ်ႇၶႃႈႁႅမ်တၢႆ တီႈ ပေႃႉသ်ၼီးယႃး-သၢပ်ႉ (သႃႇရႃႇၸေႇဝူဝ်ႇ) ဢၼ်ပဵၼ် ဝဵင်းငဝ်ႈၸိုင်ႈ ပေႃႉသ်ၼီးယႃး ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈၼႆႉ (မိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉတႄႉ ပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ၶွင် မိူင်းဝူင်ႉ ဢေႃႇသထရူဝ်ႇ-ႁၢင်ႇၵေႇရီႇ)လႄႈ သိုၵ်းၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၵမ်းၼိုင်ႈၵေႃႈ လႆႈတႄႇမႃးမိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေ သိုၵ်းၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈၼိုင်ႈယဝ်ႉတူဝ်ႈၵႂႃႇ မိူင်းဝူင်ႉၵေႃႈ လႆႈတႅၵ်ႇယၢႆႈၵႂႃႇယဝ်ႉ။ သႅၼ်းဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ လႆႈယွၼ်ႇယွမ်းလူင် ၼမ်လႄႈဢေႇ ဝၼ်းမိူဝ်ႈၼႆႉသေ လႆႈထုၵ်ႇႁႄႉႁၢမ်ႈ တႃႇႁူမ်ႈၵၼ်တင်း ၵျႃႇမၼီႇယဝ်ႉ။ ပၼ်ႁႃ ပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီး လႄႈ ပၼ်ႁႃ ၵၢၼ်မိူင်းၼႆႉ တိုၵ်ႉသိုပ်ႇပဵၼ်မႃး ၼႂ်းၵႄႈ 1920 လႄႈ 1930 သေ ဢေႃႈသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ မၼ်းပဵၼ် ပွတ်းတွၼ်ႈ ''Reich ထူၼ်ႈသၢမ်''' ၶွင် ဢတွပ်ႉၾ်ႁိတ်ႇတလႃႇ မႃးယဝ်ႉ။ ၼႂ်းသိုၵ်းၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ ပွၵ်ႈသွင်ၼႆႉ တီႈ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼၼ်ႉ ၽၢႆႇၵၢၼ်သိုၵ်း ၵူၼ်းလႆႈတၢႆ 260,000 သေ ၼႂ်းၵႃႈ လွင်ႈဢဝ်ၽႆးသွတ်ႇၼၼ်ႉ ၵူၼ်းၶိူဝ်းဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး 65,000 လႄႈ ၸၢဝ်းၸိဝ်း 140,000 ၼႆႉ လႆႈလုၵ်ႉတီႈၼႂ်းမိူင်းသေ ပၢႆႈဢွၵ်ႇၵႂႃႇယဝ်ႉ။ ဝၢႆးသေ သိုၵ်းယဝ်ႉတူဝ်ႈၵႂႃႇ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ မၼ်းယူႇၼႂ်းၵၢင် ပဵၼ်တၢင်းၵၢၼ်မႃးယဝ်ႉ။ တႄႇဢဝ်မိူဝ်ႈၼၼ်ႉသေ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ ၵတ်းယဵၼ်မႃးတႄႉတႄႉဝႃႈဝႃႈသေ ပေႃးတူၺ်းၽၢႆႇပၢႆးမၢၵ်ႈမီးၵေႃႈ ပဵၼ်မိူင်းဢၼ်ဢွင်ႇမၢၼ်ႇမႃးတႄႉတႄႉသေၵေႃႈ ထိုင်ပီ 1995 မႃး လႆႈၶဝ်ႈၸူးတီႈၼႂ်း ၸုမ်းၽွမ်ႉႁူမ်ႈယူးရူပ်ႉယူႇယဝ်ႉ။ ==လႅင်လိၼ် ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃး== [[File:SalzburgerAltstadt02b.jpg|thumb|left|300px|ဢွင်ႈတီႈၵိုၵ်းပိုၼ်း ၶွင် သႄးလ်ပၵ်ႉ၊ ဢွင်ႈတီႈၶူဝ်းပူၺ်ႈၵမ်ႇၽႃႇ]] '''ႁူဝ်ၼပ်ႉၵူၼ်းၵူၼ်း ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ မီး 8,205,533'''။ တၢင်းၵႂၢင်ႈ ဢေႃႉသထရီးယႃးၼႆႉ မီး is 32,382 လွၵ်းလၵ်း (83,870 km²)။ [[Category:Wb/shn]] l0xx3w2juy22y8d12cg6a4uzk2jekrb 0 3332494 5502592 5473134 2022-07-21T21:55:01Z Biowikician 2568277 /* how shi tek stat ha life and Family */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hadiza Aliyu''' wey pipu sabi as '''Hadiza Gabon''' (bon 1 June 1989)Dem bon ha for [[Wp/pcm/Libreville|Libreville]] , Gabon. Shi bi Naija aktress and fim produsa, shi dey akt inside Hausa and inglish fim. Shi bi MTN ambassador for MTN Naijá and indomie noodles company tu. Shi wein di 2nd Kannywood/MTN Awards for 2014. Na shi bi person wey stat HAG Foundation. ==how e tek stat e laif an famili== Na for [[Wp/pcm/Libreville|Libreville]] in [[Wp/pcm/Republic of Gabon|Republic of Gabon]] dey tek bon Hadiza Aliyu.Hadiza papa nem na Malam Aliyu wey bi elda statesman. For e papa side shi bi Gabonese pikin an for e mama side shi bi Fulani wey kom fom [[Wp/pcm/Adamawa State|Adamawa State]] for Naijá. Shi go pramari an sekondri skul for Gabon, where shi rait im ''A-level Ezamination'' to rid lo. Hadiza enta Univasiti bot shi no fit finish bikos of som kind tins wey happun, shi kom go du one diploma in French langwej, shi kom bikom French ticha for one private skul ==Ha Karia== I no tay wey shi kom Adamawa state for Naija na I shi enta [[Wp/pcm/Kannywood|Kannywood]] , shi komot for Adamawa go Kaduna with one of ha kosine bikos they won join bodi enta Kannywood, Hadiza mit Ali Nuhu and shi beg am for a rol inside im fim, Hadiza akt ha fest fim for 2009 inside one fim wey dem dey kol Artabu, shi kom bikom popula for Kannywood fim industry as one of the ogbonge female aktress wey sabi akt bikos Ali Nuhu and Aminu Shariff help ha wel wel. For 2017, Hadiza join bodi with [[Wp/pcm/Nollywood|Nollywood]] lik Ali Nuhu, Sani Musa Danja, Yakubu Muhammed, Maryam Booth and Rahama Sadau, shi akt ha fest Nollywood fim with Mike Ezuruonye, Mark Angel and Emmanuella for one fim wey I nem bí Lagos Real Fake Life. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 85b5rij70znp92qfbnh44okeveqpzi7 0 3332570 5502394 5501764 2022-07-21T14:19:32Z Biowikician 2568277 /* How shi tek stat life and Karia= */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Hafsat Ahmad Idris''' (dem bon am for July 14, 1987) wey pipul no wel wel as '''Hafsat Idris''' na [[Wp/pcm/Naijá|Naijá]] aktress wey dey akt for Hausa fims for Naijá.Na fom Kano Stet in Naijá bot na Shagamu wey dey Ogun Stet e tek gro up.Hasfat fest fim nem na ''Barauniya'' (2016) an na shi wein di 2019 best aktress awod. =How shi tek stat life and Karia== Hasfat kom fom Kano State in Naijá , bot shi gro up for [[Wp/pcm/Shagamu|shagamu]] , [[Wp/pcm/Ogun Stet|Ogun Stet]] . '''Hafsat''' du e fest fim for [[Wp/pcm/Kannywood|Kannywood]] inside di fim wey get Di nem Barauniya. Shi akt di fim with dem Ali Nuhu, Jamiu Nagudu and som oda pipul. For 2018, '''Hafsat''' stat im own fim produkshon kompani wey di nem na [[Wp/pcm/Ramlat investment|Ramlat investment]] , shi produs meni meni fim for 2019 wey one of dem na Kawaye an na Hafsat and som aktors lik Ali, Nuhu Sani Musa Danja akt inside Di fim. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 58oof7enpg143ylf9pdogggltcjpo5p 0 3333259 5502369 5476320 2022-07-21T14:01:23Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suiya Pahad.jpg|thumb|सुइया पहाड़]] सुइया पहाड़ बिहार कें बांका जिला के कटोरिया गामोंम एगो पहाड़ छे| हेकरा बिहारो पहाड़ भीं कहलो जाय छे| हेकरा आगू जलेबिया मोड़ आबे छे| ई जंगलम बहुत रंग के जानवर रहे छे, जैंसे कि मोर, हिरन आरो सुवर| [[Category:Wp/anp]] 36mdse8k7kekimfhrvb5ux1j09p48s4 5502370 5502369 2022-07-21T14:02:07Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suiya Pahad.jpg|thumb|सुइया पहाड़]] सुइया पहाड़ बिहार कें बांका जिला के कटोरिया गामोंम एगो पहाड़ छे| हेकरा बिहारो पहाड़ भीं कहलो जाय छे| हेकरा आगू जलेबिया मोड़ आबे छे| ई जंगलम बहुत रंग के जानवर आरो पंछी रहे छे, जैंसे कि मोर, हिरन आरो सुवर| [[Category:Wp/anp]] gmt8fvsn930gli9e2ju0n71kjs9l9kn 5502371 5502370 2022-07-21T14:03:20Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suiya Pahad.jpg|thumb|सुइया पहाड़]] सुइया पहाड़ बिहार कें बांका जिला के कटोरिया गामोंम एगो पहाड़ छे| हेकरा बिहारो पहाड़ भीं कहलो जाय छे| हेकरा आगू जलेबिया मोड़ आबे छे| ई जंगलम बहुत रंग के जानवर आरो पंछी रहे छे, जैंसे कि मोर, हिरन आरो सुवर| बहुत रंग कें गाछ, जैंसे की साल, महुआ, आरो जंगली बेल भी छे ई जंगलम [[Category:Wp/anp]] 49y1yzjihl9fuun4t4o5qngdhzsfpjs 5502372 5502371 2022-07-21T14:03:32Z Amrit Sufi 2567914 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Suiya Pahad.jpg|thumb|सुइया पहाड़]] सुइया पहाड़ बिहार कें बांका जिला के कटोरिया गामोंम एगो पहाड़ छे| हेकरा बिहारो पहाड़ भीं कहलो जाय छे| हेकरा आगू जलेबिया मोड़ आबे छे| ई जंगलम बहुत रंग के जानवर आरो पंछी रहे छे, जैंसे कि मोर, हिरन आरो सुवर| बहुत रंग कें गाछ, जैंसे की साल, महुआ, आरो जंगली बेल भी छे ई जंगलम| [[Category:Wp/anp]] bzw0eo766eemj3e84r2ha1xm6qzebfu 0 3333444 5502738 5476909 2022-07-22T07:03:29Z Veracious 1556985 Veracious moved page [[Wy/id/Angggur]] to [[Wy/id/Anggur]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|A summertime winery picnic in [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]]]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 2aw6qcx8vw3yt8rcocch5t4urd3qvw4 5502741 5502738 2022-07-22T07:05:31Z Veracious 1556985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 93qo5epe86ygvpj12tezj6ibf7xrclj 5502742 5502741 2022-07-22T07:08:58Z Veracious 1556985 /* Lihat juga */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 6rn57d9zhda7md97dgutvp3x052l9e4 5502744 5502742 2022-07-22T07:10:05Z Veracious 1556985 /* Tetap aman */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] qnxdst0sx06reppzgic3edracyr9970 5502753 5502744 2022-07-22T07:22:17Z Veracious 1556985 /* Tetap aman */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Cape Winelands|Cape Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] rh02j0kjw5m1mz958o3mfvemmy1szw3 5502757 5502753 2022-07-22T07:23:59Z Veracious 1556985 /* Tempat lain dari dunia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Cape Winelands|Cape Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] jx5yywnqe5veqxi101aa4dp1v6pdp13 5502760 5502757 2022-07-22T07:25:30Z Veracious 1556985 /* Selandia Baru */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Cape Winelands|Cape Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 9b2wskznriftjiwsw2nr0gkennswu2n 5502762 5502760 2022-07-22T07:29:58Z Veracious 1556985 /* Oseania */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Kolorado|Kolorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Canada|Canada]]==== * [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]] Valley, [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * The principal [[Wy/id/Wine Regions of Ontario|Wine Regions of Ontario]] are the [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] and [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], with the former best known for its ice wines. *[[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] has a significant wine industry. * There is some production in [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and the [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] of Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] in Saskatachewan claims to be the world's nothernnmost winery. They make no grape wines, but use various fruits which will grow in their climate. See [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] for information on the region. ====[[Wy/id/USA|USA]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|American cuisine}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Loudoun|Kabupaten Loudoun]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Sonoma|Kabupaten Sonoma]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Cape Winelands|Cape Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] ovqguew56quhyh24r2c56mb7i8oanan 5502763 5502762 2022-07-22T07:30:34Z Veracious 1556985 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Canada|Canada]]==== * [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]] Valley, [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * The principal [[Wy/id/Wine Regions of Ontario|Wine Regions of Ontario]] are the [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] and [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], with the former best known for its ice wines. *[[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] has a significant wine industry. * There is some production in [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and the [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] of Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] in Saskatachewan claims to be the world's nothernnmost winery. They make no grape wines, but use various fruits which will grow in their climate. See [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] for information on the region. ====[[Wy/id/USA|USA]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|American cuisine}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Loudoun|Kabupaten Loudoun]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Sonoma|Kabupaten Sonoma]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Cape Winelands|Cape Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] sn37zi8pmz2frc9ifu39a4tantyemhq 5502765 5502763 2022-07-22T07:30:49Z Veracious 1556985 /* Tempat lain dari dunia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Canada|Canada]]==== * [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]] Valley, [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * The principal [[Wy/id/Wine Regions of Ontario|Wine Regions of Ontario]] are the [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] and [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], with the former best known for its ice wines. *[[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] has a significant wine industry. * There is some production in [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and the [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] of Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] in Saskatachewan claims to be the world's nothernnmost winery. They make no grape wines, but use various fruits which will grow in their climate. See [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] for information on the region. ====[[Wy/id/USA|USA]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|American cuisine}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Loudoun|Kabupaten Loudoun]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Sonoma|Kabupaten Sonoma]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 4nzw6sopxkm91mj146ad3els4r4pv6c 5502788 5502765 2022-07-22T07:49:47Z Veracious 1556985 /* USA */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Canada|Canada]]==== * [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]] Valley, [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * The principal [[Wy/id/Wine Regions of Ontario|Wine Regions of Ontario]] are the [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] and [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], with the former best known for its ice wines. *[[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] has a significant wine industry. * There is some production in [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and the [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] of Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] in Saskatachewan claims to be the world's nothernnmost winery. They make no grape wines, but use various fruits which will grow in their climate. See [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] for information on the region. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|American cuisine}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Loudoun|Kabupaten Loudoun]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Sonoma|Kabupaten Sonoma]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 87bers71lyazyb9jpdpzdxdlhxr6moe 5502790 5502788 2022-07-22T07:51:55Z Veracious 1556985 /* Amerika Serikat */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Canada|Canada]]==== * [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]] Valley, [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * The principal [[Wy/id/Wine Regions of Ontario|Wine Regions of Ontario]] are the [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] and [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], with the former best known for its ice wines. *[[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] has a significant wine industry. * There is some production in [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and the [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] of Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] in Saskatachewan claims to be the world's nothernnmost winery. They make no grape wines, but use various fruits which will grow in their climate. See [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] for information on the region. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Loudoun|Kabupaten Loudoun]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Kabupaten Sonoma|Kabupaten Sonoma]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 777vo1810qupdd5wtr11okszh2orzx4 5502791 5502790 2022-07-22T07:52:22Z Veracious 1556985 /* Amerika Serikat */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Canada|Canada]]==== * [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]] Valley, [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * The principal [[Wy/id/Wine Regions of Ontario|Wine Regions of Ontario]] are the [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] and [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], with the former best known for its ice wines. *[[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] has a significant wine industry. * There is some production in [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], and the [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] of Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] in Saskatachewan claims to be the world's nothernnmost winery. They make no grape wines, but use various fruits which will grow in their climate. See [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] for information on the region. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] c8bmrtckhn19cem38b9uv4kbcavt8ax 5502793 5502791 2022-07-22T07:54:21Z Veracious 1556985 /* Canada */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] h52ja62eglewu89fof1xlkvroc3jxze 5502796 5502793 2022-07-22T07:56:44Z Veracious 1556985 /* Lihat dan lakukan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Learn=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Wine production in the world (click for bigger map)]] One of the best ways to begin an adventure in enotourism is to attend wine classes at a respectable wine school. There are several across the [[Wy/id/United States|United States]], with notable ones being the [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]] wine school, the International Wine Center in [[Wy/id/New York City|New York]], and the Wine School in [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. In [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], there is the National Wine Centre in [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]], which does wine research and also provides classes on wine appreciation. The names of wines are often indicative of the area in which they are produced, with such usage often protected by law; for instance champagne can only be produced in the [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] region of [[Wy/id/France|France]], sherry can only be produced in [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]], [[Wy/id/Spain|Spain]], port wine can only be produced in the [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro Valley]], [[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]], Chianti wines can only be produced in [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]], [[Wy/id/Italy|Italy]], and Tokaji can only produced in [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]], [[Wy/id/Hungary|Hungary]]. ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang diketahui, berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] g0o7lnyxnb3g0w8f8f8wke610br848x 5502801 5502796 2022-07-22T07:59:53Z Veracious 1556985 /* Lihat dan lakukan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang diketahui, berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 09oef4wndymo6vkqis00uebd4dqvd8e 5502802 5502801 2022-07-22T08:00:49Z Veracious 1556985 /* Armenia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] qqww66e60u9s4igwejcwje30f5zwapx 5502803 5502802 2022-07-22T08:03:04Z Veracious 1556985 /* Siprus */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 3hzzysbdu3jq3x1bet1n4ij3ytj5ddz 5502805 5502803 2022-07-22T08:04:56Z Veracious 1556985 /* Prancis */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ===North America=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 32spfgq6itpm7tj89bov1gudag5paye 5502806 5502805 2022-07-22T08:09:15Z Veracious 1556985 /* North America */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 500g7v5t7zepmp83o6krya8xek2xwfz 5502820 5502806 2022-07-22T08:13:40Z Veracious 1556985 /* Georgia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] c98kx72bviauqagynkbimrdsjb71s48 5502822 5502820 2022-07-22T08:14:43Z Veracious 1556985 /* Swiss */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] a1u33rne910zuh581coi4iur3boiyqy 5502826 5502822 2022-07-22T08:17:09Z Veracious 1556985 /* Spanyol */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 95ouz2nb6whiqq5ssje4nxf5xmgk8mm 5502832 5502826 2022-07-22T08:23:50Z Veracious 1556985 /* Rusia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]==== * [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Port-nya. * [[Wy/id/Madeira|Madeira]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Madeira. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] 70rid7f4f3jl8peg77h2tawlc3qfk2n 5502834 5502832 2022-07-22T08:25:04Z Veracious 1556985 /* Portugal */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Makedonia Utara|Makedonia Utara]]==== * '''Tikveš''', di selatan [[Wy/id/Povardarie|Wilayah Vardar]], merupakan penghasil anggur Makedonia. [[Wy/id/Kavadarci|Kavadarci]] dan [[Wy/id/Negotino|Negotino]] adalah kota penghasil anggur utama, sementara [[Wy/id/Demir Kapija|Demir Kapija]] adalah rumah dari kilang anggur kerajaan bekas Kerajaan Yugoslavia. ====[[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]==== * [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Port-nya. * [[Wy/id/Madeira|Madeira]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Madeira. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] gkpqvsljifh10dilblf0zd0j4oasqud 5502836 5502834 2022-07-22T08:27:20Z Veracious 1556985 /* Makedonia Utara */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Moldova|Moldova]]==== Sebagian besar daerah di negara ini adalah penghasil anggur. Pabrik anggur Mileștii Mici memiliki lebih dari 200 km terowongan bawah tanah dan beberapa di antaranya digunakan untuk menyimpan koleksi anggur terbesar di dunia. Pabrik anggur Cricova memiliki lebih dari 120 km terowongan bawah tanah yang menjadi favorit wisatawan. ====[[Wy/id/Makedonia Utara|Makedonia Utara]]==== * '''Tikveš''', di selatan [[Wy/id/Povardarie|Wilayah Vardar]], merupakan penghasil anggur Makedonia. [[Wy/id/Kavadarci|Kavadarci]] dan [[Wy/id/Negotino|Negotino]] adalah kota penghasil anggur utama, sementara [[Wy/id/Demir Kapija|Demir Kapija]] adalah rumah dari kilang anggur kerajaan bekas Kerajaan Yugoslavia. ====[[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]==== * [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Port-nya. * [[Wy/id/Madeira|Madeira]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Madeira. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] mbz79hwldls55lomt7y1awfq36yh33b 5502838 5502836 2022-07-22T08:28:45Z Veracious 1556985 /* Moldova */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Hongaria|Hongaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] adalah titik fokus wilayah [[Wy/id/Tokaj-Hegyalja|Tokaj-Hegyalja]] dan masuk ke dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia UNESCO|Daftar Warisan Dunia UNESCO]] karena tradisi pembuatan anggurnya. Wilayah ini membentang melintasi perbatasan yang dibuat setelah [[Wy/id/Perang Dunia I|Perang Dunia I]] hingga [[Wy/id/Slovakia|Slovakia]]; bagian ini dikenal sebagai [[Wy/id/Kebun anggur Tokaj Slovakia|Tokaj Slovakia]]. ====[[Wy/id/Moldova|Moldova]]==== Sebagian besar daerah di negara ini adalah penghasil anggur. Pabrik anggur Mileștii Mici memiliki lebih dari 200 km terowongan bawah tanah dan beberapa di antaranya digunakan untuk menyimpan koleksi anggur terbesar di dunia. Pabrik anggur Cricova memiliki lebih dari 120 km terowongan bawah tanah yang menjadi favorit wisatawan. ====[[Wy/id/Makedonia Utara|Makedonia Utara]]==== * '''Tikveš''', di selatan [[Wy/id/Povardarie|Wilayah Vardar]], merupakan penghasil anggur Makedonia. [[Wy/id/Kavadarci|Kavadarci]] dan [[Wy/id/Negotino|Negotino]] adalah kota penghasil anggur utama, sementara [[Wy/id/Demir Kapija|Demir Kapija]] adalah rumah dari kilang anggur kerajaan bekas Kerajaan Yugoslavia. ====[[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]==== * [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Port-nya. * [[Wy/id/Madeira|Madeira]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Madeira. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] rcn8ovjh2lry2djidz053dh2712dspd 5502840 5502838 2022-07-22T08:32:54Z Veracious 1556985 /* Georgia */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Germany|Germany]]==== [[File:Rheinhessen vineyards.jpg|thumbnail|Kebun anggur Rheinhessen]] Jerman lebih dikenal sebagai negara pembuat bir. Walau demikian, anggurnya juga terkenal, terutama anggur Rieslings dari [[Wy/id/Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Jerman juga dikenal dengan anggur esnya (Jerman: ''Eiswein''), di mana buah anggur yang digunakan untuk membuat minuman anggur dibiarkan membeku di pokok anggur di musim dingin sebelum dipanen. *[[Wy/id/Rheinhessen|Rheinhessen]]: Müller-Thurgau, Riesling, Dornfelder, Silvaner, Portugieser, Kerner, Spätburgunder, Grauburgunder, Scheurebe *[[Wy/id/Palatinate|Palatinate]]: Riesling, Dornfelder, Müller-Thurgau, Portugieser, Spätburgunder, Kerner, Grauburgunder, Weißburgunder *[[Wy/id/Baden-Württemberg|Baden]]: Spätburgunder, Müller-Thurgau, Grauburgunder, Riesling, Weißburgunder, Gutedel *[[Wy/id/Baden-Württemberg|Württemberg]]]:Trollinger, Riesling, Schwarzriesling, Lemberger, Spätburgunder, Kerner *[[Wy/id/Lembah Moselle (Jerman)|Mosel]]:Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Elbling, Kerner *[[Wy/id/Franconia|Franconia]]: Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner, Bacchus *[[Wy/id/Naheland|Nahe]]: Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Dornfelder *[[Wy/id/Rheingau|Rheingau]]: Riesling, Spätburgunder, Müller-Thurgau *[[Wy/id/Saale-Unstrut|Saale-Unstrut]]: Müller-Thurgau, Weißburgunder, Silvaner *[[Wy/id/Ahr|Ahr]]: Spätburgunder, Riesling, Portugis *[[Wy/id/Saxony|Saxony]]: Müller-Thurgau, Riesling, Weißburgunder *[[Wy/id/Lembah Rhine Tengah|Mittelrhein]]: Riesling, Spätburgunder, Müller-Thurgau *[[Wy/id/Hessische Bergstraße|Hessische Bergstraße]]: Riesling, Spätburgunder, Grauburgunder ====[[Wy/id/Hongaria|Hongaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] adalah titik fokus wilayah [[Wy/id/Tokaj-Hegyalja|Tokaj-Hegyalja]] dan masuk ke dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia UNESCO|Daftar Warisan Dunia UNESCO]] karena tradisi pembuatan anggurnya. Wilayah ini membentang melintasi perbatasan yang dibuat setelah [[Wy/id/Perang Dunia I|Perang Dunia I]] hingga [[Wy/id/Slovakia|Slovakia]]; bagian ini dikenal sebagai [[Wy/id/Kebun anggur Tokaj Slovakia|Tokaj Slovakia]]. ====[[Wy/id/Moldova|Moldova]]==== Sebagian besar daerah di negara ini adalah penghasil anggur. Pabrik anggur Mileștii Mici memiliki lebih dari 200 km terowongan bawah tanah dan beberapa di antaranya digunakan untuk menyimpan koleksi anggur terbesar di dunia. Pabrik anggur Cricova memiliki lebih dari 120 km terowongan bawah tanah yang menjadi favorit wisatawan. ====[[Wy/id/Makedonia Utara|Makedonia Utara]]==== * '''Tikveš''', di selatan [[Wy/id/Povardarie|Wilayah Vardar]], merupakan penghasil anggur Makedonia. [[Wy/id/Kavadarci|Kavadarci]] dan [[Wy/id/Negotino|Negotino]] adalah kota penghasil anggur utama, sementara [[Wy/id/Demir Kapija|Demir Kapija]] adalah rumah dari kilang anggur kerajaan bekas Kerajaan Yugoslavia. ====[[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]==== * [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Port-nya. * [[Wy/id/Madeira|Madeira]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Madeira. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] spwicr04rcuc0rjz8taz2lv164lj7yw 5502841 5502840 2022-07-22T08:33:22Z Veracious 1556985 /* Germany */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Rieslingtrauben banner.jpg}} [[Image:Wine Picnic Palisade Colorado USA.jpeg|thumbnail|400px|Piknik kilang anggur musim panas di [[Wy/id/Palisade|Palisade]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]].]] Anggur biasanya dianggap sebagai [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] yang paling canggih, sehingga '''wisata anggur''' atau '''enoturisme''' sangat berkembang di banyak wilayah pada penjuru dunia. Perjalanan bisa sesederhana naik "kereta jemputan anggur" di Lembah Napa atau bisa serumit menyewa vila di selatan Prancis selama sebulan. Enoturisme juga adalah cara yang bagus untuk belajar tentang orang, budaya, warisan, dan adat istiadat pada suatu daerah. Beberapa daerah penghasil anggur terkenal di dunia telah memproduksi anggur selama berabad-abad atau bahkan ribuan tahun, sehingga produksi serta konsumsi anggur telah mendarah daging dalam budaya lokal. Ditambah lagi, daerah-daerah ini cenderung berada di luar jalur wisata umum (walaupun tidak terlalu jauh) sehingga enoturisme dapat mendorong wisatawan mengujungi daerah-daerah baru dan menarik. Keluar dan kunjungi produsen anggur yang memperbolehkan kontak dengan petani dan pengrajin lokal yang ahli di bidang tersebut. Penanam anggur adalah petani, jadi perspektif mereka tentang daerah setempat dan kehidupan secara umum cenderung berbeda dari penduduk lainnya yang biasanya ditemui saat jalan-jalan. Untuk oenofil, enoturisme adalah cara yang bagus untuk lebih memahami ''terroir'', konsep bagi pembuat anggur yang sering digunakan untuk menggambarkan komponen kunci dari "karya seni" mereka. Secara kasar, ini ada hubungannya dengan bagaimana kualitas tanah tempat buah anggur ditanam nerpengaruh terhadap cita rasa anggur. Mencicipi anggur di toko anggur atau di rumah yang nyaman dapat memberikan petunjuk tentang "terroir" yang menghasilkan anggur tersebut. Tetapi menghabiskan beberapa hari mengunjungi daerah tersebut, mengobrol dengan pembuat dan petani anggur, serta menyantap makanan lokal (yang telah berkembang bersama dengan anggur sehingga keduanya saling melengkapi dengan berkesinambungan) akan memberikan memberikan wawasan tambahan yang mendalam dari kenapa dan bagaimana minuman anggur itu bisa seperti sekrang. ==Lihat dan lakukan== {{Wy/id/Quote|Anggur adalah puisi dalam botol.|author=Robert Louis Stevenson}} Inti dari enoturisme adalah mengunjungi kilang anggur, dan tentu saja mencicipi anggur. ===Belajar=== [[File:WineProduction.pdf|thumbnail|Produksi minuman anggur di dunia (klik untuk memperbesar peta)]] Salah satu cara terbaik untuk memulai petualangan dalam enoturisme adalah dengan menghadiri kelas anggur di sekolah anggur yang terakreditasi. Ada beberapa sekolah di [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], yang terkenal adalah sekolah anggur [[Wy/id/Chicago|Chicago]], Pusat Anggur Internasional di [[Wy/id/Kota New York|New York]], dan Sekolah Anggur di [[Wy/id/Philadelphia|Philadelphia]]. Di [[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]], ada Pusat Anggur Nasional di [[Wy/id/Adelaide|Adelaide]] yang melakukan penelitian anggur dan juga menyediakan kelas tentang apresiasi anggur. Nama-nama anggur kebanyakan diambil dari daerah di mana mereka diproduksi dan penggunaan namanya dilindungi oleh hukum; misalnya sampanye hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] ([[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]), sherry hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] ([[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]), anggur port hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Lembah Douro]] ([[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]), anggur Chianti hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Chianti|Chianti]] ([[Wy/id/Italia|Italia]]), dan Tokaji hanya dapat diproduksi di [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] ([[Wy/id/Hungaria|Hungaria]]). ==Destinasi== ===Eropa=== ====[[Wy/id/Armenia|Armenia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Areni|Areni]] di Armenia Selatan adalah wilayah pembuatan anggur terbesar di negara itu. Gua Areni-1 memiliki kilang anggur tertua yang sepanjang sejarah, karena berusia lebih dari 6.000 tahun. * Togh di [[Wy/id/Nagorno-Karabakh|Nargorno Karabakh]] juga terkenal dengan anggurnya ====[[Wy/id/Bulgaria|Bulgaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Bulgaria Utara|Moesia]] Dataran Danube Gamza * [[Wy/id/Pantai Laut Hitam Bulgaria|Pantai Laut Hitam]] Anggur Euxinograd * [[Wy/id/Pegunungan Rhodope|Lembah Mawar]] Rossato * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tracia Atas|Dataran Tracia]] Mavrud * [[Wy/id/Struma Valley|Struma Valley]], kebun anggur Melnik yang luas ====[[Wy/id/Kroasia|Kroasia]]==== * [[Wy/id/Isteri|Isteri]] ====[[Wy/id/Siprus (pulau)|Siprus]]==== Pembuatan anggur di pulau Siprus pada daerah Mediterania sudah berusia lebih dari 5.000 tahun, dan juga memiliki beberapa kebun anggur dataran tinggi tercantik di seluruh dunia. Biaya akomodasi sangat murah menurut standar orang Eropa di utara. ====[[Wy/id/Republik Ceko|Republik Ceko]]==== * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur Mutenice|Wilayah Anggur Mutenice]] [[File:Viticulture France.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Prancis]] ====[[Wy/id/Prancis|Prancis]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Prancis}} Prancis adalah negara penghasil anggur tradisional dan ada beberapa daerah penghasil anggur yang sangat terkenal, termasuk yang berikut ini: * [[Wy/id/Alsace|Alsace]]; lihat [[Wy/id/Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian|Rute Kebun Anggur Alsatian]] * [[Wy/id/Burgundy|Burgundy]] * [[Wy/id/Bordeaux|Bordeaux]] * [[Wy/id/Champagne|Champagne]] * [[Wy/id/Languedoc-Roussillon|Languedoc-Roussillon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Loire|Lembah Loire]] * [[Wy/id/Provence|Provence]] Banyak kebun anggur yang memperbolehkan pengunjungnya untuk mencicipi minuman anggur. ====[[Wy/id/Georgia (negara)|Georgia]]==== Bukti paling awal yang diketahui tentang pembuatan anggur yang berasal dari sekitar 6000 SM, ditemukan di Georgia. Georgia dan Moldova terkenal di Uni Soviet sebagai tempat asal anggur yang luar biasa. Sebagai negara merdeka, anggur Georgia memiliki distribusi yang lebih luas, bahkan sampai antarbenua. * [[Wy/id/Kakheti|Kakheti]] — negara anggur utama Georgia. * [[Wy/id/Abkhazia|Abkhazia]] — republik yang memisahkan diri ini sangat terkenal dengan anggurnya pada masa [[Wy/id/Uni Soviet|Soviet]] dan masih menghasilkan banyak pilihan varietas anggur putih dan merah serta semi-kering dan semi-manis. ====[[Wy/id/Jerman|Jerman]]==== [[File:Rheinhessen vineyards.jpg|thumbnail|Kebun anggur Rheinhessen]] Jerman lebih dikenal sebagai negara pembuat bir. Walau demikian, anggurnya juga terkenal, terutama anggur Rieslings dari [[Wy/id/Rhineland-Palatinate|Rhineland-Palatinate]]. Jerman juga dikenal dengan anggur esnya (Jerman: ''Eiswein''), di mana buah anggur yang digunakan untuk membuat minuman anggur dibiarkan membeku di pokok anggur saat musim dingin sebelum akhirnya dipanen. *[[Wy/id/Rheinhessen|Rheinhessen]]: Müller-Thurgau, Riesling, Dornfelder, Silvaner, Portugieser, Kerner, Spätburgunder, Grauburgunder, Scheurebe *[[Wy/id/Palatinate|Palatinate]]: Riesling, Dornfelder, Müller-Thurgau, Portugieser, Spätburgunder, Kerner, Grauburgunder, Weißburgunder *[[Wy/id/Baden-Württemberg|Baden]]: Spätburgunder, Müller-Thurgau, Grauburgunder, Riesling, Weißburgunder, Gutedel *[[Wy/id/Baden-Württemberg|Württemberg]]]:Trollinger, Riesling, Schwarzriesling, Lemberger, Spätburgunder, Kerner *[[Wy/id/Lembah Moselle (Jerman)|Mosel]]:Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Elbling, Kerner *[[Wy/id/Franconia|Franconia]]: Müller-Thurgau, Silvaner, Bacchus *[[Wy/id/Naheland|Nahe]]: Riesling, Müller-Thurgau, Dornfelder *[[Wy/id/Rheingau|Rheingau]]: Riesling, Spätburgunder, Müller-Thurgau *[[Wy/id/Saale-Unstrut|Saale-Unstrut]]: Müller-Thurgau, Weißburgunder, Silvaner *[[Wy/id/Ahr|Ahr]]: Spätburgunder, Riesling, Portugis *[[Wy/id/Saxony|Saxony]]: Müller-Thurgau, Riesling, Weißburgunder *[[Wy/id/Lembah Rhine Tengah|Mittelrhein]]: Riesling, Spätburgunder, Müller-Thurgau *[[Wy/id/Hessische Bergstraße|Hessische Bergstraße]]: Riesling, Spätburgunder, Grauburgunder ====[[Wy/id/Hongaria|Hongaria]]==== * [[Wy/id/Tokaj|Tokaj]] adalah titik fokus wilayah [[Wy/id/Tokaj-Hegyalja|Tokaj-Hegyalja]] dan masuk ke dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia UNESCO|Daftar Warisan Dunia UNESCO]] karena tradisi pembuatan anggurnya. Wilayah ini membentang melintasi perbatasan yang dibuat setelah [[Wy/id/Perang Dunia I|Perang Dunia I]] hingga [[Wy/id/Slovakia|Slovakia]]; bagian ini dikenal sebagai [[Wy/id/Kebun anggur Tokaj Slovakia|Tokaj Slovakia]]. ====[[Wy/id/Moldova|Moldova]]==== Sebagian besar daerah di negara ini adalah penghasil anggur. Pabrik anggur Mileștii Mici memiliki lebih dari 200 km terowongan bawah tanah dan beberapa di antaranya digunakan untuk menyimpan koleksi anggur terbesar di dunia. Pabrik anggur Cricova memiliki lebih dari 120 km terowongan bawah tanah yang menjadi favorit wisatawan. ====[[Wy/id/Makedonia Utara|Makedonia Utara]]==== * '''Tikveš''', di selatan [[Wy/id/Povardarie|Wilayah Vardar]], merupakan penghasil anggur Makedonia. [[Wy/id/Kavadarci|Kavadarci]] dan [[Wy/id/Negotino|Negotino]] adalah kota penghasil anggur utama, sementara [[Wy/id/Demir Kapija|Demir Kapija]] adalah rumah dari kilang anggur kerajaan bekas Kerajaan Yugoslavia. ====[[Wy/id/Portugal|Portugal]]==== * [[Wy/id/Douro Litoral|Douro]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Port-nya. * [[Wy/id/Madeira|Madeira]] - Dikenal dengan anggur Madeira. ====[[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]]==== Rusia tidak begitu dikenal dengan anggurnya, dan sebagian besar konsumsi minuman anggurnya diimpor dari negara bekas republik Soviet serta tempat lainnya di Eropa. Namun, ada daerah di pinggiran selatan negara ini yang dimana anggur tumbuh subur dan memang mendukung industri anggur dunia. * [[Wy/id/Krasnodar Krai|Krasnodar Krai]] — wilayah ini menghasilkan sekitar setengah dari anggur Rusia jika dilihat dari kuantitas. * [[Wy/id/Oblast Rostov|Oblast Rostov]] — wilayah Sungai Don adalah salah satu daerah penghasil anggur utama Rusia. * [[Wy/id/Crimea|Crimea]] — semenanjung adalah daerah penghasil anggur sejak zaman [[Wy/id/Kekaisaran Romawi|Romawi]], tetapi sebagian besar anggur lokal sering kali dianggap terlalu manis oleh mereka yang tidak terbiasa dengan rasanya. ====[[Wy/id/Spanyol|Spanyol]]==== [[File:Rioja alta and Río Ebro.JPG|thumb|Wilayah anggur Rioja Alta]] * [[Wy/id/La Rioja (Spanyol)|La Rioja (Spanyol)]] * [[Wy/id/Jerez de la Frontera|Jerez de la Frontera]] - Terkenal dengan anggur sherry-nya ====[[Wy/id/Swiss|Swiss]]==== Bagian negara yang berbahasa Prancis (terutama kanton [[Wy/id/Valais|Valais]] dan wilayah sekitar [[Wy/id/Danau Jenewa|Danau Jenewa]]) merupakan daerah penghasil anggur utama di Swiss. Teras perkebunan anggur [[Wy/id/Lavaux|Lavaux]] (dengan sejarah perkebunan anggur sejak zaman Romawi) sudah masuk dalam [[Wy/id/Daftar Warisan Dunia|Daftar Warisan Dunia]] UNESCO. ====[[Wy/id/Turki|Turki]]==== Turki tidak secara resmi mengakui sebutan geografis atau sebutan ''terroir'', dengan pengecualian pantai utara (yang memiliki iklim hujan terus-menerus yang tidak mendukung pematangan buah anggur). Semua wilayah Turki memiliki produksi anggur, meskipun seringkali dalam jumlah yang lebih sedikit dibandingkan dengan beberapa daerah tetangganya. Di bawah ini adalah daftar beberapa daerah yang lebih dikenal dengan pembuatan anggurnya, lengkap dengan fasilitas untuk memberikan wawasan bagi turis: * [[Wy/id/Bozcaada|Bozcaada]] (Tenedos) — dikenal karena anggurnya selama berabad-abad (sampai-sampai ada gambar anggur di uang koin lokal pada zaman kuno), dan masih mempertahankan tradisi * [[Wy/id/Cappadocia|Cappadocia]] — beberapa anggur terbaik yang ditawarkan Turki berasal dari pasir vulkanik Cappadocia * [[Wy/id/Distrik Şarköy|Distrik Şarköy]] — juga dikenal sebagai pantai anggur Thracian. Hamparan tanah berbukit sepanjang 35 km yang menghadap ke Laut Marmara ini memasok sekitar setengah dari produksi anggur negara Turki. Perkebunan anggur utama di distrik ini serta perkebunan anggur lainnya di wilayah sekitarnya terhubung satu sama lain melalui [[Wy/id/Thrace Timur#Minum|Rute Anggur Thrace]]. * [[Wy/id/Şirince|Şirince]] — desa bersejarah yang menyenangkan ini terkenal dengan anggur buatannya sendiri, serta yang berperisa buah lainnya. ===Amerika Utara=== ====[[Wy/id/Kanada|Kanada]]==== * Lembah [[Wy/id/Okanagan|Okanagan]], [[Wy/id/British Columbia|British Columbia]] * [[Wy/id/Wilayah Anggur di Ontario|Wilayah Anggur di Ontario]] adalah [[Wy/id/Niagara Peninsula|Niagara Peninsula]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward County|Prince Edward County]] dan [[Wy/id/Essex County (Ontario)|Essex County]], dengan yang terkenal pertama kali karena anggur esnya. * [[Wy/id/Nova Scotia|Nova Scotia]] memiliki industri anggur yang signifikan. * Ada beberapa produksi di [[Wy/id/New Brunswick|New Brunswick]], [[Wy/id/Prince Edward Island|Prince Edward Island]], dan [[Wy/id/Eastern Townships|Eastern Townships]] Québec * [https://cypresshillswinery.com/ Cypress Hills Winery] di Saskatachewan mengklaim sebagai kilang anggur paling utara di dunia. Mereka tidak hanya membuat minuman anggur, tetapi menggunakan berbagai buah-buahan yang akan tumbuh di iklim mereka. Lihat [[Wy/id/Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park|Cypress Hills Interprovincial Park]] untuk informasi tentang wilayah tersebut. ====[[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]]==== {{Wy/id/Seealso|Hidangan Amerika}} * [[Wy/id/Negara Anggur Colorado|Negara Anggur Colorado]], [[Wy/id/Colorado|Colorado]] * [[Wy/id/Finger Lakes|Finger Lakes]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Livermore|Livermore]] dan [[Wy/id/Pleasanton|Pleasanton]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Loudoun County|Loudoun County]], [[Wy/id/Virginia|Virginia]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Napa|Lembah Napa]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/North Fork|North Fork]] dari [[Wy/id/Long Island|Long Island]], [[Wy/id/New York (negara bagian)|New York]] * [[Wy/id/Sungai Rusia|Sungai Rusia]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Sonoma County|Sonoma County]], [[Wy/id/California|California]] * [[Wy/id/Swan Creek|Swan Creek]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] * [[Wy/id/Walla Walla|Walla Walla]] di [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia|Dataran Tinggi Sungai Columbia]] dari [[Wy/id/Washington (negara bagian)|Washington]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Willamette|Lembah Willamette]], [[Wy/id/Oregon|Oregon]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Yadkin|Lembah Yadkin]], [[Wy/id/Carolina Utara|Carolina Utara]] ===Oseania=== ====[[Wy/id/Australia|Australia]]==== {{Wy/id/See also|Wy/id/Hidangan Australia}} *[[File:YarraValley---De-Bortoli.jpg|thumb|Kebun Anggur di Lembah Yarra]] [[Wy/id/Lembah Hunter|Lembah Hunter]] *[[Wy/id/Albany (Australia Barat)|Albany]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Barossa|Lembah Barossa]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Clare|Lembah Clare]] *[[Wy/id/McLaren Vale|McLaren Vale]] *[[Wy/id/Semenanjung Mornington|Semenanjung Mornington]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Yarra|Lembah Yarra]] *[[Wy/id/Sungai Margaret|Sungai Margaret]] *[[Wy/id/Lembah Angsa|Lembah Angsa]] *[[Wy/id/Coonawarra|Coonawarra]] [[File:Geographical indications register for New Zealand wine.svg|thumb|Wilayah anggur di Selandia Baru]] ====[[Wy/id/Selandia Baru|Selandia Baru]]==== * [[Wy/id/Marlborough (Selandia Baru)|Marlborough]] *[[Wy/id/Nelson (Selandia Baru)|Nelson]]: meskipun sejumlah industri ''Sauvignon Blanc'' diproduksi di tetangga sebelah timurnya, ladang anggur di area yang sangat indah ini telah memenangkan banyak medali emas dalam kompetisi internasional. "Herman Seifried" dari adalah salah satu pelopor dalam kebangkitan perkebunan anggur di Selandia Baru. ===Tempat lain dari dunia=== * [[Wy/id/Tanjung Winelands|Tanjung Winelands]], [[Wy/id/Afrika Selatan|Afrika Selatan]] * [[Wy/id/Galilea|Galilea]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Dataran Tinggi Golan|Dataran Tinggi Golan]], [[Wy/id/Israel|Israel]] * [[Wy/id/Lembah Bekaa|Lembah Bekaa]], [[Wy/id/Lebanon|Lebanon]] * [[Wy/id/Mendoza|Mendoza]], [[Wy/id/Argentina|Argentina]] * [[Wy/id/Chile|Chile]] adalah produsen anggur utama lainnya di Amerika Selatan * [[Wy/id/Yantai|Yantai]], [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] * [[Wy/id/Koshu|Katsunuma]], [[Wy/id/Jepang|Jepang]] ==Tetap aman== Anggur sama berbahayanya dengan [[Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol|minuman beralkohol]] lainnya. Minum air di sela-sela minum anggur juga dapat membantu melawan dehidrasi, dan menjaga agar konsumsinya pada tingkat yang rendah. ==Lihat juga== * [[Wy/id/Keju|Keju]] {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Minuman beralkohol}} {{Wy/id/Outlinetopic}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Agrowisata}} {{Wy/id/Related|Wy/id/Penggembalaan anggur di Australia}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:Wine]] pjznzwia2juc9fjybg1qusndh33y6lh 0 3336271 5502707 5502270 2022-07-22T03:44:43Z Veracious 1556985 /* Serangan udara */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Menembak== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. If you are shot at, move and move fast. If you can, move across the line of fire and not directly away from the shooting and seek cover. If you are part of a group, scatter in different directions. This may confuse the person with the firearm long enough to find cover. Pay attention to what direction the shots are coming from and going to if possible so that you know where to seek cover safely. Remember to breathe and try to remain calm. Most importantly when taking fire as an unarmed civilian, remember one of Murphy's Laws of Combat: '''''Anything you do can get you killed, including doing nothing'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|The engine block may be a good cover — provided that your enemy has only small arms.]] Do not take cover behind vehicles. Pistol bullets easily pass through both doors of a car; rifle bullets can pass through a vehicle lengthwise; grenades, mortars and cannon shells can destroy most vehicles altogether. Stopped or disabled vehicles are "bullet magnets" that draw fire. The best protection provided by a car or truck is its ability to move away at high speed. If forced to take cover behind a vehicle or inside one, put the engine block between yourself and the shooter — it rarely gets penetrated by small arms fire. Even when your vehicle is bulletproof, the bulletproof windshield may be penetrated if two or more bullets hit the same spot. Walls, trees, and structures provide concealment but '''not''' cover. The 7.62 mm round used by the AK-47, a common assault rifle in war zones, can pass through a concrete block. The less powerful 9 mm pistol round can go through a dozen layers of sheetrock. The 12.7 and 14.7 mm rounds used by heavy machine guns and anti-material snipers can penetrate almost everything, including all kinds of bulletproof vests and helmets. One rule of thumb is the 'three-second rule' which states if you need to move to another place of cover, it should not be more than a three second sprint away. A good phrase to remember is: 'I'm up, He's seen me, I'm down.' Basically, you are up out of cover and moving (fast), you assume the shooter has seen you and is taking aim, and then you are back down behind suitable defensive cover before he can fire. The saying that "Three on a match is bad luck" originated during World War I from this sort of thinking. Note, however, that ''applying this rule in some situations is almost certain to get you killed''. If the enemy knows where you are and is waiting for you to move, or if he is just covering a particular area and is ready to shoot anyone who appears there, then he can fire accurately in well under a second. Also, if he has an automatic weapon (as most military or guerrilla fighters do), then he need not take time to aim; he can just spray bullets in your general direction and hope one of them hits. If you or someone else was shot, instead of taking out the bullet (leave that to be done at the hospital), your top priority is to '''stop the bleeding as soon as possible''', while securing the casualty's airway. A quick bandage and fixation of wound before sending to hospital/arranging for medical evacuation should be followed, to prevent further bleeding and accidental injury due to bone fracture. Learn to use a tourniquet for wounds in the limbs. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] fbvj6y3457s5ohkg8pf727sh3glg1aw 5502708 5502707 2022-07-22T03:49:27Z Veracious 1556985 /* Menembak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Menembak== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Do not take cover behind vehicles. Pistol bullets easily pass through both doors of a car; rifle bullets can pass through a vehicle lengthwise; grenades, mortars and cannon shells can destroy most vehicles altogether. Stopped or disabled vehicles are "bullet magnets" that draw fire. The best protection provided by a car or truck is its ability to move away at high speed. If forced to take cover behind a vehicle or inside one, put the engine block between yourself and the shooter — it rarely gets penetrated by small arms fire. Even when your vehicle is bulletproof, the bulletproof windshield may be penetrated if two or more bullets hit the same spot. Walls, trees, and structures provide concealment but '''not''' cover. The 7.62 mm round used by the AK-47, a common assault rifle in war zones, can pass through a concrete block. The less powerful 9 mm pistol round can go through a dozen layers of sheetrock. The 12.7 and 14.7 mm rounds used by heavy machine guns and anti-material snipers can penetrate almost everything, including all kinds of bulletproof vests and helmets. One rule of thumb is the 'three-second rule' which states if you need to move to another place of cover, it should not be more than a three second sprint away. A good phrase to remember is: 'I'm up, He's seen me, I'm down.' Basically, you are up out of cover and moving (fast), you assume the shooter has seen you and is taking aim, and then you are back down behind suitable defensive cover before he can fire. The saying that "Three on a match is bad luck" originated during World War I from this sort of thinking. Note, however, that ''applying this rule in some situations is almost certain to get you killed''. If the enemy knows where you are and is waiting for you to move, or if he is just covering a particular area and is ready to shoot anyone who appears there, then he can fire accurately in well under a second. Also, if he has an automatic weapon (as most military or guerrilla fighters do), then he need not take time to aim; he can just spray bullets in your general direction and hope one of them hits. If you or someone else was shot, instead of taking out the bullet (leave that to be done at the hospital), your top priority is to '''stop the bleeding as soon as possible''', while securing the casualty's airway. A quick bandage and fixation of wound before sending to hospital/arranging for medical evacuation should be followed, to prevent further bleeding and accidental injury due to bone fracture. Learn to use a tourniquet for wounds in the limbs. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 0k1dap947eo9zkxqcjhi6e0xubkpumo 5502709 5502708 2022-07-22T03:51:59Z Veracious 1556985 /* Menembak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Walls, trees, and structures provide concealment but '''not''' cover. The 7.62 mm round used by the AK-47, a common assault rifle in war zones, can pass through a concrete block. The less powerful 9 mm pistol round can go through a dozen layers of sheetrock. The 12.7 and 14.7 mm rounds used by heavy machine guns and anti-material snipers can penetrate almost everything, including all kinds of bulletproof vests and helmets. One rule of thumb is the 'three-second rule' which states if you need to move to another place of cover, it should not be more than a three second sprint away. A good phrase to remember is: 'I'm up, He's seen me, I'm down.' Basically, you are up out of cover and moving (fast), you assume the shooter has seen you and is taking aim, and then you are back down behind suitable defensive cover before he can fire. The saying that "Three on a match is bad luck" originated during World War I from this sort of thinking. Note, however, that ''applying this rule in some situations is almost certain to get you killed''. If the enemy knows where you are and is waiting for you to move, or if he is just covering a particular area and is ready to shoot anyone who appears there, then he can fire accurately in well under a second. Also, if he has an automatic weapon (as most military or guerrilla fighters do), then he need not take time to aim; he can just spray bullets in your general direction and hope one of them hits. If you or someone else was shot, instead of taking out the bullet (leave that to be done at the hospital), your top priority is to '''stop the bleeding as soon as possible''', while securing the casualty's airway. A quick bandage and fixation of wound before sending to hospital/arranging for medical evacuation should be followed, to prevent further bleeding and accidental injury due to bone fracture. Learn to use a tourniquet for wounds in the limbs. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 959f0g942g807l9m8l8pqu2kt1snth6 5502710 5502709 2022-07-22T03:59:34Z Veracious 1556985 /* Penembakan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak''' melindungi Anda. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Note, however, that ''applying this rule in some situations is almost certain to get you killed''. If the enemy knows where you are and is waiting for you to move, or if he is just covering a particular area and is ready to shoot anyone who appears there, then he can fire accurately in well under a second. Also, if he has an automatic weapon (as most military or guerrilla fighters do), then he need not take time to aim; he can just spray bullets in your general direction and hope one of them hits. If you or someone else was shot, instead of taking out the bullet (leave that to be done at the hospital), your top priority is to '''stop the bleeding as soon as possible''', while securing the casualty's airway. A quick bandage and fixation of wound before sending to hospital/arranging for medical evacuation should be followed, to prevent further bleeding and accidental injury due to bone fracture. Learn to use a tourniquet for wounds in the limbs. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] qvu4of34hlrp57ojle6l2ulf7vxiaj6 5502711 5502710 2022-07-22T04:16:45Z Veracious 1556985 /* Penembakan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 9q706r9iq0je23n7eo6fm8yb2b7asro 5502712 5502711 2022-07-22T04:19:33Z Veracious 1556985 /* Saran keamanan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== There are techniques that can reduce the risk of kidnapping or abduction. Perhaps the most important are avoiding risky areas and having professional bodyguards or a security team. Should the worst occur and you are taken captive, there are things you can and should be doing in order to maximise the chances of safe repatriation and to minimise unnecessary harm befalling you or other captives. Specialist training in kidnap avoidance and hostage survival is available and should be sought by those intending to operate in high-risk areas, or even those personnel whose personal or corporate profile renders them at an increased risk of kidnap. In any kidnapping/abduction, the kidnappers have the least control right at the start. As time passes, their control over the situation increases and the opportunity for the victim to act is reduced. Many kidnap attempts are foiled because the intended victim reacts to the attempt in a way that the kidnappers did not expect. If driving a vehicle, reversing away from danger or changing direction may help. Specialist courses are available for drivers. Note that many governments have a policy of not paying ransoms to kidnappers. However, they seek to free their citizens who are taken hostage by working with the government of the country they are being held in and providing consular support to the family and employers of hostages. Due to the great dangers involved, government agencies only undertake raids which attempt to free hostages as a last resort and usually only in very specific circumstances; these operations often lead to the hostages being killed or wounded. As an example of the support governments provide to the victims of kidnapping, see the advice published by the Australian Government [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx here]. Be sure someone from outside the country knows your agenda at all times and have regularly scheduled check-in times so that if you go missing an alarm can be raised shortly thereafter. Some travellers carry a camouflage passport, which is a faux passport "issued" by a non-existent country. Camouflage passports are used to throw off terrorists and abductors, who may be looking to single out a person from a specific nation. Camouflage passports cannot be used for official business, because anyone can purchase these passports with minimal identity verification. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. 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Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] n38b348jpmc2de14xztvovi0b19u8to 5502715 5502712 2022-07-22T04:28:29Z Veracious 1556985 /* Penculikan/penyekapan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Perhatikan bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Be sure someone from outside the country knows your agenda at all times and have regularly scheduled check-in times so that if you go missing an alarm can be raised shortly thereafter. Some travellers carry a camouflage passport, which is a faux passport "issued" by a non-existent country. Camouflage passports are used to throw off terrorists and abductors, who may be looking to single out a person from a specific nation. Camouflage passports cannot be used for official business, because anyone can purchase these passports with minimal identity verification. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] ivydkrfqw8vm8osn3ty2k7vm5b3js1s 5502719 5502715 2022-07-22T05:24:00Z Veracious 1556985 /* Penculikan/penyekapan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] fh0xgs9fvuzk934m8zvjhgbe4oka039 5502720 5502719 2022-07-22T05:29:23Z Veracious 1556985 /* Saran keamanan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Do not photograph any military checkpoints, personnel, roadblocks or facilities. Also do not photograph sensitive areas like bridges, border checkpoints, communications facilities and airports. When in doubt, ask for permission beforehand. In many nations it is an offense to photograph these items even in peacetime — the military may suspect you are gathering information for hostile forces to use in an attack. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 2z39ddggwpeqqc45820gq5plnrgryl9 5502721 5502720 2022-07-22T05:31:09Z Veracious 1556985 /* Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 09ydf5ekdnnzsahxbz7osgjnnrs7qz1 5502722 5502721 2022-07-22T05:32:49Z Veracious 1556985 /* Saran keamanan */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. ==Land mines and unexploded ordnance== [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Land mine warning sign, [[Wy/id/Cambodia|Cambodia]]]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Minefield atop a hill in Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Note the red and white painted rocks]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|A marked minefield in the [[Wy/id/Falkland Islands|Falkland Islands]], since cleared. Minefields in many current or former conflict zones are not marked.]] Most places that have seen armed conflict can be affected by mines or unexploded ordnance (UXO). In some cases, unexploded ordnance '''may remain dangerous for decades''' after the conflict ends &mdash; for example, China has had some deaths in the 21st century from left over World War II munitions, and bombs from the same conflict are still discovered (and dangerous) in both Germany and the UK. In fact older devices are sometimes more dangerous than new ones because the explosives - or the trigger - break down over time. There are still places off-limits due to mines in many parts of the world, including some where the conflict ended decades ago. After a few years heavily populated or heavily visited areas will generally have been cleaned up, but out-of-the-way places may still be dangerous. Mines fall into two categories: anti-personnel and anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|A [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]]-War-era booby trap in Cu Chi Tunnel]] Although '''booby traps''' may not involve explosives, given by their purpose and secrecy, they can also be considered as another kind of mines. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Even if minefields are marked, in time rain and rivers can move devices into other areas. This has been a problem in the Balkans, where death and injury from mines on river banks are common. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! The [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) publishes a mobile app, available free on [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. There is an [http://www.icbl.org/ International Campaign to Ban Landmines] and the [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Ottawa Convention] of 1999 banning anti-personnel mines now has over 150 nations as signatories. However that convention does not cover anti-tank mines and some of the most important nations, including the [[Wy/id/USA|USA]], [[Wy/id/Russia|Russia]] and [[Wy/id/China|China]], have not signed it. Neither [[Wy/id/North Korea|North Korea]] nor [[Wy/id/South Korea|South Korea]] has signed; both consider mines essential for defense against the other, and the area along their border has large numbers of both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. Most mines contain metal and are thus relatively easy to detect; those that don't are outlawed by another treaty, due to the long-lasting risk they pose because it is virtually impossible to make sure a former minefield has been totally cleared of them. Again, though, not all nations have signed, and not all deployed mines conform to such standard. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] fpti43wub5r1o926ynj7bugem5pp3ik 5502723 5502722 2022-07-22T05:34:40Z Veracious 1556985 /* Land mines and unexploded ordnance */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. == Ranjau darat dan persenjataan yang tidak meledak == [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Tanda peringatan ranjau darat, [[Wy/id/Kamboja|Kamboja]].]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Ladang ranjau di atas bukit di Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Perhatikan ada bebatuan yang dicat merah putih.]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|Ladang ranjau yang ditandai di [[Wy/id/Kepulauan Falkland|Kepulauan Falkland]] sejak dibersihkan. Ladang ranjau di banyak zona konflik yang terjadi saat ini tidak pernah ditandai.]] Most places that have seen armed conflict can be affected by mines or unexploded ordnance (UXO). In some cases, unexploded ordnance '''may remain dangerous for decades''' after the conflict ends &mdash; for example, China has had some deaths in the 21st century from left over World War II munitions, and bombs from the same conflict are still discovered (and dangerous) in both Germany and the UK. In fact older devices are sometimes more dangerous than new ones because the explosives - or the trigger - break down over time. There are still places off-limits due to mines in many parts of the world, including some where the conflict ended decades ago. After a few years heavily populated or heavily visited areas will generally have been cleaned up, but out-of-the-way places may still be dangerous. Mines fall into two categories: anti-personnel and anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|A [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]]-War-era booby trap in Cu Chi Tunnel]] Although '''booby traps''' may not involve explosives, given by their purpose and secrecy, they can also be considered as another kind of mines. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Even if minefields are marked, in time rain and rivers can move devices into other areas. This has been a problem in the Balkans, where death and injury from mines on river banks are common. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! The [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) publishes a mobile app, available free on [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. There is an [http://www.icbl.org/ International Campaign to Ban Landmines] and the [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Ottawa Convention] of 1999 banning anti-personnel mines now has over 150 nations as signatories. However that convention does not cover anti-tank mines and some of the most important nations, including the [[Wy/id/USA|USA]], [[Wy/id/Russia|Russia]] and [[Wy/id/China|China]], have not signed it. Neither [[Wy/id/North Korea|North Korea]] nor [[Wy/id/South Korea|South Korea]] has signed; both consider mines essential for defense against the other, and the area along their border has large numbers of both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. Most mines contain metal and are thus relatively easy to detect; those that don't are outlawed by another treaty, due to the long-lasting risk they pose because it is virtually impossible to make sure a former minefield has been totally cleared of them. Again, though, not all nations have signed, and not all deployed mines conform to such standard. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 46d2ex8fxujbkzritj0y5nu2opmw84u 5502724 5502723 2022-07-22T05:36:55Z Veracious 1556985 /* Ranjau darat dan persenjataan yang tidak meledak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. == Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak == [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Tanda peringatan ranjau darat, [[Wy/id/Kamboja|Kamboja]].]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Ladang ranjau di atas bukit di Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Perhatikan ada bebatuan yang dicat merah putih.]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|Ladang ranjau yang ditandai di [[Wy/id/Kepulauan Falkland|Kepulauan Falkland]] sejak dibersihkan. Ladang ranjau di banyak zona konflik yang terjadi saat ini tidak pernah diberi tanda.]] Sebagian besar tempat yang pernah mengalami konflik bersenjata terdapat ranjau atau bom yang belum meledak. Dalam beberapa kasus, bom yang tidak meledak '''mungkin akan tetap berbahaya selama beberapa dekade''' bahkan setelah konflik berakhir &mdash; misalnya, Tiongkok telah mencatat beberapa kematian di abad ke-21 dari sisa amunisi Perang Dunia II, dan bom dari konflik yang sama masih ditemukan (dan tentunya berbahaya) di Jerman dan Inggris. Bahkan perangkat yang lebih tua terkadang lebih berbahaya daripada yang baru karena bahan peledak - atau pemicunya - sudah rusak seiring waktu. There are still places off-limits due to mines in many parts of the world, including some where the conflict ended decades ago. After a few years heavily populated or heavily visited areas will generally have been cleaned up, but out-of-the-way places may still be dangerous. Mines fall into two categories: anti-personnel and anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|A [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]]-War-era booby trap in Cu Chi Tunnel]] Although '''booby traps''' may not involve explosives, given by their purpose and secrecy, they can also be considered as another kind of mines. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Even if minefields are marked, in time rain and rivers can move devices into other areas. This has been a problem in the Balkans, where death and injury from mines on river banks are common. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! The [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) publishes a mobile app, available free on [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. There is an [http://www.icbl.org/ International Campaign to Ban Landmines] and the [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Ottawa Convention] of 1999 banning anti-personnel mines now has over 150 nations as signatories. However that convention does not cover anti-tank mines and some of the most important nations, including the [[Wy/id/USA|USA]], [[Wy/id/Russia|Russia]] and [[Wy/id/China|China]], have not signed it. Neither [[Wy/id/North Korea|North Korea]] nor [[Wy/id/South Korea|South Korea]] has signed; both consider mines essential for defense against the other, and the area along their border has large numbers of both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. Most mines contain metal and are thus relatively easy to detect; those that don't are outlawed by another treaty, due to the long-lasting risk they pose because it is virtually impossible to make sure a former minefield has been totally cleared of them. Again, though, not all nations have signed, and not all deployed mines conform to such standard. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] oztoigv884ihwhw7ak9u700pj398bre 5502725 5502724 2022-07-22T05:39:32Z Veracious 1556985 /* Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. == Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak == [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Tanda peringatan ranjau darat, [[Wy/id/Kamboja|Kamboja]].]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Ladang ranjau di atas bukit di Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Perhatikan ada bebatuan yang dicat merah putih.]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|Ladang ranjau yang ditandai di [[Wy/id/Kepulauan Falkland|Kepulauan Falkland]] sejak dibersihkan. Ladang ranjau di banyak zona konflik yang terjadi saat ini tidak pernah diberi tanda.]] Sebagian besar tempat yang pernah mengalami konflik bersenjata terdapat ranjau atau bom yang belum meledak. Dalam beberapa kasus, bom yang tidak meledak '''mungkin akan tetap berbahaya selama beberapa dekade''' bahkan setelah konflik berakhir &mdash; misalnya, Tiongkok telah mencatat beberapa kematian di abad ke-21 dari sisa amunisi Perang Dunia II, dan bom dari konflik yang sama masih ditemukan (dan tentunya berbahaya) di Jerman dan Inggris. Bahkan perangkat yang lebih tua terkadang lebih berbahaya daripada yang baru karena bahan peledak - atau pemicunya - sudah rusak seiring waktu. Masih ada tempat-tempat terlarang di berbagai belahan dunia karena adanya ranjau, termasuk beberapa tempat konflik yang telah berakhir beberapa dekade yang lalu. Setelah beberapa tahun, ranjau di daerah yang padat penduduk atau banyak dikunjungi umumnya akan dibersihkan, tetapi ranjau di tempat-tempat terpencil mungkin masih aktif. Ranjau terbagi dalam dua kategori: anti-personil dan anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|A [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]]-War-era booby trap in Cu Chi Tunnel]] Although '''booby traps''' may not involve explosives, given by their purpose and secrecy, they can also be considered as another kind of mines. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Even if minefields are marked, in time rain and rivers can move devices into other areas. This has been a problem in the Balkans, where death and injury from mines on river banks are common. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! The [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) publishes a mobile app, available free on [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. There is an [http://www.icbl.org/ International Campaign to Ban Landmines] and the [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Ottawa Convention] of 1999 banning anti-personnel mines now has over 150 nations as signatories. However that convention does not cover anti-tank mines and some of the most important nations, including the [[Wy/id/USA|USA]], [[Wy/id/Russia|Russia]] and [[Wy/id/China|China]], have not signed it. Neither [[Wy/id/North Korea|North Korea]] nor [[Wy/id/South Korea|South Korea]] has signed; both consider mines essential for defense against the other, and the area along their border has large numbers of both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. Most mines contain metal and are thus relatively easy to detect; those that don't are outlawed by another treaty, due to the long-lasting risk they pose because it is virtually impossible to make sure a former minefield has been totally cleared of them. Again, though, not all nations have signed, and not all deployed mines conform to such standard. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 7quu8ttpm64idt5vln7xkjq8ook6vzr 5502748 5502725 2022-07-22T07:11:58Z Veracious 1556985 /* Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. == Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak == [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Tanda peringatan ranjau darat, [[Wy/id/Kamboja|Kamboja]].]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Ladang ranjau di atas bukit di Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Perhatikan ada bebatuan yang dicat merah putih.]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|Ladang ranjau yang ditandai di [[Wy/id/Kepulauan Falkland|Kepulauan Falkland]] sejak dibersihkan. Ladang ranjau di banyak zona konflik yang terjadi saat ini tidak pernah diberi tanda.]] Sebagian besar tempat yang pernah mengalami konflik bersenjata terdapat ranjau atau bom yang belum meledak. Dalam beberapa kasus, bom yang tidak meledak '''mungkin akan tetap berbahaya selama beberapa dekade''' bahkan setelah konflik berakhir &mdash; misalnya, Tiongkok telah mencatat beberapa kematian di abad ke-21 dari sisa amunisi Perang Dunia II, dan bom dari konflik yang sama masih ditemukan (dan tentunya berbahaya) di Jerman dan Inggris. Bahkan perangkat yang lebih tua terkadang lebih berbahaya daripada yang baru karena bahan peledak - atau pemicunya - sudah rusak seiring waktu. Masih ada tempat-tempat terlarang di berbagai belahan dunia karena adanya ranjau, termasuk beberapa tempat konflik yang telah berakhir beberapa dekade yang lalu. Setelah beberapa tahun, ranjau di daerah yang padat penduduk atau banyak dikunjungi umumnya akan dibersihkan, tetapi ranjau di tempat-tempat terpencil mungkin masih aktif. Ranjau terbagi dalam dua kategori: anti-personil dan anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|A [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]]-War-era booby trap in Cu Chi Tunnel]] Meskipun '''jebakan''' mungkin tidak ada bahan peledak, mengingat tujuan dan ketersembunyiannya, mereka juga dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah ranjau. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Even if minefields are marked, in time rain and rivers can move devices into other areas. This has been a problem in the Balkans, where death and injury from mines on river banks are common. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! The [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) publishes a mobile app, available free on [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. There is an [http://www.icbl.org/ International Campaign to Ban Landmines] and the [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Ottawa Convention] of 1999 banning anti-personnel mines now has over 150 nations as signatories. However that convention does not cover anti-tank mines and some of the most important nations, including the [[Wy/id/USA|USA]], [[Wy/id/Russia|Russia]] and [[Wy/id/China|China]], have not signed it. Neither [[Wy/id/North Korea|North Korea]] nor [[Wy/id/South Korea|South Korea]] has signed; both consider mines essential for defense against the other, and the area along their border has large numbers of both anti-personnel and anti-tank mines. Most mines contain metal and are thus relatively easy to detect; those that don't are outlawed by another treaty, due to the long-lasting risk they pose because it is virtually impossible to make sure a former minefield has been totally cleared of them. Again, though, not all nations have signed, and not all deployed mines conform to such standard. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] aw346ejproyzwdq53m6a7re3atnzed4 5502830 5502748 2022-07-22T08:22:26Z Veracious 1556985 /* Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. == Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak == [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Tanda peringatan ranjau darat, [[Wy/id/Kamboja|Kamboja]].]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Ladang ranjau di atas bukit di Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Perhatikan ada bebatuan yang dicat merah putih.]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|Ladang ranjau yang ditandai di [[Wy/id/Kepulauan Falkland|Kepulauan Falkland]] sejak dibersihkan. Ladang ranjau di banyak zona konflik yang terjadi saat ini tidak pernah diberi tanda.]] Sebagian besar tempat yang pernah mengalami konflik bersenjata terdapat ranjau atau bom yang belum meledak. Dalam beberapa kasus, bom yang tidak meledak '''mungkin akan tetap berbahaya selama beberapa dekade''' bahkan setelah konflik berakhir &mdash; misalnya, Tiongkok telah mencatat beberapa kematian di abad ke-21 dari sisa amunisi Perang Dunia II, dan bom dari konflik yang sama masih ditemukan (dan tentunya berbahaya) di Jerman dan Inggris. Bahkan perangkat yang lebih tua terkadang lebih berbahaya daripada yang baru karena bahan peledak - atau pemicunya - sudah rusak seiring waktu. Masih ada tempat-tempat terlarang di berbagai belahan dunia karena adanya ranjau, termasuk beberapa tempat konflik yang telah berakhir beberapa dekade yang lalu. Setelah beberapa tahun, ranjau di daerah yang padat penduduk atau banyak dikunjungi umumnya akan dibersihkan, tetapi ranjau di tempat-tempat terpencil mungkin masih aktif. Ranjau terbagi dalam dua kategori: anti-personil dan anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|A [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]]-War-era booby trap in Cu Chi Tunnel]] Meskipun '''jebakan''' mungkin tidak ada bahan peledak, mengingat tujuan dan ketersembunyiannya, mereka juga dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah ranjau. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Even if minefields are marked, in time rain and rivers can move devices into other areas. This has been a problem in the Balkans, where death and injury from mines on river banks are common. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) menerbitkan aplikasi seluler yang tersedia gratis di [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. Ada sebuah [http://www.icbl.org/ Kampanye Internasional untuk Melarang Ranjau Darat] serta [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Konvensi Ottawa] di tahun 1999 yang melakukan pelarangan pemakaian ranjau anti-personil dan sekarang memiliki lebih dari 150 negara yang menyetujuinya. Namun, konvensi itu tidak mencakup ranjau anti-tank dan beberapa negara terpenting, termasuk [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], [[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]] dan [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] yang saat ini belum menandatanganinya. Baik [[Wy/id/Korea Utara|Korea Utara]] maupun [[Wy/id/Korea Selatan|Korea Selatan]] tidak menandatangani; keduanya menganggap ranjau penting untuk pertahanan terhadap satu sama lainnya, dan daerah di sepanjang perbatasan mereka memiliki ranjau anti-personil dan anti-tank dalam jumlah besar. Kebanyakan ranjau mengandung logam sehingga relatif mudah dideteksi; maka dari itu penggunaannya tidak dilarang oleh perjanjian lain, karena risiko jangka panjang serta hampir tidak mungkin untuk memastikan bekas ladang ranjau benar-benar bersih. Namun sekali lagi, tidak semua negara telah menandatangani perjanjian tersebut, dan tidak semua ranjau yang dipakai sesuai dengan standar tersebut. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] of2vrlnnmvn441gz77mb13bjpvtjrq0 5502839 5502830 2022-07-22T08:30:40Z Veracious 1556985 /* Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak */ wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wy/id/Pagebanner|Egyptian soldiers (1983) banner.jpg}} {{Wy/id/Warningbox|Tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh mengunjungi wilayah dalam kategori ini tanpa mempertimbangkan secara serius risiko dan cara memitigasinya. Untuk sebagian besar pelancong, termasuk semua turis, area ini harus dihindari dengan cara apa pun. Pelancong tipe lain juga harus mempertimbangkan cara untuk menghindarinya. Artikel ini ditujukan bagi mereka yang benar-benar harus pergi, atau yang terjebak di suatu tempat ketika konflik meletus secara tiba-tiba.|lastedit=permanent}} [[Image:M120 Mortar in Zabol Province, Afghanistan.jpg|300px|thumb|Provinsi Zabul, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]]] Zona perang ataupun bekas zona konflik sering disebut sebagai '''lingkungan berbahaya'''. Sangat tidak lazim bagi orang selain para profesional yang menjalani misi tertentu maupun penduduk setempat yang tidak dapat atau tidak akan pergi yang berkeliaran di sekitar zona perang. Beberapa orang memang harus melakukan perjalanan ke daerah tersebut sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka; seperti tentara, reporter, diplomat, kontraktor militer atau badan keamanan. Dan juga orang yang dipekerjakan oleh berbagai pemerintah, badan internasional dan lembaga swadaya untuk memberikan bantuan untuk menanggulangi beberapa kerusakan akibat perang, entah untuk menangani masalah pengungsi, atau untuk membangun kembali ekonomi setelah perang. Biasanya, orang-orang tersebut akan mendapatkan pelatihan khusus dan organisasi akan memberikan dukungan ekstensif, seperti tim keamanan profesional, gedung-gedung yang dijaga ketat, kendaraan lapis baja dan/atau penjaga bersenjata untuk setiap perjalanan yang perlu dilakukan. Mereka mungkin juga sebagian dilindungi oleh [[Wy/id/Misi_Diplomatik#Kekebalan diplomatik|kekebalan diplomatik]], oleh kredensial pers, atau oleh beberapa simbol seperti Palang Merah atau helm biru dari penjaga perdamaian Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa. Pergi ke area seperti ini untuk '''berpariwisata adalah ide yang sangat buruk''', karena Anda mungkin tidak memiliki pelatihan dan tentu saja tidak akan memiliki cadangan atau perlindungan seperti yang dilakukan oleh para profesional. Bahkan seorang turis tanpa niat bermusuhan dapat memicu reaksi panas; antara lain, Anda mungkin akan diambil untuk mata-mata. Wisatawan bisa menjadi sasaran permusuhan seperti halnya kekuatan militer mana pun. Memang, turis adalah sasaran empuk, jauh lebih mudah diserang daripada para profesional. Beberapa mungkin menjadi sasaran khusus karena negara asal, agama, atau kelompok etnis mereka. Di beberapa daerah seperti Afghanistan dan Filipina selatan, '''turis adalah target utama penculikan'''. Banyak pemerintah nasional yang memilih kebijakan untuk tidak membayar uang tebusan bagi warga negaranya yang diculik. Bahkan jika pemerintah, majikan, atau keluarga Anda bersedia membayar uang tebusan, beberapa penculik lebih suka membuat video pemenggalan kepala untuk membantu menegaskan tujuan kelompok mereka dibanding bergelimangan harta. [[Wy/id/Misi diplomatik|Misi diplomatik]] seringkali tidak dapat memberikan bantuan apa pun kepada warganya yang bepergian di zona perang. Jika negara Anda memiliki pasukan militer di daerah tersebut atau mendukung salah satu pihak dalam konflik, sangat kecil kemungkinannya bagi mereka untuk berpikir bahwa misi mereka mencakup melindungi turis, tetapi pihak yang berseberangan sudah pasti menganggap Anda sebagai musuh. ==Saran keamanan== Secara umum, pemerintah nasional sangat menyarankan untuk tidak mengunjungi zona perang dengan alasan apa pun, dan hanya mengirim diplomat dan perwakilan resmi lainnya ke wilayah ini jika mereka didampingi oleh tim keamanan atau berada di kawasan yang dilindungi dengan baik. Organisasi lain juga memberikan informasi keselamatan kepada kelompok-kelompok seperti Lembaga Swadaya Masyarakat dan Kelompok Bantuan Kemanusiaan yang bekerja di zona perang. == Ranjau darat dan bom yang belum meledak == [[Image:Sign_DangerMines.JPG|thumb|240px|Tanda peringatan ranjau darat, [[Wy/id/Kamboja|Kamboja]].]] [[File:Land mines in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|242px|Ladang ranjau di atas bukit di Bamiyan, [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]]. Perhatikan ada bebatuan yang dicat merah putih.]] [[File:Falklands-Minefield.JPG|thumb|240px|Ladang ranjau yang ditandai di [[Wy/id/Kepulauan Falkland|Kepulauan Falkland]] sejak dibersihkan. Ladang ranjau di banyak zona konflik yang terjadi saat ini tidak pernah diberi tanda.]] Sebagian besar tempat yang pernah mengalami konflik bersenjata terdapat ranjau atau bom yang belum meledak. Dalam beberapa kasus, bom yang tidak meledak '''mungkin akan tetap berbahaya selama beberapa dekade''' bahkan setelah konflik berakhir &mdash; misalnya, Tiongkok telah mencatat beberapa kematian di abad ke-21 dari sisa amunisi Perang Dunia II, dan bom dari konflik yang sama masih ditemukan (dan tentunya berbahaya) di Jerman dan Inggris. Bahkan perangkat yang lebih tua terkadang lebih berbahaya daripada yang baru karena bahan peledak - atau pemicunya - sudah rusak seiring waktu. Masih ada tempat-tempat terlarang di berbagai belahan dunia karena adanya ranjau, termasuk beberapa tempat konflik yang telah berakhir beberapa dekade yang lalu. Setelah beberapa tahun, ranjau di daerah yang padat penduduk atau banyak dikunjungi umumnya akan dibersihkan, tetapi ranjau di tempat-tempat terpencil mungkin masih aktif. Ranjau terbagi dalam dua kategori: anti-personil dan anti-tank. * The commonest type of '''anti-personnel mine'''; is dug into the ground and triggered when someone steps on it. Another type is attached to a tree or a wall and is equipped with a tripping wire; these are more likely to take out several people. If you trigger an anti-personnel mine, it '''explodes immediately'''; there is no click or any other warning like you see in the movies. These mines are not generally designed to kill; maiming an enemy combatant is more effective than killing since resources are needed to evacuate and treat the wounded. * '''Anti-tank mines''' will not normally be triggered if you step on one; they are designed to be triggered by a vehicle. They are considerably more powerful than anti-personnel mines, capable of stopping a tank or completely destroying a truck. There are often anti-personnel measures as well, to make clearing the mines more difficult. [[File:Lascar A booby trap with bamboo spikes - Cu Chi tunnels (4607992038).jpg|thumb|Jebakan era perang [[Wy/id/Vietnam|Vietnam]] di Terowongan Cu Chi.]] Meskipun '''jebakan''' mungkin tidak ada bahan peledak, mengingat tujuan dan ketersembunyiannya, mereka juga dapat dianggap sebagai sebuah ranjau. The best advice for any of these devices is to stay well clear. There are sometimes warning signs of their presence. This can be as subtle as an untouched field in the midst of a heavily farmed area or an abandoned house in a busy district. Packing crates for mines or ammunition may be present, where they have been discarded. A convenient path may be disused. Where mines/UXO have been found, the affected area may be marked. Red paint on rocks is a sure sign. Pieces of cloth or cans hanging from a fence is another. Dead cattle or a pattern of craters are also possible. The best source of advice may be from local people and humanitarian aid organisations such as the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees or the United Nations group that is tasked to the area. Bahkan jika ladang ranjau sudah diberi tanda, air hujan dan aliran sungai dapat memindahkan perangkat ranjau ke area lain. Ini menjadi masalah utama di Balkan, di mana kematian dan cedera akibat ranjau di tepi sungai sering terjadi. When in an area that is known or suspected to be mined, stay on paved roads when possible. If not possible, follow car tracks or well-trod foot paths. Should you, despite your best efforts, find yourself in a mined area, '''STOP'''. Stay where you are and call for assistance from someone who knows what they are doing. If this is not possible, retrace your exact steps back to safety (this is very dangerous). If you have a long rod, you may be able to check for mines and escape the area. Insert the rod into the ground at a very shallow angle. Mines will not normally be triggered when they are hit from the side. You need to check an area just big enough for your foot. Keep doing this for every step. It could take hours, even days to get out of the danger area, but you should be alive. It's a bad idea to use pens or other short objects for this; remember that mines are ''designed to inflict injury'' on body parts near them! [http://www.mineaction.org/unmas UN Mine Action Service] (UNMAS) menerbitkan aplikasi seluler yang tersedia gratis di [https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.makedu.unmas.ied Google Play]. It is mainly aimed at aid workers but contains several useful tips on mine/UXO safety and a user can even claim a certificate in ERW/IED awareness if they pass the in-app tests. Both UNMAS and groups such as the [https://www.halotrust.org/ HALO Trust] and [http://www.maginternational.org/ Mag International] sometimes recruit [[Wy/id/Volunteer|volunteer]]s or paid staff to help eliminate land mines in various regions. Generally such work does not start until the shooting and bombing has ended, but it is not without risk. Ada sebuah [http://www.icbl.org/ Kampanye Internasional untuk Melarang Ranjau Darat] serta [https://www.un.org/disarmament/geneva/aplc/ Konvensi Ottawa] di tahun 1999 yang melakukan pelarangan pemakaian ranjau anti-personil dan sekarang memiliki lebih dari 150 negara yang menyetujuinya. Namun, konvensi itu tidak mencakup ranjau anti-tank dan beberapa negara terpenting, termasuk [[Wy/id/Amerika Serikat|Amerika Serikat]], [[Wy/id/Rusia|Rusia]] dan [[Wy/id/Tiongkok|Tiongkok]] yang saat ini belum menandatanganinya. Baik [[Wy/id/Korea Utara|Korea Utara]] maupun [[Wy/id/Korea Selatan|Korea Selatan]] tidak menandatangani; keduanya menganggap ranjau penting untuk pertahanan terhadap satu sama lainnya, dan daerah di sepanjang perbatasan mereka memiliki ranjau anti-personil dan anti-tank dalam jumlah besar. Kebanyakan ranjau mengandung logam sehingga relatif mudah dideteksi; maka dari itu penggunaannya tidak dilarang oleh perjanjian lain, karena risiko jangka panjang serta hampir tidak mungkin untuk memastikan bekas ladang ranjau benar-benar bersih. Namun sekali lagi, tidak semua negara telah menandatangani perjanjian tersebut, dan tidak semua ranjau yang dipakai sesuai dengan standar tersebut. ==Asuransi== Asuransi perjalanan umumnya tidak melindungi untuk perjalanan ke zona perang. Orang-orang yang pergi ke medan perang sebagai bagian dari pekerjaan mereka biasanya dilindungi oleh asuransi khusus dengan premi yang sangat tinggi, dan biayanya biasanya ditanggung oleh bos mereka. ==Penghalang jalan/pos pemeriksaan== [[File:Highway checkpoint in Afghanistan.jpg|thumb|right|Marinir AS di pos pemeriksaan di Afghanistan.]] Penghalang jalan atau pos pemeriksaan adalah hal yang biasa ditemukan, tidak hanya di zona perang saja. Mereka biasanya disembunyikan di sudut jalan (terutama jika rutenya tidak resmi). Penghalang jalan terkadang menjadi kesempatan bagi orang-orang yang menjaganya untuk memeras uang atau barang dari orang yang lewat. Ada beberapa saran yang berguna untuk menangani penghalang jalan. Pertama, jagalah tangan Anda agar selalu terlihat. Dengan begitu, tidak ada yang akan berpikir Anda memiliki senjata. Bergerak perlahan; jangan membuat gerakan tiba-tiba agar tidak mengganggu individu bersenjata yang sedang siaga. Terlihatlah senang kepada orang-orang yang telah menghentikan Anda, bahkan jika Anda merasa hina di hadapan mereka. Bersikap sopan. Tetap tenang. Seseorang yang terlihat bingung dan panik akan menimbulkan kecurigaan daripada orang yang santai. Cobalah untuk tetap berada di dalam kendaraan. Jika hal tersebut tidak memungkinkan, cobalah untuk tetap bersama, terutama jika Anda atau orang lain dalam kelompok Anda adalah perempuan. Jaga agar semua pintu terkunci dan jika mungkin jendela tertutup. Jauhkan semua kamera tersembunyi. Pelajari bahasa lokal dasar setidaknya sehingga Anda dapat menangkap gagasan dasar tentang apa yang dikatakan atau ditanyakan kepada Anda. Jangan memotret pos pemeriksaan militer, personel, penghalang jalan, atau fasilitas lainnya. Dan juga jangan memotret area sensitif seperti jembatan, pos pemeriksaan perbatasan, fasilitas komunikasi, dan bandara. Jika Anda ragu, mintalah izin terlebih dahulu. Di banyak negara, memotret barang-barang ini bahkan pada saat masa damai merupakan pelanggaran — pihak militer mungkin mencurigai kalau Anda sedang mengumpulkan informasi untuk digunakan pasukan musuh dalam sebuah serangan. ==Penculikan/penyekapan== Ada teknik yang bisa mengurangi risiko penculikan atau penyekapan. Mungkin yang paling ampuh adalah menghindari area berisiko dan memiliki pengawal profesional atau tim keamanan. Jika yang terburuk terjadi dan Anda disekap, ada hal-hal yang dapat dan harus Anda lakukan untuk memaksimalkan peluang pulang yang aman dan untuk meminimalkan bahaya yang tidak perlu menimpa Anda atau tawanan lainnya. Pelatihan spesialis dalam penghindaran penculikan dan kelangsungan hidup sandera juga tersedia dan wajib diambil oleh mereka yang berniat untuk beroperasi di area berisiko tinggi, atau bahkan staf penting suatu organisai/perusahaan sehingga berisiko tinggi untuk diculik. Dalam setiap penculikan/penyekapan, para penculik memiliki kendali paling sedikit sejak awal. Seiring berjalannya waktu, kendali mereka atas situasi semakin meningkat dan kesempatan korban untuk bertindak menjadi berkurang. Banyak upaya penculikan yang digagalkan karena korban yang dituju bereaksi terhadap upaya tersebut dengan cara yang tidak diharapkan oleh para penculik. Jika mengendarai kendaraan, mundur dari bahaya atau mengubah arah dapat membantu. Kursus spesialis pengemudi juga sebernarnya tersedia. Harap diingat bahwa seringkali pemerintah tidak mau membayar uang tebusan kepada para penculik. Namun, mereka akan berusaha untuk membebaskan warganya yang disandera dengan bekerja sama dengan pemerintah negara tempat mereka ditahan dan memberikan dukungan konsuler kepada keluarga dan kerabat sandera. Karena resikonya besar, instansi pemerintah hanya akan melakukan penggerebekan untuk membebaskan sandera sebagai jalan terakhir serta biasanya hanya dalam keadaan yang sangat spesifik; sebab operasi ini sering menyebabkan sandera terbunuh atau terluka. Untuk contoh dukungan yang diberikan pemerintah kepada para korban penculikan, lihat saran yang diterbitkan oleh Pemerintah Australia [http://smartraveller.gov.au/guide/all-travellers/avoiding-danger/pages/kidnapping.aspx disini]. Pastikan seseorang dari luar negara Anda disekap, mengetahui agenda dan jadwal Anda, sehingga jika Anda tiba-tiba menghlang, mereka dapat segera mengambil tindakan. Beberapa pelancong membawa paspor kamuflase yang pada dasarnya merupakan paspor palsu yang "dikeluarkan" oleh negara yang tidak ada. Paspor kamuflase akan difilter untuk mengusir teroris dan penculik yang mungkin ingin menargetkan seseorang dari negara tertentu. Paspor kamuflase tidak dapat digunakan untuk bisnis resmi, karena siapa pun dapat membeli paspor ini dengan verifikasi identitas minimal sehingga tidak kredibel. ==Penembakan== Jika Anda tidak terbiasa memegang senjata api dan bagaimana cara kerjanya, carilah pelatihan senjata sebelum Anda memasuki lingkungan yang tidak bersahabat. Sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, tindakan terbaik adalah dengan menghindari daerah konflik aktif. Ingatlah bahwa senjata macam apa pun sejatinya dirancang untuk mengambil nyawa. Terlepas dari skenario pertempuran, tembakan juga mungkin dilakukan sebagai cara untuk mengekspresikan perayaan atau emosi lain oleh penduduk setempat, sebuah praktik yang umum dilakukan di daerah konflik seperti [[Wy/id/Timur Tengah|Timur Tengah]] dan [[Wy/id/Balkan|Balkan]]. Peluru nyasar dapat membunuh Anda, dan sebaiknya Anda adalah mencari tempat perlindungan yang kuat, karena energi kinetik peluru nyasar dapat menembus pelindung yang lemah, seperti atap genteng. Tidak seperti efek suara film dan TV, suara pistol di kehidupan nyata bisa beragam. Pistol dan senjata yang memakai peredam mungkin terdengar seperti balon yang meledak, sedangkan suara senapan dan senapan lebih mirip dengan suara "ledakan" yang sudah umum dikenal. Jika Anda ditembaki, bergeraklah dengan cepat. Malah jika memungkinkan, bergeraklah melintasi garis tembakan dan jangan langsung menjauh dari daerah tembakan sembari mencari perlindungan. Jika Anda adalah bagian dari suatu kelompok, berpencarlah ke arah yang berbeda, karena dapat membingungkan sang penembak, sehingga Anda memiliki waktu lebih untuk menemukan perlindungan. Perhatikan ke arah mana tembakan itu datang dan pergi jika memungkinkan sehingga Anda tahu ke arah mana harus mencari perlindungan dengan aman. Ingatlah untuk tetap bernapas dan mencoba untuk tetap tenang. Ketika Anda tertembak sebagai warga sipil yang tidak bersenjata, ingatlah salah satu Hukum Tempur Murphy: '''''Apa pun yang Anda lakukan dapat membuat Anda terbunuh, termasuk tidak melakukan apa-apa'''''. [[File:US Navy 100525-N-7764M-112 Master-at-Arms Seaman Recruit Hector Ramirez and Master-at-Arms 3rd Class Gerald Provost crouch behind a truck while training in an active-shooter scenario at Naval Station Guantanamo Bay.jpg|thumb|Blok mesin mungkin merupakan pelindung yang bagus — asalkan musuh Anda hanya memiliki senjata kecil.]] Jangan berlindung di belakang kendaraan. Peluru pistol dapat dengan mudah menembus kedua pintu mobil; peluru senapan dapat menembus kendaraan secara memanjang; granat, mortir dan peluru meriam dapat menghancurkan sebagian besar badan kendaraan. Kendaraan yang berhenti atau cacat adalah "magnet peluru" yang dapat menyebabkan ledakan. Perlindungan terbaik yang dapat diberikan oleh mobil atau truk adalah kemampuannya untuk bergerak menjauh dengan kecepatan tinggi. Jika terpaksa berlindung di belakang kendaraan atau di dalam kendaraan, berlindunglah dibalik blok mesin — karena jarang dapat ditembus oleh tembakan senjata ringan. Bahkan ketika kendaraan Anda antipeluru, kaca depannya dapat ditembus jika ada dua atau lebih peluru yang mengenai tempat yang sama. Dinding, pohon, dan struktur bangunan bisa menjadi tempat bersembunyi, tetapi '''tidak dapat''' memberi Anda perlindungan. Peluru 7,62 mm yang digunakan AK-47, sebuah senapan serbu umum di zona perang, dapat menembus beton. Pistol peluru 9 mm yang kurang kuat dapat menembus selusin lembaran lapisan batu. Peluru 12,7 dan 14,7 mm yang digunakan oleh senapan mesin berat dan penembak jitu anti-material dapat menembus hampir semua hal, termasuk semua jenis rompi dan helm antipeluru. Salah satu aturan yang bisa diikuti adalah 'aturan tiga detik' yang menyatakan jika Anda perlu pindah ke tempat perlindungan lain, jarak tempuhnya tidak boleh lebih dari tiga detik. Umpama yang baik harus diingat adalah: 'Saya pergi, lalu Dia melihat saya, saya berlindung.'. Artinya jika Anda keluar dari perlindungan dan bergerak (cepat), tetapi penembak telah melihat Anda dan sudah membidik, Anda harus sudah sampai di belakang perlindungan yang bagus sebelum dia bisa menembak. Pepatah "Angka tiga dalam pertandingan adalah nasib buruk" yang berasal dari Perang Dunia I, dibangun dari pemikiran semacam ini. Namun, harap perhatikan bahwa ''Anda kemungkinan besar akan terbunuh bila menerapkan perilaku tersebut''. Jika musuh tahu di mana Anda berada dan menunggu Anda untuk bergerak, atau jika dia hanya menunggui area tertentu dan bersiap menembak siapa pun yang muncul di sana, maka musuh dapat menembak dengan akurat dalam waktu kurang dari satu detik. Lalu, jika musuh memiliki senjata otomatis (seperti yang dimiliki kebanyakan pejuang militer atau gerilya), maka dia tidak perlu membuang waktu untuk membidik Anda; musuhakan mnghujani peluru ke arah Anda sembari berharap salah satunya akan mengenai Anda. Jika Anda atau ada orang lain tertembak, alih-alih mengeluarkan peluru (urusi itu nanti di rumah sakit), prioritas utama Anda adalah '''menghentikan pendarahan sesegera mungkin''', sambil mengamankan jalan pernapasan korban. Perbanlah dengan cepat dan atasi luka sebelum dikirim ke rumah sakit atau tempat evakuasi medis, demi mencegah perdarahan lebih lanjut dan cedera tidak disengaja akibat patah tulang. Belajarlah menggunakan ''tourniquet'' untuk luka di tungkai. ==Serangan udara== [[File:MQ-9 Reaper UAV.jpg|thumb|''Drone'' militer Amerika Serikat yang sering digunakan dalam serangan udara]] Di zona perang, tidak jarang pihak yang berperang berebut superioritas udara untuk melakukan serangan udara dan serangan rudal terhadap sasaran musuh. Dengan ketersediaan luas ''drone'' du pasar massal dan adanya mesin ccetak 3D, grup anarkis seperti teroris atau pemberontak mampu untuk memproduksi ''drone'' mereka sendiri sejak tahun 2010-an hingga 2020-an. Walau beberapa dari mereka hanya digunakan untuk pengintaian, ada juga yang dipersenjatai dengan bahan peledak atau rudal udara ke darat, yang memanfaatkan kondisi pelindung sisi atas kendaraan militer yang biasanya lebih lemah. ''Drone'' militer dicirikan dengan suara dengungan keras yang mereka buat, mirip suara lebah atau mesin pemotong rumput. Anda juga dapat melihat pesawat tersebut sering berputar-putar di atas kepala. Jangan: * berbaring dan menjatuhkan sesuatu di jalan (sepertinya Anda meletakkan alat peledak improvisasi); * Lari; * arahkan ke pesawat. Tindakan tersebut justru dapat mengakibatkan pesawat menembaki Anda. Anggap saja Anda tidak memperhatikan adanya ''drone''. Jauhi apa pun dan siapa pun yang Anda curigai akan menjadi sasaran tembak, baik itu pejuang Taliban di [[Wy/id/Afghanistan|Afghanistan]] ataupun milisi Syiah di [[Wy/id/Irak|Irak]], di mana Anda berisiko terjebak dalam radius ledakan senjata pesawat. Jika tujuan Anda masih mempertahankan beberapa kemampuan pemerintahan atau pertahanan sipil, sirene serangan udara yang meraung dapat digunakan untuk memperingatkan serangan udara yang akan datang. Dalam situasi seperti itu (lihat juga bagian [[Wy/id/#Ledakan|Ledakan]] di bawah): * Ambil tas berisi kebutuhan seperti makanan tahan lama dan pakaian yang Anda siapkan, dan dapat bawa. * Berlindung di tempat penampungan. Selama tidak terlalu dangkal, stasiun metro/kereta bawah tanah umumnya merupakan tempat perlindungan serangan udara yang baik. Tempat seperti ini telah digunakan sejak London pada tahun 1940 sampai Kyiv pada tahun 2022. * Jika tidak ada tempat berlindung di dekat Anda, pergilah ke gedung, dan tempatkan diri Anda sejauh mungkin dari jendela atau benda rapuh lainnya di dekatnya. * Jika tidak ada bangunan di dekat Anda, berbaringlah tengkurap dan letakkan tangan Anda di atas kepala. ==Ledakan== Kemungkinan Anda terjebak dalam ledakan akan tergantung pada lokasi. Menghindari lokasi berisiko tinggi, seperti restoran atau bar yang sering dikunjungi orang sehingga bisa menjadi sasaran empuk, merupakan pilihan pencegahan yang tepat. Jika ada jarak antara Anda dan lokasi ledakan, Anda akan melihat ledakan sebelum gelombang kejut dan suara ledakan tiba di lokasi Anda. Manfaatkan waktu dengan baik untuk merunduk dan segera berlindung! Selama ledakan: *Jika Anda berada di gedung: **Merunduk dan berlindung di bawah mmeja yang kokoh. Tutup mata Anda, tutup telinga Anda dan buka mulut Anda untuk meminimalkan cedera ledakan. **Setelah ledakan, segera pergi, perhatikan lantai dan tangga yang akan melemah seiring waktu. Tetap berjalan rendah jika ada asap. **Perhatikan jika ada kebakaran dan bahaya lainnya. **Jika Anda terjebak dalam puing-puing, gunakan senter, peluit, atau ketuk pipa untuk memberi tahu lokasi Anda kepada penyelamat. Lihat juga tips di [[Wy/id/Keamanan gempa|Keamanan gempa]]. **Berteriak hanya dapat digunakan sebagai upaya terakhir untuk menghindari menghirup debu berbahaya. *Setelah Anda keluar, jangan berdiri di depan jendela, pintu kaca, atau area berbahaya lainnya. * Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan apa pun yang Anda miliki. * Pergi secepat mungkin, karena taktik yang umum digunakan adalah memicu satu ledakan diikuti oleh ledakan lain untuk menjebak dan mencelakakan masyarakat sipil dan kru penyelamat. ==Pertahanan CBRN== Meskipun pihak yang berperang cenderung berhati-hati saat menggunakan senjata '''c'''hemical (kimia), '''b'''iological (biologis), '''r'''adiological (radiologis) atau '''n'''uclear (nuklir), mereka tetap merupakan senjata yang ampuh dan mungkin dilepaskan sewaktu-waktu. Perang saudara di [[Wy/id/Suriah|Suriah]] misalnya, memiliki banyak kejadian di mana senjata kimia digunakan pada penduduk sipil. ===Senjata nuklir === Tidak ada pertahanan terhadap senjata nuklir jika Anda berada dalam radius ledakan. Mungkin jarak ledakannya hanya beberapa ratus meter untuk sebuah "nuklir taktis" seperti yang mungkin ditembakkan dari artileri, tetapi bisa sampai puluhan km untuk sebuah bom besar yang diledakkan sebagai semburan udara, untuk menyebarkan efeknya paling luas. Panas radiasi yang intens, sinar gamma, atau neutron juga dapat membunuh Anda. Jika Anda berada lebih jauh, kekhawatiran utama Anda adalah luruhan radioaktif. ===Luruhan radioaktif=== Semua senjata nuklir menghasilkan luruhan &mdash; debu radioaktif yang tertiup tinggi ke udara dan turun ke area yang luas &mdash; dan "bom kotor" yang secara khusus dirancang untuk memaksimalkan dampak kerusakan; misalnya bom hidrogen dapat dibungkus dengan lapisan U₂₃₈ untuk memberikan lebih banyak luruhan. Dimungkinkan juga untuk membangun perangkat yang menggunakan bahan peledak konvensional untuk menyebarkan bahan radioaktif; ini mungkin menarik bagi beberapa aktor karena membutuhkan lebih sedikit teknologi dan sumber daya, tetapi efeknya tidak separah atau seluas dampak dari bom nuklir. Cara terbaik untuk mengatasi luruhan nuklir adalah meninggalkan area mana pun yang menjadi pusat ledakan, dilihat dari lawan arah angin ledakan nuklir. Jika itu tidak memungkinkan, pergilah ke tempat penampungan luruhan nuklir jika Anda bisa. Jika tidak, langkah-langkah berikut akan membantu: *Tutup hidung dan mulut Anda dengan kain untuk mengurangi risiko menghirup debu atau asap radioaktif. *Jangan menyentuh benda atau pecahan yang berserakan akibat ledakan. *Cepat masuk ke gedung di mana ada dinding dan jendela utuh untuk melindungi diri dari radiasi. *Tutup semua jendela dan pintu luar. Matikan kipas, sistem pemanas, dab pendingin udara yang membawa udara dari luar. **Jika dinding dan jendela bangunan pecah, pergilah ke ruang interior dan jangan pergi. Jika bangunan telah rusak berat, cepatlah masuk ke bangunan lain yang dinding dan jendelanya masih kokoh. * Begitu berada di dalam, lepaskan lapisan luar pakaian Anda dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik jika tersedia. Jika tidak, gunakan apa pun yang dapat menahan pakaian dan dapat ditutup serta dilepas. Melepaskan pakaian luar dapat menghilangkan sebagian besar debu radioaktif. * Letakkan kantong plastik di tempat yang tidak disentuh orang lain. Jika memungkinkan, pisahkan kantong plastik dengan barang-barang besar. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air untuk menghilangkan debu yang tersisa. *Jika memungkinkan, dengarkan radio atau berita lokal untuk instruksi lebih lanjut. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak bom. ===Senjata kimia dan biologis=== Meskipun beberapa senjata kimia memiliki bau (seperti bau pemutih yang sangat kuat untuk klorin), ada juga yang '''tidak berbau dan tidak berwarna''' (termasuk Sarin dan VX). Pertahankan kesadaran situasional Anda dan jika Anda menemukan sesuatu yang salah dengan indra atau lingkungan Anda, percayalah pada insting Anda. Dalam serangan senjata kimia/biologis: *Hindari gumpalan atau awan uap yang terlihat jelas secara kasat mata. *Jika senjata kimia/biologis dilepaskan di dalam ruangan (seperti kasus serangan Tokyo Subway Sarin 1995), tinggalkan lokasi sesegera mungkin dan mengungsi ke lokasi yang lebih tinggi atau lebih jauh. *Evakuasi dari lokasi menuju ke bangunan utuh untuk berlindung di tempat. *Kunci pintu, tutup jendela, ventilasi udara dan berbagai bukaan lainnya. *Matikan kipas angin, AC, dan sistem pemanas udara secara paksa. *Masuk ke ruangan dengan jendela sesedikit mungkin. * Tutup semua jendela, pintu, dan ventilasi udara dengan terpal plastik dan lakban. * Manfaatkan apa yang ada untuk menutup celah sehingga menciptakan penghalang dari kontaminasi apa pun. * Lepaskan pakaian luar dan masukkan ke dalam kantong plastik tertutup. * Mandi atau cuci dengan sabun dan air. Bilas mata dengan air jika teriritasi. * Pakai pakaian bersih. * Jika memungkinkan, cari bantuan medis bahkan jika tidak ada gejala apa pun. * Tonton TV, dengarkan radio, atau periksa Internet jika tersedia. Anda juga harus bersiap untuk mengungsi dari wilayah yang terkena dampak. == Peralatan== Saat mengangkut peralatan yang diperlukan untuk tur Anda di zona perang, Anda harus mematuhi semua peraturan bea cukai dan impor/ekspor — walau hukum di tempat tujuan Anda tidak berlaku, tempat keberangkatan Anda biasanya masih menerapkan hukum legal. Misalnya, ada kasus di mana koresponden perang ditangkap oleh bea cukai dengan tuduhan perdagangan senjata setelah mereka membawa APD seperti rompi anti peluru dan helm tanpa prosedur yang benar. ===Rompi anti peluru=== [[File:Contract security, Baghdad.jpg|thumb|250px|Kontraktor militer swasta di Irak]] Rompi anti peluru (kadang-kadang disebut rompi tahan peluru atau pelindung tubuh) dapat menyelamatkan hidup Anda dalam beberapa keadaan, tetapi, ada masalah. Tidak ada rompi yang dapat melindungi bagian tubuh yang tidak ditutupinya dan juga tidak semua rompi anti peluru akan menghentikan pisau; jika pisau adalah ancaman utamanya, maka Anda harus memiliki satu yang tahan gores atau menggunakan dua rompi sekaligus. Lalu, rompi tidak dapat mengurangi energi dorong peluru dan hanya menyebarkannya ke seluruh tubuh Anda. Tertembak cenderung terasa seperti ditendang oleh kuda; memar yang besar dan mungkin beberapa tulang rusuk yang patah tentu jauh lebih baik daripada jantung Anda tertembak, tetapi itu tetap saja tidak enak. Rompi yang cukup ringan dan nyaman akan menghentikan hampir semua peluru pistol dan pecahan peluru, tetapi tidak untuk senjata yang lebih berat. Secara khusus, rompi dengan jenis umum tingkat IIIa tidak akan menghentikan tembakan dari senapan serbu. Pelindung yang cukup kuat untuk menghentikan sebagian besar peluru senapan memang ada, tetapi lebih berat, lebih besar, tidak nyaman, dan mencolok. Pakaian semata tidak dapat memberikan tingkat perlindungan ekstra; pelat baja atau keramik juga dibutuhkan. Tidak ada pelindung tubuh yang dapat melindungi dari senapan mesin berat atau peluru penembak jitu seperti kaliber .50; beberapa akan mencegah peluru menembus, tetapi traumanya akan tetap mematikan. Vendor seperti [https://miguelcaballero.com Miguel Caballero], [https://wonderhoodie.com/ Wonder Hoodie], [https://bulletproofzone.com/collections/bulletproof-clothing Bulletproof Zone], [https://www.bulletblocker.com/bullet-proof-clothing.html Bullet Blocker], dan [https://www.thykskynn.com/ Thyk Skynn] menawarkan pakaian yang terlihat cukup normal, bahkan bergaya, yang sebenarnya tahan peluru. Ini mungkin pilihan yang baik karena tidak terlalu mencolok dan lebih mudah dipakai sepanjang waktu. Ransel, tas kerja, tas laptop dan tas bahu tahan peluru juga tersedia dan juga tidak mencolok serta dapat menangani putaran yang lebih berat daripada pakaian karena relatif mudah untuk memasukkan pelat baja ke dalam desainnya. Baik pakaian maupun tas mahal – mulai dari beberapa ratus hingga lebih dari seribu dolar per buah – dengan mmepertaruhkan hidup Anda dan Anda bisa mendapatkan dananya, hal itu jelas sepadan dengan resikonya. Jika atasan Anda ingin mengirim Anda ke zona perang, beri tahu mereka bahwa mereka harus membayar semuanya. Sepasang sepatu bot dengan baja pada solnya seperti yang digunakan oleh pekerja konstruksi mungkin sedikit mengurangi dampak jika Anda menginjak ranjau darat tetapi perlindungannya tidaklah penuh. Meski begitu, sepatu bot dengan baja akan melindungi dari pecahan kaca, puing berujung tajam, dan beberapa jenis jebakan. ===Senjata=== Di beberapa daerah, beberapa pelancong pergi dengan membawa senjata; seperti kontraktor sipil di Irak terkadang disarankan untuk membawa senjata. Namun, bagi sebagian besar turis membawa senjata akan meningkatkan risiko dan bukan menguranginya. Ingat, jika Anda tidak terlatih dalam penggunaannya, senjata apa pun berbahaya. Lalu, bahkan jika Anda seorang ahli pun, mungkin tidak ada gunanya memegang senjata jika Anda kalah jumlah orang ataupun kalah senjata. Contohnya, bila menghadapi beberapa pria dengan AK47, memegang pistol sama saja bunuh diri dan bahkan memakainya kemungkinan meningkatkan peluang Anda untuk ditembak. Satu lagi, jika Anda membawa senjata sementara Anda bukan warga sipil, Anda akan dianggap sebagai mata-mata atau tentara serta diperlakukan seperti itu oleh kelompok bersenjata. Konvensi Jenewa tentang perlakuan terhadap tawanan perang berlaku "hanya" untuk orang-orang yang berseragam atau paling tidak memakai penanda yang terlihat dari jauh &mdash; seperti ikatan lengan atau topi khas &mdash; jadi siapa pun yang bersenjata di zona perang sambil mengenakan pakaian sipil tanpa penanda artinya ia sudah mengambil "risiko besar". Bepergian dengan penjaga bersenjata umumnya merupakan alternatif yang lebih baik daripada mempersenjatai diri. ==Pertolongan pertama== Topik [[Wy/id/Pertolongan pertama|pertolongan pertama]] berada di luar cakupan artikel ini. Ingat, jika Anda perlu menggunakan pertolongan pertamam langkah pertama adalah tetap tenang dan kemudian pergi ke tempat yang aman dan baru kemudian menerapkan pertolongan/pengobatan pertama. Pertolongan pertama dasar, seperti yang diajarkan oleh Palang Merah setempat di [http://www.redcross.org/services/hss/courses/ Amerika Serikat] atau [http://www.redcross.ca/training-and-certification Kanada] akan mengajarkan kepada Anda bagaimana cara merawat luka ringan dan melakukan CPR. Kursus-kursus ini dan yang serupa seringkali tidak mahal atau bahkangratis. Kursus lingkungan berbahaya, medis tempur, atau "medis defensif" berfokus pada pengendalian perdarahan, syok, manajemen jalan napas, dan perawatan trauma. Mereka biasanya menjalani pelatihan dalam penggunaan torniket, perban-H, saluran udara hidung, dan agen hemostatik seperti QuikClot atau CELOX. [http://lmsdefense.com/ LMS Defense] dan [http://www.gorgrp.com/ GOR Group] memberikan pelatihan medis tempur di Amerika Serikat. ==Lihat pula== * [[Wy/id/Perjalanan bisnis|Perjalanan bisnis]]; pelancong yang berpergian bukan untuk bersenang-senang * [[Wy/id/Korupsi dan penyuapan|Korupsi dan penyuapan]]; degenerasi pemerintahan lokal * [[Wy/id/Kejahatan|Kejahatan]]; runtuhnya lembaga hukum dan kekurangan sumber daya yang memicu tindak kriminal * [[Wy/id/Tujuan yang mustahil|Tujuan yang mustahil]]; agak mirip dengan zona perang * [[Wy/id/Tetap sehat|Tetap sehat]]; penghancuran infrastruktur kesehatan dapat membuat penyakit yang biasanya dapat disembuhkan malah menjadi mematikan {{Wy/id/PartOfTopic|Wy/id/Tetap aman}} [[Category:Wy/id]] [[en:voy:War zone safety]] 4ur07tjhn8ck6p0kfmt4h9plndqzdg8 4 3337425 5502609 5492366 2022-07-21T22:30:41Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki :''<small>You can read this page in other languages. The language menu is [[#languages|<u>here</u>]].</small>'' <div style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #025E8D; margin: 1em 0; padding: 0.2em 0.8em;"> <div id="mf-welcome">[[File:Wikimedia logo family complete-2022.svg|180px|right|Kautahi Vikimetia]] <h1 style="border-bottom: none;">Mālō te lava mai ki te 'Ahi'ahi o te Vikimetia!</h1> I te'''[[Special:MyLanguage/I:About|'Ahi'ahi Vikimetia]]''', e lava fakatu'u, fa'ufa'u mo sivi ai e te [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikimedia Foundation|Kautahi Vikimetia]] te 'u gaue fo'ou e fai i ni'i 'u lea fo'ou o te [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikipedia|Vikipetia]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikibooks|Vikitohi]], [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikinews|Vikilogo]], [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikiquote|Vikilea]], [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wiktionary|Vikisionalio]] and [[:m:Special:MyLanguage/Wikivoyage|Vikifolau]] Logo lā te mole fakatu'u o he pāsina viki totonu o te 'u gaue aeni e fai i te 'Ahi'ahi Vikimetia, e lava pe hona lau mo fetogi o hage pe ko te 'atu gaue viki o te Vikimetia. Ko te 'u gaue fo'ou o te [[m:Wikiversity|Vikima'oluga]] e tonu ke fakatu'u ki te [[betawikiversity:|Peta Vikima'oluga]], pea ko te [[m:Wikisource|Vikimatapuna]] ki te [[oldwikisource:|Vikimatapuna lea kehekehe]]. Mole lau hau kamata he gaue fo'ou 'osi i heni. E ma'ua ke ke hoko atu he gaue kua fakamo'oni i he lea fo'ou. Kā ke fia kamata he gaue fo'ou, [[meta:kole he gaue fo'ou]] pe vaka'i te [[m:Wikispore|Wikispore]] ki hona hoko atu. </div> <div style="clear: both;"><hr style="clear: both; display: none;" /></div> </div> <!-- WIKIS a.k.a. INCUBATING WIKIS a.k.a. TEST WIKIS a.k.a. TEST LANGUAGES a.k.a. DEVELOPMENT WIKIS a.k.a. ... :-) --> <div id="mainpage-wikis" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #025E8D; clear: both; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom:1em; padding: 1em;"> === [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:Wikis|Viki e lolotoga gaue'i]] === <!--<div id="mf-search"> {{Special:SearchWiki}} </div>--> <div class="plainlinks editsection">[[{{fullurl:Incubator:Featured wikis|action=edit}} {{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}]]</div> Viki e lahi tona gaue'i: {{Incubator:Featured wikis}} <div id="mf-allwikis" style="font-size:115%; padding:.2em;">''Ki he lisi o te 'atu gaue viki i te ''Ahi'ahi Vikimetia, vaka'i atu te'''[[Special:MyLanguage/I:Wikis|'Ahi'ahi:Viki]]'''.''</div> </div> <!-- HOW TO USE THIS WIKI & NEWS --> {| style="padding:0; margin:0; width:100%;" cellspacing="0" | rowspan="3" style="width:55%; background-color: #F9F9F9; border: 1px solid #025E8D; padding:1em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" valign="top" | ==== Ko te fa'u o he viki 'ahi'ahi fo'ou ==== Kia koe e fia kamata gaue i he lea fo'ou, vaka'i atu te [[Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manual|Tokoni:Tohi tokoni]]. Tokaga ki te 'u [[Special:MyLanguage/I:Policy|lēkula o te gaue]]. Lēkula ma'uhiga: * E ma'ua ke ma'u hau [[I:ISO 639|nūmelo lea]] (vaka'i te [[Special:MyLanguage/Help:Manual|tohi tokoni]]). Kā hala, pea ke kole pe faka'aoga te viki aeni: [https://incubator.miraheze.org/wiki/Main_Page Incubator Plus 2.0]. * E ke kamata he viki 'ahi'ahi i heni kae mole ko he ma'ua ke tali e te Vikimetia, he tonu mu'a ke fakamo'oni e te [[m:Special:MyLanguage/Language committee|Komite lea]]. Vaka'i atu te [[m:Requests for new languages|Kole he lea fo'ou]]. * Fakalelei mai o muli'i te 'u lēkula fakahigoa o te'u pāsina i te lea o te gaue, ke fakagafua ai te hiki o te pāsina ki te site viki totonu. Ko te 'atu pāsina o tau gaue (mo te 'u fa'ahiga mo kupesi) e ma'ua ke higoa tahi mo tatau (fakamu'a e tahi). ==== Tokoni gaue ki he viki i te 'Ahi'ahi ==== Kā e ke poto i he lea e tohi heni, kataki mai o tokoni ki te gaue aia. Manatu'i o faka'aoga he fakamu'a e tonu [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|O 'uhiga mo te 'u fakamu'a]]. | rowspan="3" style="width:3%;" | | style="width:42%; background-color: #F9F9F9; border:1px solid #025E8D; padding:1em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" valign="top" | <div class="plainlinks editsection">[[{{fullurl:Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:News|action=edit}} {{lcfirst:{{int:edit}}}}]]</div> ==== [[Special:MyLanguage/Incubator:News|{{msg|currentevents|{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]] ==== {{msg|News|{{SUBPAGENAME}}|local|ns=Incubator}} |- | style="height:25px;" | |- | style="background-color: #F9F9F9; border:1px solid #025E8D; padding:1em; margin-top:1em; margin-bottom:1em;" valign="top" | '''Kole tokoni:''' * Fehu'i ki te [[Incubator:Community Portal|Fakatahi'aga]]. * [irc://irc.freenode.net/wikimedia-incubator IRC #wikimedia-incubator] (<span class="fakebluelinks plainlinks">[http://webchat.freenode.net/?channels=#wikimedia-incubator Felogo'i i tu'a]</span>) |} <!-- SISTER PROJECTS --> <div id="mainpage-sisterprojects" style="background-color: #f9f9f9; border: 1px solid #025E8D; clear: both; margin-top: 1em; margin-bottom:1em; padding: 1em;"> === [[Incubator:Wikimedia projects|Gaue tatau]] === Ko te [[m:Wikimedia|Kautahi Vikimetia]] e toe tokaga tāfito mai ki te 'u gaue [[w:Wikipedia:Multilingual coordination|lea kehekehe]] mo [[w:Wikipedia:Copyrights|gaue ateaina]] aeni: {| style="background: transparent; width: 100%; valign: center;" |- style="vertical-align: center;" | [[File:Wikipedia-logo.png|35x35px|Wikipedia]] | style="width:25%" | [[w:en:|'''Vikipetia''']]<br />Te fakamahino ateaina | [[File:Wiktionary-logo.svg|35x35px|Wiktionary]] | style="width:25%" | [[wikt:en:|'''Vikisionalio''']]<br />Tikisionalio | [[File:Wikisource-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikisource]] | style="width:25%" | [[s:mul:|'''Vikimatapuna''']]<br />Fale tohi ateaina | [[File:Wikiquote-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikiquote]] | style="width:25%" | [[q:en:|'''Vikilea''']]<br />To'o lea |- style="vertical-align: center;" | [[File:Wikibooks-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikibooks]] | [[b:en:|'''Vikitohi''']]<br />Tohi 'ako ateaina | [[File:Wikinews-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikinews]] | [[n:en:|'''Vikilogo''']]<br />Talalogo ateaina | [[File:Wikiversity logo 2017.svg|35x35px|Wikiversity]] | [[:betawikiversity:|'''Vikima'oluga''']]<br />Ako ateaina | [[File:Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg|35x35px|Wikivoyage]] | [[voy:en:|'''Vikifolau''']]<br />Tokoni folau ateaina |- style="vertical-align: center;" | [[File:Wikispecies-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikispecies]] | [[wikispecies:Main Page|'''Vikifa'ahiga''']]<br />Fa'ahiga manu mo 'akau | [[File:Wikidata-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikidata]] | [[d:Wikidata:Main Page|'''Vikiatamai''']]<br />Atamai ateaina | [[File:Commons-logo.svg|35x35px|Wikimedia Commons]] | [[c:Main Page|'''Vikimetia fakatahi''']]<br />Fakatahi'aga pāki | [[File:Wikimedia_Community_Logo.svg|35x35px|Meta-Wiki]] | [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-viki''']]<br />Pule gaue o te Vikimetia |} </div> <span id="languages"></span> <small><languages/></small> __NOTOC__ __NOEDITSECTION__ <includeonly> [[Category:Incubator:(all){{#ifeq:{{SUBPAGENAME}}|Main Page||/{{SUBPAGENAME}}}}]] [[Category:Incubator:(all)| ]] </includeonly> d9w7s25g8zgxrut68ke0b3kmzdex6tc 1198 3337461 5502608 5492236 2022-07-21T22:30:40Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[m:Main Page|'''Meta-viki''']]<br />Pule gaue o te Vikimetia 7ljhf7cgzrexfjxghqhc286is3unyze 0 3337972 5502465 5495200 2022-07-21T17:12:29Z দিব্য দত্ত 1211633 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''অভিযাত্ৰী''' ({{Wq/as/Lang-en|Ovijatri}}) হৈছে অসমীয়া সাহিত্যিক [[Wq/as/নিৰুপমা বৰগোহাঞি|নিৰুপমা বৰগোহাঞি]] ৰচিত এখনি আত্মজীৱনীমূলক উপন্যাস। এই উপন্যাসখনত অসম প্ৰাদেশিক মহিলা সমিতিৰ জন্মদাত্ৰী [[Wq/as/চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা শইকীয়ানী|চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা শইকীয়ানী]]ৰ জীৱন আৰু কৰ্মৰ খতিয়ান দাঙি ধৰা হৈছে। চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা শইকীয়ানী বিষয়ক প্ৰথমখন অসমীয়া উপন্যাস।<ref name="সোণসেৰীয়া">{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=http://www.xahitya.org/2020/12/16/%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%a3%e0%a6%b8%e0%a7%87%e0%a7%b0%e0%a7%80%e0%a7%9f%e0%a6%be-%e0%a6%8f%e0%a6%95-%e0%a6%ac%e0%a6%bf%e0%a6%a6%e0%a7%8d%e0%a7%b0%e0%a7%8b%e0%a6%b9%e0%a7%b0-%e0%a6%a8%e0%a6%be/ | title=সোণসেৰীয়া এক বিদ্ৰোহৰ নাম — ‘অভিযাত্ৰী’ | publisher=সাহিত্য ডট অৰ্গ | work=ই আলোচনী | date=১৭ ডিচেম্বৰ, ২০২০ | accessdate=20 December 2020 | author=অনামিকা বড়া}}</ref> গ্ৰন্থখনে ১৯৯৬ চনত [[Wq/as/সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা|সাহিত্য অকাডেমি বঁটা]] লাভ কৰে।<ref name="অভি">{{Wq/as/Cite book | title=অসম ইয়াৰ বুক ২০২১ | publisher=জ্যোতি প্ৰকাশন | author=শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা| authorlink=শান্তনু কৌশিক বৰুৱা|chapter=কেইখনমান গ্ৰন্থৰ চমু পৰিচিতি- অভিযাত্ৰী | year=২০২০ | location=গুৱাহাটী | pages=৫৯৩ | isbn=৯৭৮-৯৩-৮১৪৮৫-৮২-৮}}</ref>১৯৯৭ চনত ‘অভিযাত্ৰী’ ইংৰাজী ভাষালৈ অনুবাদ কৰে প্ৰদীপ্ত বৰগোহাঞিয়ে।<ref name="চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা">{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.xahitya.org/2013/04/14/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE-%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80-%E0%A6%A6/ | title=চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা শইকীয়ানীঃঃ দেশৰ মুক্তি সংগ্ৰামৰ এগৰাকী পূজনীয় নেত্ৰী | publisher=সাহিত্য ডট অৰ্গ | work=ই আলোচনী | date=১৪ এপ্ৰিল, ২০১৩ | accessdate=20 December 2020 | author=কুশল হালৈ}}</ref> ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * '''‘কষ্ট নকৰিলে জীৱনত ডাঙৰ মানুহ হ’ব নোৱাৰি৷ তোকতো মই সদায় কৈছো, আমি যদি লেখা-পঢ়া নিশিকোঁ, গাঁৱৰ অন্য তিৰীবোৰৰ দৰেই আমাৰো গৰু পশুৰ দৰেই জীৱন হ’ব৷ কেৱল ঘৰ সৰা, বাচন ধোৱা, কাপোৰ ধোৱা, ঢেঁকী দিয়া, ভাত ৰন্ধা, তাঁত বোৱা এইবোৰ কৰি জীৱনটো শেষ কৰি দিব নোৱাৰি৷’''' ** ভনী ৰামেশ্বৰী(ৰজনীপ্ৰভা)ক উদ্দেশি চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা(চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰিয়া)<ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ">পৃষ্ঠা ১২, ৫৭, ৬৯, ৮৩, ১১১ আৰু ১৫৮। প্ৰকাশক: ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ, নৱেম্বৰ ২০১৯, নিৰুপমা বৰগোহাঞি, অভিযাত্ৰী</ref> *'''‘মতা ছ’লি হ’লে ডাক্তৰী পঢ়িব পায়, আপী হ’লে নাপায়! কোন ভগৱানে বা বিধান দিছে৷ তই ডাক্তৰ হ’বই লাগিব, মতা মানুহবোৰক দেখুৱাই দিবই লাগিব যে সিহঁতে কৰা সকলো কাম আমিও কৰিব পাৰোঁ৷’''' ** ভনী ৰামেশ্বৰী(ৰজনীপ্ৰভা)ক উদ্দেশি চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা(চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰিয়া) <ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> * '''‘কোনো মানুহেই কেৱল ভাগ্যৰ ওপৰতে নিৰ্ভৰ কৰি থাকিব নাপায়৷ চেষ্টাৰ অসাধ্য একো নাই বুলিওতো মানুহে কয়৷ আৰু মই এতিয়া গুটিটো ৰুইছোহে মাত্ৰ৷ মোৰ কিন্তু আশা আছে যে এদিন এডাল ভাল গছেই গজি উঠিব৷’''' ** ভিনিহীয়েক দণ্ডী পিয়াদাক উদ্দেশি চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা <ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> *'''‘ভিনিহি, আপুনি কেৱল বাঁহৰ খুঁটাৰ চালি ঘৰ এটা বুলি মোৰ স্কুলখনক তুচ্ছ নকৰিব দেই৷ যি বাঁহে মূৰৰ ওপৰত খেৰৰ চালিখন ধৰি ৰাখি আমাক ৰ’দ-বৰষুণৰ পৰা ৰক্ষা কৰি আছে, সেই বাঁহ কিন্তু এলাপেচা বাঁহ নহয়, আমাৰ বজালীৰ বিখ্যাত বাঁহ৷ আপুনি জানো এই কথা নাজানে যে বৰপেটাৰ বিখ্যাত কীৰ্তন ঘৰটো সাজোতে মহাপুৰুষ মাধৱদেৱে বজালীৰ বাঁহেই নিছিল?’''' ** চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা ভিনিহীয়েক দণ্ডী পিয়াদাক উদ্দেশি <ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> *'''‘মই কিন্তু মহোদয়, দেহাটোৰ বাহিৰে আন কথাত ল’ৰা-ছোৱালীৰ কিবা প্ৰভেদ আছে বুলি নাভাবো৷ ঈশ্বৰে আমাক সৃষ্টি কৰাৰ সময়ত এই কথা কৈ পঠিওৱা নাই যে ল’ৰাইহে পঢ়া-শুনা কৰিব পাৰিব, ছোৱালীয়ে নোৱাৰে৷’''' **বিদ্যালয় উপ-পৰিদৰ্শক নীলকান্তৰ বৰুৱাক উদ্দেশি চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা <ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> * '''‘আপুনি অইন দেশৰ পৰা আহি আমাৰ নিজৰ দেশতে আমাক ইমান অপমানজনক কুবাক্য শুনাইছে? আমাৰে ভাৰতবৰ্ষত থাকি, আমাৰে বায়ু-পানীৰে পুষ্ট হৈ, আমাৰে পথাৰৰ শস্য উদৰস্থ কৰি, আমাৰে মাটিত আশ্ৰয়স্থল সাজি আমাকে ওলোটাই ইমান ব্যঙ্গ-বিদ্ৰূপ ইমান তুচ্ছ-তাচ্ছিল্য কৰিছে! মেডাম, আপোনাৰ এই অপমানজনক কথাবোৰ প্ৰত্যাহাৰ নকৰিলে আমি কিন্তু ইমান ডাঙৰ আন্দোলন কৰিম যে তাৰপিছত আৰু আপোনালোকে সুখেৰে ইয়াত মিছন স্কুল চলাই যাব নোৱাৰিব, নিজৰ দেশলৈ পলাই যাবলৈ বাধ্য হ’ব৷''' ** নগাঁও মিছন স্কুলৰ শিক্ষয়িত্ৰী মিছ লঙক উদ্দেশি চৌধ্য বছৰীয়া চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা<ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> * '''‘আমি নাৰী জাতি যে পিছ পৰি আছোঁ, তাৰ এটা কাৰণ এই সাহসৰ অভাৱ৷ সাহ কৰিব নোৱাৰিলে সকলো বিষয়তে আমি পিছ পৰিয়েই থাকিব লাগিব৷ আৰু আমিতো সমাজৰ আধা অংশ, এই আধা অংশ যদি আগবাঢ়িব নোৱাৰো, আমাৰ সমাজখনো এখন ভৰিৰ এই দুৰ্বলতাৰ বাবে লেঙেৰাই লেঙেৰাইহে আগবাঢ়িব লাগিব৷’''' ** দণ্ডীনাথ কলিতাক উদ্দেশি চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা <ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> * '''ৰাজহুৱা কামত অৱশ্যে নানা প্ৰতিবন্ধকতা থাকেই৷ বিশেষকৈ তিৰোতাৰ ক্ষেত্ৰত৷ কিন্তু তিৰোতাই আত্মৰক্ষা কৰিবলৈও শিকিব লাগিব৷ ভয় কৰি ঘৰৰ চাৰিবেৰৰ ভিতৰত সোমাই থাকিলে দেশৰ উন্নতি নহয়৷’''' ** কালজিলাপাৰৰ বৃদ্ধক উদ্দেশি চন্দ্ৰপ্ৰভা <ref name="ষ্টুডেণ্টছ ষ্ট’ৰচ"/> ==তথ্যউৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist|30em}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/উপন্যাস]] m5r7wkni1kp4q5gbp450r0plfcsbac5 14 3338157 5502837 5495802 2022-07-22T08:27:30Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 wikitext text/x-wiki {{DEFAULTSORT:Arezzu, Prubìnzia di}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Prubìnzi di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Arezzu]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Tuschana]] [[it:Categoria:Provincia di Arezzo]] doyw37jfltrwjwnc240vgqmyi2lf2oc 14 3338475 5502835 5496869 2022-07-22T08:26:15Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Provincia di Firenze-Stemma.svg|50px|left]] {{DEFAULTSORT:Firenze, Ziddai metroporitana di}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Prubìnzi di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Firenze]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Tuschana]] [[it:Categoria:Città metropolitana di Firenze]] gpoebebe7cmhex7gubddnhgjj7tdoh4 0 3338568 5502602 5497336 2022-07-21T22:09:20Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Sepania |flag = Bandera de España.svg |coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg |map = EU-Spain (orthographic projection).svg |capital = }} Ko '''Sepania''' ([[Wp/wls/Lea fakasepania|lea fakasepania]] : ''España'') ko he fenua i [[Wp/wls/Eulopa|Eulopa]]. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[en:Spain]] [[fr:Espagne]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Sepania]] jx6fzyghp6gqipox7vwl0580k92ua8i 5502611 5502602 2022-07-21T22:47:17Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/wls/Fenua |name = Sepania |flag = Bandera de España.svg |coat = Escudo de España (mazonado).svg |map = EU-Spain (orthographic projection).svg |capital =Matelite }} Ko '''Sepania''' ([[Wp/wls/Lea fakasepania|lea fakasepania]] : ''España'') ko he fenua i [[Wp/wls/Eulopa|Eulopa]]. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Matelite. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[en:Spain]] [[fr:Espagne]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Sepania]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 7bbpbwchrj8cabe2lcmobvnysiz71ft 0 3338674 5502352 5497659 2022-07-21T13:33:26Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/nafa sɔrɔli|nafa sɔrɔli]], [[Wt/bm/adi|adi]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 7yqzoy7ckrdkuaywymdzaz8mlv46wek 0 3339379 5502343 5501401 2022-07-21T13:27:08Z MohammedBama123 2571948 /* Kənənga nzə */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==Kyari Magumeri== Kyari Magumeri doni sha Chari Magumeri lan notənama dƏ, katambo saa dəwun yar wuskun filaar tuluri_be ladƏn.(1897) Shi askər Najeriya be shidoni kəriwu dina_be sədənama. Laktu doni kəriwu kura madən, Magumeri dƏ cidajiwo nabtə askər Lardə German_bero. Shiro cado alwushiram nəm kərashim_be, Amma daredə sha cata Garua lan. Ngawo sha kolzana_belan, daji askərra Najeriya be ro kəlgatəə, daji kuru luwala cido foto British be_ladn Shiye cida kolgono saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu yaskən_mi ladən. Daji shiro daraja nəm Captain_be cado. ==Kənənga nzə== Maguməri də katambo saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun yaskən mi ladən. Daji dərizə kəlangai farzə Yala Cameron_bero kozə daji kəlgatəə askərra Cameron_be Britain luwalazain ma dəro laktu kəriwu kura dinabe ladƏn.Saa dƏwun yar ləgarrin mewu wurin ladən, shiro shim titi doni iron cross də cado maana, sandima kərashimma kən indimiwo. Adiye dalilnzƏdƏ shima, kasad nzə na luwala_beya kuru loktu sandiro askərra British be bone karo sadə kuranza German_be lorzana ladən. [1] Magumeri daji tussƏnyi British_be sha cita bƏla Garua ladən, daji sha caado kukuruk doni luwalawu bero. Laktu sha kolzana ladən, saa dƏwun yar lƏgarrin mewu tulurrin be ladən, daji shiye askƏrra Najeriya be ro kƏlgatə. British diye kasdsƏ, ngawo sha hallamzana belan, daji sha kƏljaa askərra kən yaskə mi (3rd battalion) lan notənama dəro. Daji shiro nəm (sergeant) cado saa dəwun yar lƏgarrin findin ladən kuru ( company sergeant major) ro walgono saa dəwun yar lƏgarrin findi diyeri lan. Kawu doni bare Aba_be kamuwa_be wakajin dƏro, shiro nəm (Regimental Sergeant Major) cado. Loktu kƏriwu dina_be ken Indimi ladƏn, Magumeri də sha zujaa Gədi Africa bero kuru walta Yala Africa bero. Shiye ciro amdoni Mogadishu bəla Somalia_beda, daji kuru luwala cido lardə Abyssinia_be ladƏn. Ngawo kənasar kəla Italy belan zasunadn, daji askərra nzə dƏ lardƏ Sierra Leone dƏro zujaa, nadəlan askƏrra Najeriya_be sƏnana alamanna General Ironsi soi dƏgai kəl≤a kƏlgada. Daji loktu doni askƏrra nzə rokko 81st kuru 82nd samno askrra fƏte Africa_be ya lezƏna ladən, sandiya zƏga kƏrwe Burma lardƏ India_be dƏro lewono. Loktu saa dƏwun yar ləgarrin fidewu wuri ladƏn, ngawo datƏƏram kəriwu diye ladƏn, samno nzƏ askƏrra be kƏn yaskƏ mi ( 3rd Battalion) da suwudƏ fili biske kənasar be dƏro cuwudo. Daji shiro shim titi (British Empire) beda cado Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu yaskƏn ladən, shiro nəm (Captain) askƏr Najeriya be cado daji shiye cida kolgono. Shima kam doni kən hawul mi fəte Africa be ladƏn, ca shi (non commission officer) do shiro nƏm (Captain) sadənadə ==Reference== "Profile of Chari Maigumeri". Spear Magazine. Lagos: Daily Times. September 1967. [[Category:Wp/kr]] gi9uiwm0z8o0c0qpk39q1lh26r2dj9f 0 3339382 5502687 5499116 2022-07-22T00:28:21Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki I te pō o te felia ono 15 ki te moeaki 16 o Sulio 2022, ne'e hoko ai te tu'utāmaki i te kolo falani o Angers ki fānau 'uvea e lua ne'e mamate ai. E mahino mai te 'u fekumi ne'e fai e te kau polisi, ne'e matehi Atama Moeliku (ta'u 20) mo Manolito Automalo (ta'u 18) e he tagata sutane (ta'u 32) i te loto lapalasi o Angers. Ne'e fia gaohi kovi'i e te tagata sutania 'ihi tamaliki fafine ne'e nonofo i te mala'e pea maliu Atama mo Manolito o ta'ofi mo kapu ia ia. Liliu mai te tagata aki tana hele o ina matehi ai te 'u tama 'uvea. == Fakamatala a te 'u nusipepa == * Ouest-France: [https://www.ouest-france.fr/pays-de-la-loire/angers-49000/parmi-les-trois-jeunes-tues-au-coeur-de-maine-deux-etaient-des-enfants-du-club-de-rugby-d-angers-352c4a58-0521-11ed-8a81-42fa9cc69cd5 <nowiki>''</nowiki>Parmi les trois jeunes tués au Cœur-de-Maine, deux étaient des « enfants du club » de rugby d’Angers<nowiki>''</nowiki>], 16 o Sulio 2022 * Nouvelle-Calédonie la 1ère: [https://la1ere.francetvinfo.fr/nouvellecaledonie/wallisiens-tues-a-angers-le-suspect-mis-en-examen-et-ecroue-pour-le-meurtre-de-trois-jeunes-1304724.html <nowiki>''</nowiki>Wallisiens tués à Angers"], 18 o Sulio 2022 [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Logo]] l77dlzg7fljiskmu8jrdjvtifx8dv88 0 3339622 5502428 5501947 2022-07-21T16:04:02Z Zblace 2552809 /* Lokalna suradnja: CLUBTURE.org@20 */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GLAM logo transparent.png|600px|center|GLAM]] Wikimedijina zajednica surađuje na brojne načine s kulturnim (baštinskim) institucijama koje su u anglosaksonskom kulturnom krugu naziva akronimom '''GLAM''' za ''galerije, knjižnice, arhive i muzeje''. To ponekad uključuje zoološke vrtove, vrtove, herbarije, društva učenja itd. Unutar Wikimedije akronim GLAM koristi se za sve vrste suradnje s drugim organizacijama (osim sveučilišnih i drugih tečajeva), bez ograničenja prema vrsti organizacije. Ova bi stranica mogla biti o korisnosti takve suradnje za Wikivodič. == Lokalna suradnja: CLUBTURE.org@20 == Kao dio projekta [[metawiki:Grants:Project/Rapid/Clubture.org/20_years_of_participatory_and_open_culture|CLUBTURE.org@20]] dio arhivske građe i podataka o nezavisnoj kulturi u Hrvtaskoj unesenih na Wikimedija wikije će biti iskorišten i za Wikivodič za stvaranje vodiča kroz umjetničku i kulturnu produkciju, tj. njene programe i infrastrukturu koju koristi. * [[Projekt:GLAM/Clubture Vodič kroz društveno-kulturne centre HR]] * [[Projekt:GLAM/Clubture Vodič kroz nezavisne festivale HR]] * [[Projekt:GLAM/Clubture Vodič kroz nezavisnu kulturu Zagreba]] * ... [[Category:Wy/hbs]] == Pogledaj na drugim projektima == * Na Wikipedijama [[:en:WP:GLAM|EN]], [[:sr:WP:GLAM|SR]], [[:hr:WP:GLAM|HR]]... * [[outreach:GLAM]] - wikiju za vanjska partnerstva * [[metawiki:GLAM|Meta:GLAM]] - wikiju za unutarnja partnerstva * [[c:Commons:GLAM|commons:Commons:GLAM]] - serveru za djeljene sadržaje * [[wikidata:Wikidata:GLAM|Wikidata:Wikidata:GLAM]] - u glavnoj bazi znanja * ... na Wikivoyage [[Wikivoyage:GLAM|EN]]. [[Category:Wy/hbs]] [[Category:Wy/hbs/Wikivodič:Projekti]] scqkdm2p6yqdcshq4mq5clina6fb087 5502429 5502428 2022-07-21T16:06:39Z Zblace 2552809 /* Lokalna suradnja: CLUBTURE.org@20 */ korekcija linkova wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GLAM logo transparent.png|600px|center|GLAM]] Wikimedijina zajednica surađuje na brojne načine s kulturnim (baštinskim) institucijama koje su u anglosaksonskom kulturnom krugu naziva akronimom '''GLAM''' za ''galerije, knjižnice, arhive i muzeje''. To ponekad uključuje zoološke vrtove, vrtove, herbarije, društva učenja itd. Unutar Wikimedije akronim GLAM koristi se za sve vrste suradnje s drugim organizacijama (osim sveučilišnih i drugih tečajeva), bez ograničenja prema vrsti organizacije. Ova bi stranica mogla biti o korisnosti takve suradnje za Wikivodič. == Lokalna suradnja: CLUBTURE.org@20 == Kao dio projekta [[metawiki:Grants:Project/Rapid/Clubture.org/20_years_of_participatory_and_open_culture|CLUBTURE.org@20]] dio arhivske građe i podataka o nezavisnoj kulturi u Hrvtaskoj unesenih na Wikimedija wikije će biti iskorišten i za Wikivodič za stvaranje vodiča kroz umjetničku i kulturnu produkciju, tj. njene programe i infrastrukturu koju koristi. * [[Wy/hbs/Wikivodič:GLAM/Clubture Vodič kroz društveno-kulturne centre HR]] * [[Wy/hbs/Wikivodič:GLAM/Clubture Vodič kroz nezavisne festivale HR]] * [[Wy/hbs/Wikivodič:GLAM/Clubture Vodič kroz nezavisnu kulturu Zagreba]] * ... [[Category:Wy/hbs]] == Pogledaj na drugim projektima == * Na Wikipedijama [[:en:WP:GLAM|EN]], [[:sr:WP:GLAM|SR]], [[:hr:WP:GLAM|HR]]... * [[outreach:GLAM]] - wikiju za vanjska partnerstva * [[metawiki:GLAM|Meta:GLAM]] - wikiju za unutarnja partnerstva * [[c:Commons:GLAM|commons:Commons:GLAM]] - serveru za djeljene sadržaje * [[wikidata:Wikidata:GLAM|Wikidata:Wikidata:GLAM]] - u glavnoj bazi znanja * ... na Wikivoyage [[Wikivoyage:GLAM|EN]]. [[Category:Wy/hbs]] [[Category:Wy/hbs/Wikivodič:Projekti]] 73rgne3weiqvp49aot0dftdwt7d0ed7 0 3339631 5502593 5501463 2022-07-21T21:56:18Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Cairo Montage.png|thumb]] Ko '''Kailo''' ko te kolo mu'a o [[Wp/wls/Esipito|Esipito]]. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Kolo]] ngkuyz9h9jnk0z42vzvexo1x8ylu41i 0 3339659 5502597 5501018 2022-07-21T22:01:01Z 26agcp 2575807 Corección wikitext text/x-wiki {| border="1" align="right" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="0" width="300" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaaaaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;" |+<big><big>'''U Nupa’an Ajawil Noj Bretaña yéetel Xaman Irlanda'''<br />'''''United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland'''''</big></big> | colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;" align="center" | {| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" | align="center" width="140px" |[[File:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|125x125px]] | align="center" width="140px" |[[File:Royal_Coat_of_Arms_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg|125x125px]] |- | align="center" width="140px" |Lakam | align="center" width="140px" |Chimal |} |- | colspan="2" align="center" |[[File:Europe-UK.svg|300x300px]] |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |Kajnáalilo’ob | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |67,326,569 (2021)<ref>[https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.POP.TOTL?locations=GB Population, total - United Kingdom | Data]. ''data.worldbank.org''.</ref> |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |Área | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |243,610<ref>CIA. [https://www.oratlas.com/libro-mundial/reino-unido/geografia «Reino Unido - Geografía - El Libro de Datos del Mundo»]</ref> [[Wp/yua/Km²|km²]] |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |Aj Noj Kaaj | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |[[Wp/yua/Londres|Londres]] |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |X Ajaw | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |[[Wp/yua/Isabel II ti' Reino Unido|Isabel II]] |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |Aj Jala’ach Wíinik | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |[[Wp/yua/Boris Johnson|Boris Johnson]] |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |T’aan | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |[[Wp/yua/Íingles t'aan|Íingles t’aan]] |- ! style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top; text-align: left;" |Taak’in | style="border-top: solid 1px #f5f9f9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0; vertical-align: top" |[[Wp/yua/Libra esterlina|Libra esterlina]] |- |} '''Reino Unido''' ([[Wp/yua/Íingles t'aan|íingles t’aan]]: ''United Kingdom'') u k’aaba’ junp’éel noj lu’umil tu xaman chik’iinil Europa. Yaan 67,326,569 u kajnáalilo’ob. Jatsa’an ichil kanp’éel lu’umilo’ob: [[Wp/yua/Inglaterra|Inglaterra]], [[Wp/yua/Gales|Gales]], [[Wp/yua/Escocia|Escocia]] yéetel [[Wp/yua/Xaman Irlanda|Xaman Irlanda]]. == Tu'ux ch'a'aba'an lela' == {{Wp/yua/Reflist}} [[Category:Wp/yua]] [[Category:Wp/yua/Noj lu'umilo'ob]] [[Category:Wp/yua/Europa]] [[es:Reino Unido]] cgs0aqjhiqe206rf2ave1pd4gth77kh 14 3339682 5502572 5501048 2022-07-21T20:31:55Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki Fakamatala o 'uhiga mo Eulopa. [[Category:Wp/wls/Seokalafia]] [[Category:Wp/wls]] mt4hol705qt4auz5bnyzg4my30dsaps 0 3339683 5502573 5501051 2022-07-21T20:32:27Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Amsterdam Canals - July 2006.jpg|thumb]] Ko Amesitāme ko te kolo mu'a o Holani. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Kolo]] ac51ce30mvmulkfl45ok3e34xhnpy4l 0 3339923 5502356 5502290 2022-07-21T13:36:12Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 22kpqhj8djlzayfrhgmmkfuvpmlt9g3 5502358 5502356 2022-07-21T13:37:23Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i [[Category:Wp/pcm]] h5f93y7g8b00zw2731rhjh3i1zziss7 5502360 5502358 2022-07-21T13:38:50Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di [[Category:Wp/pcm]] c3ngmboc5y2zd4j4yguv9heauz65dv9 5502361 5502360 2022-07-21T13:40:33Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 6a6d1jwffd81tp13mtm0b1ja861q0gh 5502362 5502361 2022-07-21T13:42:24Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also [[Category:Wp/pcm]] p98b7n7bgfmz3uv1bj2udus4xv7rjbm 5502363 5502362 2022-07-21T13:44:37Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim [[Category:Wp/pcm]] ce0cymkpc29zffcp0qy0xp2p29ctpt6 5502364 5502363 2022-07-21T13:46:44Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 1k0kye1046xjn73e2u9al60rtfwu714 5502365 5502364 2022-07-21T13:49:00Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 8zo32e4ksk9ap5zxs6r1isxp704xsqb 5502366 5502365 2022-07-21T13:50:48Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 9n0rgrxiv1oxgogtvj0fefocm4wlj6o 5502367 5502366 2022-07-21T13:52:55Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how [[Category:Wp/pcm]] ndae9r6xekui8ysdmf7w2i34tj5wecm 5502966 5502367 2022-07-22T11:42:07Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim [[Category:Wp/pcm]] a5i199xe3jvfvsfwgy8rf881q31eotl 5502967 5502966 2022-07-22T11:42:54Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim ''Ugbomah" pla di rol of Obi wey [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 4q59w69o94tmmy7ryov8at91z7cndmo 5502968 5502967 2022-07-22T11:44:34Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim ''Ugbomah" pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask [[Category:Wp/pcm]] lhokkra1kn9nwueqqzv62jy1ut0gebo 5502969 5502968 2022-07-22T11:45:12Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim ''Ugbomah" pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di [[Category:Wp/pcm]] b93wc8y20vwkksmqhqikzxs6ypm20u6 5502970 5502969 2022-07-22T11:45:55Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==How i stat life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim ''Ugbomah" pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] ed0ycae4rhlt2bxrls1h2ln741r53yf 5502971 5502970 2022-07-22T11:47:32Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* How i stat life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early [[Category:Wp/pcm]] ro7v91rgi8jpxgri8cen2xs5iglfiia 5502972 5502971 2022-07-22T11:48:16Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* I life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 3vk48e86tbvyg3qk8768cuom16ggccd 5502973 5502972 2022-07-22T11:48:58Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* I life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 and The Boy is Good. Most of i fim were [[Category:Wp/pcm]] rmjkqhkcjqvx1xd977edfkhagvbb9hz 5502974 5502973 2022-07-22T11:50:32Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* I life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 and The Boy is Good. Dem shot Most of i fim with 16mm with di exception of The Mask. [[Category:Wp/pcm]] n0da31j6gek153rcw16gal85y1pyesl 5502975 5502974 2022-07-22T11:51:53Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* I life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 and The Boy is Good. Dem shot Most of i fim with 16mm with di exception of The Mask. Later for i karia Ugbomah turned to Yoruba [[Category:Wp/pcm]] 9apdiwjo7sajzi6z1vgyt7mecqqepyt 5502977 5502975 2022-07-22T11:52:39Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* I life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 and The Boy is Good. Dem shot Most of i fim with 16mm with di exception of The Mask. Later for i karia Ugbomah turned to Yoruba video fim. For 1988, Dem appoint am as [[Category:Wp/pcm]] e5xpyw8pypmxzxtdqvvtbc26nvxejc8 5502979 5502977 2022-07-22T11:58:46Z Iseoluwatobi 2578255 /* I life and karia */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''Eddie Ugbomah''' (19 December 1940 -11 May 2019) na bifor bifor Naija fim direktor and produsa. I direkt and produce fim like "The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi in 1979", The Boy is Good and Apalara, fim wey talk abaut di life and murder of Alfa Apalara for Oko Awo, Lagos. Most of i fim na real life tori like di The Rise and Fall of Oyenusi wey talk abaut di notorious robber, Ishola Oyenusi. ==I life and karia== '''Ugbomah''' na from Ashaka Village area Aboh in East Ndokwa, Delta State, Local Government but i gro op for Obalende and Lafiaji area of Lagos. I go St Matthias, Lafiaji, Lagos and City College school bifor i go du i college edukashon for London where i go differen differen college to stodi journalism,drama, and later film. Afta I finish, I work with BBC and i pla smoll rol inside Dr.No, Guns at Batasi and Sharpeville Massacre. I bi memba of one Afro-Caribbean drama group and i direkt som of di group pla like "This is Our Chance" , pla wey dem du for Stoke Newington Theatre Hall. I kom bak Naija for 1975, I du concert promotion bifor i stat "Edifosa" wey bi fim produkshon kompani. '''Ugbomah''' fim dey usually tackle contemporary social and politikal issues. For 1979 i produce Dr Oyenusi, dey fim tok abaut di notorious robber is Isola Oyenusi wey terrorize Lagosians in di early 1970's. Di fim also tok abaut armed robbery for Naija. For di fim "Oyenusi" Ugbomah feature as di lead aktor. '''Ugbomah''' release i next fim, "The Mask" for 1979. Di fim tok abaut di histori of Naija during di Benin Expedition of 1897 and how dem take tiff artifacts from di Benin palace. For di fim '''Ugbomah''' pla di rol of Obi wey try to secretly tiff di Benin ivory mask and return am to Naija. Some pipu link di character of Obi to di MI6 agent James Bond.Ugbomah karia flourished into di early 1980s, I produce fim like Oil Doom, Bolus '80 and The Boy is Good. Dem shot Most of i fim with 16mm with di exception of The Mask. Later for i karia Ugbomah turned to Yoruba video fim. For 1988, Dem appoint am as di chairman of di Nigerian Film Corporation [[Category:Wp/pcm]] p9sj3p3u89us8jme32r3a38ov82544f 0 3339938 5502470 5501762 2022-07-21T17:24:49Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa d3wun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa d3wun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be lad3n kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyaskə yask3n lad3n, shiye wolgono nabt3 k3la mal3mma_be wut3ma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabt3 kura mal3mma_bero) Daji dared3n, fuwut3 ciwondo nabt3 kura malumma doni k3la mal3mma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri lad3n. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 7tniw6dkqyxpaw1hpr5l9gn5cf7src6 5502471 5502470 2022-07-21T17:25:57Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa d3wun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be lad3n kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yask3n lad3n, shiye wolgono nabt3 k3la maləmma_be wut3ma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabt3 kura mal3mma_bero) Daji dared3n, fuwut3 ciwondo nabt3 kura malumma doni k3la mal3mma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri lad3n. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] gi70cksxvivd7e7hknqfooxcg8yi1sf 5502472 5502471 2022-07-21T17:26:21Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa d3wun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be lad3n kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabt3 k3la maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabt3 kura mal3mma_bero) Daji dared3n, fuwut3 ciwondo nabt3 kura malumma doni k3la mal3mma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri lad3n. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 62fvqm1ikg6zuxhaxq7jjt1ckko3y4f 5502474 5502472 2022-07-21T17:26:50Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə k3la maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabt3 kura mal3mma_bero) Daji dared3n, fuwut3 ciwondo nabt3 kura malumma doni k3la mal3mma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri lad3n. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] o1qtady031zb9nk9633ojr78v10pisi 5502475 5502474 2022-07-21T17:27:33Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura mal3mma_bero) Daji dared3n, fuwut3 ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni k3la mal3mma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri lad3n. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] sr9alctvz6qzhyzhtp2sg9tjfb99z6u 5502476 5502475 2022-07-21T17:28:10Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura mal3mma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni k3la mal3mma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 6c9kb72cem7zu7w03kgfy0o4wb29ebf 5502478 5502476 2022-07-21T17:28:52Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyask3 wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgat33 saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] gsz4ala1l15ggh8w5fjofe35inmrdaf 5502480 5502478 2022-07-21T17:29:28Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo n3m Shettima Borno_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowot3. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgatəə saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] fntzf91x2w0bsx7afw4e49pcnpb3r57 5502482 5502480 2022-07-21T17:30:06Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wut3ma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar l3garrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgatəə saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] nvb75l6i9dkm2v323fbi0ckaxxakjws 5502484 5502482 2022-07-21T17:30:48Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar l3garrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgatəə saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lard3 be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 12vzwszswxgh31kmy1cabk96tnir3t7 5502486 5502484 2022-07-21T17:31:11Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye n3m siyasa ro k3lgatəə saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] o4wl2ecfbjkkurb6gyy6mb0qb1py7tb 5502487 5502486 2022-07-21T17:31:38Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro k3lgatəə saa dəwun yar l3garrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] f41ygnp7z9q45ueesoishxssm8rt00o 5502489 5502487 2022-07-21T17:32:14Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon lad3n._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha kargada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo ad3yen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] mwjxuugovwpry177xzegvi9my1vt5kg 5502491 5502489 2022-07-21T17:32:54Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha karəgada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be k3rmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] j2yup0v14k1uxhduyh8zjkkwp4swl7b 5502492 5502491 2022-07-21T17:33:44Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha karəgada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar l3garrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim d3 walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] rfb2umvm6071chyaotw8bmbe3nz4t02 5502493 5502492 2022-07-21T17:34:23Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha karəgada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmat3ma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa d3wun yar ləgarrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 2qkqchjsdjl2khkwrzhz8jrln4sig8c 5502494 5502493 2022-07-21T17:34:46Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanad3n. Sha karəgada yalad3n nabt3 fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] g6mh1d9bt4lfp0dyhvwz0718qakkbdx 5502495 5502494 2022-07-21T17:35:23Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru dared3n, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu arask3n lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 7ael578dlesnhk29rf86calcl5zwjgc 5502496 5502495 2022-07-21T17:35:55Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən lad3n, shiro shehu_be caino k3rmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 78ew9h5de5urxuwy1v0voxefma4nu6w 5502497 5502496 2022-07-21T17:36:23Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, roz3na k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] r54p9xa1kj0546vf3w3j1usd0jxho2d 5502498 5502497 2022-07-21T17:36:56Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walz3na Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n, rozəna k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 6li3nndkvw3vc0zwjg5uwb178umt4p2 5502499 5502498 2022-07-21T17:37:24Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin lad3n, rozəna k3rmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun arask3n k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 7tp6qpjpjy2p6clf0zlosm09fq047t4 5502500 5502499 2022-07-21T17:38:00Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin lad3n, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 arask3n be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi d3, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] falg9phm3250jug6gplu8vp1y56e0fs 5502501 5502500 2022-07-21T17:38:31Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin lad3n, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 araskən be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] skko27vevyvk2harmeksbjqxw1v6ye3 5502502 5502501 2022-07-21T17:38:57Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin lad3n, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa d3wun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] f71vicdxlfjnqrz3s0joolpkjb93kvp 5502503 5502502 2022-07-21T17:39:26Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lard3 be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] k6f44ku7z7vop515lhkuu6n9ci7b2b2 5502504 5502503 2022-07-21T17:39:52Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be lad3n Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar ləgarrin firask3 lad3n. Kuru shiro n3m kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 7lh7yc67fv2jngf3nleuhiqvhl5m9pe 5502506 5502504 2022-07-21T17:40:20Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be ladən Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar ləgarrin firask3 ladən. Kuru shiro nəm kura k3rashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firask3 indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] co591w1n7xi25x8i68m718162xs85bz 5502507 5502506 2022-07-21T17:40:48Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən k3ntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be ladən Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar ləgarrin firask3 ladən. Kuru shiro nəm kura kərashim_be cado saa d3wun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] s9vpp3ziw4wib3s88y9oo52jvwf27u5 5502508 5502507 2022-07-21T17:41:15Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən kəntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be ladən Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa d3wun yar ləgarrin firaskə ladən. Kuru shiro nəm kura kərashim_be cado saa dəwun yar l3garrin firaskə indin lad3n. [[Category:Wp/kr]] knb9qktlsml5btw3cyjerbrz1y9i8dp 5502509 5502508 2022-07-21T17:41:42Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənənga Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən kəntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be ladən Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə ladən. Kuru shiro nəm kura kərashim_be cado saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 28h1tu7nzdxgdgaw9chmc0msyl3huxw 5502510 5502509 2022-07-21T17:43:27Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənəngazə Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən kəntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be ladən Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə ladən. Kuru shiro nəm kura kərashim_be cado saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən. [[Category:Wp/kr]] gfls8jvgfjubppmwqqsw934hopmo2ss 5502512 5502510 2022-07-21T17:45:05Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki ==Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim==, KCMG, CBE( saa dəwun yar ləgarrin mewun Mi_kawu mewu_kəntawu kən araskə mi lan səta saa dəwun yar ləgarrin filaar yin dəro cuwudo.) Shi siyasama Nijeriya_be kuru kura administration Borno_be. kuru shi kura( minister) nasha nzəriwo_be sha (social service) lan notənama dən saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwun kozəna dən. Shiro cado nəm Waziri kərmai gargaja_be mairi Borno_beye ngawo waziriya indi sandiro mbu_ro walzə nəm wazirida kolzana belan. Adiye cado dalilnzədə awolaa nanguwa cadoya, Shi Sir Shettima Kashim Ibrahim də, sha Ahmadu Bello_gadə, taidazə dur tana. Kənəngazə Kənənga nzə Fatowa doni Najeriya_be Lardə Let London_bedə, Alhaji Sa'adu Alanamu (wakil kura yala Najeriya_be) Sir Kashim Ibrahim, KBE( babtə Gomna_be, yala Najeriya bedən) Kuru mainza Arthur prest laktu Sir Kashim Ibrahim lezə fato Najeriya_be lardə London_bedəto ningi rəbsəəna dən. Ibrahim də katambo nguro Gargar bəla Yerwa_be ladən. Am kuraanzə Ibrahim Lakanmi. [3] kəranzə badiyono arabbi kəlio_ga kuru Luwuran kəratə_ga lan kawu doni maaranta (Borno Provincial) badijin dəro saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi indin ladən. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi wurin ladən, daji sha zujaa maaranta kərwe Katsina, be sha (Training college) lan bowotin dən, daji kuru tamowono kəranzə shimada kakkadə nzə shada kər malum,_beya saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari be ladən. Daji adaima Cida badiwono nabtə Malum maaranta_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin findi laari_be ladən kərwe Borno (middle school) be ladən kuru daji saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə yaskən ladən, shiye wolgono nabtə kəla maləmma_be wutəma_bero ( shiye wolgono nabtə kura maləmma_bero) Daji daredən, fuwutə ciwondo nabtə kura malumma doni kəla maləmma wutəma bero. Daji shiro codo nəm Shettima Borno_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiyaskə wuri ladən. Kuru laktu ganalaaro, sha Shettima Kashim nowotə. Shiye nəm siyasa ro kəlgatəə saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu tilon ladn._52 laktu sha samnoma yala lardə be ro karzanadən. Sha karəgada yaladən nabtə fuwuma warmatəma_bero. Ngawo adəyen, daji sha kargada minister social service bero kuru daredən, ilmu_bero. Saa dəwun yar ləgarrin fiwu araskən ladən, shiro shehu_be caino kərmai Waziri Borno_be. Shi Waziri Ibrahim də walzəna Gomna_nasha Yala_bero saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən, rozəna kərmai da Har daji Soshi_be kərmai da cimowo kawu mewun araskən kəntawu muharram_be saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə araskən be ladən Major General Johnson Aguiyi-Irosi də, shima kura lardə be ro walgono. Daji sha CBE ro cado saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə ladən. Kuru shiro nəm kura kərashim_be cado saa dəwun yar ləgarrin firaskə indin ladən. [[Category:Wp/kr]] 0fqi0wiej9vz5bgc9bhpeuvojsux9qw 0 3339993 5502764 5502071 2022-07-22T07:30:48Z Caro de Segeda 2556016 wikitext text/x-wiki Ko te '''hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna''' e e tapiki ki te hisitolia o Oseania. Ne'e 'uluaki tau mai ki 'Uvea mo Futuna te kau ositolonesia o te kūtuga Lapita lolotoga te 'uluaki ta'u afe ia mu'a o Kilisito. Ne'e kau 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'u motu o Polinesia āfea o kaku ki te 'u 'uluaki sēkulo ia muli o Kilisito: ko te ha'u'aga aia a te kau polinesia (Havaiki) o nātou vaevae te lea e tahi mo te 'aga'ifenua e tahi. Faka'alu'alu te temi pea kamata fetogi te 'u lea mo te 'u 'aga'ifenua o te atu motu kae hoko pe te felogo'i mo te 'u motu e 'ovi mai (Toga, Ha'amoa, Fisi, Tokelau, Tuvalu...). E liliu 'Uvea ko he motu e fakalogo ki Toga o fetogi ai te aga'Ifenua o tona haha'i. Mole lava pule'i e te kau Toga te motu o Futuna ko ia ae ne'e lelei age te taupau o tanātou aga'ifenua pea mo felogo'i mo Ha'amoa. Ne'e hoki tau mai te 'u pāpalagi ki 'Uvea mo Futuna i te 'u sēkulo 17 mo 18 kae ne'e tahitahiga tanātou omai ki te 'u motu. I te vaelua o te sēkulo 19, ne'e tali leva e te kau 'Uvea mo Futuna te lotu katolika ae ne'e aumai e te 'u pelepitelo falani. Pea kamata fakatahi'i ai leva te 'u motu o 'Uvea pea mo Futuna o ta'ofi ai te fai felogo'i māhani mo te 'u motu e fe'ovi age ki ai. Ne'e fakamo'oni i te ta'u 1887 te tohi tālaga ke malu'i 'Uvea mo Futuna e Falani (ne'e ko he kole tāfito ne'e fai e te 'u pātele falani) kae ne'e mole liliu ko he koloni totonu a Falani. O kaku mai ki te temi aeni, kei tu'uma'u ai pe te pelepelegesi o te felogo'i a te potu faka 'aliki, te lotu mo te pule'aga falani. Lolotoga te lua ta'u fakamālamanei, ne'e nofo'i 'Uvea e te kau sōlia amelika pea lahi te 'u fetogi ki te ma'uli a te haha'i. I te ta'u 1961, ne'e fakamo'oni ai te tohi lao ae ne'e vote'i e te kau 'uvea mo futuna ke liliu tanātou fenua ko he telituale falani. Talu mai te temi aia mo te 'olo a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna o kumi ma'uli i Niu Kaletonia. I te 'aho nei kua tu'a tolu pe tu'a fā age te kaugamālie a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna i Kaletonia i te kaiga e kei le'o fenua. Kua lahi te'u fetogi kua hoko i te fenua, mai te 'avahi a te 'u pilo gaue a te puleaga, te fakatu'u o te'u mala'e vakalele, 'uafu, 'ala ki te faka'aoga'i o te lea fakalani mo te fa'ahiga ma'uli fakapapālagi. == Fekumi fakahisitolia == === Matapuna: te talatuku, te 'u pelepitelo mo te 'u fekumi i te kele === Ko te hisitolia o 'Uvea mo Futuna, telituale falani, ne'e gaue tāfito mai ki ai te kau falani. E tahitahiga te gaue a te kau poto e lea fakapilitania he ne'e gaue tāfito nātou i Toga mo Ha'amoa. Ne'e i ai pe ihi kau poto fakapilitania ne'e gaue mai ki 'otātou motu o hage ko Patrick Vinton Kirch i te 'u ta'u 1970 kae e tahitahiga. Ko te 'uluaki tagata poto ne'e ha'u o fai fekumi ki te ma'uli a te haha'i 'uvea mo futuna ne'e ko te amelika ko Edwin Grand Burrows i te 'u ta'u 1930. Ne'e ina puke te 'u hiva mo fagana o 'Uvea mo Futuna pea ne'e ina fai mo ni'i fakamatala ki te 'aga'ifenua o te 'u motu. Ko 'ihi tagata fai'ako i te potu o te hisitolia ne'e gaue tāfito ki 'Uvea mo Futuna o hage ko Frédéric Angleviel. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[fr:Histoire de Wallis-et-Futuna]] qhyxuvvdu380rfz55sz2rc2z9f7m36f 3 3340071 5502313 2022-07-21T12:34:23Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 12:34, 21 July 2022 (UTC) demlyjxi7z0b446e062x9eqbnov1ijv 0 3340072 5502314 2022-07-21T12:34:46Z 105.235.130.234 ‌‌‌‌ wikitext text/x-wiki <ref><ref>f7Ďu. ''Italic text''</ref></ref>nakeuh [[Category:Wp/khw]] 9agh8l6uxh2q8vpgbw19j6u46b8hf0f 14 3340073 5502316 2022-07-21T12:54:08Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 14 3340074 5502318 2022-07-21T12:54:59Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 14 3340075 5502320 2022-07-21T12:55:55Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 3 3340076 5502321 2022-07-21T12:56:26Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 12:56, 21 July 2022 (UTC) b7b3qgp8s3b0qi8uvf6lp1f7k30o8lq 14 3340077 5502324 2022-07-21T12:57:09Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 3 3340078 5502325 2022-07-21T12:58:31Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 12:58, 21 July 2022 (UTC) k437ms6mgxsy0uybcgzaewr0mfmnh3p 3 3340079 5502326 2022-07-21T13:15:25Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 13:15, 21 July 2022 (UTC) d1ewaqeh4ygime9qo3n7ghwjg0ci5fr 0 3340080 5502327 2022-07-21T13:17:20Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/janya|janya]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/janya|janya]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 0jiub21bkqxhx53i9gkj0lufnmid864 0 3340081 5502328 2022-07-21T13:17:22Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/laban|laban]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/laban|laban]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] dmww4ysnz9zyosat6b0jaggryq5drzl 0 3340082 5502329 2022-07-21T13:17:24Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/fanba|fanba]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/fanba|fanba]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] b49il3jljyphd9cqpbeooaaizvq0s8a 0 3340083 5502330 2022-07-21T13:17:25Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/bana|bana]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/bana|bana]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] p3pjuznr57ef5v70gq80op1rj7r706v 0 3340084 5502331 2022-07-21T13:19:46Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/bana|bana]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/bana|bana]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] p3pjuznr57ef5v70gq80op1rj7r706v 0 3340085 5502332 2022-07-21T13:20:44Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sɔgɔsɔgɔ|sɔgɔsɔgɔ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sɔgɔsɔgɔ|sɔgɔsɔgɔ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] mgiqsaxwia9bgdoe57ifk9txhztplex 0 3340086 5502333 2022-07-21T13:21:13Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/jagɛlɛya|jagɛlɛya]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/jagɛlɛya|jagɛlɛya]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] dhsnh8clf0fl6cvdgg3syio8v2k6303 0 3340087 5502334 2022-07-21T13:21:43Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kiritikɛso|kiritikɛso]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kiritikɛso|kiritikɛso]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] ljdfv2w0tmr232wytslq78rh4izkkhb 0 3340088 5502335 2022-07-21T13:22:06Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/dukɛnɛ|dukɛnɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/dukɛnɛ|dukɛnɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] fl8ocaw1huxh7cr31qkdnv2lo87ks4g 0 3340089 5502336 2022-07-21T13:22:27Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/dukɛnɛ|dukɛnɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/dukɛnɛ|dukɛnɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] fl8ocaw1huxh7cr31qkdnv2lo87ks4g 0 3340090 5502337 2022-07-21T13:22:54Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kanimɛ|kanimɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kanimɛ|kanimɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] es5couzrfb3lklk8dyusqjzv2knl6yf 0 3340091 5502338 2022-07-21T13:23:12Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kalan|kalan]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kalan|kalan]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 8dcsf0n1gosy687yjdqz35qz4gracar 0 3340092 5502339 2022-07-21T13:24:06Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sumaya|sumaya]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sumaya|sumaya]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 5w1w5v8s983kauhnoqldxgrb5dd0gcz 0 3340093 5502340 2022-07-21T13:25:03Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kunfilanintu|kunfilanintu]], [[Wt/bm/kunfilatu|kunfilatu]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kunfilanintu|kunfilanintu]], [[Wt/bm/kunfilatu|kunfilatu]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 11a1jeqa2d5shris616ekyuiukn4ros 0 3340094 5502341 2022-07-21T13:26:11Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/ɲɛnata|ɲɛnata]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/ɲɛnata|ɲɛnata]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 0l8wzpxuc321to59i1gw05zqiqrp9nz 0 3340095 5502342 2022-07-21T13:26:13Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/degun|degun]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/degun|degun]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] skdyi9jkpyeh6uhq9qp2pbrrhwizd7l 0 3340096 5502344 2022-07-21T13:28:40Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/misiden|misiden]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/misiden|misiden]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] hk8alne2kpnpxn4okj2o8jkzxtz4o0w 0 3340097 5502345 2022-07-21T13:28:41Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/den|den]], [[Wt/bm/denmisɛn|denmisɛn]], [[Wt/bm/dennin|dennin]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/den|den]], [[Wt/bm/denmisɛn|denmisɛn]], [[Wt/bm/dennin|dennin]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 999z9ep5puzujh42wmy4o3lnq0bgekk 0 3340098 5502346 2022-07-21T13:28:43Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/denmisɛn|denmisɛn]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/denmisɛn|denmisɛn]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 3rb1s7bo9rfwrbj2k6by1vtochpekwx 0 3340099 5502347 2022-07-21T13:28:44Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sokola|sokola]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sokola|sokola]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 6zz80rgnbek2y4a2b7lb5doam6whoh9 0 3340100 5502348 2022-07-21T13:30:11Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kukisɛ|kukisɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kukisɛ|kukisɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] bbf9bx8vbrv89agopnrwvtbmm9z1yj9 0 3340101 5502349 2022-07-21T13:30:13Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tobi|tobi]], [[Wt/bm/tobilikɛla|tobilikɛla]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tobi|tobi]], [[Wt/bm/tobilikɛla|tobilikɛla]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 4yd6fyqpmrmvh9sm3ehf1rgwu14uy73 0 3340102 5502350 2022-07-21T13:31:25Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tuubi|tuubi]], [[Wt/bm/tuubiden|tuubiden]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tuubi|tuubi]], [[Wt/bm/tuubiden|tuubiden]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 698dkewdrk0xntprjiixvjjok3xjbw2 0 3340103 5502351 2022-07-21T13:32:20Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tɛgɛdiɲɔgɔnma|tɛgɛdiɲɔgɔnma]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tɛgɛdiɲɔgɔnma|tɛgɛdiɲɔgɔnma]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] pz0dp4v5fjp8bpkmahwyw59xxr7sssb 0 3340104 5502353 2022-07-21T13:33:45Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kaban|kaban]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kaban|kaban]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] ihta1vdzxwakhuep4g5fgpul3xp9bo6 0 3340105 5502354 2022-07-21T13:34:55Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kɛnɛ|kɛnɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/kɛnɛ|kɛnɛ]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 65tdl04ng9kn173f0jx0taow2j1ue0l 0 3340106 5502355 2022-07-21T13:35:31Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/buru|buru]], [[Wt/bm/nbuuru|nbuuru]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/buru|buru]], [[Wt/bm/nbuuru|nbuuru]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 2gb4qq170p5wko5dwms1n2x299dohj4 0 3340107 5502357 2022-07-21T13:37:02Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tɛmɛn|tɛmɛn]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/tɛmɛn|tɛmɛn]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] hjveazwvxirtpal8ib5qmpiaz4vr9uz 0 3340108 5502359 2022-07-21T13:37:24Z Weather Top Wizard 2546608 Created page with "== {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sira|sira]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == {{Wt/bm/-en-}} == * [[Wt/bm/sira|sira]] [[Category:Wt/bm/angilɛkan]] [[Category:Wt/bm]] 95tunckagf5mlg7np6zari8xvf02jmd 3 3340109 5502368 2022-07-21T13:55:29Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 13:55, 21 July 2022 (UTC) 9ccgito5cejnxl4thvtevd1d4ze5csl 14 3340110 5502374 2022-07-21T14:04:51Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 14 3340111 5502379 2022-07-21T14:05:53Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 0 3340112 5502383 2022-07-21T14:06:54Z 217.66.157.75 Created page with "[[File:City center of Noyabrsk.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of Noyabrsk (Yamal Nenetsia).svga).svg|thumb|]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Noyabrsk (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] '''Нюдя Пэвдей марˮ''' ([[Wp/yrk/Луца вада|луц.]] Ноя́брьск, [[Wp/yrk/Неша״ вада|неша״]]: Нюча пэ”дя”й марˮ) [[ru:Ноябрьск]] [[Category:Wp/yrk|Н]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:City center of Noyabrsk.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of Noyabrsk (Yamal Nenetsia).svga).svg|thumb|]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Noyabrsk (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] '''Нюдя Пэвдей марˮ''' ([[Wp/yrk/Луца вада|луц.]] Ноя́брьск, [[Wp/yrk/Неша״ вада|неша״]]: Нюча пэ”дя”й марˮ) [[ru:Ноябрьск]] [[Category:Wp/yrk|Н]] ao6jcaic88th0drb3b3vh0qbsn5dm4r 5502389 5502383 2022-07-21T14:07:55Z 217.66.157.75 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:City center of Noyabrsk.jpg|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of Noyabrsk (Yamal Nenetsia).svg|thumb|]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Noyabrsk (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] '''Нюдя Пэвдей марˮ''' ([[Wp/yrk/Луца вада|луц.]] Ноя́брьск, [[Wp/yrk/Неша״ вада|неша״]]: Нюча пэ”дя”й марˮ) [[ru:Ноябрьск]] [[Category:Wp/yrk|Н]] shvet07532mhsb1lwwnf3kek5f1zoaz 14 3340113 5502385 2022-07-21T14:07:01Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 14 3340114 5502390 2022-07-21T14:07:59Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 0 3340115 5502392 2022-07-21T14:12:42Z 217.66.157.75 Created page with "[[File:Collage Novy Urengoy.png|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of Novy Urengoy (Yamal Nenetsia).svg|thumb|]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Novy Urengoy (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] '''Едэй Уренгой''' ([[Wp/yrk/Луца вада|луц.]]: Но́вый Уренго́й) [[ru: Новый Уренгой]] [[Category:Wp/yrk|Е]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Collage Novy Urengoy.png|thumb|]] [[File:Flag of Novy Urengoy (Yamal Nenetsia).svg|thumb|]] [[File:Coat of Arms of Novy Urengoy (Yamal Nenetsia).png|thumb|]] '''Едэй Уренгой''' ([[Wp/yrk/Луца вада|луц.]]: Но́вый Уренго́й) [[ru: Новый Уренгой]] [[Category:Wp/yrk|Е]] 6c8h3jqhqzfw7ir2655rgkadft2kvr7 3 3340116 5502395 2022-07-21T14:23:14Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 14:23, 21 July 2022 (UTC) n7vf9qezd83dee8rg8if0qgbfevzhfh 0 3340117 5502406 2022-07-21T15:07:47Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 Slogan wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 794d3gg4k78w5kwh5a7cesi2fze1dr1 5502407 5502406 2022-07-21T15:11:40Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* শ্লোগানসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] hm3s15ou0fvw73lzu1rb2doeuzcsl65 5502408 5502407 2022-07-21T15:15:29Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* শ্লোগানসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] fw7ndo3zwqyhk2r764yhnv2e3p194s1 5502409 5502408 2022-07-21T15:16:51Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* শ্লোগানসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 64vkncxe0mx2af969b4cw82oog2jvzc 5502411 5502409 2022-07-21T15:24:05Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* অন্যান্য */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] gxvyxdpr9uofm0awjnj3xhbhyo95y5f 5502413 5502411 2022-07-21T15:29:47Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* অন্যান্য */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] fn7fvjy8cgt4fps278an2u7hwh9x4yj 5502416 5502413 2022-07-21T15:38:36Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষচন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষচন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 0n0hfkfwkeb7uarvixhqyrmrzp8mvnp 5502417 5502416 2022-07-21T15:38:48Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] gxofz4bmr7ak1czamijzkfxhsz07tna 5502418 5502417 2022-07-21T15:39:41Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] nuht2s2nrl6uj18ltw8eo2j5a96wops 5502419 5502418 2022-07-21T15:40:38Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] m53q1c6iev1tzzfp4o9jqjvr2uw6r2m 5502420 5502419 2022-07-21T15:40:52Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] s2yppk0782kj73p7b38iaqxxt3649qs 5502421 5502420 2022-07-21T15:41:56Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] ecn5rikp95smt6m3gy805p22x41zxq6 5502422 5502421 2022-07-21T15:44:57Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* অন্যান্য */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 6q8vbej04xkopkxjksbvoj8rkygtt94 5502423 5502422 2022-07-21T15:48:24Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ৰাজনৈতিক */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] fc6huaal05gyrdp90809y22guzwipor 5502424 5502423 2022-07-21T15:49:55Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ৰাজনৈতিক */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 0pvxilo8fyv8zhe96mklgmqfgsfz37h 5502425 5502424 2022-07-21T15:51:06Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ৰাজনৈতিক */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] ** ময়ো চকীদাৰ। ** ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী ** চকীদাৰজন চোৰ। ** ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] ijz7ij185jyouo5pv7s46iuzovnl2jb 5502426 5502425 2022-07-21T15:51:22Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ৰাজনৈতিক */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * ময়ো চকীদাৰ। ** ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী * চকীদাৰজন চোৰ। ** ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] pr3kwjgvtkbvsghvbbe055pke6z76de 5502436 5502426 2022-07-21T16:25:33Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ৰাজনৈতিক */ (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * ময়ো চকীদাৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/narendra-modi-urges-supporters-to-take-main-bhi-chowkidar-pledge/cid/1686940# | title=Narendra Modi urges supporters to take 'main bhi chowkidar' pledge | publisher=The Telegraph | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী * চকীদাৰজন চোৰ। ** ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 9i2j4q3c8lbu7ea1qq7mx7qofpex757 5502439 5502436 2022-07-21T16:28:47Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ৰাজনৈতিক */ (edited with [[User:ProveIt_GT|ProveIt]]) wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * ময়ো চকীদাৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/narendra-modi-urges-supporters-to-take-main-bhi-chowkidar-pledge/cid/1686940# | title=Narendra Modi urges supporters to take 'main bhi chowkidar' pledge | publisher=The Telegraph | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী * চকীদাৰজন চোৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/slogan-acche-din-aayenge-has-changed-to-chowkidar-chor-hai-rahul-gandhi-5629831/ | title=Slogan ‘Acche din aayenge’ has changed to ‘Chowkidar chor hai’: Rahul Gandhi | publisher=The Indian Express | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022 | author=Kavita Upadhyay}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] glntm287zzgv22yvk1gvr8u24n9dx8v 5502442 5502439 2022-07-21T16:37:06Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* অন্যান্য */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * ময়ো চকীদাৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/narendra-modi-urges-supporters-to-take-main-bhi-chowkidar-pledge/cid/1686940# | title=Narendra Modi urges supporters to take 'main bhi chowkidar' pledge | publisher=The Telegraph | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী * চকীদাৰজন চোৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/slogan-acche-din-aayenge-has-changed-to-chowkidar-chor-hai-rahul-gandhi-5629831/ | title=Slogan ‘Acche din aayenge’ has changed to ‘Chowkidar chor hai’: Rahul Gandhi | publisher=The Indian Express | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022 | author=Kavita Upadhyay}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ * বেদলৈ উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/দয়ানন্দ সৰস্বতী|দয়ানন্দ সৰস্বতী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 87fiadilenyv6pnw9qwget5670dpzdg 5502444 5502442 2022-07-21T16:39:05Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন */ wikitext text/x-wiki ==শ্লোগানসমূহ== ===ভাৰতৰ স্বাধীনতা আন্দোলন=== * কৰা নহ'লে মৰা। ** [[Wq/as/মহাত্মা গান্ধী|মহাত্মা গান্ধী]] * বন্দে মাতৰম। ** [[Wq/as/বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়|বঙ্কিমচন্দ্ৰ চট্টোপাধ্যায়]] * স্বৰাজ মোৰ জন্মগত অধিকাৰ, আৰু ইয়াক ম‌ই লৈহে এৰিম! ** [[Wq/as/বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক|বাল গঙ্গাধৰ তিলক]] * তুমি মোক তেজ দিয়া, ম‌ই তোমাক স্বাধীনতা দিম। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] * ইনক্লাব জিন্দাবাদ। ** হছৰত মোহানী। * ছাইমন, উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/লালা লাজপত ৰায়|লালা লাজপত ৰায়]] * সত্যমেৱ জয়তে। ** [[Wq/as/মদন মোহন মালৱীয়|মদন মোহন মালৱীয়]] * স্বৰাজ প্ৰাপ্তিয়েই কংগ্ৰেছৰ লক্ষ্য। ** [[Wq/as/দাদাভাই নৌৰজী|দাদাভাই নৌৰজী]] ===ৰাজনৈতিক=== * ভাল দিন আহি আছে। <!--অচ্ছে দিন আনে ৱালে হ্যে।--> ** [[Wq/as/নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী|নৰেন্দ্ৰ মোদী]] * খেলা হ'ব। <!--খেলা হবে।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * মা মাটি মানুহ। <!--মা মাটি মানুষ।--> ** [[Wq/as/মমতা বেনাৰ্জী|মমতা বেনাৰ্জী]] * ময়ো চকীদাৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/narendra-modi-urges-supporters-to-take-main-bhi-chowkidar-pledge/cid/1686940# | title=Narendra Modi urges supporters to take 'main bhi chowkidar' pledge | publisher=The Telegraph | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জনতা পাৰ্টী * চকীদাৰজন চোৰ।<ref>{{Wq/as/Cite web | url=https://indianexpress.com/elections/slogan-acche-din-aayenge-has-changed-to-chowkidar-chor-hai-rahul-gandhi-5629831/ | title=Slogan ‘Acche din aayenge’ has changed to ‘Chowkidar chor hai’: Rahul Gandhi | publisher=The Indian Express | date=16 March 2019 | accessdate=21 July 2022 | author=Kavita Upadhyay}}</ref> ** ভাৰতীয় জাতীয় কংগ্ৰেছ ===অন্যান্য=== * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান। ** [[Wq/as/লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী|লাল বাহাদুৰ শাস্ত্ৰী]] * জয় জোৱান, জয় কিশান, জয় বিজ্ঞান। ** [[Wq/as/অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী|অটল বিহাৰী বাজপেয়ী]] * হিন্দী, হিন্দু, হিন্দুস্তান। ** ভাৰতেন্দু হৰিশচন্দ্ৰ * বেদলৈ উভতি যোৱা। ** [[Wq/as/দয়ানন্দ সৰস্বতী|দয়ানন্দ সৰস্বতী]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] 1iwj3ich0s5d1q3rer0qu1ss5q21dkb 3 3340118 5502412 2022-07-21T15:29:00Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 15:29, 21 July 2022 (UTC) odhemta81u5vj5o3kx55x0win9uejw5 3 3340119 5502427 2022-07-21T16:00:20Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 16:00, 21 July 2022 (UTC) jwedc3q0cmkmvtud8es42v9q4t1fklu 10 3340120 5502435 2022-07-21T16:25:01Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/85438181]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{#if:{{{frame|}}}|<templatestyles src="Pathnavbox/styles.css" />}}<div {{#if: {{{frame|}}}|class="pathnavbox"}}>{{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{1}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}}{{#if: {{{2|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{2}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{3|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{3}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{4|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{4}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{5|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{5}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{6|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{6}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{7|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{7}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{8|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{8}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{9|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{9}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{10|}}}|&nbsp;&gt; {{Wp/ryu/Pathnav/link|{{{10}}}|{{{namespace|{{NAMESPACE}}}}}}} }}{{#if: {{{hide|}}}| |&nbsp;&gt; '''{{{this|{{PAGENAME}}}}}''' }}</div><noinclude> {{Wp/ryu/Documentation}} </noinclude> 64047mljoiwmlshn23rl1zds9fvangq 10 3340121 5502438 2022-07-21T16:26:51Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/82899858]] wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#ifeq:{{{1}}}|… |… |{{#ifexist: {{{2}}}:{{{1}}} |[[:{{#if:{{{2}}}|{{{2}}}:}}{{{1}}}|{{{1}}}]]|{{{1}}} }} }}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Wp/ryu/Pp-template}} [[Category:Wp/ryu/内部テンプレート|{{PAGENAME}}]] </noinclude> 9grg97g3ry5boow4zn9c8xs3kb9765c 10 3340123 5502441 2022-07-21T16:34:33Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/82853204]] wikitext text/x-wiki <includeonly>{{#invoke:Wp/ryu/Protection banner|main}}</includeonly><noinclude> {{Wp/ryu/Documentation}} </noinclude> ctqywdx2rehdyqjszk73zn0kobndmwh 828 3340124 5502443 2022-07-21T16:37:24Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/85869003]] Scribunto text/plain -- This module implements {{pp-meta}} and its daughter templates such as -- {{pp-dispute}}, {{pp-vandalism}} and {{pp-sock}}. -- Initialise necessary modules. require('Module:Wp/ryu/No globals') local makeFileLink = require('Module:Wp/ryu/File link')._main local effectiveProtectionLevel = require('Module:Wp/ryu/Effective protection level')._main local effectiveProtectionExpiry = require('Module:Wp/ryu/Effective protection expiry')._main local yesno = require('Module:Wp/ryu/Yesno') -- Lazily initialise modules and objects we don't always need. local getArgs, makeMessageBox, lang -- Set constants. local CONFIG_MODULE = 'Module:Wp/ryu/Protection banner/config' -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Helper functions -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local function makeCategoryLink(cat, sort) if cat then return string.format( '[[%s:%s|%s]]', mw.site.namespaces[14].name, cat, sort ) end end -- Validation function for the expiry and the protection date local function validateDate(dateString, dateType) if not lang then lang = mw.language.getContentLanguage() end local success, result = pcall(lang.formatDate, lang, 'U', dateString) if success then result = tonumber(result) if result then return result end end error(string.format( 'invalid %s: %s', dateType, tostring(dateString) ), 4) end local function makeFullUrl(page, query, display) return string.format( '[%s %s]', tostring(mw.uri.fullUrl(page, query)), display ) end -- Given a directed graph formatted as node -> table of direct successors, -- get a table of all nodes reachable from a given node (though always -- including the given node). local function getReachableNodes(graph, start) local toWalk, retval = {[start] = true}, {} while true do -- Can't use pairs() since we're adding and removing things as we're iterating local k = next(toWalk) -- This always gets the "first" key if k == nil then return retval end toWalk[k] = nil retval[k] = true for _,v in ipairs(graph[k]) do if not retval[v] then toWalk[v] = true end end end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Protection = {} Protection.__index = Protection Protection.supportedActions = { edit = true, move = true, autoreview = true, upload = true } Protection.bannerConfigFields = { 'text', 'explanation', 'tooltip', 'alt', 'link', 'image' } function Protection.new(args, cfg, title) local obj = {} obj._cfg = cfg obj.title = title or mw.title.getCurrentTitle() -- Set action if not args.action then obj.action = 'edit' elseif Protection.supportedActions[args.action] then obj.action = args.action else error(string.format( 'invalid action: %s', tostring(args.action) ), 3) end -- Set level obj.level = args.demolevel or effectiveProtectionLevel(obj.action, obj.title) if not obj.level or (obj.action == 'move' and obj.level == 'autoconfirmed') then -- Users need to be autoconfirmed to move pages anyway, so treat -- semi-move-protected pages as unprotected. obj.level = '*' end -- Set expiry local effectiveExpiry = effectiveProtectionExpiry(obj.action, obj.title) if effectiveExpiry == 'infinity' then obj.expiry = 'indef' elseif effectiveExpiry ~= 'unknown' then obj.expiry = validateDate(effectiveExpiry, 'expiry date') end -- Set reason if args[1] then obj.reason = mw.ustring.lower(args[1]) if obj.reason:find('|') then error('reasons cannot contain the pipe character ("|")', 3) end end -- Set protection date if args.date then obj.protectionDate = validateDate(args.date, 'protection date') end -- Set banner config do obj.bannerConfig = {} local configTables = {} if cfg.banners[obj.action] then configTables[#configTables + 1] = cfg.banners[obj.action][obj.reason] end if cfg.defaultBanners[obj.action] then configTables[#configTables + 1] = cfg.defaultBanners[obj.action][obj.level] configTables[#configTables + 1] = cfg.defaultBanners[obj.action].default end configTables[#configTables + 1] = cfg.masterBanner for i, field in ipairs(Protection.bannerConfigFields) do for j, t in ipairs(configTables) do if t[field] then obj.bannerConfig[field] = t[field] break end end end end return setmetatable(obj, Protection) end function Protection:isProtected() return self.level ~= '*' end function Protection:isTemporary() return type(self.expiry) == 'number' end function Protection:makeProtectionCategory() local cfg = self._cfg local title = self.title -- Exit if the page is not protected. if not self:isProtected() then return '' end -- Get the expiry key fragment. local expiryFragment if self.expiry == 'indef' then expiryFragment = self.expiry elseif type(self.expiry) == 'number' then expiryFragment = 'temp' end -- Get the namespace key fragment. local namespaceFragment = cfg.categoryNamespaceKeys[title.namespace] if not namespaceFragment and title.namespace % 2 == 1 then namespaceFragment = 'talk' end -- Define the order that key fragments are tested in. This is done with an -- array of tables containing the value to be tested, along with its -- position in the cfg.protectionCategories table. local order = { {val = expiryFragment, keypos = 1}, {val = namespaceFragment, keypos = 2}, {val = self.reason, keypos = 3}, {val = self.level, keypos = 4}, {val = self.action, keypos = 5} } --[[ -- The old protection templates used an ad-hoc protection category system, -- with some templates prioritising namespaces in their categories, and -- others prioritising the protection reason. To emulate this in this module -- we use the config table cfg.reasonsWithNamespacePriority to set the -- reasons for which namespaces have priority over protection reason. -- If we are dealing with one of those reasons, move the namespace table to -- the end of the order table, i.e. give it highest priority. If not, the -- reason should have highest priority, so move that to the end of the table -- instead. --]] table.insert(order, table.remove(order, self.reason and cfg.reasonsWithNamespacePriority[self.reason] and 2 or 3)) --[[ -- Define the attempt order. Inactive subtables (subtables with nil "value" -- fields) are moved to the end, where they will later be given the key -- "all". This is to cut down on the number of table lookups in -- cfg.protectionCategories, which grows exponentially with the number of -- non-nil keys. We keep track of the number of active subtables with the -- noActive parameter. --]] local noActive, attemptOrder do local active, inactive = {}, {} for i, t in ipairs(order) do if t.val then active[#active + 1] = t else inactive[#inactive + 1] = t end end noActive = #active attemptOrder = active for i, t in ipairs(inactive) do attemptOrder[#attemptOrder + 1] = t end end --[[ -- Check increasingly generic key combinations until we find a match. If a -- specific category exists for the combination of key fragments we are -- given, that match will be found first. If not, we keep trying different -- key fragment combinations until we match using the key -- "all-all-all-all-all". -- -- To generate the keys, we index the key subtables using a binary matrix -- with indexes i and j. j is only calculated up to the number of active -- subtables. For example, if there were three active subtables, the matrix -- would look like this, with 0 corresponding to the key fragment "all", and -- 1 corresponding to other key fragments. -- -- j 1 2 3 -- i -- 1 1 1 1 -- 2 0 1 1 -- 3 1 0 1 -- 4 0 0 1 -- 5 1 1 0 -- 6 0 1 0 -- 7 1 0 0 -- 8 0 0 0 -- -- Values of j higher than the number of active subtables are set -- to the string "all". -- -- A key for cfg.protectionCategories is constructed for each value of i. -- The position of the value in the key is determined by the keypos field in -- each subtable. --]] local cats = cfg.protectionCategories for i = 1, 2^noActive do local key = {} for j, t in ipairs(attemptOrder) do if j > noActive then key[t.keypos] = 'all' else local quotient = i / 2 ^ (j - 1) quotient = math.ceil(quotient) if quotient % 2 == 1 then key[t.keypos] = t.val else key[t.keypos] = 'all' end end end key = table.concat(key, '|') local attempt = cats[key] if attempt then return makeCategoryLink(attempt, title.text) end end return '' end function Protection:isIncorrect() local expiry = self.expiry return not self:isProtected() or type(expiry) == 'number' and expiry < os.time() end -- 日本語版独自 function Protection:isMismatched() return self.reason == 'dispute' and self.level ~= 'sysop' end function Protection:isTemplateProtectedNonTemplate() local action, namespace = self.action, self.title.namespace return self.level == 'templateeditor' and ( (action ~= 'edit' and action ~= 'move') or (namespace ~= 10 and namespace ~= 828) ) end function Protection:makeCategoryLinks() local msg = self._cfg.msg local ret = { self:makeProtectionCategory() } if self:isIncorrect() then ret[#ret + 1] = makeCategoryLink( msg['tracking-category-incorrect'], self.title.text ) elseif self:isMismatched() then ret[#ret + 1] = makeCategoryLink( msg['tracking-category-mismatch'], self.title.text ) end if self:isTemplateProtectedNonTemplate() then ret[#ret + 1] = makeCategoryLink( msg['tracking-category-template'], self.title.text ) end return table.concat(ret) end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Blurb class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Blurb = {} Blurb.__index = Blurb Blurb.bannerTextFields = { text = true, explanation = true, tooltip = true, alt = true, link = true } function Blurb.new(protectionObj, args, cfg) return setmetatable({ _cfg = cfg, _protectionObj = protectionObj, _args = args }, Blurb) end -- Private methods -- function Blurb:_formatDate(num) -- Formats a Unix timestamp into dd Month, YYYY format. lang = lang or mw.language.getContentLanguage() local success, date = pcall( lang.formatDate, lang, self._cfg.msg['expiry-date-format'] or 'j F Y', '@' .. tostring(num) ) if success then return date end end function Blurb:_getExpandedMessage(msgKey) return self:_substituteParameters(self._cfg.msg[msgKey]) end function Blurb:_substituteParameters(msg) if not self._params then local parameterFuncs = {} parameterFuncs.CURRENTVERSION = self._makeCurrentVersionParameter parameterFuncs.EDITREQUEST = self._makeEditRequestParameter parameterFuncs.EXPIRY = self._makeExpiryParameter parameterFuncs.EXPLANATIONBLURB = self._makeExplanationBlurbParameter parameterFuncs.IMAGELINK = self._makeImageLinkParameter parameterFuncs.INTROBLURB = self._makeIntroBlurbParameter parameterFuncs.INTROFRAGMENT = self._makeIntroFragmentParameter parameterFuncs.PAGETYPE = self._makePagetypeParameter parameterFuncs.PROTECTIONBLURB = self._makeProtectionBlurbParameter parameterFuncs.PROTECTIONDATE = self._makeProtectionDateParameter parameterFuncs.PROTECTIONLEVEL = self._makeProtectionLevelParameter parameterFuncs.PROTECTIONLOG = self._makeProtectionLogParameter parameterFuncs.TALKPAGE = self._makeTalkPageParameter parameterFuncs.TOOLTIPBLURB = self._makeTooltipBlurbParameter parameterFuncs.TOOLTIPFRAGMENT = self._makeTooltipFragmentParameter parameterFuncs.VANDAL = self._makeVandalTemplateParameter self._params = setmetatable({}, { __index = function (t, k) local param if parameterFuncs[k] then param = parameterFuncs[k](self) end param = param or '' t[k] = param return param end }) end msg = msg:gsub('${(%u+)}', self._params) return msg end function Blurb:_makeCurrentVersionParameter() -- A link to the page history or the move log, depending on the kind of -- protection. local pagename = self._protectionObj.title.prefixedText if self._protectionObj.action == 'move' then -- We need the move log link. return makeFullUrl( 'Special:Log', {type = 'move', page = pagename}, self:_getExpandedMessage('current-version-move-display') ) else -- We need the history link. return makeFullUrl( pagename, {action = 'history'}, self:_getExpandedMessage('current-version-edit-display') ) end end function Blurb:_makeEditRequestParameter() local mEditRequest = require('Module:Submit an edit request') local action = self._protectionObj.action local level = self._protectionObj.level -- Get the edit request type. local requestType if action == 'edit' then if level == 'autoconfirmed' then requestType = 'semi' elseif level == 'extendedconfirmed' then requestType = 'extended' elseif level == 'templateeditor' then requestType = 'template' end end requestType = requestType or 'full' -- Get the display value. local display = self:_getExpandedMessage('edit-request-display') return mEditRequest._link{type = requestType, display = display} end function Blurb:_makeExpiryParameter() local expiry = self._protectionObj.expiry if type(expiry) == 'number' then return self:_formatDate(expiry) else return expiry end end function Blurb:_makeExplanationBlurbParameter() -- Cover special cases first. if self._protectionObj.title.namespace == 8 then -- MediaWiki namespace return self:_getExpandedMessage('explanation-blurb-nounprotect') end -- Get explanation blurb table keys local action = self._protectionObj.action local level = self._protectionObj.level local talkKey = self._protectionObj.title.isTalkPage and 'talk' or 'subject' -- Find the message in the explanation blurb table and substitute any -- parameters. local explanations = self._cfg.explanationBlurbs local msg if explanations[action][level] and explanations[action][level][talkKey] then msg = explanations[action][level][talkKey] elseif explanations[action][level] and explanations[action][level].default then msg = explanations[action][level].default elseif explanations[action].default and explanations[action].default[talkKey] then msg = explanations[action].default[talkKey] elseif explanations[action].default and explanations[action].default.default then msg = explanations[action].default.default else error(string.format( 'could not find explanation blurb for action "%s", level "%s" and talk key "%s"', action, level, talkKey ), 8) end return self:_substituteParameters(msg) end function Blurb:_makeImageLinkParameter() local imageLinks = self._cfg.imageLinks local action = self._protectionObj.action local level = self._protectionObj.level local msg if imageLinks[action][level] then msg = imageLinks[action][level] elseif imageLinks[action].default then msg = imageLinks[action].default else msg = imageLinks.edit.default end return self:_substituteParameters(msg) end function Blurb:_makeIntroBlurbParameter() if self._protectionObj:isTemporary() then return self:_getExpandedMessage('intro-blurb-expiry') else return self:_getExpandedMessage('intro-blurb-noexpiry') end end function Blurb:_makeIntroFragmentParameter() if self._protectionObj:isTemporary() then return self:_getExpandedMessage('intro-fragment-expiry') else return self:_getExpandedMessage('intro-fragment-noexpiry') end end function Blurb:_makePagetypeParameter() local pagetypes = self._cfg.pagetypes return pagetypes[self._protectionObj.title.namespace] or pagetypes.default or error('no default pagetype defined', 8) end function Blurb:_makeProtectionBlurbParameter() local protectionBlurbs = self._cfg.protectionBlurbs local action = self._protectionObj.action local level = self._protectionObj.level local msg if protectionBlurbs[action][level] then msg = protectionBlurbs[action][level] elseif protectionBlurbs[action].default then msg = protectionBlurbs[action].default elseif protectionBlurbs.edit.default then msg = protectionBlurbs.edit.default else error('no protection blurb defined for protectionBlurbs.edit.default', 8) end return self:_substituteParameters(msg) end function Blurb:_makeProtectionDateParameter() local protectionDate = self._protectionObj.protectionDate if type(protectionDate) == 'number' then return self:_formatDate(protectionDate) else return protectionDate end end function Blurb:_makeProtectionLevelParameter() local protectionLevels = self._cfg.protectionLevels local action = self._protectionObj.action local level = self._protectionObj.level local msg if protectionLevels[action][level] then msg = protectionLevels[action][level] elseif protectionLevels[action].default then msg = protectionLevels[action].default elseif protectionLevels.edit.default then msg = protectionLevels.edit.default else error('no protection level defined for protectionLevels.edit.default', 8) end return self:_substituteParameters(msg) end function Blurb:_makeProtectionLogParameter() local pagename = self._protectionObj.title.prefixedText if self._protectionObj.action == 'autoreview' then -- We need the pending changes log. return makeFullUrl( 'Special:Log', {type = 'stable', page = pagename}, self:_getExpandedMessage('pc-log-display') ) else -- We need the protection log. return makeFullUrl( 'Special:Log', {type = 'protect', page = pagename}, self:_getExpandedMessage('protection-log-display') ) end end function Blurb:_makeTalkPageParameter() return string.format( '[[%s:%s#%s|%s]]', mw.site.namespaces[self._protectionObj.title.namespace].talk.name, self._protectionObj.title.text, self._args.section or 'top', self:_getExpandedMessage('talk-page-link-display') ) end function Blurb:_makeTooltipBlurbParameter() if self._protectionObj:isTemporary() then return self:_getExpandedMessage('tooltip-blurb-expiry') else return self:_getExpandedMessage('tooltip-blurb-noexpiry') end end function Blurb:_makeTooltipFragmentParameter() if self._protectionObj:isTemporary() then return self:_getExpandedMessage('tooltip-fragment-expiry') else return self:_getExpandedMessage('tooltip-fragment-noexpiry') end end function Blurb:_makeVandalTemplateParameter() return require('Module:Vandal-m')._main{ self._args.user or self._protectionObj.title.baseText } end -- Public methods -- function Blurb:makeBannerText(key) -- Validate input. if not key or not Blurb.bannerTextFields[key] then error(string.format( '"%s" is not a valid banner config field', tostring(key) ), 2) end -- Generate the text. local msg = self._protectionObj.bannerConfig[key] if type(msg) == 'string' then return self:_substituteParameters(msg) elseif type(msg) == 'function' then msg = msg(self._protectionObj, self._args) if type(msg) ~= 'string' then error(string.format( 'bad output from banner config function with key "%s"' .. ' (expected string, got %s)', tostring(key), type(msg) ), 4) end return self:_substituteParameters(msg) end end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- BannerTemplate class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local BannerTemplate = {} BannerTemplate.__index = BannerTemplate function BannerTemplate.new(protectionObj, cfg) local obj = {} obj._cfg = cfg -- Set the image filename. local imageFilename = protectionObj.bannerConfig.image if imageFilename then -- 日本語版独自の条件分岐 if type(imageFilename) == 'string' then obj._imageFilename = imageFilename elseif type(imageFilename) == 'function' then obj._imageFilename = imageFilename(protectionObj) end else -- If an image filename isn't specified explicitly in the banner config, -- generate it from the protection status and the namespace. local action = protectionObj.action local level = protectionObj.level local namespace = protectionObj.title.namespace local reason = protectionObj.reason -- Deal with special cases first. if ( namespace == 10 or namespace == 828 or reason and obj._cfg.indefImageReasons[reason] ) and action == 'edit' and level == 'sysop' and not protectionObj:isTemporary() then -- Fully protected modules and templates get the special red "indef" -- padlock. obj._imageFilename = obj._cfg.msg['image-filename-indef'] else -- Deal with regular protection types. local images = obj._cfg.images if images[action] then if images[action][level] then obj._imageFilename = images[action][level] elseif images[action].default then obj._imageFilename = images[action].default end end end end return setmetatable(obj, BannerTemplate) end function BannerTemplate:renderImage() local filename = self._imageFilename or self._cfg.msg['image-filename-default'] or 'Transparent.gif' return makeFileLink{ file = filename, size = (self.imageSize or 'x20') .. 'px', -- 日本語版独自の変更 alt = self._imageAlt, link = self._imageLink, caption = self.imageCaption } end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Banner class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Banner = setmetatable({}, BannerTemplate) Banner.__index = Banner function Banner.new(protectionObj, blurbObj, cfg) local obj = BannerTemplate.new(protectionObj, cfg) -- This doesn't need the blurb. obj.imageSize = 40 -- 日本語版独自の変更: フィールド名 obj.imageCaption = blurbObj:makeBannerText('alt') -- Large banners use the alt text for the tooltip. obj._reasonText = blurbObj:makeBannerText('text') obj._explanationText = blurbObj:makeBannerText('explanation') obj._page = protectionObj.title.prefixedText -- Only makes a difference in testing. return setmetatable(obj, Banner) end function Banner:__tostring() -- Renders the banner. makeMessageBox = makeMessageBox or require('Module:Message box').main local reasonText = self._reasonText or error('no reason text set', 2) local explanationText = self._explanationText local mbargs = { page = self._page, type = 'protection', image = self:renderImage(), text = string.format( "'''%s'''%s", reasonText, explanationText and '<br />' .. explanationText or '' ) } return makeMessageBox('mbox', mbargs) end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Padlock class -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local Padlock = setmetatable({}, BannerTemplate) Padlock.__index = Padlock function Padlock.new(protectionObj, blurbObj, cfg) local obj = BannerTemplate.new(protectionObj, cfg) -- This doesn't need the blurb. obj.imageSize = 'x20' -- 日本語版独自の変更: フィールド名、高さのみ指定 obj.imageCaption = blurbObj:makeBannerText('tooltip') obj._imageAlt = blurbObj:makeBannerText('alt') obj._imageLink = blurbObj:makeBannerText('link') obj._indicatorName = cfg.padlockIndicatorNames[protectionObj.action] or cfg.padlockIndicatorNames.default or 'pp-default' return setmetatable(obj, Padlock) end function Padlock:__tostring() local frame = mw.getCurrentFrame() -- The nowiki tag helps prevent whitespace at the top of articles. return frame:extensionTag{name = 'nowiki'} .. frame:extensionTag{ name = 'indicator', args = {name = self._indicatorName}, content = self:renderImage() } end -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Exports -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- local p = {} function p._exportClasses() -- This is used for testing purposes. return { Protection = Protection, Blurb = Blurb, BannerTemplate = BannerTemplate, Banner = Banner, Padlock = Padlock, } end function p._main(args, cfg, title) args = args or {} cfg = cfg or require(CONFIG_MODULE) local protectionObj = Protection.new(args, cfg, title) local ret = {} -- If a page's edit protection is equally or more restrictive than its -- protection from some other action, then don't bother displaying anything -- for the other action (except categories). if protectionObj.action == 'edit' or args.demolevel or not getReachableNodes( cfg.hierarchy, protectionObj.level )[effectiveProtectionLevel('edit', protectionObj.title)] then -- Initialise the blurb object local blurbObj = Blurb.new(protectionObj, args, cfg) -- Render the banner if protectionObj:isProtected() then ret[#ret + 1] = tostring( (yesno(args.small) and Padlock or Banner) .new(protectionObj, blurbObj, cfg) ) end end -- Render the categories if yesno(args.category) ~= false then ret[#ret + 1] = protectionObj:makeCategoryLinks() end return table.concat(ret) end function p.main(frame, cfg) cfg = cfg or require(CONFIG_MODULE) -- Find default args, if any. local parent = frame.getParent and frame:getParent() local defaultArgs = parent and cfg.wrappers[parent:getTitle():gsub('/sandbox$', '')] -- Find user args, and use the parent frame if we are being called from a -- wrapper template. getArgs = getArgs or require('Module:Arguments').getArgs local userArgs = getArgs(frame, { parentOnly = defaultArgs, frameOnly = not defaultArgs }) -- Build the args table. User-specified args overwrite default args. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(defaultArgs or {}) do args[k] = v end for k, v in pairs(userArgs) do args[k] = v end return p._main(args, cfg) end return p mkzjlijvo2xyh0mqw7c72v1x7pkh764 828 3340125 5502445 2022-07-21T16:40:26Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/85284634]] Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides a library for formatting file wikilinks. local yesno = require('Module:Wp/ryu/Yesno') local checkType = require('libraryUtil').checkType local p = {} function p._main(args) checkType('_main', 1, args, 'table') -- This is basically libraryUtil.checkTypeForNamedArg, but we are rolling our -- own function to get the right error level. local function checkArg(key, val, level) if type(val) ~= 'string' then error(string.format( "'_main'関数における'%s'引数のタイプエラー（想定：文字列、実際：%s）", key, type(val) ), level) end end local ret = {} -- Adds a positional parameter to the buffer. local function addPositional(key) local val = args[key] if not val then return nil end checkArg(key, val, 4) ret[#ret + 1] = val end -- Adds a named parameter to the buffer. We assume that the parameter name -- is the same as the argument key. local function addNamed(key) local val = args[key] if not val then return nil end checkArg(key, val, 4) ret[#ret + 1] = key .. '=' .. val end -- Filename checkArg('file', args.file, 3) ret[#ret + 1] = 'File:' .. args.file -- Format if args.format then checkArg('format', args.format) if args.formatfile then checkArg('formatfile', args.formatfile) ret[#ret + 1] = args.format .. '=' .. args.formatfile else ret[#ret + 1] = args.format end end -- Border if yesno(args.border) then ret[#ret + 1] = 'border' end addPositional('location') addPositional('alignment') addPositional('size') addNamed('upright') addNamed('link') addNamed('alt') addNamed('page') addNamed('class') addNamed('lang') addNamed('start') addNamed('end') addNamed('thumbtime') addPositional('caption') return string.format('[[%s]]', table.concat(ret, '|')) end function p.main(frame) local origArgs = require('Module:Arguments').getArgs(frame, { wrappers = 'Template:File link' }) if not origArgs.file then error("[[Template:File link]]のエラー: 'file'引数が未入力です", 0) end -- Copy the arguments that were passed to a new table to avoid looking up -- every possible parameter in the frame object. local args = {} for k, v in pairs(origArgs) do -- Make _BLANK a special argument to add a blank parameter. For use in -- conditional templates etc. it is useful for blank arguments to be -- ignored, but we still need a way to specify them so that we can do -- things like [[File:Example.png|link=]]. if v == '_BLANK' then v = '' end args[k] = v end return p._main(args) end return p q0fbehejsi6tvtof9vp5snf5e7eljwx 828 3340126 5502447 2022-07-21T16:42:35Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/86126812]] Scribunto text/plain local p = {} -- Returns the permission required to perform a given action on a given title. -- If no title is specified, the title of the page being displayed is used. function p._main(action, pagename) local title if type(pagename) == 'table' and pagename.prefixedText then title = pagename elseif pagename then title = mw.title.new(pagename) else title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end pagename = title.prefixedText if action == 'autoreview' then local level = mw.ext.FlaggedRevs.getStabilitySettings(title) level = level and level.autoreview if level == 'review' then return 'reviewer' elseif level ~= '' then return level else return nil -- not '*'. a page not being PC-protected is distinct from it being PC-protected with anyone able to review. also not '', as that would mean PC-protected but nobody can review end elseif action ~= 'edit' and action ~= 'move' and action ~= 'create' and action ~= 'upload' and action ~= 'undelete' then error( '第1引数にはedit、move、create、upload、undelete、autoreviewのどれかを指定してください', 2 ) end if title.namespace == 8 then -- MediaWiki namespace if title.text:sub(-3) == '.js' or title.text:sub(-4) == '.css' or title.contentModel == 'javascript' or title.contentModel == 'css' then -- site JS or CSS page return 'interfaceadmin' else -- any non-JS/CSS MediaWiki page return 'sysop' end elseif title.namespace == 2 and title.isSubpage then if title.contentModel == 'javascript' or title.contentModel == 'css' then -- user JS or CSS page return 'interfaceadmin' elseif title.contentModel == 'json' then -- user JSON page return 'sysop' end end if action == 'undelete' then return 'eliminator' -- 英語版では'sysop' end local level = title.protectionLevels[action] and title.protectionLevels[action][1] if level == 'sysop' or level == 'editprotected' then return 'sysop' elseif title.cascadingProtection.restrictions[action] and title.cascadingProtection.restrictions[action][1] then -- used by a cascading-protected page return 'sysop' elseif level == 'templateeditor' then return 'templateeditor' elseif action == 'move' then local blacklistentry = mw.ext.TitleBlacklist.test('edit', pagename) -- Testing action edit is correct, since this is for the source page. The target page name gets tested with action move. if blacklistentry and not blacklistentry.params.autoconfirmed then return 'templateeditor' elseif title.namespace == 6 then return 'eliminator' -- 英語版では'filemover' elseif level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return 'extendedconfirmed' else return 'autoconfirmed' end end local blacklistentry = mw.ext.TitleBlacklist.test(action, pagename) if blacklistentry then if not blacklistentry.params.autoconfirmed then return 'sysop' -- 英語版では'templateeditor' elseif level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return 'extendedconfirmed' else return 'autoconfirmed' end elseif level == 'editsemiprotected' then -- create-semiprotected pages return this for some reason return 'autoconfirmed' elseif level then return level elseif action == 'upload' then return 'autoconfirmed' -- 英語版とは異なり、日本語版では現在のところIPユーザーでも記事等を作成可能なので、以下はコメントアウト -- elseif action == 'create' and title.namespace % 2 == 0 and title.namespace ~= 118 then -- You need to be registered, but not autoconfirmed, to create non-talk pages other than drafts -- return 'user' else return '*' end end setmetatable(p, { __index = function(t, k) return function(frame) return t._main(k, frame.args[1]) end end }) return p 6ctpisjoj9afsiqiecq8pasnvhzr8jo 828 3340127 5502449 2022-07-21T16:43:52Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/86126815]] Scribunto text/plain local p = {} -- Returns the expiry of a restriction of an action on a given title, or unknown if it cannot be known. -- If no title is specified, the title of the page being displayed is used. function p._main(action, pagename) local title if type(pagename) == 'table' and pagename.prefixedText then title = pagename elseif pagename then title = mw.title.new(pagename) else title = mw.title.getCurrentTitle() end pagename = title.prefixedText if action == 'autoreview' then local stabilitySettings = mw.ext.FlaggedRevs.getStabilitySettings(title) return stabilitySettings and stabilitySettings.expiry or 'unknown' elseif action ~= 'edit' and action ~= 'move' and action ~= 'create' and action ~= 'upload' then error( '第1引数にはedit、move、create、upload、autoreviewのどれかを指定してください', 2 ) end local rawExpiry = mw.getCurrentFrame():callParserFunction('PROTECTIONEXPIRY', action, pagename) if rawExpiry == 'infinity' then return 'infinity' elseif rawExpiry == '' then return 'unknown' else local year, month, day, hour, minute, second = rawExpiry:match( '^(%d%d%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)(%d%d)$' ) if year then return string.format( '%s-%s-%sT%s:%s:%s', year, month, day, hour, minute, second ) else error('[[モジュール:Effective protection expiry]]のエラー; 有効期限のタイムスタンプの書式が不正です') end end end setmetatable(p, { __index = function(t, k) return function(frame) return t._main(k, frame.args[1]) end end }) return p m4kv3najhnqpv61gyza210wdpdl1zqj 828 3340128 5502451 2022-07-21T16:45:35Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/85868943]] Scribunto text/plain -- This module provides configuration data for [[Module:Protection banner]]. return { -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- BANNER DATA -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- Banner data consists of six fields: -- * text - the main protection text that appears at the top of protection -- banners. -- * explanation - the text that appears below the main protection text, used -- to explain the details of the protection. -- * tooltip - the tooltip text you see when you move the mouse over a small -- padlock icon. -- * link - the page that the small padlock icon links to. -- * alt - the alt text for the small padlock icon. This is also used as tooltip -- text for the large protection banners. -- * image - the padlock image used in both protection banners and small padlock -- icons. -- -- The module checks in three separate tables to find a value for each field. -- First it checks the banners table, which has values specific to the reason -- for the page being protected. Then the module checks the defaultBanners -- table, which has values specific to each protection level. Finally, the -- module checks the masterBanner table, which holds data for protection -- templates to use if no data has been found in the previous two tables. -- -- The values in the banner data can take parameters. These are specified -- using ${TEXTLIKETHIS} (a dollar sign preceding a parameter name -- enclosed in curly braces). -- -- Available parameters: -- -- ${CURRENTVERSION} - a link to the page history or the move log, with the -- display message "current-version-edit-display" or -- "current-version-move-display". -- -- ${EDITREQUEST} - a link to create an edit request for the current page. -- -- ${EXPLANATIONBLURB} - an explanation blurb, e.g. "Please discuss any changes -- on the talk page; you may submit a request to ask an administrator to make -- an edit if it is minor or supported by consensus." -- -- ${IMAGELINK} - a link to set the image to, depending on the protection -- action and protection level. -- -- ${INTROBLURB} - the PROTECTIONBLURB parameter, plus the expiry if an expiry -- is set. E.g. "Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently -- disabled until dd Month YYYY." -- -- ${INTROFRAGMENT} - the same as ${INTROBLURB}, but without final punctuation -- so that it can be used in run-on sentences. -- -- ${PAGETYPE} - the type of the page, e.g. "article" or "template". -- Defined in the cfg.pagetypes table. -- -- ${PROTECTIONBLURB} - a blurb explaining the protection level of the page, e.g. -- "Editing of this page by new or unregistered users is currently disabled" -- -- ${PROTECTIONDATE} - the protection date, if it has been supplied to the -- template. -- -- ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} - the protection level, e.g. "fully protected" or -- "semi-protected". -- -- ${PROTECTIONLOG} - a link to the protection log or the pending changes log, -- depending on the protection action. -- -- ${TALKPAGE} - a link to the talk page. If a section is specified, links -- straight to that talk page section. -- -- ${TOOLTIPBLURB} - uses the PAGETYPE, PROTECTIONTYPE and EXPIRY parameters to -- create a blurb like "This template is semi-protected", or "This article is -- move-protected until DD Month YYYY". -- -- ${VANDAL} - links for the specified username (or the root page name) -- using Module:Vandal-m. -- -- Functions -- -- For advanced users, it is possible to use Lua functions instead of strings -- in the banner config tables. Using functions gives flexibility that is not -- possible just by using parameters. Functions take two arguments, the -- protection object and the template arguments, and they must output a string. -- -- For example: -- -- text = function (protectionObj, args) -- if protectionObj.level == 'autoconfirmed' then -- return 'foo' -- else -- return 'bar' -- end -- end -- -- Some protection object properties and methods that may be useful: -- protectionObj.action - the protection action -- protectionObj.level - the protection level -- protectionObj.reason - the protection reason -- protectionObj.expiry - the expiry. Nil if unset, the string "indef" if set -- to indefinite, and the protection time in unix time if temporary. -- protectionObj.protectionDate - the protection date in unix time, or nil if -- unspecified. -- protectionObj.bannerConfig - the banner config found by the module. Beware -- of editing the config field used by the function, as it could create an -- infinite loop. -- protectionObj:isProtected - returns a boolean showing whether the page is -- protected. -- protectionObj:isTemporary - returns a boolean showing whether the expiry is -- temporary. -- protectionObj:isIncorrect - returns a boolean showing whether the protection -- template is incorrect. --]] -- The master banner data, used if no values have been found in banners or -- defaultBanners. masterBanner = { text = '${INTROBLURB}', explanation = '${EXPLANATIONBLURB}', tooltip = '${TOOLTIPBLURB}', link = '${IMAGELINK}', alt = '${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されたページ' }, -- The default banner data. This holds banner data for different protection -- levels. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. defaultBanners = { edit = {}, move = {}, autoreview = { default = { alt = 'Page protected with pending changes', tooltip = 'All edits by unregistered and new users are subject to review prior to becoming visible to unregistered users', image = 'Pending-protection-shackle.svg' } }, upload = {} }, -- The banner data. This holds banner data for different protection reasons. -- In fact, the reasons specified in this table control which reasons are -- valid inputs to the first positional parameter. -- -- There is also a non-standard "description" field that can be used for items -- in this table. This is a description of the protection reason for use in the -- module documentation. -- -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. banners = { edit = { --blp = { -- description = 'For pages protected to promote compliance with the' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons' -- .. '|biographies of living persons]] policy', -- text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to promote compliance with' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Biographies of living persons' -- .. "|Wikipedia's&nbsp;policy on&nbsp;the&nbsp;biographies" -- .. ' of&nbsp;living&nbsp;people]].', -- tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} to promote compliance with the policy on' -- .. ' biographies of living persons', --}, dmca = { description = '[[デジタルミレニアム著作権法]]に基づく削除要求があったため、' .. '保護されたページ', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = 'この${PAGETYPE}の内容に関して、[[デジタルミレニアム著作権法]]' .. '(DMCA)に基づく権利所有者への通知があったため、' .. 'ウィキメディア財団は問題となった個所を削除した上で、' .. 'このページの編集を制限しました。' if args.notice then ret = ret .. '財団が受理した通知のコピーは ' .. args.notice .. ' にあります。' end ret = ret .. '異議申し立て方法など詳細な情報については' .. '[[Wikipedia:事務局行動]]および${TALKPAGE}をご覧ください。<br />' .. "'''編集制限が解除されるまで、" .. "このお知らせを除去しないでください。'''" return ret end, image = 'Office-protection-shackle-WMFlogo.svg', }, dispute = { description = '[[Wikipedia:編集合戦|編集合戦]]により保護されたページ', text = '[[Wikipedia:編集合戦|編集合戦]]が発生したため、${INTROBLURB}', explanation = "${CURRENTVERSION}の内容が'''適切とは限りません'''。" .. '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '問題となった個所について意見がある場合は、' .. '${TALKPAGE}で議論するよう心がけてください。' .. '[[Wikipedia:合意形成|合意が形成]]され、保護を解除できる状態になった場合は' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', tooltip = '編集合戦が発生したため、${TOOLTIPBLURB}', }, --ecp = { -- description = 'For articles in topic areas authorized by' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Arbitration Committee|ArbCom]] or' -- .. ' meets the criteria for community use', -- tooltip = 'This ${PAGETYPE} is extended-confirmed protected', -- alt = 'Extended-protected ${PAGETYPE}', --}, --mainpage = { -- description = 'For pages protected for being displayed on the [[Main Page]]', -- text = 'This file is currently' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:This page is protected|protected]] from' -- .. ' editing because it is currently or will soon be displayed' -- .. ' on the [[Main Page]].', -- explanation = 'Images on the Main Page are protected due to their high' -- .. ' visibility. Please discuss any necessary changes on the ${TALKPAGE}.' -- .. '<br /><span style="font-size:90%;">' -- .. "'''Administrators:''' Once this image is definitely off the Main Page," -- .. ' please unprotect this file, or reduce to semi-protection,' -- .. ' as appropriate.</span>', --}, office = { description = '[[Wikipedia:事務局行動|事務局行動]]により保護されたページ', text = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = '現在この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:事務局行動|' .. 'ウィキメディア財団事務局]]の監視下にあり、' if protectionObj.protectionDate then ret = ret .. '${PROTECTIONDATE}以降、' end return ret .. '保護されています。' end, explanation = "もしあなたがこのページを編集できたとしても、加筆・修正を行う前に" .. "${TALKPAGE}で議論するよう心がけてください。<br />" .. "'''ウィキメディア財団の許可があるまで、このページの保護を" .. "解除しないでください。'''", image = 'Office-protection-shackle-WMFlogo.svg', }, permanent = { description = '半永久的に保護されているページ', text = function (protectionObj, args) if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then return 'この${PAGETYPE}は、半永久的に編集[[Wikipedia:保護|保護]]されています。' elseif protectionObj.level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return 'この${PAGETYPE}は、[[Wikipedia:利用者#拡張承認された利用者|' .. '拡張承認された利用者]]以外の編集を半永久的に[[Wikipedia:保護|禁止]]しています。' else return 'この${PAGETYPE}は、[[Wikipedia:利用者#新規利用者|新規利用者]]' .. 'および[[Wikipedia:利用者#IP利用者|未登録利用者]]からの編集を' .. '半永久的に[[Wikipedia:保護|禁止]]しています。' end end, explanation = function (protectionObj, args) if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then return '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針#半永久的な保護|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '変更が必要なときは${TALKPAGE}で議論し、[[Wikipedia:合意形成|合意形成]]後に' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/保護ページ編集|保護編集依頼]]を行ってください。' elseif protectionObj.level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針#半永久的な拡張半保護|拡張半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. 'この${PAGETYPE}を編集することができない場合、${TALKPAGE}にて' .. '<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:拡張半保護編集依頼|拡張半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針#拡張半保護されたページの編集|編集を依頼]]するか、' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/拡張承認の申請|拡張承認の申請]]をしてください。' else return '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針#半永久的な半保護|半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. 'この${PAGETYPE}を編集することができない場合、${TALKPAGE}にて' .. '<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:半保護編集依頼|半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針#半保護されたページの編集|編集を依頼]]してください。' end end, tooltip = '半永久的に${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されている${PAGETYPE}', alt = '半永久的に${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されている${PAGETYPE}', image = function (protectionObj) if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then return 'Edit Semi-permanent Protection.svg' elseif protectionObj.level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return 'Edit Semi-permanent Extended Semi-protection.svg' else return 'Edit Semi-permanent Semi-protection.svg' end end, }, reset = { description = '[[Wikipedia:事務局行動|事務局行動]]により、内容が' .. '縮小された上で保護されたページ', text = function (protectionObj, args) local ret = '現在この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:事務局行動|' .. 'ウィキメディア財団事務局]]の監視下にあり、' if protectionObj.protectionDate then ret = ret .. '${PROTECTIONDATE}以降、' end return ret .. '保護されています。' end, explanation = 'この${PAGETYPE}には最小限の内容しかないため、' .. '[[WP:NPOV|中立的な観点]]や[[WP:V|検証可能性]]といった方針に' .. '適合する形で、全面的に改稿されることが望まれています。' .. "もしあなたがこのページを編集できたとしても、加筆・修正を行う前に" .. "${TALKPAGE}で議論するよう心がけてください。<br />" .. 'この${PAGETYPE}が保護される以前の版に書かれていた内容は' .. '復帰させないでください。' .. 'ノートページで議論を行う際も同様です。<br />' .. "'''ウィキメディア財団の許可があるまで、このページの保護を" .. "解除したり、このお知らせを除去しないでください。'''", image = 'Office-protection-shackle-WMFlogo.svg', }, --sock = { -- description = 'For pages protected due to' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppetry]]', -- text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent [[Wikipedia:Sock puppetry|sock puppets]] of' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Blocking policy|blocked]] or' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Banning policy|banned users]]' -- .. ' from editing it.', -- tooltip = '${TOOLTIPFRAGMENT} to prevent sock puppets of blocked or banned users from' -- .. ' editing it', --}, template = { description = '[[Wikipedia:影響が特に大きいテンプレート|' .. '影響が特に大きいテンプレート・モジュール]]', text = 'この[[Wikipedia:影響が特に大きいテンプレート|' .. '影響が特に大きい${PAGETYPE}]]は、[[Wikipedia:荒らし|荒らし]]を予防するために' .. '${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されています。', explanation = function (protectionObj, args) if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then return '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針#半永久的な保護|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '変更が必要なときは${TALKPAGE}で議論し、[[Wikipedia:合意形成|合意形成]]後に' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/保護ページ編集|保護編集依頼]]を行ってください。' elseif protectionObj.level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針#半永久的な拡張半保護|拡張半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. 'この${PAGETYPE}を編集することができない場合、${TALKPAGE}にて' .. '<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:拡張半保護編集依頼|拡張半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針#拡張半保護されたページの編集|編集を依頼]]するか、' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/拡張承認の申請|拡張承認の申請]]をしてください。' else return '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針#半永久的な半保護|半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. 'この${PAGETYPE}を編集することができない場合、${TALKPAGE}にて' .. '<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:半保護編集依頼|半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針#半保護されたページの編集|編集を依頼]]してください。' end end, tooltip = 'この影響が特に大きい${PAGETYPE}は、' .. '荒らしを予防するために${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されています。', alt = '半永久的に${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されている${PAGETYPE}', image = function (protectionObj) if protectionObj.level == 'sysop' then return 'Edit Semi-permanent Protection.svg' elseif protectionObj.level == 'extendedconfirmed' then return 'Edit Semi-permanent Extended Semi-protection.svg' else return 'Edit Semi-permanent Semi-protection.svg' end end, }, --usertalk = { -- description = 'For pages protected against disruptive edits by a' -- .. ' particular user', -- text = '${INTROFRAGMENT} to prevent ${VANDAL} from using it to make disruptive edits,' -- .. ' such as abusing the' -- .. ' &#123;&#123;[[Template:unblock|unblock]]&#125;&#125; template.', -- explanation = 'If you cannot edit this user talk page and you need to' -- .. ' make a change or leave a message, you can' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' -- .. '#Current requests for edits to a protected page' -- .. '|request an edit]],' -- .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' -- .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' -- .. '|request unprotection]],' -- .. ' [[Special:Userlogin|log in]],' -- .. ' or [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].', --}, vandalism = { description = '[[Wikipedia:荒らし|荒らし]]行為により保護されたページ', text = '度重なる[[Wikipedia:荒らし|荒らし]]行為のため、${INTROBLURB}', tooltip = '度重なる荒らし行為のため、${TOOLTIPBLURB}' } }, move = { dispute = { description = '[[Wikipedia:編集合戦#移動合戦|移動合戦]]により保護されたページ', text = '[[Wikipedia:編集合戦#移動合戦|移動合戦]]が発生したため、${INTROFRAGMENT}', explanation = "${CURRENTVERSION}が'''適切とは限りません'''。" .. '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. 'ページ名について意見がある場合は${TALKPAGE}で議論し、' .. '必要に応じて[[Wikipedia:ページの改名]]に従い、' .. '[[Wikipedia:改名提案|改名の提案]]をしてください。' .. '[[Wikipedia:合意形成|合意が形成]]され、保護を解除できる状態になった場合は' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', tooltip = '移動合戦が発生したため、${TOOLTIPBLURB}', }, vandalism = { description = '[[Wikipedia:荒らし#移動荒らし|移動荒らし]]行為により保護されたページ', text = '度重なる[[Wikipedia:荒らし#移動荒らし|移動荒らし]]行為のため、${INTROFRAGMENT}', tooltip = '度重なる移動荒らし行為のため、${TOOLTIPBLURB}' } }, autoreview = {}, upload = {} }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- GENERAL DATA TABLES -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection blurbs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the protection blurbs available with the -- ${PROTECTIONBLURB} parameter. It is sorted by protection action and -- protection level, and is checked by the module in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. protectionBlurbs = { edit = { default = 'この${PAGETYPE}は編集[[Wikipedia:保護|保護]]されています', autoconfirmed = 'この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:利用者#新規利用者|新規利用者]]' .. 'および[[Wikipedia:利用者#IP利用者|未登録利用者]]からの編集を[[Wikipedia:保護|禁止]]しています', extendedconfirmed = 'この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:利用者#拡張承認された利用者|' .. '拡張承認された利用者]]以外の編集を[[Wikipedia:保護|禁止]]しています', }, move = { default = 'この${PAGETYPE}は[[Help:ページの移動|移動]][[Wikipedia:保護|保護]]されています', extendedconfirmed = 'この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:利用者#拡張承認された利用者|' .. '拡張承認された利用者]]以外の[[Help:ページの移動|移動]]を[[Wikipedia:保護|禁止]]しています', }, autoreview = { default = 'All edits made to this ${PAGETYPE} by' .. ' [[Wikipedia:User access levels#New users|new]] or' .. ' [[Wikipedia:User access levels#Unregistered users|unregistered]]' .. ' users are currently' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Pending changes|subject to review]]' }, upload = { default = 'この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:ファイルのアップロード|アップロード]]' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護|保護]]されています', extendedconfirmed = 'この${PAGETYPE}は[[Wikipedia:利用者#拡張承認された利用者|' .. '拡張承認された利用者]]以外の[[Wikipedia:ファイルのアップロード|アップロード]]を' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護|禁止]]しています', } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Explanation blurbs -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the explanation blurbs available with the -- ${EXPLANATIONBLURB} parameter. It is sorted by protection action, -- protection level, and whether the page is a talk page or not. If the page is -- a talk page it will have a talk key of "talk"; otherwise it will have a talk -- key of "subject". The table is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level, page's talk key -- 2. page's protection action, page's protection level, default talk key -- 3. page's protection action, default protection level, page's talk key -- 4. page's protection action, default protection level, default talk key -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. explanationBlurbs = { edit = { autoconfirmed = { subject = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針|半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。この${PAGETYPE}を編集することができない場合、${TALKPAGE}' .. 'にて<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:半保護編集依頼|半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針#半保護されたページの編集|編集を依頼]]してください。' .. '半保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|半保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', default = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:半保護の方針|半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '半保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|半保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', }, extendedconfirmed = { subject = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針|拡張半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。この${PAGETYPE}を編集することができない場合、${TALKPAGE}' .. 'にて<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:拡張半保護編集依頼|拡張半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針#拡張半保護されたページの編集|編集を依頼]]するか、' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/拡張承認の申請|拡張承認の申請]]を' .. 'してください。拡張半保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|拡張半保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', default = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針|拡張半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '拡張半保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|拡張半保護の解除を依頼]]してください。' }, default = { subject = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '変更が必要なときは${TALKPAGE}で議論し、[[Wikipedia:合意形成|合意形成]]後に' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/保護ページ編集|保護編集依頼]]を行ってください。' .. '合意が形成されるなど、保護を解除できる状態になった場合は' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', default = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '合意が形成されるなど、保護を解除できる状態になった場合は' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|保護の解除を依頼]]してください。' } }, move = { extendedconfirmed = { subject = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針|拡張半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. 'ページを移動できない場合は、${TALKPAGE}にて' .. '<code class="nowrap">{{[[Template:拡張半保護編集依頼|拡張半保護編集依頼]]}}</code>' .. 'を用いて[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針#拡張半保護されたページの編集|移動を依頼]]するか、' .. '[[Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/拡張承認の申請|拡張承認の申請]]を' .. 'してください。移動拡張半保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|移動拡張半保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', default = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針|拡張半保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '移動拡張半保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|移動拡張半保護の解除を依頼]]してください。' }, default = { subject = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '移動が必要なときは${TALKPAGE}で議論し、' .. '[[Wikipedia:合意形成|合意形成]]後に' .. '[[Wikipedia:移動依頼|移動依頼]]で依頼してください。' .. '合意が形成されるなど、移動保護を解除できる状態になった場合は' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|移動保護の解除を依頼]]してください。', default = '詳しくは[[Wikipedia:保護の方針|保護の方針]]および' .. '${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '合意が形成されるなど、移動保護を解除できる状態になった場合は' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|移動保護の解除を依頼]]してください。' } }, autoreview = { default = { default = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Edits to this ${PAGETYPE} by new and unregistered users' .. ' will not be visible to readers until they are accepted by' .. ' a reviewer. To avoid the need for your edits to be' .. ' reviewed, you may' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Requests for page protection' .. '#Current requests for reduction in protection level' .. '|request unprotection]], [[Special:Userlogin|log in]], or' .. ' [[Special:UserLogin/signup|create an account]].' }, }, upload = { default = { default = '詳しくは${PROTECTIONLOG}をご覧ください。' .. '編集保護されていない場合は、' .. 'ファイルの説明を編集することができます。' .. 'アップロード保護を解除しても問題ない状態になった場合、' .. '[[Wikipedia:保護解除依頼|アップロード保護の解除を依頼]]してください。' } } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection levels -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the data for the ${PROTECTIONLEVEL} parameter, which -- produces a short label for different protection levels. It is sorted by -- protection action and protection level, and is checked in the following -- order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. protectionLevels = { edit = { default = '保護', templateeditor = 'template-protected', extendedconfirmed = '拡張半保護', autoconfirmed = '半保護', }, move = { default = '移動保護', extendedconfirmed = '移動拡張半保護' }, autoreview = { }, upload = { default = 'アップロード保護', extendedconfirmed = 'アップロード拡張半保護' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table lists different padlock images for each protection action and -- protection level. It is used if an image is not specified in any of the -- banner data tables, and if the page does not satisfy the conditions for using -- the ['image-filename-indef'] image. It is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level images = { edit = { default = 'Edit Protection.svg', templateeditor = 'Template-protection-shackle.svg', extendedconfirmed = 'Edit Extended Semi-protection.svg', autoconfirmed = 'Edit Semi-protection.svg' }, move = { default = 'Move-protection-shackle.svg', extendedconfirmed = 'Move Extended Semi-protection.svg', }, autoreview = { default = 'Pending-protection-shackle.svg' }, upload = { default = 'Upload Protection.svg', extendedconfirmed = 'Upload Extended Semi-protection.svg', } }, -- Pages with a reason specified in this table will show the special "indef" -- padlock, defined in the 'image-filename-indef' message, if no expiry is set. indefImageReasons = { template = true }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Image links -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the data for the ${IMAGELINK} parameter, which gets -- the image link for small padlock icons based on the page's protection action -- and protection level. It is checked in the following order: -- 1. page's protection action, page's protection level -- 2. page's protection action, default protection level -- 3. "edit" protection action, default protection level -- -- It is possible to use banner parameters inside this table. -- *required* - this table needs edit, move, autoreview and upload subtables. imageLinks = { edit = { default = 'Wikipedia:保護の方針', templateeditor = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#template', extendedconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針', autoconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:半保護の方針' }, move = { default = 'Wikipedia:保護の方針', extendedconfirmed = 'Wikipedia:拡張半保護の方針' }, autoreview = { default = 'Wikipedia:Protection policy#pending' }, upload = { default = '' } }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Padlock indicator names -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table provides the "name" attribute for the <indicator> extension tag -- with which small padlock icons are generated. All indicator tags on a page -- are displayed in alphabetical order based on this attribute, and with -- indicator tags with duplicate names, the last tag on the page wins. -- The attribute is chosen based on the protection action; table keys must be a -- protection action name or the string "default". padlockIndicatorNames = { move = 'pp-move', autoreview = 'pp-autoreview', upload = 'pp-upload', default = 'pp-default' }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- --[[ -- The protection categories are stored in the protectionCategories table. -- Keys to this table are made up of the following strings: -- -- 1. the expiry date -- 2. the namespace -- 3. the protection reason (e.g. "dispute" or "vandalism") -- 4. the protection level (e.g. "sysop" or "autoconfirmed") -- 5. the action (e.g. "edit" or "move") -- -- When the module looks up a category in the table, first it will will check to -- see a key exists that corresponds to all five parameters. For example, a -- user page semi-protected from vandalism for two weeks would have the key -- "temp-user-vandalism-autoconfirmed-edit". If no match is found, the module -- changes the first part of the key to "all" and checks the table again. It -- keeps checking increasingly generic key combinations until it finds the -- field, or until it reaches the key "all-all-all-all-all". -- -- The module uses a binary matrix to determine the order in which to search. -- This is best demonstrated by a table. In this table, the "0" values -- represent "all", and the "1" values represent the original data (e.g. -- "indef" or "file" or "vandalism"). -- -- expiry namespace reason level action -- order -- 1 1 1 1 1 1 -- 2 0 1 1 1 1 -- 3 1 0 1 1 1 -- 4 0 0 1 1 1 -- 5 1 1 0 1 1 -- 6 0 1 0 1 1 -- 7 1 0 0 1 1 -- 8 0 0 0 1 1 -- 9 1 1 1 0 1 -- 10 0 1 1 0 1 -- 11 1 0 1 0 1 -- 12 0 0 1 0 1 -- 13 1 1 0 0 1 -- 14 0 1 0 0 1 -- 15 1 0 0 0 1 -- 16 0 0 0 0 1 -- 17 1 1 1 1 0 -- 18 0 1 1 1 0 -- 19 1 0 1 1 0 -- 20 0 0 1 1 0 -- 21 1 1 0 1 0 -- 22 0 1 0 1 0 -- 23 1 0 0 1 0 -- 24 0 0 0 1 0 -- 25 1 1 1 0 0 -- 26 0 1 1 0 0 -- 27 1 0 1 0 0 -- 28 0 0 1 0 0 -- 29 1 1 0 0 0 -- 30 0 1 0 0 0 -- 31 1 0 0 0 0 -- 32 0 0 0 0 0 -- -- In this scheme the action has the highest priority, as it is the last -- to change, and the expiry has the least priority, as it changes the most. -- The priorities of the expiry, the protection level and the action are -- fixed, but the priorities of the reason and the namespace can be swapped -- through the use of the cfg.bannerDataNamespaceHasPriority table. --]] -- If the reason specified to the template is listed in this table, -- namespace data will take priority over reason data in the protectionCategories -- table. reasonsWithNamespacePriority = { vandalism = true, }, -- The string to use as a namespace key for the protectionCategories table for each -- namespace number. categoryNamespaceKeys = { [ 2] = 'user', [ 3] = 'user', [ 4] = 'project', [ 6] = 'file', [ 8] = 'mediawiki', [ 10] = 'template', [ 12] = 'project', [ 14] = 'category', [100] = 'portal', [828] = 'module', }, protectionCategories = { ['all|all|all|all|all'] = '編集保護中のページ', --['all|all|office|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', --['all|all|reset|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', --['all|all|dmca|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia Office-protected pages', ['all|all|permanent|all|all'] = '保護運用中のページ', --['all|all|mainpage|all|all'] = 'Wikipedia fully-protected main page files', --['all|all|ecp|extendedconfirmed|all'] = '編集拡張半保護中のページ', ['all|all|all|extendedconfirmed|edit'] = '編集拡張半保護中のページ', ['all|all|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = '編集半保護中のページ', --['indef|all|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages', --['all|all|blp|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected biographies of living people', --['temp|all|blp|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia temporarily semi-protected biographies of living people', --['all|all|dispute|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected due to dispute', --['all|all|sock|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected from banned users', --['all|all|vandalism|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism', --['all|category|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected categories', --['all|file|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected files', --['all|portal|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected portals', --['all|project|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected project pages', --['all|talk|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|sysop|edit'] = '編集保護中のテンプレート', ['all|template|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = '編集半保護中のテンプレート', --['all|user|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = 'Wikipedia semi-protected user and user talk pages', --['all|template|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected templates', --['all|all|blp|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely protected biographies of living people', --['temp|all|blp|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia temporarily protected biographies of living people', --['all|all|dispute|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected due to dispute', --['all|all|sock|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected from banned users', --['all|all|vandalism|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia pages protected against vandalism', --['all|category|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected categories', --['all|file|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully-protected files', --['all|project|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully-protected project pages', --['all|talk|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully-protected talk pages', --['all|user|all|sysop|edit'] = 'Wikipedia fully protected user and user talk pages', ['all|module|all|sysop|edit'] = '編集保護中のモジュール', --['all|module|all|templateeditor|edit'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected modules', ['all|module|all|autoconfirmed|edit'] = '編集半保護中のモジュール', ['all|all|all|sysop|move'] = '移動保護中のページ', ['all|all|all|extendedconfirmed|move'] = '移動拡張半保護中のページ', --['indef|all|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages', --['all|all|dispute|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia pages move-protected due to dispute', --['all|all|vandalism|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia pages move-protected due to vandalism', --['all|portal|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected portals', --['all|portal|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected portals', --['all|project|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected project pages', --['all|talk|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected talk pages', ['all|template|all|sysop|move'] = '移動保護中のテンプレート', --['all|user|all|sysop|move'] = 'Wikipedia move-protected user and user talk pages', --['all|all|all|autoconfirmed|autoreview'] = 'Wikipedia pending changes protected pages', ['all|file|all|all|upload'] = 'アップロード保護中のファイル', ['all|file|all|extendedconfirmed|upload']= 'アップロード拡張半保護中のファイル', }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Expiry category config -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table configures the expiry category behaviour for each protection -- action. -- * If set to true, setting that action will always categorise the page if -- an expiry parameter is not set. -- * If set to false, setting that action will never categorise the page. -- * If set to nil, the module will categorise the page if: -- 1) an expiry parameter is not set, and -- 2) a reason is provided, and -- 3) the specified reason is not blacklisted in the reasonsWithoutExpiryCheck -- table. expiryCheckActions = { edit = nil, move = false, autoreview = true, upload = false }, reasonsWithoutExpiryCheck = { blp = true, template = true, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Pagetypes -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table produces the page types available with the ${PAGETYPE} parameter. -- Keys are namespace numbers, or the string "default" for the default value. pagetypes = { -- [0] = '記事', [6] = 'ファイル', [10] = 'テンプレート', [14] = 'カテゴリ', [828] = 'モジュール', [1] = 'ノートページ', [3] = '会話ページ', [5] = 'ノートページ', [7] = 'ノートページ', [9] = 'ノートページ', [11] = 'ノートページ', [13] = 'ノートページ', [15] = 'ノートページ', [101] = 'ノートページ', [103] = 'ノートページ', [829] = 'ノートページ', [2301] = 'ノートページ', [2303] = 'ノートページ', default = 'ページ' }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Strings marking indefinite protection -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table contains values passed to the expiry parameter that mean the page -- is protected indefinitely. indefStrings = { ['indef'] = true, ['indefinite'] = true, ['indefinitely'] = true, ['infinite'] = true, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Group hierarchy -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table maps each group to all groups that have a superset of the original -- group's page editing permissions. hierarchy = { sysop = {}, eliminator = {'sysop'}, reviewer = {'sysop'}, filemover = {'sysop'}, templateeditor = {'sysop'}, extendedconfirmed = {'sysop'}, autoconfirmed = {'eliminator', 'reviewer', 'filemover', 'templateeditor', 'extendedconfirmed'}, user = {'autoconfirmed'}, ['*'] = {'user'} }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Wrapper templates and their default arguments -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This table contains wrapper templates used with the module, and their -- default arguments. Templates specified in this table should contain the -- following invocation, and no other template content: -- -- {{#invoke:Protection banner|main}} -- -- If other content is desired, it can be added between -- <noinclude>...</noinclude> tags. -- -- When a user calls one of these wrapper templates, they will use the -- default arguments automatically. However, users can override any of the -- arguments. wrappers = { ['Template:Pp'] = {}, ['Template:Pp-extended'] = {'ecp'}, ['Template:Pp-blp'] = {'blp'}, -- we don't need Template:Pp-create ['Template:Pp-dispute'] = {'dispute'}, ['Template:Pp-main-page'] = {'mainpage'}, ['Template:Pp-move'] = {action = 'move'}, ['Template:Pp-move-dispute'] = {'dispute', action = 'move'}, -- we don't need Template:Pp-move-indef ['Template:Pp-move-vandalism'] = {'vandalism', action = 'move'}, ['Template:Pp-office'] = {'office'}, ['Template:Pp-office-dmca'] = {'dmca'}, ['Template:Pp-pc'] = {action = 'autoreview', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-pc1'] = {action = 'autoreview', small = true}, ['Template:保護運用'] = {'permanent', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-reset'] = {'reset'}, ['Template:Pp-semi-indef'] = {small = true}, ['Template:Pp-sock'] = {'sock'}, ['Template:Pp-template'] = {'template', small = true}, ['Template:Pp-upload'] = {action = 'upload'}, ['Template:Pp-usertalk'] = {'usertalk'}, ['Template:Pp-vandalism'] = {'vandalism'}, }, -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- -- MESSAGES -- -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- msg = { -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Intro blurb and intro fragment -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages specify what is produced by the ${INTROBLURB} and -- ${INTROFRAGMENT} parameters. If the protection is temporary they use the -- intro-blurb-expiry or intro-fragment-expiry, and if not they use -- intro-blurb-noexpiry or intro-fragment-noexpiry. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['intro-blurb-expiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}（${EXPIRY}まで）。', ['intro-blurb-noexpiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}。', ['intro-fragment-expiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}（${EXPIRY}まで）。', ['intro-fragment-noexpiry'] = '${PROTECTIONBLURB}。', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tooltip blurb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages specify what is produced by the ${TOOLTIPBLURB} parameter. -- If the protection is temporary the tooltip-blurb-expiry message is used, and -- if not the tooltip-blurb-noexpiry message is used. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['tooltip-blurb-expiry'] = 'この${PAGETYPE}は${EXPIRY}まで${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されています。', ['tooltip-blurb-noexpiry'] = 'この${PAGETYPE}は${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されています。', ['tooltip-fragment-expiry'] = 'この${PAGETYPE}は${EXPIRY}まで${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されており、', ['tooltip-fragment-noexpiry'] = 'この${PAGETYPE}は${PROTECTIONLEVEL}されており、', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Special explanation blurb -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- An explanation blurb for pages that cannot be unprotected, e.g. for pages -- in the MediaWiki namespace. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['explanation-blurb-nounprotect'] = 'See the [[Wikipedia:Protection policy|' .. 'protection policy]] and ${PROTECTIONLOG} for more details.' .. ' Please discuss any changes on the ${TALKPAGE}; you' .. ' may ${EDITREQUEST} to ask an' .. ' [[Wikipedia:Administrators|administrator]] to make an edit if it' .. ' is [[Help:Minor edit#When to mark an edit as a minor edit' .. '|uncontroversial]] or supported by [[Wikipedia:Consensus' .. '|consensus]].', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Protection log display values -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine the display values for the protection log link -- or the pending changes log link produced by the ${PROTECTIONLOG} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['protection-log-display'] = '保護記録', ['pc-log-display'] = 'pending changes log', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Current version display values -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine the display values for the page history link -- or the move log link produced by the ${CURRENTVERSION} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in these messages. ['current-version-move-display'] = '現在のページ名', ['current-version-edit-display'] = '現行版', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Talk page -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This message determines the display value of the talk page link produced -- with the ${TALKPAGE} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['talk-page-link-display'] = 'ノートページ', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Edit requests -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This message determines the display value of the edit request link produced -- with the ${EDITREQUEST} parameter. -- It is possible to use banner parameters in this message. ['edit-request-display'] = 'submit an edit request', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Expiry date format -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- This is the format for the blurb expiry date. It should be valid input for -- the first parameter of the #time parser function. ['expiry-date-format'] = 'Y年Fj日" ("D") "H:i" ("e")"', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Tracking categories -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These messages determine which tracking categories the module outputs. ['tracking-category-incorrect'] = '不適切な保護テンプレートのあるページ', ['tracking-category-mismatch'] = '保護理由と保護レベルが合致していないページ', -- 日本語版独自 ['tracking-category-template'] = 'Wikipedia template-protected pages other than templates and modules', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- Images -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- These are images that are not defined by their protection action and protection level. ['image-filename-indef'] = 'Edit Protection.svg', ['image-filename-default'] = 'Transparent.gif', -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End messages -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- -- End configuration -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- } ory5vrquqfaigixwdvgi2cr2uiimb9x 10 3340129 5502454 2022-07-21T16:49:23Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/87199348]] wikitext text/x-wiki {{#invoke:Wp/ryu/UserAN|Main|target={{{1|{{{user|{{{User|}}}}}}}}}|type={{{t|{{{type|{{{Type|}}}}}}}}}|status={{{2|}}}|status2={{{状態|{{{s|{{{status|{{{Status|}}}}}}}}}}}}}}<noinclude>{{Wp/ryu/Documentation}}</noinclude> pwz1ngyhy9f2wxzdtzr7qiktlc1qb03 828 3340130 5502455 2022-07-21T16:53:15Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Copy from [[:ja:特別:転送/revision/88831749]] Scribunto text/plain local p = {} --p はパッケージの p です。この変数名は何でも構いません。 -- target=利用者名、type=type、status=状態 function p.Main( frame ) --Local宣言 local tar = frame.args['target'] local username = mw.uri.decode(tar,'WIKI') local userping = "[[利用者:" .. username .. "]]" local usernolink = "利用者:" .. username local talk = "[[User talk:" .. username .. "|会話]]" local contribs = "[[特別:投稿記録/" .. username .. "|投稿記録]]" local log = "[//ja.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=特別:Log&page=User:" .. mw.uri.encode(username,"WIKI") .. " 記録]" local ca = "[[特別:CentralAuth/" .. username .. "|CA]]" local block = "[[特別:block/" .. username .. "|ブロック]]" local guc = "[//xtools.wmflabs.org/globalcontribs/ipr-" .. username .. " xtool]" local whois4 = "[https://whois.domaintools.com/" .. username .. " IPv4]" local whois6 = "[https://www.ultratools.com/tools/ipv6InfoResult?ipAddress=" .. username .. " IPv6]" local forip = "IP:" .. username .. '<span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller">（' .. talk .. " / " .. contribs .. " / " .. log .. " / " .. guc .. " / Whois " .. whois4 .. " ・ " .. whois6 .. " / " .. block .. "）</span>" local list5 = '<span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller">（' .. talk .. " / " .. contribs .. " / " .. log .. " / " .. ca .. " / " .. block .. "）</span>" local forping = userping .. list5 local forusernolink = usernolink .. list5 local icon = { done = '[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|<span class="done">済</span>]]', doing = '[[File:Stock post message.svg|22px|<span class="doing">未了</span>]]', rejected = '[[File:X mark.svg|15px|<span class="done">却下</span>]] <span style="font-weight: bold;">却下</span>', withdrawn = '[[File:X mark.svg|15px|<span class="done">取り下げ</span>]] <span style="font-weight: bold;">取り下げ</span>' } local type2 = string.lower(frame.args["type"]) local statusA = string.lower(frame.args["status"]) local statusB = frame.args["status2"] local logid = "[[特別:転送/logid/" .. tar .. "|Logid/" .. tar .. "]]" local diff = "[[特別:差分/" .. tar .. "|差分/" .. tar .. "]]の投稿者" -- Local宣言ここまで -- type判定 local mtype = "" if type2 == "log" or type2 == "logid" then mtype = logid elseif type2 == "dif" or type2 == "diff" then mtype = diff elseif type2 == "ipuser2" or type2 == "ip2" then mtype = forip elseif type2 == "none" then mtype = username elseif type2 == "usernolink" or type2 == "unl" then mtype = forusernolink else mtype = forping end -- type判定ここまで -- status判定 local m_status = "" if statusA == "" then if statusB =="" then m_status = icon.doing else m_status = icon.done end elseif statusA == "done" or statusA == "済" or statusA == "済み" then m_status = icon.done elseif statusA == "not done" or statusA == "却下" or statusA == "非対処" then m_status = icon.rejected elseif statusA == "取り下げ" then m_status = icon.withdrawn else m_status = icon.done .. " " .. "<small>'''" .. frame.args["status"] .. "'''</small>" end -- status判定ここまで return m_status .. " " .. mtype end return p l3vhbtlip3kvxndt324wk3dr585j0b8 5502460 5502455 2022-07-21T16:58:42Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Scribunto text/plain local p = {} --p はパッケージの p です。この変数名は何でも構いません。 -- target=利用者名、type=type、status=状態 function p.Main( frame ) --Local宣言 local tar = frame.args['target'] local username = mw.uri.decode(tar,'WIKI') local userping = "[[User:" .. username .. "]]" local usernolink = "利用者:" .. username local talk = "[[User talk:" .. username .. "|会話]]" local contribs = "[[Special:Contributions/" .. username .. "|投稿記録]]" local log = "[//ryu.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Special:Log&page=User:" .. mw.uri.encode(username,"WIKI") .. " 記録]" local ca = "[[Special:CentralAuth/" .. username .. "|CA]]" local block = "[[Special:block/" .. username .. "|ブロック]]" local guc = "[//xtools.wmflabs.org/globalcontribs/ipr-" .. username .. " xtool]" local whois4 = "[https://whois.domaintools.com/" .. username .. " IPv4]" local whois6 = "[https://www.ultratools.com/tools/ipv6InfoResult?ipAddress=" .. username .. " IPv6]" local forip = "IP:" .. username .. '<span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller">（' .. talk .. " / " .. contribs .. " / " .. log .. " / " .. guc .. " / Whois " .. whois4 .. " ・ " .. whois6 .. " / " .. block .. "）</span>" local list5 = '<span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller">（' .. talk .. " / " .. contribs .. " / " .. log .. " / " .. ca .. " / " .. block .. "）</span>" local forping = userping .. list5 local forusernolink = usernolink .. list5 local icon = { done = '[[File:Yes check.svg|20px|<span class="done">済</span>]]', doing = '[[File:Stock post message.svg|22px|<span class="doing">未了</span>]]', rejected = '[[File:X mark.svg|15px|<span class="done">却下</span>]] <span style="font-weight: bold;">却下</span>', withdrawn = '[[File:X mark.svg|15px|<span class="done">取り下げ</span>]] <span style="font-weight: bold;">取り下げ</span>' } local type2 = string.lower(frame.args["type"]) local statusA = string.lower(frame.args["status"]) local statusB = frame.args["status2"] local logid = "[[Special:Redirect/logid/" .. tar .. "|Logid/" .. tar .. "]]" local diff = "[[Special:diff/" .. tar .. "|差分/" .. tar .. "]]の投稿者" -- Local宣言ここまで -- type判定 local mtype = "" if type2 == "log" or type2 == "logid" then mtype = logid elseif type2 == "dif" or type2 == "diff" then mtype = diff elseif type2 == "ipuser2" or type2 == "ip2" then mtype = forip elseif type2 == "none" then mtype = username elseif type2 == "usernolink" or type2 == "unl" then mtype = forusernolink else mtype = forping end -- type判定ここまで -- status判定 local m_status = "" if statusA == "" then if statusB =="" then m_status = icon.doing else m_status = icon.done end elseif statusA == "done" or statusA == "済" or statusA == "済み" then m_status = icon.done elseif statusA == "not done" or statusA == "却下" or statusA == "非対処" then m_status = icon.rejected elseif statusA == "取り下げ" then m_status = icon.withdrawn else m_status = icon.done .. " " .. "<small>'''" .. frame.args["status"] .. "'''</small>" end -- status判定ここまで return m_status .. " " .. mtype end return p hko7fel8zipndrztw571fk2h3tyf7te 3 3340131 5502462 2022-07-21T17:03:19Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 17:03, 21 July 2022 (UTC) brx69mxv07cscql95wn69l7gu5ihaxy 0 3340132 5502463 2022-07-21T17:05:08Z Seng Mein Tun 2579229 Fixed Typo wikitext text/x-wiki ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥓᥧᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ ᥘᥬᥰ ᥒᥣ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥙᥦᥖᥱ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥘᥢᥳ, ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝ ᥟᥢ ᥟᥦᥢᥴ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥟᥢ ᥓᥛ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥕᥬᥱ ᥘᥫᥝᥴ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥞᥨᥭᥱ ᥘᥫᥢ ᥟᥤᥖᥴ ᥘᥪᥒ ᥐᥨᥭᥰ. ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥐᥭ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥛᥤᥰ ᥝᥭᥳ 0.387 AU ᥟᥛᥱ ᥘᥢᥴ 57909050 ᥑᥤᥱ ᥘᥨᥝᥱ ᥛᥤᥱ ᥖᥣᥱ (35983015 ᥘᥐᥴ) ᥕᥝᥳ. ᥐᥩᥙ ᥙᥫᥝ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥕᥧᥱ ᥓᥛ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥛᥭᥲ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥖᥥᥳ ᥟᥫᥲ. ᥔᥤᥒᥱ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥝᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥛᥭᥲ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥖᥤ 427 ᥖᥤᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥤᥳ ᥔᥦᥰ ᥔᥤᥰ ᥕᥦᥖ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥐᥣᥒ ᥑᥪᥢᥰ ᥔᥛᥳ ᥐᥖᥴ ᥘᥣᥒᥳ ᥗᥪᥒᥴ ᥙᥨᥝᥰ ᥛᥤᥰ -173 ᥖᥤᥱ ᥐᥣᥱ ᥕᥤᥳ ᥔᥦᥰ ᥔᥤᥰ ᥕᥦᥖ ᥟᥫᥝᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙ ᥙᥫ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥓᥧᥱ ᥕᥤᥱ ᥘᥭᥳ, ᥛᥤᥰ ᥘᥥᥐ ᥘᥛᥴ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥘᥐᥴ ᥔᥤᥴ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥐᥨᥭᥰ ᥐᥣ ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥓᥢ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥢᥳ ᥛᥤᥰ 37% ᥞᥦᥒᥰ ᥓᥢᥴ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥞᥝᥰ ᥐᥨᥭᥰ. ᥙᥩᥒᥱ ᥝᥣ ᥑᥫᥒ ᥟᥢ ᥘᥪᥒ, ᥟᥢ ᥛᥤᥰ 100 kg ᥖᥤ ᥘᥫᥴ ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ ᥘᥢᥱ, ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥐᥨᥭᥰ ᥛᥤᥰ 37 kg ᥘᥫᥴ ᥛᥣᥱ ᥓᥨᥱ ᥘᥤᥱ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥐᥩᥙ ᥙᥫᥱ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥙᥥᥢ ᥓᥨᥝᥱ ᥟᥢ ᥓᥛ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥔᥤ ᥙᥫᥘ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥖᥣᥒᥰ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥛᥢᥰ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥞᥩᥙ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥪᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥐᥩᥲ ᥙᥩᥖ ᥔᥤ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥘᥦᥲ ᥚᥬᥰ ᥔᥤ ᥙᥫᥢ ᥕᥝᥲ. ᥛᥢᥰ ᥘᥭᥲ ᥟᥝ ᥑᥣᥝᥰ ᥕᥣᥛᥰ 88 ᥝᥢᥰ ᥐᥨᥭᥰ ᥖᥣᥱ ᥖᥥᥴ ᥙᥢᥱ ᥟᥩᥙ ᥘᥦᥖᥱ ᥘᥪᥒ ᥙᥩᥐ ᥘᥢᥳ. [[Category:Wp/tdd]] pq48bbgv6le1c6q5v55ua6m3whe790o 0 3340133 5502466 2022-07-21T17:14:01Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: милиционер < латиныбзэ: militia = дзэм къулыкъу > miles = сэлэт {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪt͡sɨɐˈnʲer}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[милиционер]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: милиционер < латиныбзэ: militia = дзэм къулыкъу > miles = сэлэт {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪt͡sɨɐˈnʲer}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[милиционер]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=милиционер}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Милицэм хэт цӀыху. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Зэрызехьэр зэфӀэмыкӀауэ бжэщхьэӀум милиционерыр къытехутащ. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *милиционер: policeman, militia man, police officer, militia officer *Зэрызехьэр зэфӀэмыкӀауэ бжэщхьэӀум милиционерыр къытехутащ: {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *милиционер: милиционер *Зэрызехьэр зэфӀэмыкӀауэ бжэщхьэӀум милиционерыр къытехутащ: {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] m0pfzc4hco2e95hp9zzaxuqdlmrdqjk 0 3340134 5502467 2022-07-21T17:18:34Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миллиард < французыбзэ: milliard = миллиард {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪˈart}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллиард]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=милл..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миллиард < французыбзэ: milliard = миллиард {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪˈart}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллиард]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миллиард}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мелуан мин хъу бжыгъэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *миллиард: billion (1,000,000,000) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *миллиард: миллиард (1,000,000,000) {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 2t1mgj0udrans7yk8cwjzd1nrdmstty 5502479 5502467 2022-07-21T17:29:18Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миллиард < французыбзэ: milliard = миллиард {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪˈart}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллиард]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миллиард}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мелуан мин хъу бжыгъэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *миллиард: billion (1,000,000,000) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *миллиард: миллиард (1 000 000 000) {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] mzxzl4h6w3q1iyoqhzrvzabl4xokpye 10 3340135 5502468 2022-07-21T17:20:28Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 [[:d:Special:Redirect/revision/1093805698]]を参考に作成 wikitext text/x-wiki * {{Wp/ryu/UserAN|t={{{1}}}|{{{2}}}}} &mdash; '''わき:''' {{{3}}} ~<includeonly>~~</includeonly>~ <noinclude>{{Wp/ryu/Documentation}}</noinclude> 6aqfjar643744y1u9lpsyux7ga5g2j7 0 3340136 5502469 2022-07-21T17:22:49Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миллиардер < французыбзэ: milliard = миллиард {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪɐrˈdɛr}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллиардер]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпк..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миллиардер < французыбзэ: milliard = миллиард {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪɐrˈdɛr}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллиардер]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миллиардер}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Зи мылъкур миллиард бжыгъэкӀэ ябж цӀыху къулей. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *миллиардер: billionaire {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *миллиардер: миллиардер {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 0d7ows4w8me3zt0m34nyuuw5s310gkd 0 3340137 5502477 2022-07-21T17:28:29Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: миллион < латиныбзэ: milione = мелуан {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪˈon}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=миллион}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миллион}} {{Wt/kb..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: миллион < латиныбзэ: milione = мелуан {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪˈon}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=миллион}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миллион}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Минурэ мин (1 000 000) хъу бжыгъэ, мелуан. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *миллион: million (1,000,000) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *миллион: миллион (1 000 000) {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] msos9yrmfgprpy6140p4z85vrhmprt7 10 3340138 5502481 2022-07-21T17:29:42Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 [[:d:Special:Redirect/revision/1109636718]]を参考に作成 wikitext text/x-wiki {{<includeonly>subst:</includeonly>Wp/ryu/荒らしぬ報告 |1= <!-- 違反アカウントぬ表示タイプ指定さびーん。ログイン利用者や「UNL」、IP利用者や「IP2」、ログID使用するばーや「logid」ちかいん --> |2= <!-- 報告する利用者名、IP、ログIDぬいじりが --> |3= <!-- 報告するわき--> }} 8h8ugyqynvl9ffegpkt4q64e8da9k0e 0 3340139 5502490 2022-07-21T17:32:53Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: миллионер < латиныбзэ: milione = мелуан {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪɐˈnʲer}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллионер]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=милл..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: миллионер < латиныбзэ: milione = мелуан {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪlʲɪɐˈnʲer}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миллионер]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миллионер}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Зи мылъкур мелуан бжыгъэкӀэ ябж цӀыху къулей. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *миллионер: millionaire {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *миллионер: миллионер {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] ekghjnwyi6ebtbrmkz7um7ncbky6w1g 0 3340140 5502505 2022-07-21T17:40:17Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=МЕЖДОМЕТИЕ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmi:mɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мим] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Сабий уэрэдхэм хэт псалъэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Мимэ, мимэ, мимэ янэр мэлъаӀуэ, къилъэ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=МЕЖДОМЕТИЕ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmi:mɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мим] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Сабий уэрэдхэм хэт псалъэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Мимэ, мимэ, мимэ янэр мэлъаӀуэ, къилъэӀухур джэд анэ... {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=ӀуэрыӀу.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *мимэ: word that occurs in children's songs {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *мимэ: встречается в детской песенке <div class="NavFrame"> <div class="NavHead">'''псалъафэ зэпыщӀахэр'''</div> <div class="NavContent"> ====Мимэ щӀын==== {{Wt/kbd/псалъафэ-мыхьэнэ}} {{Wt/kbd/псалъафэ-зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/псалъафэ-инджылыбзэ}} walk, drag, trail, traipse {{Wt/kbd/псалъафэ-урысыбзэ}} тащиться. {{Wt/kbd/псалъафэ-зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/псалъафэ-щапхъэхэр}} </div> </div> {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] iep1vcc7tkpe0sh73zpf9s10l0m48qz 3 3340141 5502511 2022-07-21T17:45:02Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 17:45, 21 July 2022 (UTC) nthz5oohgpvgpwphrcm5lxi8uj6efck 3 3340142 5502513 2022-07-21T17:45:42Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 17:45, 21 July 2022 (UTC) nthz5oohgpvgpwphrcm5lxi8uj6efck 3 3340143 5502514 2022-07-21T17:47:25Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 17:47, 21 July 2022 (UTC) 0bsfp1p49d667xekjp203wb1flwnseu 3 3340144 5502515 2022-07-21T17:49:44Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 17:49, 21 July 2022 (UTC) ruxujtq7u5obtptezme1fln6uo155ey 0 3340145 5502517 2022-07-21T17:50:13Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 導入部や[[:ja:特別:転送/revision/90595059]]ぬ翻訳 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>[[Category:Wp/ryu]]</noinclude> くまや投稿ブロックぬ対象とぅないういる行為・事案んでーぬ報告並びにくりらに対する投稿ブロックぬ提案うくないる管理者伝言板ぬサブページやいびーん。投稿ブロックぬ依頼や投稿ブロック依頼んかいうにげーさびら。 <div style="font-size:xx-large;"> <inputbox> default=Wp/ryu/Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/投稿ブロック type=comment nosummary=true hidden=true buttonlabel=新規報告すん preload=Template:Wp/ryu/荒らしぬ報告/Preload </inputbox> </div> == 投稿ブロック == 1d5waif3hdt9t6y0j8u37f1c78i3x9i 5502518 5502517 2022-07-21T17:50:47Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>[[Category:Wp/ryu]]</noinclude> くまや投稿ブロックぬ対象とぅないういる行為・事案んでーぬ報告並びにくりらに対する投稿ブロックぬ提案うくないる管理者伝言板ぬサブページやいびーん。投稿ブロックぬ依頼や投稿ブロック依頼んかいうにげーさびら。 <div style="font-size:xx-large;"> <inputbox> default=Wp/ryu/Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/投稿ブロック type=comment hidden=true buttonlabel=新規報告すん preload=Template:Wp/ryu/荒らしぬ報告/Preload </inputbox> </div> == 投稿ブロック == pnb20ke8mfkjyn7yoybvzlt3qci8six 5502519 5502518 2022-07-21T17:51:16Z Syunsyunminmin 2576388 Undo revision 5502518 by [[Special:Contributions/Syunsyunminmin|Syunsyunminmin]] ([[User talk:Syunsyunminmin|talk]]) wikitext text/x-wiki <noinclude>[[Category:Wp/ryu]]</noinclude> くまや投稿ブロックぬ対象とぅないういる行為・事案んでーぬ報告並びにくりらに対する投稿ブロックぬ提案うくないる管理者伝言板ぬサブページやいびーん。投稿ブロックぬ依頼や投稿ブロック依頼んかいうにげーさびら。 <div style="font-size:xx-large;"> <inputbox> default=Wp/ryu/Wikipedia:管理者伝言板/投稿ブロック type=comment nosummary=true hidden=true buttonlabel=新規報告すん preload=Template:Wp/ryu/荒らしぬ報告/Preload </inputbox> </div> == 投稿ブロック == 1d5waif3hdt9t6y0j8u37f1c78i3x9i 3 3340146 5502527 2022-07-21T18:47:28Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 18:47, 21 July 2022 (UTC) nabo2mjge06cazqs6p6qsiubigo43ew 1198 3340147 5502530 2022-07-21T18:53:55Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur." wikitext text/x-wiki Vous n'êtes pas complètement novice dans les projets Wikimedia et vous comprenez et acceptez les objectifs du projet Incubateur. nwnmaomuxo5woajozzkfi2dtmox5boq 1198 3340148 5502532 2022-07-21T18:54:13Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki." wikitext text/x-wiki Vous avez une page utilisateur sur l'Incubateur et vous êtes un contributeur à ce wiki. 57cjt9hwb6mnglp8nx85jc6gdfjap6q 1198 3340149 5502534 2022-07-21T18:55:28Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Vous acceptez de suivre les [[$1|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site." wikitext text/x-wiki Vous acceptez de suivre les [[$1|politiques]] pertinentes telles qu'elles sont élaborées ici et de respecter le consensus des utilisateurs de ce site. q6wsvfihk7p0esbhqmefm8vrjjamhmf 1198 3340150 5502536 2022-07-21T18:56:39Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[$1|Meta]] et [[$2|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé." wikitext text/x-wiki Comme pour la politique d'administration sur [[$1|Meta]] et [[$2|Commons]], les administrateurs inactifs peuvent voir leur accès supprimé. sejojybowad8mhtjmic4ij4qgvaxinf 1198 3340151 5502538 2022-07-21T18:58:55Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "liste manuelle" wikitext text/x-wiki liste manuelle 6eks0a0n432v1gupgv56rp84bluzytp 1198 3340152 5502540 2022-07-21T18:59:57Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Voir $1 pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur $2." wikitext text/x-wiki Voir $1 pour la liste complète des groupes d'utilisateurs avec leurs droits d'utilisation. Les changements de groupes d'utilisateurs sont enregistrés sur $2. 8mcid763i38lfujxz0xqgoaeqcgot6t 1198 3340153 5502542 2022-07-21T19:02:01Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage." wikitext text/x-wiki Actuellement, sur les projets Wikimedia, le nombre de comptes qui peuvent être créés dans une période de 24 heures à partir d'une seule IP est limité à six. Il peut y avoir des situations, comme des événements de sensibilisation, où il serait utile d'en créer davantage. ahih2ebbbkta28ud1hkc47xj8dxw179 1198 3340154 5502544 2022-07-21T19:02:37Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici." wikitext text/x-wiki Toute autre personne (y compris les administrateurs de tests) ayant besoin d'une dérogation à la limite de six comptes pour un événement spécifique doit le demander ici. k8pwws7nwz5uetnojoq2zohu8r93s2z 1198 3340155 5502546 2022-07-21T19:03:12Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia." wikitext text/x-wiki Ce droit ne sera normalement accordé qu'aux personnes ayant un historique d'édition responsable sur Incubator et d'autres projets Wikimedia. 2dg8u845uqpecdtx896lrd87lhtemyo 1198 3340156 5502549 2022-07-21T19:03:33Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Importateurs" wikitext text/x-wiki Importateurs 1p32pnlrz3hst1lc41nofcqlylsrbub 1198 3340157 5502551 2022-07-21T19:05:17Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[$1|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire)." wikitext text/x-wiki Les ''importateurs'' ont la possibilité d'[[$1|importer des pages]] avec l'historique complet depuis certains wikis définis (les administrateurs peuvent aussi le faire). t006lp8cb9kpdq09ier6xbuzrtr0mqh 1198 3340158 5502553 2022-07-21T19:06:28Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire." wikitext text/x-wiki Lors d'une demande d'accès d'un importateur, après trois jours, un bureaucrate décidera, sur la base des votes et des commentaires, d'accorder ou non l'accès, ou de prolonger le délai de discussion si cela est encore nécessaire. d1som4ijd85t0gwtnemrrs16mt1cntz 1198 3340159 5502558 2022-07-21T19:07:34Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours." wikitext text/x-wiki Les bureaucrates peuvent accorder et révoquer ces droits, y compris à eux-mêmes. Veuillez faire vos demandes dans la section appropriée ci-dessous. Elles seront traitées pendant au moins 7 jours. rgqn2ny9owkt4iqqt7t924qra83kngg 1198 3340160 5502563 2022-07-21T19:10:15Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Importateurs" wikitext text/x-wiki Importateurs 1p32pnlrz3hst1lc41nofcqlylsrbub 1198 3340161 5502567 2022-07-21T19:15:07Z Vincent Simar 314058 Created page with "Il peut y avoir plusieurs administrateurs de test pour un même test, et inversement, vous pouvez être administrateur de test pour plus d'un test." wikitext text/x-wiki Il peut y avoir plusieurs administrateurs de test pour un même test, et inversement, vous pouvez être administrateur de test pour plus d'un test. 5afsrvv50qy1mlg0sodd4fm8ucwyn54 3 3340162 5502569 2022-07-21T19:41:22Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 19:41, 21 July 2022 (UTC) 5ihpncvlzcjcjtn7714of5x5hf7tbvt 0 3340163 5502575 2022-07-21T20:35:32Z Duke of Wikipädia 2578300 Duke of Wikipädia moved page [[Wp/yrl/Ãgola]] to [[Wp/yrl/Angola]]: correct grammar wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wp/yrl/Angola]] b1413icn5mg51ghwakzafcb94do18q1 0 3340164 5502577 2022-07-21T20:35:47Z Duke of Wikipädia 2578300 Duke of Wikipädia moved page [[Wp/yrl/Çuriname]] to [[Wp/yrl/Suriname]]: correct grammar wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wp/yrl/Suriname]] ny85i6xnlfzxozh8yajpg6lkqnb1c6b 0 3340165 5502587 2022-07-21T21:50:07Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * گەرم * داخ، داغ * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] inmyck4fsay7a6fkq9vugc2n2xbhcb9 0 3340166 5502589 2022-07-21T21:50:48Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * سارد. * بێ ھەست، سارد و سڕ. * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] 3f2jes9g1th6vudsantd8d9l7kowlha 0 3340167 5502591 2022-07-21T21:54:25Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * شانازی، سەربەرزی، مایەی شانازی. * لووت بەرزی * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] mtcjiqggs010j9p2f2ot2vlrp06nwdw 0 3340168 5502594 2022-07-21T21:56:59Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/کەمەر|کەمەر]]، [[Wt/ckb/پشتێن|پشتێن]]، کەمەرە، [[Wt/ckb/قایش|قایش]]، کەمەربەند. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] cgr66cvkps3tc4ew8tdd97jvv30lqgy 0 3340169 5502595 2022-07-21T21:58:22Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * تروکە، چاوە تروسکێ، چاولێکنان، تورکەی چاو * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] ddrwqdvkh5vcz6bh57a32n82zj17mau 0 3340170 5502596 2022-07-21T21:59:07Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * رق و کین، بێزاری، رقلێبوون. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] p32a7tnwqgsm1ti9333dlkkdgkh2lnq 0 3340171 5502598 2022-07-21T22:01:58Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == [[File:Right Hand Fingers.png|thumb]] === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/پەنجە|پەنجە]]: ھەر یەکێک لە بەشە درێژ و باریک و لێک جیابوەوەکانی دەست پێی دەوترێ پەنجە. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] ekphk992b1cuxsqig8emv5oi8sgm4yq 0 3340172 5502599 2022-07-21T22:05:42Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/خەیاڵ|خەیاڵ]]، [[Wt/ckb/ئەندێشە|ئەندێشە]]، * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] sac7uwi8xmfx83l5ymk6cml6dxkgrcz 0 3340173 5502600 2022-07-21T22:06:41Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kanalia ko ni motu e tu'u i te moana Atelelanetike e fakalogo ki Sepania kae ovi ki Moloko. Ko te kolo mu'a o te motu lahi o Kanalia ko Sagata Koluse. [[File:Blank topographic map of the Canary Islands.svg|thumb]] Ko te kolo mu'a o te motu veliveli o Kanalia ko Lase Palemase. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Sepania]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kanalia ko ni motu e tu'u i te moana Atelelanetike e fakalogo ki Sepania kae ovi ki Moloko. Ko te kolo mu'a o te motu lahi o Kanalia ko Sagata Koluse. [[File:Blank topographic map of the Canary Islands.svg|thumb]] Ko te kolo mu'a o te motu veliveli o Kanalia ko Lase Palemase. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Sepania]] 7vkzg7rogtcrj21vmkugjrd3b6vnpb6 14 3340174 5502601 2022-07-21T22:08:00Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Fakamatala ki Sepania [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] [[Category:Wp/wls]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Fakamatala ki Sepania [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] [[Category:Wp/wls]] 4137q03swu0rsi9excpu2dablvby2el 0 3340175 5502607 2022-07-21T22:20:17Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "[[File:Hispanophone global world map language.png|thumb]] Ko te lea fakasepania ko te lea fakafenua o Sepania pea mo 'ihi atu fenua i Amelika Latina ne'e tapiki ki ai o hage ko Kupa, Lepupilika Tominika, Mekesike, Ele Salavatole, Kuatemala, Honotulasi, Nikalakua, Kosita Lika, Panama, Kolopi, Venesuela, Ekuatole,Polivia, Ulukuai, Palakuai, Alesetina, Pelu mo Sile. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Lea]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Sepania]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Hispanophone global world map language.png|thumb]] Ko te lea fakasepania ko te lea fakafenua o Sepania pea mo 'ihi atu fenua i Amelika Latina ne'e tapiki ki ai o hage ko Kupa, Lepupilika Tominika, Mekesike, Ele Salavatole, Kuatemala, Honotulasi, Nikalakua, Kosita Lika, Panama, Kolopi, Venesuela, Ekuatole,Polivia, Ulukuai, Palakuai, Alesetina, Pelu mo Sile. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Lea]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Sepania]] b5gw7157j3qv00xij1kpfacjh6oissy 0 3340176 5502610 2022-07-21T22:46:00Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kinea Ekuatolia e ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Malapo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kinea Ekuatolia e ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Location Equatorial Guinea AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Malapo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] th7937jbl611pgnslwjj9udthxadenz 0 3340177 5502612 2022-07-21T22:51:20Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Elitelea ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Eritrea (Africa orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Asimala. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Elitelea ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Eritrea (Africa orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Asimala. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] 2wrrt7amzw4e6n4dfv83zl28u7rw7uk 0 3340178 5502616 2022-07-21T22:53:48Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "[[File:LocationEswatini.svg|thumb]] Ko Esuatini ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Emepapane. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:LocationEswatini.svg|thumb]] Ko Esuatini ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Emepapane. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] f0x0gdrkupfnyosw4428ict2fjb2jni 0 3340179 5502617 2022-07-21T22:53:59Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * نادرووست، ھەڵە، ناڕاست. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] * فەرھەنگی [http://www.inkurdish.com ئینکوردیش] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] 9ksywto3r5esczoj2hlplnclkq4v64n 0 3340180 5502618 2022-07-21T22:54:42Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * وێستگە، بنکە. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] ivsgqpddw4687zu4wog8h7pjaqotnrc 0 3340181 5502619 2022-07-21T22:56:01Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "[[File:Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko Etiopi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Atisi Apepa. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Ethiopia (Africa orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko Etiopi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Atisi Apepa. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 5db52u6trhfe2litn8k4lbeguxqbhey 0 3340182 5502620 2022-07-21T22:58:25Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kapone ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lipelevile. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kapone ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Gabon (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lipelevile. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] bduvp03i0sdp9lch5r5b7h9ckc3k6fv 0 3340183 5502621 2022-07-21T23:00:44Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kanā ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu 'uesite o Afelika. [[File:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Akalā. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kanā ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu 'uesite o Afelika. [[File:Ghana (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Akalā. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] hhsrx577dlrqtj4lmm470g4rz65yxsk 0 3340184 5502622 2022-07-21T23:02:34Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kinea ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu 'uesite o Afelika. [[File:Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Konakili. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kinea ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu 'uesite o Afelika. [[File:Guinea (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Konakili. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] sklkj01g355hqtk57rbo1eicwgcc9j3 0 3340185 5502623 2022-07-21T23:06:32Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kinea Pisao ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Guinea-Bissau in Africa (-mini map -rivers).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Pisao. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kinea Pisao ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Guinea-Bissau in Africa (-mini map -rivers).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Pisao. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 11ogrja8wbsuu566ezdso5h87kmvqre 0 3340186 5502624 2022-07-21T23:09:27Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko te Kote Tivuale ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Iamusukulo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko te Kote Tivuale ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Côte d'Ivoire (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Iamusukulo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 0qvpceaov6awp5arry750fmozuqqnxq 0 3340187 5502625 2022-07-21T23:10:42Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kenia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Nailopi. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kenia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Nailopi. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] iserligggxqen2im3aelm696h3nx5kl 0 3340188 5502626 2022-07-21T23:13:12Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Lesoto ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Maselu. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Lesoto ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Lesotho (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Maselu. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] q80jnco7azdw3zgs7rj0vmevf40q5vg 0 3340189 5502627 2022-07-21T23:15:14Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Lipelia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Liberia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Molovia. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Lipelia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Liberia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Molovia. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] iwf3pnua7we96zbu62ygx3x27awuc4n 0 3340190 5502628 2022-07-21T23:18:13Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Matakasikā ko he motu mo he fenua e tu'u i te Moana Initia i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Madagascar (centered orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Anitananalivo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Matakasikā ko he motu mo he fenua e tu'u i te Moana Initia i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Madagascar (centered orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Anitananalivo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] p652timu1q58ky2d01dd62pbwk303sh 0 3340191 5502629 2022-07-21T23:22:44Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Mateila ko he motu e tu'u i te loto moana Atelenatike i te vaha o Afelika. E ko he koga fenua o Polotukale. [[File:Regiao Autonoma da Madeira in Portugal (complete).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Funusale. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Mateila ko he motu e tu'u i te loto moana Atelenatike i te vaha o Afelika. E ko he koga fenua o Polotukale. [[File:Regiao Autonoma da Madeira in Portugal (complete).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Funusale. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] qv6dsrtcq2nj1fzesp0zqgphh9gzbgx 0 3340192 5502630 2022-07-21T23:25:06Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * بیر، ھزر، بیرکردنەوە، تێڕامان. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] g2trzrey126byh2ngcwloizi62gsilg 0 3340193 5502631 2022-07-21T23:25:40Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * بیرۆکە، وێنا، بۆچوون، ڕا. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] buvsm8szyy9qcxkdarrid83y9ryqvbl 0 3340194 5502632 2022-07-21T23:25:55Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Malaui ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lilogue. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Malaui ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Malawi (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lilogue. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] hrpsgv5514tx3c52twkn7f0j8qfk3tj 0 3340195 5502633 2022-07-21T23:28:13Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * تەواو، تێکڕا، ساغ. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] nbyt4fg7kbklpdgy7n38advtvugb212 0 3340196 5502634 2022-07-21T23:28:59Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/یەکەمین|یەکەمین]]، [[Wt/ckb/یەکەم|یەکەم]]. * یەکەم شت. * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] nfu4rjega2hxi6x763zxyo6876z42du 0 3340197 5502635 2022-07-21T23:29:14Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko te motu mo fenua ko Molisi e tu'u i loto Moana Initia. [[File:Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Pō Lui. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko te motu mo fenua ko Molisi e tu'u i loto Moana Initia. [[File:Mauritius (orthographic projection with inset).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Pō Lui. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 76igcm8b1m391natl9yhlr0ex04oq3r 0 3340198 5502636 2022-07-21T23:29:30Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/دووەم|دووەم]]، دووەھمین، [[Wt/ckb/دووەمین|دووەمین]]. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] nf2xnfalysygs1elqzk1gcw00gfffkn 0 3340199 5502637 2022-07-21T23:31:00Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/تۆزێک|تۆزێک]]، [[Wt/ckb/ھەندێک|ھەندێک]]، [[Wt/ckb/کەمێک|کەمێک]]. بڕێکی کەم. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] ith6dxjggdburcbtv8rhxxuldhxv7qb 0 3340200 5502638 2022-07-21T23:31:37Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Maiote ko he motu mo he koga fenua o Falani e tu'u i te Moana Initia o ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Mayotte (976) in France.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Mamutusu. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Maiote ko he motu mo he koga fenua o Falani e tu'u i te Moana Initia o ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Mayotte (976) in France.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Mamutusu. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] n5emghdw8dz0jz7linqlqoax8qecm96 5502644 5502638 2022-07-21T23:43:15Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Maiote ko he motu mo he koga fenua o Falani e tu'u i te Moana Initia o ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Mayotte (976) in France.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Mamutusu. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]] ja0h5xhgmhyyk01j9q1kldqfu50lbwj 0 3340201 5502639 2022-07-21T23:32:00Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/توانا|توانا]]، [[Wt/ckb/ھێز|ھێز]]، لێھاتوو. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] 2t4rggb9u7q32zqo4witjtv1donrnvn 0 3340202 5502640 2022-07-21T23:34:00Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/سێیەم|سێیەم]]، سێھەم، [[Wt/ckb/سێیەمین|سێیەمین]]. * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] efzfh9yb9c8aa0gff0xy87azd3s8dcz 3 3340203 5502641 2022-07-21T23:39:25Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 23:39, 21 July 2022 (UTC) le4r080mwy88drzn0bacylum66jek3y 0 3340204 5502642 2022-07-21T23:41:21Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "[[File:French Southern and Antarctic Lands in France (zoomed).svg|thumb]] Ko te 'u Kele Saute mo Ātatike Falani ko he telituale falani e ina fakatahi'i te 'u motu kehekehe mo lāvaki o Falani e tu'u i te potu saute o te moana Initia pea mo te 'u kele falani i te koga kele tāfito o Ātatike. Mole he kolo mu'a o te telituale kae tu'u te 'u pilo o te pule'aga i Sagato Petelo i Leunio. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:French Southern and Antarctic Lands in France (zoomed).svg|thumb]] Ko te 'u Kele Saute mo Ātatike Falani ko he telituale falani e ina fakatahi'i te 'u motu kehekehe mo lāvaki o Falani e tu'u i te potu saute o te moana Initia pea mo te 'u kele falani i te koga kele tāfito o Ātatike. Mole he kolo mu'a o te telituale kae tu'u te 'u pilo o te pule'aga i Sagato Petelo i Leunio. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]] l7gxgbgsqdw1yj2w6owr58yepgrth1z 14 3340205 5502643 2022-07-21T23:42:46Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Kogafenua, telituale, motu e fakalogo ki Falani. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Kogafenua, telituale, motu e fakalogo ki Falani. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani]] pqq9jd45nz02f36phlcop8xtgxbhe56 0 3340206 5502648 2022-07-21T23:47:28Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Mosapiki ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Maputo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Mosapiki ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Mozambique (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Maputo. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 8jm32wzumr71s2qmnkdc8mrpg47ks76 0 3340207 5502649 2022-07-21T23:49:30Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম wikitext text/x-wiki '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] frf5djc4in66vhvgj2t3mqvairypw7h 5502651 5502649 2022-07-21T23:50:49Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] lnd58hrk1ctryh3psy62e70dwkhw6v1 5502653 5502651 2022-07-21T23:54:00Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 +[[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]]; +[[Category:Wq/as/কবি]]; +[[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]]; +[[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]]; +[[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] using [[Help:Gadget-HotCat|HotCat]] wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] bqiqni61km9hxhjlfq0m69klr5bdgnv 5502662 5502653 2022-07-22T00:03:09Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 7r788vezrg1zmqlkmntmhgddh8xw4mh 5502664 5502662 2022-07-22T00:06:55Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 72vxki2xgfzddyjswm5zdopvrlbcwas 5502666 5502664 2022-07-22T00:08:32Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] o54f02mnts68r6p4rqsrp6s1ka532ul 5502667 5502666 2022-07-22T00:09:06Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] cnpc1566r6wbnfgguqehah4ryc7lks1 5502669 5502667 2022-07-22T00:11:00Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] sj3fu9x3w1bm4nlbjdvkk4xb7p0livb 5502670 5502669 2022-07-22T00:11:29Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] di1x3idl7d0zqihq0r6i66xg6vp47rz 5502673 5502670 2022-07-22T00:14:09Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] gm694t16eex1lkyl4cjx82dthajpjqr 5502675 5502673 2022-07-22T00:15:51Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] jf2c0kxei11f2s0zp5a088huieemqd6 5502676 5502675 2022-07-22T00:17:19Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] npvp7ff0hp8x6fsp6tpvbd4af251y9d 5502679 5502676 2022-07-22T00:19:34Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ewhsha5nugf7opqbjeg3xjctc1eizvh 5502680 5502679 2022-07-22T00:21:22Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 1g9vsz66exxv70ibbb38p44d5fke6hh 5502682 5502680 2022-07-22T00:24:30Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 3vkpej9oda693ujcmnocj918klkw2po 5502683 5502682 2022-07-22T00:25:10Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] q1qwhyt06u0zm0kctovruw8d3baikmj 5502685 5502683 2022-07-22T00:26:43Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] lh8fb6j3dyebe9j7sr8kflm1e3zbgq7 5502686 5502685 2022-07-22T00:27:10Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 43mpeirbg4irjolxz1ycjebxgvlwvxt 5502688 5502686 2022-07-22T00:29:09Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও নজ্বলিব। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] hevo159d1et80hkob6pxscrm4ozi75k 5502689 5502688 2022-07-22T00:30:53Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও নজ্বলিব। * যিজনে জুই জ্বলাইছে তেওঁ নাজানে যাক জ্বলাইছে তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ কিমান অংশ জ্বলিছে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] tujj0k9z401aoz0c5whgno3cp7ie91d 5502690 5502689 2022-07-22T00:32:22Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও নজ্বলিব। * যিজনে জুই জ্বলাইছে তেওঁ নাজানে যাক জ্বলাইছে তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ কিমান অংশ জ্বলিছে। * মৃত্যুৰ যন্ত্ৰণাতকৈ দুখৰ যন্ত্ৰণা কিমান কঠিন, কিমান ভয়ংকৰ সেয়া কেৱল ভুক্তভোগীয়েহে অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] gczrgzbp7pqnpe2mha1dbiqyzqr8ikc 5502691 5502690 2022-07-22T00:34:36Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও নজ্বলিব। * যিজনে জুই জ্বলাইছে তেওঁ নাজানে যাক জ্বলাইছে তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ কিমান অংশ জ্বলিছে। * মৃত্যুৰ যন্ত্ৰণাতকৈ দুখৰ যন্ত্ৰণা কিমান কঠিন, কিমান ভয়ংকৰ সেয়া কেৱল ভুক্তভোগীয়েহে অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে। ==কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম সম্পৰ্কে== * কবি নজৰুলে যি সপোন দেখিছিল সেয়া কেৱল তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সপোনেই নহয় সমগ্ৰ বঙালী জাতিৰ সপোন আছিল। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] qol2zcc5t3tnmdfcfe8yirrqmej8n55 5502693 5502691 2022-07-22T00:36:52Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''[[:as:কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম|কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম]]''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলি উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একো নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও নজ্বলিব। * যিজনে জুই জ্বলাইছে তেওঁ নাজানে যাক জ্বলাইছে তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ কিমান অংশ জ্বলিছে। * মৃত্যুৰ যন্ত্ৰণাতকৈ দুখৰ যন্ত্ৰণা কিমান কঠিন, কিমান ভয়ংকৰ সেয়া কেৱল ভুক্তভোগীয়েহে অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে। ==কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম সম্পৰ্কে== * কবি নজৰুলে যি সপোন দেখিছিল সেয়া কেৱল তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সপোনেই নহয় সমগ্ৰ বঙালী জাতিৰ সপোন আছিল। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] ieucgvzk8livx0dcflfckmecyhlqr9z 5502716 5502693 2022-07-22T04:29:16Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''[[:as:কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম|কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম]]''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলিহে উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একোৱেই নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও নজ্বলিব। * যিজনে জুই জ্বলাইছে তেওঁ নাজানে যাক জ্বলাইছে তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ কিমান অংশ জ্বলিছে। * মৃত্যুৰ যন্ত্ৰণাতকৈ দুখৰ যন্ত্ৰণা কিমান কঠিন, কিমান ভয়ংকৰ সেয়া কেৱল ভুক্তভোগীয়েহে অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে। ==কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম সম্পৰ্কে== * কবি নজৰুলে যি সপোন দেখিছিল সেয়া কেৱল তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সপোনেই নহয় সমগ্ৰ বঙালী জাতিৰ সপোন আছিল। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] 9mxvyhdyd7okyf3qo3viuzb1z16r2x5 5502717 5502716 2022-07-22T04:31:07Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Nazrul.jpg|thumb|১৯২৬ চনত কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম ]] '''[[:as:কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম|কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম]]''' (মে' ২৪, ১৮৯৯ – আগষ্ট ২৯, ১৯৭৬) আছিল বিংশ শতাব্দীৰ জনপ্ৰিয় বঙালী কবি, সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ, সংগীতস্ৰষ্টা, দাৰ্শনিক, যিয়ে বঙালী কাব্যত অগ্ৰগামী ভূমিকাৰ লগতে প্ৰগতিশীল প্ৰণোদনাৰ বাবে সৰ্বাধিক পৰিচিত। তেওঁ বঙালী ভাষাৰ অন্যতম সাহিত্যিক, দেশপ্ৰেমী আৰু বাংলাদেশৰ জাতীয় কবি। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * অভাৱৰ দিনত এজন প্ৰিয় অতিথিৰ আগমনতকৈ বেছি বেদনাদায়ক একোৱেই নাই। কেৱল হৃদয়েৰে দেৱতাক পূজা কৰা সম্ভৱ, কিন্তু অতিথিক কেৱল হাতেৰে আদৰি লোৱাটো সম্ভৱ নহয়। * মোৰ দৃষ্টিত পুৰুষ-মহিলাৰ মাজত কোনো পাৰ্থক্য নাই। পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো চিৰ-কল্যাণকামী মহান সৃষ্টিৰ আধা নাৰীয়ে, আধা পুৰুষে কৰিছে। * যদি কপালত সুখ লিখা নাথাকে, তেন্তে কপালখন শিলত খুন্দিয়াই থাকিলেও কোনো লাভ নাই। কপালখন যথেষ্ট ফুলিহে উঠে, কিন্তু সৌভাগ্য অলপো খোল নাখায়। * আমি সকলোৱে পাপী, নিজৰ পাপৰ জোখ-মাখৰে আনৰ পাপ জুখিছো। * মই এই দেশত এই সমাজত জন্ম লৈছো বাবে কেৱল এই দেশৰে নহয়, এই সমাজৰে নহয়। মই সকলো দেশৰ সকলো মানুহৰ অন্তৰ্গত। * জীৱ-জন্তুৰ দৰে সংখ্যাগৰিষ্ঠ হৈ কি লাভ, যদি আমাৰ গৌৰৱ কৰিবলগীয়া একোৱেই নাই। * বাহিৰৰ স্বাধীনতা নাইকিয়া হৈছে কাৰণে অন্তৰৰ স্বাধীনতা যেন বিসৰ্জন নিদিওঁ। * মোক মছজিদৰ কাষতে কবৰ দিবা ভাই, যাতে মাটিৰ তলৰ পৰাও মুজ্জিনৰ আজান শুনিব পাৰো। * অসৎ মাতৃৰ পুত্ৰ যদি জাৰজ হয়, তেন্তে অসৎ পিতৃৰ পুত্ৰও জাৰজ। * যিজনৰ নিজৰ ধৰ্মত বিশ্বাস আছে তেওঁ আনৰ ধৰ্মক ঘৃণা কৰিব নোৱাৰে। * যদি সত্যই লক্ষ্য, সৌন্দৰ্য্য আৰু মঙ্গলৰ সৃষ্টি এটা ব্ৰত, তেন্তে তেওঁৰ লেখাই সন্মান লাভ কৰিব‌ই কৰিব। * কামনা আৰু প্ৰেম সম্পূৰ্ণ বেলেগ। কামনা মাথোঁ এক প্ৰবল সাময়িক উত্তেজনা আৰু প্ৰেম ধীৰ প্ৰশান্ত আৰু চিৰন্তন। * যেতিয়া এজন পুৰুষ প্ৰেমত পৰে তেতিয়া তেওঁ হাজাৰ বছৰ জীয়াই থাকিব বিচাৰে। আৰু যেতিয়া ই বিফল হয়, তেতিয়া প্ৰতি মুহূৰ্ততে মৃত্যুৰ কামনা কৰে। * ভালপোৱাৰ কোনো অৰ্থ বা পৰিমাণ নাই। * সৰু সৰু বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক গভীৰ কৰি তোলে। আৰু দীঘলীয়া বিচ্ছেদে প্ৰেমক হত্যা কৰে। * সত্যক অস্বীকাৰ কৰি ভণ্ডামিৰে মংগল উৎসৱৰ কল্যাণকামী প্ৰদীপ কেতিয়াও জ্বলাব নোৱাৰি। * যিজনে জুই জ্বলাইছে তেওঁ নাজানে যাক জ্বলাইছে তেওঁৰ বুকুৰ কিমান অংশ জ্বলিছে। * মৃত্যুৰ যন্ত্ৰণাতকৈ দুখৰ যন্ত্ৰণা কিমান কঠিন, কিমান ভয়ংকৰ সেয়া কেৱল ভুক্তভোগীয়েহে অনুভৱ কৰিব পাৰে। ==কাজী নজৰুল ইছলাম সম্পৰ্কে== * কবি নজৰুলে যি সপোন দেখিছিল সেয়া কেৱল তেওঁৰ নিজৰ সপোনেই নহয় সমগ্ৰ বঙালী জাতিৰ সপোন আছিল। ** [[Wq/as/সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু|সুভাষ চন্দ্ৰ বসু]] ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] [[Category:Wq/as/বাংলাদেশৰ ব্যক্তি]] [[Category:Wq/as/কবি]] [[Category:Wq/as/সঙ্গীতজ্ঞ]] [[Category:Wq/as/দাৰ্শনিক]] [[Category:Wq/as/মৃত ব্যক্তি]] c6amep7422lx2pqb972zyy72s6vqv17 0 3340208 5502650 2022-07-21T23:49:39Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Namipi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute uesite o Afelika. [[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Uinitoke. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Namipi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute uesite o Afelika. [[File:Namibia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Uinitoke. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] egpxnlrczgwaxz1lq4xuwn5lcafq6fh 0 3340209 5502652 2022-07-21T23:51:16Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Niselia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Apusa. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Niselia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Nigeria (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Apusa. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] djrfqaw0ulifvfgfhbck3d4v1nk0z7a 3 3340210 5502654 2022-07-21T23:54:22Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 23:54, 21 July 2022 (UTC) q2lz6kbxq100snsfto3qyjn8a9jcmqn 14 3340211 5502655 2022-07-21T23:54:35Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 Created page with "[[Category:Wq/as/পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তিসকল]] [[Category:Wq/as]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Wq/as/পেচা অনুসৰি ব্যক্তিসকল]] [[Category:Wq/as]] 19xsq84cu4se43f7pfgi3mm0pnl01rg 0 3340212 5502656 2022-07-21T23:55:29Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Leunio ko he motu mo he koga fenua o Falani mama'o e tu'u i te loto moana Initia pea 'ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:France on the globe (Reunion special) (Africa centered).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Sagato Tenisio. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Leunio ko he motu mo he koga fenua o Falani mama'o e tu'u i te loto moana Initia pea 'ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:France on the globe (Reunion special) (Africa centered).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Sagato Tenisio. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Falani Mama'o]] 9lasiiejyldf9extcxn289uhg8zdiwz 0 3340213 5502658 2022-07-21T23:57:48Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Luanata ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Kikali. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Luanata ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Location Rwanda AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Kikali. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 1wwisio3ofi9f3538fde1zyanlrwdvt 0 3340214 5502661 2022-07-21T23:59:36Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Lea.fakauvea moved page [[Wp/wls/Agola]] to [[Wp/wls/Akola]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wp/wls/Akola]] 6kwiy7ht2zqkjvcxle17paa0nrey6bk 0 3340215 5502663 2022-07-22T00:06:52Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Sagata Helena, Asesione mo Tilisitane Ta Kunia ko ni motu e tu'u i te moana Ateletike i te vaha o Afelika Saute. E fakatahi'i te 'u motu i he telituale e tahi e fakalogo ki Pilitania. [[File:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in United Kingdom.svg|thumb]] Ko te kolo mu'a o te telituale ko Siasetaune. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Pilitania]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Sagata Helena, Asesione mo Tilisitane Ta Kunia ko ni motu e tu'u i te moana Ateletike i te vaha o Afelika Saute. E fakatahi'i te 'u motu i he telituale e tahi e fakalogo ki Pilitania. [[File:Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha in United Kingdom.svg|thumb]] Ko te kolo mu'a o te telituale ko Siasetaune. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Pilitania]] ijmohcg9kfbowyjvah8cvn2314m7jvr 14 3340216 5502665 2022-07-22T00:07:45Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko te fenua ko Pilitania. [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] [[Category:Wp/wls]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko te fenua ko Pilitania. [[Category:Wp/wls/Eulopa]] [[Category:Wp/wls]] fqlarqn4barelcqpdvjsbo20vqcotmr 0 3340217 5502668 2022-07-22T00:10:32Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Sao Tome mo Pilisipe ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu 'uesite o Afelika. [[File:Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Sao Tome. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Sao Tome mo Pilisipe ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu 'uesite o Afelika. [[File:Location São Tomé and Príncipe AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Sao Tome. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] tg39k9kth17d4wdbysx6d86hrso6h88 0 3340218 5502671 2022-07-22T00:12:05Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Senekale ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Senegal (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Takale. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Senekale ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Senegal (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Takale. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] bv7g4og8v9ga8x5jnb2gajy8wrb8anc 0 3340219 5502672 2022-07-22T00:14:01Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Sesele ko he fenua e tu'u i te loto moana Initia pea e 'ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Vikitolia. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Sesele ko he fenua e tu'u i te loto moana Initia pea e 'ovi ki te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Location Seychelles AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Vikitolia. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] lp2rbxegacnirnt8betctdw546qaest 0 3340220 5502674 2022-07-22T00:15:51Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Siela Leona ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Filitaune. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Siela Leona ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Sierra Leone (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Filitaune. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] eq6v0on5x7haetqa0mumjtp8ku9l4vl 0 3340221 5502677 2022-07-22T00:17:33Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Somalia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Mokatisio. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Somalia ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Somalia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Mokatisio. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] f31ohqitj8l9p7tmqble7y2js0wxorw 0 3340222 5502678 2022-07-22T00:19:28Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Somalilani ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Hākeisa. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Somalilani ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Somaliland (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Hākeisa. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] fowol86uu531hb9qc9fo8ig2ap9chx2 0 3340223 5502692 2022-07-22T00:35:41Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Sutane Saute ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:South Sudan hd (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Supā. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Sutane Saute ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:South Sudan hd (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Supā. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] taeks9d8blxngeoxe22efp365lre6lr 0 3340224 5502694 2022-07-22T00:37:17Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Sutane ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Kalatume. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Sutane ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Sudan (orthographic projection) highlighted.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Kalatume. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 43ahjl7gucspwalf2wnezccsusf806m 0 3340225 5502695 2022-07-22T00:41:32Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Tāsania ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Totoma. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Tāsania ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. [[File:Tanzania (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Totoma. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] e0e5sbio2m0oamc8tolunsp8fghwmnh 0 3340226 5502696 2022-07-22T00:43:55Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Kamipi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Panisule. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Kamipi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Gambia (orthographic projection with inset).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Panisule. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] fyy6xoo3z6jlxrvrlablnsy87e83kwr 0 3340227 5502697 2022-07-22T00:46:10Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Toko ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Location Togo AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lome. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Toko ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu uesite o Afelika. [[File:Location Togo AU Africa.svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lome. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] ppgmgpc55fhqahunf5ijnoro75x3qp1 0 3340228 5502698 2022-07-22T00:49:11Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Ukāta ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Kamepala. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Ukāta ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu esite o Afelika. [[File:Uganda (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Kamepala. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] p62uo9g6284ewg7jfwp7i0pi5tuvezg 0 3340229 5502699 2022-07-22T00:52:22Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "Ko Sāpi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute o Afelika. [[File:Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lusaka. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Ko Sāpi ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute o Afelika. [[File:Zambia (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Lusaka. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] 3jz20hb38b3ejcgsj8od95vrerrqt9z 0 3340230 5502700 2022-07-22T00:54:27Z Lea.fakauvea 2522903 Created page with "[[File:Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko Simipāpue ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Halale. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Zimbabwe (orthographic projection).svg|thumb]] Ko Simipāpue ko he fenua e tu'u i te potu saute esite o Afelika. Ko tona kolo mu'a ko Halale. [[Category:Wp/wls]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Afelika]] [[Category:Wp/wls/Fenua]] mrd7kuyqo5lb6thoyb3xl40l6u86rse 3 3340231 5502702 2022-07-22T01:18:25Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 01:18, 22 July 2022 (UTC) 10ldmur2gxkxlt66gs8rwt7jbaprw0f 3 3340232 5502703 2022-07-22T01:41:11Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 01:41, 22 July 2022 (UTC) 9uj7607k30u3nywvkilmnle1gc9c5p6 3 3340233 5502704 2022-07-22T02:35:12Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 02:35, 22 July 2022 (UTC) fha4hleuiar5k2lzxpjrj4cu52i7y2a 0 3340234 5502713 2022-07-22T04:20:45Z Zblace 2552809 from EN Wy (raw copy) https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Wikivoyage_LGBT_Expedition wikitext text/x-wiki The '''LGBT Expedition''' is a Wikivoyage [[Wikivoyage:Expeditions|Expedition]], a collaboration by editors to expand and maintain content of interest to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) travellers. == Rationale == A significant number of travellers are LGBT, and many of them have unique interests, concerns and needs. The LGBT Expedition's role is to help Wikivoyage fulfill its mission to [[Wikivoyage:The traveller comes first|serve the traveller]], by providing LGBT travellers the info they need to make their travel experiences the best they can be. == Goals == In particular, our goals are: * To provide practical advice for LGBT travellers on the unique issues they face, such as discrimination, homophobia and transphobia, and other legal and social issues. * To list accommodations that welcome (or don't welcome) LGBT travellers. * To list venues (restaurants, bars, nightclubs, etc.) and events (pride parades, club nights, etc.) that cater to LGBT people. * To inform travellers about historical sites, museums, monuments, and other attractions that particularly interest LGBT travellers. This involves enhancing LGBT-specific information on existing articles, as well as creating specific travel topics or itineraries, equivalent to pages like [[New York City with children]] or [[Literary London]], where it is appropriate. == Specific pages of interest == * [[Wikivoyage:Information for gay and lesbian travellers]] (policy page) * [[Gay and lesbian travel]] === By country === ==== Sweden ==== * [[LGBT Stockholm]] ==== Canada ==== * [[LGBT Toronto]] *[[Montreal/Quartier Latin-Le Village]] ==== United Kingdom ==== * [[Belfast/Gay_and_lesbian_Belfast]] (appears to have been redirected to city's main article) * [[Manchester/East Central]] ==== United States ==== * [[LGBT New York City]] * [[San Francisco/Castro-Noe Valley]] == Members == We welcome any Wikivoyager to participate, whatever their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. We invite you to add yourself to the list of members below if you'd like to get involved. * [[User:Tom Morris|Tom Morris]] * [[User:Athelwulf|Athelwulf]] ([[User talk:Athelwulf|talk]]) * [[User:Xltel|Tom Holland (Xltel)]] ([[User talk:Xltel|talk]]) * [[User:Argos'Dad]] ([[User talk:Argos'Dad|talk]]) * [[User:Shujenchang|Shujenchang]] ([[User talk:Shujenchang|talk]]) * [[User:Gobbler|Gobbler]] * [[User:Hshook|Hshook]] * [[User:Marajozkee|<span style="font-family: Lucida Calligraphy "><b style="color: #008000">Ra</b><b style="color:#f10">j</b><b style="color:#080">ee</b><b style="color:#008000">b</b></span>]] [[Image:Bouncywikilogo.gif|25px]][[User_talk:Marajozkee|^{<span style="color:blue;font-family:Lucida Calligraphy">'''(talk!)'''</span>}]] * [[User:Zblace|Zblace]] * '''Add your name here!''' == On sister sites == * [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject LGBT studies|WikiProject LGBT studies]] on Wikipedia * [[m:Wikimedia LGBT+|Wikimedia LGBT+]] on Meta * [[:commons:Commons:LGBT Free Media Collective|LGBT Free Media Collective]] on Wikimedia Commons {{WikivoyageDoc|expeditions}} 8y8fvqsflriqvg0yw6pid0jv0cmxtwj 5502714 5502713 2022-07-22T04:21:34Z Zblace 2552809 /* Members */ leaving only myself :-) wikitext text/x-wiki The '''LGBT Expedition''' is a Wikivoyage [[Wikivoyage:Expeditions|Expedition]], a collaboration by editors to expand and maintain content of interest to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) travellers. == Rationale == A significant number of travellers are LGBT, and many of them have unique interests, concerns and needs. The LGBT Expedition's role is to help Wikivoyage fulfill its mission to [[Wikivoyage:The traveller comes first|serve the traveller]], by providing LGBT travellers the info they need to make their travel experiences the best they can be. == Goals == In particular, our goals are: * To provide practical advice for LGBT travellers on the unique issues they face, such as discrimination, homophobia and transphobia, and other legal and social issues. * To list accommodations that welcome (or don't welcome) LGBT travellers. * To list venues (restaurants, bars, nightclubs, etc.) and events (pride parades, club nights, etc.) that cater to LGBT people. * To inform travellers about historical sites, museums, monuments, and other attractions that particularly interest LGBT travellers. This involves enhancing LGBT-specific information on existing articles, as well as creating specific travel topics or itineraries, equivalent to pages like [[New York City with children]] or [[Literary London]], where it is appropriate. == Specific pages of interest == * [[Wikivoyage:Information for gay and lesbian travellers]] (policy page) * [[Gay and lesbian travel]] === By country === ==== Sweden ==== * [[LGBT Stockholm]] ==== Canada ==== * [[LGBT Toronto]] *[[Montreal/Quartier Latin-Le Village]] ==== United Kingdom ==== * [[Belfast/Gay_and_lesbian_Belfast]] (appears to have been redirected to city's main article) * [[Manchester/East Central]] ==== United States ==== * [[LGBT New York City]] * [[San Francisco/Castro-Noe Valley]] == Members == We welcome any Wikivoyager to participate, whatever their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. We invite you to add yourself to the list of members below if you'd like to get involved. * [[User:Zblace|Zblace]] * '''Add your name here!''' [[Category:Wy/hbs]] == On sister sites == * [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject LGBT studies|WikiProject LGBT studies]] on Wikipedia * [[m:Wikimedia LGBT+|Wikimedia LGBT+]] on Meta * [[:commons:Commons:LGBT Free Media Collective|LGBT Free Media Collective]] on Wikimedia Commons {{WikivoyageDoc|expeditions}} cwrjmg5y1vovlh61nva7ukvclsnwkt0 5502956 5502714 2022-07-22T10:46:42Z Vipz 2575690 /* Members */ Dobra ideja! wikitext text/x-wiki The '''LGBT Expedition''' is a Wikivoyage [[Wikivoyage:Expeditions|Expedition]], a collaboration by editors to expand and maintain content of interest to lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) travellers. == Rationale == A significant number of travellers are LGBT, and many of them have unique interests, concerns and needs. The LGBT Expedition's role is to help Wikivoyage fulfill its mission to [[Wikivoyage:The traveller comes first|serve the traveller]], by providing LGBT travellers the info they need to make their travel experiences the best they can be. == Goals == In particular, our goals are: * To provide practical advice for LGBT travellers on the unique issues they face, such as discrimination, homophobia and transphobia, and other legal and social issues. * To list accommodations that welcome (or don't welcome) LGBT travellers. * To list venues (restaurants, bars, nightclubs, etc.) and events (pride parades, club nights, etc.) that cater to LGBT people. * To inform travellers about historical sites, museums, monuments, and other attractions that particularly interest LGBT travellers. This involves enhancing LGBT-specific information on existing articles, as well as creating specific travel topics or itineraries, equivalent to pages like [[New York City with children]] or [[Literary London]], where it is appropriate. == Specific pages of interest == * [[Wikivoyage:Information for gay and lesbian travellers]] (policy page) * [[Gay and lesbian travel]] === By country === ==== Sweden ==== * [[LGBT Stockholm]] ==== Canada ==== * [[LGBT Toronto]] *[[Montreal/Quartier Latin-Le Village]] ==== United Kingdom ==== * [[Belfast/Gay_and_lesbian_Belfast]] (appears to have been redirected to city's main article) * [[Manchester/East Central]] ==== United States ==== * [[LGBT New York City]] * [[San Francisco/Castro-Noe Valley]] == Members == We welcome any Wikivoyager to participate, whatever their sexual orientation, gender identity, or gender expression. We invite you to add yourself to the list of members below if you'd like to get involved. * [[User:Zblace|Zblace]] * [[User:Vipz|Vipz]] [[Category:Wy/hbs]] == On sister sites == * [[w:Wikipedia:WikiProject LGBT studies|WikiProject LGBT studies]] on Wikipedia * [[m:Wikimedia LGBT+|Wikimedia LGBT+]] on Meta * [[:commons:Commons:LGBT Free Media Collective|LGBT Free Media Collective]] on Wikimedia Commons {{WikivoyageDoc|expeditions}} gya2f9chec9zzau8w8m1xdowq4ev4lb 3 3340235 5502718 2022-07-22T04:53:39Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 04:53, 22 July 2022 (UTC) mqhgk6qkldj98iokfxmxs5vet3oj1m4 0 3340236 5502726 2022-07-22T06:18:14Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> TM-46_AP-mine.JPEG|минэ Yad-Mordechai-museum-ammunition-2.jpg|минэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: мина < французыбзэ: mine = шахт {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmʲinɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мин] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> TM-46_AP-mine.JPEG|минэ Yad-Mordechai-museum-ammunition-2.jpg|минэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: мина < французыбзэ: mine = шахт {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmʲinɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мин] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мин}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Лагъым. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Минэ щӀэлъхьэн. *Минэ къэгъэуэн. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *минэ: mine *Минэ щӀэлъхьэн: plant a mine *Минэ къэгъэуэн: blow up a mine {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *минэ: мина *Минэ щӀэлъхьэн: подложить мину *Минэ къэгъэуэн: взорвать мину {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] m414a9vwk2po4lgy2u53ix7rxmiy18o 0 3340237 5502727 2022-07-22T06:21:58Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mi:nˈsɑ:n}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мин] + [сан]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=минсан}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Бжыгъэшхуэ, мин куэд. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mi:nˈsɑ:n}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мин] + [сан]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=минсан}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Бжыгъэшхуэ, мин куэд. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *минсан: a very large number (several thousand) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *минсан: очень много (несколько тысяч) {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] clu8fgi7d1n2k46v58ukbbgpj0250u3 0 3340238 5502728 2022-07-22T06:25:02Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmi:tɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мит] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мит}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Ӏэщым къеуалӀэ уз зэрыцӀалэ лъэпкъ. {{Wt/kbd..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmi:tɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мит] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мит}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Ӏэщым къеуалӀэ уз зэрыцӀалэ лъэпкъ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *митэ: an infections disease (in animals) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *митэ: заразная болезнь (у животных) {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 7vplwt4besin9ojvejy1r74odo938p0 0 3340239 5502729 2022-07-22T06:31:00Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: митинг < инджлыбзэ: meeting = зэӀущӀэныгъэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmʲitʲɪnk}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[митинг]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ырТ|kbd|псалъэпкъ=митинг}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: митинг < инджлыбзэ: meeting = зэӀущӀэныгъэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmʲitʲɪnk}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[митинг]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ырТ|kbd|псалъэпкъ=митинг}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Политическэ е нэгъуэщӀ гъэтӀылъыпӀэ зимыӀэ Ӏуэхугъуэхэм щытепсэлъыхь, щызэпкърах зэӀущӀэшхуэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Митинг зэхэтын. *Митингым къыщыпсэлъэн. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *митинг: meeting, demonstration, rally, gathering *Митинг зэхэтын: take part in a meeting *Митингым къыщыпсэлъэн: speak at a meeting {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *митинг: митинг *Митинг зэхэтын: участвовать в митинге *Митингым къыщыпсэлъэн: выступить на митинге {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] emzd98247p3648yetpql0febrxpzin8 0 3340240 5502730 2022-07-22T06:34:57Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миф < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μῦθος = миф {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲif}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миф]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миф}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Т..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: миф < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μῦθος = миф {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲif}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[миф]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=миф}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Тхьэхэмрэ тхьэпэлъытэ лӀыхъужьхэмрэ, дунеймрэ гъащӀэмрэ къызэрыунэхуам ятеухуауэ къагупсыса хъыбарыжь, псысэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Нарт эпосым и къежьапӀэр мифу зэрыщытым щыхьэт тохъуэ абы щыщ дэтхэнэ зы хъыбарри. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Къэб. п. и ант.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *миф: myth {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *миф: миф {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 9qiwisfig4gj3m6hgwa64hcn33gzuf4 0 3340241 5502731 2022-07-22T06:42:02Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: мифология < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μῦθος = миф + λογία = щӀэныгъэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪfɐˈɫoɡʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мифологий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: мифология < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μῦθος = миф + λογία = щӀэныгъэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mʲɪfɐˈɫoɡʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мифологий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ер|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мифологи}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мифхэр къызэщӀэкъуауэ, мифхэр псори. #Мифхэр зыдж наукэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Лъэпщ и образым мифологиекӀэ къыщӀедзэ. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=ӀуэрыӀу.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Мифологием мифхэр едж. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *мифологие: 1. mythology 2. mythology (science) *Мифологием мифхэр едж: study myths from mythology. {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *мифологие: 1. мифология 2. мифология (наука) *Мифологием мифхэр едж: изучать мифы из мифологии. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 5at7qvkeg378ar38do9yz3ffsw3m824 0 3340242 5502733 2022-07-22T06:49:36Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 DaiMengMaoLong moved page [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥛᥱᥚᥣᥱ]] to [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥛᥱ ᥚᥣᥱ]] adgq1i0ugvkaeie3gwdbbh5ljjx44wr 0 3340243 5502734 2022-07-22T06:50:05Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЗЫГЪЭЛЪАГЪУЭ ЦӀЭПАПЩӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:bˈde:ᶎ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -б + [деж]}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мобы и деж, мо щӀыпӀэм. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Мобдеж..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЗЫГЪЭЛЪАГЪУЭ ЦӀЭПАПЩӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:bˈde:ᶎ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -б + [деж]}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мобы и деж, мо щӀыпӀэм. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Мобдеж щыт щӀалэр соцӀыху. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *мобдеж: there, over there *Мобдеж щыт щӀалэр соцӀыху: I know the boy standing over there. {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *мобдеж: вон там *Мобдеж щыт щӀалэр соцӀыху: я знаю стоящего вон там мальчика. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] kx04p50r7ap9vm8u7i8hc6dgr4uova0 0 3340244 5502735 2022-07-22T06:52:56Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=НАРЕЧИЕ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈbǝtʹʂɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -бы + -кӏэ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мо щӀыпӀэмкӀэ, мо лъэныкъуэмкӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *[Алий:] - МыбыкӀэ сопхъуэ, м..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=НАРЕЧИЕ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈbǝtʹʂɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -бы + -кӏэ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Мо щӀыпӀэмкӀэ, мо лъэныкъуэмкӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *[Алий:] - МыбыкӀэ сопхъуэ, мобыкӀэ зызодз. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Ӏуащхь.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *мобыкӏэ: there, in that direction {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *мобыкӏэ: туда, в ту сторону. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] qy7w5vl2pqae42ilzpux03i8xdrkhea 0 3340245 5502739 2022-07-22T07:03:29Z Veracious 1556985 Veracious moved page [[Wy/id/Angggur]] to [[Wy/id/Anggur]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wy/id/Anggur]] 7x0ds8qwk76awa7t3b6qrox1035puro 0 3340246 5502740 2022-07-22T07:04:00Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈdrǝɕʹ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -др + -ы + [щӏ]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=модрыщӏ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Псым, къуэм и адрей лъэны..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈdrǝɕʹ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мо] + -др + -ы + [щӏ]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=модрыщӏ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Псым, къуэм и адрей лъэныкъуэмкӀэ щылъ щӀы; адрыщӀ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *- Индыл модрыщӀым къисхуащ шыр, - жиӀащ Хьэсанш. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Къэб. ӀуэрыӀу.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *модрыщӏ: the opposite shore, the opposite side {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *модрыщӏ: противоположный берег, сторона {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] jhuze453knj0ajuhq9wfhrn88bxgmiz 0 3340247 5502743 2022-07-22T07:10:03Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < хьэрыпыбзэ: مولى = муслъымэн динщӀакӀуэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ɮɐˈnǝqʹʷɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мол] + -э + [ныкъу] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=м..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < хьэрыпыбзэ: مولى = муслъымэн динщӀакӀуэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ɮɐˈnǝqʹʷɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мол] + -э + [ныкъу] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молэныкъу}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Молэм и дэӀэпыкъуэгъу. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Молэныкъуэ цей кӀыхьщи хьэдэӀус щыгугъщ. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Къэб. п. и ант.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молэныкъуэ: mullah's assistant, mullah's helper {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молэныкъуэ: помощник муллы {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] db1bmn6gby04nbi04ire7ptd5mv2p6r 0 3340248 5502749 2022-07-22T07:14:23Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молдованин = молдован {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məɫdɐˈvan}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молдован]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молдован}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэн..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молдованин = молдован {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məɫdɐˈvan}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молдован]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молдован}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Молдовэм нэхъыбэу щыпсэу лъэпкъ, а лъэпкъым щыщ цӀыху. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молдован: Moldovan (man, woman, nation) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молдован: молдованин, молдованка; моддоване {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] liv736p9hk7ndpmi9rprf32gzau9oqa 0 3340249 5502750 2022-07-22T07:14:56Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молдованин = молдован {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məɫdɐˈvan}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молдован]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молдован}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэн..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молдованин = молдован {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məɫdɐˈvan}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молдован]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молдован}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Молдовэм нэхъыбэу щыпсэу лъэпкъ, а лъэпкъым щыщ цӀыху. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молдован: Moldovan (man, woman, nation) {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молдован: молдованин, молдованка; моддоване {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] liv736p9hk7ndpmi9rprf32gzau9oqa 0 3340250 5502751 2022-07-22T07:20:08Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молекула < латиныбзэ: molecula пычахуэ цӀыкӀу {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐˈlʲekʊɫɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молекул] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпк..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молекула < латиныбзэ: molecula пычахуэ цӀыкӀу {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐˈlʲekʊɫɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молекул] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молекул}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Пкъыгъуэр зэрызэхэлъ Ӏыхьэ нэхъ цӀыкӀу дыдэхэу абы и химическэ щытыкӀэхэр зиӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молекулэ: molecule {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молекулэ: молекула {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] lmdwrwjl2b6xgx2vx4s666240n6drai 0 3340251 5502756 2022-07-22T07:23:16Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 DaiMengMaoLong moved page [[Wp/tdd/ᥛᥦᥝᥰ]] to [[Wp/tdd/ᥛᥦᥝᥴ]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wp/tdd/ᥛᥦᥝᥴ]] 5bkiybqczminttr9geem7tnip7pi1po 0 3340252 5502759 2022-07-22T07:24:37Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 DaiMengMaoLong moved page [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥢᥴᥞᥥᥢᥰ]] to [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ]] wikitext text/x-wiki #REDIRECT [[Wp/tdd/ᥐᥢ ᥞᥥᥢᥰ]] rkignklwr9csc0m8bwdotu5ytq2y0mb 3 3340253 5502761 2022-07-22T07:26:22Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 07:26, 22 July 2022 (UTC) qnd7ytvs4ny3w8tf43yfwk3cks53g83 3 3340254 5502768 2022-07-22T07:32:25Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 07:32, 22 July 2022 (UTC) o2les1u8t9v67ee3wg944tjia64pgrg 0 3340255 5502769 2022-07-22T07:32:31Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 Created page with "{{Infobox settlement|name=ဝဵင်းမူႇၸေႊ|settlement_type=[[ဝဵင်းၼႂ်းမိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|ဝဵင်းၼႂ်းမိူင်းတႆး]]|pushpin_label_position=bottom|pushpin_map=မိူင်းမၢၼ်ႊ|pushpin_map_caption=ဢွင်ႈတီႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_map=|map_caption=|subdivision_type=မိ..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Infobox settlement|name=ဝဵင်းမူႇၸေႊ|settlement_type=[[ဝဵင်းၼႂ်းမိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|ဝဵင်းၼႂ်းမိူင်းတႆး]]|pushpin_label_position=bottom|pushpin_map=မိူင်းမၢၼ်ႊ|pushpin_map_caption=ဢွင်ႈတီႈ ၼႂ်းမိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|image_skyline=|imagesize=|image_caption=|image_map=|map_caption=|subdivision_type=မိူင်း|subdivision_name=[[File:Flag of Myanmar.svg|25px]] [[မိူင်းမၢၼ်ႊ|မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ]]|subdivision_type1=[[ၼႃႈလိၼ်ၽွင်းငမ်းဢုပ်ႉပိူင်ႇ မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|ၸႄႈမိူင်း]]|subdivision_name1=[[File:Flag of Shan.png|25px]] [[မိူင်းတႆး|ၸႄႈမိူင်းတႆး]]|subdivision_type2=[[ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈၸိူဝ်းမီးၼႂ်း မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈ]]|subdivision_name2=[[မူႇၸေႈ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈ|ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈမူႇၸေႊ]]|subdivision_type3=[[ၸႄႈဝဵင်းၸိူဝ်းမီးၼႂ်း မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|ၸႄႈဝဵင်း]]|subdivision_name3=[[မူႇၸေႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်း|ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမူႇၸေႊ]]|unit_pref=Imperial|area_total_km2=|population=|population_total=၁၁၇,၅၀၇|population_urban=၇၄,၃၁၃|population_rural=၄၃,၁၉၄|population_as_of=2014|population_footnotes=<ref name="census-2014">{{Cite book|title=သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း အစီရင်ခံစာ|publisher=လူဝင်မှုကြီးကြပ်ရေးနှင့် ပြည်သူ့အင်အား ဝန်ကြီးဌာန|location=နေပြည်တော်|date=မေ ၂၀၁၅|series=၂၀၁၄ ခုနှစ် လူဦးရေနှင့် အိမ်ထောင်စု သန်းခေါင်စာရင်း အစီရင်ခံစာ|volume=အတွဲ-၂|pages=၆၆|url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B067GBtstE5TeUlIVjRjSjVzWlk/view}}</ref>|population_blank1_title=Ethnicities|population_blank2=[[ထေရဝႃတ|ပုတ်ႉထၽႃႇသႃႇ]]|population_blank2_title=ၽႃႇသႃႇၵိူဝ်းယမ်|population_density_km2=auto|coordinates={{Coord|23.98989|97.90165|region:MM|format=dms|display=inline, title}}|leader_title=|elevation_ft=2,563|elevation_m=|timezone=[[လၵ်းၸဵင်ၶၢဝ်းယၢမ်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ|MST]]|utc_offset=+6.30|website=|postal_code_type=မၢႆသူင်ႇလိၵ်ႈ|postal_code=06401}} [[File:Muse_Town.png|thumb|ဝဵင်းမူႇၸေႊ ပီ 2010]] '''ဝဵင်းမူႇၸေႊ''' ({{IPA-shn|mù ʦē|IPA}}), ({{Lang-my|မူဆယ်မြို့}}), ({{Lang-en|Muse}}), ({{IPA-shn|Muse|pron}}) ၼႆႉ မီးၼႂ်း [[မူႇၸေႈ၊ ၸႄႈဝဵင်း|ၸႄႈဝဵင်းမူႇၸေႊ]]၊ [[မူႇၸေႈ၊ ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈ|ၸႄႈတွၼ်ႈမူႇၸေႊ]]၊ [[မိူင်းတႆး|ၸႄႈမိူင်းတႆး]]၊ [[မိူင်းမၢၼ်ႊ|မိူင်းမျၢၼ်ႇမႃႇ]]ဢေႃႈ။<ref name="mimu”">{{Cite web|url=http://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/State_Map_District_Shan_South_MIMU764v03_14Sep2016_A4.pdf|title=ခရိုင်မြေပုံ - ရှမ်းပြည်နယ် (တောင်ပိုင်း)|work=မြန်မာသတင်းအချက်အလက် စီမံခန့်ခွဲမှုယူနစ်|date=စက်တင်ဘာ ၂၀၁၆|accessdate=၁၇ မတ် ၂၀၁၇|archivedate=2017-06-25|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170625031258/http://themimu.info/sites/themimu.info/files/documents/State_Map_District_Shan_South_MIMU764v03_14Sep2016_A4.pdf}}</ref> 9wo26k2hph6xutj1fbh2fpohnlrvrcp 5502774 5502769 2022-07-22T07:33:45Z DaiMengMaoLong 2577994 Replaced content with " [[Category:Wp/tdd]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Wp/tdd]] n6yxtkosumgua2jh9lmwaihyykvnt7u 14 3340256 5502770 2022-07-22T07:32:34Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 0 3340257 5502771 2022-07-22T07:33:10Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|молибден </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молибден < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μολύβδαινα = блапцӀэ хьэлъагъ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məlʲɪˈbdɛn}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|молибден </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молибден < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μολύβδαινα = блапцӀэ хьэлъагъ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məlʲɪˈbdɛn}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молибден]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молибден}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ГъущӀ лъэпкъхэм ящыщ дыжьыныфэ теплъэ зиӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Дыщэм нэхърэ нэхъ лъапӀэщ волъфрамрэ молибдену Кавказ къуршым къыщӀаххэр. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Щ. Ам.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молибден: molybdenum {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молибден: молибден {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] tfpnussqa28ihb4x70hk0mxav2lp4ah 5502773 5502771 2022-07-22T07:33:35Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|молибден </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молибден < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μολύβδαινα = бдзапцӀэ хьэлъагъ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məlʲɪˈbdɛn}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молибден]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молибден}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ГъущӀ лъэпкъхэм ящыщ дыжьыныфэ теплъэ зиӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Дыщэм нэхърэ нэхъ лъапӀэщ волъфрамрэ молибдену Кавказ къуршым къыщӀаххэр. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Щ. Ам.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молибден: molybdenum {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молибден: молибден {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 573omd0nbmocuqjd82pmvtqbzye44ra 5502778 5502773 2022-07-22T07:35:30Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Molybdenum_crystaline_fragment_and_1cm3_cube.jpg|молибден </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: молибден < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μολύβδαινα = бдзапцӀэ хьэлъэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=məlʲɪˈbdɛn}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[молибден]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=молибден}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ГъущӀ лъэпкъхэм ящыщ дыжьыныфэ теплъэ зиӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *Дыщэм нэхърэ нэхъ лъапӀэщ волъфрамрэ молибдену Кавказ къуршым къыщӀаххэр. {{Wt/kbd/автор|kbd|имяавтора=Щ. Ам.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *молибден: molybdenum {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *молибден: молибден {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 37f8f73dngf1u2v0bislm099pl79sec 14 3340258 5502775 2022-07-22T07:33:55Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 14 3340259 5502777 2022-07-22T07:34:52Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 14 3340260 5502780 2022-07-22T07:36:03Z Ali Imran Awan 2575052 Created page with "{{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]]" wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wn/ur/خبر}} [[Category:Wn/ur]] [[Category:Wn/ur/انڈیا]] [[Category:Wn/ur/اڑیسہ]] [[Category:Wn/ur/{{SUBPAGENAME}}]] noj02cg17egxpv7or04mmar6rtsqfu9 0 3340261 5502781 2022-07-22T07:39:36Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монгол = монгол {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnˈɡoɫ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монгол]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монгол}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Монголие..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монгол = монгол {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnˈɡoɫ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монгол]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монгол}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Монголием нэхъыбэу щыпсэу лъэпкъ, а лъэпкъым щыщ цӀыху. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монгол: Mongol (man, woman, nation), Mongolian {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монгол: монгол, монголка; монголы {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] be8iv0obngfhkqykwdwm7k5czkge8jx 0 3340262 5502782 2022-07-22T07:40:07Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монгол = монгол {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnˈɡoɫ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монгол]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монгол}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Монголие..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монгол = монгол {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnˈɡoɫ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монгол]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монгол}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Монголием нэхъыбэу щыпсэу лъэпкъ, а лъэпкъым щыщ цӀыху. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монгол: Mongol (man, woman, nation), Mongolian {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монгол: монгол, монголка; монголы {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] be8iv0obngfhkqykwdwm7k5czkge8jx 0 3340263 5502785 2022-07-22T07:48:05Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монография < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + γράφω: сотхэ. {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈɡrafʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монографий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/k..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монография < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + γράφω: сотхэ. {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈɡrafʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монографий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ер|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монографи}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ЩӀэныгъэ Ӏуэху гуэрыр къэхутэным теухуа лэжьыгъэ (тхыгъэ). {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Монографие тхын. *Монографие къыдэгъэкӀын. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монографие: monograph, treaties, study *Монографие тхын: write a monograph *Монографие къыдэгъэкӀын: publish a monograph {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монографие: монография *Монографие тхын: написать монографию. *Монографие къыдэгъэкӀын: издать монографию. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 1zaesvm9u0gl3y7bhpcj27v3g9tnp0v 5502786 5502785 2022-07-22T07:48:55Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монография < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + γράφω: сотхэ. {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈɡrafʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монографий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ер|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монографи}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ЩӀэныгъэ Ӏуэху гуэрыр къэхутэным теухуа лэжьыгъэ (тхыгъэ). {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Монографие тхын. *Монографие къыдэгъэкӀын. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монографие: monograph, treatise, study *Монографие тхын: write a monograph *Монографие къыдэгъэкӀын: publish a monograph {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монографие: монография *Монографие тхын: написать монографию. *Монографие къыдэгъэкӀын: издать монографию. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 4ohiog3v3ow6l8x1kv4tusi56o6gf6j 10 3340264 5502787 2022-07-22T07:49:22Z Veracious 1556985 Redirected page to [[Template:Wy/id/Seealso]] wikitext text/x-wiki #redirect[[Template:Wy/id/Seealso]] 0csw5pou4kyz3fp7tns5x90ylr1fcx9 0 3340265 5502789 2022-07-22T07:51:25Z مامۆستا 2565055 Created page with "ئاغا: وشەیەکە بە هەندێک پیاوی گەورە دەگوترێ. == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]]" wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغا: وشەیەکە بە هەندێک پیاوی گەورە دەگوترێ. == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] jqt1xsdvcftzrl0jp279gxvpiql4im8 5502792 5502789 2022-07-22T07:53:19Z مامۆستا 2565055 wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغا: وشەیەکە بە هەندێک پیاوی گەورە دەگوترێ. == وشە پەیوەندیدارەکان == [[Wt/ckb/ئاغاژن|ئاغاژن]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] flycow03qbzbyxicgzupl7s4h53bj2i 5502795 5502792 2022-07-22T07:55:59Z مامۆستا 2565055 wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغا: وشەیەکە بە هەندێک پیاوی گەورە دەگوترێ. == وشە پەیوەندیدارەکان == [[Wt/ckb/ئاغاژن|ئاغاژن]] [[Wt/ckb/ئاغایانە|ئاغایانە]] [[Wt/ckb/ئاغایەتی|ئاغایەتی]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] ml5mqy7kz8mdka0rsjz45h169qle41c 5502797 5502795 2022-07-22T07:56:47Z مامۆستا 2565055 /* وشە پەیوەندیدارەکان */ wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغا: وشەیەکە بە هەندێک پیاوی گەورە دەگوترێ. == وشە پەیوەندیدارەکان == * [[Wt/ckb/ئاغاژن|ئاغاژن]] * [[Wt/ckb/ئاغایانە|ئاغایانە]] * [[Wt/ckb/ئاغایەتی|ئاغایەتی]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] 07s2jjy7u18pqpuxvd5tkmu3i32i1i8 5502845 5502797 2022-07-22T09:17:16Z Sakura emad 2560798 بەسەرداچوونەوە (بچووک) wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغا: وشەیەکە بە هەندێک پیاوی گەورە دەگوترێ. و لە مێژوودا لە [[Wt/ckb/سیستم|سیستمی]] [[Wt/ckb/دەرەبەگایەتی|دەرەبەگایەتی]] بە [[Wt/ckb/سەرکردە\|سەرکردەی]] ناوچەیەکی بچووک یان گووندێک دەگوترا ئاغا<ref>"[https://www.etymonline.com/word/aga Online Etymology Dictionary]". Etymonline.com. Retrieved 2017-06-30.</ref> == وشە پەیوەندیدارەکان == * [[Wt/ckb/ئاغاژن|ئاغاژن]] * [[Wt/ckb/ئاغایانە|ئاغایانە]] * [[Wt/ckb/ئاغایەتی|ئاغایەتی]] == سەرچاوەکان == <references /> [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] gkigdne09i7m5uash9047182t15z4vo 0 3340266 5502794 2022-07-22T07:54:30Z مامۆستا 2565055 Created page with "ئاغاژن: ژنی [[Wt/ckb/ئاغا|ئاغا]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]]" wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغاژن: ژنی [[Wt/ckb/ئاغا|ئاغا]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] js4kmp5prfc7khr2ckkut8qpyzaaxer 0 3340267 5502798 2022-07-22T07:56:53Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монолог = монолог < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + λόγος = псалъэ. {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈɫok}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монолог]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монолог = монолог < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + λόγος = псалъэ. {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈɫok}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монолог]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ырТ|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монолог}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Езым и щхьэм е къедаӀуэхэм хуэгъэза зы цӀыхум жиӀэ псалъэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Пьесэм монолог хэгъэхьэн. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монолог: monologue, soliloquy *Пьесэм монолог хэгъэхьэн: give a monologue in a play {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монолог: монолог *Пьесэм монолог хэгъэхьэн: выступить с монологом в пьесе. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] spxtc3wyt6tk2isayy0zdr597pg6j6r 0 3340268 5502799 2022-07-22T07:58:01Z مامۆستا 2565055 Created page with "ئاغایانە: شتێکە کۆدەکرێتەوە بۆ [[Wt/ckb/ئاغا|ئاغا]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]]" wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغایانە: شتێکە کۆدەکرێتەوە بۆ [[Wt/ckb/ئاغا|ئاغا]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگی خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] had05r3gcpoixny9a8ki126tu0v1qts 0 3340269 5502800 2022-07-22T07:59:23Z مامۆستا 2565055 Created page with "ئاغایەتی: بوونی یەکێک بە [[Wt/ckb/ئاغا|ئاغا]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگ خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]]" wikitext text/x-wiki ئاغایەتی: بوونی یەکێک بە [[Wt/ckb/ئاغا|ئاغا]] == سەرچاوەکان == [https://lex.vejin.net/ck/dict/xall فەرهەنگ خاڵ] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] fggqiih290o4ulg0q7sidcbn2b7q5yt 14 3340270 5502823 2022-07-22T08:15:58Z Steinbach 8 Created page with "Sjablonen die-a bedoeld bin om 'n vee vòkommende bron (dikkels 'n woôrdenboek) zonder vee typ- of kopieerwerk in 'n lemma te plekken. [[Category:Wt/zea/Sjablonen]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Sjablonen die-a bedoeld bin om 'n vee vòkommende bron (dikkels 'n woôrdenboek) zonder vee typ- of kopieerwerk in 'n lemma te plekken. [[Category:Wt/zea/Sjablonen]] ks25blqp2d43rmfnybwd3fircslhaz5 5502825 5502823 2022-07-22T08:16:23Z Steinbach 8 wikitext text/x-wiki Sjablonen die-a bedoeld bin om 'n vee vòkommende bron (dikkels 'n woôrdenboek) zonder vee typ- of kopieerwerk in 'n lemma te plekken. [[Category:Wt/zea/Sjablonen|Bron]] n9dzobw1ulcv70q1b2xfn1f34crsfbq 14 3340271 5502824 2022-07-22T08:16:13Z Steinbach 8 Created page with "[[Category:Wt/zea|Sjablonen]]" wikitext text/x-wiki [[Category:Wt/zea|Sjablonen]] g0c4pny7pmyc16pc3quz1l6wy1ezx47 0 3340272 5502827 2022-07-22T08:17:37Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 Firenzuola wikitext text/x-wiki '''Firenzuola''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Firenzuola}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Firenzuola]] h5fk090egilc5xmf1xj22m3a9k641lj 5502960 5502827 2022-07-22T11:01:54Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 file wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:FirenzuolaPanorama.JPG|thumb|270px|right|Firenzuola]] '''Firenzuola''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Firenzuola}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Firenzuola]] dtmcmkkpfj4l93dlmpj8erlgqvsve2n 0 3340273 5502828 2022-07-22T08:19:27Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 Fucecchio wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fucecchio''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fucecchio}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Fucecchio]] 483xsda255z3glg4xdpua1w4chjt37w 5502829 5502828 2022-07-22T08:21:14Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 category wikitext text/x-wiki '''Fucecchio''' è 'na ziddai [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itariana]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fucecchio}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai itariani]] [[it:Fucecchio]] jrlj5mjofvft2qmakox02dtqvyr5u4e 5502962 5502829 2022-07-22T11:04:16Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 file wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Fucecchio 3.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Fucecchio]] '''Fucecchio''' è 'na ziddai [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itariana]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Fucecchio}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai itariani]] [[it:Fucecchio]] h1dfw6f0jg4mfaikft4rrschx9sc3z3 0 3340274 5502831 2022-07-22T08:22:48Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 Gambassi Terme wikitext text/x-wiki '''Gambassi Terme''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gambassi Terme}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Gambassi Terme]] a21wl0gbi067w9lafg12uq3605sumxk 5502963 5502831 2022-07-22T11:06:15Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 file wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:GambassiTermePanorama2.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Gambassi Terme]] '''Gambassi Terme''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Gambassi Terme}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Gambassi Terme]] m01gitb4lb0q8hap3er7qmvec1ddxlc 0 3340275 5502833 2022-07-22T08:24:23Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 Greve in Chianti wikitext text/x-wiki '''Greve in Chianti''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greve in Chianti}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Greve in Chianti]] tjax70z42hp9o07eij8lcqkum0a041q 5502964 5502833 2022-07-22T11:11:24Z Fausta Samaritani 2538844 file wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Montefioralle-Panorama.jpg|thumb|270px|right|Montefioralle (Greve in Chianti)]] '''Greve in Chianti''' è un cumùni [[Wp/sdc/Itària|itarianu]] chi isthazzi i' la [[Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze|Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] ([[Wp/sdc/Tuschana|Tuschana]]). == Giografia == === Giografia purìtigga === == Sthória == == Festhi e zerebrazioni == <div> <div> <div> == Immàgini == <gallery mode="packed" heights=160> Greve, fiume greve 00.JPG|Greve </gallery> == Bozi curreladdi == == Liaddùri == {{Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Greve in Chianti}} [[Category:Wp/sdc]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Cumùni di la Tuschana]] [[Category:Wp/sdc/Ziddai metroporitana di Firenze]] [[it:Greve in Chianti]] frpcr7nn4ux9ms2fz0edc3hxw9jsppy 3 3340276 5502842 2022-07-22T08:34:42Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 08:34, 22 July 2022 (UTC) rh7fozp8wi9ejxuk5fze5g148dyc36u 0 3340277 5502844 2022-07-22T09:15:03Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 Michael Jackson wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। ==উৎস== {{Reflist}} 1gwm2gcmv21kfe9doh4sra30lsfprcq 5502846 5502844 2022-07-22T09:19:41Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উৎস */ wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} jy0yhmcjgbvv25z4rg854ely7zff8tr 5502848 5502846 2022-07-22T09:20:27Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] nksvyq65id7syw2w0a9qthj3bmuacvg 5502886 5502848 2022-07-22T09:23:43Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৮ চনৰ ২ জুনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ ৰাজধানীৰ ভিয়েনাত মাইকেল জেকচন]] '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] ro6jx9vw9q3mawbmfisos6pjq6w9ohk 5502888 5502886 2022-07-22T09:26:29Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৮ চনৰ ২ জুনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ ৰাজধানীৰ ভিয়েনাত মাইকেল জেকচন]] '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। * অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি আপোনাৰ সপোনৰ বাবে যাওক। আপোনাৰ আদৰ্শ যিয়েই নহওক কিয়, আপুনি যি হ'ব বিচাৰে সেইটোৱেই হ'ব পাৰে। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] e66zueh11580go641rngy70tczzl6vb 5502889 5502888 2022-07-22T09:27:24Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৮ চনৰ ২ জুনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ ৰাজধানীৰ ভিয়েনাত মাইকেল জেকচন]] '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। * অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি আপোনাৰ সপোনৰ বাবে যাওক। আপোনাৰ আদৰ্শ যিয়েই নহওক কিয়, আপুনি যি হ'ব বিচাৰে সেইটোৱেই হ'ব পাৰে। * আপুনি মোক দুখ দিব নোৱাৰে, মই নিজৰ ভিতৰতে শান্তি পালোঁ। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] l44oatfqk5l9g9bij5r3v74h7mln5j1 5502891 5502889 2022-07-22T09:44:44Z -chanakyakdas 2552021 /* উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ */ wikitext text/x-wiki [[File:Michael Jackson in 1988.jpg|thumb|১৯৮৮ চনৰ ২ জুনত অষ্ট্ৰিয়াৰ ৰাজধানীৰ ভিয়েনাত মাইকেল জেকচন]] '''[[:as:মাইকেল জেকচন|মাইকেল জেকচন]]''' (২৯ আগষ্ট ১৯৫৮ – ২৫ জুন ২০০৯) এগৰাকী আমেৰিকান গায়ক, গীতিকাৰ আৰু নৃত্যশিল্পী। তেওঁক "কিং অফ পপ" বা "পপ সংগীতৰ ৰজা" হিচাপে অভিহিত কৰা হয়। তেওঁক বিংশ শতিকাৰ আটাইতকৈ বেছি প্ৰভাৱশালী সংস্কৃতিক ব্যক্তিত্ব অন্যতম হিচাপে জনা যায়। ==উদ্ধৃতিসমূহ== * কাৰোবাক নিজৰ হৃদয়ৰ এটুকুৰা দিয়াটো পৃথিৱীৰ সকলো ধন-সম্পত্তিতকৈও অধিক মূল্যৱান। * অনুগ্ৰহ কৰি আপোনাৰ সপোনৰ বাবে যাওক। আপোনাৰ আদৰ্শ যিয়েই নহওক কিয়, আপুনি যি হ'ব বিচাৰে সেইটোৱেই হ'ব পাৰে। * আপুনি মোক দুখ দিব নোৱাৰে, মই নিজৰ ভিতৰতে শান্তি পালোঁ। * যদি আপুনি পৃথিৱীখনক এখন উন্নত ঠাই বনাব বিচাৰে তেন্তে নিজকে এবাৰ চাওক, আৰু এটা পৰিৱৰ্তন কৰক। ==উৎস== {{Wq/as/Reflist}} [[Category:Wq/as]] cq5wf9zv0i6v792cdlz11hwdz22fhfg 3 3340278 5502893 2022-07-22T09:52:36Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 09:52, 22 July 2022 (UTC) biiw6y4zx7itr8jkafi1ou2fwtpsyup 0 3340279 5502894 2022-07-22T09:53:36Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340280 5502895 2022-07-22T09:53:43Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340281 5502896 2022-07-22T09:53:50Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340282 5502897 2022-07-22T09:53:59Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340283 5502898 2022-07-22T09:54:07Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340284 5502899 2022-07-22T09:54:14Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340285 5502900 2022-07-22T09:54:21Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340286 5502901 2022-07-22T09:54:29Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340287 5502902 2022-07-22T09:54:36Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340288 5502903 2022-07-22T09:54:43Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340289 5502904 2022-07-22T09:54:59Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340290 5502905 2022-07-22T09:55:08Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340291 5502906 2022-07-22T09:55:16Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340292 5502907 2022-07-22T09:55:26Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340293 5502908 2022-07-22T09:55:33Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340294 5502909 2022-07-22T09:55:40Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340295 5502910 2022-07-22T09:55:47Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340296 5502911 2022-07-22T09:55:56Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340297 5502912 2022-07-22T09:56:03Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340298 5502913 2022-07-22T09:56:11Z Eldarado 2015546 Created page with "== Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]]" wikitext text/x-wiki == Hodison == == Zandemonon == == Mardon == == İdon, mərosimon iyən xısusi rüjon == == İstinadon == [[Category:Wp/tly/Soron]] [[Category:Wp/tly/Təğvim]] [[Category:Wp/tly]] 7s1ws2jao0jdxzq7ubuklit7sxerm3o 0 3340299 5502915 2022-07-22T10:09:49Z Umargana1 2577097 Created page with "Fato shimadoy3 n1 garrat1 cinn1 gawoy3y1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoy3 n1 garrat1 cinn1 gawoy3y1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] 5ule2lng1hl52cc1yx68adm0fj78fsa 5502916 5502915 2022-07-22T10:10:25Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoye n1 garrat1 cinn1 gawoy3y1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] c4traz0ugozj1mm4vzlxe3ibt0bv44e 5502917 5502916 2022-07-22T10:11:00Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoye n1 garrata ĝcinn1 gawoy3y1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] bswz78w1vtp64bz0rnrd6b5c7pomczn 5502918 5502917 2022-07-22T10:11:50Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoye n1 garrata cinna gawoy3y1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] jqueialkealjoufig21dxqqna5rv8ra 5502919 5502918 2022-07-22T10:12:21Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoye na garrata cinna gawoy3y1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] lfc2shurqwukw9t4wd8c2vr2oqy097i 5502922 5502919 2022-07-22T10:14:41Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoye na garrata cinna gawoyəy1 jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] 0m96hzanzm87r4clxpdw4uf5722mii9 5502923 5502922 2022-07-22T10:15:14Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Fato shimadoye na garrata cinna gawoyəya jimsowa surodin. Shima Fato, o [[Category:Wp/kr]] abjo11om7agekx699xe4r1mb89igy4y 0 3340300 5502920 2022-07-22T10:12:49Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/قاوەخانە|قاوەخانە]] * [[Wt/ckb/cafe|cafe]] * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] == فەڕەنسی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/Coffee|Coffee]] * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === * لە caffèی ئیتاڵی ھاتووە لەسەرەتاوە وەک caveé پەیدابووە، و لەوێشەوە لە تورکی عوسمانی قهوه (kahve) ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە عەرەبی قَهْوَة‎ ("قەھوە") ھاتووە. {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/فەڕەنسی]] == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] * ویکیفەرھەنگی ئینگلیزی hq8zcd87cwnkfc6v0spl69cht5pmstm 5502921 5502920 2022-07-22T10:13:39Z Sakura emad 2560798 بەسەرداچوونەوە (بچووک) wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/قاوەخانە|قاوەخانە]] * [[Wt/ckb/cafe|cafe]] * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] == فەڕەنسی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/Coffee|Coffee]] * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === * لە [[Wt/ckb/caffè|caffè]]ی ئیتاڵی ھاتووە لەسەرەتاوە وەک [[Wt/ckb/caveé|caveé]] پەیدابووە، و لەوێشەوە لە تورکی عوسمانی [[Wt/ckb/قهوه|قهوه]] (kahve) ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە عەرەبی [[Wt/ckb/قَهْوَة‎|قَهْوَة‎]] ("قەھوە") ھاتووە. {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/فەڕەنسی]] == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] * ویکیفەرھەنگی ئینگلیزی f5y3acsse3o69rhn6inkwp2b0p9y955 5502932 5502921 2022-07-22T10:23:18Z Sakura emad 2560798 بەسەرداچوونەوە (بچووک) wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/قاوەخانە|قاوەخانە]] * [[Wt/ckb/cafe|cafe]] * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] == فەڕەنسی == === ناو === ==== واتا ==== * [[Wt/ckb/Coffee|Coffee]] * * * ===وشەڕەتناسیی === * لە [[Wt/ckb/caffè|caffè]]ی ئیتاڵی ھاتووە لەسەرەتاوە وەک [[Wt/ckb/caveé|caveé]] پەیدابووە، و لەوێشەوە لە تورکی عوسمانی [[Wt/ckb/قهوه|قهوه]] (kahve) ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە عەرەبی [[Wt/ckb/قهوة|قَهْوَة‎]] ("قەھوە") ھاتووە. {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/فەڕەنسی]] == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] * ویکیفەرھەنگی ئینگلیزی pmfomfrgkfkk2lklwkdokfqogal0trh 3 3340301 5502924 2022-07-22T10:16:45Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 10:16, 22 July 2022 (UTC) 4bk9lcn90qz94wf6ak9i6u6kntdh4rn 0 3340302 5502925 2022-07-22T10:18:29Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: монополия < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + πωλέω = сощэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈpolʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монополий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: монополия < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + πωλέω = сощэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈpolʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монополий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ер|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монополи}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Хьэпшып къыщӀэгъэкӀынкӀэ, щэнкӀэ н. къ. хэубыдыкӀауэ зыгуэрым лъэкӀыныгъэ нэс иӀэн. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Къэрал монополие. *ЩӀыдагъэ къыщӀэхыныр монополие щӀын. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монополие: monopoly *Къэрал монополие: state monopoly *ЩӀыдагъэ къыщӀэхыныр монополие щӀын: make oil production a monopoly {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монополие: монополия *Къэрал монополие: *ЩӀыдагъэ къыщӀэхыныр монополие щӀын: сделать добыча нефти молополия {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] lljlnrjqb6xm4rg0mhtrhks4kwsuvnr 5502926 5502925 2022-07-22T10:19:59Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} <урысыбзэ: монополия < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + πωλέω = сощэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənɐˈpolʲɪɪ̯ɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монополий] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ер|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монополи}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Хьэпшып къыщӀэгъэкӀынкӀэ, щэнкӀэ н. къ. хэубыдыкӀауэ зыгуэрым лъэкӀыныгъэ нэс иӀэн. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Къэрал монополие. *ЩӀыдагъэ къыщӀэхыныр монополие щӀын. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монополие: monopoly *Къэрал монополие: state monopoly *ЩӀыдагъэ къыщӀэхыныр монополие щӀын: make oil production a monopoly {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монополие: монополия *Къэрал монополие: *ЩӀыдагъэ къыщӀэхыныр монополие щӀын: сделать добыча нефти монополией. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] rxfon6f75adfmumidopbabv5sv10n3y 0 3340303 5502927 2022-07-22T10:20:40Z Sakura emad 2560798 New Page wikitext text/x-wiki == ئینگلیزی == * کافتریا (شوێنی قاوە خواردنەوە، قاوەخانە) === ھاوشێوەکان === * [[Wt/ckb/caféteria|caféteria]] *[[Wt/ckb/cafétéria|cafétéria]] (دەگمەن) * [[Wt/ckb/cafeterie|cafeterie]] === ناو === ==== واتا ==== {{Wt/ckb/واڵا}} ===وشەڕەتناسیی === * (لە ناوەڕاستەکانی سەدەی ١٩یەم و ٢٠ەم) لە ئەمریکایی ئیسپانی [[Wt/ckb/cafetería|cafetería]] ("ماڵی قاوە") ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە [[Wt/ckb/cafetera|cafetera]] ("درووستکەری قاوە") ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە فەرەنسی لە [[Wt/ckb/cafetière|cafetière]] ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە [[Wt/ckb/café|café]]، لەوێشەوە لە تورکی عوسمانی [[Wt/ckb/قهوه|قهوه]] ("کاڤە") ھاتووە، لەوێشەوە لە عەرەبی [[Wt/ckb/قَهْوَة‎|قَهْوَة‎]] ھاتووە. == سەرچاوەکان == * فەرھەنگی ڤەژین * [https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ زانکۆی کامبرێج] {{Wt/ckb/Stub entry}} [[Category:Wt/ckb/ئینگلیزی]] [[Category:Wt/ckb]] s2udf7loux0d0xbla5fpia6fr183uep 0 3340304 5502928 2022-07-22T10:21:43Z Umargana1 2577097 Created page with "Suno shim1doy3 1woo 1msoy3 yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]]" wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shim1doy3 1woo 1msoy3 yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] krnoghhw31ijpai2hd0mrxysekzb1rt 5502929 5502928 2022-07-22T10:22:21Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoy3 1woo 1msoy3 yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] jchyrf6z8tg7gkc0enai0ysms5n5uow 5502930 5502929 2022-07-22T10:22:48Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə 1woo 1msoy3 yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] 455d00myobryj1yb2ha3qtxl7rtrj9y 5502931 5502930 2022-07-22T10:23:06Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo 1msoy3 yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] t33ysa9mngpdl55jrfp0smgmz97t0y4 5502933 5502931 2022-07-22T10:23:29Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoy3 yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] lsjp2k5hww575qoa7ojqtgfgmuevafu 5502934 5502933 2022-07-22T10:23:59Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinz1ro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] nyl981bhjzbkb4mvcixumhyuk204b4y 5502935 5502934 2022-07-22T10:24:28Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinzaro s1kin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] 5vschn5hurkb12c3e7czhuvgd8fomsj 5502936 5502935 2022-07-22T10:24:50Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinzaro sakin l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] lkcay43nbnvlf8ce702dibbc3ofdprl 5502937 5502936 2022-07-22T10:25:18Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinzaro sakinma l3z1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] mkxvjhahothsn67k2y1hyxyl1rhrjyd 5502938 5502937 2022-07-22T10:25:52Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinzaro sakinma ləz1nm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] s4u0o911hnwvhaawx0cekpvi9e75vgv 5502940 5502938 2022-07-22T10:26:16Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinzaro sakinma ləzanm1 [[Category:Wp/kr]] 55ljaet10e6b1n4rkmkp0h1dlnb5fzs 5502941 5502940 2022-07-22T10:26:53Z Umargana1 2577097 wikitext text/x-wiki Suno shimadoyə awoo amsoyə yinzaro sakinma ləzanma [[Category:Wp/kr]] 6s7fsm4al225krvqyjh199xsorzdebr 0 3340305 5502939 2022-07-22T10:26:06Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монополист < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + πωλέω = сощэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənəpɐˈlʲist}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монополист]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монополист < ижьрей грекыбзэ: μόνος = зы + πωλέω = сощэ {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mənəpɐˈlʲist}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монополист]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монополист}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Ӏуэхугъуэ гуэр лэжьынымкӀэ монополие зиӀэ, пэрыуэгъу зымыщӀэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *Монополистхэм уасэхэр драгъэуей. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монополист: monopolist *Монополистхэм уасэхэр драгъэуей: the monopolists are raising prices. {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монополист: монополист *Монополистхэм уасэхэр драгъэуей: монополисты пронимают цены. {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 2wtmn3nl007ufwyglko0kkzropzm48n 3 3340306 5502942 2022-07-22T10:27:54Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! At the right there are some important links, and here are some tips and info: * If you haven't created a user page yet, please [[Special:MyPage|create one]] with for example [[Incubator:Babel|Babel templates]] on it. * You can select your interface language in [[Special:Preferences|your preferences]]. * If you make articles, templates or categories, don't forget to add a [[Help:FAQ#Prefix|prefix]]! * If your knowledge of English is good, you can [[Incubator:Translation project|help with translating]] pages to other languages you know, so more people can understand them! * If you want to translate the interface, please go to [[translatewiki:|Translatewiki.net]] and follow their instructions. If you have any questions, feel free to ask them on [[Incubator:Community Portal]]. </div> -- [[User:Welcoming Bot|Welcoming Bot]] 10:27, 22 July 2022 (UTC) smqd4kho4kslq81bpkuj9q94fr8j0i7 0 3340307 5502946 2022-07-22T10:35:45Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монтёр < французыбзэ: monteur < monter = Ӏэтын {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnʲˈtʲɵr}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монтёр]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монтёр}}..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монтёр < французыбзэ: monteur < monter = Ӏэтын {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnʲˈtʲɵr}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монтёр]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монтёр}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ЭлектроӀэмэпсымэмкӀэ, электричествэ щӀэшэнымкӀэ ӀэщӀагъэлӀ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монтёр: electrician, fitter, repairman {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монтёр: монтёр, электромонтёр {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] kxcttawxy32oqhjmpv4sw31n680g8jx 5502949 5502946 2022-07-22T10:37:21Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монтёр < французыбзэ: monteur = зыӀэт < monter = Ӏэтын {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnʲˈtʲɵr}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монтёр]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монтёр}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ЭлектроӀэмэпсымэмкӀэ, электричествэ щӀэшэнымкӀэ ӀэщӀагъэлӀ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монтёр: electrician, fitter, repairman {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монтёр: монтёр, электромонтёр {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 7c5cb0len96a80uxmojtkdt76vntgk7 5502950 5502949 2022-07-22T10:38:07Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} < урысыбзэ: монтёр < французыбзэ: monteur = зыӀэт < monter = Ӏэтын {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mɐnʲˈtʲɵr}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[монтёр]}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-ыр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=монтёр}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #ЭлектроӀэмэпсымэмкӀэ, электричествэ щӀэшэнымкӀэ ӀэщӀагъэлӀ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *монтёр: electrician, fitter, installer, repairman {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *монтёр: монтёр, электромонтёр {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] f42s7jdluj2vxt4engsgr0e945c9kwr 0 3340308 5502952 2022-07-22T10:42:23Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Color_icon_brown.svg|морафэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ПЛЪЫФЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈrɑ:fɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -а + [ф] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=морафэ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Морэ те..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Color_icon_brown.svg|морафэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ПЛЪЫФЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈrɑ:fɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -а + [ф] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=морафэ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Морэ теплъэ зиӀэ, плъыжь-фӀыцӀафэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *МэракӀуэ плъыжьыфэ, морафэхэр щӀым елэлэхырт. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Анэд.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *морафэ: brown {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *морафэ: коричневатый {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] 205sewlaqaexgiezgcbxi3slj1hx7w1 5502953 5502952 2022-07-22T10:43:20Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Color_icon_brown.svg|морафэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ПЛЪЫФЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈrɑ:fɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -а + [ф] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=морафэ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Морэ теплъэ зиӀэ, плъыжь-фӀыцӀафэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *МэракӀуэ плъыжьыфэ, морафэхэр щӀым елэлэхырт. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Анэд.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *морафэ: brownish {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *морафэ: коричневатый {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] h66ej7mo66wetjfbso0f342jkuag3jf 5502957 5502953 2022-07-22T10:47:38Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ПЛЪЫФЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:ˈrɑ:fɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -а + [ф] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=морафэ}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Морэ теплъэ зиӀэ, плъыжь-фӀыцӀафэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} *МэракӀуэ плъыжьыфэ, морафэхэр щӀым елэлэхырт. {{Wt/kbd/тхыгъэ|kbd|цӀэ=Анэд.}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *морафэ: brownish {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *морафэ: коричневатый {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] fv4bd3c4t6qj4tsb4yozmjsritmg22z 0 3340309 5502955 2022-07-22T10:46:37Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Color_icon_brown.svg|морафэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmo:rɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мор}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Зи теплъэкӀэ плъыжь-ф..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> Color_icon_brown.svg|морафэ </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=ˈmo:rɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=мор}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Зи теплъэкӀэ плъыжь-фӀыцӀафэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *КӀэстум морэ. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *морэ: коричневый *КӀэстум морэ: brown suit {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *морэ: коричневый *КӀэстум морэ: коричневый костюм {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] ebcvb47loda2vcf2gmayab916vefar0 0 3340310 5502958 2022-07-22T10:49:22Z The Eternal Wanderer 2573118 Created page with "{{Wp/dgo/Infobox region <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = डुग्गर | settlement_type = खेतर | image_skyline = | image_map = Duggar Map (Devanagari).png | map_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wp/dgo/Infobox region <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | name = डुग्गर | settlement_type = खेतर | image_skyline = | image_map = Duggar Map (Devanagari).png | map_caption = | image_flag = | flag_alt = | image_seal = | seal_alt = | image_shield = | shield_alt = | nickname = | motto = | mottoeng = | map1_alt = | pushpin_map = | pushpin_label_position = | pushpin_map_alt = | pushpin_map_caption = | coordinates_footnotes = | subdivision_type = महादीप | subdivision_name = एशिया | subdivision_type1 = देश | subdivision_name1 = [[Wp/dgo/भारत|भारत]], पाकिस्तान | subdivision_type2 = State | subdivision_name2 = [[Wp/dgo/Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]]; [[Wp/dgo/Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]]; [[Wp/dgo/Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab, Pakistan]]; [[Wp/dgo/Punjab, India|Punjab, India]]; [[Wp/dgo/Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] | subdivision_type3 = Covering territory | subdivision_name3 = [[Wp/dgo/Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] * [[Wp/dgo/Jammu division|Jammu division]] [[Wp/dgo/Azad Jammu and Kashmir|Azad Jammu and Kashmir]] * Mirpur division (comprising [[Wp/dgo/Mirpur District|Mirpur]], [[Wp/dgo/Kotli District|Kotli]] and [[Wp/dgo/Bhimber District|Bhimber]]) * Poonch division (comprising [[Wp/dgo/Poonch District, Pakistan|Poonch]], [[Wp/dgo/Haveli District|Haveli]], [[Wp/dgo/Bagh District|Bagh]] and [[Wp/dgo/Sudhanoti District|Sudhanoti]]) [[Wp/dgo/Punjab, Pakistan|Punjab, Pakistan]] * [[Wp/dgo/Sialkot District|Sialkot district]] * [[Wp/dgo/Narowal District|Narowal district]] [[Wp/dgo/Punjab, India|Punjab, India]] * [[Wp/dgo/Pathankot district|Pathankot district]] * [[Wp/dgo/Gurdaspur district|Gurdaspur district]] * [[Wp/dgo/Hoshiarpur district|Hoshiarpur district]] [[Wp/dgo/Himachal Pradesh|Himachal Pradesh]] * Kangra division (comprising [[Wp/dgo/Chamba district|Chamba]], [[Wp/dgo/Kangra district|Kangra]] and [[Wp/dgo/Una district|Una]]) * [[Wp/dgo/Hamirpur district, Himachal Pradesh|Hamirpur district]] * [[Wp/dgo/Bilaspur district, Himachal Pradesh|Bilaspur district]] | subdivision_type4 = भाशां | subdivision_name4 = [[Wp/dgo/डोगरी भाशा|डोगरी]], पंजाबी, पोठोहारी, गोजरी, कांगड़ी | blank1_name_sec1 = | blank1_info_sec1 = | established_title = | established_date = | founder = | seat_type = | government_footnotes = | leader_party = | leader_title = | leader_name = | unit_pref = Metric<!-- or US or UK --> | area_footnotes = | area_total_km2 = | area_land_km2 = | area_water_km2 = | area_water_percent = | area_note = | elevation_footnotes = | elevation_m = | population_footnotes = | population_total = | population_as_of = | population_density_km2 = auto | population_demonym = | population_note = | timezone1 = | utc_offset1 = | timezone1_DST = | utc_offset1_DST = | postal_code_type = | postal_code = | area_code_type = | area_code = | iso_code = | website = | footnotes = | official_name = }} '''डुग्गर''' भारती उपमहादीप दे उत्तरी हिस्सै च इक सांस्कृतक ते ऐतिहासक खेतर ऐ, जेह्दे च जम्मू प्रांत, पच्छमी म्हाचल प्रदेश ते उत्तरी पंजाब शामल ऐ। डुग्गर डोगरें दी मातरी-भूमी ऐ। == नांऽउत्पत्ति == == भूगोल == == इतिहास == == जनसांख्यिकी == The total population of Duggar is 2,19,00,000.<ref name=":0">{{Wp/dgo/Cite web|date=20 May 2013|title=2011 Census Data|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html|url-status=live|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Wp/dgo/Cite web|title=Final Results (Census-2017) {{Wp/dgo/!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref> The most spoken languages in this region are [[Wp/dgo/Dogri language|Dogri]], [[Wp/dgo/Punjabi language|Punjabi]], [[Wp/dgo/Pahari-Pothwari|Pahari-Pothwari]], [[Wp/dgo/Gujari language|Gojri]], [[Wp/dgo/Kangri language|Kangri]], [[Wp/dgo/Western Pahari|Himachali-Pahari]], [[Wp/dgo/Hindi|Hindi]], [[Wp/dgo/Kashmiri language|Kashmiri]] and [[Wp/dgo/Urdu|Urdu]].<ref name=":0">{{Wp/dgo/Cite web|date=20 May 2013|title=2011 Census Data|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html|url-status=live|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Wp/dgo/Cite web|title=Final Results (Census-2017) {{Wp/dgo/!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref> Almost equal percentages of the population practise [[Wp/dgo/Islam|Islam]] and [[Wp/dgo/Hinduism|Hinduism]]. Muslims form a majority in the western and eastern parts of Jammu division, and Sialkot and Narowal. Hindus constitute a majority in the rest of the region. [[Wp/dgo/Sikhism|Sikhism]] is practised by a sizeable minority, with a strong presence in Gurdaspur and Hoshiarpur.<ref name=":0">{{Wp/dgo/Cite web|date=20 May 2013|title=2011 Census Data|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011-Common/CensusData2011.html|url-status=live|website=Census of India}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Wp/dgo/Cite web|title=Final Results (Census-2017) {{Wp/dgo/!}} Pakistan Bureau of Statistics|url=https://www.pbs.gov.pk/content/final-results-census-2017|access-date=2022-01-17|website=www.pbs.gov.pk}}</ref> == संस्कृति == [[Category:Wp/dgo]] ibemclr1yoncfwo7fj8u04vvfgsr943 0 3340311 5502959 2022-07-22T10:51:10Z Rhdkabardian 2543462 Created page with "{{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:rɐʁʷɐˈʑǝfɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -э - [гъуэжь] + -ы + [ф] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=морэ-гъуэжьыф}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Гъу..." wikitext text/x-wiki {{Wt/kbd/псалъащхьэ}} <Gallery> </Gallery> {{Wt/kbd/псалъ-лъэпкъ|kbd|лъэпкъыгъуэ=ЩЫӀЭЦӀЭ}} {{Wt/kbd/этимологие}} {{Wt/kbd/къэпсэлъыкӀэ|kbd|къэпсэлъ=mo:rɐʁʷɐˈʑǝfɐ}} {{Wt/kbd/лъабжьэ|kbd|пс-лъабжьэ=[мор] + -э - [гъуэжь] + -ы + [ф] + -э}} {{Wt/kbd/склоненэ}} {{Wt/kbd/скл-эр|kbd|псалъэпкъ=морэ-гъуэжьыф}} {{Wt/kbd/мыхьэнэ}} #Гъуэжьыфэ зыщӀэлъадэ морэ. {{Wt/kbd/щапхъэхэр}} {{Wt/kbd/зэпхахэр}} *ЩэкӀ морэ-гъуэжьыфэ. {{Wt/kbd/зэдзэкӀахэр}} {{Wt/kbd/инджылыбзэ}} *морэ-гъуэжьыфэ: yellowish-brown *ЩэкӀ морэ-гъуэжьыфэ: yellowish-brown fabric {{Wt/kbd/урысыбзэ}} *морэ-гъуэжьыфэ: желтовато-коричневый *ЩэкӀ морэ-гъуэжьыфэ: желтовато-коричневый ткань {{Wt/kbd/библиографие}} [[Category:Wt/kbd]] mmu59i45duw781p32ja4bmtygw2okz7 3 3340312 5502961 2022-07-22T11:03:15Z Welcoming Bot 9525 Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! wikitext text/x-wiki <div style="margin:.5em;"> {{Welcome-toolbox |create=(to create a wiki) |lang-support=Language support |float=right }} Welcome to Wikimedia Incubator! 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