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## Issue SYNTACTIC-ENVIRONMENT-ACCESS Writeup

    Forum:          Compiler
    Issue:          SYNTACTIC-ENVIRONMENT-ACCESS
    References:     CLtL Chapter 8: Macros,
                    CLtL Chapter 9: Declarations,
                    Issue COMPILE-FILE-ENVIRONMENT,
                    Issue DEFINING-MACROS-NON-TOP-LEVEL,
                    Issue DESTRUCTURING-BIND,
                    Issue EVAL-WHEN-NON-TOP-LEVEL,
                    Issue GET-SETF-METHOD-ENVIRONMENT,
                    Issue FUNCTION-NAME,
                    Issue FUNCTION-TYPE,
                    Issue MACRO-ENVIRONMENT-EXTENT,
                    Issue MACRO-FUNCTION-ENVIRONMENT,
                    Issue PROCLAIM-LEXICAL,
    		Issue PACKAGE-CLUTTER
    Category:       ADDITION
    Edit history:   Version 1, 2-Oct-88, Eric Benson
                    Version 2, 17-Feb-89, Kim A. Barrett
                    Version 3, 9-Mar-89, Kim A. Barrett (respond to comments)
                    Version 4, 12-Mar-89, Sandra Loosemore (more revisions)
                    Version 5, 20-Mar-89, Sandra Loosemore (only proposal SMALL)
                    Version 6, 23-Mar-89, Sandra Loosemore (more revisions)
                    Version 7,  7-Apr-89, Moon & Barrett (more revisions)
                    Version 8,  9-Jun-89, Kim A. Barrett (add DEFDECLARE)
                    Version 9, 13-Jun-89, Moon (small corrections)
    		Version 10, 22-Jun-89, Loosemore (more clarifications,
    			primarily relating to DEFDECLARE)
    		Version 11, 04-Jul-89, Loosemore (amendments from June mtg)

    Status:         Proposal SMALL passed June 89

    Problem description:

     When macro forms are expanded, the expansion function is called with two
     arguments: the form to be expanded, and the environment in which the form was
     found.  The environment argument is of limited utility.  The only use
     sanctioned currently is as an argument to MACROEXPAND or MACROEXPAND-1 or
     passed directly as an argument to another macro expansion function.  Recently
     passed cleanup issues allow it as an argument to MACRO-FUNCTION and to
     GET-SETF-METHOD.

     It is very difficult to write a code walker that can correctly handle local
     macro and function definitions, due to insufficient access to the information
     contained in environments and the inability to augment environments with local
     definitions.

    Proposal (SYNTACTIC-ENVIRONMENT-ACCESS:SMALL):

     The following functions provide information about syntactic environment
     objects.  In all of these functions the argument named ENV is an environment
     of the sort received by the &ENVIRONMENT argument to a macro or as the
     environment argument for EVALHOOK.  (It is not required that implementations
     provide a distinguished representation for such objects.)  Optional "env"
     arguments default to NIL, which represents the local null lexical environment
     (containing only global definitions and proclamations that are present in the
     runtime environment).  All of these functions should signal an error of type
     TYPE-ERROR if the value of an environment argument is not a syntactic
     environment.

     The accessors VARIABLE-INFORMATION, FUNCTION-INFORMATION, and
     DECLARATION-INFORMATION retrieve information about declarations that are in
     effect in the environment.  Since implementations are permitted to ignore
     declarations (except for SPECIAL declarations and OPTIMIZE SAFETY
     declarations if they ever compile unsafe code), these accessors are required
     only to return information about declarations that were explicitly added to
     the environment using AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT.  They might also return
     information about declarations recognized and added to the environment by the
     interpreter or the compiler, but that is optional at the discretion of the
     implementer.  Implementations are also permitted to canonicalize
     declarations, so the information returned by the accessors might not be
     identical to the information that was passed to AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT.

     VARIABLE-INFORMATION variable &optional env            [Function]

      This function returns information about the interpretation of the symbol
      VARIABLE when it appears as a variable within the lexical environment ENV.
      The following three values are returned.

      The first value indicates the type of definition or binding which is apparent
      in ENV:

        NIL            There is no apparent definition or binding for variable.

        :SPECIAL       VARIABLE refers to a special variable, either declared
                       or proclaimed.

        :LEXICAL       VARIABLE refers to a lexical variable.

        :SYMBOL-MACRO  VARIABLE refers to a SYMBOL-MACROLET binding.

        :CONSTANT      VARIABLE refers to a named constant, defined by
                       DEFCONSTANT, or VARIABLE is a keyword symbol.

     [Note: If issue PROCLAIM-LEXICAL passes, then the :LEXICAL result will also
      refer to variables proclaimed lexical.]

      The second value indicates whether there is a local binding of the name.  If
      the name is locally bound, the second value is true.  Otherwise, NIL is
      returned.

      The third value is an a-list containing information about declarations
      that apply to the apparent binding of the variable.  The keys in the a-list
      are symbols which name declaration-specifiers, and the format of the
      corresponding value in the CDR of each pair depends on the particular
      declaration name involved.  The standard declaration names
      that might appear as keys in this a-list are:

        DYNAMIC-EXTENT a non-NIL value indicates that the variable has been
                    declared DYNAMIC-EXTENT. If the value is NIL, the pair
                    might be omitted.

        IGNORE      a non-NIL value indicates that the variable has been declared
                    IGNORE. If the value is NIL, the pair might be omitted.

        TYPE        a type specifier associated with the variable by a TYPE
                    declaration or an abbreviated declaration such as (FIXNUM VAR).
                    If no explicit association exists, either by PROCLAIM or
                    DECLARE, then the type specifier is T.  It is permissible for
                    implementations to use a type specifier that is equivalent
                    to or a supertype of the one appearing in the original
                    declaration.  If the value is T, the pair might be
                    omitted.

      If an implementation supports additional declaration-specifiers that
      apply to variable bindings, those declaration names might also
      appear in the a-list.  However, the corresponding key must not
      be a symbol that is external in any package defined in the standard
      or that is otherwise accessible in the USER package.

      The a-list might contain multiple entries for a given key.
      The consequences of destructively modifying the list
      structure of this a-list or its elements (except for values that
      appear in the a-list as a result of DEFINE-DECLARATION) are undefined.

      Programmers are reminded that the global binding might differ from the
      local one, and can be retrieved by calling VARIABLE-INFORMATION
      again with a null lexical environment.

     FUNCTION-INFORMATION function &optional env            [Function]

      This function returns information about the interpretation of the function
      name FUNCTION when it appears in a functional position within lexical
      environment ENV.  The following three values are returned.

      The first value indicates the type of definition or binding of the function
      name which is apparent in ENV:

        NIL            There is no apparent definition for FUNCTION.

        :FUNCTION      FUNCTION refers to a function.

        :MACRO         FUNCTION refers to a macro.

        :SPECIAL-FORM  FUNCTION refers to a special form.

      Some function names can refer to both a global macro and a global special
      form.  In such a case, the macro takes precedence, and :MACRO is returned as
      the first value.

      The second value specifies whether the definition is local or global.  If
      local, the second value is true, and it is false when the definition is
      global.

      The third value is an a-list containing information about declarations
      that apply to the apparent binding of the function.  The keys in the a-list
      are symbols which name declaration-specifiers, and the format of the
      corresponding values in the CDR of each pair depends on the particular
      declaration name involved.  The standard declaration names
      that might appear as keys in this a-list are:

        INLINE      one of the symbols INLINE, NOTINLINE, or NIL to indicate
                    whether the function name has been declared INLINE, has been
                    declared NOTINLINE, or neither.  If the value is NIL, the
                    pair might be omitted.

        FTYPE       the type specifier associated with the function name in the
                    environment, or the symbol FUNCTION if there is no functional
                    type declaration or proclamation associated with the function
                    name.  This value might not include all the apparent FTYPE
                    declarations for the function name.  It is permissible for
                    implementations to use a type specifier that is equivalent
                    to or a supertype of the one that appeared in the original
                    declaration.  If the value is FUNCTION, the pair might be
                    omitted.

        DYNAMIC-EXTENT  a non-NIL value indicates that the function has been
                    declared DYNAMIC-EXTENT.  If the value is NIL, thie pair
                    might be omitted.

      If an implementation supports additional declaration-specifiers that
      apply to function bindings, those declaration names might also
      appear in the a-list.  However, the corresponding key must not be
      a symbol that is external in any package defined in the standard or
      that is otherwise accessible in the USER package.

      The a-list might contain multiple entries for a given key.
      In this case the value associated with the first entry has
      precedence.  The consequences of destructively modifying the list
      structure of this a-list or its elements (except for values
      that appear in the a-list as a result of DEFINE-DECLARATION) are
      undefined.

      Programmers are reminded that the global binding might differ from the local
      one, and can be retrieved by calling FUNCTION-INFORMATION again with a null
      lexical environment.

     DECLARATION-INFORMATION decl-name &optional env        [Function]

      This function returns information about declarations named by the
      symbol DECL-NAME that are in force in the environment ENV.
      Only declarations that do not apply to function or variable bindings
      can be accessed with this function.  The format of the information
      that is returned depends on the DECL-NAME involved.

      It is required that this function recognize OPTIMIZE and DECLARATION as
      DECL-NAMEs.  The values returned for these two cases are as follows:

        OPTIMIZE    a list whose entries are of the form (quality value), where
                    "quality" is one of the optimization qualities defined by the
                    standard (SPEED, SAFETY, COMPILATION-SPEED, SPACE, and DEBUG)
                    or some implementation-specific optimization quality, and
                    "value" is an integer in the range 0 to 3.  The returned list
                    always contains an entry for each of the standard qualities and
                    for each of the implementation-specific qualities.  In the
                    absence of any previous declarations, the associated values are
                    implementation-dependent.  The list might contain multiple
                    entries for a quality, in which case the first such entry
                    specifies the current value.
                    The consequences of destructively modifying this list or
    		its elements are undefined.

        DECLARATION a list of the declaration names which have been proclaimed as
                    valid through the use of the DECLARATION proclamation.
                    The consequences of destructively modifying this list or
    		its elements are undefined.

      If an implementation has been extended to recognize additional
      declaration specifiers in DECLARE or PROCLAIM, it is required that
      either the DECLARATION-INFORMATION function should also recognize those
      declarations, or that the implementation provide an accessor that is
      specialized for that declaration specifier.  If DECLARATION-INFORMATION
      is used to return the information, the corresponding DECL-NAME must not
      be a symbol that is external in any package defined in the standard or
      that is otherwise accessible in the USER package.

     AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT env &KEY variable
                                  symbol-macro
                                  function
                                  macro
                                  declare                           [Function]

      This function returns a new environment containing the information present in
      ENV, augmented with the information provided by the keyword arguments.  It is
      intended to be used by program analyzers that perform a code walk.

      The arguments are supplied as follows:

      :VARIABLE     A list of symbols which shall be visible as bound variables in
                    the new environment.  Whether each binding is to be interpreted
                    as special or lexical depends on SPECIAL declarations recorded
                    in the environment or provided in the :DECLARE argument list.

      :SYMBOL-MACRO A list of symbol macro definitions, specified as a list of
                    (name definition) lists (that is, in the same format as the
                    CADR of a SYMBOL-MACROLET special form).  The new environment
                    will have local symbol-macro bindings of each symbol to the
                    corresponding expansion, so that MACROEXPAND will be able to
                    expand them properly.  A type declaration in the :DECLARE
                    argument which refers to a name in this list implicitly
                    modifies the definition associated with the name.  The effect
                    is to wrap a THE form mentioning the type around the
                    definition.

      :FUNCTION     A list of function names which shall be visible as local
                    function bindings in the new environment.

      :MACRO        A list of local macro definitions, specified as a list of (name
                    definition) lists.  Each definition must be a function of two
                    arguments (a form and an environment).  The new environment
                    will have local macro bindings of each name to the
                    corresponding expander function, which will be returned by
                    MACRO-FUNCTION and used by MACROEXPAND.

      :DECLARE      A list of decl-specs.  Information about these declarations can
                    be retrieved from the resulting environment using the
                    VARIABLE-INFORMATION, FUNCTION-INFORMATION, and
                    DECLARATION-INFORMATION accessors.

      An error is signalled if any of the symbols naming macros in the
      :SYMBOL-MACRO alist are also included in the :VARIABLE list.  An error is
      signaled if any of the symbols naming macros in the :SYMBOL-MACRO alist are
      also included in a SPECIAL decl-spec in the :DECLARE argument.  An error is
      signalled if any of the names of macros in the :MACRO alist are also included
      in the :FUNCTION list.  The consequences of destructively modifying the list
      structure of any of the arguments to this function are undefined.

      The condition type of each of these errors is PROGRAM-ERROR.

      The extent of the returned environment is the same as the extent of the
      argument environment.  The result might share structure with the argument
      environment, but the argument environment is not modified.

      While an environment argument from EVALHOOK is permitted to be used as the
      environment argument for this function, the reverse is not true.  If an
      attempt is made to use the result of AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT as the environment
      argument for EVALHOOK, the consequences are undefined.  The environment
      returned by AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT can only be used for syntactic analysis, ie.
      the functions specified by this proposal and functions such as MACROEXPAND.

     DEFINE-DECLARATION decl-name lambda-list &body body               [Macro]

      Define a handler for the named declaration.  This is the mechanism by which
      AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT is extended to support additional declaration
      specifiers.  The function defined by this macro will be called with two
      arguments, a decl-spec whose CAR is decl-name, and the ENV argument to
      AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT.  Two values must be returned by the function.  The
      first value must be one of the following keywords:

      :VARIABLE     the declaration applies to variable bindings.
      :FUNCTION     the declaration applies to function bindings.
      :DECLARE      the declaration does not apply to bindings.

      For the case where the first value indicates the declaration applies to
      bindings, the second value is a list, the elements of which are lists of the
      form (binding-name key value).  If the corresponding information
      function (either VARIABLE-INFORMATION or FUNCTION-INFORMATION) is applied to
      the binding name and the augmented environment, the a-list which is
      the third value returned by the information function will contain the value
      under the specified key.

      When the first value is :DECLARE, the second value is a cons whose CAR is a
      key and whose CDR is the associated value.  The function
      DECLARATION-INFORMATION, when applied to the key and the augmented
      environment, will return the associated value.

      DEFINE-DECLARATION causes DECL-NAME to be proclaimed to be a
      declaration (it is as if its expansion included a call (PROCLAIM
      '(DECLARATION decl-name))).  As is the case with standard
      declaration specifiers, the evaluator and compiler are permitted,
      but not required, to add information about declaration specifiers
      defined with DEFINE-DECLARATION to the macroexpansion and evalhook
      environments.

      The consequences are undefined if DECL-NAME is a symbol which can
      appear as the CAR of any declaration specifier defined in the standard.

      The consequences are also undefined if the return value from a
      declaration handler defined with DEFINE-DECLARATION includes a key name
      that is used by the corresponding accessor to return information about
      any declaration specifier defined in the standard.  (For example, if
      the first return value from the handler is :VARIABLE, the second return
      value may not use the symbols DYNAMIC-EXTENT, IGNORE, or TYPE as key
      names.)

      The DEFINE-DECLARATION macro does not have any special compile-time
      side-effects.

     PARSE-MACRO name lambda-list body &optional env        [Function]

      This function is used to process a macro definition in the same way
      as DEFMACRO and MACROLET.  It returns a lambda-expression that accepts
      two arguments (a form and an environment).  The "name", "lambda-list",
      and "body" arguments correspond to the parts of a DEFMACRO or MACROLET
      definition.

      The "lambda-list" argument can include &ENVIRONMENT and &WHOLE.  The "name"
      argument is used to enclose the "body" in an implicit BLOCK, and might also
      be used for implementation-dependent purposes (such as including the name of
      the macro in error messages if the form does not match the lambda-list).

     ENCLOSE lambda-expression &optional env                [Function]

      This function returns an object of type FUNCTION that is equivalent to what
      would be obtained by evaluating `(FUNCTION ,LAMBDA-EXPRESSION) in syntactic
      environment ENV.  The LAMBDA-EXPRESSION is permitted to reference only the
      parts of the environment argument ENV that are relevant only to syntactic
      processing, specifically declarations and the definitions of macros and
      symbol-macros.  The consequences are undefined if the LAMBDA-EXPRESSION
      contains any references to variable or function bindings that are
      lexically visible in ENV; any GO to a tag that is lexicaly visible in
      the environment ENV; or any RETURN-FROM a block name that is lexically
      visible in the environment ENV.

    Rationale:

      This proposal defines a minimal set of accessors (VARIABLE-INFORMATION,
      FUNCTION-INFORMATION, and DECLARATION-INFORMATION) and a constructor
      (AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT) for environments.

      All of the standard declaration specifiers, with the exception of SPECIAL,
      can be defined fairly easily using DEFINE-DECLARATION.  It also
      seems to be able to handle most extended declarations.

      The PARSE-MACRO function is provided so that users don't have to write their
      own code to destructure macro arguments.  With the addition of
      DESTRUCTURING-BIND to the language, this function is not entirely necessary.
      However, it is probably worth including anyway, since any program-analyzing
      program is going to need to define it, and the definition isn't completely
      trivial.

      ENCLOSE is needed to allow expander functions to be defined in a non-NULL
      lexical environment, as required by DEFINING-MACROS-NON-TOP-LEVEL:ALLOW.  It
      also provides a mechanism by which the forms in an (EVAL-WHEN (COMPILE) ...)
      can be executed in the enclosing environment (see Issue
      EVAL-WHEN-NON-TOP-LEVEL).

      Making declarations from an &ENVIRONMENT or EVALHOOK environment optional
      continues to allow implementations the freedom simply to ignore all such
      declarations in the compiler or interpreter.

    Examples:

    #1:  This example illustrates the first two values returned by the function
         VARIABLE-INFORMATION.

      (DEFMACRO KIND-OF-VARIABLE (VAR &ENVIRONMENT ENV)
        (MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND (KIND BINDINGP)
                             (VARIABLE-INFORMATION VAR ENV)
          `(LIST ',VAR ',KIND ',BINDINGP)))

      (DEFVAR A)

      (DEFCONSTANT B 43)

      (DEFUN TEST ()
        (LET (C)
          (LET (D)
            (DECLARE (SPECIAL D))
            (SYMBOL-MACROLET ((E ANYTHING))
              (LIST (KIND-OF-VARIABLE A)
                    (KIND-OF-VARIABLE B)
                    (KIND-OF-VARIABLE C)
                    (KIND-OF-VARIABLE D)
                    (KIND-OF-VARIABLE E)
                    (KIND-OF-VARIABLE F))))))

      (TEST) -> ((A :SPECIAL NIL)
                 (B :CONSTANT NIL)
                 (C :LEXICAL T)
                 (D :SPECIAL T)
                 (E :SYMBOL-MACRO T)
                 (F NIL NIL))

    #2:  This example illustrates the first two values returned by the function
         FUNCTION-INFORMATION.

      (DEFMACRO KIND-OF-FUNCTION (FUNCTION-NAME &ENVIRONMENT ENV)
        (MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND (KIND BINDINGP)
                             (FUNCTION-INFORMATION FUNCTION-NAME ENV)
          `(LIST ',FUNCTION-NAME ',KIND ',BINDING)))

      (DEFUN A ())

      (DEFUN (SETF A) (V))

      (DEFMACRO B ())

      (DEFUN TEST ()
        (FLET ((C ()))
          (MACROLET ((D ()))
            (LIST (KIND-OF-FUNCTION A)
                  (KIND-OF-FUNCTION B)
                  (KIND-OF-FUNCTION QUOTE)
                  (KIND-OF-FUNCTION (SETF A))
                  (KIND-OF-FUNCTION C)
                  (KIND-OF-FUNCTION D)
                  (KIND-OF-FUNCTION E)))))

      (TEST) -> ((A :FUNCTION NIL)
                 (B :MACRO NIL)
                 (QUOTE :SPECIAL-FORM NIL)
                 ((SETF A) :FUNCTION NIL)
                 (C :FUNCTION T)
                 (D :MACRO T)
                 (E NIL NIL))

    #3: This example shows how a code-walker might walk a MACROLET special form.
        It assumes that the revised MACROLET semantics described in proposal
        DEFINING-MACROS-NON-TOP-LEVEL:ALLOW are in effect.

      (DEFUN WALK-MACROLET (FORM ENV)
        (LET ((MACROS  (MAKE-MACRO-DEFINITIONS (CADR FORM) ENV)))
          (MULTIPLE-VALUE-BIND (BODY DECLS) (PARSE-BODY (CDDR FORM))
            (WALK-IMPLICIT-PROGN
              BODY
              (AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT ENV :MACRO MACROS :DECLARE DECLS)))))

      (DEFUN MAKE-MACRO-DEFINITIONS (DEFS ENV)
        (MAPCAR #'(LAMBDA (DEF)
                    (LET ((NAME (CAR DEF)))
                      (LIST NAME
                            (ENCLOSE (PARSE-MACRO NAME (CADR DEF) (CDDR DEF) ENV)
                                     ENV))))
                DEFS))

    Cost to Implementors:

     Most implementations already record some of this information in some form.
     Providing these functions should not be too difficult, but it is a more than
     trivial amount of work.

    Cost to Users:

     This change is upward compatible with user code.

    Current practice:

     No implementation provides all of this interface currently.  Portable Common
     Loops defines a subset of this functionality for its code walker and
     implements it on a number of diffent versions of Common Lisp.

    Discussion:

     The first version of this proposal expressly did not deal with the objects
     which are used as environments by EVALHOOK.  This version is extended to
     support them in the belief that such environments share a lot of functionality
     with the syntactic environments needed by a compiler.  While the two types of
     environments might have very different implementations, there are many
     operations which are reasonable to perform on either type, including all of
     the accessor functions described by this proposal.

     There has been discussion about a macro called WITH-AUGMENTED-ENVIRONMENT,
     either in addition to or instead of AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT.  The point of this
     would be to say that the extent of the augmented environment is the dynamic
     extent of the WITH-AUGMENTED-ENVIRONMENT form.  There was some concern that
     there might be cases where the macro was awkward to use.  Such a macro is not
     included in this proposal.  If AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT is provided, then such a
     macro is trivially written in terms of the function.  There are places in the
     processing of sequential binding forms where using such a macro might be more
     difficult than using the specified function.

     Some people have indicated they think that the :MACRO argument (and the
     :SYMBOL-MACRO argument too?) to AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT should be an a-list of the
     form ((name . definition)...) rather than the form ((name definition)...).

     Some people have indicated they think that implementations must never discard
     any declarations, even if they are not otherwise used by the interpreter or
     compiler.  Proposal SMALL is consistent with what CLtL says (implementations
     are free to ignore all declarations except SPECIAL declarations), but the
     DECLARATION-INFORMATION function might not be particularly useful unless it is
     guaranteed to do something.  Requiring implementations to keep track of
     declarations they'd otherwise ignore would involve some implementation cost
     and also might incur a performance penalty.

     ENCLOSE happens to subsume the extension to COERCE for converting a lambda
     expression into a function (see Issue FUNCTION-TYPE, passed in June 1988).
     Perhaps the extension to COERCE should be backed out?

    There have been some suggestions for related functionality that have not
    been included in this proposal because we haven't had the time to give
    them adequate consideration, and some of them might be controversial.
    These suggestions include:

    - Adding a function to canonicalize type specifiers.

    - Extending VARIABLE-INFORMATION to return a value indicating whether there
      is a special binding of the variable in the environment, regardless of
      whether or not it has been shadowed by a lexical or symbol-macro binding
      of the same name.

    - A function to map over all names that are defined in the lexical
      environment:

        MAP-ENVIRONMENT fn key &optional env

        KEY must be one of the symbols :FUNCTION, :VARIABLE, or :DECLARATION.

        when key is :FUNCTION,
          for every symbol S for which (FUNCTION-INFORMATION s ENV)
          would return the values X, true, Y, for any X and Y,
          FN is applied to the arguments S, X, and Y.

        when key is :VARIABLE,
          for every symbol S for which (VARIABLE-INFORMATION s ENV)
          would return the values X, true, Y, for any X and Y,
          FN is applied to the arguments S, X, and Y.

        when key is :DECLARATION,
          for every symbol S for which (VARIABLE-INFORMATION s ENV)
          would return a non-nil value L
          FN is applied to the arguments S and L.

    - Adding additional accessors and keyword arguments to AUGMENT-ENVIRONMENT
      for BLOCK and TAGBODY labels.

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