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## Issue CLOS-CONDITIONS Writeup

    Status: DRAFT
    Issue:        CLOS-CONDITIONS
    References:   Condition System (Revision 18)
    Category:     ADDITION
    Edit history: 26-Sep-88, Version 1 by Pitman
    	      06-Oct-88, Version 2 by Pitman
    	      09-Oct-88, Version 3 by Pitman
    	      10-Mar-89, Version 4 by Pitman (remove unsupported options)

    Problem Description:

      The description of the Common Lisp condition system presupposes
      only DEFSTRUCT and not DEFCLASS because it was written when
      CLOS had not been adopted. It is stylistically out of step with
      CLOS in a few places and places some restrictions which are not
      necessary if CLOS can be presupposed.

    Proposal (CLOS-CONDITIONS:INTEGRATE):

      1. Define that condition types are CLOS classes.

      2. Define that condition objects are CLOS instances.

      3. Functions such as SIGNAL, which take arguments of class names, are
         permitted to take class objects. Such class objects must still be
         subclasses of CONDITION.

      4. Define that slots in condition objects are normal CLOS slots. Note
         that WITH-SLOTS can be used to provide more convenient access to the
         slots where slot accessors are undesirable.

      5. Incompatibly change the syntax of a slot in DEFINE-CONDITION
         to be compatible with a DEFCLASS slot specification.

         An implication of this change is that forms like
          (DEFINE-CONDITION FOO (BAR) ((A 1) (B 2)))
         would have to be written
          (DEFINE-CONDITION FOO (BAR)
    	((A :INITARG :A :READER FOO-A :INITFORM 1)
    	 (B :INITARG :B :READER FOO-B :INITFORM 2)))

      6. Permit multiple parent-types to be named in the list of parent types.
         Define that these parent types are treated the same as the superior
         class list in a CLOS DEFCLASS expression.

      7. Eliminate the :CONC-NAME option to DEFINE-CONDITION.

      8. Define that condition reporting is mediated through the PRINT-OBJECT
         method for the condition type (class) in question, with *PRINT-ESCAPE*
         always being NIL. Specifying (:REPORT fn) in the definition of a
         condition type C is equivalent to doing
          (DEFMETHOD PRINT-OBJECT ((X c) STREAM)
    	(IF *PRINT-ESCAPE* (CALL-NEXT-METHOD) (fn X STREAM)))

    Rationale:

      These changes are consistent with the intent of the X3J13 endorsement
      of CLOS and the Common Lisp Condition System.

      Although items 5 and 7 are incompatible with the interim condition
      handling which we've been working with, the overall proposal significantly
      improves compatibility with CLOS.

      This compatibility will make the language seem less fragmented, and
      probably more learnable because there will be fewer paradigms to learn.

      Also, items 5 and 7 in particular are an improvement for reasons
      unrelated to CLOS if only because they get rid of the need for symbol
      concatenation, a process which has been seen to cause problems because
      of the transient nature of the binding of *PACKAGE*.

    Examples:

      Slot specifiers...

        A slot specifier of X is still valid but is incompatibly
        changed to mean what CLOS has it mean; no :INITARG or
        :READER would be supplied.

        A slot specifier of (X) is still valid but is incompatibly
        changed to mean what CLOS has it mean; no :INITARG or
        :READER would be supplied.

        A slot specifier of (X V) would no longer be valid.

        In addition, other slot specifiers such as
         (X :INITARG :EX :TYPE FIXNUM)
        are permitted as in DEFCLASS.

     Conc names ...

       (DEFINE-CONDITION FOOBAR (FOO BAR) (X Y) (:CONC-NAME FUBAR))
       would be rewritten
       (DEFINE-CONDITION FOOBAR (FOO BAR)
         ((X :INITARG :X :READER FUBAR-X)
          (Y :INITARG :Y :READER FUBAR-Y)))

     Report methods ...

       (DEFINE-CONDITION OOPS (ERROR) ())
       (DEFMETHOD PRINT-OBJECT ((X OOPS) STREAM)
         (IF *PRINT-ESCAPE*
    	 (CALL-NEXT-METHOD)
    	 (FORMAT STREAM "Oops! Something went wrong.")))
       (ERROR 'OOPS)
       >>Error: Oops! Something went wrong.

    Current Practice:

      Some implementations supporting CLOS probably already do this,
      or something very similar.

    Cost to Implementors:

      If you really have CLOS, this is very straightforward.

    Cost to Users:

      Small, but tractable.

      The main potential problems are:

       - :CONC-NAME. There is nothing that keeps an implementation from
         continuing to support :CONC-NAME for a short while until old code
         has been upgraded.

       - The incompatible change to slot syntax. Again, it is possible to
         unambiguously recognize a 2-list as old-style syntax and an
         implementation can provide interim compatibility support during
         a transition period.

      Even if implementations did not provide the recommended compatibility
      support, users could trivially shadow DEFINE-CONDITION and provide the
      support themselves, expanding into the native DEFINE-CONDITION in the
      proper syntax.

      In any case, the total number of uses of DEFINE-CONDITION at this
      point is probably quite small. Searching for them and repairing
      each by hand is probably not an expensive operation.

    Cost of Non-Adoption:

      Conditions will seem harder to manipulate than other user-defined types.

      People will wonder if CLOS is really something we're committed to.

    Benefits:

      A more regular, more learnable language.

    Aesthetics:

      Improved.

    Discussion:

      Gregor, Pierson, Moon, and Pitman support this proposal.

      People seem to disagree about the status that CLOS might occupy
      in the upcoming standard. In spite of a vote of support, they seem
      to think it might be optional in some way. Passing this proposal
      establishes a clear precedent for the full integration of CLOS into
      the emerging language.

      The sense of the cleanup committee was that it was acceptable for
      a vendor to identify a CLOS-free subset of Common Lisp, but that since
      the position of X3J13 seems to be that no resources should be devoted
      to work on subsets, it was inappropriate for us to work out the details
      of that subset ourselves.  Since nothing about this proposal would
      impede such a subset, we took that to be adequate basis for presenting
      this single proposal.

      Moon thinks we might want to add condition types for the errors
      CLOS might signal. Richard Mlynarik thinks we should add a generic
      function, REPORT-CONDITION, which is used for reporting conditions.
      Both of these issues should probably be pursued under separate cover.

    !
    "One comment is that you should explicitly mention bootstrapping
    concerns under cost to implementors.  If you just leave it out,
    someone may think it is a difficult problem. "

    "This isn't any sort of clarification.  The actual clarification required
    -- which has been requested several times, and not just by myself -- is
    what the *METACLASS* of condition types is.

    Condition types may be "CLOS classes" without being STANDARD-CLASSes
    Condition objects may be "CLOS instances" without being STANDARD-OBJECTs.
    Just what are "normal CLOS slots"?  As I see it, the "normalcy" or
    otherwise of slots is determined by the metaclass.

    My opinion for some time has been that condition types should not be
    STANDARD-CLASSes but instead something like READ-ONLY-CLASS.
    Conceptually, It Is An Error to modify the slots of condition objects,
    which are supposed to be immutable descriptions of part of the state of
    a computation.  Implementationally,
    (setf (slot-value <condition-object> <slot-name>) <new-value>) should
    signal an error.

    (I also think that conditions in particular have a strong need for
    something like :REQUIRED-INIT-KEYWORDS, but that's another story.)

    Even if you decide to make condition classes' metaclass STANDARD-CLASS,
    the point is that you need to state this, so that users may define
    condition classes and mixins using DEFCLASS."

    "I do not agree that it is a -necessary- thing to specify the Meta-Class
    of conditions because all intended uses of conditions can be done
    without this information.

    I agree that it is a -possibly useful- thing to do, but there is a down
    side to it -- it would unnecessarily tie the hands of people who want
    implementation flexibility for one reason or another."

    "... If we don't specify the metaclass, then users
    won't know what other classes they can mix in when defining condition
    classes.  It may seem weird, but I can imagine someone wanting to mix
    in an arbitrary class into a condition class.

    I think we should just say that the class CONDITION is an instance of
    STANDARD-CLASS, and that by default DEFINE-CONDITION defines standard
    classes.  Sure it might be nice to do the read only class thing but I
    don't think this is a good time to design a special purpose metaclass
    for this.  "

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