32.3. Wireless Networking
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## 32.3. Wireless Networking

Loader, Marc Fonvieille and Murray Stokely.

### 32.3.1. Wireless Networking Basics

Most wireless networks are based on the IEEE® 802.11 standards. A basic wireless network consists of multiple stations communicating with radios that broadcast in either the 2.4GHz or 5GHz band, though this varies according to the locale and is also changing to enable communication in the 2.3GHz and 4.9GHz ranges.

802.11 networks are organized in two ways. In infrastructure mode, one station acts as a master with all the other stations associating to it, the network is known as a BSS, and the master station is termed an access point (AP). In a BSS, all communication passes through the AP; even when one station wants to communicate with another wireless station, messages must go through the AP. In the second form of network, there is no master and stations communicate directly. This form of network is termed an IBSS and is commonly known as an ad-hoc network.

802.11 networks were first deployed in the 2.4GHz band using protocols defined by the IEEE® 802.11 and 802.11b standard. These specifications include the operating frequencies and the MAC layer characteristics, including framing and transmission rates, as communication can occur at various rates. Later, the 802.11a standard defined operation in the 5GHz band, including different signaling mechanisms and higher transmission rates. Still later, the 802.11g standard defined the use of 802.11a signaling and transmission mechanisms in the 2.4GHz band in such a way as to be backwards compatible with 802.11b networks.

Separate from the underlying transmission techniques, 802.11 networks have a variety of security mechanisms. The original 802.11 specifications defined a simple security protocol called WEP. This protocol uses a fixed pre-shared key and the RC4 cryptographic cipher to encode data transmitted on a network. Stations must all agree on the fixed key in order to communicate. This scheme was shown to be easily broken and is now rarely used except to discourage transient users from joining networks. Current security practice is given by the IEEE® 802.11i specification that defines new cryptographic ciphers and an additional protocol to authenticate stations to an access point and exchange keys for data communication. Cryptographic keys are periodically refreshed and there are mechanisms for detecting and countering intrusion attempts. Another security protocol specification commonly used in wireless networks is termed WPA, which was a precursor to 802.11i. WPA specifies a subset of the requirements found in 802.11i and is designed for implementation on legacy hardware. Specifically, WPA requires only the TKIP cipher that is derived from the original WEP cipher. 802.11i permits use of TKIP but also requires support for a stronger cipher, AES-CCM, for encrypting data. The AES cipher was not required in WPA because it was deemed too computationally costly to be implemented on legacy hardware.

The other standard to be aware of is 802.11e. It defines protocols for deploying multimedia applications, such as streaming video and voice over IP (VoIP), in an 802.11 network. Like 802.11i, 802.11e also has a precursor specification termed WME (later renamed WMM) that has been defined by an industry group as a subset of 802.11e that can be deployed now to enable multimedia applications while waiting for the final ratification of 802.11e. The most important thing to know about 802.11e and WME/WMM is that it enables prioritized traffic over a wireless network through Quality of Service (QoS) protocols and enhanced media access protocols. Proper implementation of these protocols enables high speed bursting of data and prioritized traffic flow.

FreeBSD supports networks that operate using 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. The WPA and 802.11i security protocols are likewise supported (in conjunction with any of 11a, 11b, and 11g) and QoS and traffic prioritization required by the WME/WMM protocols are supported for a limited set of wireless devices.

### 32.3.2. Basic Setup

#### 32.3.2.1. Kernel Configuration

To use wireless networking, a wireless networking card is needed and the kernel needs to be configured with the appropriate wireless networking support. The kernel is separated into multiple modules so that only the required support needs to be configured.

The most commonly used wireless devices are those that use parts made by Atheros. These devices are supported by ath(4) and require the following line to be added to `/boot/loader.conf`:

if_ath_load="YES"

The Atheros driver is split up into three separate pieces: the driver (ath(4)), the hardware support layer that handles chip-specific functions (ath_hal(4)), and an algorithm for selecting the rate for transmitting frames. When this support is loaded as kernel modules, any dependencies are automatically handled. To load support for a different type of wireless device, specify the module for that device. This example is for devices based on the Intersil Prism parts (wi(4)) driver:

if_wi_load="YES"

### Note:

The examples in this section use an ath(4) device and the device name in the examples must be changed according to the configuration. A list of available wireless drivers and supported adapters can be found in the FreeBSD Hardware Notes, available on the Release Information page of the FreeBSD website. If a native FreeBSD driver for the wireless device does not exist, it may be possible to use the Windows® driver with the help of the NDIS driver wrapper.

In addition, the modules that implement cryptographic support for the security protocols to use must be loaded. These are intended to be dynamically loaded on demand by the wlan(4) module, but for now they must be manually configured. The following modules are available: wlan_wep(4), wlan_ccmp(4), and wlan_tkip(4). The wlan_ccmp(4) and wlan_tkip(4) drivers are only needed when using the WPA or 802.11i security protocols. If the network does not use encryption, wlan_wep(4) support is not needed. To load these modules at boot time, add the following lines to `/boot/loader.conf`:

wlan_wep_load="YES" wlan_ccmp_load="YES" wlan_tkip_load="YES"

Once this information has been added to `/boot/loader.conf`, reboot the FreeBSD box. Alternately, load the modules by hand using kldload(8).

### Note:

For users who do not want to use modules, it is possible to compile these drivers into the kernel by adding the following lines to a custom kernel configuration file:

device wlan # 802.11 support device wlan_wep # 802.11 WEP support device wlan_ccmp # 802.11 CCMP support device wlan_tkip # 802.11 TKIP support device wlan_amrr # AMRR transmit rate control algorithm device ath # Atheros pci/cardbus NIC's device ath_hal # pci/cardbus chip support options AH_SUPPORT_AR5416 # enable AR5416 tx/rx descriptors device ath_rate_sample # SampleRate tx rate control for ath

With this information in the kernel configuration file, recompile the kernel and reboot the FreeBSD machine.

Information about the wireless device should appear in the boot messages, like this:

ath0: <Atheros 5212> mem 0x88000000-0x8800ffff irq 11 at device 0.0 on cardbus1 ath0: [ITHREAD] ath0: AR2413 mac 7.9 RF2413 phy 4.5

### 32.3.3. Infrastructure Mode

Infrastructure (BSS) mode is the mode that is typically used. In this mode, a number of wireless access points are connected to a wired network. Each wireless network has its own name, called the SSID. Wireless clients connect to the wireless access points.

#### 32.3.3.1. FreeBSD Clients

##### 32.3.3.1.1. How to Find Access Points

To scan for available networks, use ifconfig(8). This request may take a few moments to complete as it requires the system to switch to each available wireless frequency and probe for available access points. Only the superuser can initiate a scan:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` up scan` SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS dlinkap 00:13:46:49:41:76 11 54M -90:96 100 EPS WPA WME freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -83:96 100 EPS WPA

### Note:

The interface must be `up` before it can scan. Subsequent scan requests do not require the interface to be marked as up again.

The output of a scan request lists each BSS/IBSS network found. Besides listing the name of the network, the `SSID`, the output also shows the `BSSID`, which is the MAC address of the access point. The `CAPS` field identifies the type of each network and the capabilities of the stations operating there:

Table 32.1. Station Capability Codes

Capability Code | Meaning
--- | ---
`E` | Extended Service Set (ESS). Indicates that the station is part of an infrastructure network rather than an IBSS/ad-hoc network.
`I` | IBSS/ad-hoc network. Indicates that the station is part of an ad-hoc network rather than an ESS network.
`P` | Privacy. Encryption is required for all data frames exchanged within the BSS using cryptographic means such as WEP, TKIP or AES-CCMP.
`S` | Short Preamble. Indicates that the network is using short preambles, defined in 802.11b High Rate/DSSS PHY, and utilizes a 56 bit sync field rather than the 128 bit field used in long preamble mode.
`s` | Short slot time. Indicates that the 802.11g network is using a short slot time because there are no legacy (802.11b) stations present.

One can also display the current list of known networks with:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` list scan`

This information may be updated automatically by the adapter or manually with a `scan` request. Old data is automatically removed from the cache, so over time this list may shrink unless more scans are done.

##### 32.3.3.1.2. Basic Settings

This section provides a simple example of how to make the wireless network adapter work in FreeBSD without encryption. Once familiar with these concepts, it is strongly recommend to use WPA to set up the wireless network.

There are three basic steps to configure a wireless network: select an access point, authenticate the station, and configure an IP address. The following sections discuss each step.

###### 32.3.3.1.2.1. Selecting an Access Point

Most of the time, it is sufficient to let the system choose an access point using the builtin heuristics. This is the default behaviour when an interface is marked as up or it is listed in `/etc/rc.conf`:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="DHCP"

If there are multiple access points, a specific one can be selected by its SSID:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="ssid `your_ssid_here` DHCP"

In an environment where there are multiple access points with the same SSID, which is often done to simplify roaming, it may be necessary to associate to one specific device. In this case, the BSSID of the access point can be specified, with or without the SSID:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="ssid `your_ssid_here` bssid `xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx` DHCP"

There are other ways to constrain the choice of an access point, such as limiting the set of frequencies the system will scan on. This may be useful for a multi-band wireless card as scanning all the possible channels can be time-consuming. To limit operation to a specific band, use the `mode` parameter:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="mode `11g` ssid `your_ssid_here` DHCP"

This example will force the card to operate in 802.11g, which is defined only for 2.4GHz frequencies so any 5GHz channels will not be considered. This can also be achieved with the `channel` parameter, which locks operation to one specific frequency, and the `chanlist` parameter, to specify a list of channels for scanning. More information about these parameters can be found in ifconfig(8).

###### 32.3.3.1.2.2. Authentication

Once an access point is selected, the station needs to authenticate before it can pass data. Authentication can happen in several ways. The most common scheme, open authentication, allows any station to join the network and communicate. This is the authentication to use for test purposes the first time a wireless network is setup. Other schemes require cryptographic handshakes to be completed before data traffic can flow, either using pre-shared keys or secrets, or more complex schemes that involve backend services such as RADIUS. Open authentication is the default setting. The next most common setup is WPA-PSK, also known as WPA Personal, which is described in Section 32.3.3.1.3.1, “WPA-PSK”.

### Note:

If using an Apple® AirPort® Extreme base station for an access point, shared-key authentication together with a WEP key needs to be configured. This can be configured in `/etc/rc.conf` or by using wpa_supplicant(8). For a single AirPort® base station, access can be configured with:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="authmode shared wepmode on weptxkey `1` wepkey `01234567` DHCP"

In general, shared key authentication should be avoided because it uses the WEP key material in a highly-constrained manner, making it even easier to crack the key. If WEP must be used for compatibility with legacy devices, it is better to use WEP with `open` authentication. More information regarding WEP can be found in Section 32.3.3.1.4, “WEP”.

###### 32.3.3.1.2.3. Getting an IP Address with DHCP

Once an access point is selected and the authentication parameters are set, an IP address must be obtained in order to communicate. Most of the time, the IP address is obtained via DHCP. To achieve that, edit `/etc/rc.conf` and add `DHCP` to the configuration for the device:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="DHCP"

The wireless interface is now ready to bring up:

`#` `service netif start`

Once the interface is running, use ifconfig(8) to see the status of the interface `ath0`:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.1.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.1.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid dlinkap channel 11 (2462 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76 country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst

The `status: associated` line means that it is connected to the wireless network. The `bssid 00:13:46:49:41:76` is the MAC address of the access point and `authmode OPEN` indicates that the communication is not encrypted.

###### 32.3.3.1.2.4. Static IP Address

In an IP address cannot be obtained from a DHCP server, set a fixed IP address. Replace the `DHCP` keyword shown above with the address information. Be sure to retain any other parameters for selecting the access point:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="inet `192.168.1.100` netmask `255.255.255.0` ssid `your_ssid_here`"

##### 32.3.3.1.3. WPA

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is a security protocol used together with 802.11 networks to address the lack of proper authentication and the weakness of WEP. WPA leverages the 802.1X authentication protocol and uses one of several ciphers instead of WEP for data integrity. The only cipher required by WPA is the Temporary Key Integrity Protocol (TKIP). TKIP is a cipher that extends the basic RC4 cipher used by WEP by adding integrity checking, tamper detection, and measures for responding to detected intrusions. TKIP is designed to work on legacy hardware with only software modification. It represents a compromise that improves security but is still not entirely immune to attack. WPA also specifies the AES-CCMP cipher as an alternative to TKIP, and that is preferred when possible. For this specification, the term WPA2 or RSN is commonly used.

WPA defines authentication and encryption protocols. Authentication is most commonly done using one of two techniques: by 802.1X and a backend authentication service such as RADIUS, or by a minimal handshake between the station and the access point using a pre-shared secret. The former is commonly termed WPA Enterprise and the latter is known as WPA Personal. Since most people will not set up a RADIUS backend server for their wireless network, WPA-PSK is by far the most commonly encountered configuration for WPA.

The control of the wireless connection and the key negotiation or authentication with a server is done using wpa_supplicant(8). This program requires a configuration file, `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`, to run. More information regarding this file can be found in wpa_supplicant.conf(5).

###### 32.3.3.1.3.1. WPA-PSK

WPA-PSK, also known as WPA Personal, is based on a pre-shared key (PSK) which is generated from a given password and used as the master key in the wireless network. This means every wireless user will share the same key. WPA-PSK is intended for small networks where the use of an authentication server is not possible or desired.

### Warning:

Always use strong passwords that are sufficiently long and made from a rich alphabet so that they will not be easily guessed or attacked.

The first step is the configuration of `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` with the SSID and the pre-shared key of the network:

network={ ssid="freebsdap" psk="freebsdmall" }

Then, in `/etc/rc.conf`, indicate that the wireless device configuration will be done with WPA and the IP address will be obtained with DHCP:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

Then, bring up the interface:

`#` `service netif start` Starting wpa_supplicant. DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 5 DHCPDISCOVER on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 6 DHCPOFFER from 192.168.0.1 DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1 bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds. wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst roaming MANUAL

Or, try to configure the interface manually using the information in `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`:

`#` `wpa_supplicant -i `wlan0` -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` Trying to associate with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac (SSID='freebsdap' freq=2412 MHz) Associated with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac WPA: Key negotiation completed with 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac [PTK=CCMP GTK=CCMP] CTRL-EVENT-CONNECTED - Connection to 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac completed (auth) [id=0 id_str=]

The next operation is to launch dhclient(8) to get the IP address from the DHCP server:

`#` `dhclient `wlan0`` DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 DHCPACK from 192.168.0.1 bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds. `#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst roaming MANUAL

### Note:

If `/etc/rc.conf` has an `ifconfig_wlan0="DHCP"` entry, dhclient(8) will be launched automatically after wpa_supplicant(8) associates with the access point.

If DHCP is not possible or desired, set a static IP address after wpa_supplicant(8) has authenticated the station:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.0.100` netmask `255.255.255.0`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.100 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/36Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst roaming MANUAL

When DHCP is not used, the default gateway and the nameserver also have to be manually set:

`#` `route add default `your_default_router`` `#` `echo "nameserver `your_DNS_server`" >> /etc/resolv.conf`

###### 32.3.3.1.3.2. WPA with EAP-TLS

The second way to use WPA is with an 802.1X backend authentication server. In this case, WPA is called WPA Enterprise to differentiate it from the less secure WPA Personal. Authentication in WPA Enterprise is based on the Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP).

EAP does not come with an encryption method. Instead, EAP is embedded inside an encrypted tunnel. There are many EAP authentication methods, but EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, and EAP-PEAP are the most common.

EAP with Transport Layer Security (EAP-TLS) is a well-supported wireless authentication protocol since it was the first EAP method to be certified by the Wi-Fi alliance. EAP-TLS requires three certificates to run: the certificate of the Certificate Authority (CA) installed on all machines, the server certificate for the authentication server, and one client certificate for each wireless client. In this EAP method, both the authentication server and wireless client authenticate each other by presenting their respective certificates, and then verify that these certificates were signed by the organization's CA.

As previously, the configuration is done via `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`:

network={ ssid="freebsdap" proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-EAP eap=TLS identity="loader" ca_cert="/etc/certs/cacert.pem" client_cert="/etc/certs/clientcert.pem" private_key="/etc/certs/clientkey.pem" private_key_passwd="freebsdmallclient" }

| This field indicates the network name (SSID).
| This example uses the RSN IEEE® 802.11i protocol, also known as WPA2.
| The `key_mgmt` line refers to the key management protocol to use. In this example, it is WPA using EAP authentication.
| This field indicates the EAP method for the connection.
| The `identity` field contains the identity string for EAP.
| The `ca_cert` field indicates the pathname of the CA certificate file. This file is needed to verify the server certificate.
| The `client_cert` line gives the pathname to the client certificate file. This certificate is unique to each wireless client of the network.
| The `private_key` field is the pathname to the client certificate private key file.
| The `private_key_passwd` field contains the passphrase for the private key.

Then, add the following lines to `/etc/rc.conf`:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

The next step is to bring up the interface:

`#` `service netif start` Starting wpa_supplicant. DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7 DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15 DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20 bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds. wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst roaming MANUAL

It is also possible to bring up the interface manually using wpa_supplicant(8) and ifconfig(8).

###### 32.3.3.1.3.3. WPA with EAP-TTLS

With EAP-TTLS, both the authentication server and the client need a certificate. With EAP-TTLS, a client certificate is optional. This method is similar to a web server which creates a secure SSL tunnel even if visitors do not have client-side certificates. EAP-TTLS uses an encrypted TLS tunnel for safe transport of the authentication data.

The required configuration can be added to `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`:

network={ ssid="freebsdap" proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-EAP eap=TTLS identity="test" password="test" ca_cert="/etc/certs/cacert.pem" phase2="auth=MD5" }

| This field specifies the EAP method for the connection.
| The `identity` field contains the identity string for EAP authentication inside the encrypted TLS tunnel.
| The `password` field contains the passphrase for the EAP authentication.
| The `ca_cert` field indicates the pathname of the CA certificate file. This file is needed to verify the server certificate.
| This field specifies the authentication method used in the encrypted TLS tunnel. In this example, EAP with MD5-Challenge is used. The “inner authentication” phase is often called “phase2”.

Next, add the following lines to `/etc/rc.conf`:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

The next step is to bring up the interface:

`#` `service netif start` Starting wpa_supplicant. DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7 DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15 DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 21 DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20 bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds. wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst roaming MANUAL

###### 32.3.3.1.3.4. WPA with EAP-PEAP

### Note:

PEAPv0/EAP-MSCHAPv2 is the most common PEAP method. In this chapter, the term PEAP is used to refer to that method.

Protected EAP (PEAP) is designed as an alternative to EAP-TTLS and is the most used EAP standard after EAP-TLS. In a network with mixed operating systems, PEAP should be the most supported standard after EAP-TLS.

PEAP is similar to EAP-TTLS as it uses a server-side certificate to authenticate clients by creating an encrypted TLS tunnel between the client and the authentication server, which protects the ensuing exchange of authentication information. PEAP authentication differs from EAP-TTLS as it broadcasts the username in the clear and only the password is sent in the encrypted TLS tunnel. EAP-TTLS will use the TLS tunnel for both the username and password.

Add the following lines to `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` to configure the EAP-PEAP related settings:

network={ ssid="freebsdap" proto=RSN key_mgmt=WPA-EAP eap=PEAP identity="test" password="test" ca_cert="/etc/certs/cacert.pem" phase1="peaplabel=0" phase2="auth=MSCHAPV2" }

| This field specifies the EAP method for the connection.
| The `identity` field contains the identity string for EAP authentication inside the encrypted TLS tunnel.
| The `password` field contains the passphrase for the EAP authentication.
| The `ca_cert` field indicates the pathname of the CA certificate file. This file is needed to verify the server certificate.
| This field contains the parameters for the first phase of authentication, the TLS tunnel. According to the authentication server used, specify a specific label for authentication. Most of the time, the label will be “client EAP encryption” which is set by using `peaplabel=0`. More information can be found in wpa_supplicant.conf(5).
| This field specifies the authentication protocol used in the encrypted TLS tunnel. In the case of PEAP, it is `auth=MSCHAPV2`.

Add the following to `/etc/rc.conf`:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" ifconfig_wlan0="WPA DHCP"

Then, bring up the interface:

`#` `service netif start` Starting wpa_supplicant. DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 7 DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 15 DHCPREQUEST on wlan0 to 255.255.255.255 port 67 interval 21 DHCPACK from 192.168.0.20 bound to 192.168.0.254 -- renewal in 300 seconds. wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.254 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet DS/11Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy ON deftxkey UNDEF AES-CCM 3:128-bit txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 450 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst roaming MANUAL

##### 32.3.3.1.4. WEP

Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is part of the original 802.11 standard. There is no authentication mechanism, only a weak form of access control which is easily cracked.

WEP can be set up using ifconfig(8):

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.1.100` netmask `255.255.255.0` \ ssid `my_net` wepmode on weptxkey `3` wepkey `3:0x3456789012``

- The `weptxkey` specifies which WEP key will be used in the transmission. This example uses the third key. This must match the setting on the access point. When unsure which key is used by the access point, try `1` (the first key) for this value.

- The `wepkey` selects one of the WEP keys. It should be in the format `index:key`. Key `1` is used by default; the index only needs to be set when using a key other than the first key.

  ### Note:

  Replace the `0x3456789012` with the key configured for use on the access point.

Refer to ifconfig(8) for further information.

The wpa_supplicant(8) facility can be used to configure a wireless interface with WEP. The example above can be set up by adding the following lines to `/etc/wpa_supplicant.conf`:

network={ ssid="my_net" key_mgmt=NONE wep_key3=3456789012 wep_tx_keyidx=3 }

Then:

`#` `wpa_supplicant -i `wlan0` -c /etc/wpa_supplicant.conf` Trying to associate with 00:13:46:49:41:76 (SSID='dlinkap' freq=2437 MHz) Associated with 00:13:46:49:41:76

### 32.3.4. Ad-hoc Mode

IBSS mode, also called ad-hoc mode, is designed for point to point connections. For example, to establish an ad-hoc network between the machines `A` and `B`, choose two IP addresses and a SSID.

On `A`:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0` wlanmode adhoc` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.0.1` netmask `255.255.255.0` ssid `freebsdap`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <adhoc> status: running ssid freebsdap channel 2 (2417 Mhz 11g) bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme burst

The `adhoc` parameter indicates that the interface is running in IBSS mode.

`B` should now be able to detect `A`:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0` wlanmode adhoc` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` up scan` SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS freebsdap 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac 2 54M -64:-96 100 IS WME

The `I` in the output confirms that `A` is in ad-hoc mode. Now, configure `B` with a different IP address:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.0.2` netmask `255.255.255.0` ssid `freebsdap`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <adhoc> status: running ssid freebsdap channel 2 (2417 Mhz 11g) bssid 02:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme burst

Both `A` and `B` are now ready to exchange information.

### 32.3.5. FreeBSD Host Access Points

FreeBSD can act as an Access Point (AP) which eliminates the need to buy a hardware AP or run an ad-hoc network. This can be particularly useful when a FreeBSD machine is acting as a gateway to another network such as the Internet.

#### 32.3.5.1. Basic Settings

Before configuring a FreeBSD machine as an AP, the kernel must be configured with the appropriate networking support for the wireless card as well as the security protocols being used. For more details, see Section 32.3.2, “Basic Setup”.

### Note:

The NDIS driver wrapper for Windows® drivers does not currently support AP operation. Only native FreeBSD wireless drivers support AP mode.

Once wireless networking support is loaded, check if the wireless device supports the host-based access point mode, also known as hostap mode:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` list caps` drivercaps=6f85edc1<STA,FF,TURBOP,IBSS,HOSTAP,AHDEMO,TXPMGT,SHSLOT,SHPREAMBLE,MONITOR,MBSS,WPA1,WPA2,BURST,WME,WDS,BGSCAN,TXFRAG> cryptocaps=1f<WEP,TKIP,AES,AES_CCM,TKIPMIC>

This output displays the card's capabilities. The `HOSTAP` word confirms that this wireless card can act as an AP. Various supported ciphers are also listed: WEP, TKIP, and AES. This information indicates which security protocols can be used on the AP.

The wireless device can only be put into hostap mode during the creation of the network pseudo-device, so a previously created device must be destroyed first:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` destroy`

then regenerated with the correct option before setting the other parameters:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0` wlanmode hostap` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.0.1` netmask `255.255.255.0` ssid `freebsdap` mode 11g channel 1`

Use ifconfig(8) again to see the status of the `wlan0` interface:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <hostap> status: running ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme burst dtimperiod 1 -dfs

The `hostap` parameter indicates the interface is running in the host-based access point mode.

The interface configuration can be done automatically at boot time by adding the following lines to `/etc/rc.conf`:

wlans_ath0="wlan0" create_args_wlan0="wlanmode hostap" ifconfig_wlan0="inet `192.168.0.1` netmask `255.255.255.0` ssid `freebsdap` mode 11g channel `1`"

#### 32.3.5.2. Host-based Access Point Without Authentication or Encryption

Although it is not recommended to run an AP without any authentication or encryption, this is a simple way to check if the AP is working. This configuration is also important for debugging client issues.

Once the AP is configured, initiate a scan from another wireless machine to find the AP:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` up scan` SSID/MESH ID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M -66:-96 100 ES WME

The client machine found the AP and can be associated with it:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.0.2` netmask `255.255.255.0` ssid `freebsdap`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:d5:43:62 inet 192.168.0.2 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet OFDM/54Mbps mode 11g status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 (2412 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy OFF txpower 21.5 bmiss 7 scanvalid 60 bgscan bgscanintvl 300 bgscanidle 250 roam:rssi 7 roam:rate 5 protmode CTS wme burst

#### 32.3.5.3. WPA Host-based Access Point

This section focuses on setting up a FreeBSD AP using the WPA security protocol. More details regarding WPA and the configuration of WPA-based wireless clients can be found in Section 32.3.3.1.3, “WPA”.

The hostapd(8) daemon is used to deal with client authentication and key management on the WPA-enabled AP.

The following configuration operations are performed on the FreeBSD machine acting as the AP. Once the AP is correctly working, hostapd(8) should be automatically enabled at boot with the following line in `/etc/rc.conf`:

hostapd_enable="YES"

Before trying to configure hostapd(8), first configure the basic settings introduced in Section 32.3.5.1, “Basic Settings”.

##### 32.3.5.3.1. WPA-PSK

WPA-PSK is intended for small networks where the use of a backend authentication server is not possible or desired.

The configuration is done in `/etc/hostapd.conf`:

interface=wlan0 debug=1 ctrl_interface=/var/run/hostapd ctrl_interface_group=wheel ssid=freebsdap wpa=1 wpa_passphrase=freebsdmall wpa_key_mgmt=WPA-PSK wpa_pairwise=CCMP TKIP

| This field indicates the wireless interface used for the AP.
| This field sets the level of verbosity during the execution of hostapd(8). A value of `1` represents the minimal level.
| The `ctrl_interface` field gives the pathname of the directory used by hostapd(8) to store its domain socket files for the communication with external programs such as hostapd_cli(8). The default value is used in this example.
| The `ctrl_interface_group` line sets the group which is allowed to access the control interface files.
| This field sets the network name.
| The `wpa` field enables WPA and specifies which WPA authentication protocol will be required. A value of `1` configures the AP for WPA-PSK.
| The `wpa_passphrase` field contains the ASCII passphrase for WPA authentication. ### Warning: Always use strong passwords that are sufficiently long and made from a rich alphabet so that they will not be easily guessed or attacked.
| The `wpa_key_mgmt` line refers to the key management protocol to use. This example sets WPA-PSK.
| The `wpa_pairwise` field indicates the set of accepted encryption algorithms by the AP. In this example, both TKIP (WPA) and CCMP (WPA2) ciphers are accepted. The CCMP cipher is an alternative to TKIP and is strongly preferred when possible. TKIP should be used solely for stations incapable of doing CCMP.

The next step is to start hostapd(8):

`#` `service hostapd forcestart`
`#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> mtu 2290 inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 inet6 fe80::211:95ff:fec3:dac%ath0 prefixlen 64 scopeid 0x4 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <hostap> status: associated ssid freebsdap channel 1 bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac authmode WPA2/802.11i privacy MIXED deftxkey 2 TKIP 2:128-bit txpowmax 36 protmode CTS dtimperiod 1 bintval 100

Once the AP is running, the clients can associate with it. See Section 32.3.3.1.3, “WPA” for more details. It is possible to see the stations associated with the AP using `ifconfig `wlan0` list sta`.

#### 32.3.5.4. WEP Host-based Access Point

It is not recommended to use WEP for setting up an AP since there is no authentication mechanism and the encryption is easily cracked. Some legacy wireless cards only support WEP and these cards will only support an AP without authentication or encryption.

The wireless device can now be put into hostap mode and configured with the correct SSID and IP address:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0` wlanmode hostap` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` inet `192.168.0.1` netmask `255.255.255.0` \ ssid `freebsdap` wepmode on weptxkey `3` wepkey `3:0x3456789012` mode 11g`

- The `weptxkey` indicates which WEP key will be used in the transmission. This example uses the third key as key numbering starts with `1`. This parameter must be specified in order to encrypt the data.

- The `wepkey` sets the selected WEP key. It should be in the format `index:key`. If the index is not given, key `1` is set. The index needs to be set when using keys other than the first key.

Use ifconfig(8) to see the status of the `wlan0` interface:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0`` wlan0: flags=8843<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,SIMPLEX,MULTICAST> metric 0 mtu 1500 ether 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac inet 192.168.0.1 netmask 0xffffff00 broadcast 192.168.0.255 media: IEEE 802.11 Wireless Ethernet autoselect mode 11g <hostap> status: running ssid freebsdap channel 4 (2427 Mhz 11g) bssid 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac country US ecm authmode OPEN privacy ON deftxkey 3 wepkey 3:40-bit txpower 21.5 scanvalid 60 protmode CTS wme burst dtimperiod 1 -dfs

From another wireless machine, it is now possible to initiate a scan to find the AP:

`#` `ifconfig `wlan0` create wlandev `ath0`` `#` `ifconfig `wlan0` up scan` SSID BSSID CHAN RATE S:N INT CAPS freebsdap 00:11:95:c3:0d:ac 1 54M 22:1 100 EPS

In this example, the client machine found the AP and can associate with it using the correct parameters. See Section 32.3.3.1.4, “WEP” for more details.

### 32.3.6. Using Both Wired and Wireless Connections

A wired connection provides better performance and reliability, while a wireless connection provides flexibility and mobility. Laptop users typically want to roam seamlessly between the two types of connections.

On FreeBSD, it is possible to combine two or even more network interfaces together in a “failover” fashion. This type of configuration uses the most preferred and available connection from a group of network interfaces, and the operating system switches automatically when the link state changes.

Link aggregation and failover is covered in Section 32.6, “Link Aggregation and Failover” and an example for using both wired and wireless connections is provided at Example 32.3, “Failover Mode Between Wired and Wireless Interfaces”.

### 32.3.7. Troubleshooting

This section describes a number of steps to help troubleshoot common wireless networking problems.

- If the access point is not listed when scanning, check that the configuration has not limited the wireless device to a limited set of channels.

- If the device cannot associate with an access point, verify that the configuration matches the settings on the access point. This includes the authentication scheme and any security protocols. Simplify the configuration as much as possible. If using a security protocol such as WPA or WEP, configure the access point for open authentication and no security to see if traffic will pass.

- Once the system can associate with the access point, diagnose the security configuration using tools like ping(8).

  Debugging support is provided by wpa_supplicant(8). Try running this utility manually with the `-dd` option and look at the system logs.

- There are many lower-level debugging tools. Debugging messages can be enabled in the 802.11 protocol support layer using wlandebug(8). On a FreeBSD system prior to FreeBSD 9.1, this program can be found in `/usr/src/tools/tools/net80211`. For example, to enable console messages related to scanning for access points and the 802.11 protocol handshakes required to arrange communication:

  `#` `wlandebug -i `ath0` +scan+auth+debug+assoc` net.wlan.0.debug: 0 => 0xc80000<assoc,auth,scan>

  Many useful statistics are maintained by the 802.11 layer and `wlanstats`, found in `/usr/src/tools/tools/net80211`, will dump this information. These statistics should display all errors identified by the 802.11 layer. However, some errors are identified in the device drivers that lie below the 802.11 layer so they may not show up. To diagnose device-specific problems, refer to the drivers' documentation.

If the above information does not help to clarify the problem, submit a problem report and include output from the above tools.

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