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@<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.2-Based Extension//EN" [
<!ENTITY % entities PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Entity Set//EN">
%entities;

<!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
%release;
]>

<article>
  <articleinfo>
    <title>&os; &release.current; README</title>

    <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>

    <pubdate>$FreeBSD: head/release/doc/en_US.ISO8859-1/readme/article.xml 241096 2012-10-01 11:26:49Z gabor $</pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2000</year>
      <year>2001</year>
      <year>2002</year>
      <year>2003</year>
      <year>2004</year>
      <year>2005</year>
      <year>2006</year>
      <year>2007</year>
      <year>2008</year>
      <holder role="mailto:doc@@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
      &tm-attrib.freebsd;
      &tm-attrib.intel;
      &tm-attrib.opengroup;
      &tm-attrib.sparc;
      &tm-attrib.general;
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <abstract>
    <para>This document gives a brief introduction to &os;
      &release.current;.  It includes some information on how to
      obtain &os;, a listing of various ways to contact the &os;
      Project, and pointers to some other sources of
      information.</para>
  </abstract>

  <sect1 id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>This distribution is a &release.type; of &os; &release.current;, the
      latest point along the &release.branch; branch.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>About &os;</title>

      <para>&os; is an operating system based on 4.4 BSD Lite for
	AMD64 and Intel EM64T based PC hardware (&arch.amd64;),
	Intel, AMD, Cyrix or NexGen <quote>x86</quote> based PC hardware (&arch.i386;),
	Intel Itanium Processor based computers (&arch.ia64;),
	NEC PC-9801/9821 series PCs and compatibles (&arch.pc98;),
	and &ultrasparc; machines (&arch.sparc64;).  Versions
	for the &arm; (&arch.arm;), &mips; (&arch.mips;), and
	&powerpc; (&arch.powerpc;) architectures are currently under
	development as well.  &os; works with a wide variety of
	peripherals and configurations and can be used for everything
	from software development to games to Internet Service
	Provision.</para>

      <para>This release of &os; contains everything you need to run
	such a system, including full source code for the kernel and
	all utilities in the base distribution.  With the source
	distribution installed, you can literally recompile the entire
	system from scratch with one command, making it ideal for
	students, researchers, or users who simply want to see how it
	all works.</para>

      <para>A large collection of third-party ported software (the
	<quote>Ports Collection</quote>) is also provided to make it
	easy to obtain and install all your favorite traditional &unix;
	utilities for &os;.  Each <quote>port</quote> consists of a
	set of scripts to retrieve, configure, build, and install a
	piece of software, with a single command.  Over &os.numports;
	ports, from editors to programming languages to graphical
	applications, make &os; a powerful and comprehensive operating
	environment that extends far beyond what's provided by many
	commercial versions of &unix;.  Most ports are also available as
	pre-compiled <quote>packages</quote>, which can be quickly
	installed from the installation program.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Target Audience</title>

<![ %release.type.current; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.snapshot; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.release; [

      <para>This &release.type; of &os; is suitable for all users.  It
	has undergone a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure the highest reliability and
	dependability.</para>

]]>

    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="obtain">
    <title>Obtaining &os;</title>

    <para>&os; may be obtained in a variety of ways.  This section
      focuses on those ways that are primarily useful for obtaining a
      complete &os; distribution, rather than updating an existing
      installation.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>CDROM and DVD</title>

      <para>&os; -RELEASE distributions may be ordered on CDROM or DVD
	from several publishers.  This is frequently the most
	convenient way to obtain &os; for new installations, as it
	provides a convenient way to quickly reinstall the system if
	necessary.  Some distributions include some of the optional,
	precompiled <quote>packages</quote> from the &os; Ports
	Collection, or other extra material.</para>

      <para>A list of the CDROM and DVD publishers known to the
	project are listed in the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
	&os;</quote></ulink> appendix to the Handbook.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>FTP</title>

      <para>You can use FTP to retrieve &os; and any or all of its
	optional packages from <ulink
	url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>, which is the official
	&os; release site, or any of its
	<quote>mirrors</quote>.</para>

      <para>Lists of locations that mirror &os; can be found in the
	<ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors-ftp.html">FTP
	Sites</ulink> section of the Handbook.
	Finding a close (in networking terms) mirror from which to
	download the distribution is highly recommended.</para>

      <para>Additional mirror sites are always welcome.  Contact
	<email>freebsd-admin@@FreeBSD.org</email> for more details on
	becoming an official mirror site.  You can also find useful
        information for mirror sites at the <ulink
        url="&url.articles.hubs;/">Mirroring
        &os;</ulink> article.</para>

      <para>Mirrors generally contain the ISO images generally used to
	create a CDROM of a &os; release.  They usually also contain
	floppy disk images (for applicable platforms), as well as the
	files necessary to do an installation over the network.
	Finally mirrors sites usually contain a set of packages for
	the most current release.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="contacting">
    <title>Contacting the &os; Project</title>

    <sect2>
      <title>Email and Mailing Lists</title>

      <para>For any questions or general technical support issues,
	please send mail to the &a.questions;.</para>

      <para>If you're tracking the &release.branch; development efforts, you
	<emphasis>must</emphasis> join the &a.current;, in order to
	keep abreast of recent developments and changes that may
	affect the way you use and maintain the system.</para>

      <para>Being a largely-volunteer effort, the &os;
	Project is always happy to have extra hands willing to help&mdash;there are already far more desired enhancements than
	there is time to implement them.  To contact the developers on
	technical matters, or with offers of help, please send mail to
	the &a.hackers;.</para>

      <para>Please note that these mailing lists can experience
	<emphasis>significant</emphasis> amounts of traffic.  If you
	have slow or expensive mail access, or are only interested in
	keeping up with major &os; events, you may find it
	preferable to subscribe instead to the &a.announce;.</para>

      <para>All of the mailing lists can be freely joined by anyone
	wishing to do so.  Visit the <ulink url="&url.base;/mailman/listinfo">
	&os; Mailman Info Page</ulink>.  This will give you more
	information on joining the various lists, accessing archives,
	etc.  There are a number of mailing lists targeted at special
	interest groups not mentioned here; more information can be
	obtained either from the Mailman pages or the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/support.html#mailing-list">mailing
	lists section</ulink> of the &os; Web site.</para>

      <important>
	<para>Do <emphasis>not</emphasis> send email to the lists
	  asking to be subscribed.  Use the Mailman interface
	  instead.</para>
      </important>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Submitting Problem Reports</title>

      <para>Suggestions, bug reports and contributions of code are
	always valued&mdash;please do not hesitate to report any
	problems you may find.  Bug reports with attached fixes are of
	course even more welcome.</para>

      <para>The preferred method to submit bug reports from a machine
	with Internet mail connectivity is to use the &man.send-pr.1;
	command.
	<quote>Problem Reports</quote> (PRs) submitted in this way
	will be filed and their progress tracked; the &os; developers
	will do their best to respond to all reported bugs as soon as
	possible.  <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi">A list
	of all active PRs</ulink> is available on the &os; Web site;
	this list is useful to see what potential problems other users
	have encountered.</para>

      <para>Note that &man.send-pr.1; itself is a shell script that
	should be easy to move even onto a non-&os; system.  Using
	this interface is highly preferred.  If, for some reason, you
	are unable to use &man.send-pr.1; to submit a bug report, you
	can try to send it to the &a.bugs;.</para>

      <para>For more information, <ulink
	url="&url.articles.problem-reports;/"><quote>Writing
	&os; Problem Reports</quote></ulink>, available on the &os; Web
	site, has a number of helpful hints on writing and submitting
	effective problem reports.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="seealso">
    <title>Further Reading</title>

    <para>There are many sources of information about &os;; some are
      included with this distribution, while others are available
      on-line or in print versions.</para>

    <sect2 id="release-docs">
      <title>Release Documentation</title>

      <para>A number of other files provide more specific information
	about this &release.type; distribution.  These files are
	provided in various formats.  Most distributions will include
	both ASCII text (<filename>.TXT</filename>) and HTML
	(<filename>.HTM</filename>) renditions.  Some distributions
	may also include other formats such as Portable Document Format
	(<filename>.PDF</filename>).

	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>README.TXT</filename>: This file, which
	      gives some general information about &os; as well as
	      some cursory notes about obtaining a
	      distribution.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>RELNOTES.TXT</filename>: The release
	      notes, showing what's new and different in &os;
	      &release.current; compared to the previous release (&os;
	      &release.prev;).</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>: The hardware
	      compatibility list, showing devices with which &os; has
	      been tested and is known to work.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>ERRATA.TXT</filename>: Release errata.
	      Late-breaking, post-release information can be found in
	      this file, which is principally applicable to releases
	      (as opposed to snapshots).  It is important to consult
	      this file before installing a release of &os;, as it
	      contains the latest information on problems which have
	      been found and fixed since the release was
	      created.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <para>On platforms that support &man.sysinstall.8; (currently
	&arch.amd64;, &arch.i386;, &arch.ia64;, &arch.pc98;, and &arch.sparc64;), these documents are generally available via the
	Documentation menu during installation.  Once the system is
	installed, you can revisit this menu by re-running the
	&man.sysinstall.8; utility.</para>

      <note>
	<para>It is extremely important to read the errata for any
	  given release before installing it, to learn about any
	  <quote>late-breaking news</quote> or post-release problems.
	  The errata file accompanying each release (most likely right
	  next to this file) is already out of date by definition, but
	  other copies are kept updated on the Internet and should be
	  consulted as the <quote>current errata</quote> for this
	  release.  These other copies of the errata are located at
	  <ulink url="&url.base;/releases/"></ulink> (as
	  well as any sites which keep up-to-date mirrors of this
	  location).</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Manual Pages</title>

      <para>As with almost all &unix; like operating systems, &os; comes
	with a set of on-line manual pages, accessed through the
	&man.man.1; command or through the <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi">hypertext manual
	pages gateway</ulink> on the &os; Web site.  In general, the
	manual pages provide information on the different commands and
	APIs available to the &os; user.</para>

      <para>In some cases, manual pages are written to give
	information on particular topics.  Notable examples of such
	manual pages are &man.tuning.7; (a guide to performance tuning),
	&man.security.7; (an introduction to &os; security), and
	&man.style.9; (a style guide to kernel coding).</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Books and Articles</title>

      <para>Two highly-useful collections of &os;-related information,
	maintained by the &os; Project,
	are the &os; Handbook and &os; FAQ (Frequently Asked
	Questions document).  On-line versions of the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/">Handbook</ulink>
	and <ulink
	url="&url.books.faq;/">FAQ</ulink>
	are always available from the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/docs.html">&os; Documentation
	page</ulink> or its mirrors.  If you install the
	<filename>doc</filename> distribution set, you can use a Web
	browser to read the Handbook and FAQ locally.  In particular,
	note that the Handbook contains a step-by-step guide to
	installing &os;.</para>

      <para>A number of on-line books and articles, also maintained by
        the &os; Project, cover more-specialized, &os;-related topics.
        This material spans a wide range of topics, from effective use
        of the mailing lists, to dual-booting &os; with other
        operating systems, to guidelines for new committers.  Like the
        Handbook and FAQ, these documents are available from the &os;
        Documentation Page or in the <filename>doc</filename>
        distribution set.</para>

      <para>A listing of other books and documents about &os; can be
        found in the <ulink
        url="&url.books.handbook;/bibliography.html">bibliography</ulink>
        of the &os; Handbook.  Because of &os;'s strong &unix; heritage,
        many other articles and books written for &unix; systems are
        applicable as well, some of which are also listed in the
        bibliography.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="acknowledgements">
    <title>Acknowledgments</title>

    <para>&os; represents the cumulative work of many hundreds, if not
      thousands, of individuals from around the world who have worked
      countless hours to bring about this &release.type;.  For a
      complete list of &os; developers and contributors, please see
      <ulink
      url="&url.articles.contributors;/"><quote>Contributors
      to &os;</quote></ulink> on the &os; Web site or any of its
      mirrors.</para>

    <para>Special thanks also go to the many thousands of &os; users
      and testers all over the world, without whom this &release.type;
      simply would not have been possible.</para>
  </sect1>
</article>

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- Rename .sgml files to .xml to track the recent doc changes

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@
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    <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>
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@


1.1.6.2
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@SVN rev 241718 on 2012-10-19 03:01:25Z by gjb

- Rename .sgml files to .xml to track the recent doc changes.
- Fix Makefiles and entities where necessary to get build to
  complete without errors.

*** NOTE: This is _NOT_ an MFC, but direct commit to stable/8. ***

Hat:		doceng
@
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@a0 439
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.2-Based Extension//EN" [
<!ENTITY % entities PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Entity Set//EN">
%entities;

<!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
%release;
]>

<article>
  <articleinfo>
    <title>&os; &release.current; README</title>

    <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>

    <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2000</year>
      <year>2001</year>
      <year>2002</year>
      <year>2003</year>
      <year>2004</year>
      <year>2005</year>
      <year>2006</year>
      <year>2007</year>
      <year>2008</year>
      <holder role="mailto:doc@@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
      &tm-attrib.freebsd;
      &tm-attrib.intel;
      &tm-attrib.opengroup;
      &tm-attrib.sparc;
      &tm-attrib.general;
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <abstract>
    <para>This document gives a brief introduction to &os;
      &release.current;.  It includes some information on how to
      obtain &os;, a listing of various ways to contact the &os;
      Project, and pointers to some other sources of
      information.</para>
  </abstract>

  <sect1 id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>This distribution is a &release.type; of &os; &release.current;, the
      latest point along the &release.branch; branch.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>About &os;</title>

      <para>&os; is an operating system based on 4.4 BSD Lite for
	AMD64 and Intel EM64T based PC hardware (&arch.amd64;),
	Intel, AMD, Cyrix or NexGen <quote>x86</quote> based PC hardware (&arch.i386;),
	Intel Itanium Processor based computers (&arch.ia64;),
	NEC PC-9801/9821 series PCs and compatibles (&arch.pc98;),
	and &ultrasparc; machines (&arch.sparc64;).  Versions
	for the &arm; (&arch.arm;), &mips; (&arch.mips;), and
	&powerpc; (&arch.powerpc;) architectures are currently under
	development as well.  &os; works with a wide variety of
	peripherals and configurations and can be used for everything
	from software development to games to Internet Service
	Provision.</para>

      <para>This release of &os; contains everything you need to run
	such a system, including full source code for the kernel and
	all utilities in the base distribution.  With the source
	distribution installed, you can literally recompile the entire
	system from scratch with one command, making it ideal for
	students, researchers, or users who simply want to see how it
	all works.</para>

      <para>A large collection of third-party ported software (the
	<quote>Ports Collection</quote>) is also provided to make it
	easy to obtain and install all your favorite traditional &unix;
	utilities for &os;.  Each <quote>port</quote> consists of a
	set of scripts to retrieve, configure, build, and install a
	piece of software, with a single command.  Over &os.numports;
	ports, from editors to programming languages to graphical
	applications, make &os; a powerful and comprehensive operating
	environment that extends far beyond what's provided by many
	commercial versions of &unix;.  Most ports are also available as
	pre-compiled <quote>packages</quote>, which can be quickly
	installed from the installation program.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Target Audience</title>

<![ %release.type.current; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.snapshot; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.release; [

      <para>This &release.type; of &os; is suitable for all users.  It
	has undergone a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure the highest reliability and
	dependability.</para>

]]>

    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="obtain">
    <title>Obtaining &os;</title>

    <para>&os; may be obtained in a variety of ways.  This section
      focuses on those ways that are primarily useful for obtaining a
      complete &os; distribution, rather than updating an existing
      installation.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>CDROM and DVD</title>

      <para>&os; -RELEASE distributions may be ordered on CDROM or DVD
	from several publishers.  This is frequently the most
	convenient way to obtain &os; for new installations, as it
	provides a convenient way to quickly reinstall the system if
	necessary.  Some distributions include some of the optional,
	precompiled <quote>packages</quote> from the &os; Ports
	Collection, or other extra material.</para>

      <para>A list of the CDROM and DVD publishers known to the
	project are listed in the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
	&os;</quote></ulink> appendix to the Handbook.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>FTP</title>

      <para>You can use FTP to retrieve &os; and any or all of its
	optional packages from <ulink
	url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>, which is the official
	&os; release site, or any of its
	<quote>mirrors</quote>.</para>

      <para>Lists of locations that mirror &os; can be found in the
	<ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors-ftp.html">FTP
	Sites</ulink> section of the Handbook, or on the <ulink
	url="http://mirrorlist.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink> Web pages.
	Finding a close (in networking terms) mirror from which to
	download the distribution is highly recommended.</para>

      <para>Additional mirror sites are always welcome.  Contact
	<email>freebsd-admin@@FreeBSD.org</email> for more details on
	becoming an official mirror site.  You can also find useful
        information for mirror sites at the <ulink
        url="&url.articles.hubs;/">Mirroring
        &os;</ulink> article.</para>

      <para>Mirrors generally contain the ISO images generally used to
	create a CDROM of a &os; release.  They usually also contain
	floppy disk images (for applicable platforms), as well as the
	files necessary to do an installation over the network.
	Finally mirrors sites usually contain a set of packages for
	the most current release.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="contacting">
    <title>Contacting the &os; Project</title>

    <sect2>
      <title>Email and Mailing Lists</title>

      <para>For any questions or general technical support issues,
	please send mail to the &a.questions;.</para>

      <para>If you're tracking the &release.branch; development efforts, you
	<emphasis>must</emphasis> join the &a.current;, in order to
	keep abreast of recent developments and changes that may
	affect the way you use and maintain the system.</para>

      <para>Being a largely-volunteer effort, the &os;
	Project is always happy to have extra hands willing to help&mdash;there are already far more desired enhancements than
	there is time to implement them.  To contact the developers on
	technical matters, or with offers of help, please send mail to
	the &a.hackers;.</para>

      <para>Please note that these mailing lists can experience
	<emphasis>significant</emphasis> amounts of traffic.  If you
	have slow or expensive mail access, or are only interested in
	keeping up with major &os; events, you may find it
	preferable to subscribe instead to the &a.announce;.</para>

      <para>All of the mailing lists can be freely joined by anyone
	wishing to do so.  Visit the <ulink url="&url.base;/mailman/listinfo">
	&os; Mailman Info Page</ulink>.  This will give you more
	information on joining the various lists, accessing archives,
	etc.  There are a number of mailing lists targeted at special
	interest groups not mentioned here; more information can be
	obtained either from the Mailman pages or the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/support.html#mailing-list">mailing
	lists section</ulink> of the &os; Web site.</para>

      <important>
	<para>Do <emphasis>not</emphasis> send email to the lists
	  asking to be subscribed.  Use the Mailman interface
	  instead.</para>
      </important>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Submitting Problem Reports</title>

      <para>Suggestions, bug reports and contributions of code are
	always valued&mdash;please do not hesitate to report any
	problems you may find.  Bug reports with attached fixes are of
	course even more welcome.</para>

      <para>The preferred method to submit bug reports from a machine
	with Internet mail connectivity is to use the &man.send-pr.1;
	command.
	<quote>Problem Reports</quote> (PRs) submitted in this way
	will be filed and their progress tracked; the &os; developers
	will do their best to respond to all reported bugs as soon as
	possible.  <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi">A list
	of all active PRs</ulink> is available on the &os; Web site;
	this list is useful to see what potential problems other users
	have encountered.</para>

      <para>Note that &man.send-pr.1; itself is a shell script that
	should be easy to move even onto a non-&os; system.  Using
	this interface is highly preferred.  If, for some reason, you
	are unable to use &man.send-pr.1; to submit a bug report, you
	can try to send it to the &a.bugs;.</para>

      <para>For more information, <ulink
	url="&url.articles.problem-reports;/"><quote>Writing
	&os; Problem Reports</quote></ulink>, available on the &os; Web
	site, has a number of helpful hints on writing and submitting
	effective problem reports.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="seealso">
    <title>Further Reading</title>

    <para>There are many sources of information about &os;; some are
      included with this distribution, while others are available
      on-line or in print versions.</para>

    <sect2 id="release-docs">
      <title>Release Documentation</title>

      <para>A number of other files provide more specific information
	about this &release.type; distribution.  These files are
	provided in various formats.  Most distributions will include
	both ASCII text (<filename>.TXT</filename>) and HTML
	(<filename>.HTM</filename>) renditions.  Some distributions
	may also include other formats such as Portable Document Format
	(<filename>.PDF</filename>).

	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>README.TXT</filename>: This file, which
	      gives some general information about &os; as well as
	      some cursory notes about obtaining a
	      distribution.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>RELNOTES.TXT</filename>: The release
	      notes, showing what's new and different in &os;
	      &release.current; compared to the previous release (&os;
	      &release.prev;).</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>: The hardware
	      compatibility list, showing devices with which &os; has
	      been tested and is known to work.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>ERRATA.TXT</filename>: Release errata.
	      Late-breaking, post-release information can be found in
	      this file, which is principally applicable to releases
	      (as opposed to snapshots).  It is important to consult
	      this file before installing a release of &os;, as it
	      contains the latest information on problems which have
	      been found and fixed since the release was
	      created.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <para>On platforms that support &man.sysinstall.8; (currently
	&arch.amd64;, &arch.i386;, &arch.ia64;, &arch.pc98;, and &arch.sparc64;), these documents are generally available via the
	Documentation menu during installation.  Once the system is
	installed, you can revisit this menu by re-running the
	&man.sysinstall.8; utility.</para>

      <note>
	<para>It is extremely important to read the errata for any
	  given release before installing it, to learn about any
	  <quote>late-breaking news</quote> or post-release problems.
	  The errata file accompanying each release (most likely right
	  next to this file) is already out of date by definition, but
	  other copies are kept updated on the Internet and should be
	  consulted as the <quote>current errata</quote> for this
	  release.  These other copies of the errata are located at
	  <ulink url="&url.base;/releases/"></ulink> (as
	  well as any sites which keep up-to-date mirrors of this
	  location).</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Manual Pages</title>

      <para>As with almost all &unix; like operating systems, &os; comes
	with a set of on-line manual pages, accessed through the
	&man.man.1; command or through the <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi">hypertext manual
	pages gateway</ulink> on the &os; Web site.  In general, the
	manual pages provide information on the different commands and
	APIs available to the &os; user.</para>

      <para>In some cases, manual pages are written to give
	information on particular topics.  Notable examples of such
	manual pages are &man.tuning.7; (a guide to performance tuning),
	&man.security.7; (an introduction to &os; security), and
	&man.style.9; (a style guide to kernel coding).</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Books and Articles</title>

      <para>Two highly-useful collections of &os;-related information,
	maintained by the &os; Project,
	are the &os; Handbook and &os; FAQ (Frequently Asked
	Questions document).  On-line versions of the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/">Handbook</ulink>
	and <ulink
	url="&url.books.faq;/">FAQ</ulink>
	are always available from the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/docs.html">&os; Documentation
	page</ulink> or its mirrors.  If you install the
	<filename>doc</filename> distribution set, you can use a Web
	browser to read the Handbook and FAQ locally.  In particular,
	note that the Handbook contains a step-by-step guide to
	installing &os;.</para>

      <para>A number of on-line books and articles, also maintained by
        the &os; Project, cover more-specialized, &os;-related topics.
        This material spans a wide range of topics, from effective use
        of the mailing lists, to dual-booting &os; with other
        operating systems, to guidelines for new committers.  Like the
        Handbook and FAQ, these documents are available from the &os;
        Documentation Page or in the <filename>doc</filename>
        distribution set.</para>

      <para>A listing of other books and documents about &os; can be
        found in the <ulink
        url="&url.books.handbook;/bibliography.html">bibliography</ulink>
        of the &os; Handbook.  Because of &os;'s strong &unix; heritage,
        many other articles and books written for &unix; systems are
        applicable as well, some of which are also listed in the
        bibliography.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="acknowledgements">
    <title>Acknowledgments</title>

    <para>&os; represents the cumulative work of many hundreds, if not
      thousands, of individuals from around the world who have worked
      countless hours to bring about this &release.type;.  For a
      complete list of &os; developers and contributors, please see
      <ulink
      url="&url.articles.contributors;/"><quote>Contributors
      to &os;</quote></ulink> on the &os; Web site or any of its
      mirrors.</para>

    <para>Special thanks also go to the many thousands of &os; users
      and testers all over the world, without whom this &release.type;
      simply would not have been possible.</para>
  </sect1>
</article>

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1.1.6.3
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@## SVN ##
## SVN ## Exported commit - http://svnweb.freebsd.org/changeset/base/ 242909
## SVN ## CVS IS DEPRECATED: http://wiki.freebsd.org/CvsIsDeprecated
## SVN ##
## SVN ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## SVN ## r242909 | dim | 2012-11-12 07:47:19 +0000 (Mon, 12 Nov 2012) | 20 lines
## SVN ##
## SVN ## MFC r242625:
## SVN ##
## SVN ## Remove duplicate const specifiers in many drivers (I hope I got all of
## SVN ## them, please let me know if not).  Most of these are of the form:
## SVN ##
## SVN ## static const struct bzzt_type {
## SVN ##       [...list of members...]
## SVN ## } const bzzt_devs[] = {
## SVN ##       [...list of initializers...]
## SVN ## };
## SVN ##
## SVN ## The second const is unnecessary, as arrays cannot be modified anyway,
## SVN ## and if the elements are const, the whole thing is const automatically
## SVN ## (e.g. it is placed in .rodata).
## SVN ##
## SVN ## I have verified this does not change the binary output of a full kernel
## SVN ## build (except for build timestamps embedded in the object files).
## SVN ##
## SVN ## Reviewed by:	yongari, marius
## SVN ##
## SVN ## ------------------------------------------------------------------------
## SVN ##
@
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@


1.1.4.1
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@file article.xml was added on branch RELENG_9_1 on 2012-10-11 22:24:10 +0000
@
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1.1.4.2
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@SVN rev 241445 on 2012-10-11 15:49:42Z by gabor

MFC r241096:
  - Rename files to track the XML migration in the doc tree and make the
    release notes build again

Approved by:	re (hrs)
@
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@a0 424
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.2-Based Extension//EN" [
<!ENTITY % entities PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Entity Set//EN">
%entities;

<!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
%release;
]>

<article>
  <articleinfo>
    <title>&os; &release.current; README</title>

    <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>

    <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2012</year>
      <holder role="mailto:doc@@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
      &tm-attrib.freebsd;
      &tm-attrib.intel;
      &tm-attrib.opengroup;
      &tm-attrib.sparc;
      &tm-attrib.general;
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <abstract>
    <para>This document gives a brief introduction to &os;
      &release.current;.  It includes some information on how to
      obtain &os;, a listing of various ways to contact the &os;
      Project, and pointers to some other sources of
      information.</para>
  </abstract>

  <sect1 id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>This distribution is a &release.type; of &os; &release.current;, the
      latest point along the &release.branch; branch.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>About &os;</title>

      <para>&os; is an operating system based on 4.4 BSD Lite for
	AMD64 and Intel EM64T based PC hardware (&arch.amd64;),
	Intel, AMD, Cyrix or NexGen <quote>x86</quote> based PC hardware (&arch.i386;),
	Intel Itanium Processor based computers (&arch.ia64;),
	NEC PC-9801/9821 series PCs and compatibles (&arch.pc98;),
	and &ultrasparc; machines (&arch.sparc64;).  Versions
	for the &arm; (&arch.arm;), &mips; (&arch.mips;), and
	&powerpc; (&arch.powerpc;) architectures are currently under
	development as well.  &os; works with a wide variety of
	peripherals and configurations and can be used for everything
	from software development to games to Internet Service
	Provision.</para>

      <para>This release of &os; contains everything you need to run
	such a system, including full source code for the kernel and
	all utilities in the base distribution.  With the source
	distribution installed, you can literally recompile the entire
	system from scratch with one command, making it ideal for
	students, researchers, or users who simply want to see how it
	all works.</para>

      <para>A large collection of third-party ported software (the
	<quote>Ports Collection</quote>) is also provided to make it
	easy to obtain and install all your favorite traditional &unix;
	utilities for &os;.  Each <quote>port</quote> consists of a
	set of scripts to retrieve, configure, build, and install a
	piece of software, with a single command.  Over &os.numports;
	ports, from editors to programming languages to graphical
	applications, make &os; a powerful and comprehensive operating
	environment that extends far beyond what's provided by many
	commercial versions of &unix;.  Most ports are also available as
	pre-compiled <quote>packages</quote>, which can be quickly
	installed from the installation program.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Target Audience</title>

<![ %release.type.current; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.snapshot; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.release; [

      <para>This &release.type; of &os; is suitable for all users.  It
	has undergone a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure the highest reliability and
	dependability.</para>

]]>

    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="obtain">
    <title>Obtaining &os;</title>

    <para>&os; may be obtained in a variety of ways.  This section
      focuses on those ways that are primarily useful for obtaining a
      complete &os; distribution, rather than updating an existing
      installation.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>CDROM and DVD</title>

      <para>&os; -RELEASE distributions may be ordered on CDROM or DVD
	from several publishers.  This is frequently the most
	convenient way to obtain &os; for new installations, as it
	provides a convenient way to quickly reinstall the system if
	necessary.  Some distributions include some of the optional,
	precompiled <quote>packages</quote> from the &os; Ports
	Collection, or other extra material.</para>

      <para>A list of the CDROM and DVD publishers known to the
	project are listed in the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
	&os;</quote></ulink> appendix to the Handbook.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>FTP</title>

      <para>You can use FTP to retrieve &os; and any or all of its
	optional packages from <ulink
	url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>, which is the official
	&os; release site, or any of its
	<quote>mirrors</quote>.</para>

      <para>Lists of locations that mirror &os; can be found in the
	<ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors-ftp.html">FTP
	Sites</ulink> section of the Handbook.
	Finding a close (in networking terms) mirror from which to
	download the distribution is highly recommended.</para>

      <para>Additional mirror sites are always welcome.  Contact
	<email>freebsd-admin@@FreeBSD.org</email> for more details on
	becoming an official mirror site.  You can also find useful
        information for mirror sites at the <ulink
        url="&url.articles.hubs;/">Mirroring
        &os;</ulink> article.</para>

      <para>Mirrors generally contain the ISO images generally used to
	create a CDROM of a &os; release.  They usually also contain
	floppy disk images (for applicable platforms), as well as the
	files necessary to do an installation over the network.
	Finally mirrors sites usually contain a set of packages for
	the most current release.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="contacting">
    <title>Contacting the &os; Project</title>

    <sect2>
      <title>Email and Mailing Lists</title>

      <para>For any questions or general technical support issues,
	please send mail to the &a.questions;.</para>

      <para>If you're tracking the &release.branch; development efforts, you
	<emphasis>must</emphasis> join the &a.current;, in order to
	keep abreast of recent developments and changes that may
	affect the way you use and maintain the system.</para>

      <para>Being a largely-volunteer effort, the &os;
	Project is always happy to have extra hands willing to help&mdash;there are already far more desired enhancements than
	there is time to implement them.  To contact the developers on
	technical matters, or with offers of help, please send mail to
	the &a.hackers;.</para>

      <para>Please note that these mailing lists can experience
	<emphasis>significant</emphasis> amounts of traffic.  If you
	have slow or expensive mail access, or are only interested in
	keeping up with major &os; events, you may find it
	preferable to subscribe instead to the &a.announce;.</para>

      <para>All of the mailing lists can be freely joined by anyone
	wishing to do so.  Visit the <ulink url="&url.base;/mailman/listinfo">
	&os; Mailman Info Page</ulink>.  This will give you more
	information on joining the various lists, accessing archives,
	etc.  There are a number of mailing lists targeted at special
	interest groups not mentioned here; more information can be
	obtained either from the Mailman pages or the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/support.html#mailing-list">mailing
	lists section</ulink> of the &os; Web site.</para>

      <important>
	<para>Do <emphasis>not</emphasis> send email to the lists
	  asking to be subscribed.  Use the Mailman interface
	  instead.</para>
      </important>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Submitting Problem Reports</title>

      <para>Suggestions, bug reports and contributions of code are
	always valued&mdash;please do not hesitate to report any
	problems you may find.  Bug reports with attached fixes are of
	course even more welcome.</para>

      <para>The preferred method to submit bug reports from a machine
	with Internet mail connectivity is to use the &man.send-pr.1;
	command.
	<quote>Problem Reports</quote> (PRs) submitted in this way
	will be filed and their progress tracked; the &os; developers
	will do their best to respond to all reported bugs as soon as
	possible.  <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi">A list
	of all active PRs</ulink> is available on the &os; Web site;
	this list is useful to see what potential problems other users
	have encountered.</para>

      <para>Note that &man.send-pr.1; itself is a shell script that
	should be easy to move even onto a non-&os; system.  Using
	this interface is highly preferred.  If, for some reason, you
	are unable to use &man.send-pr.1; to submit a bug report, you
	can try to send it to the &a.bugs;.</para>

      <para>For more information, <ulink
	url="&url.articles.problem-reports;/"><quote>Writing
	&os; Problem Reports</quote></ulink>, available on the &os; Web
	site, has a number of helpful hints on writing and submitting
	effective problem reports.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="seealso">
    <title>Further Reading</title>

    <para>There are many sources of information about &os;; some are
      included with this distribution, while others are available
      on-line or in print versions.</para>

    <sect2 id="release-docs">
      <title>Release Documentation</title>

      <para>A number of other files provide more specific information
	about this &release.type; distribution.  These files are
	provided in various formats.  Most distributions will include
	both ASCII text (<filename>.TXT</filename>) and HTML
	(<filename>.HTM</filename>) renditions.  Some distributions
	may also include other formats such as Portable Document Format
	(<filename>.PDF</filename>).

	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>README.TXT</filename>: This file, which
	      gives some general information about &os; as well as
	      some cursory notes about obtaining a
	      distribution.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>RELNOTES.TXT</filename>: The release
	      notes, showing what's new and different in &os;
	      &release.current; compared to the previous release (&os;
	      &release.prev;).</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>: The hardware
	      compatibility list, showing devices with which &os; has
	      been tested and is known to work.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>ERRATA.TXT</filename>: Release errata.
	      Late-breaking, post-release information can be found in
	      this file, which is principally applicable to releases
	      (as opposed to snapshots).  It is important to consult
	      this file before installing a release of &os;, as it
	      contains the latest information on problems which have
	      been found and fixed since the release was
	      created.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <note>
	<para>It is extremely important to read the errata for any
	  given release before installing it, to learn about any
	  <quote>late-breaking news</quote> or post-release problems.
	  The errata file accompanying each release (most likely right
	  next to this file) is already out of date by definition, but
	  other copies are kept updated on the Internet and should be
	  consulted as the <quote>current errata</quote> for this
	  release.  These other copies of the errata are located at
	  <ulink url="&url.base;/releases/"></ulink> (as
	  well as any sites which keep up-to-date mirrors of this
	  location).</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Manual Pages</title>

      <para>As with almost all &unix; like operating systems, &os; comes
	with a set of on-line manual pages, accessed through the
	&man.man.1; command or through the <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi">hypertext manual
	pages gateway</ulink> on the &os; Web site.  In general, the
	manual pages provide information on the different commands and
	APIs available to the &os; user.</para>

      <para>In some cases, manual pages are written to give
	information on particular topics.  Notable examples of such
	manual pages are &man.tuning.7; (a guide to performance tuning),
	&man.security.7; (an introduction to &os; security), and
	&man.style.9; (a style guide to kernel coding).</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Books and Articles</title>

      <para>Two highly-useful collections of &os;-related information,
	maintained by the &os; Project,
	are the &os; Handbook and &os; FAQ (Frequently Asked
	Questions document).  On-line versions of the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/">Handbook</ulink>
	and <ulink
	url="&url.books.faq;/">FAQ</ulink>
	are always available from the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/docs.html">&os; Documentation
	page</ulink> or its mirrors.  If you install the
	<filename>doc</filename> distribution set, you can use a Web
	browser to read the Handbook and FAQ locally.  In particular,
	note that the Handbook contains a step-by-step guide to
	installing &os;.</para>

      <para>A number of on-line books and articles, also maintained by
        the &os; Project, cover more-specialized, &os;-related topics.
        This material spans a wide range of topics, from effective use
        of the mailing lists, to dual-booting &os; with other
        operating systems, to guidelines for new committers.  Like the
        Handbook and FAQ, these documents are available from the &os;
        Documentation Page or in the <filename>doc</filename>
        distribution set.</para>

      <para>A listing of other books and documents about &os; can be
        found in the <ulink
        url="&url.books.handbook;/bibliography.html">bibliography</ulink>
        of the &os; Handbook.  Because of &os;'s strong &unix; heritage,
        many other articles and books written for &unix; systems are
        applicable as well, some of which are also listed in the
        bibliography.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="acknowledgements">
    <title>Acknowledgments</title>

    <para>&os; represents the cumulative work of many hundreds, if not
      thousands, of individuals from around the world who have worked
      countless hours to bring about this &release.type;.  For a
      complete list of &os; developers and contributors, please see
      <ulink
      url="&url.articles.contributors;/"><quote>Contributors
      to &os;</quote></ulink> on the &os; Web site or any of its
      mirrors.</para>

    <para>Special thanks also go to the many thousands of &os; users
      and testers all over the world, without whom this &release.type;
      simply would not have been possible.</para>
  </sect1>
</article>

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## SVN ## r243705 | hrs | 2012-11-30 16:15:35 +0000 (Fri, 30 Nov 2012) | 18 lines
## SVN ##
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## SVN ##   releng/9.1 branch.  The doc tree release/9.1.0 for this release still uses
## SVN ##   SGML toolchain[1].
## SVN ##
## SVN ## - Add SVNROOT{BASE,SRC,DOC,PORTS} for subversion repository URLs and
## SVN ##   BRANCH{SRC,DOC,PORTS} for the branches to generate-release.sh, and
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## SVN ##
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## SVN ##   the old release build framework.
## SVN ##
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## SVN ##   This package should be built successfully.
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="iso-8859-1" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//DTD DocBook XML V4.2-Based Extension//EN" [
<!ENTITY % entities PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES DocBook FreeBSD Entity Set//EN">
%entities;

<!ENTITY % release PUBLIC "-//FreeBSD//ENTITIES Release Specification//EN">
%release;
]>

<article>
  <articleinfo>
    <title>&os; &release.current; README</title>

    <corpauthor>The &os; Project</corpauthor>

    <pubdate>$FreeBSD$</pubdate>

    <copyright>
      <year>2012</year>
      <holder role="mailto:doc@@FreeBSD.org">The &os; Documentation Project</holder>
    </copyright>

    <legalnotice id="trademarks" role="trademarks">
      &tm-attrib.freebsd;
      &tm-attrib.intel;
      &tm-attrib.opengroup;
      &tm-attrib.sparc;
      &tm-attrib.general;
    </legalnotice>
  </articleinfo>

  <abstract>
    <para>This document gives a brief introduction to &os;
      &release.current;.  It includes some information on how to
      obtain &os;, a listing of various ways to contact the &os;
      Project, and pointers to some other sources of
      information.</para>
  </abstract>

  <sect1 id="intro">
    <title>Introduction</title>

    <para>This distribution is a &release.type; of &os; &release.current;, the
      latest point along the &release.branch; branch.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>About &os;</title>

      <para>&os; is an operating system based on 4.4 BSD Lite for
	AMD64 and Intel EM64T based PC hardware (&arch.amd64;),
	Intel, AMD, Cyrix or NexGen <quote>x86</quote> based PC hardware (&arch.i386;),
	Intel Itanium Processor based computers (&arch.ia64;),
	NEC PC-9801/9821 series PCs and compatibles (&arch.pc98;),
	and &ultrasparc; machines (&arch.sparc64;).  Versions
	for the &arm; (&arch.arm;), &mips; (&arch.mips;), and
	&powerpc; (&arch.powerpc;) architectures are currently under
	development as well.  &os; works with a wide variety of
	peripherals and configurations and can be used for everything
	from software development to games to Internet Service
	Provision.</para>

      <para>This release of &os; contains everything you need to run
	such a system, including full source code for the kernel and
	all utilities in the base distribution.  With the source
	distribution installed, you can literally recompile the entire
	system from scratch with one command, making it ideal for
	students, researchers, or users who simply want to see how it
	all works.</para>

      <para>A large collection of third-party ported software (the
	<quote>Ports Collection</quote>) is also provided to make it
	easy to obtain and install all your favorite traditional &unix;
	utilities for &os;.  Each <quote>port</quote> consists of a
	set of scripts to retrieve, configure, build, and install a
	piece of software, with a single command.  Over &os.numports;
	ports, from editors to programming languages to graphical
	applications, make &os; a powerful and comprehensive operating
	environment that extends far beyond what's provided by many
	commercial versions of &unix;.  Most ports are also available as
	pre-compiled <quote>packages</quote>, which can be quickly
	installed from the installation program.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Target Audience</title>

<![ %release.type.current; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.snapshot; [

      <para>This &release.type; is aimed primarily at early adopters
	and various other users who want to get involved with the
	ongoing development of &os;.  While the &os; development team
	tries its best to ensure that each &release.type; works as
	advertised, &release.branch; is very much a
	work-in-progress.</para>

      <para>The basic requirements for using this &release.type; are
	technical proficiency with &os; and an understanding of the
	ongoing development process of &os; &release.branch; (as
	discussed on the &a.current;).</para>

      <para>For those more interested in doing business with &os; than
	in experimenting with new &os; technology, formal releases
	(such as &release.prev.stable;) are frequently more appropriate.
	Releases undergo a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure high reliability and dependability.</para>

]]>

<![ %release.type.release; [

      <para>This &release.type; of &os; is suitable for all users.  It
	has undergone a period of testing and quality assurance
	checking to ensure the highest reliability and
	dependability.</para>

]]>

    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="obtain">
    <title>Obtaining &os;</title>

    <para>&os; may be obtained in a variety of ways.  This section
      focuses on those ways that are primarily useful for obtaining a
      complete &os; distribution, rather than updating an existing
      installation.</para>

    <sect2>
      <title>CDROM and DVD</title>

      <para>&os; -RELEASE distributions may be ordered on CDROM or DVD
	from several publishers.  This is frequently the most
	convenient way to obtain &os; for new installations, as it
	provides a convenient way to quickly reinstall the system if
	necessary.  Some distributions include some of the optional,
	precompiled <quote>packages</quote> from the &os; Ports
	Collection, or other extra material.</para>

      <para>A list of the CDROM and DVD publishers known to the
	project are listed in the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors.html"><quote>Obtaining
	&os;</quote></ulink> appendix to the Handbook.</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>FTP</title>

      <para>You can use FTP to retrieve &os; and any or all of its
	optional packages from <ulink
	url="ftp://ftp.FreeBSD.org/"></ulink>, which is the official
	&os; release site, or any of its
	<quote>mirrors</quote>.</para>

      <para>Lists of locations that mirror &os; can be found in the
	<ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/mirrors-ftp.html">FTP
	Sites</ulink> section of the Handbook.
	Finding a close (in networking terms) mirror from which to
	download the distribution is highly recommended.</para>

      <para>Additional mirror sites are always welcome.  Contact
	<email>freebsd-admin@@FreeBSD.org</email> for more details on
	becoming an official mirror site.  You can also find useful
        information for mirror sites at the <ulink
        url="&url.articles.hubs;/">Mirroring
        &os;</ulink> article.</para>

      <para>Mirrors generally contain the ISO images generally used to
	create a CDROM of a &os; release.  They usually also contain
	floppy disk images (for applicable platforms), as well as the
	files necessary to do an installation over the network.
	Finally mirrors sites usually contain a set of packages for
	the most current release.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="contacting">
    <title>Contacting the &os; Project</title>

    <sect2>
      <title>Email and Mailing Lists</title>

      <para>For any questions or general technical support issues,
	please send mail to the &a.questions;.</para>

      <para>If you're tracking the &release.branch; development efforts, you
	<emphasis>must</emphasis> join the &a.current;, in order to
	keep abreast of recent developments and changes that may
	affect the way you use and maintain the system.</para>

      <para>Being a largely-volunteer effort, the &os;
	Project is always happy to have extra hands willing to help&mdash;there are already far more desired enhancements than
	there is time to implement them.  To contact the developers on
	technical matters, or with offers of help, please send mail to
	the &a.hackers;.</para>

      <para>Please note that these mailing lists can experience
	<emphasis>significant</emphasis> amounts of traffic.  If you
	have slow or expensive mail access, or are only interested in
	keeping up with major &os; events, you may find it
	preferable to subscribe instead to the &a.announce;.</para>

      <para>All of the mailing lists can be freely joined by anyone
	wishing to do so.  Visit the <ulink url="&url.base;/mailman/listinfo">
	&os; Mailman Info Page</ulink>.  This will give you more
	information on joining the various lists, accessing archives,
	etc.  There are a number of mailing lists targeted at special
	interest groups not mentioned here; more information can be
	obtained either from the Mailman pages or the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/support.html#mailing-list">mailing
	lists section</ulink> of the &os; Web site.</para>

      <important>
	<para>Do <emphasis>not</emphasis> send email to the lists
	  asking to be subscribed.  Use the Mailman interface
	  instead.</para>
      </important>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Submitting Problem Reports</title>

      <para>Suggestions, bug reports and contributions of code are
	always valued&mdash;please do not hesitate to report any
	problems you may find.  Bug reports with attached fixes are of
	course even more welcome.</para>

      <para>The preferred method to submit bug reports from a machine
	with Internet mail connectivity is to use the &man.send-pr.1;
	command.
	<quote>Problem Reports</quote> (PRs) submitted in this way
	will be filed and their progress tracked; the &os; developers
	will do their best to respond to all reported bugs as soon as
	possible.  <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/query-pr-summary.cgi">A list
	of all active PRs</ulink> is available on the &os; Web site;
	this list is useful to see what potential problems other users
	have encountered.</para>

      <para>Note that &man.send-pr.1; itself is a shell script that
	should be easy to move even onto a non-&os; system.  Using
	this interface is highly preferred.  If, for some reason, you
	are unable to use &man.send-pr.1; to submit a bug report, you
	can try to send it to the &a.bugs;.</para>

      <para>For more information, <ulink
	url="&url.articles.problem-reports;/"><quote>Writing
	&os; Problem Reports</quote></ulink>, available on the &os; Web
	site, has a number of helpful hints on writing and submitting
	effective problem reports.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="seealso">
    <title>Further Reading</title>

    <para>There are many sources of information about &os;; some are
      included with this distribution, while others are available
      on-line or in print versions.</para>

    <sect2 id="release-docs">
      <title>Release Documentation</title>

      <para>A number of other files provide more specific information
	about this &release.type; distribution.  These files are
	provided in various formats.  Most distributions will include
	both ASCII text (<filename>.TXT</filename>) and HTML
	(<filename>.HTM</filename>) renditions.  Some distributions
	may also include other formats such as Portable Document Format
	(<filename>.PDF</filename>).

	<itemizedlist>
	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>README.TXT</filename>: This file, which
	      gives some general information about &os; as well as
	      some cursory notes about obtaining a
	      distribution.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>RELNOTES.TXT</filename>: The release
	      notes, showing what's new and different in &os;
	      &release.current; compared to the previous release (&os;
	      &release.prev;).</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>HARDWARE.TXT</filename>: The hardware
	      compatibility list, showing devices with which &os; has
	      been tested and is known to work.</para>
	  </listitem>

	  <listitem>
	    <para><filename>ERRATA.TXT</filename>: Release errata.
	      Late-breaking, post-release information can be found in
	      this file, which is principally applicable to releases
	      (as opposed to snapshots).  It is important to consult
	      this file before installing a release of &os;, as it
	      contains the latest information on problems which have
	      been found and fixed since the release was
	      created.</para>
	  </listitem>
	</itemizedlist>
      </para>

      <note>
	<para>It is extremely important to read the errata for any
	  given release before installing it, to learn about any
	  <quote>late-breaking news</quote> or post-release problems.
	  The errata file accompanying each release (most likely right
	  next to this file) is already out of date by definition, but
	  other copies are kept updated on the Internet and should be
	  consulted as the <quote>current errata</quote> for this
	  release.  These other copies of the errata are located at
	  <ulink url="&url.base;/releases/"></ulink> (as
	  well as any sites which keep up-to-date mirrors of this
	  location).</para>
      </note>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Manual Pages</title>

      <para>As with almost all &unix; like operating systems, &os; comes
	with a set of on-line manual pages, accessed through the
	&man.man.1; command or through the <ulink
	url="http://www.FreeBSD.org/cgi/man.cgi">hypertext manual
	pages gateway</ulink> on the &os; Web site.  In general, the
	manual pages provide information on the different commands and
	APIs available to the &os; user.</para>

      <para>In some cases, manual pages are written to give
	information on particular topics.  Notable examples of such
	manual pages are &man.tuning.7; (a guide to performance tuning),
	&man.security.7; (an introduction to &os; security), and
	&man.style.9; (a style guide to kernel coding).</para>
    </sect2>

    <sect2>
      <title>Books and Articles</title>

      <para>Two highly-useful collections of &os;-related information,
	maintained by the &os; Project,
	are the &os; Handbook and &os; FAQ (Frequently Asked
	Questions document).  On-line versions of the <ulink
	url="&url.books.handbook;/">Handbook</ulink>
	and <ulink
	url="&url.books.faq;/">FAQ</ulink>
	are always available from the <ulink
	url="&url.base;/docs.html">&os; Documentation
	page</ulink> or its mirrors.  If you install the
	<filename>doc</filename> distribution set, you can use a Web
	browser to read the Handbook and FAQ locally.  In particular,
	note that the Handbook contains a step-by-step guide to
	installing &os;.</para>

      <para>A number of on-line books and articles, also maintained by
        the &os; Project, cover more-specialized, &os;-related topics.
        This material spans a wide range of topics, from effective use
        of the mailing lists, to dual-booting &os; with other
        operating systems, to guidelines for new committers.  Like the
        Handbook and FAQ, these documents are available from the &os;
        Documentation Page or in the <filename>doc</filename>
        distribution set.</para>

      <para>A listing of other books and documents about &os; can be
        found in the <ulink
        url="&url.books.handbook;/bibliography.html">bibliography</ulink>
        of the &os; Handbook.  Because of &os;'s strong &unix; heritage,
        many other articles and books written for &unix; systems are
        applicable as well, some of which are also listed in the
        bibliography.</para>
    </sect2>
  </sect1>

  <sect1 id="acknowledgements">
    <title>Acknowledgments</title>

    <para>&os; represents the cumulative work of many hundreds, if not
      thousands, of individuals from around the world who have worked
      countless hours to bring about this &release.type;.  For a
      complete list of &os; developers and contributors, please see
      <ulink
      url="&url.articles.contributors;/"><quote>Contributors
      to &os;</quote></ulink> on the &os; Web site or any of its
      mirrors.</para>

    <para>Special thanks also go to the many thousands of &os; users
      and testers all over the world, without whom this &release.type;
      simply would not have been possible.</para>
  </sect1>
</article>

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