(* Title: HOL/Isar_examples/Group.thy ID: $Id: Group.thy,v 1.22 2005/06/17 14:13:07 haftmann Exp $ Author: Markus Wenzel, TU Muenchen *) header {* Basic group theory *} theory Group imports Main begin subsection {* Groups and calculational reasoning *} text {* Groups over signature $({\times} :: \alpha \To \alpha \To \alpha, \idt{one} :: \alpha, \idt{inverse} :: \alpha \To \alpha)$ are defined as an axiomatic type class as follows. Note that the parent class $\idt{times}$ is provided by the basic HOL theory. *} consts one :: "'a" inverse :: "'a => 'a" axclass group < times group_assoc: "(x * y) * z = x * (y * z)" group_left_one: "one * x = x" group_left_inverse: "inverse x * x = one" text {* The group axioms only state the properties of left one and inverse, the right versions may be derived as follows. *} theorem group_right_inverse: "x * inverse x = (one::'a::group)" proof - have "x * inverse x = one * (x * inverse x)" by (simp only: group_left_one) also have "... = one * x * inverse x" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = inverse (inverse x) * inverse x * x * inverse x" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) also have "... = inverse (inverse x) * (inverse x * x) * inverse x" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = inverse (inverse x) * one * inverse x" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) also have "... = inverse (inverse x) * (one * inverse x)" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = inverse (inverse x) * inverse x" by (simp only: group_left_one) also have "... = one" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) finally show ?thesis . qed text {* With \name{group-right-inverse} already available, \name{group-right-one}\label{thm:group-right-one} is now established much easier. *} theorem group_right_one: "x * one = (x::'a::group)" proof - have "x * one = x * (inverse x * x)" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) also have "... = x * inverse x * x" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = one * x" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) also have "... = x" by (simp only: group_left_one) finally show ?thesis . qed text {* \medskip The calculational proof style above follows typical presentations given in any introductory course on algebra. The basic technique is to form a transitive chain of equations, which in turn are established by simplifying with appropriate rules. The low-level logical details of equational reasoning are left implicit. Note that ``$\dots$'' is just a special term variable that is bound automatically to the argument\footnote{The argument of a curried infix expression happens to be its right-hand side.} of the last fact achieved by any local assumption or proven statement. In contrast to $\var{thesis}$, the ``$\dots$'' variable is bound \emph{after} the proof is finished, though. There are only two separate Isar language elements for calculational proofs: ``\isakeyword{also}'' for initial or intermediate calculational steps, and ``\isakeyword{finally}'' for exhibiting the result of a calculation. These constructs are not hardwired into Isabelle/Isar, but defined on top of the basic Isar/VM interpreter. Expanding the \isakeyword{also} and \isakeyword{finally} derived language elements, calculations may be simulated by hand as demonstrated below. *} theorem "x * one = (x::'a::group)" proof - have "x * one = x * (inverse x * x)" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) note calculation = this -- {* first calculational step: init calculation register *} have "... = x * inverse x * x" by (simp only: group_assoc) note calculation = trans [OF calculation this] -- {* general calculational step: compose with transitivity rule *} have "... = one * x" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) note calculation = trans [OF calculation this] -- {* general calculational step: compose with transitivity rule *} have "... = x" by (simp only: group_left_one) note calculation = trans [OF calculation this] -- {* final calculational step: compose with transitivity rule ... *} from calculation -- {* ... and pick up the final result *} show ?thesis . qed text {* Note that this scheme of calculations is not restricted to plain transitivity. Rules like anti-symmetry, or even forward and backward substitution work as well. For the actual implementation of \isacommand{also} and \isacommand{finally}, Isabelle/Isar maintains separate context information of ``transitivity'' rules. Rule selection takes place automatically by higher-order unification. *} subsection {* Groups as monoids *} text {* Monoids over signature $({\times} :: \alpha \To \alpha \To \alpha, \idt{one} :: \alpha)$ are defined like this. *} axclass monoid < times monoid_assoc: "(x * y) * z = x * (y * z)" monoid_left_one: "one * x = x" monoid_right_one: "x * one = x" text {* Groups are \emph{not} yet monoids directly from the definition. For monoids, \name{right-one} had to be included as an axiom, but for groups both \name{right-one} and \name{right-inverse} are derivable from the other axioms. With \name{group-right-one} derived as a theorem of group theory (see page~\pageref{thm:group-right-one}), we may still instantiate $\idt{group} \subseteq \idt{monoid}$ properly as follows. *} instance group < monoid by (intro_classes, rule group_assoc, rule group_left_one, rule group_right_one) text {* The \isacommand{instance} command actually is a version of \isacommand{theorem}, setting up a goal that reflects the intended class relation (or type constructor arity). Thus any Isar proof language element may be involved to establish this statement. When concluding the proof, the result is transformed into the intended type signature extension behind the scenes. *} subsection {* More theorems of group theory *} text {* The one element is already uniquely determined by preserving an \emph{arbitrary} group element. *} theorem group_one_equality: "e * x = x ==> one = (e::'a::group)" proof - assume eq: "e * x = x" have "one = x * inverse x" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) also have "... = (e * x) * inverse x" by (simp only: eq) also have "... = e * (x * inverse x)" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = e * one" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) also have "... = e" by (simp only: group_right_one) finally show ?thesis . qed text {* Likewise, the inverse is already determined by the cancel property. *} theorem group_inverse_equality: "x' * x = one ==> inverse x = (x'::'a::group)" proof - assume eq: "x' * x = one" have "inverse x = one * inverse x" by (simp only: group_left_one) also have "... = (x' * x) * inverse x" by (simp only: eq) also have "... = x' * (x * inverse x)" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = x' * one" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) also have "... = x'" by (simp only: group_right_one) finally show ?thesis . qed text {* The inverse operation has some further characteristic properties. *} theorem group_inverse_times: "inverse (x * y) = inverse y * inverse (x::'a::group)" proof (rule group_inverse_equality) show "(inverse y * inverse x) * (x * y) = one" proof - have "(inverse y * inverse x) * (x * y) = (inverse y * (inverse x * x)) * y" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = (inverse y * one) * y" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) also have "... = inverse y * y" by (simp only: group_right_one) also have "... = one" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) finally show ?thesis . qed qed theorem inverse_inverse: "inverse (inverse x) = (x::'a::group)" proof (rule group_inverse_equality) show "x * inverse x = one" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) qed theorem inverse_inject: "inverse x = inverse y ==> x = (y::'a::group)" proof - assume eq: "inverse x = inverse y" have "x = x * one" by (simp only: group_right_one) also have "... = x * (inverse y * y)" by (simp only: group_left_inverse) also have "... = x * (inverse x * y)" by (simp only: eq) also have "... = (x * inverse x) * y" by (simp only: group_assoc) also have "... = one * y" by (simp only: group_right_inverse) also have "... = y" by (simp only: group_left_one) finally show ?thesis . qed end
theorem group_right_inverse:
x * Group.inverse x = one
theorem group_right_one:
x * one = x
theorem
x * one = x
theorem group_one_equality:
e * x = x ==> one = e
theorem group_inverse_equality:
x' * x = one ==> Group.inverse x = x'
theorem group_inverse_times:
Group.inverse (x * y) = Group.inverse y * Group.inverse x
theorem inverse_inverse:
Group.inverse (Group.inverse x) = x
theorem inverse_inject:
Group.inverse x = Group.inverse y ==> x = y